polygraf-ai/ACL-abstracts · Datasets at Hugging Face

inproceedings

saralegi-lopez-de-lacalle-2010-dictionary

Dictionary and Monolingual Corpus-based Query Translation for {B}asque-{E}nglish {CLIR}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1032/

Saralegi, Xabier and Lopez de Lacalle, Maddalen

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper deals with the main problems that arise in the query translation process in dictionary-based Cross-lingual Information Retrieval (CLIR): translation selection, presence of Out-Of-Vocabulary (OOV) terms and translation of Multi-Word Expressions (MWE). We analyse to what extent each problem affects the retrieval performance for the Basque-English pair of languages, and the improvement obtained when using parallel corpora free methods to address them. To tackle the translation selection problem we provide novel extensions of an already existing monolingual target co-occurrence-based method, the Out-Of Vocabulary terms are dealt with by means of a cognate detection-based method and finally, for the Multi-Word Expression translation problem, a na{\"ive matching technique is applied. The error analysis shows significant differences in the deterioration of the performance depending on the problem, in terms of Mean Average Precision (MAP), the translation selection problem being the cause of most of the errors. Otherwise, the proposed combined strategy shows a good performance to tackle the three above-mentioned main problems.

null

78,915

inproceedings

lux-pogodalla-etal-2010-fastkwic

{F}ast{K}wic, an {\textquotedblleft}Intelligent{\textquotedblleft} Concordancer Using {FASTR}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1033/

Lux-Pogodalla, V{\'eronika and Besagni, Dominique and Fort, Kar{\"en

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we introduce the FastKwic (Key Word In Context using FASTR), a new concordancer for French and English that does not require users to learn any particular request language. Built on FASTR, it shows them not only occurrences of the searched term but also of several morphological, morpho-syntactic and syntactic variants (for example, image enhancement, enhancement of image, enhancement of fingerprint image, image texture enhancement). Fastkwic is freely available. It consists of two UTF-8 compliant Perl modules that depend on several external tools and resources : FASTR, TreeTagger, Flemm (for French). Licenses of theses tools and resources permitting, the FastKwic package is nevertheless self-sufficient. FastKwic first modules is for terminological resource compilation. Its input is a list of terms - as required by FASTR. FastKwic second module is for processing concordances. It relies on FASTR again for indexing the input corpus with terms and their variants. Its output is a concordancer: for each term and its variants, the context of occurrence is provided.

null

78,916

inproceedings

krstev-etal-2010-description

A Description of Morphological Features of {S}erbian: a Revision using Feature System Declaration

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1034/

Krstev, Cvetana and Stankovi{\'c}, Ranka and Vitas, Du{\v{s}}ko

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper we discuss some well-known morphological descriptions used in various projects and applications (most notably MULTEXT-East and Unitex) and illustrate the encountered problems on Serbian. We have spotted four groups of problems: the lack of a value for an existing category, the lack of a category, the interdependence of values and categories lacking some description, and the lack of a support for some types of categories. At the same time, various descriptions often describe exactly the same morphological property using different approaches. We propose a new morphological description for Serbian following the feature structure representation defined by the ISO standard. In this description we try do incorporate all characteristics of Serbian that need to be specified for various applications. We have developed several XSLT scripts that transform our description into descriptions needed for various applications. We have developed the first version of this new description, but we treat it as an ongoing project because for some properties we have not yet found the satisfactory solution.

null

78,917

inproceedings

bhowmick-etal-2010-determining

Determining Reliability of Subjective and Multi-label Emotion Annotation through Novel Fuzzy Agreement Measure

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1035/

Bhowmick, Plaban Kr. and Basu, Anupam and Mitra, Pabitra

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The paper presents a new fuzzy agreement measure {\$}{\textbackslash}gamma{\_}f{\$} for determining the agreement in multi-label and subjective annotation task. In this annotation framework, one data item may belong to a category or a class with a belief value denoting the degree of confidence of an annotator in assigning the data item to that category. We have provided a notion of disagreement based on the belief values provided by the annotators with respect to a category. The fuzzy agreement measure {\$}{\textbackslash}gamma{\_}f{\$} has been proposed by defining different fuzzy agreement sets based on the distribution of difference of belief values provided by the annotators. The fuzzy agreement has been computed by studying the average agreement over all the data items and annotators. Finally, we elaborate on the computation {\$}{\textbackslash}gamma{\_}f{\$} measure with a case study on emotion text data where a data item (sentence) may belong to more than one emotion category with varying belief values.

null

78,918

inproceedings

tannier-moriceau-2010-fidji

{FIDJI}: Web Question-Answering at Quaero 2009

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1036/

Tannier, Xavier and Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper presents the participation of FIDJI system to the Web Question-Answering evaluation campaign organized by Quaero in 2009. FIDJI is an open-domain question-answering system which combines syntactic information with traditional QA techniques such as named entity recognition and term weighting in order to validate answers through multiple documents. It was originally designed to process ``clean'' document collections. Overall results are significantly lower than in traditional campaigns but results (for French evaluation) are quite good compared to other state-of-the-art systems. They show that a syntax-based strategy, applied on uncleaned Web data, can still obtain good results. Moreover, we obtain much higher scores on ``complex'' questions, i.e. `how' and `why' questions, which are more representative of real user needs. These results show that questioning the Web with advanced linguistic techniques can be done without heavy pre-processing and with results that come near to best systems that use strong resources and large structured indexes.

null

78,919

inproceedings

worner-2010-tool

A Tool for Feature-Structure Stand-Off-Annotation on Transcriptions of Spoken Discourse

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1037/

W{\"orner, Kai

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Annotation Science, a discipline dedicated to developing and maturing methodology for the annotation of language resources, is playing a prominent role in the fields of computational and corpus linguistics. While progress in the search for the right annotation model and format is undeniable, these results only sparsely become manifest in actual solutions (i.e. software tools) that could be used by researchers wishing to annotate their resources right away, even less so for resources of spoken language transcriptions. The paper presents a solution consisting of a data model and an annotation tool that tries to fill this gap between {\^a}annotation science and the practice of transcribing spoken language in the area of discourse analysis and pragmatics, where the lack of ready-to-use annotation solutions is especially remarkable. The chosen model combines feature structures in standoff-annotation and a data model based on annotation graphs, combining their advantages. It is ideally fitted for the transcription of spoken language by centering on the temporal relations of the speakers utterances and is implemented in reliable tools that support an iterative workflow. The standoff annotation allows for more complex annotations and relies on an established and well documented model.

null

78,920

inproceedings

odijk-2010-clarin

The {CLARIN}-{NL} Project

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1038/

Odijk, Jan

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper I present the CLARIN-NL project, the Dutch national project that aims to play a central role in the European CLARIN infrastructure, not only for the preparatory phase, but also for the implementation and exploitation phases. I argue that the way the CLARIN-NL project has been set-up can serve as an excellent example for other national CLARIN projects, for the following reasons: (1) it is a mix between a programme and a project; (2) it offers opportunities to seriously test standards and protocols currently proposed by CLARIN, thus providing evidence-based requirements and desiderata for the CLARIN infrastructure and ensuring compatibility of CLARIN with national data and tools; (3) it brings the intended users (humanities researchers) and the technology providers (infrastructure specialists and language and speech technology researchers) together in concrete cooperation projects, with a central role for the users research questions,, thus ensuring that the infrastructure will provide functionality that is needed by its intended users.

null

78,921

inproceedings

sornlertlamvanich-etal-2010-language

Language Resource Management System for {A}sian {W}ord{N}et Collaboration and Its Web Service Application

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1039/

Sornlertlamvanich, Virach and Charoenporn, Thatsanee and Isahara, Hitoshi

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper presents the language resource management system for the development and dissemination of Asian WordNet (AWN) and its web service application. We develop the platform to establish a network for the cross language WordNet development. Each node of the network is designed for maintaining the WordNet for a language. Via the table that maps between each language WordNet and the Princeton WordNet (PWN), the Asian WordNet is realized to visualize the cross language WordNet between the Asian languages. We propose a language resource management system, called WordNet Management System (WNMS), as a distributed management system that allows the server to perform the cross language WordNet retrieval, including the fundamental web service applications for editing, visualizing and language processing. The WNMS is implemented on a web service protocol therefore each node can be independently maintained, and the service of each language WordNet can be called directly through the web service API. In case of cross language implementation, the synset ID (or synset offset) defined by PWN is used to determined the linkage between the languages.

null

78,922

inproceedings

choi-etal-2010-propbank

{P}ropbank Frameset Annotation Guidelines Using a Dedicated Editor, Cornerstone

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1040/

Choi, Jinho D. and Bonial, Claire and Palmer, Martha

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper gives guidelines of how to create and update Propbank frameset files using a dedicated editor, Cornerstone. Propbank is a corpus in which the arguments of each verb predicate are annotated with their semantic roles in relation to the predicate. Propbank annotation also requires the choice of a sense ID for each predicate. Thus, for each predicate in Propbank, there exists a corresponding frameset file showing the expected predicate argument structure of each sense related to the predicate. Since most Propbank annotations are based on the predicate argument structure defined in the frameset files, it is important to keep the files consistent, simple to read as well as easy to update. The frameset files are written in XML, which can be difficult to edit when using a simple text editor. Therefore, it is helpful to develop a user-friendly editor such as Cornerstone, specifically customized to create and edit frameset files. Cornerstone runs platform independently, is light enough to run as an X11 application and supports multiple languages such as Arabic, Chinese, English, Hindi and Korean.

null

78,923

inproceedings

handl-weber-2010-multilayered

A Multilayered Declarative Approach to Cope with Morphotactics and Allomorphy in Derivational Morphology

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1041/

Handl, Johannes and Weber, Carsten

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper deals with the derivational morphology of automatic word form recognition. It presents a set of declarative rules which augment lexical entries with information governing the allomorphic changes of derivation in addition to the existing allomorphy rules for inflection. The resulting component generates a single lexicon for derivational and inflectional allomorphy from an elementary base-form lexicon. Thereby our focus lies both on avoiding redundant allomorph entries and on the suitability of the resulting lexical entries for morphological analysis. We prove the usability of our approach by using the generated allomorphs as the lexicon for automatic wordform recognition.

null

78,924

inproceedings

lyashevskaya-2010-bank

Bank of {R}ussian Constructions and Valencies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1042/

Lyashevskaya, Olga

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The Bank of Russian Constructions and Valencies (Russian FrameBank) is an annotation project that takes as input samples from the Russian National Corpus (\url{http://www.ruscorpora.ru}). Since Russian verbs and predicates from other POS classes have their particular and not always predictable case pattern, these words and their argument structures are to be described as lexical constructions. The slots of partially filled phrasal constructions (e.g. vzjal i uexal he suddenly (lit. took and) went away) are also under analysis. Thus, the notion of construction is understood in the sense of Fillmores Construction Grammar and is not limited to that of argument structure of verbs. FrameBank brings together the dictionary of constructions and the annotated collection of examples. Our goal is to mark the set of arguments and adjuncts of a certain construction. The main focus is on realization of the elements in the running text, to facilitate searches through pattern realizations by a certain combination of features. The relevant dataset involves lexical, POS and other morphosyntactic tags, semantic classes, as well as grammatical constructions that introduce or license the use of elements within a given construction.

null

78,925

inproceedings

syed-etal-2010-automatic

Automatic Discovery of Semantic Relations using {M}ind{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1043/

Syed, Zareen and Viegas, Evelyne and Parastatidis, Savas

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Information extraction deals with extracting entities (such as people, organizations or locations) and named relations between entities (such as ''``People born-in Country'''') from text documents. An important challenge in information extraction is the labeling of training data which is usually done manually and is therefore very laborious and in certain cases impractical. This paper introduces a new model to extract semantic relations fully automatically from text using the Encarta encyclopedia and lexical-semantic relations discovered by MindNet. MindNet is a lexical knowledge base that can be constructed fully automatically from a given text corpus without any human intervention. Encarta articles are categorized and linked to related articles by experts. We demonstrate how the structured data available in Encarta and the lexical semantic relations between words in MindNet can be used to enrich MindNet with semantic relations between entities. With a slight trade off of accuracy a semantically enriched MindNet can be used to extract relations from a text corpus without any human intervention.

null

78,926

inproceedings

kilgarriff-etal-2010-corpus

A Corpus Factory for Many Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1044/

Kilgarriff, Adam and Reddy, Siva and Pomik{\'a}lek, Jan and PVS, Avinesh

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

For many languages there are no large, general-language corpora available. Until the web, all but the institutions could do little but shake their heads in dismay as corpus-building was long, slow and expensive. But with the advent of the Web it can be highly automated and thereby fast and inexpensive. We have developed a corpus factory where we build large corpora. In this paper we describe the method we use, and how it has worked, and how various problems were solved, for eight languages: Dutch, Hindi, Indonesian, Norwegian, Swedish, Telugu, Thai and Vietnamese. We use the BootCaT method: we take a set of `seed words' for the language from Wikipedia. Then, several hundred times over, we * randomly select three or four of the seed words * send as a query to Google or Yahoo or Bing, which returns a `search hits' page * gather the pages that Google or Yahoo point to and save the text. This forms the corpus, which we then * `clean' (to remove navigation bars, advertisements etc) * remove duplicates * tokenise and (if tools are available) lemmatise and part-of-speech tag * load into our corpus query tool, the Sketch Engine The corpora we have developed are available for use in the Sketch Engine corpus query tool.

null

78,927

inproceedings

johansson-moschitti-2010-flexible

A Flexible Representation of Heterogeneous Annotation Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1045/

Johansson, Richard and Moschitti, Alessandro

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes a new flexible representation for the annotation of complex structures of metadata over heterogeneous data collections containing text and other types of media such as images or audio files. We argue that existing frameworks are not suitable for this purpose, most importantly because they do not easily generalize to multi-document and multimodal corpora, and because they often require the use of particular software frameworks. In the paper, we define a data model to represent such structured data over multimodal collections. Furthermore, we define a surface realization of the data structure as a simple and readable XML format. We present two examples of annotation tasks to illustrate how the representation and format work for complex structures involving multimodal annotation and cross-document links. The representation described here has been used in a large-scale project focusing on the annotation of a wide range of information {\textemdash} from low-level features to high-level semantics {\textemdash} in a multimodal data collection containing both text and images.

null

78,928

inproceedings

galibert-etal-2010-hybrid

Hybrid Citation Extraction from Patents

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1046/

Galibert, Olivier and Rosset, Sophie and Tannier, Xavier and Grandry, Fanny

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The Quaero project organized a set of evaluations of Named Entity recognition systems in 2009. One of the sub-tasks consists in extracting citations from patents, i.e. references to other documents, either other patents or general literature from English-language patents. We present in this paper the participation of LIMSI in this evaluation, with a complete system description and the evaluation results. The corpus shown that patent and non-patent citations have a very different nature. We then separated references to other patents and to general literature papers and we created a hybrid system. For patent citations, the system used rule-based expert knowledge on the form of regular expressions. The system for detecting non-patent citations, on the other hand, is purely stochastic (machine learning with CRF++). Then we mixed both approaches to provide a single output. 4 teams participated to this task and our system obtained the best results of this evaluation campaign, even if the difference between the first two systems is poorly significant.

null

78,929

inproceedings

dini-mazzini-2010-impact

The Impact of Grammar Enhancement on Semantic Resources Induction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1047/

Dini, Luca and Mazzini, Giampaolo

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper describes the effects of the evolution of an Italian dependency grammar on a task of multilingual FrameNet acquisition. The task is based on the creation of virtual English/Italian parallel annotation corpora, which are then aligned at dependency level by using two manually encoded grammar based dependency parsers. We show how the evolution of the LAS (Labeled Attachment Score) metric for the considered grammar has a direct impact on the quality of the induced FrameNet, thus proving that the evolution of the quality of syntactic resources is mirrored by an analogous evolution in semantic ones. In particular we show that an improvement of 30{\%} in LAS causes an improvement of precision for the induced resource ranging from 5{\%} to 10{\%}, depending on the type of evaluation.

null

78,930

inproceedings

wang-etal-2010-adapting

Adapting {C}hinese Word Segmentation for Machine Translation Based on Short Units

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1048/

Wang, Yiou and Uchimoto, Kiyotaka and Kazama, Jun{'}ichi and Kruengkrai, Canasai and Torisawa, Kentaro

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In Chinese texts, words composed of single or multiple characters are not separated by spaces, unlike most western languages. Therefore Chinese word segmentation is considered an important first step in machine translation (MT) and its performance impacts MT results. Many factors affect Chinese word segmentations, including the segmentation standards and segmentation strategies. The performance of a corpus-based word segmentation model depends heavily on the quality and the segmentation standard of the training corpora. However, we observed that existing manually annotated Chinese corpora tend to have low segmentation granularity and provide poor morphological information due to the present segmentation standards. In this paper, we introduce a short-unit standard of Chinese word segmentation, which is particularly suitable for machine translation, and propose a semi-automatic method of transforming the existing corpora into the ones that can satisfy our standards. We evaluate the usefulness of our approach on the basis of translation tasks from the technology newswire domain and the scientific paper domain, and demonstrate that it significantly improves the performance of Chinese-Japanese machine translation (over 1.0 BLEU increase).

null

78,931

inproceedings

ovchinnikova-etal-2010-data

Data-Driven and Ontological Analysis of {F}rame{N}et for Natural Language Reasoning

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1049/

Ovchinnikova, Ekaterina and Vieu, Laure and Oltramari, Alessandro and Borgo, Stefano and Alexandrov, Theodore

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper focuses on the improvement of the conceptual structure of FrameNet (FN) for the sake of applying this resource to knowledge-intensive NLP tasks requiring reasoning, such as question answering, information extraction etc. In this paper we show that in addition to coverage incompleteness, the current version of FN suffers from conceptual inconsistency and lacks axiomatization which can prevent appropriate inferences. For the sake of discovering and classifying conceptual problems in FN we investigate the FrameNet-Annotated corpus for Textual Entailment. Then we propose a methodology for improving the conceptual organization of FN. The main issue we focus on in our study is enriching, axiomatizing and cleaning up frame relations. Our methodology includes a data-driven analysis of frames resulting in discovering new frame relations and an ontological analysis of frames and frame relations resulting in axiomatizing relations and formulating constraints on them. In this paper, frames and frame relations are analyzed in terms of the DOLCE formal ontology. Additionally, we have described a case study aiming at demonstrating how the proposed methodology works in practice as well as investigating the impact of the restructured and axiomatized frame relations on recognizing textual entailment.

null

78,932

inproceedings

shaikh-etal-2010-mpc

{MPC}: A Multi-Party Chat Corpus for Modeling Social Phenomena in Discourse

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1050/

Shaikh, Samira and Strzalkowski, Tomek and Broadwell, Aaron and Stromer-Galley, Jennifer and Taylor, Sarah and Webb, Nick

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we describe our experience with collecting and creating an annotated corpus of multi-party online conversations in a chat-room environment. This effort is part of a larger project to develop computational models of social phenomena such as agenda control, influence, and leadership in on-line interactions. Such models will help capturing the dialogue dynamics that are essential for developing, among others, realistic human-machine dialogue systems, including autonomous virtual chat agents. In this paper we describe data collection method used and the characteristics of the initial dataset of English chat. We have devised a multi-tiered collection process in which the subjects start from simple, free-flowing conversations and progress towards more complex and structured interactions. In this paper, we report on the first two stages of this process, which were recently completed. The third, large-scale collection effort is currently being conducted. All English dialogue has been annotated at four levels: communication links, dialogue acts, local topics and meso-topics. Some details of these annotations will be discussed later in this paper, although a full description is impossible within the scope of this article.

null

78,933

inproceedings

sun-2010-mining

Mining the Correlation between Human and Automatic Evaluation at Sentence Level

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1051/

Sun, Yanli

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Automatic evaluation metrics are fast and cost-effective measurements of the quality of a Machine Translation (MT) system. However, as humans are the end-user of MT output, human judgement is the benchmark to assess the usefulness of automatic evaluation metrics. While most studies report the correlation between human evaluation and automatic evaluation at corpus level, our study examines their correlation at sentence level. In addition to the statistical correlation scores, such as Spearman`s rank-order correlation coefficient, a finer-grained and detailed examination of the sensitivity of automatic metrics compared to human evaluation is also reported in this study. The results show that the threshold for human evaluators to agree with the judgements of automatic metrics varies with the automatic metrics at sentence level. While the automatic scores for two translations are greatly different, human evaluators may consider the translations to be qualitatively similar and vice versa. The detailed analysis of the correlation between automatic and human evaluation allows us determine with increased confidence whether an increase in the automatic scores will be agreed by human evaluators or not.

null

78,934

inproceedings

simoes-etal-2010-processing

Processing and Extracting Data from Dicion{\'a}rio Aberto

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1052/

Sim{\~o}es, Alberto and Almeida, Jos{\'e} Jo{\~a}o and Farinha, Rita

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Synonyms dictionaries are useful resources for natural language processing. Unfortunately their availability in digital format is limited, as publishing companies do not release their dictionaries in open digital formats. Dicion{\'a}rio-Aberto (Sim{\~o}es and Farinha, 2010) is an open and free digital synonyms dictionary for the Portuguese language. It is under public domain and in textual digital format, which makes it usable for any task. Synonyms dictionaries are commonly used for the extraction of relations between words, the construction of complex structures like ontologies or thesaurus (comparable to WordNet (Miller et al., 1990)), or just the extraction of lists of words of specific type. This article will present Dicion{\'a}rio-Aberto, discussing how it was created, its main characteristics, the type of information present on it and the formats in which it is available. Follows the description of an API designed specifically to help Dicion{\'a}rio-Aberto processing without the need to tackle with the dictionary format. Finally, we will analyze the results on some data extraction experiments, extracting lists of words from a specific class, and extracting relationships between words.

null

78,935

inproceedings

waltinger-2010-germanpolarityclues

{G}erman{P}olarity{C}lues: A Lexical Resource for {G}erman Sentiment Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1053/

Waltinger, Ulli

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we propose GermanPolarityClues, a new publicly available lexical resource for sentiment analysis for the German language. While sentiment analysis and polarity classification has been extensively studied at different document levels (e.g. sentences and phrases), only a few approaches explored the effect of a polarity-based feature selection and subjectivity resources for the German language. This paper evaluates four different English and three different German sentiment resources in a comparative manner by combining a polarity-based feature selection with SVM-based machine learning classifier. Using a semi-automatic translation approach, we were able to construct three different resources for a German sentiment analysis. The manually finalized GermanPolarityClues dictionary offers thereby a number of 10, 141 polarity features, associated to three numerical polarity scores, determining the positive, negative and neutral direction of specific term features. While the results show that the size of dictionaries clearly correlate to polarity-based feature coverage, this property does not correlate to classification accuracy. Using a polarity-based feature selection, considering a minimum amount of prior polarity features, in combination with SVM-based machine learning methods exhibits for both languages the best performance (F1: 0.83-0.88).

null

78,936

inproceedings

pareja-lora-de-cea-2010-ontology

Ontology-based Interoperation of Linguistic Tools for an Improved Lemma Annotation in {S}panish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1054/

Pareja-Lora, Antonio and de Cea, Guadalupe Aguado

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we present an ontology-based methodology and architecture for the comparison, assessment, combination (and, to some extent, also contrastive evaluation) of the results of different linguistic tools. More specifically, we describe an experiment aiming at the improvement of the correctness of lemma tagging for Spanish. This improvement was achieved by means of the standardisation and combination of the results of three different linguistic annotation tools (Bitexts DataLexica, Connexors FDG Parser and LACELLs POS tagger), using (1) ontologies, (2) a set of lemma tagging correction rules, determined empirically during the experiment, and (3) W3C standard languages, such as XML, RDF(S) and OWL. As we show in the results of the experiment, the interoperation of these tools by means of ontologies and the correction rules applied in the experiment improved significantly the quality of the resulting lemma tagging (when compared to the separate lemma tagging performed by each of the tools that we made interoperate).

null

78,937

inproceedings

zesch-gurevych-2010-better

The More the Better? Assessing the Influence of {W}ikipedia`s Growth on Semantic Relatedness Measures

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1055/

Zesch, Torsten and Gurevych, Iryna

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Wikipedia has been used as a knowledge source in many areas of natural language processing. As most studies only use a certain Wikipedia snapshot, the influence of Wikipedias massive growth on the results is largely unknown. For the first time, we perform an in-depth analysis of this influence using semantic relatedness as an example application that tests a wide range of Wikipedias properties. We find that the growth of Wikipedia has almost no effect on the correlation of semantic relatedness measures with human judgments, while the coverage steadily increases.

null

78,938

inproceedings

campbell-tabata-2010-software

A Software Toolkit for Viewing Annotated Multimodal Data Interactively over the Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1056/

Campbell, Nick and Tabata, Akiko

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes a software toolkit for the interactive display and analysis of automatically extracted or manually derived annotation features of visual and audio data. It has been extensively tested with material collected as part of the FreeTalk Multimodal Conversation Corpus. Both the corpus and the software are available for download from sites in Europe and Japan. The corpus consists of several hours of video and audio recordings from a variety of capture devices, and includes subjective annotations of the content, along with derived data obtained from image processing. Because of the large size of the corpus, it is unrealistic to expect researchers to download all the material before deciding whether it will be useful to them in their research. We have therefore devised a means for interactive browsing of the content and for viewing at different levels of granularity. This has resulted in a simple set of tools that can be added to any website to allow similar browsing of audio- video recordings and their related data and annotations.

null

78,939

inproceedings

mendes-etal-2010-named

Named Entity Recognition in Questions: Towards a Golden Collection

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1057/

Mendes, Ana Cristina and Coheur, Lu{\'i}sa and Lobo, Paula Vaz

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Named Entity Recognition (NER) plays a relevant role in several Natural Language Processing tasks. Question-Answering (QA) is an example of such, since answers are frequently named entities in agreement with the semantic category expected by a given question. In this context, the recognition of named entities is usually applied in free text data. NER in natural language questions can also aid QA and, thus, should not be disregarded. Nevertheless, it has not yet been given the necessary importance. In this paper, we approach the identification and classification of named entities in natural language questions. We hypothesize that NER results can benefit with the inclusion of previously labeled questions in the training corpus. We present a broad study addressing that hypothesis, focusing on the balance to be achieved between the amount of free text and questions in order to build a suitable training corpus. This work also contributes by providing a set of nearly 5,500 annotated questions with their named entities, freely available for research purposes.

null

78,940

inproceedings

paggio-etal-2010-nomco

The {NOMCO} Multimodal {N}ordic Resource - Goals and Characteristics

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1058/

Paggio, Patrizia and Allwood, Jens and Ahls{\'e}n, Elisabeth and Jokinen, Kristiina and Navarretta, Costanza

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper presents the multimodal corpora that are being collected and annotated in the Nordic NOMCO project. The corpora will be used to study communicative phenomena such as feedback, turn management and sequencing. They already include video material for Swedish, Danish, Finnish and Estonian, and several social activities are represented. The data will make it possible to verify empirically how gestures (head movements, facial displays, hand gestures and body postures) and speech interact in all the three mentioned aspects of communication. The data are being annotated following the MUMIN annotation scheme, which provides attributes concerning the shape and the communicative functions of head movements, face expressions, body posture and hand gestures. After having described the corpora, the paper discusses how they will be used to study the way feedback is expressed in speech and gestures, and reports results from two pilot studies where we investigated the function of head gestures {\textemdash} both single and repeated {\textemdash} in combination with feedback expressions. The annotated corpora will be valuable sources for research on intercultural communication as well as for interaction in the individual languages.

null

78,941

inproceedings

maekawa-etal-2010-design

Design, Compilation, and Preliminary Analyses of {B}alanced {C}orpus of {C}ontemporary {W}ritten {J}apanese

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1059/

Maekawa, Kikuo and Yamazaki, Makoto and Maruyama, Takehiko and Yamaguchi, Masaya and Ogura, Hideki and Kashino, Wakako and Ogiso, Toshinobu and Koiso, Hanae and Den, Yasuharu

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Compilation of a 100 million words balanced corpus called the Balanced Corpus of Contemporary Written Japanese (or BCCWJ) is underway at the National Institute for Japanese Language and Linguistics. The corpus covers a wide range of text genres including books, magazines, newspapers, governmental white papers, textbooks, minutes of the National Diet, internet text (bulletin board and blogs) and so forth, and when possible, samples are drawn from the rigidly defined statistical populations by means of random sampling. All texts are dually POS-analyzed based upon two different, but mutually related, definitions of word. Currently, more than 90 million words have been sampled and XML annotated with respect to text-structure and lexical and character information. A preliminary linear discriminant analysis of text genres using the data of POS frequencies and sentence length revealed it was possible to classify the text genres with a correct identification rate of 88{\%} as far as the samples of books, newspapers, whitepapers, and internet bulletin boards are concerned. When the samples of blogs were included in this data set, however, the identification rate went down to 68{\%}, suggesting the considerable variance of the blog texts in terms of the textual register and style.

null

78,942

inproceedings

macken-2010-annotation

An Annotation Scheme and Gold Standard for {D}utch-{E}nglish Word Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1060/

Macken, Lieve

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The importance of sentence-aligned parallel corpora has been widely acknowledged. Reference corpora in which sub-sentential translational correspondences are indicated manually are more labour-intensive to create, and hence less wide-spread. Such manually created reference alignments -- also called Gold Standards -- have been used in research projects to develop or test automatic word alignment systems. In most translations, translational correspondences are rather complex; for example word-by-word correspondences can be found only for a limited number of words. A reference corpus in which those complex translational correspondences are aligned manually is therefore also a useful resource for the development of translation tools and for translation studies. In this paper, we describe how we created a Gold Standard for the Dutch-English language pair. We present the annotation scheme, annotation guidelines, annotation tool and inter-annotator results. To cover a wide range of syntactic and stylistic phenomena that emerge from different writing and translation styles, our Gold Standard data set contains texts from different text types. The Gold Standard will be publicly available as part of the Dutch Parallel Corpus.

null

78,943

inproceedings

scherer-etal-2010-developing

Developing an Expressive Speech Labeling Tool Incorporating the Temporal Characteristics of Emotion

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1061/

Scherer, Stefan and Siegert, Ingo and Bigalke, Lutz and Meudt, Sascha

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

A lot of research effort has been spent on the development of emotion theories and modeling, however, their suitability and applicability to expressions in human computer interaction has not exhaustively been evaluated. Furthermore, investigations concerning the ability of the annotators to map certain expressions onto the developed emotion models is lacking proof. The proposed annotation tool, which incorporates the standard Geneva Emotional Wheel developed by Klaus Scherer and a novel temporal characteristic description feature, is aiming towards enabling the annotator to label expressions recorded in human computer interaction scenarios on an utterance level. Further, it is respecting key features of realistic and natural emotional expressions, such as their sequentiality, temporal characteristics, their mixed occurrences, and their expressivity or clarity of perception. Additionally, first steps towards evaluating the proposed tool, by analyzing utterance annotations taken from two expressive speech corpora, are undertaken and some future goals including the open source accessibility of the tool are given.

null

78,944

inproceedings

aker-gaizauskas-2010-model

Model Summaries for Location-related Images

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1062/

Aker, Ahmet and Gaizauskas, Robert

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

At present there is no publicly available data set to evaluate the performance of different summarization systems on the task of generating location-related extended image captions. In this paper we describe a corpus of human generated model captions in English and German. We have collected 932 model summaries in English from existing image descriptions and machine translated these summaries into German. We also performed post-editing on the translated German summaries to ensure high quality. Both English and German summaries are evaluated using a readability assessment as in DUC and TAC to assess their quality. Our model summaries performed similar to the ones reported in Dang (2005) and thus are suitable for evaluating automatic summarization systems on the task of generating image descriptions for location related images. In addition, we also investigated whether post-editing of machine-translated model summaries is necessary for automated ROUGE evaluations. We found a high correlation in ROUGE scores between post-edited and non-post-edited model summaries which indicates that the expensive process of post-editing is not necessary.

null

78,945

inproceedings

roux-etal-2010-incorporating

Incorporating Speech Synthesis in the Development of a Mobile Platform for e-learning.

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1063/

Roux, Justus and Scholtz, Pieter and Klop, Daleen and Povlsen, Claus and Jongejan, Bart and Magnusdottir, Asta

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This presentation and accompanying demonstration focuses on the development of a mobile platform for e-learning purposes with enhanced text-to-speech capabilities. It reports on an international consortium project entitled Mobile E-learning for Africa (MELFA), which includes a reading and literacy training component, particularly focusing on an African language, isiXhosa. The high penetration rate of mobile phones within the African continent has created new opportunities for delivering various kinds of information, including e-learning material to communities that have not had appropriate infrastructures. Aspects of the mobile platform development are described paying attention to basic functionalities of the user interface, as well as to the underlying web technologies involved. Some of the main features of the literacy training module are described, such as grapheme-sound correspondence, syllabification-sound relationships, varying tempo of presentation. A particular point is made for using HMM (HTS) synthesis in this case, as it seems to be very appropriate for less resourced languages.

null

78,946

inproceedings

jacquemin-2010-derivational

A Derivational Rephrasing Experiment for Question Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1064/

Jacquemin, Bernard

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In Knowledge Management, variations in information expressions have proven a real challenge. In particular, classical semantic relations (e.g. synonymy) do not connect words with different parts-of-speech. The method proposed tries to address this issue. It consists in building a derivational resource from a morphological derivation tool together with derivational guidelines from a dictionary in order to store only correct derivatives. This resource, combined with a syntactic parser, a semantic disambiguator and some derivational patterns, helps to reformulate an original sentence while keeping the initial meaning in a convincing manner This approach has been evaluated in three different ways: the precision of the derivatives produced from a lemma; its ability to provide well-formed reformulations from an original sentence, preserving the initial meaning; its impact on the results coping with a real issue, {\textbackslash}textit{\{}ie{\}} a question answering task . The evaluation of this approach through a question answering system shows the pros and cons of this system, while foreshadowing some interesting future developments.

null

78,947

inproceedings

condon-etal-2010-evaluation

Evaluation of Machine Translation Errors in {E}nglish and Iraqi {A}rabic

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1065/

Condon, Sherri and Parvaz, Dan and Aberdeen, John and Doran, Christy and Freeman, Andrew and Awad, Marwan

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Errors in machine translations of English-Iraqi Arabic dialogues were analyzed at two different points in the systems? development using HTER methods to identify errors and human annotations to refine TER annotations. The analyses were performed on approximately 100 translations into each language from 4 translation systems collected at two annual evaluations. Although the frequencies of errors in the more mature systems were lower, the proportions of error types exhibited little change. Results include high frequencies of pronoun errors in translations to English, high frequencies of subject person inflection in translations to Iraqi Arabic, similar frequencies of word order errors in both translation directions, and very low frequencies of polarity errors. The problems with many errors can be generalized as the need to insert lexemes not present in the source or vice versa, which includes errors in multi-word expressions. Discourse context will be required to resolve some problems with deictic elements like pronouns.

null

78,948

inproceedings

mohseni-minaei-bidgoli-2010-persian

A {P}ersian Part-Of-Speech Tagger Based on Morphological Analysis

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1066/

Mohseni, Mahdi and Minaei-bidgoli, Behrouz

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes a method based on morphological analysis of words for a Persian Part-Of-Speech (POS) tagging system. This is a main part of a process for expanding a large Persian corpus called Peyekare (or Textual Corpus of Persian Language). Peykare is arranged into two parts: annotated and unannotated parts. We use the annotated part in order to create an automatic morphological analyzer, a main segment of the system. Morphosyntactic features of Persian words cause two problems: the number of tags is increased in the corpus (586 tags) and the form of the words is changed. This high number of tags debilitates any taggers to work efficiently. From other side the change of word forms reduces the frequency of words with the same lemma; and the number of words belonging to a specific tag reduces as well. This problem also has a bad effect on statistical taggers. The morphological analyzer by removing the problems helps the tagger to cover a large number of tags in the corpus. Using a Markov tagger the method is evaluated on the corpus. The experiments show the efficiency of the method in Persian POS tagging.

null

78,949

inproceedings

babko-malaya-etal-2010-evaluation

Evaluation of Document Citations in Phase 2 Gale Distillation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1067/

Babko-Malaya, Olga and Hunter, Dan and Fournelle, Connie and White, Jim

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The focus of information retrieval evaluations, such as NISTs TREC evaluations (e.g. Voorhees 2003), is on evaluation of the information content of system responses. On the other hand, retrieval tasks usually involve two different dimensions: reporting relevant information and providing sources of information, including corroborating evidence and alternative documents. Under the DARPA Global Autonomous Language Exploitation (GALE) program, Distillation provides succinct, direct responses to the formatted queries using the outputs of automated transcription and translation technologies. These responses are evaluated in two dimensions: information content, which measures the amount of relevant and non-redundant information, and document support, which measures the number of alternative sources provided in support of reported information. The final metric in the overall GALE distillation evaluation combines the results of scoring of both query responses and document citations. In this paper, we describe our evaluation framework with emphasis on the scoring of document citations and an analysis of how systems perform at providing sources of information.

null

78,950

inproceedings

coltekin-2010-freely

A Freely Available Morphological Analyzer for {T}urkish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1068/

{\c{C{\"oltekin, {\c{Ca{\u{gr{\i

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper presents TRmorph, a two-level morphological analyzer for Turkish. TRmorph is a fairly complete and accurate morphological analyzer for Turkish. However, strength of TRmorph is neither in its performance, nor in its novelty. The main feature of this analyzer is its availability. It has completely been implemented using freely available tools and resources, and the two-level description is also distributed with a license that allows others to use and modify it freely for different applications. To our knowledge, TRmorph is the first freely available morphological analyzer for Turkish. This makes TRmorph particularly suitable for applications where the analyzer has to be changed in some way, or as a starting point for morphological analyzers for similar languages. TRmorph`s specification of Turkish morphology is relatively complete, and it is distributed with a large lexicon. Along with the description of how the analyzer is implemented, this paper provides an evaluation of the analyzer on two large corpora.

null

78,951

inproceedings

volk-etal-2010-challenges

Challenges in Building a Multilingual Alpine Heritage Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1069/

Volk, Martin and Bubenhofer, Noah and Althaus, Adrian and Bangerter, Maya and Furrer, Lenz and Ruef, Beni

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes our efforts to build a multilingual heritage corpus of alpine texts. Currently we digitize the yearbooks of the Swiss Alpine Club which contain articles in French, German, Italian and Romansch. Articles comprise mountaineering reports from all corners of the earth, but also scientific topics such as topography, geology or glacierology as well as occasional poetry and lyrics. We have already scanned close to 70,000 pages which has resulted in a corpus of 25 million words, 10{\%} of which is a parallel French-German corpus. We have solved a number of challenges in automatic language identification and text structure recognition. Our next goal is to identify the great variety of toponyms (e.g. names of mountains and valleys, glaciers and rivers, trails and cabins) in this corpus, and we sketch how a large gazetteer of Swiss topographical names can be exploited for this purpose. Despite the size of the resource, exact matching leads to a low recall because of spelling variations, language mixtures and partial repetitions.

null

78,952

inproceedings

pareti-prodanof-2010-annotating

Annotating Attribution Relations: Towards an {I}talian Discourse Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1070/

Pareti, Silvia and Prodanof, Irina

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper we describe the development of a schema for the annotation of attribution relations and present the first findings and some relevant issues concerning this phenomenon. Following the D-LTAG approach to discourse, we have developed a lexically anchored description of attribution, considering this relation, contrary to the approach in the PDTB, independently from other discourse relations. This approach has allowed us to deal with the phenomenon in a broader perspective than previous studies, reaching therefore a more accurate description of it and making it possible to raise some still unaddressed issues. Following this analysis, we propose an annotation schema and discuss the first results concerning its applicability. The schema has been applied to a pilot portion of the ISST corpus of Italian and represents the initial phase of a project aiming at the creation of an Italian Discourse Treebank. We believe this work will raise some awareness concerning the fundamental importance of attribution relations. The identification of the source has in fact strong implications for the attributed material. Moreover, it will make overt the complexity of a phenomenon for long underestimated.

null

78,953

inproceedings

webb-etal-2010-evaluating

Evaluating Human-Machine Conversation for Appropriateness

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1071/

Webb, Nick and Benyon, David and Hansen, Preben and Mival, Oil

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Evaluation of complex, collaborative dialogue systems is a difficult task. Traditionally, developers have relied upon subjective feedback from the user, and parametrisation over observable metrics. However, both models place some reliance on the notion of a task; that is, the system is helping to user achieve some clearly defined goal, such as book a flight or complete a banking transaction. It is not clear that such metrics are as useful when dealing with a system that has a more complex task, or even no definable task at all, beyond maintain and performing a collaborative dialogue. Working within the EU funded COMPANIONS program, we investigate the use of appropriateness as a measure of conversation quality, the hypothesis being that good companions need to be good conversational partners . We report initial work in the direction of annotating dialogue for indicators of good conversation, including the annotation and comparison of the output of two generations of the same dialogue system.

null

78,954

inproceedings

megyesi-etal-2010-english

The {E}nglish-{S}wedish-{T}urkish Parallel Treebank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1072/

Megyesi, Be{\'a}ta and Dahlqvist, Bengt and Csat{\'o}, {\'E}va {\'A}. and Nivre, Joakim

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We describe a syntactically annotated parallel corpus containing typologically partly different languages, namely English, Swedish and Turkish. The corpus consists of approximately 300 000 tokens in Swedish, 160 000 in Turkish and 150 000 in English, containing both fiction and technical documents. We build the corpus by using the Uplug toolkit for automatic structural markup, such as tokenization and sentence segmentation, as well as sentence and word alignment. In addition, we use basic language resource kits for the linguistic analysis of the languages involved. The annotation is carried on various layers from morphological and part of speech analysis to dependency structures. The tools used for linguistic annotation, e.g.,{\textbackslash} HunPos tagger and MaltParser, are freely available data-driven resources, trained on existing corpora and treebanks for each language. The parallel treebank is used in teaching and linguistic research to study the relationship between the structurally different languages. In order to study the treebank, several tools have been developed for the visualization of the annotation and alignment, allowing search for linguistic patterns.

null

78,955

inproceedings

dantuluri-etal-2010-use

A Use Case for Controlled Languages as Interfaces to Semantic Web Applications

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1073/

Dantuluri, Pradeep and Davis, Brian and Handschuh, Siegfried

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Although the Semantic web is steadily gaining in popularity, it remains a mystery to a large percentage of Internet users. This can be attributed to the complexity of the technologies that form its core. Creating intuitive interfaces which completely abstract the technologies underneath, is one way to solve this problem. A contrasting approach is to ease the user into understanding the technologies. We propose a solution which anchors on using controlled languages as interfaces to semantic web applications. This paper describes one such approach for the domain of meeting minutes, status reports and other project specific documents. A controlled language is developed along with an ontology to handle semi-automatic knowledge extraction. The contributions of this paper include an ontology designed for the domain of meeting minutes and status reports, and a controlled language grammar tailored for the above domain to perform the semi-automatic knowledge acquisition and generate RDF triples. This paper also describes two grammar prototypes, which were developed and evaluated prior to the development of the final grammar, as well as the Link grammar, which was the grammar formalism of choice.

null

78,956

inproceedings

teissedre-etal-2010-resources

Resources for Calendar Expressions Semantic Tagging and Temporal Navigation through Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1074/

Teiss{\`e}dre, Charles and Battistelli, Delphine and Minel, Jean-Luc

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The linguistic resources presented in this paper are designed for the recognition and semantic tagging of calendar expressions in French. While existing resources generally put the emphasis on describing calendar bases pointed out by calendar expressions (which are considered as named entities), our approach tries to explicit how references to calendar are linguistically built up, taking into account not only the calendar bases but as well the prepositions and units that operate on them, as they provide valuable information on how texts refer to the calendar. The modelling of these expressions led us to consider calendar expressions as a conjunction of operators interacting with temporal references. Though the resources aim to be generic and easily reusable, we illustrate the interest of our approach by using the resources output to feed a text navigation tool that is currently being improved, in order to offer users a way of temporally progressing or navigating in texts.

null

78,957

inproceedings

saz-etal-2010-alborada

The Alborada-{I}3{A} Corpus of Disordered Speech

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1075/

Saz, Oscar and Lleida, Eduardo and Vaquero, Carlos and Rodr{\'i}guez, W.-Ricardo

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes the Alborada-I3A corpus of disordered speech, acquired during the recent years for the research in different speech technologies for the handicapped like Automatic Speech Recognition or pronunciation assessment. It contains more than 2 hours of speech from 14 young impaired speakers and nearly 9 hours from 232 unimpaired age-matched peers whose collaboration was possible by the joint work with different educational and assistive institutions. Furthermore, some extra resources are provided with the corpus, including the results of a perceptual human-based labeling of the lexical mispronunciations made by the impaired speakers. The corpus has been used to achieve results in different tasks like analyses on the speech production in impaired children, acoustic and lexical adaptation for ASR and studies on the speech proficiency of the impaired speakers. Finally, the full corpus is freely available for the research community with the only restrictions of maintaining all its data and resources for research purposes only and keeping the privacy of the speakers and their speech data

null

78,958

inproceedings

ananiadou-etal-2010-evaluating

Evaluating a Text Mining Based Educational Search Portal

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1076/

Ananiadou, Sophia and McNaught, John and Thomas, James and Rickinson, Mark and Oliver, Sandy

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we present the main features of a text mining based search engine for the UK Educational Evidence Portal available at the UK National Centre for Text Mining (NaCTeM), together with a user-centred framework for the evaluation of the search engine. The framework is adapted from an existing proposal by the ISLE (EAGLES) Evaluation Working group. We introduce the metrics employed for the evaluation, and explain how these relate to the text mining based search engine. Following this, we describe how we applied the framework to the evaluation of a number of key text mining features of the search engine, namely the automatic clustering of search results, classification of search results according to a taxonomy, and identification of topics and other documents that are related to a chosen document. Finally, we present the results of the evaluation in terms of the strengths, weaknesses and improvements identified for each of these features.

null

78,959

inproceedings

pedler-mitton-2010-large

A Large List of Confusion Sets for Spellchecking Assessed Against a Corpus of Real-word Errors

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1077/

Pedler, Jennifer and Mitton, Roger

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

One of the methods that has been proposed for dealing with real-word errors (errors that occur when a correctly spelled word is substituted for the one intended) is the ''``confusion-set'''' approach - a confusion set being a small group of words that are likely to be confused with one another. Using a list of confusion sets drawn up in advance, a spellchecker, on finding one of these words in a text, can assess whether one of the other members of its set would be a better fit and, if it appears to be so, propose that word as a correction. Much of the research using this approach has suffered from two weaknesses. The first is the small number of confusion sets used. The second is that systems have largely been tested on artificial errors. In this paper we address these two weaknesses. We describe the creation of a realistically sized list of confusion sets, then the assembling of a corpus of real-word errors, and then we assess the potential of that list in relation to that corpus.

null

78,960

inproceedings

schmitt-etal-2010-witchcraft

{WIT}c{HCR}af{T}: A Workbench for Intelligent explora{T}ion of Human {C}ompute{R} conversa{T}ions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1078/

Schmitt, Alexander and Bertrand, Gregor and Heinroth, Tobias and Minker, Wolfgang and Liscombe, Jackson

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present Witchcraft, an open-source framework for the evaluation of prediction models for spoken dialogue systems based on interaction logs and audio recordings. The use of Witchcraft is two fold: first, it provides an adaptable user interface to easily manage and browse thousands of logged dialogues (e.g. calls). Second, with help of the underlying models and the connected machine learning framework RapidMiner the workbench is able to display at each dialogue turn the probability of the task being completed based on the dialogue history. It estimates the emotional state, gender and age of the user. While browsing through a logged conversation, the user can directly observe the prediction result of the models at each dialogue step. By that, Witchcraft allows for spotting problematic dialogue situations and demonstrates where the current system and the prediction models have design flaws. Witchcraft will be made publically available to the community and will be deployed as open-source project.

null

78,961

inproceedings

stoyanchev-piwek-2010-constructing

Constructing the {CODA} Corpus: A Parallel Corpus of Monologues and Expository Dialogues

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1079/

Stoyanchev, Svetlana and Piwek, Paul

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We describe the construction of the CODA corpus, a parallel corpus of monologues and expository dialogues. The dialogue part of the corpus consists of expository, i.e., information-delivering rather than dramatic, dialogues written by several acclaimed authors. The monologue part of the corpus is a paraphrase in monologue form of these dialogues by a human annotator. The annotator-written monologue preserves all information present in the original dialogue and does not introduce any new information that is not present in the original dialogue. The corpus was constructed as a resource for extracting rules for automated generation of dialogue from monologue. Using authored dialogues allows us to analyse the techniques used by accomplished writers for presenting information in the form of dialogue. The dialogues are annotated with dialogue acts and the monologues with rhetorical structure. We developed annotation and translation guidelines together with a custom-developed tool for carrying out translation, alignment and annotation of the dialogues. The final parallel CODA corpus consists of 1000 dialogue turns that are tagged with dialogue acts and aligned with monologue that expresses the same information and has been annotated with rhetorical structure relations.

null

78,962

inproceedings

kaplan-etal-2010-annotation

Annotation Process Management Revisited

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1080/

Kaplan, Dain and Iida, Ryu and Tokunaga, Takenobu

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Proper annotation process management is crucial to the construction of corpora, which are in turn indispensable to the data-driven techniques that have come to the forefront in NLP during the last two decades. It is still common to see ad-hoc tools created for a specific annotation project, but it is time this changed; creation of such tools is labor and time expensive, and is secondary to corpus creation. In addition, such tools likely lack proper annotation process management, increasingly more important as corpora sizes grow in size and complexity. This paper first raises a list of ten needs that any general purpose annotation system should address moving forward, such as user {\&} role management, delegation {\&} monitoring of work, diffing {\&} merging annotators work, versioning of corpora, multilingual support, import/export format flexibility, and so on. A framework to address these needs is then proposed, and how having proper annotation process management can be beneficial to the creation and maintenance of corpora explained. The paper then introduces SLATE (Segment and Link-based Annotation Tool Enhanced), the second iteration of a web-based annotation tool, which is being rewritten to implement the proposed framework.

null

78,963

inproceedings

paci-etal-2010-wikipedia

{W}ikipedia-based Approach for Linking Ontology Concepts to their Realisations in Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1081/

Paci, Giulio and Pedrazzi, Giorgio and Turra, Roberta

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

A novel method to automatically associate ontological concepts to their realisations in texts is presented. The method has been developed in the context of the Papyrus project to annotate texts and audio transcripts with a set of relevant concepts from the Papyrus News Ontology. To avoid strong dependency on a specific ontology, the annotation process starts by performing a Wikipedia-based annotation of news items: the most relevant keywords are detected and the Wikipedia pages that best describe their actual meaning are identified. In a later step this annotation is translated into an Ontology-based one: keywords are connected to the most appropriate ontology classes on the basis of a relatedness measure that relies on Wikipedia knowledge. Wikipedia-annotation provides a domain independent abstraction layer that simplify the adaptation of the approach to other domains and ontologies. Evaluation has been performed on a set of manually annotated news, resulting in 58{\%} F1 score for relevant Wikipedia pages and 64{\%} for relevant ontology concepts identification.

null

78,964

inproceedings

laurent-etal-2010-ad

Ad-hoc Evaluations Along the Lifecycle of Industrial Spoken Dialogue Systems: Heading to Harmonisation?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1082/

Laurent, Marianne and Bretier, Philippe and Manquillet, Carole

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

With a view to rationalise the evaluation process within the Orange Labs spoken dialogue system projects, a field audit has been realised among the various related professionals. The article presents the study`s main conclusions and draws work perspectives to enhance the evaluation process in such a complex organisation. We first present the typical spoken dialogue system project lifecycle and the involved communities of stakeholders. We then sketch a map of indicators used across the teams. It shows that each professional category designs its evaluation metrics according to a case-by-case strategy, each one targeting different goals and methodologies. And last, we identify weaknesses in the evaluation process is handled by the various teams. Among others, we mention: the dependency on the design and exploitation tools that may not be suitable for an adequate collection of relevant indicators, the need to refine some indicators' definition and analysis to obtain valuable information for system enhancement, the sharing issue that advocates for a common definition of indicators across the teams and, as a consequence, the need for shared applications that support and encourage such a rationalisation.

null

78,965

inproceedings

nakano-etal-2010-construction

Construction of Text Summarization Corpus for the Credibility of Information on the Web

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1083/

Nakano, Masahiro and Shibuki, Hideyuki and Miyazaki, Rintaro and Ishioroshi, Madoka and Kaneko, Koichi and Mori, Tatsunori

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Recently, the credibility of information on the Web has become an important issue. In addition to telling about content of source documents, indicating how to interpret the content, especially showing interpretation of the relation between statements appeared to contradict each other, is important for helping a user judge the credibility of information. In this paper, we will describe the purpose and the way in the construction of a text summarization corpus. Our purpose in the construction of the corpus includes the following three points; to collect Web documents relevant to several query sentences, to prepare gold standard data to evaluate smaller sub-processes in the extraction process and the summary generation process, to investigate the summaries made by human summarizers. The constructed corpus contains six query sentences, 24 manually-constructed summaries, and 24 collections of source Web documents. We also investigated how the descriptions of interpretation, which help a user judge the credibility of other descriptions in the summary, appear in the corpus. As a result, we confirmed that showing interpretation on conflicts is important for helping a user judge the credibility of information.

null

78,966

inproceedings

silva-etal-2010-top

Top-Performing Robust Constituency Parsing of {P}ortuguese: Freely Available in as Many Ways as you Can Get it

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1084/

Silva, Jo{\~a}o and Branco, Ant{\'o}nio and Gon{\c{c}}alves, Patricia

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper we present LX-Parser, a probabilistic, robust constituency parser for Portuguese. This parser achieves ca. 88{\%} f-score in the labeled bracketing task, thus reaching a state-of-the-art performance score that is in line with those that are currently obtained by top-ranking parsers for English, the most studied natural language. To the best of our knowledge, LX-Parser is the first state-of-the-art, robust constituency parser for Portuguese that is made freely available. This parser is being distributed in a variety of ways, each suited for a different type of usage. More specifically, LX-Parser is being made available (i) as a downloadable, stand-alone parsing tool that can be run locally by its users; (ii) as a Web service that exposes an interface that can be invoked remotely and transparently by client applications; and finally (iii) as an on-line parsing service, aimed at human users, that can be accessed through any common Web browser.

null

78,967

inproceedings

cardey-etal-2010-resources

Resources for Controlled Languages for Alert Messages and Protocols in the {E}uropean Perspective

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1085/

Cardey, Sylviane and Bogacki, Krzysztof and Blanco, Xavier and Mitkov, Ruslan

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper is concerned with resources for controlled languages for alert messages and protocols in the European perspective. These resources have been produced as the outcome of a project (Alert Messages and Protocols: MESSAGE) which has been funded with the support of the European Commission - Directorate-General Justice, Freedom and Security, and with the specific objective of `promoting and supporting the development of security standards, and an exchange of know-how and experience on protection of people'. The MESSAGE project involved the development and transfer of a methodology for writing safe and safely translatable alert messages and protocols created by Centre Tesni{\`e}re in collaboration with the aircraft industry, the health profession, and emergency services by means of a consortium of four partners to their four European member states in their languages (ES, FR (Coordinator), GB, PL). The paper describes alert messages and protocols, controlled languages for safety and security, the target groups involved, controlled language evaluation, dissemination, the resources that are available, both Freely available and From Owner, together with illustrations of the resources, and the potential transferability to other sectors and users.

null

78,968

inproceedings

erjavec-2010-multext

{MULTEXT}-East Version 4: Multilingual Morphosyntactic Specifications, Lexicons and Corpora

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1086/

Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}}

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The paper presents the fourth, ``Mondilex'' edition of the MULTEXT-East language resources, a multilingual dataset for language engineering research and development, focused on the morphosyntactic level of linguistic description. This standardised and linked set of resources covers a large number of mainly Central and Eastern European languages and includes the EAGLES-based morphosyntactic specifications; morphosyntactic lexica; and annotated parallel, comparable, and speech corpora. The fourth release of these resources introduces XML-encoded morphosyntactic specifications and adds six new languages, bringing the total to 16: to Bulgarian, Croatian, Czech, Estonian, English, Hungarian, Romanian, Serbian, Slovene, and the Resian dialect of Slovene it adds Macedonian, Persian, Polish, Russian, Slovak, and Ukrainian. This dataset, unique in terms of languages covered and the wealth of encoding, is extensively documented, and freely available for research purposes at \url{http://nl.ijs.si/ME/V4/}.

null

78,969

inproceedings

erjavec-etal-2010-jos

The {JOS} Linguistically Tagged Corpus of {S}lovene

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1087/

Erjavec, Toma{\v{z}} and Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja and Krek, Simon and Ledinek, Nina

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The JOS language resources are meant to facilitate developments of HLT and corpus linguistics for the Slovene language and consist of the morphosyntactic specifications, defining the Slovene morphosyntactic features and tagset; two annotated corpora (jos100k and jos1M); and two web services (a concordancer and text annotation tool). The paper introduces these components, and concentrates on jos100k, a 100,000 word sampled balanced monolingual Slovene corpus, manually annotated for three levels of linguistic description. On the morphosyntactic level, each word is annotated with its morphosyntactic description and lemma; on the syntactic level the sentences are annotated with dependency links; on the semantic level, all the occurrences of 100 top nouns in the corpus are annotated with their wordnet synset from the Slovene semantic lexicon sloWNet. The JOS corpora and specifications have a standardised encoding (Text Encoding Initiative Guidelines TEI P5) and are available for research from \url{http://nl.ijs.si/jos/} under the Creative Commons licence.

null

78,970

inproceedings

robaldo-etal-2010-corpus

Corpus-based Semantics of Concession: Where do Expectations Come from?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1088/

Robaldo, Livio and Miltsakaki, Eleni and Bianchini, Alessia

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we discuss our analysis and resulting new annotations of Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) data tagged as Concession. Concession arises whenever one of the two arguments creates an expectation, and the other ones denies it. In Natural Languages, typical discourse connectives conveying Concession are `but', `although', `nevertheless', etc. Extending previous theoretical accounts, our corpus analysis reveals that concessive interpretations are due to different sources of expectation, each giving rise to critical inferences about the relationship of the involved eventualities. We identify four different sources of expectation: Causality, Implication, Correlation, and Implicature. The reliability of these categories is supported by a high inter-annotator agreement score, computed over a sample of one thousand tokens of explicit connectives annotated as Concession in PDTB. Following earlier work of (Hobbs, 1998) and (Davidson, 1967) notion of reification, we extend the logical account of Concession originally proposed in (Robaldo et al., 2008) to provide refined formal descriptions for the first three mentioned sources of expectations in Concessive relations.

null

78,971

inproceedings

fiser-etal-2010-learning

Learning to Mine Definitions from {S}lovene Structured and Unstructured Knowledge-Rich Resources

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1089/

Fi{\v{s}}er, Darja and Pollak, Senja and Vintar, {\v{S}}pela

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The paper presents an innovative approach to extract Slovene definition candidates from domain-specific corpora using morphosyntactic patterns, automatic terminology recognition and semantic tagging with wordnet senses. First, a classification model was trained on examples from Slovene Wikipedia which was then used to find well-formed definitions among the extracted candidates. The results of the experiment are encouraging, with accuracy ranging from 67{\%} to 71{\%}. The paper also addresses some drawbacks of the approach and suggests ways to overcome them in future work.

null

78,972

inproceedings

tufis-stefanescu-2010-differential

A Differential Semantics Approach to the Annotation of Synsets in {W}ord{N}et

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1090/

Tufi{\c{s}}, Dan and {\c{S}}tef{\u{a}}nescu, Dan

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We describe a new method for sentiment load annotation of the synsets of a wordnet, along the principles of Osgoods Semantic Differential theory and extending the Kamp and Marx calculus, by taking into account not only the WordNet structure but also the SUMO/MILO (Niles {\&} Pease, 2001) and DOMAINS (Bentivogli et al., 2004) knowledge sources. We discuss the method to annotate all the synsets in PWN2.0, irrespective of their part of speech. As the number of possible factors (semantic oppositions, along which the synsets are ranked) is very large, we developed also an application allowing the text analyst to select the most discriminating factors for the type of text to be analyzed. Once the factors have been selected, the underlying wordnet is marked-up on the fly and it can be used for the intended textual analysis. We anticipate that these annotations can be imported in other language wordnets, provided they are aligned to PWN2.0. The method for the synsets annotation generalizes the usual subjectivity mark-up (positive, negative and objective) according to a user-based multi-criteria differential semantics model.

null

78,973

inproceedings

grishina-2010-multimodal

Multimodal {R}ussian Corpus ({MURCO}): First Steps

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1091/

Grishina, Elena

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The paper introduces the Multimodal Russian Corpus (MURCO), which has been created in the framework of the Russian National Corpus (RNC). The MURCO provides the users with the great amount of phonetic, orthoepic, intonational information related to Russian. Moreover, the deeply annotated part of the MURCO contains the data concerning Russian gesticulation, speech act system, types of vocal gestures and interjections in Russian, and so on. The Corpus is on free access. The paper describes the main types of annotation and the interface structure of the MURCO. The MURCO consists of two parts, the second part being the subset of the first: 1) the whole Corpus, which is annotated from the lexical (lemmatization), morphological, semantic, accentological, metatextual, socioligical point of view (these types of annotation are standard for the RNC), and also from the point of view of phonetics (the orthoepic annotation and the mark-up of accentological word structure), 2) the deeply annotated MURCO, which is annotated in addition from the point of view of gesticulation and speech act structure.

null

78,974

inproceedings

tiedemann-2010-lingua

Lingua-Align: An Experimental Toolbox for Automatic Tree-to-Tree Alignment

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1092/

Tiedemann, J{\"org

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper we present an experimental toolbox for automatic tree-to-tree alignment based on a binary classification model. The aligner implements a recurrent architecture for structural prediction using history features and a sequential classification procedure. The discriminative base classifier uses a log-linear model in the current setup which enables simple integration of various features extracted from the data. The Lingua-Align toolbox provides a flexible framework for feature extraction including contextual properties and implements several alignment inference procedures. Various settings and constraints can be controlled via a simple frontend or called from external scripts. Lingua-Align supports different treebank formats and includes additional tools for conversion and evaluation. In our experiments we can show that our tree aligner produces results with high quality and outperforms unsupervised techniques proposed otherwise. It also integrates well with another existing tool for manual tree alignment which makes it possible to quickly integrate additional training material and to run semi-automatic alignment strategies.

null

78,975

inproceedings

grivaz-2010-human

Human Judgements on Causation in {F}rench Texts

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1093/

Grivaz, C{\'e}cile

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The annotation of causal relations in natural language texts can lead to a low inter-annotator agreement. A French corpus annotated with causal relations would be helpful for the evaluation of programs that extract causal knowledge, as well as for the study of the expression of causation. As previous theoretical work provides no necessary and sufficient condition that would allow an annotator to easily identify causation, we explore features that are associated with causation in human judgements. We present an experiment that allows us to elicit intuitive features of causation. We test the statistical association of features of causation from theoretical previous work with causation itself in human judgements in an annotation experiment. We then establish guidelines based on these features for annotating a French corpus. We argue that our approach leads to coherent annotation guidelines, since it allows us to obtain a {\ensuremath{\kappa}} = 0.84 agreement between the majority of the annotators answers and our own educated judgements. We present these annotation instructions in detail.

null

78,976

inproceedings

marinelli-etal-2010-lexical

Lexical Semantic Resources in a Terminological Network

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1094/

Marinelli, Rita and Roventini, Adriana and Spadoni, Giovanni and Cucurullo, Sebastiana

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

A research has been carried on and is still in progress aimed at the construction of three specialized lexicons organized as databases of relational type. The three databases contain terms belonging to the specialized knowledge fields of maritime terminology (technical-nautical and maritime transport domain), taxation law, and labour law with union labour rules, respectively. The EuroWordNet/ItalWordNet model was firstly used to structure the terminological database of maritime domain. The methodology experimented for its construction was applied to construct the next databases. It consists in i) the management of corpora of specialized languages and ii) the use of generic databases to identify and extract a set of candidate terms to be codified in the terminological databases. The three specialized resources are described highlighting the various kinds of lexical semantic relations linking each term to the others within the single terminological database and to the generic resources WordNet and ItalWordNet. The construction of these specialized lexicons was carried on in the framework of different projects; but they can be seen as a first nucleus of an organized network of generic and specialized lexicons with the purpose of making the meaning of each term clearer from a cognitive point of view.

null

78,977

inproceedings

wawer-2010-sentiment

Is Sentiment a Property of Synsets? Evaluating Resources for Sentiment Classification using Machine Learning

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1095/

Wawer, Aleksander

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Existing approaches to classifying documents by sentiment include machine learning with features created from n-grams and part of speech. This paper explores a different approach and examines performance of one selected machine learning algorithm, Support Vector Machines, with features computed using existing lexical resources. Special attention has been paid to fine tuning of the algorithm regarding number of features. The immediate purpose of this experiment is to evaluate lexical and sentiment resources in document-level sentiment classification task. Results described in the paper are also useful to indicate how lexicon design, different language dimensions and semantic categories contribute to document-level sentiment recognition. In a less direct way (through the examination of evaluated resources), the experiment analyzes adequacy of lexemes, word senses and synsets as different possible layers for ascribing sentiment, or as candidates for sentiment carriers. The proposed approach of machine learning word category frequencies instead of n-grams and part of speech features can potentially exhibit improvements in domain independency, but this hypothesis has to be verified in future works.

null

78,978

inproceedings

alegria-etal-2010-morphological

A Morphological Processor Based on {F}oma for {B}iscayan (a {B}asque dialect)

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1096/

Alegria, I{\~n}aki and Aranbarri, Garbi{\~n}e and Ceberio, Klara and Labaka, Gorka and Laskurain, Bittor and Urizar, Ruben

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present a new morphological processor for Biscayan, a dialect of Basque, developed on the description of the morphology of standard Basque. The database for the standard morphology has been extended for dialects and an open-source tool for morphological description named foma is used for building the processor. Biscayan is a dialect of the Basque language spoken mainly in Biscay, a province on the western of the Basque Country. The description of the lexicon and the morphotactics (or word grammar) for the standard Basque was carried out using a relational database and the database has been extended in order to include dialectal variants linked to the standard entries. XuxenB, a spelling checker/corrector for this dialect, is the first application of this work. Additionally to the basic analyzer used for spelling, a new transducer is included. It is an enhanced analyzer for linking standard form with the corresponding standard ones. It is used in correction for generation of proposals when in the input text appear standard forms which we want to replace with dialectal forms.

null

78,979

inproceedings

przepiorkowski-etal-2010-recent

Recent Developments in the {N}ational {C}orpus of {P}olish

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1097/

Przepi{\'o}rkowski, Adam and G{\'o}rski, Rafa{\l} L. and {\L}azi{\'n}ski, Marek and P{\k{e}}zik, Piotr

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The aim of the paper is to present recent {\textemdash} as of March 2010 {\textemdash} developments in the construction of the National Corpus of Polish (NKJP). The NKJP project was launched at the very end of 2007 and it is aimed at compiling a large, linguistically annotated corpus of contemporary Polish by the end of 2010. Out of the total pool of 1 billion words of text data collected in the project, a 300 million word balanced corpus will be selected to match a set of predefined representativeness criteria. This present paper outlines a number of recent developments in the NKJP project, including: 1) the design of text encoding XML schemata for various levels of linguistic information, 2) a new tool for manual annotation at various levels, 3) numerous improvements in search tools. As the work on NKJP progresses, it becomes clear that this project serves as an important testbed for linguistic annotation and interoperability standards. We believe that our recent experiences will prove relevant to future large-scale language resource compilation efforts.

null

78,980

inproceedings

branco-etal-2010-developing

Developing a Deep Linguistic Databank Supporting a Collection of Treebanks: the {CINTIL} {D}eep{G}ram{B}ank

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1098/

Branco, Ant{\'o}nio and Costa, Francisco and Silva, Jo{\~a}o and Silveira, Sara and Castro, S{\'e}rgio and Avel{\~a}s, Mariana and Pinto, Clara and Gra{\c{c}}a, Jo{\~a}o

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Corpora of sentences annotated with grammatical information have been deployed by extending the basic lexical and morphological data with increasingly complex information, such as phrase constituency, syntactic functions, semantic roles, etc. As these corpora grow in size and the linguistic information to be encoded reaches higher levels of sophistication, the utilization of annotation tools and, above all, supporting computational grammars appear no longer as a matter of convenience but of necessity. In this paper, we report on the design features, the development conditions and the methodological options of a deep linguistic databank, the CINTIL DeepGramBank. In this corpus, sentences are annotated with fully fledged linguistically informed grammatical representations that are produced by a deep linguistic processing grammar, thus consistently integrating morphological, syntactic and semantic information. We also report on how such corpus permits to straightforwardly obtain a whole range of past generation annotated corpora (POS, NER and morphology), current generation treebanks (constituency treebanks, dependency banks, propbanks) and next generation databanks (logical form banks) simply by means of a very residual selection/extraction effort to get the appropriate ''``views'''' exposing the relevant layers of information.

null

78,981

inproceedings

borin-etal-2010-diabase

{D}iabase: Towards a Diachronic {BLARK} in Support of Historical Studies

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1099/

Borin, Lars and Forsberg, Markus and Kokkinakis, Dimitrios

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present our ongoing work on language technology-based e-science in the humanities, social sciences and education, with a focus on text-based research in the historical sciences. An important aspect of language technology is the research infrastructure known by the acronym BLARK (Basic LAnguage Resource Kit). A BLARK as normally presented in the literature arguably reflects a modern standard language, which is topic- and genre-neutral, thus abstracting away from all kinds of language variation. We argue that this notion could fruitfully be extended along any of the three axes implicit in this characterization (the social, the topical and the temporal), in our case the temporal axis, towards a diachronic BLARK for Swedish, which can be used to develop e-science tools in support of historical studies.

null

78,982

inproceedings

abeille-godard-2010-grande

The Grande Grammaire du Fran{\c{c}}ais Project

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1100/

Abeill{\'e}, Anne and Godard, Dani{\`e}le

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present a new reference Grammar of French (La Grande Grammaire du fran{\c{c}}ais), which is a collective project (gathering around fifty contributors), producing a book (about 2200 pages, to be published en 2011) and associated databases. Like the recent reference grammars of the other Romance Languages, it takes into account the important results of the linguistic research of the past thrity years, while aiming at a non specialist audience and avoiding formalization. We differ from existing French grammar by being focused on contemporary French from a purely descriptive point of view, and by taking spoken data into account. We include a description of all the syntactic phenomena, as well as lexical, semantic, pragmatic and prosodic insights, specially as they interact with syntax. The analysis concerns the data from contemporary written French, but also includes data from spoken corpora and regional or non standard French (when accessible). Throughout the grammar, a simple phrase structure grammar is used, in order to maintain a common representation. The analyses are modular with a strict division of labor between morphology, syntax and semantics. From the syntactic point of view, POS are also distinguished from grammatical relations (or functions). The databases include a terminological glossary, different lexical databases for certain POS, certain valence frames and certain semantic classes, and a bibliographical database.

null

78,983

inproceedings

sekine-dalwani-2010-ngram

Ngram Search Engine with Patterns Combining Token, {POS}, Chunk and {NE} Information

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1101/

Sekine, Satoshi and Dalwani, Kapil

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We developed a search tool for ngrams extracted from a very large corpus (the current system uses the entire Wikipedia, which has 1.7 billion tokens). The tool supports queries with an arbitrary number of wildcards and/or specification by a combination of token, POS, chunk (such as NP, VP, PP) and Named Entity (NE). The previous system (Sekine 08) can only handle tokens and unrestricted wildcards in the query, such as * was established in *. However, being able to constrain the wildcards by POS, chunk or NE is quite useful to filter out noise. For example, the new system can search for NE=COMPANY was established in POS=CD. This finer specification reduces the number of outputs to less than half and avoids the ngrams which have a comma or a common noun at the first position or location information at the last position. It outputs the matched ngrams with their frequencies as well as all the contexts (i.e. sentences, KWIC lists and document ID information) where the matched ngrams occur in the corpus. It takes a fraction of a second for a search on a single CPU Linux-PC (1GB memory and 500GB disk) environment.

null

78,984

inproceedings

schmitt-etal-2010-influence

The Influence of the Utterance Length on the Recognition of Aged Voices

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1102/

Schmitt, Alexander and Polzehl, Tim and Minker, Wolfgang and Liscombe, Jackson

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper addresses the recognition of elderly callers based on short and narrow-band utterances, which are typical for Interactive Voice Response (IVR) systems. Our study is based on 2308 short utterances from a deployed IVR application. We show that features such as speaking rate, jitter and shimmer that are considered as most meaningful ones for determining elderly users underperform when used in the IVR context while pitch and intensity features seem to gain importance. We further demonstrate the influence of the utterance length on the classifiers performance: for both humans and classifier, the distinction between aged and non-aged voices becomes increasingly difficult the shorter the utterances get. Our setup based on a Support Vector Machine (SVM) with linear kernel reaches a comparably poor performance of 58{\%} accuracy, which can be attributed to an average utterance length of only 1.6 seconds. The automatic distinction between aged and non-aged utterances drops to random when the utterance length falls below 1.2 seconds.

null

78,985

inproceedings

recasens-etal-2010-typology

A Typology of Near-Identity Relations for Coreference ({NIDENT})

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1103/

Recasens, Marta and Hovy, Eduard and Mart{\'i}, M. Ant{\`o}nia

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The task of coreference resolution requires people or systems to decide when two referring expressions refer to the `same' entity or event. In real text, this is often a difficult decision because identity is never adequately defined, leading to contradictory treatment of cases in previous work. This paper introduces the concept of `near-identity', a middle ground category between identity and non-identity, to handle such cases systematically. We present a typology of Near-Identity Relations (NIDENT) that includes fifteen types{\textemdash}grouped under four main families{\textemdash}that capture a wide range of ways in which (near-)coreference relations hold between discourse entities. We validate the theoretical model by annotating a small sample of real data and showing that inter-annotator agreement is high enough for stability (K=0.58, and up to K=0.65 and K=0.84 when leaving out one and two outliers, respectively). This work enables subsequent creation of the first internally consistent language resource of this type through larger annotation efforts.

null

78,986

inproceedings

schuurman-etal-2010-interacting

Interacting Semantic Layers of Annotation in {S}o{N}a{R}, a Reference Corpus of Contemporary Written {D}utch

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1104/

Schuurman, Ineke and Hoste, V{\'e}ronique and Monachesi, Paola

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper reports on the annotation of a corpus of 1 million words with four semantic annotation layers, including named entities, co- reference relations, semantic roles and spatial and temporal expressions. These semantic annotation layers can benefit from the manually verified part of speech tagging, lemmatization and syntactic analysis (dependency tree) information layers which resulted from an earlier project (Van Noord et al., 2006) and will thus result in a deeply syntactically and semantically annotated corpus. This annotation effort is carried out in the framework of a larger project which aims at the collection of a 500-million word corpus of contemporary Dutch, covering the variants used in the Netherlands and Flanders, the Dutch speaking part of Belgium. All the annotation schemes used were (co-)developed by the authors within the Flemish-Dutch STEVIN-programme as no previous schemes for Dutch were available. They were created taking into account standards (either de facto or official (like ISO)) used elsewhere.

null

78,987

inproceedings

broeder-etal-2010-data

A Data Category Registry- and Component-based Metadata Framework

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1105/

Broeder, Daan and Kemps-Snijders, Marc and Van Uytvanck, Dieter and Windhouwer, Menzo and Withers, Peter and Wittenburg, Peter and Zinn, Claus

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We describe our computer-supported framework to overcome the rule of metadata schism. It combines the use of controlled vocabularies, managed by a data category registry, with a component-based approach, where the categories can be combined to yield complex metadata structures. A metadata scheme devised in this way will thus be grounded in its use of categories. Schema designers will profit from existing prefabricated larger building blocks, motivating re-use at a larger scale. The common base of any two metadata schemes within this framework will solve, at least to a good extent, the semantic interoperability problem, and consequently, further promote systematic use of metadata for existing resources and tools to be shared.

null

78,988

inproceedings

maks-vossen-2010-annotation

Annotation Scheme and Gold Standard for {D}utch Subjective Adjectives

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1106/

Maks, Isa and Vossen, Piek

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Many techniques are developed to derive automatically lexical resources for opinion mining. In this paper we present a gold standard for Dutch adjectives developed for the evaluation of these techniques. In the first part of the paper we introduce our annotation guidelines. They are based upon guidelines recently developed for English which annotate subjectivity and polarity at word sense level. In addition to subjectivity and polarity we propose a third annotation category: that of the attitude holder. The identity of the attitude holder is partly implied by the word itself and may provide useful information for opinion mining systems. In the second part of paper we present the criteria adopted for the selection of items which should be included in this gold standard. Our design is aimed at an equal representation of all dimensions of the lexicon , like frequency and polysemy, in order to create a gold standard which can be used not only for benchmarking purposes but also may help to improve in a systematic way, the methods which derive the word lists. Finally we present the results of the annotation task including annotator agreement rates and disagreement analysis.

null

78,989

inproceedings

arehart-2010-indexing

Indexing Methods for Faster and More Effective Person Name Search

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1107/

Arehart, Mark

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper compares several indexing methods for person names extracted from text, developed for an information retrieval system with requirements for fast approximate matching of noisy and multicultural Romanized names. Such matching algorithms are computationally expensive and unacceptably slow when used without an indexing or blocking step. The goal is to create a small candidate pool containing all the true matches that can be exhaustively searched by a more effective but slower name comparison method. In addition to dramatically faster search, some of the methods evaluated here led to modest gains in effectiveness by eliminating false positives. Four indexing techniques using either phonetic keys or substrings of name segments, with and without name segment stopword lists, were combined with three name matching algorithms. On a test set of 700 queries run against 70K noisy and multicultural names, the best-performing technique took just 2.1{\%} as long as a naive exhaustive search and increased F1 by 3 points, showing that an appropriate indexing technique can increase both speed and effectiveness.

null

78,990

inproceedings

shinnou-sasaki-2010-detection

Detection of Peculiar Examples using {LOF} and One Class {SVM}

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1108/

Shinnou, Hiroyuki and Sasaki, Minoru

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper proposes the method to detect peculiar examples of the target word from a corpus. In this paper we regard following examples as peculiar examples: (1) a meaning of the target word in the example is new, (2) a compound word consisting of the target word in the example is new or very technical. The peculiar example is regarded as an outlier in the given example set. Therefore we can apply many methods proposed in the data mining domain to our task. In this paper, we propose the method to combine the density based method, Local Outlier Factor (LOF), and One Class SVM, which are representative outlier detection methods in the data mining domain. In the experiment, we use the Whitepaper text in BCCWJ as the corpus, and 10 noun words as target words. Our method improved precision and recall of LOF and One Class SVM. And we show that our method can detect new meanings by using the noun `midori (green)'. The main reason of un-detections and wrong detection is that similarity measure of two examples is inadequacy. In future, we must improve it.

null

78,991

inproceedings

uzzaman-allen-2010-trios

{TRIOS}-{T}ime{B}ank Corpus: Extended {T}ime{B}ank Corpus with Help of Deep Understanding of Text

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1109/

UzZaman, Naushad and Allen, James

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

TimeBank (Pustejovsky et al, 2003a), a reference for TimeML (Pustejovsky et al, 2003b) compliant annotation, is widely used temporally annotated corpus in the community. It captures time expressions, events, and relations between events and event and temporal expression; but there is room for improvements in this hand-annotated widely used TimeBank corpus. This work is one such effort to extend the TimeBank corpus. Our first goal is to suggest missing TimeBank events and temporal expressions, i.e. events and temporal expressions that were missed by TimeBank annotators. Along with that this paper also suggests some additions to TimeML language by adding new event features (ontology type), some more SLINKs and also relations between events with their arguments, which we call RLINK (relation link). With our new suggestions we present the TRIOS-TimeBank corpus, an extended TimeBank corpus. We conclude by suggesting our future work to clean the TimeBank corpus even more and automatically generating larger temporally annotated corpus for the community.

null

78,992

inproceedings

funk-bontcheva-2010-ontology

Ontology-Based Categorization of Web Services with Machine Learning

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1110/

Funk, Adam and Bontcheva, Kalina

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present the problem of categorizing web services according to a shallow ontology for presentation on a specialist portal, using their WSDL and associated textual documents found by a crawler. We treat this as a text classification problem and apply first information extraction (IE) techniques (voting using keywords weight according to their context), then machine learning (ML), and finally a combined approach in which ML has priority over weighted keywords, but the latter can still make up categorizations for services for which ML does not produce enough. We evaluate the techniques (using data manually annotated through the portal, which we also use as the training data for ML) according to standard IE measures for flat categorization as well as the Balanced Distance Metric (more suitable for ontological classification) and compare them with related work in web service categorization. The ML and combined categorization results are good and the system is designed to take users' contributions through the portal`s Web 2.0 features as additional training data.

null

78,993

inproceedings

murawaki-kurohashi-2010-online

Online {J}apanese Unknown Morpheme Detection using Orthographic Variation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1111/

Murawaki, Yugo and Kurohashi, Sadao

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

To solve the unknown morpheme problem in Japanese morphological analysis, we previously proposed a novel framework of online unknown morpheme acquisition and its implementation. This framework poses a previously unexplored problem, online unknown morpheme detection. Online unknown morpheme detection is a task of finding morphemes in each sentence that are not listed in a given lexicon. Unlike in English, it is a non-trivial task because Japanese does not delimit words by white space. We first present a baseline method that simply uses the output of the morphological analyzer. We then show that it fails to detect some unknown morphemes because they are over-segmented into shorter registered morphemes. To cope with this problem, we present a simple solution, the use of orthographic variation of Japanese. Under the assumption that orthographic variants behave similarly, each over-segmentation candidate is checked against its counterparts. Experiments show that the proposed method improves the recall of detection and contributes to improving unknown morpheme acquisition.

null

78,994

inproceedings

nir-etal-2010-morphologically

A Morphologically-Analyzed {CHILDES} Corpus of {H}ebrew

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1112/

Nir, Bracha and MacWhinney, Brian and Wintner, Shuly

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We present a corpus of transcribed spoken Hebrew that forms an integral part of a comprehensive data system that has been developed to suit the specific needs and interests of child language researchers: CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System). We introduce a dedicated transcription scheme for the spoken Hebrew data that is aware both of the phonology and of the standard orthography of the language. We also introduce a morphological analyzer that was specifically developed for this corpus.

null

78,995

inproceedings

jokinen-2010-non

Non-verbal Signals for Turn-taking and Feedback

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1113/

Jokinen, Kristiina

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper concerns non-verbal communication, and describes especially the use of eye-gaze to signal turn-taking and feedback in conversational settings. Eye-gaze supports smooth interaction by providing signals that the interlocutors interpret with respect to such conversational functions as taking turns and giving feedback. New possibilities to study the effect of eye-gaze on the interlocutors communicative behaviour have appeared with the eye-tracking technology which in the past years has matured to the level where its use to study naturally occurring dialogues have become easier and more reliable to conduct. It enables the tracking of eye-fixations and gaze-paths, and thus allows analysis of the persons turn-taking and feedback behaviour through the analysis of their focus of attention. In this paper, experiments on the interlocutors non-verbal communication in conversational settings using the eye-tracker are reported, and results of classifying turn-taking using eye-gaze and gesture information are presented. Also the hybrid method that combines signal level analysis with human interpretation is discussed.

null

78,996

inproceedings

abejon-etal-2010-study

A Study of the Influence of Speech Type on Automatic Language Recognition Performance

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1114/

Abej{\'o}n, Alejandro and Toledano, Doroteo T. and Spada, Danilo and Victor, Gonz{\'a}lez and L{\'o}pez, Daniel Hern{\'a}ndez

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Automatic language recognition on spontaneous speech has experienced a rapid development in the last few years. This development has been in part due to the competitive technological Language Recognition Evaluations (LRE) organized by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). Until now, the need to have clearly defined and consistent evaluations has kept some real-life application issues out of these evaluations. In particular, all past NIST LREs have used exclusively conversational telephone speech (CTS) for development and test. Fortunately this has changed in the current NIST LRE since it includes also broadcast speech. However, for testing only the telephone speech found in broadcast data will be used. In real-life applications, there could be several more types of speech and systems could be forced to use a mix of different types of data for training and development and recognition. In this article, we have defined a test-bed including several types of speech data and have analyzed how a typical language recognition system works using different types of speech, and also a combination of different types of speech, for training and testing.

null

78,997

inproceedings

bouma-2010-cross

Cross-lingual Ontology Alignment using {E}uro{W}ord{N}et and {W}ikipedia

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1115/

Bouma, Gosse

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper describes a system for linking the thesaurus of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision to English WordNet and dbpedia. The thesaurus contains subject (concept) terms, and names of persons, locations, and miscalleneous names. We used EuroWordNet, a multilingual wordnet, and Dutch Wikipedia as intermediaries for the two alignments. EuroWordNet covers most of the subject terms in the thesaurus, but the organization of the cross-lingual links makes selection of the most appropriate English target term almost impossible. Precision and recall of the automatic alignment with WordNet for subject terms is 0.59. Using page titles, redirects, disambiguation pages, and anchor text harvested from Dutch Wikipedia gives reasonable performance on subject terms and geographical terms. Many person and miscalleneous names in the thesaurus could not be located in (Dutch or English) Wikipedia. Precision for miscellaneous names, subjects, persons and locations for the alignment with Wikipedia ranges from 0.63 to 0.94, while recall for subject terms is 0.62.

null

78,998

inproceedings

lefebvre-albaret-dalle-2010-video

Video Retrieval in Sign Language Videos : How to Model and Compare Signs?

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1116/

Lefebvre-Albaret, Fran{\c{c}}ois and Dalle, Patrice

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper deals with the problem of finding sign occurrences in a sign language (SL) video. It begins with an analysis of sign models and the way they can take into account the sign variability. Then, we review the most popular technics dedicated to automatic sign language processing and we focus on their adaptation to model sign variability. We present a new method to provide a parametric description of the sign as a set of continuous and discrete parameters. Signs are classified according to there categories (ballistic movements, circles ...), the symmetry between the hand movements, hand absolute and relative locations. Membership grades to sign categories and continuous parameter comparisons can be combined to estimate the similarity between two signs. We set out our system and we evaluate how much time can be saved when looking for a sign in a french sign language video. By now, our formalism only uses hand 2D locations, we finally discuss about the way of integrating other parameters as hand shape or facial expression in our framework.

null

78,999

inproceedings

gardent-lorenzo-2010-identifying

Identifying Sources of Weakness in Syntactic Lexicon Extraction

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1117/

Gardent, Claire and Lorenzo, Alejandra

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Previous work has shown that large scale subcategorisation lexicons could be extracted from parsed corpora with reasonably high precision. In this paper, we apply a standard extraction procedure to a 100 millions words parsed corpus of french and obtain rather poor results. We investigate different factors likely to improve performance such as in particular, the specific extraction procedure and the parser used; the size of the input corpus; and the type of frames learned. We try out different ways of interleaving the output of several parsers with the lexicon extraction process and show that none of them improves the results. Conversely, we show that increasing the size of the input corpus and modifying the extraction procedure to better differentiate prepositional arguments from prepositional modifiers improves performance. In conclusion, we suggest that a more sophisticated approach to parser combination and better probabilistic models of the various types of prepositional objects in French are likely ways to get better results.

null

79,000

inproceedings

passarotti-dellorletta-2010-improvements

Improvements in Parsing the Index {T}homisticus Treebank. Revision, Combination and a Feature Model for Medieval {L}atin

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1118/

Passarotti, Marco and Dell{'}Orletta, Felice

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The creation of language resources for less-resourced languages like the historical ones benefits from the exploitation of language-independent tools and methods developed over the years by many projects for modern languages. Along these lines, a number of treebanks for historical languages started recently to arise, including treebanks for Latin. Among the Latin treebanks, the Index Thomisticus Treebank is a 68,000 token dependency treebank based on the Index Thomisticus by Roberto Busa SJ, which contains the opera omnia of Thomas Aquinas (118 texts) as well as 61 texts by other authors related to Thomas, for a total of approximately 11 million tokens. In this paper, we describe a number of modifications that we applied to the dependency parser DeSR, in order to improve the parsing accuracy rates on the Index Thomisticus Treebank. First, we adapted the parser to the specific processing of Medieval Latin, defining an ad-hoc configuration of its features. Then, in order to improve the accuracy rates provided by DeSR, we applied a revision parsing method and we combined the outputs produced by different algorithms. This allowed us to improve accuracy rates substantially, reaching results that are well beyond the state of the art of parsing for Latin.

null

79,001

inproceedings

schuurman-vandeghinste-2010-cultural

Cultural Aspects of Spatiotemporal Analysis in Multilingual Applications

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1119/

Schuurman, Ineke and Vandeghinste, Vincent

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper we want to point out some issues arising when a natural language processing task involves several languages (like multi- lingual, multidocument summarization and the machine translation aspects involved) which are often neglected. These issues are of a more cultural nature, and may even come into play when several documents in a single language are involved. We pay special attention to those aspects dealing with the spatiotemporal characteristics of a text. Correct automatic selection of (parts of) texts such as handling the same eventuality, presupposes spatiotemporal disambiguation at a rather specific level. The same holds for the analysis of the query. For generation and translation purposes, spatiotemporal aspects may be relevant as well. At the moment English (both the British and American variants) and Dutch (the Flemish and Dutch variant) are covered, all taking into account the perspective of a contemporary, Flemish user. In our approach the cultural aspects associated with for example the language of publication and the language used by the user play a crucial role.

null

79,002

inproceedings

teraoka-etal-2010-associative

An Associative Concept Dictionary for Verbs and its Application to Elliptical Word Estimation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1120/

Teraoka, Takehiro and Okamoto, Jun and Ishizaki, Shun

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Natural language processing technology has developed remarkably, but it is still difficult for computers to understand contextual meanings as humans do. The purpose of our work has been to construct an associative concept dictionary for Japanese verbs and make computers understand contextual meanings with a high degree of accuracy. We constructed an automatic system that can be used to estimate elliptical words. We present the result of comparing words that were estimated both by our proposed system (VNACD) and three baseline systems (VACD, NACD, and CF). We then calculated the mean reciprocal rank (MRR), top N accuracy (top 1, top 5, and top 10), and the mean average precision (MAP). Finally, we showed the effectiveness of our method for which both an associative concept dictionary for verbs (Verb-ACD) and one for nouns (Noun-ACD) were used. From the results, we conclude that both the Verb-ACD and the Noun-ACD play a key role in estimating elliptical words.

null

79,003

inproceedings

b-etal-2010-resource

Resource Creation for Training and Testing of Transliteration Systems for {I}ndian Languages

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1121/

B., Sowmya V. and Choudhury, Monojit and Bali, Kalika and Dasgupta, Tirthankar and Basu, Anupam

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Machine transliteration is used in a number of NLP applications ranging from machine translation and information retrieval to input mechanisms for non-roman scripts. Many popular Input Method Editors for Indian languages, like Baraha, Akshara, Quillpad etc, use back-transliteration as a mechanism to allow users to input text in a number of Indian language. The lack of a standard dataset to evaluate these systems makes it difficult to make any meaningful comparisons of their relative accuracies. In this paper, we describe the methodology for the creation of a dataset of {\textasciitilde}2500 transliterated sentence pairs each in Bangla, Hindi and Telugu. The data was collected across three different modes from a total of 60 users. We believe that this dataset will prove useful not only for the evaluation and training of back-transliteration systems but also help in the linguistic analysis of the process of transliterating Indian languages from native scripts to Roman.

null

79,004

inproceedings

balvet-etal-2010-building

Building a Lexicon of {F}rench Deverbal Nouns from a Semantically Annotated Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1122/

Balvet, Antonio and Barque, Lucie and Mar{\'i}n, Rafael

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper presents project Nomage, which aims at describing the aspectual properties of deverbal nouns in an empirical way. It is centered on the development of two resources: a semantically annotated corpus of deverbal nouns, and an electronic lexicon. They are both presented in this paper, and emphasize how the semantic annotations of the corpus allow the lexicographic description of deverbal nouns to be validated, in particular their polysemy. Nominalizations have occupied a central place in grammatical analysis, with a focus on morphological and syntactic aspects. More recently, researchers have begun to address a specific issue often neglected before, i.e. the semantics of nominalizations, and its implications for Natural Language Processing applications such as electronic ontologies or Information Retrieval. We focus on precisely this issue in the research project NOMAGE, funded by the French National Research Agency (ANR-07-JCJC-0085-01). In this paper, we present the Nomage corpus and the annotations we make on deverbal nouns (section 2). We then show how we build our lexicon with the semantically annotated corpus and illustrate the kind of generalizations we can make from such data (section 3).

null

79,005

inproceedings

tonelli-etal-2010-annotation

Annotation of Discourse Relations for Conversational Spoken Dialogs

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1123/

Tonelli, Sara and Riccardi, Giuseppe and Prasad, Rashmi and Joshi, Aravind

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we make a qualitative and quantitative analysis of discourse relations within the LUNA conversational spoken dialog corpus. In particular, we first describe the Penn Discourse Treebank (PDTB) and then we detail the adaptation of its annotation scheme to the LUNA corpus of Italian task-oriented dialogs in the domain of software/hardware assistance. We discuss similarities and differences between our approach and the PDTB paradigm and point out the peculiarities of spontaneous dialogs w.r.t. written text, which motivated some changes in the annotation strategy. In particular, we introduced the annotation of relations between non-contiguous arguments and we modified the sense hierarchy in order to take into account the important role of pragmatics in dialogs. In the final part of the paper, we present a comparison between the sense and connective frequency in a representative subset of the LUNA corpus and in the PDTB. Such analysis confirmed the differences between the two corpora and corroborates our choice to introduce dialog-specific adaptations.

null

79,006

inproceedings

williams-power-2010-fact

A Fact-aligned Corpus of Numerical Expressions

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1124/

Williams, Sandra and Power, Richard

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We describe a corpus of numerical expressions, developed as part of the NUMGEN project. The corpus contains newspaper articles and scientific papers in which exactly the same numerical facts are presented many times (both within and across texts). Some annotations of numerical facts are original: for example, numbers are automatically classified as round or non-round by an algorithm derived from Jansen and Pollmann (2001); also, numerical hedges such as about or a little under are marked up and classified semantically using arithmetical relations. Through explicit alignment of phrases describing the same fact, the corpus can support research on the influence of various contextual factors (e.g., document position, intended readership) on the way in which numerical facts are expressed. As an example we present results from an investigation showing that when a fact is mentioned more than once in a text, there is a clear tendency for precision to increase from first to subsequent mentions, and for mathematical level either to remain constant or to increase.

null

79,007

inproceedings

quintard-etal-2010-question

Question Answering on Web Data: The {QA} Evaluation in Qu{\ae}ro

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1125/

Quintard, Ludovic and Galibert, Olivier and Adda, Gilles and Grau, Brigitte and Laurent, Dominique and Moriceau, V{\'e}ronique and Rosset, Sophie and Tannier, Xavier and Vilnat, Anne

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In the QA and information retrieval domains progress has been assessed via evaluation campaigns(Clef, Ntcir, Equer, Trec).In these evaluations, the systems handle independent questions and should provide one answer to each question, extracted from textual data, for both open domain and restricted domain. Qu{\ae}ro is a program promoting research and industrial innovation on technologies for automatic analysis and classification of multimedia and multilingual documents. Among the many research areas concerned by Qu{\ae}ro. The Quaero project organized a series of evaluations of Question Answering on Web Data systems in 2008 and 2009. For each language, English and French the full corpus has a size of around 20Gb for 2.5M documents. We describe the task and corpora, and especially the methodologies used in 2008 to construct the test of question and a new one in the 2009 campaign. Six types of questions were addressed, factual, Non-factual(How, Why, What), List, Boolean. A description of the participating systems and the obtained results is provided. We show the difficulty for a question-answering system to work with complex data and questions.

null

79,008

inproceedings

quarteroni-moschitti-2010-comprehensive

A Comprehensive Resource to Evaluate Complex Open Domain Question Answering

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1126/

Quarteroni, Silvia and Moschitti, Alessandro

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Complex Question Answering is a discipline that involves a deep understanding of question/answer relations, such as those characterizing definition and procedural questions and their answers. To contribute to the improvement of this technology, we deliver two question and answer corpora for complex questions, WEB-QA and TREC-QA, extracted by the same Question Answering system, YourQA, from the Web and from the AQUAINT-6 data collection respectively. We believe that such corpora can be useful resources to address a type of QA that is far from being efficiently solved. WEB-QA and TREC-QA are available in two formats: judgment files and training/testing files. Judgment files contain a ranked list of candidate answers to TREC-10 complex questions, extracted using YourQA as a baseline system and manually labelled according to a Likert scale from 1 (completely incorrect) to 5 (totally correct). Training and testing files contain learning instances compatible with SVM-light; these are useful for experimenting with shallow and complex structural features such as parse trees and semantic role labels. Our experiments with the above corpora have allowed to prove that structured information representation is useful to improve the accuracy of complex QA systems and to re-rank answers.

null

79,009

inproceedings

galibert-etal-2010-named

Named and Specific Entity Detection in Varied Data: The Qu{\ae}ro Named Entity Baseline Evaluation

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1127/

Galibert, Olivier and Quintard, Ludovic and Rosset, Sophie and Zweigenbaum, Pierre and N{\'e}dellec, Claire and Aubin, Sophie and Gillard, Laurent and Raysz, Jean-Pierre and Pois, Delphine and Tannier, Xavier and Del{\'e}ger, Louise and Laurent, Dominique

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

The Qu{\ae}ro program that promotes research and industrial innovation on technologies for automatic analysis and classification of multimedia and multilingual documents. Within its context a set of evaluations of Named Entity recognition systems was held in 2009. Four tasks were defined. The first two concerned traditional named entities in French broadcast news for one (a rerun of ESTER 2) and of OCR-ed old newspapers for the other. The third was a gene and protein name extraction in medical abstracts. The last one was the detection of references in patents. Four different partners participated, giving a total of 16 systems. We provide a synthetic descriptions of all of them classifying them by the main approaches chosen (resource-based, rules-based or statistical), without forgetting the fact that any modern system is at some point hybrid. The metric (the relatively standard Slot Error Rate) and the results are also presented and discussed. Finally, a process is ongoing with preliminary acceptance of the partners to ensure the availability for the community of all the corpora used with the exception of the non-Qu{\ae}ro produced ESTER 2 one.

null

79,010

inproceedings

tsutsumida-etal-2010-study

Study of Word Sense Disambiguation System that uses Contextual Features - Approach of Combining Associative Concept Dictionary and Corpus -

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1128/

Tsutsumida, Kyota and Okamoto, Jun and Ishizaki, Shun and Nakatsuji, Makoto and Tanaka, Akimichi and Uchiyama, Tadasu

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

We propose a Word Sense Disambiguation (WSD) method that accurately classifies ambiguous words to concepts in the Associative Concept Dictionary (ACD) even when the test corpus and the training corpus for WSD are acquired from different domains. Many WSD studies determine the context of the target ambiguous word by analyzing sentences containing the target word. However, they offer poor performance when they are applied to a corpus that differs from the training corpus. One solution is to use associated words that are domain-independently assigned to the concept in ACD; i.e. many users commonly imagine those words against a given concept. Furthermore, by using the associated words of a concept as search queries for a training corpus, our method extracts relevant words, those that are computationally judged to be related to that concept. By checking the frequency of associated words and relevant words that appear near to the target word in a sentence in the test corpus, our method classifies the target word to the concept in ACD. Our evaluation using two different types of corpus demonstrates its good accuracy.

null

79,011

inproceedings

ahrenberg-2010-alignment

Alignment-based Profiling of {E}uroparl Data in an {E}nglish-{S}wedish Parallel Corpus

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1129/

Ahrenberg, Lars

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

This paper profiles the Europarl part of an English-Swedish parallel corpus and compares it with three other subcorpora of the same parallel corpus. We first describe our method for comparison which is based on manually reviewed word alignments. We investigate relative frequences of different types of correspondence, including null alignments, many-to-one correspondences and crossings. In addition, both halves of the parallel corpus have been annotated with morpho-syntactic information. The syntactic annotation uses labelled dependency relations. Thus, we can see how different types of correspondences are distributed on different parts-of-speech and compute correspondences at the structural level. In spite of the fact that two of the other subcorpora contains fiction, it is found that the Europarl part is the one having the highest proportion of many types of restructurings, including additions, deletions, long distance reorderings and dependency reversals. We explain this by the fact that the majority of Europarl segments are parallel translations rather than source texts and their translations.

null

79,012

inproceedings

malik-etal-2010-transliterating

Transliterating {U}rdu for a Broad-Coverage {U}rdu/{H}indi {LFG} Grammar

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1130/

Malik, Muhammad Kamran and Ahmed, Tafseer and Sulger, Sebastian and B{\"ogel, Tina and Gulzar, Atif and Raza, Ghulam and Hussain, Sarmad and Butt, Miriam

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

In this paper, we present a system for transliterating the Arabic-based script of Urdu to a Roman transliteration scheme. The system is integrated into a larger system consisting of a morphology module, implemented via finite state technologies, and a computational LFG grammar of Urdu that was developed with the grammar development platform XLE (Crouch et al. 2008). Our long-term goal is to handle Hindi alongside Urdu; the two languages are very similar with respect to syntax and lexicon and hence, one grammar can be used to cover both languages. However, they are not similar concerning the script -- Hindi is written in Devanagari, while Urdu uses an Arabic-based script. By abstracting away to a common Roman transliteration scheme in the respective transliterators, our system can be enabled to handle both languages in parallel. In this paper, we discuss the pipeline architecture of the Urdu-Roman transliterator, mention several linguistic and orthographic issues and present the integration of the transliterator into the LFG parsing system.

null

79,013

inproceedings

petukhova-bunt-2010-towards

Towards an Integrated Scheme for Semantic Annotation of Multimodal Dialogue Data

Calzolari, Nicoletta and Choukri, Khalid and Maegaard, Bente and Mariani, Joseph and Odijk, Jan and Piperidis, Stelios and Rosner, Mike and Tapias, Daniel

may

2010

Valletta, Malta

European Language Resources Association (ELRA)

https://aclanthology.org/L10-1131/

Petukhova, Volha and Bunt, Harry

Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation ({LREC}`10)

null

Recent years witness a growing interest in the use of multimodal data for modelling of communicative behaviour in dialogue. Dybkjaer and Bernsen (2002), point out that coding schemes for multimodal data are used solely by their creators. Standardisation has been achieved to some extent for coding behavioural features for certain nonverbal expressions, e.g. for facial expression, however, for the semantic annotation of such expressions combined with other modalities such as speech there is still a long way to go. The majority of existing dialogue act annotation schemes that are designed to code semantic and pragmatic dialogue information are limited to analysis of spoken modality. This paper investigates the applicability of existing dialogue act annotation schemes to the semantic annotation of multimodal data, and the way a dialogue act annotation scheme can be extended to cover dialogue phenomena from multiple modalities. The general conclusion of our explorative study is that a multidimensional dialogue act taxonomy is usable for this purpose when some adjustments are made. We proposed a solution for adding these aspects to a dialogue act annotation scheme without changing its set of communicative functions, in the form of qualifiers that can be attached to communicative function tags.

null

79,014