Datasets:

rcds

/

wikipedia-persons-masked

like 2

Follow

Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

[ "Joan Linda La Barbara (born June 8, 1947) is an American vocalist and composer known for her explorations of non-conventional or \"extended\" vocal techniques.", "Considered to be a vocal virtuoso in the field of contemporary music, she is credited with advancing a new vocabulary of vocal sounds including trills, whispers, cries, sighs, inhaled tones, and multiphonics (singing two or more pitches simultaneously).", "Biography\nAn influential figure in experimental music, La Barbara was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "She is a classically trained singer who studied with soprano Helen Boatwright at Syracuse University and contralto Marion Freschl at the Juilliard School in New York.", "Joan La Barbara's early creative work (early to mid 1970s) focuses on experimentation and investigation of vocal sound as raw sonic material including works that explore varied timbres on a single pitch, circular breathing techniques inspired by horn players, and multiphonic or chordal singing.", "In the mid 1970s, she began creating more structured compositional works, some of which include electronics and layered voice sounds.", "She has accumulated a large repertoire of vocal works by 20th- and 21st-century music masters, including many pieces composed especially for her voice.", "She has performed and recorded works by composers including John Cage, Robert Ashley, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass, Larry Austin, Peter Gordon, Alvin Lucier, and her husband Morton Subotnick, and has collaborated with choreographer Merce Cunningham, and poet Kenneth Goldsmith.", "She also received a Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage Award (2016).", "La Barbara is a guest instructor at HB Studio.", "Other Work\nJoan La Barbara has also done work acting and composing for television, film, and dance.", "She composed and performed the music for the Sesame Street animated segment Signing Alphabet, for electronics and voice, and has composed a variety of chamber, orchestral, and choral works.", "She also appears in Matthew Barney’s 2014 film River of Fundament.", "La Barbara is currently on the music composition artist faculty at New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, Department of Music and Performing Arts Professions, and on the faculty of Mannes/The New School/College of Performing Arts.", "Discography\n\nLa Barbara works\n Voice Is the Original Instrument (2016).", "Arc Light Editions, vinyl release, ALE005.", "io: atmos (2009) New World Records, CD 80665\n Voice Is the Original Instrument: Early Works (2003).", "Lovely Music, CD 3003.", "by Don Sebesky\n Stanley Silverman and Richard Foreman Dr. Selavy's Magic Theatre (1973) Rainbow Collection records, LP\n The Living Theatre with Wavy Gravy (Hugh Romney) and The New Wilderness Preservation Band (1973)\n Don Sebesky The Rape of El Morro (1973) CTI Records LP\n\nSee also\n David Tudor\n\nFurther reading\n Zimmerman, Walter, Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver).", "The 2020 edition includes a cd featuring the original interview recordings with Larry Austin, Robert Ashley, Jim Burton, John Cage, Philip Corner, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass, Joan La Barbara, Garrett List, Alvin Lucier, John McGuire, Charles Morrow, J.B. Floyd (on Conlon Nancarrow), Pauline Oliveros, Charlemagne Palestine, Ben Johnston (on Harry Partch), Steve Reich, David Rosenboom, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, James Tenney, Christian Wolff, and La Monte Young.", "External links\n Joan La Barbara's website\n La Barbara's faculty page at NYU Steinhardt\n UbuWeb: La Barbara featuring 73 Poems (1993), text by Kenneth Goldsmith\n NewMusicBox cover: La Barbara in conversation with Molly Sheridan, January 30, 2006 (includes video) (plus a master class with La Barbara)\n La Barbara interview\n Interview with La Barbara by Bruce Duffie, August 16, 1991\n Excerpted La Barbara interview with Libby Van Cleve from the Oral History of American Music, February 17, 1998\n\nSources\n\nAmerican classical composers\nContemporary classical music performers\nElectroacoustic music composers\n1947 births\nLiving people\nAvant-garde singers\nAmerican women classical composers\nAmerican women in electronic music\nMusicians from Philadelphia\nSingers from Pennsylvania\n21st-century American composers\n20th-century classical composers\n21st-century classical composers\n20th-century classical musicians\n21st-century classical musicians\n20th-century American women singers\n21st-century American women singers\n20th-century American composers\nClassical musicians from Pennsylvania\n20th-century women composers\n21st-century women composers\n20th-century American singers\n21st-century American singers" ]

[ "Joan Linda La Barbara is an American vocalist and composer known for her explorations of non-conventional or \"extended\" vocal techniques.", "She is considered to be a vocal virtuoso in the field of contemporary music, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "La Barbara was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "She is a classically trained singer who studied with Helen Boatwright at Syracuse University.", "Joan La Barbara's early creative work focused on experimentation and investigation of vocal sound as raw sonic material, including works that explore varied timbres on a single pitch, circular breathing techniques inspired by horn players, and multiphonic or chordal singing.", "She began to create more structured works in the 70s, which included electronics and voice sounds.", "She has a large collection of vocal works by 20th- and 21st-century music masters.", "She has collaborated with choreographers Merce Cunningham and Kenneth Goldsmith, as well as composer Morton Subotnick.", "She received the Foundation for Contemporary Arts John Cage Award.", "La Barbara is an instructor at the studio.", "Joan La Barbara has also done work for television, film, and dance.", "She composed and performed the music for the Sesame Street segment Signing alphabet, for electronics and voice, as well as a variety of chamber, orchestral, and choral works.", "Matthew Barney made a film called River of Fundament.", "At New York University Steinhardt School of Culture, Education, and Human Development, La Barbara is on the music composition artist faculty.", "La Barbara works with discs.", "ALE005 is a vinyl release of Arc Light Editions.", "New World Records has a CD called Voice Is the Original instrument: Early Works.", "CD 3003 is lovely music.", "The Living Theatre with Wavy Gravy, The New Wilderness Preservation Band, and The Rape of El Morro are all from the Rainbow Collection.", "The 2020 edition includes the original interview recordings with Larry Austin, Robert Ashley, Jim Burton, John Cage, Philip Corner, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass and J.B. Floyd.", "There are External links to Joan La Barbara's website La Barbara's faculty page at NYU Steinhardt UbuWeb: La Barbara featuring 73 Poems." ]

[ "Joan Linda La Barbara", "La Barbara", "Joan La Barbara", "Larry Austin", "La Barbara", "Joan La", "Barbara", "La Barbara", "Larry Austin", "Joan La", "Barbara", "La" ]

[ "Joan Linda La Barbara", "Barbara", "Joan La Barbara", "La Barbara", "Joan La", "Barbara", "La Barbara", "Larry Austin", "Joan" ]

[ "Crescent Porter Hale (1872–1937) was an American industrialist who was involved in the canned salmon industry in Bristol Bay, Alaska throughout his adult life.", "Early life\nBorn in Santa Cruz, CA as the 7th child of gold rush pioneer Titus Hale, the family moved to a farm on the lower Sacramento River in 1880.", "In 1885 Hale's sister Rose married a Sacramento cannery man, Joseph Peter Haller, who was hired to build the first cannery on Bristol Bay's Nushagak River earlier that year.", "Haller was then asked by William Bradford to build another cannery across the river and when he returned to Alaska in 1886, he brought along his 14-year-old brother in law Crescent.", "Crescent Hale, also known as Cress or Cres, returned to the Nushagak, near present-day Dillingham, AK, in the summers that followed.", "At the Bradford cannery, he was schooled in the salmon canning trade.", "He was there in 1893 when all four Nushagak canneries merged with others to form the Alaska Packers Association (APA), a cannery cartel designed to control production and sell off surplus stockpiles of canned salmon.", "At age 21, Cress was named superintendent of the Bradford cannery, later renamed the Diamond BB after the company name, the Bristol Bay Packing Co. Hale caught the eye of competitors and in 1899 the Pacific Steam Whaling Company hired 27-year-old Cress to build a salmon cannery at Nushagak Point and serve as its first superintendent.", "North Alaska Salmon Company\nThen in 1900, Joseph Haller formed the North Alaska Salmon Company and returned to Bristol Bay with two of his brothers-in-law.", "Cress Hale was named general superintendent of Haller's company and Hale's brother William as bookkeeper.", "Cress built two new canneries: one on the Kvichak River at a place named Hallerville and the other on the Egegik River across from the APA's Diamond E. Two years later, he expanded North Alaska's holdings again, building the Lockenok Cannery at the confluence of the Kvichak and Alagnak Rivers and then returned to the Nushagak to establish a cannery at Ekuk.", "The North Alaska Salmon Co. emerged as the biggest competitor to the APA and in 1903 briefly took the lead in a technological race to mechanize the salmon canning process.", "Canning operations were mostly mechanized by the turn of the 20th century, except for cleaning the fish itself which was mostly done by Chinese workers.", "Haller and Hale formed the Canners Machine Co. and allied with the Letson Burpee Co. of Seattle and ran its fish cleaning machines at all of its canneries.", "Hale was awarded patent 798,334 for his improvements to the machine in 1905, but eventually the design of Edmund Augustine Smith, better known as the \"Iron Chink,\" became the industry standard.", "In 1906, Hale married Mabel Eugenie Jackson, a dance hall girl from Rochester, New York and three years later, they had their only child, Elwyn.", "1909 also saw publication of the first novel written about Bristol Bay, The Silver Horde by Rex Beach, and Cress Hale was assumed to be its inspiration.", "It's doubtful that Hale and Beach ever met however and most of Beach's novels were formulaic potboilers not drawn from real life but Cress Hale fit the bill.", "The Silver Horde is the story of a young cannery superintendent who takes on the cannery trust dominated by Chicago meat packers.", "At the time, Hale was superintendent of a company second only to the giant APA but the similarities end there.", "Real life concerns kept Hale busy.", "After mudflats blocked access to the Lockenok cannery in 1912, Hale staked a homestead claim on the Alagnak River to provide the cannery with riverfront access, even though it required a short rail line to get to the cannery.", "Likewise, the Hallerville cannery was plagued by mud flats.", "It closed in 1913 and Hale built another cannery on Kvichak Bay just above Pederson Point and moved the Hallerville equipment there.", "The salmon industry prospered early in the 20th century and the outbreak of the First World War created huge demand for salmon that soon pushed Bristol Bay's annual harvest over 20 million reds.", "Joseph Haller, however, died of a heart ailment in 1915 and the North Alaska Salmon Co. was sold to Libby, McNeill and Libby, ironically a Chicago-based meat packing concern such as the antagonist in The Silver Horde.", "Hale's relocated Hallerville cannery was renamed Libbyville.", "Cress Hale didn't sit idle for long.", "Praised in the trade journals as \"one of the best all around, competent cannerymen in Western Alaska,\" Hale bought the Alaska Salmon Company cannery on Wood River near Dillingham in 1916.", "He organized under the name Northern Fisheries and in 1918 bought the Union Fish Company, a major cod-fishing concern with roots that traced back to the acquisition of Alaska from Russia.", "In 1923 he bought the Bristol Bay Packing Company cannery at Pederson Point near Naknek.", "Hale recognized the potential of California sardines and bought the 420-foot Peralta in 1924 which he converted into a floating sardine reduction plant.", "The Peralta was an experimental ship with a hull built out of concrete due to a shortage of steel during the First World War.", "The 1920s were generally strong years for Bristol Bay salmon and Hale helped introduce popular culture to the region by showing movies at his Wood River cannery.", "The films attracted hundreds, including cannery workers and local residents.", "Serials and westerns were popular as well as cartoons like Krazy Kat and Mickey Mouse.", "Hale produced his own promotional movie, shot and edited by his Wood River cannery superintendent Joe Hidzik.", "Called Ice Kist Treasures after Hale's premier salmon brand, the film shows workers signing up, departing aboard cannery steamers, fishing boats, cannery operations and even a trip to the Wood Tikchik lakes.", "A copy of the film is available at the San Francisco Maritime Research Center located at San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park.", "As the roaring 20s came to a close, Cress Hale was nearing age 60, and, after 40 years of canning salmon in Bristol Bay, he started thinking about retirement.", "Quietly, Hale began talking about selling out.", "He wanted $2.35 million and his timing seemed perfect.", "The industry was strong and markets healthy but events beyond his control soon ran against him: the stock market crash of 1929 and the forecast of a poor salmon return in 1930.", "The APA took an interest in Hale's operation primarily for access to his fishing boats, which were limited under a federal quota program.", "When they offered just $1.4 million, Hale turned the offer down and struck a deal with to custom pack salmon for the A&P Tea Company, which also operated the Nakeen cannery on the Kvichak River.", "1936 fire\nThe 1936 season was Cress Hale's 50th in Bristol Bay, and it started off with all indications of a strong run of salmon.", "By July 7, midway through the season, Hale had packed 40,000 cases, but, after he made his daily afternoon rounds through the Pederson Point cannery and settled into his office to deal with paperwork, all hell broke loose.", "A fire started in a rear storage building and, whipped by strong winds, quickly spread through the wooden structure.", "The complex of buildings lacked any fire breaks, and, even worse, the heat buckled pipes that supplied the cannery with water.", "As fire hoses ran dry, the fire spread unchecked from one building to the next.", "No one was injured, but the loss of the cannery and its salmon pack was total.", "The cause of the fire was never determined.", "The facility was insured, but the insurance and legal issues involved were so complicated, the insurance industry wrote a book about it called The Bristol Bay Fire.", "Hale returned to his home in Piedmont, California, started drawing up plans to rebuild.", "His new design divided the canning lines into two separate buildings with a substantial fire break in between.", "In late February, 1937, Hale wrote President Franklin D. Roosevelt warning about reports of Japanese plans to fish for Bristol Bay salmon.", "Within a few months, the issue erupted into a major diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Japan but Hale did not live to see it.", "On March 29, 1937, Hale died at age 65 of what was reported as thrombosis or blood clots.", "Mabel described his passing as, \"A stanch ship sets sail for distant shores.\"", "The book about the Bristol Bay fire was just coming off the press and his insurance brokers inserted a card that dedicated it to Hale.", "The cannery after Hale's death\nThe rebuilding of the Pederson Point cannery took place as scheduled.", "Mabel visited both the Pederson Point and Wood River canneries in 1937 and erected bronze plaques as memorials to its fallen superintendent.", "Northern Fisheries reorganized with longtime VP Charlie Cocks as president and Elwyn Hale as secretary and manager.", "Mabel also took an active role in the company.", "Hale's canneries ran for the next three years but financial problems forced both to close after the 1939 season.", "Mabel continued to court a buyer and finally in 1943, the two Bristol Bay canneries were sold to Alaska Pacific Salmon Company for $1.1 million.", "The newly rebuilt Pederson Point cannery soon reopened under new leadership but the Wood River cannery was shuttered and dismantled.", "The site sat vacant for 40 years until another processor took interest in the location for a freezer plant.", "Mabel Eugenie Hale invested the earnings from her husband's fishing business in oil and potash leases and did quite well, amassing a small fortune that afforded her a comfortable home and a Rolls Royce.", "She became a patron of the arts and education and in 1962 endowed a foundation which she named after her late husband.", "The Crescent Porter Hale Foundation continues to this day and awards grants to Catholic schools and arts and education programs in the San Francisco area.", "Mabel outlived Elwyn, who never married and died in 1974 at age 65.", "Mabel Eugenie Hale lived to be 100.", "She died in 1982.", "Both the Peterson Point and Ekuk canneries remain operational today, but Hale's other canneries have long since been dismantled or destroyed.", "A freezer plant occupies the site of the Wood River cannery and was recently purchased by Snopac Products.", "The Peralta and other World War I-vintage concrete-hulled ships remain afloat as part of a floating breakwater around a timber plant in Powell River, British Columbia.", "References\n King, Robert W., Crescent Porter Hale, in Proceedings of the Alaska Historical Society Annual Meeting, October 2006.", "Anchorage: The Alaska Historical Society, 2007\n\n1872 births\n1937 deaths\nBusinesspeople from Alaska\nDeaths from thrombosis\nFish processing\nPeople from Dillingham Census Area, Alaska\nPeople from Santa Cruz, California\nPeople of pre-statehood Alaska" ]

[ "In his adult life, Crescent Porter Hale was involved in the canned salmon industry in Bristol Bay, Alaska.", "Born in Santa Cruz, CA as the 7th child of gold rush pioneer Titus Hale, the family moved to a farm on the lower Sacramento River in 1880.", "Joseph Peter Haller, who was hired to build the first cannery on Bristol Bay's Nushagak River earlier that year, married Hale's sister, Rose, in 1885.", "When he returned to Alaska in 1886, Haller was asked to build another cannery and he brought along his brother in law Crescent.", "In the summers that followed, Crescent Hale, also known as Cres, returned to the Nushagak.", "He was exposed to the salmon canning trade at the cannery.", "The Alaska Packers Association was formed in 1893 when the Nushagak canneries merged with other canneries.", "Hale caught the eye of competitors and in 1899 the Pacific Steam Whaling Company hired Cress to build a salmon cannery.", "In 1900, Joseph Haller formed the North Alaska Salmon Company and returned to Bristol Bay with two of his brothers-in-law.", "Hale's brother William was the company's bookkeeper.", "He expanded North Alaska's holdings by building two new canneries, one on the Kvichak River and the other on the Egegik River.", "In 1903, the North Alaska Salmon Co. took the lead in a technological race to mechanize the salmon canning process.", "The cleaning of the fish itself was done by Chinese workers, who were mostly mechanized by the turn of the 20th century.", "The Canners Machine Co. was allied with the Letson Burpee Co. and ran fish cleaning machines at all of its canneries.", "Edmund Augustus Smith, better known as the \"Iron Chink\", became the industry standard after Hale was awarded a patent for his improvements to the machine in 1905.", "Hale married a dance hall girl from Rochester, New York, in 1906 and three years later they had their only child, Elwyn.", "The first novel written about Bristol Bay, The Silver Horde by Rex Beach, was thought to be its inspiration.", "It's doubtful that Hale and Beach ever met, and most of Beach's novels were potboilers not drawn from real life, but Cress Hale fit the bill.", "The cannery trust dominated by Chicago meat packers was the subject of The Silver Horde.", "Hale was the second in command of a company that was second only to the giant APA.", "Hale was busy with real life concerns.", "After mudflats blocked access to the Lockenok cannery in 1912, Hale staked a homestead claim on the Alagnak River to provide the cannery with riverfront access, even though it required a short rail line to get to the cannery.", "The Hallerville cannery was plagued by mud flats.", "Hale built a new cannery on Kvichak Bay above Pederson Point after it closed in 1913.", "The salmon industry prospered early in the 20th century and the outbreak of the First World War pushed Bristol Bay's annual harvest over 20 million reds.", "The North Alaska Salmon Co. was sold to a Chicago-based meat packing concern after Joseph Haller died of a heart ailment in 1915.", "The cannery was renamed after Hale.", "He didn't sit down for long.", "Praised in the trade journals as one of the best cannerymen in Western Alaska, Hale bought the Alaska Salmon Company cannery on Wood River in 1916.", "The Union Fish Company, a major cod-fishing concern with roots that traced back to the acquisition of Alaska from Russia, was bought by him in 1918.", "He bought the Bristol Bay Packing Company cannery in 1923.", "Hale bought the 420-foot Peralta in 1924 and turned it into a floating sardine reduction plant.", "During the First World War, there was a shortage of steel and the Peralta was built out of concrete.", "Hale helped introduce popular culture to the region by showing movies at his Wood River cannery during the 1920s.", "Hundreds of people, including cannery workers and local residents, watched the films.", "Krazykat and Mickey Mouse were popular cartoons.", "Hale shot and edited his own promotional movie.", "The film shows workers signing up, departing aboard cannery steamers, fishing boats, cannery operations and even a trip to the Wood Tikchik lakes.", "There is a copy of the film at the San Francisco Maritime Research Center.", "After 40 years of canning salmon in Bristol Bay, it was time for Cress Hale to think about retirement.", "Hale was talking about selling out.", "His timing seemed perfect as he wanted $2.35 million.", "The stock market crash of 1929 and the forecast of a poor salmon return in 1930 were things that were beyond his control.", "The APA was interested in Hale's operation for access to his fishing boats, which were limited under a federal quota program.", "Hale struck a deal with the A&P Tea Company to custom pack salmon after he turned down the offer of just over $1 million.", "The 1936 season started off with a strong run of salmon.", "After he made his daily afternoon rounds through the Pederson Point cannery and settled into his office to deal with paperwork, all hell broke loose.", "A fire started in a rear storage building and was quickly spread through a wooden structure.", "The heat buckled pipes that supplied the cannery with water and the complex of buildings lacked any fire breaks.", "The fire spread from one building to the next as fire hoses ran dry.", "The cannery and its salmon pack were lost.", "The cause of the fire was never determined.", "The Bristol Bay Fire was the subject of a book written by the insurance industry.", "Plans to rebuild were drawn up by Hale when he returned to Piedmont.", "The canning lines were divided into two separate buildings with a fire break in between.", "Hale warned Roosevelt about reports of Japanese plans to fish for Bristol Bay salmon.", "Hale did not live to see the diplomatic dispute between the U.S. and Japan.", "Hale died of a blood clot at the age of 65.", "\"A stanch ship sets sail for distant shores\" was how Mabel described his passing.", "The book about the Bristol Bay fire was just coming off the press and his insurance brokers inserted a card that dedicated it to Hale.", "The Pederson Point cannery was rebuilt after Hale's death.", "The Pederson Point and Wood River canneries were visited by Mabel in 1937 and she put bronze plaques on their graves.", "VP Charlie Cocks became president and Elwyn Hale became secretary and manager.", "There was an active role taken by Mabel in the company.", "Hale's canneries closed after the 1939 season due to financial problems.", "In 1943, the two Bristol Bay canneries were sold to the Alaska Pacific Salmon Company for over $1 million.", "The Pederson Point cannery reopened under new leadership but the Wood River cannery was dismantled.", "The site was vacant for 40 years before another processor came to the attention of the location for a freezer plant.", "The earnings from her husband's fishing business were invested in oil and potash leases, which gave her a comfortable home and a Rolls Royce.", "She endowed a foundation in 1962, named after her late husband, after becoming a patron of the arts and education.", "The Crescent Porter Hale Foundation awards grants to arts and education programs in the San Francisco area.", "Elwyn never married and died in 1974 at the age of 65.", "Hale lived to be 100.", "She died in 1982.", "Hale's other canneries have been dismantled or destroyed.", "The site of the Wood River cannery has a freezer plant.", "The Peralta and other World War I-vintage concrete-hulled ships remain afloat as part of a floating breakwater around a timber plant in Powell River, British Columbia.", "In the October 2006 edition of the Alaska Historical Society Annual Meeting, references were made to King, Robert W., and Crescent Porter Hale.", "The Alaska Historical Society has 1872 births and 1937 deaths." ]

[ "Crescent Porter Hale", "Titus Hale", "Hale", "Crescent", "Crescent Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Crescent Porter", "Hale" ]

[ "Crescent Porter Hale", "Titus Hale", "Hale", "Crescent", "Crescent Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Hale", "Crescent Porter", "Hale" ]

[ "Sir Alexander Matthew Busby (26 May 1909 – 20 January 1994) was a Scottish football player and manager, who managed Manchester United between 1945 and 1969 and again for the second half of the 1970–71 season.", "He was the first manager of an English team to win the European Cup and is widely regarded as one of the greatest managers of all time.", "Before going into management, Busby was a player for two of Manchester United's greatest rivals, Manchester City and Liverpool.", "During his time at City, Busby played in two FA Cup Finals, winning one of them.", "After his playing career was interrupted by the Second World War, Busby was offered the job of assistant coach at Liverpool, but they were unwilling to give him the control over the first team that he wanted.", "As a result, he took the vacant manager's job at Manchester United instead, where he built the famous Busby Babes team.", "Eight of these players died in the Munich air disaster, but Busby rebuilt the side and United won the European Cup a decade later.", "In a total of 25 years with the club, he won 13 trophies.", "Early life\nBusby was born to Alexander and Helen \"Nellie\" (née Greer) Busby in a two-roomed pitman's cottage in the mining village of Orbiston, Bellshill, Lanarkshire.", "When he was born, Busby's mother was told by the doctor, \"A footballer has come into this house today\".", "Busby's father was a miner, but was called up to serve in the First World War and killed by a sniper's bullet on 23 April 1917 at the Battle of Arras.", "His great-great grandfather, George Busby, emigrated to Scotland from Ireland during the Great Famine, while his mother's side of the family emigrated to Scotland from Ireland later on in the 19th century.", "Three of his uncles were killed in France with the Cameron Highlanders.", "Busby's mother was left to raise Matt and his three sisters alone until her marriage to a man called Harry Matthie in 1919.", "Busby would often accompany his father down into the coal pits, but his true aspiration was to become a professional footballer.", "In his 1973 autobiography Busby described himself as being as football mad as any other boy in Bellshill citing in particular the impression made on him by Alex James and Hughie Gallacher.", "His mother might have quashed those dreams when she applied to emigrate with Matt to the United States in the late 1920s, but he was granted a reprieve by the nine-month processing time.", "In the meantime, Busby got a full-time job as a collier and played football part-time for Stirlingshire Junior side Denny Hibs.", "He had played only a few matches for Denny Hibs, but it was not long before he was signed up by a Manchester City side that was a couple of games away from regaining promotion to the First Division.", "Playing career\n\nClub career\nAged 18, Busby signed for Manchester City on a one-year contract worth £5 per week on 11 February 1928, with the provision for him to leave at the end of the deal if he still wished to emigrate to the United States with his mother.", "He decided to stay and made his debut for City on 2 November 1929, more than 18 months after first signing for the Blues, when he played at inside left in a 3–1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the First Division.", "He made 11 more appearances for City that season, all at inside forward, scoring five goals in the process.", "During the 1930–31 season, City manager Peter Hodge decided that Busby's talents could be better exploited from the half-back line, with Busby playing the right-half role.", "In his new position, Busby built up a reputation as an intelligent player and a finer passer of the ball.", "In 1930, Manchester United made an enquiry about signing Busby from their cross-town rivals, but they were unable to afford the £150 fee that City demanded.", "By the 1931–32 season, Busby was firmly established in the first team, missing just one match that season.", "Indeed, Busby and Jackie Bray became such fixtures at wing-half that club captain Jimmy McMullan had to move to forward to keep his place in the team.", "In the 1930s Manchester City performed strongly in the FA Cup.", "They reached the semi-finals in 1932, and the final in 1933 before finally winning the tournament in 1934.", "However, from the second half of the 1934–35 season, Busby's number 4 jersey was worn by Jack Percival with increasing regularity, and Busby was sold to Liverpool for £8,000 on 12 March 1936, having made more than 200 appearances for Manchester City.", "He made his debut for the Reds just two days later, on 14 March, away to Huddersfield Town; the match ended in a 1–0 Liverpool defeat.", "Busby opened his goalscoring account a month later – his 47th-minute strike helped his team to a 2–2 draw with Blackburn Rovers at Ewood Park.", "Busby soon made the number 4 shirt his own, ousting Ted Savage in the process.", "He rarely missed a game over the following three seasons.", "This consistency earned Busby the Liverpool captaincy and he led the club with great distinction.", "Along with Jimmy McDougall and Tom Bradshaw, Busby made up what is considered by many to be the best half-back line Liverpool had ever had.", "Bob Paisley joined Liverpool from Bishop Auckland in 1939, and it was Busby who took him under his wing and showed him the ropes at Anfield.", "This led to a lifelong friendship between two of the most successful managers in English football history.", "The Second World War arrived soon after, and with it came an end to Busby's playing days.", "Like many of the Liverpool playing staff, he signed on for national service in the King's Liverpool Regiment.", "War years \n\nBusby carried on playing football during the war.", "A few days after helping Aldershot defeat Chelsea 4–3 in a benefit match, Busby signed for Chelsea on 28 October 1939.", "He made four appearances in total.", "He also turned out for Middlesbrough (13 matches), Reading, Brentford, and Bournemouth & Boscombe Athletic.", "Hibernian lured Busby back north in 1941 at a time when English clubs did not want their players in Scottish football unless they were insured.", "He played in 37 matches for the club and scored five goals (including one against city rivals Hearts).", "Busby appeared in back-to-back Summer Cup finals against Rangers with a 3–2 victory in the 1941 competition.", "After returning to Liverpool, he was appointed assistant coach of the club in May 1944.", "While based in Catterick, he also starred for Portrack Shamrocks in the 1945 Ellis Cup final as a war-time guest.", "International career\nBusby made only one official international appearance for Scotland; he played in a 3–2 British Home Championship defeat to Wales at Ninian Park, Cardiff, on 4 October 1933.", "Playing opposite Busby in the Welsh half-back line was his future assistant Jimmy Murphy.", "Busby also made seven appearances for Scotland against England during the Second World War, winning just one of them, but these are considered unofficial.", "He represented the Scottish League XI in an inter-league match in 1941, while he was a guest player of Hibernian.", "Managerial career\n\nArrival and early days at Manchester United\nDuring the Second World War, Busby served as a football coach in the Army Physical Training Corps, and the experience resulted in Liverpool offering him the job of assistant to their then-manager George Kay.", "However, the experience had also forged Busby's opinions about how football should be played and governed, and when it became clear that they differed from those of the Liverpool board, their chairman Billy McConnell allowed Busby to pursue alternative employment.", "After Manchester United had tried to sign Busby from Manchester City in 1930, he became good friends with United's fixer, Louis Rocca; their relationship was helped by the fact that both were members of the Manchester Catholic Sportsman's Club.", "United were in desperate need of a manager to take over from club secretary Walter Crickmer after the war and a board meeting was called in December 1944 so as to ascertain who that new manager might be.", "Knowing that Liverpool had already offered Busby a job, Rocca convinced the United board to \"leave it to [him]\" and immediately wrote a letter to Busby, addressed to his army regiment.", "The letter was vague, referring only to \"a job\", just in case it fell into the wrong hands, namely the Liverpool officials.", "In February 1945, still in uniform, Busby turned up at Cornbrook Cold Storage, one of the United chairman James W. Gibson's businesses at Trafford Park to discuss the contents of Rocca's letter with the chairman.", "Busby requested that he be directly involved in training, pick the team on matchdays and even choose the players to be bought and sold without interference from the club directors, who, he believed, did not know the game as well as he did.", "Such a level of control over the team was unprecedented in the English game, but the United chairman was in no position to argue.", "Busby was originally offered a three-year contract but managed to secure himself a five-year deal after explaining that it would take at least that long for his revolution to have a tangible effect.", "The contract was signed that day – 19 February 1945 – but it was not until 1 October that Busby officially took over the reins at Manchester United.", "In the interim, he returned to the Army Physical Training Corps, whose football team he took to Bari, Italy, in the spring of 1945.", "There, he took in a training session for a football team made up of non-commissioned officers led by West Bromwich Albion's former half-back Jimmy Murphy.", "Impressed by the Welshman's oratory skills, Busby engaged him in conversation and offered him the job of chief coach at Manchester United, which Murphy accepted verbally there and then, before joining the club officially in early 1946.", "The two men immediately put their mark on the side, leading them to the runners-up spot in the league, behind Busby's former employers Liverpool, by the end of the 1946–47 season.", "Manchester United were runners-up in the league in 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1951, and won the FA Cup in 1948, before winning the league championship in 1952.", "This was a welcome success for a club which had last won a major trophy in 1911 and had spent the interwar years bouncing between the First and Second Divisions.", "By 1952, however, the side captained by Johnny Carey, was beginning to show its age, and a new set of players had to be found.", "Busby, who had achieved a great deal of success in spite of his lack of previous managerial experience, was expected to spend large sums of money on high-profile players.", "Instead, he gradually replaced the older players with players as young as 16 and 17.", "These included right-back Bill Foulkes, centre-halves Mark Jones and Jackie Blanchflower, wingers Albert Scanlon and David Pegg and forward Billy Whelan.", "Among them was Duncan Edwards, judged by many to be England's finest player of his era, and capped by England at 17 – setting a record for the youngest-ever full international that remained unbroken for more than 40 years.", "He made relatively few signings from other clubs between 1951 and 1957, rare examples being winger Johnny Berry, forward Tommy Taylor and goalkeeper Harry Gregg.", "Busby managed the Great Britain team at the 1948 Summer Olympics.", "The team reached the semi-finals, but lost 3–1 to the eventual runners-up, Yugoslavia.", "In 1956, just after United won another league title, Busby was offered the Real Madrid managerial role.", "The Real Madrid president at the time, Santiago Bernabéu Yeste, told him that the role was \"like managing paradise\".", "Busby responded by declining the job and adding \"Manchester is my heaven\".", "The Busby Babes and the Munich tragedy\n\nDuring this period, the team picked up the affectionate nickname the Busby Babes, because of the youthfulness of many of the players he fielded.", "They won the league in both 1956 and 1957, and were runners-up to Aston Villa in the 1957 FA Cup Final.", "The young side was so successful that centre-forward Tommy Taylor and goalkeeper Harry Gregg were United's only major signings over a spell of almost five years.", "Busby and his team began the 1957–58 season full of ambition for an assault on the Football League title, FA Cup and European Cup.", "On the way home from a European Cup tie against Red Star Belgrade on 6 February 1958, their plane crashed on the runway at Munich-Riem Airport.", "Seven players and three club officials were among the 20 people who were killed at the scene; Duncan Edwards died from his injuries two weeks later as the final death toll reached 23, while two other players were injured to such an extent that they never played football again.", "Busby's old friend from Manchester City, the goalkeeper Frank Swift, who had travelled to Munich in his post-playing career as a journalist, also died.", "Busby suffered multiple injuries and twice received the last rites, but he recovered from his injuries and left the hospital after nine weeks.", "He was not aware of the extent of the Munich tragedy until some three weeks after the crash, as doctors felt he was not strong enough to know the truth until then.", "Sometime around the end of February, he asked a Franciscan friar at the hospital how Duncan Edwards was faring; the friar was unaware that the news of Edwards's death had been kept from him and felt that it was his duty to inform Busby that Edwards was dead.", "His wife Jean then had to tell him of all the other players and officials who had lost their lives.", "He reportedly told his wife that he felt like quitting the manager's job, as he had feelings of guilt over the disaster.", "Busby had gone against the wishes of Football League officials by pressing for Manchester United's participation in the European Cup and had not felt able to challenge the aircraft's pilot about taking off in heavy snow.", "Jean urged him to carry on with his duties in honour of the players who had died.", "Busby also had to face the torment of player Johnny Berry – who suffered career-ending injuries in the crash – complaining that Tommy Taylor was a poor friend for not visiting him in hospital, unaware that Taylor had been killed; Busby had been urged to keep the news from Berry at this stage, which he found particularly difficult.", "In the meantime, the team was managed by Jimmy Murphy, who had been taking charge of the Wales team at the time of the crash, and so was not present.", "Busby attended a new-look United side's FA Cup final defeat against Bolton Wanderers at Wembley three months later, and resumed full managerial duties for the following season.", "Busby had been appointed the manager of Scotland before the Munich disaster.", "Dawson Walker took charge of the team during the 1958 World Cup instead.", "After recovering from his injuries, Busby managed Scotland in two games later that year against Wales and Northern Ireland.", "Busby gave an 18-year-old Denis Law, then with Huddersfield Town, his first Scotland cap.", "He had already expressed an interest in signing Law for United by this stage, although he had yet to be successful in doing so.", "The post-Munich side\n\nAfter the crash, Busby built a new side around Munich survivors including Harry Gregg, Bobby Charlton and Bill Foulkes.", "He also brought in players from other clubs – these included David Herd, Albert Quixall and Denis Law.", "Northern Irish forward George Best was scouted for Manchester United by Bob Bishop and signed to the club's playing staff by chief scout Joe Armstrong.", "Busby successfully rebuilt United, as he guided them to a 3–1 victory over Leicester City in the 1963 FA Cup Final.", "They were league champions in 1965 and again in 1967, with a defeat on the final day of the 1967–68 season seeing rivals Manchester City snatch the title away.", "European glory and retirement\nThe biggest success of his career came on 29 May 1968 when the team won the European Cup.", "He retired as manager at the end of the following season, having announced his intention to do so on 14 January 1969, but remained at the club as a director, handing over managerial duties to trainer and former player Wilf McGuinness.", "When McGuinness was sacked in December 1970, Busby briefly returned to his managerial duties, but there was never any question of his returning as manager permanently.", "The job went to Frank O'Farrell in June 1971 after United were unsuccessful in approaching Jock Stein and Don Revie.", "He carried on as a club director for 11 years, before being made president in 1980.", "Busby was awarded the CBE in 1958 and was knighted following the European Cup victory in 1968, before being made a Knight Commander of St Gregory by the Pope in 1972.", "Later years and death\n\nBusby suffered a mild stroke in July 1980 at the age of 71 but made a full recovery.", "Soon afterwards, however, his wife Jean became ill with Alzheimer's disease.", "She died, aged 80, in December 1988 in a Manchester nursing home.", "They had been married for 58 years.", "Busby was the subject of This Is Your Life on two occasions, in January 1958 (a month before the Munich tragedy) when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Studios in Manchester, and in May 1971, when he became the first This Is Your Life subject to be honoured for the second time.", "On this occasion, Andrews surprised him just ahead of his final game as interim manager, leading Manchester United in a derby match with Manchester City at Maine Road.", "He died, aged 84, on 20 January 1994 at The Alexandra Hospital in Cheadle, Greater Manchester.", "He had been admitted to the hospital earlier that month to have a blood clot removed from his leg, and had appeared to be making a good recovery until his condition deteriorated after several days.", "He was buried in Southern Cemetery, Manchester, alongside his wife Jean.", "His racecourse owner friend Willie Satinoff, who died in the Munich air crash, is buried in the same cemetery.", "Two days after Busby's death, a minute's silence was held at the start of United's home game against Everton in the Premier League.", "United finished that season as double winners, lifting the league title and FA Cup.", "His testimonial was held at Old Trafford in August 1991.", "A Manchester United side featuring a new generation of star players including Mark Hughes and Steve Bruce took on a Republic of Ireland XI.", "The result was a 1–1 draw.", "The sports centre in Bellshill, his place of birth, was named after him shortly after his death.", "This opened to the public in 1995.", "In 1999, in securing the treble of Premier League, FA Cup and European Cup, Manchester United won the European Cup on what would have been Busby's 90th birthday - the first time they had won the trophy since Busby's 1968 triumph.", "Then, in 2008, Manchester United won the Champions League again, 50 years after the Munich tragedy, and 40 years since his own triumph in Europe in 1968 where Busby's United defeated Benfica.", "The day after the centenary of Busby's birth, Manchester United played Barcelona in the 2009 Champions League final and lost to the Spanish side 2–0.", "Busby was made an inaugural inductee of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002 in recognition of his impact on the sport.", "On 6 September 2009, the Sir Matt Busby Shield was contested between Manchester United Reserves and Motherwell.", "This was held at Fir Park, two miles from Busby's place of birth, to mark 100 years since his birth.", "Motherwell won the match 1–0.", "His son Sandy died on 15 September 2014, followed nearly nine months later by his daughter Sheena, who had been married to former Manchester United player Don Gibson for 59 years.", "He had a total of seven grandchildren, all female.", "Portrayal in film and television\nBusby was portrayed by actor Dougray Scott in the 2011 television drama United, which was centred on the successes of the Busby Babes and the Munich air crash, as well as the rebuilding of the team by Jimmy Murphy while Busby recovered from his injuries.", "Busby's son Sandy told BBC News that he was \"disgusted\" by the film.", "He pointed out that the character of Busby, despite being the first \"tracksuit manager\" in English football, was never seen in a tracksuit throughout the film, instead wearing a camel coat and a fedora.", "Brian Cox portrayed an older Busby (and Charlie Cook a younger Busby in flashbacks to 1958) in the 2013 film Believe.", "Set in 1984, Busby takes on the management of a boys' team entering in a local cup competition.", "Career statistics\n\nPlaying career\n\nManagerial career\n\n1Does not include matches Jimmy Murphy served as acting manager following the Munich air disaster.", "players\nManchester City F.C.", "players\nLiverpool F.C.", "players\nHibernian F.C.", "wartime guest players\nAFC Bournemouth wartime guest players\nBrentford F.C.", "wartime guest players\nChelsea F.C.", "wartime guest players\nMiddlesbrough F.C.", "wartime guest players\nReading F.C.", "wartime guest players\nScottish Junior Football Association players\nEnglish Football League players\nScottish football managers\nManchester United F.C.", "managers\nOlympic football managers of Great Britain\nScotland national football team managers\nUEFA Champions League winning managers\nEnglish Football Hall of Fame inductees\nScottish Football Hall of Fame inductees\nBritish Army personnel of World War II\nRoyal Army Physical Training Corps soldiers\nSurvivors of aviation accidents or incidents\nCommanders of the Order of the British Empire\nKnights Commander of the Order of St Gregory the Great\nAssociation football people awarded knighthoods\nKnights Bachelor\nFA Cup Final players\nBurials at Southern Cemetery, Manchester" ]

[ "Sir Alexander Matthew Busby was a Scottish football player and manager who managed Manchester United between 1945 and 1969 and again for the second half of the 1970–72 season.", "One of the greatest managers of all time, he was the first manager of an English team to win the European Cup.", "Busby was a player for both Manchester United and Manchester City.", "Busby won one of the FA Cup finals while he was at City.", "After his playing career was interrupted by the Second World War, Busby was offered the job of assistant coach atLiverpool, but they were unwilling to give him control over the first team that he wanted.", "He took the manager's job at Manchester United, where he built the famous Busby Babes team.", "Busby rebuilt the side after the air disaster and United won the European Cup a decade later.", "He won 13 trophies in 25 years with the club.", "Alexander and Helen \"Nellie\" Busby had a baby in a pitman's cottage in the mining village of Orbiston, Bellshill, Lanarkshire.", "Busby's mother was told by the doctor that a footballer had come into the house.", "Busby's father was a miner who was killed by a bullet in the First World War.", "George Busby migrated to Scotland from Ireland during the Great Famine, while his mother's side of the family migrated to Scotland in the 19th century.", "Three of his relatives were killed in France.", "After her marriage to a man called Harry Matthie in 1919, Busby's mother was left to raise Matt and his three sisters alone.", "Busby wanted to become a professional footballer and would often accompany his father to the coal pits.", "Busby said in his book that he was as football mad as any other boy in Bellshill because of the impression made on him by Alex James and Hughie Gallacher.", "His mother applied to emigrate with Matt to the United States in the late 1920s, but he was granted a reprieve by the nine-month processing time.", "Busby got a full-time job as a collier and played football part-time for Denny Hibs.", "After only playing a few games for Denny Hibs, he was signed up by Manchester City who were close to regaining promotion to the First Division.", "Busby signed for Manchester City on a one-year contract worth £5 per week on February 11, 1928, with a provision for him to leave at the end of the deal if he still wanted to emigrate to the United States with his mother.", "He made his debut for City on 2 November 1929, more than 18 months after his first signing for the Blues, when he played in a 3–1 win at home to Middlesbrough in the First Division.", "He scored five goals in 11 appearances for City, all at inside forward.", "During the 1930–31 season, Busby's talents could be better utilized from the half-back line, with him playing the right-half role.", "Busby gained a reputation as an intelligent player and a good passer of the ball in his new position.", "Manchester United tried to sign Busby from their cross-town rivals, but were unable to pay the £150 fee that City demanded.", "Busby was established in the first team by the 1931–32 season.", "Jimmy McMullan had to move to forward to keep his place in the team as Busby and Bray became such a fixture at wing-half.", "Manchester City won the FA Cup in the 1930s.", "They won the tournament in 1934 after reaching the semi-finals in 1932 and the final in 1933.", "In the second half of the 1934–35 season, Busby's number 4 jersey was worn by Jack Percival with increasing regularity, and Busby was sold toLiverpool for $8,000 on 12 March 1936, having made more than 200 appearances for Manchester City.", "He made his debut for the Reds just two days later, away to Huddersfield Town, and the match ended in a 1–0 loss.", "Busby scored in the 47th minute to help his team to a 2–2 draw at Ewood Park.", "Busby made a shirt with the number 4 on it.", "He didn't miss a game over the next three seasons.", "Busby led the club with distinction and earned the captaincy.", "Busby was a part of the best half-back line of all time.", "Busby took Bob Paisley under his wing and showed him how to do things.", "There was a lifelong friendship between two of the most successful managers in English football history.", "The Second World War ended Busby's playing days.", "He signed on for national service, just like many of the playing staff.", "Busby played football during the war.", "Busby signed for Chelsea a few days after helping Aldershot defeat them in a benefit match.", "He made four appearances.", "He turned out for several other teams.", "Busby returned to the north in 1941 at a time when English clubs did not want their players in Scottish football unless they were insured.", "He played in 37 matches for the club and scored five goals.", "Busby defeated Rangers in back-to-back Summer Cup finals in 1941.", "He was an assistant coach at the club in 1944.", "He starred for Portrack in the 1945 Ellis Cup final as a war-time guest.", "Busby played for Scotland in a 3–2 British Home Championship defeat to Wales in October 1933.", "Jimmy Murphy was Busby's future assistant.", "Busby made seven appearances for Scotland against England during the Second World War, winning one of them, but these are considered unofficial.", "He played in an inter-league match for the Scottish League XI in 1941.", "Managerial career Arrival and early days at Manchester United during the Second World War, Busby served as a football coach in the Army Physical Training Corps, and the experience resulted in him being offered the job of assistant to their then-manager George Kay.", "Busby's opinions about how football should be played and governed were forged by the experience, and when it became clear that they differed from the board, Billy McConnell allowed Busby to pursue alternative employment.", "After Manchester United tried to sign Busby from Manchester City in 1930, he became friends with Louis Rocca, who was also a member of the Manchester Catholic Sportsman's Club.", "After the war, United needed a new manager to take over from Walter Crickmer and a board meeting was held in December 1944 to find out who that new manager was.", "Knowing that Busby had already been offered a job, Rocca convinced the United board to leave it to him and immediately wrote a letter to Busby.", "The letter was vague, just in case it fell into the wrong hands.", "Busby went to Cornbrook Cold Storage to discuss the contents of Rocca's letter with the chairman.", "Busby wanted to be directly involved in training, pick the team on matchdays and even choose the players to be bought and sold without interference from the club directors.", "The control of the team was unprecedented in the English game, but the United chairman was not in a position to argue.", "Busby secured himself a five-year contract after explaining that it would take at least that long for his revolution to have a tangible effect.", "The contract was signed on 19 February 1945, but Busby took over at Manchester United on 1 October.", "He returned to the Army Physical Training Corps after taking the football team to Bari, Italy.", "He took in a training session for a football team made up of non-commissioned officers led by Jimmy Murphy.", "Murphy accepted the job of chief coach at Manchester United after Busby engaged him in conversation and offered him the job, which he accepted immediately.", "The two men immediately put their mark on the side, leading them to the runners-up spot in the league, behind Busby's former employers, by the end of the 1946–47 season.", "In 1947, 1948, 1949 and 1951, Manchester United were runners-up in the league, and in 1948, they won the FA Cup.", "The club had not won a major trophy in over a century and had spent a lot of time in and out of the First and Second Divisions.", "A new set of players had to be found because the side captained by Johnny Carey was beginning to show its age.", "Busby, who had achieved a great deal of success despite his lack of previous managerial experience, was expected to spend large sums of money on high-profile players.", "He replaced the older players with younger ones.", "Bill Foulkes was the right-back, Mark Jones was the centre-halves, Albert Scanlon was the winger and Billy Whelan was the forward.", "DuncanEdwards set a record for the youngest-ever full international that remained unchanged for more than 40 years when he was capped at 17 by England.", "Between 1951 and 1957, he made relatively few signings from other clubs.", "Busby was the manager of the Great Britain team at the 1948 Summer Olympics.", "The team lost to Yugoslavia in the semi-finals.", "Busby was offered the Real Madrid managerial role after United won another league title.", "The Real Madrid president told him that the role was like managing paradise.", "Busby said \"Manchester is my heaven\" after declining the job.", "The nickname the Busby Babes came from the youthfulness of many of the players he had.", "They were runners-up in the 1957 FA Cup Final, but won the league in 1956 and 1957.", "The young side was so successful that it had only one major signing over the course of almost five years.", "Busby and his team wanted to win the Football League title, the FA Cup and the European Cup.", "On the way home from a European Cup tie against Red Star Belgrade, their plane crashed on the runway.", "Twenty people were killed at the scene, including seven players and three club officials, as well as two other players who never played football again, as the final death toll reached 23.", "Frank Swift, Busby's old friend from Manchester City and a journalist, also died.", "Busby was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He wasn't aware of the extent of the tragedy until three weeks after the crash, as doctors didn't think he was strong enough to tell the truth.", "Sometime around the end of February, he asked a Franciscan friar at the hospital how Duncan Edwards was doing, and the friar was unaware that the news of his death had been kept from him.", "Jean had to tell him about the other players and officials who had died.", "He told his wife that he felt like quitting his job because of his feelings of guilt over the disaster.", "Busby had gone against the wishes of Football League officials by pressing for Manchester United's participation in the European Cup and had not felt able to challenge the aircraft's pilot about taking off in heavy snow.", "He was urged by Jean to carry on with his duties.", "Busby had to face the torment of player Johnny Berry, who suffered career-ending injuries in the crash, complaining that Tommy Taylor was a poor friend for not visiting him in hospital, unaware that Taylor had been killed.", "Jimmy Murphy, who was in charge of the Wales team at the time of the crash, was not present.", "Busby returned to full managerial duties for the following season after attending a new-look United side's FA Cup final defeat.", "The manager of Scotland at the time was Busby.", "Walker took charge of the team during the World Cup.", "Busby managed Scotland against Wales and Northern Ireland after recovering from his injuries.", "Denis Law was given his first Scotland cap by Busby.", "He had expressed an interest in signing Law for United, but had yet to be successful in doing so.", "Busby built a new side around the survivors of the crash.", "The players he brought in were from other clubs.", "George Best was signed to the Manchester United playing staff by the club's chief scout.", "Busby rebuilt United, as he led them to a 3–1 victory overLeicester City in the 1963 FA Cup Final.", "They won the league in 1965, 1966 and 1967, but lost the title on the final day of the season to Manchester City.", "The biggest success of his career was when the team won the European Cup.", "He retired as manager at the end of the 1969-1970 season, but remained at the club as a director, handing over managerial duties to Wilf McGuinness.", "Busby briefly returned to his managerial duties after McGuinness was sacked, but there was never any question of him returning as manager permanently.", "After United were unsuccessful in approaching Jock Stein and Don Revie, the job went to Frank O' Farrell.", "He was made president in 1980.", "After the European Cup victory in 1968, Busby was knighted and made a Knight Commander of St Gregory by the Pope.", "Busby made a full recovery after suffering a mild stroke at the age of 71.", "His wife Jean became ill with Alzheimer's disease soon afterwards.", "She died in a Manchester nursing home at the age of 80.", "They were married for 58 years.", "Busby became the first subject of This Is Your Life in May 1971 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Studios in Manchester.", "Andrews surprised him just before his final game as interim manager, leading Manchester United in a derby match against Manchester City at Maine Road.", "He died on January 20, 1994 at The Alexandra Hospital in Greater Manchester.", "He had been admitted to the hospital earlier that month to have a blood clot removed from his leg, and had appeared to be making a good recovery until his condition deteriorated after several days.", "He was buried with his wife.", "Willie Satinoff died in the air crash and is buried in the same cemetery.", "Two days after Busby's death, a minute's silence was held at the start of United's home game.", "The league title and FA Cup were won by United.", "In August 1991, his testimonial was held.", "A Manchester United side featuring a new generation of star players including Mark Hughes and Steve Bruce took on a Republic of Ireland XI.", "The result was a draw.", "Shortly after his death, the sports centre in Bellshill was named after him.", "In 1995 this opened to the public.", "On Busby's 90th birthday in 1999, Manchester United won the European Cup, their first trophy since 1968.", "Busby's United defeated Benfica in 1968 to win the European Championship and 50 years later, in 2008, Manchester United won the European Championship.", "The day after Busby's birth, Manchester United lost to Barcelona in the European Championship final.", "Busby was made an inaugural member of the English Football Hall of Fame in 2002.", "Motherwell and Manchester United Reserves battled for the Sir Matt Busby Shield.", "Busby's place of birth is two miles from Fir Park, where this was held.", "The match was won by Motherwell.", "His daughter Sheena, who had been married to a former Manchester United player for 59 years, died nine months after Sandy.", "He had seven granddaughters.", "Busby was portrayed by actor Dougray Scott in the television drama United, which was centred on the successes of the Busby Babes and the Munich air crash, as well as the rebuilding of the team by Jimmy Murphy while Busby recovered from his injuries.", "Sandy Busby was \"disgusted\" by the film.", "Busby, despite being the first \"tracksuit manager\" in English football, was never seen in a tracksuit throughout the film, instead wearing a camel coat and fedora.", "In the film Believe, Brian Cox played an older Busby and Charlie Cook played a younger Busby.", "Busby takes on the management of a boys' team in a local cup competition.", "Jimmy Murphy served as acting manager after the air disaster.", "The players are from Manchester City.", "The players of the club.", "The players are from Hibernian F.C.", "Cherries and F.C. guest players during the war.", "During the war, guest players were Chelsea F.C.", "The guest players were from the F.C.", "Guests Reading F.C.", "There were guest players from the Scottish Junior Football Association and the English Football League.", "British Army personnel of World War II and survivors of aviation accidents are included in the Scottish Football Hall of Fame." ]

[ "Alexander Matthew Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "George Busby", "Matt", "Harry Matthi", "Busby", "Busby", "Matt", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Matt Bus", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby" ]

[ "Alexander Matthew Busby", "George Busby", "Harry Matthi", "Matt", "Matt", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Busby", "Matt Bus", "Busby", "Busby", "Sandy Busby", "Busby" ]

[ "Samuel Green (18 November 1889 – 18 August 1949) was a Grand Wizard of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan in the late 1940s, organizing its third and final reformation in 1946.", "Biography\nGreen was born on 18 November 1889 in Atlanta, Georgia.", "He became an obstetrician and joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1922.", "By the early 1930s, Green had become the Grand Dragon of Georgia.", "Starting from the late 1920s, the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan had a problem with declining membership.", "In 1939, Imperial Wizard Hiram Wesley Evans sold the organisation to two Klan members, Green and James A. Colescott.", "Colescott served as the Imperial Wizard and Green as his assistant.", "While Colescott was forced to dissolve the organization in 1944, Green began to reform the Association of Georgia Klans with its focus on white supremacy and anti-communism.", "In October 1945, his group announced their return to public life with a cross-burning.", "From the autumn of 1945 to the spring of 1946, the Klan regularly signaled their presence through lighting up \"huge fiery crosses\" on top of Stone Mountain.", "During this period, Green and his associates started contacting former Klansmen and inviting them to rejoin the ranks.", "On May 9, 1946, this version of the Klan staged its first major initiation ceremony.", "In October of the same year, Green orchestrated a formal revival ceremony on Stone Mountain.", "According to historian Robert P. Ingalls, the fiery cross lit for the ceremony was between 200 and 300 feet in height (60.96-91.44 metres).", "The initiation ceremony of the night closely followed the patters established by William Joseph Simmons in 1915.", "The only problem for the ceremony was that there were more members and initiates present than robes and hoods available to them.", "Many of them wore handkerchief masks instead of more traditional Klan uniforms.", "Green sold to Life magazine the rights of taking and publishing photos of the event.", "New Klan units soon emerged throughout the Southern United States.", "Chester L. Quarles, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Mississippi, points out that new conditions in the region helped the Klan in its recruitment drive.", "One factor was the supposed \"new assertiveness\" of the Negroes.", "In other words, African American veterans of World War II were returning home.", "Having fought for liberty and freedom abroad, they were now demanding these rights for themselves in their own homeland.", "They were joining the Civil Rights Movement en masse.", "In response, the Klan re-embraced its original goals of seeking to contain and control the Negroes.", "In Green's own words on the subject:\n\nThe Klan focused its recruitment drives towards White American veterans of the war who felt restless.", "Their rhetoric called attention to non-combatant negroes \"who got all the good jobs while you were in uniform\".", "Another factor to the revitalization of the Klan was a then-recent wave of refugees and immigrants entering the United States, including Jews who survived the Holocaust.", "Green described the country as having been \"flooded with Jewish refugees\".", "The Klan once again embraced both nativism and antisemitism.", "A third factor was that Roman Catholicism was increasing its influence over the American population, gaining new adherents.", "Green found this to be a disturbing trend and spoke against these \"papists\".", "Meaning that the Klan was re-embracing Anti-Catholicism.", "The final factor was the ongoing Operation Dixie, which involved labor organizers operating in the South.", "The Klan was opposed to the labor movement and Green characterized these organizers as carpetbagger arriving to \"tell Southerners how to run ... their business\".", "Green assured his audience that \"niggahs\" (sic), Jews, Catholics, labor organizers, and any alliance between them would not be tolerated by the Klan.", "In his words:\n\nIn this period of the Klan, it was relatively normal for Klansmen to attend church service in full uniform.", "The practice both asserted their predominance in their respective areas, and implied their connection to local church leaders.", "At times these Klansmen offered cash donations to the congregations.", "At least some religious figures opposed the practice.", "For example, Hugh A. Brimm of the Southern Baptist Convention instructed its pastors to refuse to accept \"blood money\" from the Klan.", "In his view the Klansmen were covered with the blood of \"lynched victims\" and their \"superficial piety\" was merely hypocritical.", "In 1947, the Klan was included in the Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations, and denounced as Un-American.", "It shared the list with organizations embracing totalitarianism, fascism, and communism.", "In the Klan's case, the list accurately reflected their subversive ideology.", "While declaring itself the \"American social conscience\", the Klan consistently favored ignoring and disobeying laws which went against their ideology.", "Their rhetoric had taken an increasingly anti-statist turn.", "With the Klan attracting some negative attention, it soon started facing internal problems.", "Their ranks were infiltrated by government informants, federal agents, and investigative journalists.", "All were eager to expose the violent nature of the Klan, the one Klansmen publicly denied.", "The most notable infiltrator was Stetson Kennedy, whose later book I Rode With The Ku Klux Klan (1954) covered the activities of the Klavalier Klub.", "The Klub was an elite squad of Klansmen devoted to flogging campaigns, active within Georgia itself.", "By 1949, following the revelations to the public, the Klan's name had become synonymous with terrorism and violence.", "But this reputation failed to discourage people from seeking membership.", "In the summer of 1949, shortly before his death, Green himself presided in a major initiation ceremony.", "About 700 members joined in a single day.", "Meanwhile, Green led the Klan in renewing its political activities.", "He was active in the 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election, reportedly serving as an aide-de-camp to candidate Herman Talmadge.", "Talmadge was seen as the Klan's candidate for the office.", "When he did win the election, the Klan took credit for it.", "According to \nStetson Kennedy, Talmadge had promised the Klan \"a free hand in any racial rioting\".", "He was elected Imperial Wizard two weeks before his death from a heart attack in Atlanta, Georgia on 18 August 1949.", "He died in the rose garden of his home.", "His death weakened the Klan by further splintering its leadership.", "He was replaced by Samuel Roper.", "1949 Exhibition Baseball Games\nAfter the Brooklyn Dodgers announced in January that their exhibition games would be in Macon and Atlanta, Green stated \"there is no law against the game.", "But we have an unwritten law in the South – the Jim Crow law.\"", "His statements were against the black players on the team.", "During the exhibition games, Green used the influence of Herman Talmadge to try and ban Dodgers players Jackie Robinson and Roy Campanella.", "Organizations\nDuring his command, the Ku Klux Klan infiltrated and controlled the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.", "Green's successor Samuel Roper was the second director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.", "Green also made alliances with the Atlanta Police Department and Atlanta taxi drivers.", "References\n\nSources\n\n1889 births\n1949 deaths\nPeople from Atlanta\nKu Klux Klan Grand Dragons\nLeaders of the Ku Klux Klan\nCritics of the Catholic Church\nAmerican obstetricians" ]

[ "The third and final reformation of the Knights of the Ku Klux Klan was organized by Samuel Green.", "Green was born in Atlanta, Georgia.", "He joined the Ku Klux Klan in 1922.", "Green became the Grand Dragon of Georgia by the early 1930s.", "The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan had a problem with declining membership.", "The organisation was sold to two Klan members.", "Colescott and Green were his assistants.", "Green began to reform the Association of Georgia Klans after Colescott dissolved the organization.", "His group announced their return to public life with a cross-burning.", "From the autumn of 1945 to the spring of 1946, the Klan lit up huge fiery crosses on top of Stone Mountain.", "Green and his associates contacted former Klansmen and invited them to rejoin the ranks.", "The first major initiation ceremony of the Klan was staged on May 9, 1946, by this version of the Klan.", "Green held a revival ceremony on Stone Mountain.", "The fiery cross lit for the ceremony was between 200 and 300 feet in height.", "The patters were established by William Joseph Simmons in 1915.", "There were more members present than robes and hoods available for the ceremony.", "They wore masks instead of uniforms.", "The rights to take and publish photos of the event were sold by Green.", "There were new Klan units in the United States.", "New conditions in the region helped the Klan in its recruitment drive, according to Chester L. Quarles, a professor of criminal justice at the University of Mississippi.", "The Negroes were said to have a new assertiveness.", "African American World War II veterans were returning home.", "They had fought for liberty and freedom abroad and were now demanding the same rights in their homeland.", "They joined the Civil Rights movement in large numbers.", "The Klan re-embraced its original goals of controlling the Negroes.", "The Klan focused its recruitment drives towards White American veterans of the war who were restless.", "The non-combatant negroes got all the good jobs while you were in uniform.", "Jews who survived the Holocaust were included in a recent wave of refugees entering the United States.", "Green said the country had been flooded with Jewish refugees.", "nativism and antisemitism were embraced by the Klan again.", "Roman Catholicism was gaining new followers and increasing its influence over the American population.", "Green spoke against these \"papists\" and found this to be a disturbing trend.", "The Klan re-embraced Anti-Catholicism.", "Labor organizers operating in the South were involved in the final factor.", "Green characterized the organizers of the labor movement as carpetbaggers because they were opposed to the labor movement.", "Green told his audience that the Klan would not tolerate alliances between Jews, Catholics, labor organizers, and niggahs.", "In this period of the Klan, it was normal for Klansmen to attend church service in full uniform.", "Both practices implied their connection to local church leaders.", "Cash donations were offered by the Klansmen.", "The practice was opposed by some religious figures.", "The Southern Baptist Convention instructed its pastors to refuse to accept \"blood money\" from the Klan.", "He thought the Klansmen were hypocritical because they were covered with the blood of lynching victims.", "The Attorney General's List of Subversive Organizations denounced the Klan as Un-American in 1947.", "The list was shared with organizations that embraced communism.", "The list accurately reflected the Klan's ideology.", "The Klan favored ignoring and disobeying laws that went against their ideology.", "Their rhetoric had become anti-statist.", "The Klan was facing internal problems after attracting some negative attention.", "Their ranks were used by government agents and investigative journalists.", "The one Klansmen publicly denied was eager to expose the violent nature of the Klan.", "The most notable infiltrator was Stetson Kennedy, who wrote a book about the activities of the Ku Klux Klan.", "The Klub was an elite squad of Klansmen devoted to flogging campaigns.", "The Klan's name became synonymous with terrorism and violence by 1949.", "The reputation did not deter people from seeking membership.", "Green presided in a major initiation ceremony in the summer of 1949.", "700 people joined in a single day.", "The Klan renewed its political activities under Green's leadership.", "He was an aide-de-camp to Herman Talmadge in the 1948 Georgia gubernatorial special election.", "Talmadge was the Klan's candidate.", "The Klan took credit for him winning the election.", "Talmadge promised the Klan a \"free hand in any racial rioting\".", "Two weeks before his death from a heart attack, he was elected Imperial Wizard.", "He died in the garden.", "The Klan was weakened by his death.", "Samuel Roper replaced him.", "There is no law against the game after the Brooklyn Dodgers announced in January that their exhibition games would be in Macon and Atlanta.", "The Jim Crow law exists in the South.", "The black players on the team were the subject of his statements.", "During the exhibition games, Green used the influence of Herman Talmadge to try and ban Dodgers players.", "The Georgia Bureau of Investigation was controlled by the Ku Klux Klan.", "Samuel Roper was the second director of the Georgia Bureau of Investigation.", "The Atlanta Police Department and Atlanta taxi drivers were alliances made by Green.", "There are people from the Ku Klux Klan and critics of the Catholic Church." ]

[ "Samuel Green", "Biography Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Samuel Roper", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Samuel Roper", "Green" ]

[ "Samuel Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Green", "Samuel Roper", "Green", "Samuel Roper", "Green" ]

[ "Helmut Schmidt (21 February 1928 – 18 August 2011) was a German-born physicist and parapsychologist.", "Biography\nSchmidt was born in Danzig, Germany.", "He was educated at the University of Göttingen (M.A., 1953) and obtained a Ph.D. in physics from University of Cologne in 1958.", "He taught theoretical physics at universities in America, Germany and Canada.", "In the 1960s Schmidt carried out experiments into clairvoyance and precognition.", "In the early 1970s he pioneered research into the effects of human consciousness on machines called random number generators or random event generators at the Rhine Research Center Institute for Parapsychology.", "He was appointed Research Director of the Institute in 1969.", "Schmidt initially conducted experiments with electronic random event generators of either a flashing red or green light.", "Subjects would attempt to make one illuminate more than the other by psychic means.", "Schmidt reported success rates of 1–2% above what would be expected at random over a large number of trials.", "He has been credited by critics of parapsychology as the researcher with the most sophisticated approach to the methodological design of parapsychological experiments.", "Reception\nCritics originally based their critiques of Schmidt's experiments in parapsychology on lack of replication.", "Schmidt worked alone with no one checking his experiments.", "He was accused of being a careless experimenter.", "However, more recent large scale meta-analyses of replication experiments reveals that there is a small, but statistically significant, effect of human intention on random processes:\n\nover a 12-year experimental program.", "More than 1000 experimental series, employing four different categories of random devices and several distinctive protocols, show comparable magnitudes of anomalous mean shifts from chance expectation, with similar distribution structures.", "Although the absolute effect sizes are quite small, of the order of 10-4 bits deviation per bit processed, over the huge databases accumulated, the composite effect exceeds 7sigma (p approximately 3.5 x 10(-13))\n\nTheoretical biologist and complex systems researcher Stuart Kauffman writes:\n\nOne of the more systematic and rigorous replications was performed over a period of 12 years at Princeton University’s Engineering Anomalies Research laboratory.Jahn, R. G., B. J. Dunne, R. G. Nelson, Y. H. Dobyns, and G. J. Bradish.", "“Correlations of Random Binary Sequences with Pre-Stated Operator Intention: A Review of a 12-Year Program.” Explore (New York, N.Y.) 3, no.", "3 (June 2007): 244–53, 341–43.", "https://doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2007.03.009.", "That study confirmed the effects reported by Schmidt.", "The first meta-analysis of these studies, published in 1989, retrieved 152 publications, describing 597 experimental and 235 control studies reported by 68 different principal investigators.", "Any experiment using an RNG as the target of mind-matter interaction was included in that analysis.", "The results showed a 6.8 sigma effect (p = 5.23 x 10-12) in the experimental data, null results in the controls, no significant effects due to selective reporting, and null correlations with assessed experimental quality.", "Criticism\nThe psychologist C. E. M. Hansel found flaws in all of Schmidt's experiments into clairvoyance, precognition and psychokinesis.", "Hansel found that necessary precautions were not taken, there was no presence of an observer or second-experimenter in any of the experiments, no counterchecking of the records and no separate machines used for high and low score attempts.", "There were weaknesses in the design of the experiments that did not rule out the possibility of trickery.", "There was little control of the experimenter and unsatisfactory features of the machine employed.", "Regarding the machine used in the experiments, Hansel wrote:\n\nThe most obvious weakness in Schmidt's machine is that the results are in no case recorded positively inside the machine.", "They are only revealed after processing data obtained from the resettable counters in the machine or from the paper punch connected it.", "While machines may be foolproof, human beings seldom are...", "If Schmidt had used two machines, his scores for high- and low-aiming runs could have been kept separate from the start.", "Nonresettable counters could have ensured that all attempts were recorded and some supervision of the use and recording of the counters would have instilled more confidence into readers of the reports than they are likely to have at present.", "The psychologists Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones supported Hansel and also noted:\n\nThe effect obtained by Schmidt and others is very small, at most a 2% deviation from the 50% chance level.", "Because of the very large number of trials that can be run with the REG in a short period of time (each trial lasts only a second or less), the odds against even such minuscule deviations range from 100 to 1 to several billions to 1.", "When, in addition to assessing the statistical significance of the results, their clinical or practical significance is also assessed using the appropriate statistics, it turns out to be practically zero...", "It can be assumed that the smaller the absolute size of a measured effect, the greater the likelihood that the effect is due to some extraneous, uncontrolled variable.", "In the REG experiments, statistical significance of the results is achieved only against a background of a very large number of trials, and the practical significance of the results is concomitantly zero.", "It can be, therefore, also assumed that such results are probably the outcome of one or more uncontrolled variable.", "According to the physicist Victor Stenger \"While Schmidt claims positive results, his experiments also lack adequate statistical significance and have not been successfully replicated in the thirty-five years since his first experiments were reported.\"", "The psychologist James Alcock wrote that he found \"serious methodological errors\" throughout Schmidt's work which rendered his conclusions of psychokinesis untenable.", "Schmidt has also drawn criticism for endorsing the psychic claims of Uri Geller.", "See also\nExtrasensory perception\nRemy Chauvin\nPeter Venkman\n\nReferences\n\n1928 births\n2011 deaths\n20th-century German physicists\nParapsychologists\nGerman expatriates in the United States\nGerman expatriates in Canada" ]

[ "He was a German-born physicist and parapsychologist.", "He was born in Danzig, Germany.", "He obtained a PhD in physics from the University of Cologne in 1958.", "He taught theoretical physics at a number of universities.", "Experiments were carried out into clairvoyance and precognition.", "He pioneered research into the effects of human consciousness on machines at the Rhine Research Center Institute for Parapsychology.", "The Research Director of the Institute was appointed in 1969.", "Experiments were conducted with random event generators of red or green light.", "The subjects would try to make one illuminate more than the other.", "Over a large number of trials, Schmidt reported 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299", "Critics of parapsychology credit him with the most sophisticated approach to the methodological design of parapsychological experiments.", "The reception critics used the lack of replication as the basis for their critique of the experiments.", "There was no one to check his experiments.", "He was accused of being careless.", "There is a small, but statistically significant, effect of human intention on random processes in recent large scale meta-analyses.", "More than 1000 experimental series, employing four different categories of random devices and several distinctive protocols, show comparable magnitudes of anomalous mean shifts from chance expectation, with similar distribution structures.", "Although the absolute effect sizes are quite small, of the order of 10-4 bits deviation per bit processed, over the huge databases accumulated, the composite effect exceeds 7sigma.", "There is a review of a 12-year program.", "244–53 was published on June 3, 2007.", "The article was published in the Journal of Exploring.", "The effects were confirmed by that study.", "The first meta-analysis of these studies was published in 1989.", "Any experiment using an RNG as the target of mind-matter interaction was included in the analysis.", "The results showed a 6.8 sigma effect in the experimental data, null results in the controls, and null correlations with assessed experimental quality.", "The psychologist found flaws in all of the experiments.", "There were no precautions taken, there was no observer or second experimenter, no counterchecking of the records, and no separate machines used for high and low score attempts.", "There were weaknesses in the design of the experiments.", "There was little control of the experimenter.", "The weakness of the machine used in the experiments is that the results are not recorded inside the machine.", "They are not revealed until the data from the resettable counters in the machine or the paper punch is connected.", "Humans are less likely to be foolproof than machines.", "If he had used two machines, his scores for high- and low-aiming runs would have been separate from the start.", "Nonresettable counters could have ensured that all attempts were recorded and some supervision of the use and recording of the counters would have instilled more confidence into readers of the reports than they are likely to have at present.", "The effect obtained by Schmidt and others is very small, at most a 2% deviation from the 50% chance level, according to the psychologists Leonard Zusne, Warren H. Jones and others.", "Because of the large number of trials that can be run with the REG in a short period of time (each trial lasts only a second or less), the odds against such minuscule deviations range from 100 to 1 to several billions to 1.", "In addition to assessing the statistical significance of the results, their clinical or practical significance is also assessed using the appropriate statistics.", "It can be assumed that the smaller the effect, the more likely it is to be due to a variable.", "Statistical significance of the results is achieved only against a background of a large number of trials, and the practical significance of the results is zero.", "It can be assumed that such results are the result of one or more variables.", "Thirty-five years after his first experiments were reported, his experiments lack adequate statistical significance and have not been successfully replicated.", "The psychologist James Alcock wrote that his conclusions of psychokinesis were not valid because of methodological errors.", "The psychic claims of the man have drawn criticism.", "There are references to births and deaths of 20th-century German physicists in the United States and Canada." ]

[ "Helmut Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt", "Schmidt" ]

[ "Schmidt", "Schmidt" ]

[ "John William Joseph McMahon (28 December 1917 – 8 May 2001) was an Australian-born first-class cricketer who played for Surrey and Somerset County Cricket Clubs in England from 1947 to 1957.", "Surrey cricketer\nMcMahon was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight who was spotted by Surrey playing in club cricket in North London and brought on to the county's staff for the 1947 season at the age of 29.", "In the first innings of his first match, against Lancashire at The Oval, he took five wickets for 81 runs.", "In his first full season, 1948, he was Surrey's leading wicket-taker and in the last home game of the season he was awarded his county cap – he celebrated by taking eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs for seven runs.", "This would remain the best bowling performance of his first-class career, not surpassed, but he did equal it seven years later.", "In the following game, the last away match of the season, he took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth.", "In the 1948 season as a whole, he took 91 wickets at an average of 28.07.", "As a tail-end left-handed batsman, he managed just 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.", "The emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler in 1949 brought a stuttering end of McMahon's Surrey career.", "Though he played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, McMahon took only 19 wickets; a similar number of matches in 1950 brought 34 wickets.", "In 1951, he played just seven times and in 1952 only three times.", "In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs apiece, while McMahon's 14 games brought him 45 wickets at the, for him, low average of 21.53.", "At the end of the 1953 season, McMahon was allowed to leave Surrey to join Somerset, then languishing at the foot of the County Championship and recruiting widely from other counties and other countries.", "Somerset cricketer\nSomerset's slow bowling in 1954 was in the hands of leg-spinner Johnny Lawrence, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton while promising off-spinner Brian Langford was on national service.", "McMahon filled a vacancy for a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler in 1953, though his batting had advanced significantly.", "McMahon instantly became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was controversially dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.", "In the 1954 season, McMahon, alongside fellow newcomer Hilton, was something of a disappointment, according to Wisden: \"The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would have fared better with reasonable support in the field and from their own batsmen,\" it said.", "McMahon took 85 wickets at an average of 27.47 (Hilton took only 42 at a higher average).", "His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first innings and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career.", "He was awarded his county cap in the 1954 season, but Somerset remained at the bottom of the table.", "The figures for the 1955 were similar: McMahon this time took 75 wickets at 28.77 apiece.", "There was a small improvement in his batting and the arrival of Bryan Lobb elevated McMahon to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.03.", "This included his highest-ever score, 24, made in the match against Sussex at Frome.", "A week later in Somerset's next match, he equalled his best-ever bowling performance, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first innings of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\".", "These matches brought two victories for Somerset, but there were only two others in the 1955 season and the side finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season running.", "At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became Somerset's senior spin bowler for the 1956 season, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support.", "McMahon responded with his most successful season so far, taking 103 wickets at an average of 25.57, the only season in his career in which he exceeded 100 wickets.", "The bowling average improved still further in 1957 to 23.10 when McMahon took 86 wickets.", "But his season came to an abrupt end in mid-August 1957 when, after 108 consecutive Championship matches, he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival.", "Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future, a decision, said Wisden, that \"proved highly controversial\".", "Sacked by Somerset\nThe reason behind McMahon's sacking did not become public knowledge for many years.", "In its obituary of him in 2002, McMahon was described by Wisden as \"a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality\".", "It went on: \"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn in Nottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\"", "The obituary recounts a further escapade in second eleven match at Midsomer Norton where a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by \"a POW-type loop\" organised by McMahon, \"with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again\".", "As the only Somerset second eleven match that McMahon played in at Midsomer Norton was right at the end of the 1957 season, this may have been the final straw.", "But in any case there had been \"an embarrassing episode at Swansea's Grand Hotel\" earlier in the season, also involving Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season.", "Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.", "After a period in Lancashire League cricket with Milnrow Cricket Club, McMahon moved back to London where he did office work, later contributing some articles to cricket magazines.", "Notes and references\n\n1917 births\n2001 deaths\nEnglish cricketers\nAustralian cricketers\nSomerset cricketers\nSurrey cricketers\nMarylebone Cricket Club cricketers\nCricketers from South Australia\nPeople from Balaklava, South Australia\nAustralian emigrants to the United Kingdom" ]

[ "John William Joseph McMahon was an Australian born cricketer who played in England from 1947 to 1957.", "McMahon was brought on to the county's staff at the age of 29 after being spotted playing in club cricket in North London and was an orthodox left-arm spin bowler with much variation in speed and flight.", "In the first match of his career, he took five kills for 81 runs.", "He was awarded his county cap in the last home game of the season, when he took eight Northamptonshire wickets for 46 runs at The Oval, six of them coming in the space of 6.3 overs.", "He equaled the best bowling performance of his first-class career seven years later.", "He took 10 Hampshire wickets for 150 runs in the match at Bournemouth in the last away match of the season.", "He took an average of 28.07 in the entire 1948 season.", "He scored 93 runs in the season at an average of 4.22.", "The end of McMahon's career was brought about by the emergence of Tony Lock as a slow left-arm bowler.", "McMahon played in 12 first-class matches in the 1949 season, but only 19 of them resulted in aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement of aPlacement", "He played seven times in 1951 and three times in 1952.", "In 1953, Lock split the first finger of his left hand, and played in only 11 of Surrey's County Championship matches; McMahon played as his deputy in 14 Championship matches, though a measure of their comparative merits was that Lock's 11 games produced 67 wickets at 12.38 runs", "McMahon was allowed to leave the country at the end of the 1953 season to join the county of his choice, and he was able to recruit from all over the world.", "Johnny Lawrence was in charge of the slow bowling, with support from the off-spin of Jim Hilton and promising off-spinner Brian Langford, who was on national service.", "McMahon replaced a left-arm orthodox spinner that had been there since the retirement of Horace Hazell at the end of the 1952 season; Hazell's apparent successor, Roy Smith, had failed to realise his promise as a bowler, though his batting had advanced significantly.", "McMahon became a first-team regular and played in almost every match during his four years with the county, not missing a single Championship game until he was dropped from the side in August 1957, after which he did not play in the Championship again.", "The new spin bowlers, McMahon and Hilton, did not attain to the best standards of their craft in a wet summer, yet, like the rest of the attack, they would be disappointed.", "McMahon's average of 27.47 is higher than that ofHilton, who took 42 at a higher average.", "His best match was against Essex at Weston-super-Mare where he took six for 96 in the first and five for 45 in the second to finish with match figures of 11 for 141, which were the best of his career.", "He was awarded his cap by his county, but they were at the bottom of the table.", "The figures for 1955 were the same as they were in 1955.", "McMahon was elevated to No 10 in the batting order for most of the season, and he responded with 262 runs and an average of 9.13 after a small improvement in his batting.", "He scored 24 in the match against Sussex at Frome.", "He equalled his best-ever bowling performance in the next match, taking eight Kent wickets for 46 runs in the first day of a match at Yeovil through what Wisden called \"clever variation of flight and spin\".", "There were only two victories for the side in 1955 and they finished at the bottom of the Championship for the fourth season in a row.", "At the end of the 1955 season, Lawrence retired and McMahon became the senior spin bowler, with Langford returning from National Service as the main support.", "McMahon had the most successful season of his career, taking 103 pins at an average of 25.57, the only season in which he exceeded 100.", "The bowling average went from 23.10 in 1957 to 23.10 in 1957.", "His season ended in August 1957 when he was dropped from the first team during the Weston-super-Mare festival.", "Though he played some games for the second eleven later in August, he regained his place in the first team for only a single end-of-season friendly match, and he was told that his services were not required for the future.", "The reason behind McMahon's dismissal did not become public knowledge for a long time.", "McMahon was described in Wisden's obituary as a man who embraced the antipodean virtues of candour and conviviality.", "\"Legend tells of a night at the Flying Horse Inn inNottingham when he beheaded the gladioli with an ornamental sword, crying: 'When Mac drinks, everybody drinks!'\"", "In the second eleven match at MidsomerNorton, a curfew imposed on the team was circumvented by a POW-type loop organised by McMahon, with his team-mates escaping through a ground-storey window and then presenting themselves again.", "At the end of the 1957 season, McMahon played in a second eleven match at MidsomerNorton, which may have been the final straw.", "There was an embarrassing episode at the Grand Hotel earlier in the season, as well as Jim Hilton, who was also dismissed at the end of the season.", "Team-mates and club members petitioned for McMahon to be reinstated, but the county club was not to be moved.", "McMahon moved back to London where he worked in the office and wrote for cricket magazines.", "There are notes and references to births and deaths of people from South Australia." ]

[ "John William Joseph McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "Johnny Lawrence", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon" ]

[ "John William Joseph McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "Johnny Lawrence", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahonHilton", "McMahon", "McMahonford", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon", "McMahon" ]

[ "Neil Hosler McElroy (October 30, 1904 – November 30, 1972) was United States Secretary of Defense from 1957 to 1959 under President Eisenhower.", "He had been president of Procter & Gamble.", "Early life\n\nBorn in Berea, Ohio, to school-teacher parents, McElroy grew up in the Cincinnati area.", "After receiving a bachelor's degree in economics from Harvard in 1925, he returned to Cincinnati to work in the advertising department of the Procter & Gamble Company.", "In 1931, as a junior executive managing the advertising campaign for P&G's Camay brand of soap, McElroy wrote a famous 3-page company memo that laid out the principles of modern brand management.", "In the memo, McElroy argued that companies should assign a separate marketing team to each individual product brand, as if it were a separate business.", "This innovative system of brand management would eventually be adopted by consumer product companies all throughout the U.S.", "He advanced rapidly up the managerial ladder and became company president in 1948.", "Although a well known businessman, McElroy's only experience in the federal government prior to 1957 had been as chairman of the White House Conference on Education in 1955-56.", "Given his background in industry, and given President Eisenhower's predominance in defense matters, McElroy's appointment was not unusual.", "He spelled out his mandate the day he assumed office: \"I conceive the role of the Secretary of Defense to be that of captain of President Eisenhower's defense team.\"", "Secretary of Defense\n\nOn October 4, 1957, just four days before Defense Secretary Charles E. Wilson left office, the Soviet Union launched into orbit the world's first satellite (Sputnik I), suggesting that the Soviets were ahead of the United States in missile development.", "This event, which raised important questions about the U.S. defense program, served as a backdrop to the swearing in, on October 9, 1957, of McElroy as Secretary of Defense.", "The launching of Sputnik I and a second Soviet satellite a month later prevented McElroy from easing into his duties at a deliberate pace.", "To meet the concern generated by the sputniks, McElroy attempted both to clarify the relative positions of the United States and the Soviet Union in missile development and to speed up the U.S. effort.", "Placing considerable emphasis on the intermediate-range ballistic missiles the United States then had under development, McElroy argued that with proper deployment in overseas locations they would serve as effectively as Soviet intercontinental-range ballistic missiles (ICBMs).", "Without waiting for completion of final tests and evaluations, McElroy ordered the Air Force Thor and Army Jupiter IRBMs into production and planned to begin their deployment in the United Kingdom before the end of 1958 and on the European continent shortly thereafter.", "McElroy also ordered accelerated development of the Navy solid-fuel Polaris IRBM and the Air Force liquid-fuel Atlas and Titan ICBMs.", "In February 1958, he authorized the Air Force to begin development of the Minuteman, a solid-fuel ICBM to be deployed in hardened underground silos, with operational status expected in the early 1960s.", "McElroy did not believe that the Sputnik success represented a major change in the world's military balance, but he acknowledged that it had a significant impact on world public opinion.", "The launching of the Sputniks indicated that \"the Soviet Union is farther advanced scientifically than many had realized\" and that \"the weapons of the future may be a great deal closer upon us than we had thought, and therefore the ultimate survival of the Nation depends more than ever before on the speed and skill with which we can pursue the development of advanced weapons.\"", "McElroy had to spend much time explaining the missile programs and trying to allay congressional anxiety about a so-called \"missile gap\" between the United States and the Soviet Union.", "McElroy shared some responsibility for the missile gap controversy.", "When asked whether the United States was behind the Russians in the satellite and missile fields, he responded affirmatively.", "Later he qualified his statement by noting that while the Soviet Union was ahead in satellites, it was not necessarily ahead in missiles, and he repeatedly pointed out that U.S. IRBMs deployed overseas were just as much a threat to the Soviet Union as Soviet ICBMs deployed in Russia were to the United States.", "But charges of a missile gap persisted.", "When he left office in December 1959 McElroy stated that the two nations had about the same number of ICBMs, but that if the USSR built missiles up to its capacity and the United States built those it planned to build, the Soviet Union would probably have more missiles than the United States during the 1961-63 period.", "The missile gap debate lasted throughout the rest of Eisenhower's term and became a prominent issue in the presidential campaign of 1960.", "In some measure the Soviet sputniks may have hastened the landmark Defense Reorganization Act of 1958.", "Although President Eisenhower provided strong leadership in achieving the necessary legislation, McElroy was instrumental in seeing it through.", "The Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 significantly influenced the evolution of DoD organization and the role of the secretary.", "McElroy considered the most important aspects of the 1958 reorganization to be the replacement of service executive agents by the JCS in directing the unified commands and the creation of a strong director of defense research and engineering including the Advanced Research Projects Agency headed by Roy Johnson, a vice-president of General Electric.", "As always, the budget greatly influenced the shaping of Department of Defense plans and programs.", "Although the Eisenhower administration maintained a determined interest in controlling expenditures and balancing the budget, McElroy did not place economy above preparedness.", "A strong supporter of military assistance, he argued effectively for continued congressional and public support for the program.", "\"Military Assistance,\" he said, \"is to the defense of our Country as fire prevention is to fire fighting.", "You can have the best, most modern sprinkling system in your factory but it will be useless if you don't take steps to prevent fires from getting out of control before they reach your plant.\"", "Nonetheless, he presided over a budget that remained stringent.", "In spite of public concern about preparedness in the wake of the Russian Sputnik and pressures from Democratic critics to spend more money, the Eisenhower administration did not panic.", "While it shifted some expenditure priorities, especially toward missile development, production, and deployment, it did not support a drastic increase in the defense budget.", "The president and Secretary McElroy contended that the budget was adequate to insure the nation's security.", "For the McElroy period, the Defense Department's total obligational authority by fiscal year was as follows: 1958, $41.1 billion; 1959, $42.1 billion; and 1960, $40.2 billion.", "When McElroy acceded to Eisenhower's request in 1957 that he become secretary of defense, he limited his availability to about two years.", "Although there was criticism that the secretary was leaving just as he had learned the job, McElroy confirmed early in 1959 that he would resign before the end of the year.", "Speculation that Deputy Secretary of Defense Donald A. Quarles would succeed him ended with Quarles's death in May 1959.", "Secretary of the Navy Thomas S. Gates, Jr., succeeded Quarles, and when McElroy's resignation became effective on December 1, 1959, Gates replaced him.", "Actually, McElroy served longer as secretary of defense than any of his predecessors except Wilson.", "That same day, President Eisenhower presented McElroy with the Medal of Freedom.", "Death\nWhen he left the Pentagon, he became chairman of the board of Procter & Gamble.", "McElroy died of cancer on November 30, 1972 in Cincinnati at the age of 68.", "He was survived by his wife, Mrs. Camilla F. McElroy, his eldest daughter, Mrs. Nancy M. Folger, his younger daughter, Mrs. Barbara M. Dimling, his son, Mr. Malcolm McElroy, and nine grandchildren.", "See also \n USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)\n\nReferences\n\nSources\nDoD biography\nMcCraw, Thomas K. American Business, 1920-2000: How It Worked.", "Wheeling, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 2000, pp.", "48-49.", "External links \nPapers of Neil H. McElroy, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library\nNeil McElroy's Epiphany\nThe American Presidency Project\nNeil McElroy of Procter and Gamble – Time Magazine 1953 article\n\nUnited States Secretaries of Defense\nAmerican businesspeople in retailing\n1904 births\n1972 deaths\nHarvard University alumni\nRecipients of the Medal of Freedom\nEisenhower administration cabinet members\n20th-century American politicians\nPeople from Berea, Ohio\nPoliticians from Cincinnati\nProcter & Gamble people\nDeaths from cancer in Ohio" ]

[ "The United States Secretary of Defense from 1957 to 1959 was Neil Hosler McElroy.", "He was the president of P&G.", "Growing up in the Cincinnati area, McElroy was raised by school-teacher parents.", "He returned to Cincinnati to work in the advertising department of the P&G Company after receiving a bachelor's degree in economics from Harvard in 1925.", "The principles of modern brand management were laid out in a famous 3-page company memo written by a junior executive in 1931.", "According to the memo, companies should assign a separate marketing team to each product brand, as if it were a separate business.", "The system of brand management would eventually be adopted by all consumer product companies in the U.S.", "He became company president in 1948.", "As chairman of the White House Conference on Education, McElroy had only been in the federal government for a short time.", "Given his background in industry and President Eisenhower's predominance in defense matters, McElroy's appointment was not unusual.", "The day he took office, he spelled out his mandate, \"I conceive the role of the Secretary of Defense to be that of captain of President Eisenhower's defense team.\"", "The Soviet Union launched Sputnik I, the world's first satellite, four days before Defense Secretary Charles E. Wilson left office.", "This event, which raised important questions about the U.S. defense program, served as a backdrop to the swearing in of McElroy as Secretary of Defense.", "The launch of Sputnik I and a second Soviet satellite prevented McElroy from easing into his duties at a deliberate pace.", "To meet the concern of the sputniks, McElroy attempted to clarify the relative positions of the United States and the Soviet Union in missile development and to speed up the U.S. effort.", "With proper deployment in overseas locations, the United States' intermediate-range missiles would serve as effectively as the Soviet intercontinental-range missiles.", "The Air Force and Army Jupiter IRBMs were ordered into production without waiting for the completion of final tests and evaluations, so they could be deployed to the United Kingdom before the end of the year.", "The Air Force liquid-fuel Atlas and Titan ICBMs were ordered accelerated by McElroy.", "The Air Force was given the go-ahead to begin development of the Minuteman in February of 1958, with operational status expected in the early 1960s.", "He acknowledged that the Sputnik success had an impact on world public opinion, but he didn't think it represented a major change in the world's military balance.", "The launching of the Sputniks indicated that the Soviet Union is more advanced scientifically than many had realized, and that the weapons of the future may be a great deal closer to us than we had thought.", "Congressional anxiety about a so-called \"missile gap\" between the United States and the Soviet Union was one of the reasons why McElroy had to explain the missile programs.", "The missile gap controversy was shared by McElroy.", "He said that the United States was behind the Russians in the satellite and missile fields.", "He pointed out that while the Soviet Union was ahead in satellites, it wasn't necessarily ahead in missiles.", "There were still charges of a missile gap.", "The United States and the Soviet Union had about the same number of ICBMs, but the Soviet Union would probably have more missiles than the United States if they built missiles up to their capacity, as was stated by the former president.", "The presidential campaign of 1960 was dominated by the missile gap debate.", "The Defense Reorganization Act of 1958 may have been helped by the Soviet sputniks.", "President Eisenhower provided strong leadership in achieving the necessary legislation, but it was McElroy who was instrumental in seeing it through.", "The role of the secretary was influenced by the Defense Reorganization Act.", "The creation of a strong director of defense research and engineering and the replacement of service executive agents by the JCS was considered the most important aspects of the reorganization.", "The shaping of Department of Defense plans and programs was influenced by the budget.", "Although the Eisenhower administration wanted to control expenditures and balance the budget, they did not place the economy above readiness.", "He was a strong supporter of the military assistance program.", "He said that military assistance is to the defense of our country as fire prevention is to fire fighting.", "If you don't take steps to prevent fires from getting out of control before they reach your plant, you can have the best, most modern sprinkling system in your factory.", "He oversaw a budget that remained strict.", "In spite of public concern, the Eisenhower administration did not panic after the Russian Sputnik.", "It did not support a drastic increase in the defense budget because it shifted some expenditure priorities.", "The president and Secretary argued that the budget was adequate to keep the nation safe.", "The Defense Department's total obligational authority by fiscal year was as follows: 1958, $41.1 billion; 1959, $42.1 billion; and 1960, $40.2 billion.", "In 1957, when he became secretary of defense, McElroy limited his availability to about two years.", "Early in 1959 the secretary confirmed that he would resign before the end of the year, despite criticism that he was leaving just as he had learned the job.", "The death of Donald A. Quarles in May 1959 ended speculation that he would succeed him.", "The Secretary of the Navy replaced the previous Secretary of the Navy when the previous Secretary's resignation became effective on December 1, 1959.", "He served as secretary of defense longer than any of his predecessors.", "President Eisenhower presented McElroy with the medal of freedom.", "He became chairman of the board of P&G after leaving the Pentagon.", "He died of cancer in 1972 at the age of68.", "He was survived by his family.", "The Department of Defense has a biography of Thomas K. American Business, 1920-2000: How It worked.", "The book was written by Harlan Davidson in Wheeling, Illinois.", "48-47.", "The Papers of Neil H. McElroy can be found in the Eisenhower Presidential Library." ]

[ "Neil Hosler McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", ". McElroy", "Malcolm McElroy", "Harlan Davidson", "Neil H", ". McElroy", "Neil McElroy", "Neil McElroy" ]

[ "Neil Hosler McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "McElroy", "Harlan Davidson", "Neil H", ". McElroy" ]

[ "Janhilly \"Jan\" Manual (born January 13, 1986) is a Filipino actor and comedian.", "He made his first showbiz appearance on the fourth season of the Philippine reality show StarStruck where he finished as an avenger.", "He is currently a contract artist of GMA Artist Center.", "He is also the nephew of Survivor Philippines Season 1 Castaway Rob Sy.", "Biography\n\n2006—2007: StarStruck\n\nOn September 3, 2006, GMA Network formally announced the return of their reality-based talent show now titled StarStruck: The Next Level (aka StarStruck 4), a new and improved edition of the popular show.", "Hosted by the same hosts and headed by The Council members' Lorna Tolentino, Louie Ignacio and Douglas Quijano, the show had its pilot episode on December 4, 2006.", "In the 4th year of the reality-talent search, the age bracket for star wannabes was adjusted from 15 to 18 in previous batches to 16–21, a milestone in StarStruck History.", "Unlike the previous batches which launched 14, this batch were trimmed down to twenty, dubbed as the \"Top 20\".", "Also, four winners were picked in this season — Ultimate Sweetheart, Ultimate Hunk, and Ultimate Loveteam.", "Just like in previous seasons, voting is via the internet and mobile phones and this constitutes 50% of the total scores of the survivors.", "Jan made it through to the Top 14 but was eliminated.", "At the Final Judgment, he received an award for Dats Entertaining Award along with Dex Quindoza for Male with the Most Dramatic Exit, Stef Prescott for Female With the Most Dramatic Exit, and Jesi Corcuera for the Best Taktak Award.", "2007—2018: Post—StarStruck \nHe is presently making his own mark and signature in the Philippine show business through his role as Pacboy, the comic imitation of Manny Pacquiao in his segment in Startalk.", "He is joined with his fellow StarStruck alumni Chariz Solomon with StarStruck V's graduates Nina Kodaka and Princess Snell.", "Jan also voiced the character Chad from Bleach anime.", "Jan had some offerings which were sexy roles but he refused because he thought that he was too sexy to be in it, \"sexy of fats\".", "While celebrating the KapusOlympics Watermania 2008 in Golden Sunset Resort, the torch accidentally fell onto Jan's face and to some part of his body.", "He stayed in hospital for three weeks and couldn't do anything but to rest while fighting for his life thinking that it was his end.", "After three weeks of medication, Jan back to work and there were no marks that made by the accident.", "That experience for him is considered as a miracle.", "Jan was included in I Laugh Sabado.", "that served as his biggest break as he was one of the main hosts.", "According to him in an interview, he said he could be free from the shadows of his character in Startalk who is \"Pacboy\".", "He joined the casts of Wally Bayola, Paolo Paraiso, Janna Dominguez, Gee Canlas, Alfred Marquez and Archie Alemania.", "I Laugh Sabado was directed by Bibeth Orteza.", "In the said show, he also said that he was able to show his other abilities as a comedian.", "Aside from his stint in I Laugh Sabado, he was seen more often in some shows of GMA as an extended cast such as The Last Prince and in Panday Kids.", "Jan appeared in Take Me Out, a TV dating game show hosted by Jay-R.", "Being a comedian, Jan also served as guest in Bubble Gang where he admitted he wanted to be part of the country's best gag show.", "In 2011, Jan was cast in the country's first epic-serye and the most expensive project GMA has done yet before Indio — Amaya starred by Marian Rivera and Sid Lucero.", "In 2012, Jan was part of the early prime time show, My Daddy Dearest as Jing.", "In 2013, Jan was expected to be part of a new series to be led by his StarStruck batch-mates, Aljur Abrenica and Kris Bernal.", "The title of the series was Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko.", "Aside from his then upcoming prime time series, in July 2013, Bubble Gang revealed that Manual is part of the show's search for a new batch of comedians.", "Their search is called \"Bagong Gang The Search for New Recruits\".", "However, Manual shared that he might eliminate himself in Bubble Gang because of the possible schedule conflict with his Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko role, although he said that nothing was definite yet as of that moment.", "In the end, Jan was able to finish his soap and at the same time, winning the competition in the gag show.", "In mid-2013, Jan appeared in Wagas, a romance drama anthology aired in GMA News TV with Frank Magalona and Kylie Padilla, and in Pepito Manaloto as Lawrence.", "Jan also portrayed the role of Charice Pempengco's manager in Charice's life story in Magpakailanman.", "In early 2014, Jan had his first movie project via Basement.", "He portrayed the character of Migs, the nurse of Pilita Corrales' character.", "The said film was released on February 12, 2013, making it as the Valentine movie offering of GMA Films.", "By the end the first quarter of 2014, Jan had his first starring role via the Lenten season offering of The 700 Club Asia's Tanikala, My Sister, My Lover.", "He starred opposite Sheena Halili, another StarStruck alumna.", "Jan played the character of Art Duyan, a gay before who got married and eventually getting a family.", "Art is now a pastor.", "Jan is a no stranger to gay roles as he played several gay roles before.", "According to him, his role in My Sister, My Lover is special to him because the show has a different purpose which is not just to entertain.", "He also said that he accepted the role because he knows that that show would do something good and there would be a lot of viewers who would be able to relate to the story.", "According to CBN Asia's website, Tanikala (Shackles) is their annual TV drama special that airs nationwide in the Philippines every Holy Week.", "It \"features true-to-life stories of Filipinos who fought their way out of the darkness of their lives, and found the light of the truth in Jesus\".", "After months of not having an acting project aside from his Bubble Gang stint, Jan becomes part of the weekly drama anthology, Seasons of Love, where he is in the second installment entitled \"I Do, I Don't\" which starred by Louise delos Reyes, Geoff Eigenmann and Mike Tan.", "His character's name is Badoy, the best friend of Mike Tan's character, Gary.", "Personal life\nJan has stated that he wants to concentrate on comedy.", "He said that Michael V. and Jim Carrey are his idols when it comes to make people laugh.", "He has plans in relocating to the United States if his showbiz career does not work out.", "Though Jan is most interested in comedy roles, he still hopes to do drama series as well.", "He enjoys working out through Taekwondo and boxing.", "Jan married Jamey Santiago in June 2018.", "They met due to attending the same church.", "Santiago is one of the hosts of Christian TV show 700 Club Asia.", "Filmography\n\nTelevision\n\nFilm\n\nSee also\n Sheena Halili\n Kevin Santos\n Arci Muñoz\n Kim Domingo\n Sef Cadayona\n\nExternal links \nJan Manual at GMANetwork.com\n\nReferences \n\n1986 births\n21st-century Filipino male actors\nFilipino male comedians\nFilipino male television actors\nSparkle GMA Artist Center\nLiving people\nStarStruck (Philippine TV series) participants\nMale actors from Manila\nFilipino male actors" ]

[ "Janhilly \"Jan\" Manual was born on January 13, 1986 in the Philippines.", "He appeared on the fourth season of the Philippine reality show StarStruck as an avenger.", "He is an artist at the GMA Artist Center.", "He is the nephew of a survivor.", "On September 3, 2006 GMA Network formally announced the return of their reality-based talent show now titled StarStruck: The Next Level, a new and improved edition of the popular show.", "The show had its pilot episode on December 4, 2006 and was hosted by the same hosts.", "In the 4th year of the reality-talent search, the age range for star wannabes was adjusted from 15 to 18 in previous batches.", "The \"Top 20\" were trimmed down to twenty from the previous 14.", "The winners of this season were Ultimate Sweetheart, Ultimate Hunk, and Ultimate Loveteam.", "50% of the total scores of the survivors are determined by voting via the internet and mobile phones.", "Jan was eliminated from the Top 14.", "He was one of four people to receive an award at the Final Judgment, including male with the most dramatic exit and female with the most dramatic exit.", "He is making his own mark and signature in the Philippine show business through his role as Pacboy, the comic imitation of Manny Pacquiao in his segment in Startalk.", "He is with his fellow StarStruck alumni as well as StarStruck V's graduates.", "The character Chad was voiced by Jan.", "Jan refused sexy roles because he thought they were too sexy to be in.", "The torch fell onto Jan's face and part of his body while he was at the KapusOlympics Watermania 2008 in Golden Sunset Resort.", "He was in the hospital for three weeks and couldn't do anything but fight for his life.", "Jan returned to work and there were no marks from the accident.", "The experience he had is considered a miracle.", "Jan was a part of the show.", "He was one of the main hosts and that was his biggest break.", "He said in an interview that he could be free from the shadows of his character in Startalk.", "He was in the casts of Paolo Paraiso, Janna Dominguez, Alfred Marquez, and Archie Alemania.", "Bibeth Orteza directed I Laugh Sabado.", "He said in the show that he was able to show his other skills as a comedian.", "He was seen more often in shows of GMA as an extended cast, such as The Last Prince and Panday Kids.", "Jay-R hosted Take Me Out, a TV dating game show.", "Jan admitted he wanted to be a part of the country's best gag show when he was a guest in Bubble Gang.", "Jan was cast in the country's first starred epic-serye and the most expensive project ever done by GMA.", "Jan was a part of the early prime time show, My Daddy Dearest.", "Jan was supposed to be a part of a new series led by his StarStruck co-stars, Aljur Abrenica and Kris Bernal.", "The series was called Prinsesa ng Buhay Ko.", "Manual is a part of the show's search for a new group of comedians.", "\"Bagong Gang The Search for New Recruits\" is what they are looking for.", "Manual said that he might eliminate himself from Bubble Gang because of the possible schedule conflict with his role in Buhay Ko.", "Jan was able to finish his soap and win the gag show at the same time.", "In mid-2013, Jan appeared as Lawrence in a romance drama anthology aired on GMA News TV.", "The role of Charice Pempengco's manager was portrayed by Jan.", "Jan's first movie project was via Basement.", "The nurse of Pilita Corrales' character was portrayed by him.", "The film was released in February of last year.", "The 700 Club Asia's Tanikala, My Sister, My Lover was Jan's first starring role.", "He starred opposite Sheena Halili.", "Jan played the character of Art Duyan, a gay who got married and had a family.", "Art is a pastor.", "Jan has played gay roles before.", "He says that his role in My Sister, My Lover is special to him because the show has a different purpose which is not just to entertain.", "He said that he accepted the role because he knew that the show would do something good and there would be a lot of viewers who would be able to relate to the story.", "Every Holy Week, Tanikala (Shackles) is an annual TV drama special that airs nationwide in the Philippines.", "There are true-to-life stories of Filipinos who fought their way out of the darkness of their lives and found the light of the truth in Jesus.", "After months of not having an acting project aside from his Bubble Gang stint, Jan becomes part of the weekly drama anthology, Seasons of Love, where he is in the second installment entitled \"I Do, I Don't.\"", "Badoy is the best friend of Mike Tan's character, Gary.", "Jan wants to concentrate on comedy.", "When it comes to making people laugh, Michael V. and Jim Carrey are his idols.", "If his career doesn't work out, he will move to the United States.", "Jan wants to do drama series as well as comedy roles.", "He likes boxing and Taekwondo.", "In June of last year, Jan married Jamey Santiago.", "They met at the same church.", "700 Club Asia is hosted by Santiago.", "There are also links to the Jan Manual at GMANetwork.com." ]

[ "Janhilly", "Jan", "\" Manual", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Janna", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Manual", "Manual", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan" ]

[ "Janhilly", "Jan", "\" Manual", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Janna", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Manual", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan", "Jan" ]

[ "Herodian or Herodianus () of Syria, sometimes referred to as \"Herodian of Antioch\" (c. 170 – c. 240), was a minor Roman civil servant who wrote a colourful history in Greek titled History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus (τῆς μετὰ Μάρκον βασιλείας ἱστορία) in eight books covering the years 180 to 238.", "His work is not entirely reliable although his relatively unbiased account of Elagabalus is more useful than that of Cassius Dio.", "Herodian himself may have been a Syrian (perhaps from Antioch) who appears to have lived for a considerable period of time in Rome, but possibly without holding any public office.", "From his extant work, we gather that he was still living at an advanced age during the reign of Gordianus III, who ascended the throne in 238.", "Beyond this, nothing is known of his life.", "Herodian writes (1.1.3; 2.15.7) that the events described in his history occurred during his lifetime.", "Photius (Codex 99) gives an outline of the contents of this work and passes a flattering encomium on the style of Herodian, which he describes as clear, vigorous, agreeable, and preserving a happy medium between an utter disregard of art and elegance and a profuse employment of the artifices and prettinesses which were known under the name of Atticism, as well as between boldness and bombast.", "He appears to have used Thucydides as a model to some extent, both for style and for the general composition of his work, often introducing speeches wholly or in part imaginary.", "In spite of occasional inaccuracies in chronology and geography, his narrative is in the main truthful and impartial.", "However, some charge him with showing too great a partiality for Pertinax.", "Birth, life, and death\nThe dates of the birth and death of Herodian are unknown.", "All available information concerning his life is derived from what he himself wrote, so the evidence is scarce.", "One can assume that he must have reached the age of ten by the year 180 due to the attentive detail in his descriptions of the events of that time.", "One notion is that Herodian must have finished writing around 240, which would have made him about 70.", "He mentions, “My aim is to write a systematic account of the events within a period of seventy years, covering the reigns of several emperors, of which I have personal experience.” (2.15.7) This reaffirms the notion that Herodian was about 70 years of age when this was written and that the actions did indeed occur during his lifetime.", "However, it is possible that his history was composed at a later date.", "Herodian's descriptions of Gordian III are less than flattering, and it is doubtful that he released such a negative review of a current emperor.", "Following this logic, his history was finished in 244 at the earliest, when Gordian III died.", "In his first and third books, Herodian mentions the games of Commodus in 192, and the Secular Games of Septimius Severus in 204.", "If Herodian attended the games of Commodus, he had been at least 14 at the time, which is to say that he was born in 178 at the latest.", "The nationality of Herodian is also unclear.", "He was not from Italy, for he says the Alps were bigger than anything “in our part of the world.” (2.11.8) It has been suggested that Herodian was from Alexandria since he placed such a large emphasis on Caracalla's massacre of this city and its inhabitants.", "It is also believed that he could have possibly been an eyewitness to these attacks.", "Herodian does refer to Alexandria as the second city of the empire; however, this may be disregarded since he also applies the same title to Antioch and Carthage.", "It has been proposed that Herodian was the son of Aelius Herodianus, an Alexandrian grammarian.", "Although this does fit chronologically, there is no other evidence to support it.", "The popular speculation, however, is that Herodian was from Antioch.", "Herodian describes the character of the Syrians as quick-witted and mentions them twice more.", "However, there are also gaps in Herodian's knowledge of Syrian affairs which lead one to believe that he might not have been from the region at all.", "For example, he confuses two Parthian kings, and his chronology and geography of the Parthian campaign in 197–198 are deeply flawed.", "These flaws could be explained with a lack of knowledge of a small part of the empire; however, one would assume that an inhabitant of Syria would have had access to this knowledge.", "In short, unless an inscription is discovered, Herodian's place of birth will never be known for certain.", "Occupation and social status\nNeither the occupation nor the social status of Herodian is known.", "Herodian mentions, “I have written a history of the events following the death of Marcus which I saw and heard in my lifetime.", "I had a personal share in some of these events during my imperial and public service.” (1.2.5) It has been suggested that Herodian was a senator due to his knowledge of the senatus consultum tacitum, which was a secret declaration by the senate when they chose the emperors Pupienus and Balbinus.", "However, it is also stated that news of this was leaked by some senators, and it certainly would not have remained a secret for the entirety of Herodian's lifetime.", "It is possible, however, that Herodian was a freedman.", "This fits the profile perfectly, for he would not have cared for the larger political issues, and instead, would have concentrated on personalities and intricacies.", "Still yet, Herodian could have been an apparitor, a scribe or an attendant to the emperor.", "This would be suiting, for he would have had access to senatorial documents, traveled extensively, and been knowledgeable in the field of fiscal affairs, which Herodian repetitively stressed in his history.", "Accomplishments\n\nHerodian's Roman History is a collection of eight books covering the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D. to the beginning of Gordian III's reign in 238.", "It provides a first person account of one of the most politically diverse times of the Roman Empire.", "The first book describes the reign of Commodus from 180 to 192, and the second discusses the Year of the Five Emperors in 193.", "Book Three encompasses the reign of Septimius Severus from 193 to 211, while the fourth discusses the reign of Caracalla from 211 to 217.", "Book five is about the reign of Elagabalus from 218 through 222, and book six deals with the reign of Severus Alexander from 222 to 235.", "The seventh book recounts the reign of Maximinus Thrax from 235 to 238, and the final one describes the Year of the Six Emperors in 238.", "Most likely, Herodian is writing for an eastern audience, for he often explains different Roman customs and beliefs that would have seemed foreign to Easterners.", "Herodian has been both praised and criticized by scholars.", "The first person on record to review Herodian is the ninth-century patriarch of Constantinople, Photius.", "Of Herodian, Photius wrote “he neither exaggerates with hyperbole nor omits anything essential; in short, in all the virtues of historiography there are few men who are his superior.” Zosimus used him as a source as did John of Antioch when writing his World Chronicle.", "An English translator of the Roman History wrote in 1705 that Herodian \"still preserves a Majesty suitable to the Greatness of the Subject which he treats, and has something in him so pleasing and comely, as perhaps all the Art and Labour of other Men can never reach.” Altheim commended Herodian's wide vision of the period, and F.A.", "Wolf acclaimed Herodian's lack of bias and superstition.", "However, not all views of Herodian are positive.", "For example, Wolf also charged Herodian with a deficiency in critical faculty.", "While the author of the Historia Augusta drew from Herodian, he also censured him for bias, and Herodian was by no means Zosimus’ first choice.", "Similarly, Joannes Zonaras only utilized Herodian where Cassius Dio's history leaves off.", "Herodian has long been criticized for a lack of historical accuracy, but recent studies have tended to side with him, legitimizing his historical facts.", "In the second book, Herodian states that his intention was to “narrate only the most important and conclusive…actions separately and in chronological order.” (2.15.7) Because of this, Herodian sometimes conflates a large number of events into a single reference or two.", "For example, all of Caracalla's campaign in the north during 213 through 214 is condensed into two short allusions.", "Similarly, a single reference to a winter in Sirmium sums up Maximinus’ battles on the Rhine and Danube in 236 through 238.", "Herodian also occasionally falls short in his descriptions of geography.", "He confuses Arabia Scenite with Arabia Felix and claims that Issus was where the final battle and capture of Darius III took place.", "In regards to Cassius Dio, both he and Herodian admittedly make many errors in their histories.", "Dio is credited as the expert when it comes to the senate; however, Herodian challenges Dio on his description of the people's reaction to the proclamation of Septimius Severus as their new emperor.", "Dio's work is not always the more accurate of the two and must not be immediately chosen over Herodian's.", "References\n\n Browning, Robert.", "The Classical Review, New Series, Vol.", "21, No.", "2 (Jun., 1971), pp.", "194–196.", "Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 1995.", "Carney, T.F..", "The Classical Review, New Series, Vol.", "21, No.", "2 (Jun., 1971), pp.", "194–196.", "Oxford: Cambridge University Press, 1995.", "Downey, Glanville.", "The Classical Journal, Vol.", "67, No.", "2 (Dec., 1971 - Jan., 1972), pp.", "182–184.", "Northfield: The Classical Association of the Middle West and South, Inc. \n Roos, A.G.", "The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol.", "5, (1915), pp.", "191–202.", "London: Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.", "Whittaker, C.R.. Herodian: History of the Empire, Volume I, Books 1–4 (Loeb Classical Library No.", "455).", "London: Loeb Classical Library, 1970.", "External links\n\nEnglish translation of Herodian\nLivius, Herodian by Jona Lendering, with full text in translation\n\nRoman-era Greek historians\nAncient Greeks in Rome\n2nd-century Greek people\n3rd-century Greek people\n2nd-century Romans\n3rd-century Romans\n3rd-century historians\n170 births\n240 deaths" ]

[ "The minor Roman civil servant who wrote the History of the Empire from the Death of Marcus was referred to as Herodian or Herodianus.", "His account of Elagabalus is more useful than that of Cassius Dio.", "Herodian may have been a Syrian who lived in Rome for a long time without holding a public office.", "He was living at an advanced age during the reign of Gordianus III, who ascended the throne in 238.", "Nothing is known of his life beyond this.", "The events described in Herodian's history happened during his lifetime.", "The style of Herodian is described by Photius as clear, vigorous, agreeable, and preserving a happy medium between an utter disregard of art and elegance.", "He used Thucydides as a model to some extent, both for style and for the general composition of his work, often introducing speeches wholly or in part imaginary.", "His narrative is honest and impartial despite occasional inaccuracies.", "He was accused of showing too great a partiality for Pertinax.", "Herodian's birth, life, and death are not known.", "The information about his life is derived from what he wrote.", "He must have reached the age of ten by the year 180 due to the attentive detail in his descriptions.", "Herodian is thought to have finished writing around 240, which would have made him 70.", "He states that he wants to write a systematic account of the events within a period of seventy years, covering the reigns of several emperors, of which he has personal experience.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "It is unlikely that Herodian released a negative review of a current emperor because his descriptions of Gordian III are less than flattering.", "His history was finished when Gordian III died.", "The games of Commodus and the Secular Games of Septimius Severus were mentioned in Herodian's first and third books.", "If Herodian attended the games of Commodus, he was at least 14 at the time, which is to say that he was born in 178.", "Herodian's nationality is not clear.", "It has been suggested that Herodian was from Alexandria since he placed such a large emphasis on Caracalla's massacre of this city and its inhabitants.", "It is thought that he could have been involved in the attacks.", "Alexandria is referred to as the second city of the empire by Herodian since he also applies the same title to Carthage.", "There is a proposal that Herodian was the son of Aelius Herodianus.", "There is no other evidence to support this.", "Herodian is thought to be from Antioch.", "The Syrians are described as quick-witted by Herodian.", "There are gaps in Herodian's knowledge of Syrian affairs which lead one to believe that he might not have been from the region at all.", "The geography of the Parthian campaign in 197–198 is deeply flawed because he confuses two Parthian kings.", "The flaws could be explained by a lack of knowledge of a small part of the empire, but one would assume that an inhabitant of Syria would have had access to this knowledge.", "Herodian's place of birth will never be known unless an inscription is found.", "Herodian's occupation and social status are not known.", "Herodian wrote a history of the events following Marcus' death.", "Herodian may have been a senator due to his knowledge of the senatus consultum, which was a secret declaration by the senate when they chose the emperors.", "It is said that the news of this was leaked by some senators, and it would not have remained a secret for Herodian's lifetime.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "He wouldn't have cared for the larger political issues and would have focused on personality and intricacies.", "Herodian could have been an apparitor or an attendant to the emperor.", "Herodian stressed in his history that he had access to senatorial documents, traveled extensively, and was knowledgeable in the field of fiscal affairs.", "Herodian's Roman History covers the period from the death of Marcus Aurelius in 180 A.D. to the beginning of Gordian III's reign in 238.", "It is a first person account of one of the most politically diverse times of the Roman Empire.", "The first book talks about the reign of Commodus from 180 to 192, while the second talks about the Year of the Five Emperors.", "The third book covers the reign of Septimius Severus from 193 to 211, while the fourth covers the reign of Caracalla from 211 to 217.", "The fifth book deals with the reign of Elagabalus from 218 to 222 and the sixth deals with the reign of Alexander from 222 to 235.", "The Year of the Six Emperors in 238 is described in the final book.", "Herodian often explains Roman customs and beliefs that would have been hard for Easterners to understand.", "Herodian has been praised and criticized.", "Photius is the first person to review Herodian.", "There are few men who are Herodian's superior, according to Photius, who used him as a source.", "Herodian is still suitable to the Greatness of the Subject which he treats, and has something in him that is pleasing and comely, as perhaps all the Art and Labour of other Men can never reach.", "Herodian's lack of bias and superstition was praised by Wolf.", "Some views of Herodian are not positive.", "Wolf charged Herodian with a deficiency in critical faculty.", "While the author of Historia Augusta drew from Herodian, he also censured him for being biased.", "Herodian was only used by Joannes Zonaras.", "Herodian has been criticized for a lack of historical accuracy, but recent studies have tended to side with him, legitimizing his historical facts.", "Herodian stated in the second book that he intended tonarrate only the most important and conclusive actions separately and in chronological order.", "There are two short allusions to Caracalla's campaign in the north.", "A single reference to a winter in Sirmium sums up the battles that took place on the Rhine and the Danube.", "Herodian's descriptions of geography sometimes fall short.", "He confuses Arabia Scenite with Arabia Felix and claims that Issus was where the final battle took place.", "Both he and Herodian made mistakes in their histories.", "Herodian challenges Dio on his description of the people's reaction to Septimius Severus as their new emperor, despite the fact that he is credited with being the expert when it comes to the senate.", "Dio's work is not always more accurate than Herodian's.", "Browning, Robert.", "The Classical Review is a new series.", "21, No.", "2 was published in 1971", "195–196.", "Cambridge University Press was published in 1995.", "T.F. Carney.", "The Classical Review is a new series.", "21, No.", "2 was published in 1971", "195–196.", "Cambridge University Press was published in 1995.", "Glanville, Downey.", "The Classical Journal is a journal.", "67, No.", "2 (Dec., 1971 - Jan., 1972), pp.", "182–4.", "The Classical Association of the Middle West and South is located in Northfield.", "The Journal of Roman Studies is a journal.", "5, pp.", "191–2.", "The Society for the promotion of Roman Studies is in London.", "C.R. Whittaker is the author of Herodian: History of the Empire.", "455", "The Loeb Classical Library is located in London.", "English translation of Herodian Livius, Herodian by Jona Lendering, with full text in translation Ancient Greeks in Rome 2nd-century Greek people 3rd-century Greek people 2nd-century Romans 3rd-century Romans 3rd-century historians" ]

[ "Herodian" ]

[ "Herodian" ]

[ "Josefina Báez (La Romana, Dominican Republic/New York), actress, writer, director and educator, is the founder and present director of Ay Ombe Theatre Troupe (estd.", "1986).", "She was born in La Romana, Dominican Republic and moved to New York when she was 12 years old.", "Baez is best known for her performance texts Dominicanish, Comrade, Bliss Ain't Playing and Levente no.", "Yolayorkdominicanyork.", "Baez describes herself as \"a performer-writer-educator-director whose work explores the present and its encounters with the past and future.\"", "Baez has been involved with multiple theatre festivals and travels globally conducting Ay Ombe workshops and theatre retreats.", "She often writes about her bi-lingual and bi-cultural experiences.", "Works\n\nWritten \n\n Dominicanish\n Comrade, Bliss ain't playing and its translations to Russian (by Olga Gak), Hindi (Reema Moudgil), Swedish (Maria Roddrick), Spanish (Marcela Reales Visbal), Portuguese (Cristiane Lírica) and Italian Arisleyda Dilone.", "Dramaturgia I & II\n Como la Una/Como Uma (in Spanish & Portuguese)\n Levente no.", "Yolayorkdominicanyork.", "Canto de Plenitud\n As Is E (An anthology)\nWhy is my name Marysol?", "(A children story)\n\nBaez's works have been published in Forward Motion Magazine (NYC), Brujula/Compass (Latin American Writers Institute (NYC)), Ventana Abierta (University of California), Tertuliando/Hanging Out (Anthology of Dominican women writers in New York), Vetas (Dominican Republic), Caribbean Connections: Moving North (NECA/Washington, Dominicanish (NYC) and the Beacon Press 2001 Anthology. .\n\nDominicanish had a performance life of 10 fruitful years.", "The text has also been translated into Bengali.", "Themes \n\nBaez's works are related to the communities that she belong, mainly a penta-ocean that she swims up, down and around: her migrant-womanhood-working class-black-heart centric self.", "In her own interpretation:\n\nSound and silence movimiento y quietud\n\nMovement and stillness sonidos silencios\n\nAll colors All textures las gamas de los colores\n\nSwimming in all possibilities texturas melodias en encuentros posibles\n\nA review of Comrade, Bliss ain't Playing describes the work as \"an intimate journey dressed up with a beautiful vulnerability\"\n\nPulitzer Prize winner Junot Díaz has said of Baez:\n\nJosefina Báez has been breaking open hearts and re-ordering minds for more years than I care to count.", "She is one of North America's finest artists and she is, without question, one of my favorite writers.", "She is a sword bathed in flame, she's a marvel.", "Levente no.Yolayorkdominicanyork is her finest work yet.", "Baez uses her writing and performance to make several comments on race and identity.", "One thing she does is embrace her blackness and her Dominican heritage, something referred to as a \"double-consciousness.\"", "In addition to embracing her black and dominican identities, she must also acknowledge her identities of being an immigrant and trans-migrant, themes common in her writing and performances.", "When a dominican migrates to the United States, they are then neither considered fully Dominican or American.", "The individual is then considered to only partially belong to both cultures, creating an \"in-betweenness.\"", "By embracing and expressing her many identities and using her performances to share them, she is resisting America's attempt to marginalize her experience.", "Despite living in New York City, a racially and culturally diverse setting, Baez and other immigrants still feel the struggle everyday of not being accepted.", "Performance Autology \nJosefina Baez has also created a system of art, based on her own learning, called \"Performance Autology\".", "It has been described as:\n \n\"It approaches the creative process from the autobiography of the doer.", "Technically kept to the core, this path is developed in sobriety.", "The physical, mental and spiritual realms are researched and nurtured.", "Sources in this study includes theatre biomechanics, yoga, meditation, calligraphy, world dance, music, literature, theatre, popular culture, tea culture, video arts, social, health and healing sciences, among others.\"", "Retreats \nBaez and Ay Ombe organize theatre retreats internationally.", "Ay Ombe Retreats have already been held at:\n\n Christchurch, New Zealand:February 2004;\n Pirque and Miravalle, Chile:February 2005, April 2006, November 2007; \n Bangalore, India:January 2009\n New York State: August 2009.", "Sonido del Yaque Eco-lodge: Jarabacoa, Dominican Republic 2015\n Black Mountain, North Carolina 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016\n\nPerformances \n\nBaez's 2009 performance of Dominicanish marked its 10th anniversary and took place at Harlem Stage, New York from November 6–8, 2009.", "The word 'dominicanish' is used to describe her experience because, as a result of her migration, she is not only dominican.", "It deals with issues of migration and absorption of new cultures.", "Even her use of combining english and Spanish is an example of her being in-between two cultures.", "As she retells her experience of learning english, she moves her mouth and body in unique ways, while her feet remain still.", "This shows how American society is trying to force her to assimilate into their culture and her resistance to doing so.", "Baez draws heavily from her own experiences as an immigrant from the Dominican Republic.", "Being a Dominican immigrant, Baez possesses multiple identities.", "In Dominicanish, her identity is defined as always being in motion.", "She is constantly moving between cultures or physically between two countries.", "This motion is expressed through her body movement as she is performing.", "The play is published slightly different throughout its editions since the state of the dominican immigrant is not static.", "In her performance of Dominicanish, she uses examples of daily activities as ways to resist a culture that is trying to erase her colored body.", "The one-woman play is directed by Claudio Mir and was accompanied by trumpet music by Ross Huff.", "The performance, which went under the title \"OM is 10\" was followed by an academic symposium \"Dialogue Dominicanish\" organized and co-ordinated by Esther Hernandez (Brown University).", "Participants included: Conrad James (Birmingham University, UK), Arturo Victoriano (University of Toronto, Canada), Danny Mendez (Michigan State University), Sophie Mariñez (CUNY Graduate Center), Nestor Rodriguez (University of Toronto, Canada), Merle Collins (University of Maryland, USA) and Percy Encinas (Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Peru).", "On March 6, 2015, Josefina directed a performance with students from Spanish 126: \"Performing Latinidad\" to discuss issues of identity and to bring the texts from their class to life.", "Professor Lorgia H. García Peña, an assistant professor of Romance Languages and Literatures teaches the course at Harvard University.", "Many of Baez's performances are easily accessible to the public.", "In addition to performing on large stages, she also performs in smaller settings such as people's homes, on the street, in parks, and schools.", "This ultimately allows her performances to reach a wider audience and become more intimate.", "Her performance of Apartarte/Casarte is often performed in various locations, even in Baez's own home on one occasion.", "During this performance in front of only 12 people, she interacts with the audience throughout the performance.", "Apartarte/Casarte is a performance in which Baez combines parts from her other performances to comment on several themes such as her immigrant experience and marriage.", "There is a part where Baez expresses her happiness of being newly married, which quickly transitions to her frustration of being expected to live up to gendered housewife duties as she angrily performs acts of domesticity.", "In this performance, she is resisting the treatment of women and traditional gender roles.", "References \n\nAmerican stage actresses\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nPeople from La Romana, Dominican Republic\nDominican Republic emigrants to the United States\n21st-century American women" ]

[ "The founder and current director of Ay Ombe Theatre Troupe is Josefina Bez.", "1986", "She moved to New York when she was 12 years old.", "Her performance texts include Dominicanish, Comrade, Bliss Ain't Playing and Levente no.", "Yolayorkdominicanyork.", "Her work explores the present and its encounters with the past and future.", "In addition to conducting Ay Ombe workshops and theatre retreats, Baez has been involved with multiple theatre festivals.", "She writes about her experiences.", "Works Written Dominicanish Comrade, Bliss ain't playing and its translations to Russian, Hindi, Swedish, Spanish, and Portuguese are not.", "Dramaturgia I and II are in Spanish and Portuguese.", "Yolayorkdominicanyork.", "Why is my name Marysol?", "A children story has been published in Forward Motion Magazine.", "The text has also been translated.", "She swims up, down and around her migrant-womanhood-working class-black-heart self in her works, which are related to the communities that she belong to.", "A review of Comrade, in her own interpretation: Sound and silence movimiento y quietud movement and stillness sonidos silencios.", "She is one of the best artists and writers in North America.", "She is a sword that is burning.", "Levente no.Yolayorkdominicanyork is her best work to date.", "She uses her performance and writing to make comments on race.", "She embraces her blackness and her Dominican heritage, something referred to as a \"double-consciousness.\"", "She must acknowledge her identities of being an immigrant and trans-migrant in addition to embracing her black and dominican identities.", "Dominicans who migrate to the United States are not considered fully Dominican or American.", "An \"in-betweenness\" is created when the individual is considered to only partially belong to both cultures.", "She is resisting America's attempt to marginalize her experience by embracing and expressing her many identities and using her performances to share them.", "Despite living in New York City, a racially and culturally diverse setting, Baez and other immigrants still feel the struggle everyday of not being accepted.", "Performance Autology is a system of art created by Josefina Baez.", "It approaches the creative process from the doer's autobiography.", "This path is kept to the core.", "Research is done on the physical, mental and spiritual realm.", "The sources in this study include theatre, yoga, meditation, calligraphy, world dance, music, literature, theatre, popular culture, tea culture, video arts, social, health and healing sciences, among others.", "Theatre retreats are organized by Ay Ombe and Baez.", "The Ay Ombe Retreats have been held in New Zealand,Chile, and India.", "The 10th anniversary of the performance of Dominicanish took place at Harlem Stage in New York in 2009.", "The word 'dominicanish' is used to describe her experience as a result of her migration.", "There are issues of migration and absorption.", "She is in between two cultures with her use of english and Spanish.", "As she retells her experience of learning english, she moves her mouth and body in a variety of ways.", "This shows how American society is trying to force her to be part of their culture.", "As an immigrant from the Dominican Republic, she draws heavily from her experiences.", "Baez is a Dominican immigrant.", "In Dominicanish, her identity is defined as always being in motion.", "She is constantly moving between countries.", "As she is performing, this motion is expressed through her body movement.", "The state of the dominican immigrant is not static and the play is published slightly different throughout its editions.", "She uses examples of daily activities as ways to resist a culture that is trying to erase her colored body in her performance of Dominicanish.", "The one-woman play was accompanied by trumpet music by Ross Huff.", "The performance under the title \"OM is 10\" was followed by an academic symposium called \"Dialogue Dominicanish\".", "Conrad James, a student at the University of London, was one of the participants.", "On March 6, 2015, Josefina directed a performance with students from Spanish 126: \"Performing Latinidad\" to discuss issues of identity and to bring the texts from their class to life.", "Professor Lorgia H. Garca Pea is an assistant professor of Romance Languages and Literatures.", "The public can easily see many of Baez's performances.", "In addition to performing on large stages, she also performs in smaller settings such as people's homes, on the street, in parks, and schools.", "She can reach a wider audience and become more intimate.", "On one occasion, her performance of Apartarte/Casarte was performed in her own home.", "She interacts with the audience during her performance in front of 12 people.", "In Apartarte/Casarte, Baez combines parts from her other performances to comment on her immigrant experience and marriage.", "There is a part where Baez expresses her happiness of being newly married, which quickly transitions to her frustration of being expected to live up to gendered housewife duties as she angrily performs acts of domesticity.", "She is resisting the treatment of women in this performance.", "There are people from the Dominican Republic and the United States who are missing a year of birth." ]

[ "Josefina Báez", "Baez", "Baez", "Baez", "Baez", "Baez", "Josefina", "Baez", "Josefina", "Baez", "Baez", "Baez", "Josefina", "Baez", "Baez" ]

[ "Josefina Bez", "Baez", "Baez", "Josefina", "Baez", "Baezy", "Baez", "Josefina", "Baez", "Baez" ]

[ "David Gilbert (born October 6, 1944) is an American activist who was sentenced in 1983 in Rockland County, New York to a term of 75 years-to-life on three counts of homicide.", "Gilbert was a founding member of the Columbia University chapter of Students for a Democratic Society and became a member of the Weather Underground, a far-left militant organization.", "In October 1981, he participated in the armed robbery of a Brink's armored vehicle, along with members of the Black Liberation Army, members of the May 19 Communist Organization, fellow Weather Underground member Kathy Boudin and others.", "Although he was an unarmed getaway driver, Gilbert was convicted under New York’s felony murder law in the deaths of two Nyack police officers and a Brink's guard who were killed in the robbery.", "Gilbert received a grant of clemency from Governor Andrew Cuomo on August 23, 2021, reducing his minimum term from 75 years to 40, making him eligible to appear before the parole board in October 2021 and seek a conditional release.", "He was granted parole on October 26, 2021, and released on November 4, 2021.", "Early life and education\nGilbert grew up in a Jewish family in Brookline, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston.", "He was an Explorer Scout, and his father was Post Leader, of a South Brookline Explorer Post.", "Inspired in his teens by the Greensboro sit-ins and other events of the Civil Rights Movement, he joined the Congress of Racial Equality at age seventeen.", "He entered Columbia University in 1962.", "In March 1965, Gilbert founded the Independent Committee on Vietnam (ICV) at Columbia.", "Later, in the same year, he co-founded the Columbia chapter of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) which merged with ICV in the Fall of 1966, even though there was already an SDS chapter established at Columbia, formed in the early 1960s.", "The SDS chapter founded by Gilbert became renowned.", "He traveled regularly to Harlem while working as a tutor, and saw Malcolm X speak at Barnard College in February 1965, experiences he describes as formative.", "Gilbert was one of the attendees at the Flint War Council known to the FBI.", "Career\nAfter graduating from Columbia University in June 1966, Gilbert spent most of his days and evenings during the fall of 1967 downtown, attending graduate school at the New School for Social Research, building an SDS chapter there, or attending meetings at the New York SDS Regional Office.", "In addition, Gilbert spent his spare time studying Marx's Kapital and writing New Left theoretical papers on imperialism and U.S. domestic consumption, consumerism and \"the new working-class\".", "At Columbia, the SDS expanded during the Spring 1967 term.", "Gilbert returned to the Columbia campus to offer a \"radical education counter-course\" for Columbia SDS freshmen and sophomores in a lounge in Ferris Booth Hall.", "Known by the late 1960s primarily as a young theorist, publishing articles in New Left Notes and other movement publications, he went on to play an organizing role in the April–May 1968 Columbia student strike.", "On April 4, 1968, Gilbert was arrested for the first time, after joining a disturbance where 6 officers were engaged in a physical altercation with a protester.", "Gilbert's charge was assaulting a police officer.", "Gilbert maintained that the officer scraped his hand when he tried to hit Gilbert in the head with his baton.", "His lawyer advised him to take a plea bargain, and Gilbert pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct and was fined $50.", "During the Columbia strike, which began on April 23, 1968, Gilbert served as part of the strike team.", "Having good relations with some of the faculty, he was called on to be a negotiator.", "At the time of the strike he was still a graduate student at the New School for Social Research.", "In October 1969, he headed a Weather Underground collective in Denver and was arrested twice.", "The first arrest occurred while he was passing out leaflets in front of a community college and his comrades were inside setting off a smoke bomb.", "The second arrest led to a charge of \"assault with a deadly weapon\" after arresting officers found a rock in his pocket.", "Weather Underground\nIn 1969, SDS split into different ideological factions and the Weathermen emerged, its purpose being to promote armed struggle among young white Americans in support of the Black Panthers and other militant groups, and also to oppose the war in Vietnam by means of activities intended to \"Bring the War Home\".", "Gilbert joined this group in 1969 with his friend Ted Gold, who later died in the March 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, along with fellow Weather members Diana Oughton and Terry Robbins.", "The group became clandestine, and the organization was renamed the Weather Underground.", "When Weather went underground, members often used money they already had or which they received from their family to fund their efforts.", "Gilbert cashed in his Israel bonds and half of that money went to supporting Weather and the other half was put into the Black Panther bail fund.", "Gilbert joined the Bay Area collective, living in a San Francisco apartment.", "He and another member were working on one of the group's cars in spring of 1971 when they were approached by two men in suits claiming to be real-estate agents.", "The men asked a few questions and then left.", "Gilbert suspected that these men were actually FBI agents looking for information.", "After several group meetings, they decided to reduce their radical activities for a while.", "As support for the group began to wane on the left, the pace of their activities slowed, and some members of the Weather Underground resurfaced in late 1976 and early 1977.", "Gilbert resurfaced briefly in Denver, Colorado, between 1977 and 1979.", "He had helped organize a Weather collective there in October 1969.", "Before surfacing, he managed to get his criminal charges dropped, so he did not face any potential legal penalties.", "Gilbert, however, did not believe it was in the best interests of the movement for him to resurface.", "Most Weather members were not prosecuted and did not serve time in prison, despite having been sought by the police for years; police misconduct led to the dropping of many charges (see: COINTELPRO).", "Still, Gilbert opted to continue his life underground.", "Gilbert and his then-partner, Kathy Boudin, remained active in the Weather Underground, even following the birth of their son, Chesa Boudin, in August 1980.", "Brink's robbery\n\nIn the late 1970s or early 1980s Gilbert and other white activists joined the RATF (Revolutionary Armed Task Force), an alliance of white revolutionaries with, and under the leadership of, the RATF unit of the Black Liberation Army (BLA).", "On October 20, 1981, the RATF participated, along with several members of the BLA, in an armed robbery of a Brink's armored car at the Nanuet Mall, near Nyack, New York.", "While Gilbert and Boudin acted as the getaway vehicle driver and lookout in a waiting U-Haul truck in a nearby parking lot, armed BLA members took another vehicle to the mall, where a Brink's truck was making a delivery.", "They confronted the guards, and a shootout ensued, wounding guard Joe Trombino after he fired one shot, and killing his co-worker, Peter Paige.", "The robbers then took $1.6 million in cash and raced to transfer this into the waiting U-Haul.", "The truck was soon stopped by a police roadblock.", "Two police officers, Waverly L. Brown and Edward J. O'Grady, were killed in the shootout.", "Gilbert fled the area with other RATF and BLA members but was caught by police that day.", "He was convicted and sentenced in 1983 to 75 years for three counts of felony murder.", "Imprisonment\nWhile confined at the maximum security Auburn Correctional Facility in Cayuga County, New York during the early years of his sentence, Gilbert in 1987 co-founded an inmate peer education program on HIV and AIDS, and a similar, more successful project in Great Meadows Prison in Comstock following his transfer to the eastern part of the state.", "Gilbert served his sentence in various New York prisons, being last incarcerated at the Shawangunk Correctional Facility, just outside Wallkill, New York.", "Commutation of sentence\nOn August 23, 2021, his last day in office, Governor Andrew Cuomo granted Gilbert clemency in the form of a partial sentence commutation.", "The commutation of Gilbert's minimum sentence from 75 years to the 40 years he served by October 2021 did not constitute a pardon or reduce the sentence to time served but did make Gilbert eligible to appear before the state's parole board.", "The board announced on October 26, 2021, that it had granted Gilbert parole, effective in November 2021.", "Gilbert was released on November 4, 2021.", "Writings\nDavid Gilbert co-wrote the pamphlet U.S.", "Imperialism with David Loud.", "The pamphlet was used across the country as a study guide by SDSers.", "Gilbert co-wrote an article entitled \"Praxis and the New Left\".", "It appeared in the first issue of Praxis on February 13, 1967.", "The article, co-written with Bob Gottlieb and Gerry Tenney, was part of a longer position paper called the \"Port Authority Statement\".", "There is a mini-biography on David Gilbert on page 312 of the book Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity, by Dan Berger.", "In an article published in the Columbia Daily Spectator on April 2, 1983, Bob Feldman wrote: \"Beyond Brinks: David Gilbert Talks About the Robbery, the Underground, the Struggle\".", "Gilbert was one of a small group that edited and rewrote Bill Ayers' initial draft of Prairie Fire.", "Explaining the book's purpose, Gilbert said, \"We needed something to re-mobilize us, we needed to have an organization to fight imperialism.\"", "Gilbert's political memoir, Love And Struggle: My Life in SDS, the Weather Underground and Beyond was published in 2012 by PM Press.", "Personal life\nGilbert had a son with fellow Weather Underground member Kathy Boudin, in New York City in 1980.", "When Gilbert and Boudin were arrested for the Brink's robbery, their 14-month-old son, Chesa Boudin, was raised in Chicago by adoptive parents Bill Ayers and Bernardine Dohrn, who, like his parents, had been members of the Weather Underground.", "After working as a public defender, in 2019, Chesa was elected District Attorney of San Francisco.", "See also\n May 19th Communist Organization\n List of Weatherman actions\n\nNotes\n\nExternal links\n Writings by David Gilbert from the Kersplebedeb web site\n An interview from 1985, in which Gilbert discusses the Brinks robbery and his trial.", "From the site Informations sur des prisonnier(e)s politiques.", "NY State Department of Correctional Services file\n Gilbert is an adviser and collaborator of the annual Certain Days Free Political Prisoners Calendar.", "1944 births\nAmerican activists\nAmerican anti–Vietnam War activists\nAmerican essayists\nAmerican male essayists\nAmerican people convicted of murdering police officers\nAmerican prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment\nAmerican communists\nAmerican socialists\nBoudin family\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\nAmerican social sciences writers\nCOINTELPRO targets\nJewish American writers\nJewish socialists\nLiving people\nMembers of Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)\nPeople convicted of murder by New York (state)\nPeople from Brookline, Massachusetts\nPrisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by New York (state)\nMembers of the Weather Underground\nNew Left\nColumbia College (New York) alumni" ]

[ "David Gilbert was sentenced in 1983 in Rockland County, New York to 75 years-to-life on three counts of homicide.", "Gilbert was a founding member of the Columbia University chapter of Students for a Democratic Society and a member of the Weather Underground.", "He was involved in the armed robbery of a Brink's armored vehicle along with members of the Black Liberation Army, members of the May 19 Communist Organization and others.", "Gilbert was convicted under New York's felony murder law in the deaths of two police officers and a Brink's guard who were killed in the robbery.", "Governor Andrew Cuomo reduced Gilbert's minimum term from 75 years to 40 and made him eligible to appear before the parole board in October 2021.", "He was released from parole on November 4, 2021.", "Gilbert grew up in a suburb of Boston in a Jewish family.", "He was an Explorer Scout and his father was a Post Leader.", "He joined the Congress of Racial Equality at the age of 17 because of the events of the Civil Rights Movement.", "He attended Columbia University.", "The Independent Committee on Vietnam was founded in March of 1965, by Gilbert.", "The Columbia chapter of Students for a Democratic Society merged with ICV in the fall of 1966 even though there was already a chapter established in the early 1960s.", "The chapter was founded by Gilbert.", "While working as a tutor, he traveled frequently to Harlem and saw Malcolm X speak at a college.", "The FBI knew that Gilbert was at the war council.", "During the fall of 1967, Gilbert spent most of his time downtown, attending graduate school at the New School for Social Research, or attending meetings at the New York SDS Regional Office.", "Gilbert spent his spare time studying Marx's Kapital and writing New Left theoretical papers on imperialism and U.S. domestic consumption.", "During the Spring 1967 term, the SDS expanded at Columbia.", "The lounge in Ferris Booth Hall was the location for Gilbert's radical education counter-course.", "He went on to play an organizing role in the April– May 1968 Columbia student strike after publishing articles in New Left Notes and other movement publications.", "Gilbert was arrested for the first time on April 4, 1968, after joining a protest where 6 officers were involved in a physical altercation with a protester.", "Gilbert was charged with assault on a police officer.", "Gilbert said that the officer tried to hit him in the head with his baton and that he had a scratch on his hand.", "Gilbert pleaded guilty to disorderly conduct and was fined $50.", "Gilbert was part of the strike team during the Columbia strike.", "He was called on to be a negotiator because of his good relations with some of the faculty.", "He was a graduate student at the New School for Social Research at the time of the strike.", "He headed a Weather Underground collective in Denver and was arrested twice.", "A smoke bomb was set off in front of a community college while he was passing out leaflets in front of it.", "The second arrest led to a charge of assault with a deadly weapon after officers found a rock in his pocket.", "The purpose of the Weathermen was to promote armed struggle among young white Americans in support of the Black Panther and other militant groups, and also to oppose the war in Vietnam by means of activities intended to bring the war home.", "Gilbert joined this group in 1969 with his friend Ted Gold, who later died in the March 1970 Greenwich Village townhouse explosion, along with fellow Weather members Diana Oughton and Terry Robbins.", "The group became secret and was renamed the Weather Underground.", "When the weather went underground, members used money from their families to fund their efforts.", "Half of Gilbert's Israel bonds were used to support Weather and the other half was put into the Black Panther bail fund.", "Gilbert lived in a San Francisco apartment.", "He and another member of the group were working on a car in the spring of 1971 when they were approached by two men who claimed to be real-estate agents.", "The men asked a few questions.", "Gilbert thought these men were FBI agents looking for information.", "They decided to reduce their activities for a while.", "As support for the group waned on the left, the pace of their activities slowed, and some members of the Weather Underground reappeared in late 1976 and early 1977.", "Between 1977 and 1979 Gilbert was in Denver.", "In 1969 he helped organize a Weather collective.", "He did not face legal penalties because his criminal charges were dropped.", "Gilbert didn't think it was in the best interests of the movement for him to come back.", "Despite being sought by the police for years, most Weather members were not prosecuted and did not serve time in prison.", "Gilbert decided to continue his life underground.", "Gilbert and Kathy were active in the Weather Underground even after the birth of their son.", "Gilbert and other white activists were involved in a Brink's robbery in the late 1970s or early 1980s.", "There was an armed robbery of a Brink's armored car at a mall in New York on October 20, 1981.", "The armed BLA members took another vehicle to the mall, where a Brink's truck was making a delivery, while Gilbert and Boudin waited in a waiting U-Haul truck.", "They confronted the guards, and a gunfight ensued, wounding guard Joe Trombino after he fired one shot, and killing his co-worker.", "The robbers ran to the waiting U-Haul to get the $1.6 million in cash.", "The truck was stopped by police.", "Waverly L. Brown and Edward J. O'Grady were killed.", "Gilbert was caught by police after he fled the area.", "He was sentenced to 75 years for three counts of felony murder.", "Imprisonment While confined at the maximum security Cayuga County, New York prison during the early years of his sentence, Gilbert in 1987 co-founded an inmate peer education program on HIV and AIDS, and a similar project in Great Meadows Prison following his transfer.", "Gilbert was the last prisoner to be held at the Shawangunk Correctional Facility, just outside Wallkill, New York.", "On his last day in office, Governor Andrew Cuomo granted Gilbert clemency in the form of a partial sentence commutation.", "The commutation of Gilbert's minimum sentence from 75 years to 40 years he served by October 2021, did not constitute a pardon or reduce the sentence to time served but did make Gilbert eligible to appear before the state's parole board.", "The board granted Gilbert parole in November 2021.", "On November 4, 2021, Gilbert was released.", "The pamphlet U.S. was co-written by David Gilbert.", "Imperialism with David Loud.", "The pamphlet was used as a study guide.", "The article was titled \"Praxis and the New Left\".", "The first issue of Praxis was published in 1967.", "The article was part of a larger paper called the \"Port Authority Statement\".", "Dan Berger wrote a mini-biography of David Gilbert in the book Outlaws of America: The Weather Underground and the Politics of Solidarity.", "The Columbia Daily Spectator published an article titled \"Beyond Brinks: David Gilbert talks about the robbery, the Underground, the Struggle\" on April 2, 1983.", "The initial draft of Prairie Fire was edited by a small group.", "Explaining the book's purpose, Gilbert said, \"We needed something to re-mobilize us, we needed to have an organization to fight imperialism.\"", "PM Press published Gilbert's political memoir, Love and Struggle: My Life in SDS, the Weather Underground and Beyond.", "Gilbert was a member of the Weather Underground and had a son with Kathy.", "When Gilbert and Boudin were arrested for the Brink's robbery, their 14-month-old son was raised in Chicago by Bill and Bernardine Dohrn, who were also members of the Weather Underground.", "The District Attorney of San Francisco was elected after working as a public defender.", "The May 19th Communist Organization List of Weatherman actions can be found here.", "Informations sur des prisonniers politiques can be found on the site.", "Gilbert works for the NY State Department of Correctional Services.", "The birth of American anti–Vietnam War activists took place in 1944." ]

[ "David Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "David Loud", "Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "David Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "David Loud", "David Gilbert", "David Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Fletcher Martin (April 19, 1904 – May 30, 1979), was an American painter, illustrator, muralist and educator.", "He is best known for his images of military life during World War II and his sometimes brutal images of boxing and other sports.", "Early life\nMartin was born in 1904 in Palisade, Colorado, one of seven children of newspaperman Clinton Martin and his wife Josephine.", "The family relocated to Idaho and later Washington.", "By the age of twelve he was working as a printer.", "He dropped out of high school and held odd jobs such as lumberjack and professional boxer.", "He served in the U.S. Navy, 1922-26.", "His artistic skills were largely self-taught.", "Career\nMartin worked as a printer in Los Angeles in the late 1920s, and as an assistant to Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros in the early 1930s.", "He taught at local art schools such as Otis Art Institute.", "He won commissions to paint murals for the New Deal's Section of Painting and Sculpture, including Mail Transportation (1938), painted for the San Pedro Federal Building and Post Office in Los Angeles.", "Under the WPA he painted a mural study for the Kellogg, Idaho post office titled Mine Rescue (1939).", "Local industrialists objected that it depicted the dangers of mining, while officials of the Mine & Smelt Workers Union praised it.", "The industrialists prevailed and Martin painted an uncontroversial mural, Discovery (1941), depicting the prospector who founded the town.", "The rejected mural study is now in the Smithsonian American Art Museum.", "Perhaps his most ambitious mural, also done under the WPA, was painted for North Hollywood High School in Los Angeles.", "Legends of Fernandino and Gabrileno Indians (1937) depicts overlapping scenes of Native American life and ritual, and the world being carried on the backs of giants.", "As an artist-correspondent for Life Magazine during World War II, Martin made hundreds of sketches of U.S. soldier life.", "Fourteen of his paintings from the North African campaign were published in the December 27, 1943 issue of Life, and brought him national recognition.", "Among these was Boy Picking Flowers, Tunisia, depicting a young GI finding a distraction from war.", "He also made illustrations of wartime London and the June 1944 Normandy Invasion.", "Martin's paintings often depicted men in conflict.", "Trouble in Frisco (1938, Museum of Modern Art) shows a brawl between longshoremen witnessed through a ship's porthole.", "The Undefeated (1948–49, St. Petersburg Museum of Fine Arts) depicts the 11th round of the June 25, 1948 World heavyweight boxing championship.", "The title is ironic: its subject is a severely battered Jersey Joe Walcott, collapsed against the referee and about to lose to (an unseen) Joe Louis.", "In 1954 he painted a series of illustrations for Sports Illustrated of heavyweight champion Rocky Marciano defending his title against Ezzard Charles.", "Many of Martin's most popular works were reproduced as woodcuts, lithographs or silkscreens.", "After the war he taught at the Art Students League Summer School in Woodstock, New York, settled in the town, and began raising a family.", "He experimented with abstractionism and began painting naïve images of women and children.", "During his career he was a visiting instructor or artist-in-residence at the University of Florida, State University of Iowa, the University of Minnesota, San Antonio Art Institute, and Washington State University.", "He received prizes from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art in 1935 (for Rural Family) and 1939 (for A Lad from the Fleet); the 1947 Lippincott Prize from the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (for Dancer Dressing); and the 1949 Altman Prize from the National Academy of Design (for Cherry Twice).", "He was elected an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1969, and a full academician in 1974.", "Personal life\nMartin married five times; four marriages ended in divorce.", "His wives were: first, poet Cecile Boot (married November 1925, divorced ?", "); second, script writer Henriette Lichtenstein (married 1935, divorced 1941); third, nurse Maxine Ferris (married 1941, divorced 1945); fourth, actress Helen Donovan (married February 1946, with whom he had sons Donovan, Clinton and Robin, divorced 1961); fifth, novelist Jean Sigsbee Small (married 1962).", "He had a much-publicized relationship with movie star Sylvia Sidney, and painted two portraits of her.", "He and Small retired to Guanajuato, Mexico in 1967, where they lived until his death in 1979.", "Selected works\n\nPaintings\n\n The Wharf (1933), Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, Georgia.", "A Lad from the Fleet (1935), Hilbert Museum, Chapman University, Orange, California.", "\"Down for the Count\" (1936-1937), Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin\n Bucolic Breakfast (1938), Hilbert Museum, Chapman University, Orange, California.", "Trouble in Frisco (1938), Museum of Modern Art, New York City.", "Tomorrow and Tomorrow (1939), Carleton College, Northfield, Minnesota.", "Celebration (1939), Nelson-Atkins Museum, Kansas City, Missouri.", "July 4th 5th & 6th (Sun Valley Rodeo) (1940), Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado.", "Depicts a cowboy wrestling a steer as a rodeo clown leaps out of the way.", "Air Raid (1940), Los Angeles County Museum of Art, California.", "Black King (1942), private collection.", "Lullaby (1942), private collection.", "Depicts a boxer who has just been knocked out.", "This set an auction record for Martin when it sold at Christie's New York for $107,000 in 1997.", "The Gamblers (1943), Oakland Museum of California.", "Battle of Hill 609, Tunisia (1943), U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C.", "Boy Picking Flowers, Tunisia (1943), U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C.", "The Subway Sleepers (1944).", "Depicts Londoners camped out on a subway platform to escape German V-2 bombs.", "Portrait of Charles Laughton as Captain Kidd (1945).", "Painted for a Life article on the film Captain Kidd.", "Urchin's Game (1946), Allentown Art Museum, Allentown, Pennsylvania.", "Cherry Twice (Double Portrait of Herman Cherry) (1947), Whitney Museum of American Art, New York City.", "Won the 1949 Altman Prize from the National Academy of Design.", "The Undefeated (1948–49), Museum of Fine Arts, St. Petersburg, Florida.", "Bullfight (1956), Butler Institute of American Art, Youngstown, Ohio.", "Flame Pit, Kennedy Space Center (1970), Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum, Washington, D.C.", "Inside the Turbine, Grand Coulee Dam (1972), U.S. Department of the Interior Museum, Washington, D.C.\n\nMurals\n Legends of Fernandino and Gabrileno Indians (1937), North Hollywood High School, Los Angeles, California.", "Mail Transportation (1938), San Pedro Federal Building and Post Office, Los Angeles, California.", "Study for Mine Rescue (1939), Smithsonian American Art Museum, Washington, D.C.", "The Horse Breakers (1940), Lamesa Post Office, Lamesa, Texas.", "Discovery (1941), Kellogg Post Office, Kellogg, Idaho.", "Drawings\n Juliet (1939), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.", "The Scream (1943), Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City.", "Nurse with Wounded Soldier (1943), Norman Rockwell Museum, Stockbridge, Massachusetts.", "Study for the December 27, 1943 cover of Life.", "Study for The Brothers (1950), Addison Gallery of American Art, Exeter, New Hampshire.", "Sculpture\n Bas relief panels: Logging, Mining, Farming (1940), façade of Boundary County Courthouse, Bonners Ferry, Idaho.", "Book illustrations\n Bret Harte, Tales of the Gold Rush, Heritage Press, 1944.", "Charles Nordhoff & James Norman Hall, Mutiny on the Bounty, Limited Editions Club, 1947.", "Jack London, The Sea Wolf, Limited Editions Club, 1961.", "Upton Sinclair, The Jungle, Heritage Press, 1965.", "John Steinbeck, Of Mice and Men, Heritage Press, 1970.", "References\n\nSources\n Cooke, H. Lester Jr., Fletcher Martin (New York, 1977).", "Ebersole, Barbara Warren, Fletcher Martin, (University of Florida Press, 1954).", "Morgan, Ann Lee, Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists, Oxford University Press, 2007. page 300.", "External links\n\nObituary, Sarasota Herald-Tribune, June 3, 1979.", "Fletcher Martin, from Fletcher Gallery, Woodstock, New York.", "Fletcher Martin Paintings Gallery, Beverly Hills, CA\nFletcher Martin, from ArtNet.", "1904 births\n1979 deaths\n20th-century American painters\nAmerican male painters\nPeople from Mesa County, Colorado\nPainters from California\nUniversity of Florida faculty\nUniversity of Iowa faculty\nUniversity of Minnesota faculty\nWashington State University faculty\nAmerican war correspondents of World War II\nAmerican war artists\nWorld War II artists\nPeople from Woodstock, New York\nFederal Art Project artists\nAmerican muralists\nNational Academy of Design members\nSection of Painting and Sculpture artists" ]

[ "An American painter, illustrator, muralist and educator, Martin was born in 1904.", "He is best known for his images of military life during World War II.", "One of seven children of newspaperman Clinton Martin and his wife Josephine, Martin was born in 1904.", "The family moved to Idaho.", "He was a printer by the age of twelve.", "He dropped out of high school to work as a lumberjack and professional boxer.", "He served in the Navy.", "His artistic skills were mostly self-taught.", "In the early 1930s, Career Martin worked as an assistant to Mexican muralist David Alfaro Siqueiros.", "He taught at Otis Art Institute.", "He painted murals for the New Deal's Section of Painting and Sculpture, including Mail Transportation, which was painted for the San Pedro Federal Building and Post Office in Los Angeles.", "He painted a mural for the post office in Idaho.", "The Mine & Smelt Workers Union praised it while local industrialists objected.", "Martin painted a mural depicting the prospector who founded the town.", "The museum houses the rejected mural study.", "He painted a mural for North Hollywood High School in Los Angeles.", "The world being carried on the backs of giants is depicted in the legends of Fernandino and Gabrileno Indians.", "Martin was an artist-correspondent for Life Magazine during World War II.", "His paintings from the North African campaign were published in the December 27, 1943 issue of Life and brought him national recognition.", "Boy Picking flowers, Tunisia, depicts a young GI finding a distraction from war.", "He made illustrations of London during the war.", "Men are depicted in conflict in Martin's paintings.", "There is a brawl between longshoremen that was witnessed through a ship's porthole.", "The 11th round of the World heavyweight boxing championship is depicted in The Undefeated.", "The subject of the title is a severely battered Jersey Joe Walcott, who collapsed against the referee and was about to lose to Joe Louis.", "He painted illustrations for SportsIllustrated of a boxing match between Ezzard Charles and Rocky Marciano.", "The majority of Martin's works were reproduced as prints.", "He settled in the town after teaching at the Art Students League Summer School in Woodstock, New York.", "He started painting nave images of women and children.", "He taught at the University of Florida, State University of Iowa, the University of Minnesota, San Antonio Art Institute, and Washington State University.", "He received prizes from the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, and the National Academy of Design.", "He was an associate of the National Academy of Design in 1969 and a full academician in 1974.", "Four of Martin's marriages ended in divorce.", "The poet Cecile Boot was his first wife.", "Second, script writer Henriette Lichtenstein; third, nurse Maxine Ferris; fourth, actress Helen Donovan; and fifth, novelist Jean Sigsbee Small.", "He had a relationship with Sylvia Sidney and painted two portraits of her.", "They lived in Mexico until Small's death in 1979.", "The Georgia Museum of Art has paintings from 1933.", "There is a museum at Chapman University in Orange, California.", "\"Down for the Count\" is at the Blanton Museum of Art, The University of Texas at Austin, and the Hilbert Museum.", "The Museum of Modern Art is in New York City.", "There is a college in Minnesota called Tomorrow and Tomorrow.", "The Nelson-Atkins Museum is in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The Denver Art Museum is home to the Sun Valley Rodeo.", "A rodeo clown leaps out of the way as a cowboy wrestles a steer.", "The Los Angeles County Museum of Art has an Air Raid.", "Private collection of Black King.", "Private collection of Lullaby.", "A boxer has just been knocked out.", "The auction record for Martin was set in 1997 by Christie's New York.", "The Gamblers are in the Oakland Museum of California.", "The Battle of Hill 609 took place in Tunisia in 1943.", "The U.S. Army Center of Military History is in Washington, D.C.", "The Subway Sleepers were filmed during World War II.", "Londoners camped out on a subway platform to escape bombs.", "There is a portrait of Charles Laughton as Captain Kidd.", "The article is about the film Captain Kidd.", "There is an art museum in Pennsylvania.", "The Whitney Museum of American Art in New York City has a double portrait of Herman Cherry.", "The National Academy of Design gave the 1949 Altman Prize.", "The Undefeated is at the Museum of Fine Arts.", "The Bullfight was held at the Butler Institute of American Art.", "The Kennedy Space Center has a flame pit.", "The U.S. Department of the Interior Museum is located in Washington, D.C.", "The San Pedro Federal Building and Post Office is in Los Angeles, California.", "The study for mine rescue was done at the American Art Museum.", "There is a post office in Texas.", "The post office in Idaho is called Discovery.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City has drawings of Juliet.", "The Metropolitan Museum of Art is in New York City.", "The nurse with the wounded soldier is in the museum.", "The December 27, 1943 cover of Life was studied.", "There is a study for The Brothers at the Addison Gallery of American Art.", "Boundary County Courthouse, Bonners Ferry, Idaho has Sculpture Bas relief panels.", "The book illustrations are from Tales of the Gold Rush.", "Mutiny on the Bounty was written by Charles and James Norman Hall.", "The Sea Wolf was written by Jack London.", "The Jungle was published by Heritage Press.", "John Steinbeck wrote Of Mice and Men.", "Sources are H. Lester Jr., and Fletcher Martin.", "The University of Florida Press published Ebersole, Warren and Martin.", "The Oxford Dictionary of American Art and Artists was published in 2007.", "The Obituary was published in the Herald-Tribune.", "The gallery is in Woodstock, New York.", "ArtNet has a painting gallery in Beverly Hills, CA.", "The 20th-century American male painters were from Mesa County, Colorado." ]

[ "Fletcher Martin", "Martin", "Clinton Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Fletcher Martin", "Fletcher Martin", "Fletcher Martin", "Fletcher Martin" ]

[ "Martin", "Clinton Martin", "Martin", "Career Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Martin", "Fletcher Martin" ]

[ "Giuseppe Rossi (; born 1 February 1987) is a professional footballer who plays as a forward for Serie B club SPAL.", "Born in the United States, Rossi spent most of his career in Europe with Villarreal and Fiorentina, in addition to spells with other clubs in England, Italy, and Spain, before returning to his country of birth to join Real Salt Lake for a single season in 2020.", "At international level, Rossi represented Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, collecting 30 appearances and scoring seven goals at senior level between 2008 and 2014.", "Along with Mario Balotelli and Daniele De Rossi, he is Italy's all-time top scorer in the FIFA Confederations Cup, with 2 goals.", "Due to his prolific performances in the Spanish La Liga, Rossi earned the nickname Pepito Rossi, a reference to his namesake Paolo Rossi, who was nicknamed Pablito following his goalscoring performances in Italy's victorious 1982 FIFA World Cup campaign in Spain.", "Personal life\nRossi is an Italian American, born to Italian immigrant parents in Teaneck, New Jersey.", "His father, Fernando Rossi from Fraine, Abruzzo, coached soccer and taught Italian and Spanish at Clifton High School.", "His mother, Cleonilde Rossi from Acquaviva d'Isernia, Molise, was also a language teacher at Clifton, and his sister, Tina, currently lives in the United States.", "Rossi played prep soccer at Clifton High School.", "After his father died in 2010, Rossi began to wear the number 49, which was the year of his father's birth.", "In 2014, he switched back to the number 22 jersey.", "On 1 December 2020, his daughter Liana Sophia was born.", "In September 2021, he begins his career as sports commentator for Calcio e Cappuccino, and American tv program dedicated to the Serie A and broadcast on CBS Sports Network and in streaming on Paramount+.", "Club career\n\nEarly career\nWhen offered a spot on the youth team of Parma, Rossi (then 12) and his father moved to Italy until Manchester United bought his contract when he was 17.", "His first-team debut came on 20 November 2004, at home to Crystal Palace in the fifth round of the League Cup, as an 84th-minute substitute for David Bellion.", "For his Premier League debut on 15 October 2005, he came on in the 78th minute for Ruud van Nistelrooy and nine minutes later scored the last goal in a 3–1 win over Sunderland at the Stadium of Light.", "On 18 January 2006, in an FA Cup third-round replay, he started and scored twice as United beat non-league Burton Albion 5–0.", "Although Rossi did not play in the League Cup final against Wigan Athletic, Nemanja Vidić (who made a seven-minute cameo at the end of the game) gave Rossi his medal in recognition of Rossi's contribution to the team's success in the earlier rounds.", "At the start of the 2006–07 season, Rossi moved to Newcastle United on loan until 1 January 2007, where he was expected to gain some first team experience.", "He made his home debut on 24 September 2006.", "Rossi scored his only Newcastle goal in his first start on 25 October 2006, against Portsmouth in a League Cup third round tie at St James' Park.", "For the second half of the season, he was again loaned out, this time to his former club Parma, scoring nine goals in 19 league appearances.", "Villarreal\n\nOn 31 July 2007, Manchester United confirmed that Rossi had been sold to Spanish club Villarreal for an undisclosed fee, reportedly around £6.6 million (€10 million).", "He scored his first goal for Villarreal on his debut against Valencia on 26 August 2007.", "In his second season with Villarreal, Rossi had scored 12 goals in 30 league appearances, along with three goals in eight Champions League appearances.", "In January 2011, he signed a contract extension with Villarreal until 2016.", "The 2010–11 season proved to be his breakthrough season, as he scored 32 goals in 56 appearances in all competitions, helping the club to a fourth-place finish in La Liga, scoring 18 goals, which qualified them for the 2011–12 UEFA Champions League, also helping Villarreal to the semi-finals of the 2010–11 UEFA Europa League that season, scoring 11 goals, and the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey.", "An anterior cruciate ligament injury on Rossi's right knee that he picked up in the 3–0 loss against Real Madrid on 26 October 2011 caused Rossi to be out for six months.", "Rossi re injured his anterior cruciate ligament of right knee in training on 13 April 2012, and was out for a further 10 months.", "At the end of his 6 year stay with Villarreal, he had scored 82 goals in 192 games in all competitions and became the club's all time top scorer.", "After 10 years of scoring his final goal for Villarreal in October 2011 in a match against Real Zaragoza, his record was surpassed by Gerard Moreno on 11 August 2021, after he scored a goal in the 2021 UEFA Super Cup match against Chelsea.", "Fiorentina\nOn 4 January 2013, Fiorentina came to an agreement with Villarreal for the transfer of Rossi for a fee of approximately €11.8 million.", "On 7 January, Fiorentina held a press conference unveiling Rossi, where it was revealed the player had signed a four-year contract containing a €35 million release clause.", "On 21 May, the final day of the 2012–13 Serie A season, Rossi made his debut for Fiorentina as a substitute in a 5–1 win over Pescara.", "On 26 August, Rossi scored his first goal in 23 months in Fiorentina's opening match of the 2013–14 Serie A season – a 2–1 defeat of Catania.", "On 20 October, Rossi inspired Fiorentina to a 4–2 come from behind win over rivals Juventus, netting a 14-minute hat-trick that condemned Juve to their first defeat in Florence for 15 years.", "On 5 January 2014, Rossi was substituted in Fiorentina's match against Livorno as he suffered a second-degree sprain of his medial collateral ligament in his right knee.", "The blow was dealt by Leandro Rinaudo, who tackled Rossi from behind in a manner so dirty that he drew international condemnation.", "Up to this point Rossi had been the leading goal scorer in Serie A with 14 goals in 18 league appearances.", "Rossi returned from injury as a 69th-minute substitute in Fiorentina's 3–1 Coppa Italia final loss to Napoli on 3 May.", "On 6 May, he scored on his Serie A comeback – a 4–3 defeat to Sassuolo.", "On 14 August 2014, Rossi injured his medial meniscus of right knee in training.", "On 5 September 2014 Fiorentina confirmed Rossi would be out for 4–5 months.", "Rossi returned to the pitch on 30 August 2015, in a 3–1 away defeat to Torino; later that week he also agreed with his club to take a salary cut.", "On 1 October, he scored his first goal since coming back from his injury in Fiorentina's 4–0 away victory over Belenenses in the Europa League.", "Loan to Levante\nOn 22 January 2016, Rossi returned to La Liga by signing a loan deal until end of the season with Levante, in order to gain playing time, and a place in the Italian national side at Euro 2016.", "He made his club debut on 31 January, scoring in a 3–1 away defeat to Sevilla.", "On 13 March at the Estadi Ciutat de València, he scored the only goal of a win over city rivals Valencia CF, managed by his former United teammate Gary Neville.", "On 8 May, he scored a late winner in a 2–1 home win over title contenders Atlético Madrid, although the result was not sufficient to prevent the team from being relegated.", "Loan to Celta Vigo\nOn 29 August 2016, Rossi signed a one-year contract with Celta de Vigo, with an option for another year.", "He scored his first goal for the club on his debut, which came in a 1–1 away draw against Standard Liège in Celta's opening group match of the Europa League.", "He made his league debut with the club on 18 September, coming on as a substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Osasuna.", "On 3 April 2017, Rossi scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win over Las Palmas in La Liga; this was his first goal since he scored against Espanyol on 25 September 2016, and his first hat-trick since 20 October 2013, when he scored three goals for Fiorentina in a 4–2 home win against Juventus.", "On 9 April 2017, Rossi suffered the fifth serious injury of his career when he ruptured the ACL in his left knee in a game against SD Eibar, and was consequently ruled out of action for at least 6 months.", "Rossi became a free agent in July after Fiorentina allowed his contract to expire and he subsequently rejected an offer by Celta to remain with the Spanish side until January 2018.", "Genoa\nOn 4 December 2017, Rossi was signed by Genoa on a free transfer.", "He made his debut for the club on 20 December, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 away defeat against Juventus in the round of 16 of the Coppa Italia.", "He left Genoa at the end of the 2017–18 season.", "On 12 May 2018 Rossi failed a drug test following a Serie A match against Benevento, testing positive for the banned substance dorzolamide.", "Although the country's anti-doping prosecutor wanted Rossi to face a one-year ban for this offence, following a hearing with that took place on 1 October, Rossi was ultimately given a warning; afterward, Rossi's lawyer Sergio Puglisi claimed: \"We don't understand how this substance ended up among Rossi's foods, there was no intentionality – the line of good faith and consistency prevailed.\"", "Rossi later tweeted: \"A nightmare of four months is over.", "I only want to think about football.\"", "2018–19 free agency\nIn January 2019, Rossi started training with his former club, Manchester United.", "In February of that year, Rossi was reported to have been invited to train with MLS side Los Angeles FC.", "On 14 October, his former club Villarreal announced that Rossi would start training with their first team.", "In an interview with Italian daily newspaper Corriere della Sera in December 2019, he stated that he was \"ready to help out any Serie A team\".", "Real Salt Lake\nFollowing a trial with the MLS club, Rossi was announced as a Real Salt Lake player on 27 February 2020.", "He made his club debut on 29 February, coming on as a late second–half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Orlando City in the MLS.", "His contract option was declined by Salt Lake following their 2020 season.", "SPAL\nOn 19 November 2021, after a few weeks of training with the club squad, Rossi was formally announced as a new signing for Italian Serie B club SPAL, on a deal until the end of the season.", "International career\nRossi represented Italy at almost every youth level from under-16 to under-21 levels.", "In 2006, he was invited to a pre-World Cup training camp with the United States national team by coach Bruce Arena but declined, stating his desire to play for Italy.", "He was called up for the 2007 Under-21 European Championship by Italy under-21 head coach Pierluigi Casiraghi.", "The following year, he scored four goals at the 2008 Summer Olympics, making him the top scorer of the tournament, despite only reaching the quarter-finals with Italy, following a 3–2 loss to Belgium on 16 August, in which he scored twice from the penalty spot; his other two goals came in the opening match of the competition – a 3–0 win against Honduras on 7 August, in which he scored the second goal of the game from a penalty – and in Italy's second group match on 10 August – a 3–0 win over Korea Republic – in which he scored the opening goal.", "Italian national football team manager Marcello Lippi stated that had Rossi been fit, he would have received a call-up for the 2010 World Cup qualifiers in September 2008.", "Rossi was called up to the Italy squad in October 2008, making his senior debut for the national team as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Bulgaria on 11 October, in a 2010 World Cup qualifier.", "Rossi scored his first goal for the Italian national team on 6 June 2009, in a friendly against Northern Ireland, at Pisa's Arena Garibaldi.", "He also scored two goals in a 3–1 win against his country of birth, the United States, in Italy's opening match of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 15 June 2009, although Italy subsequently lost their next two matches and suffered a first-round elimination.", "Rossi was included in Lippi's provisional 28-man 2010 FIFA World Cup squad, which had been announced in May, but failed to make the cut for the final 23-man squad.", "On 17 November 2010, for his 18th cap for Italy, Rossi was picked by Italian manager Cesare Prandelli to wear the captain's armband for the first time ahead of the team's friendly against Romania.", "After a two-year absence from the national team due to injury, which saw him miss out on a place at Euro 2012, Rossi appeared in a 2014 World Cup qualifying match on 15 October 2013, as Italy drew 2–2 against Armenia at home.", "On 13 May 2014, Rossi was named in Italy's provisional 30-man squad for the 2014 FIFA World Cup, however on 1 June, it was announced that Rossi had not made the final 23-man World Cup squad.", "On 24 May 2016, Prandelli's successor as Italy's manager, Antonio Conte, released his 30-man shortlist for UEFA Euro 2016 roster; Rossi was not selected.", "Style of play\nA quick and mobile left-footed forward, Rossi is known for his overall attacking and creative style of play, as well as his work-rate, movement off the ball, his powerful and accurate striking ability, and instincts in the box.", "Regarded as one of the most promising Italian players of his generation in his youth, his playing style has often been compared to that of compatriot Alessandro Del Piero, due to his acceleration, strong technical skills, range of passing, dribbling talents, and his ability to either score goals or pick out a pass and create chances for teammates; he has also been compared to his namesake, 1982 World Cup-winning striker Paolo Rossi, due to his opportunism, pace, agility, and eye for goal.", "In 2013, former Fiorentina playmaker Giancarlo Antognoni likened Rossi to fellow former Fiorentina number ten Roberto Baggio, \"In terms of his touch and creativity.\"", "Giuseppe Rossi is known for his ability to both finish off chances and link-up well with midfielders; due to his abilities, he often drops deep between the lines and is involved in the buildup of plays.", "Because of this, Rossi is able to play in a variety of attacking positions, including on the wings, as a supporting striker, as a lone-striker, and in an attacking midfield role.", "He is also an accurate penalty taker.", "Despite his talent, skill, and goalscoring ability, Rossi's playing time has been limited in recent seasons due to several recurring injury problems.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nHonours\nIndividual\nJimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2004–05\nDenzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year: 2005–06\nOlympic Golden Boot: 2008\nPallone d'Argento: 2013–14\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Fiorentina Official Profile\n \n FIGC Official Profile \n \n \n \n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nClifton High School (New Jersey) alumni\nPeople from Teaneck, New Jersey\nSoccer players from New Jersey\nItalian footballers\nItalian people of American descent\nItalian expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nAssociation football forwards\nPremier League players\nManchester United F.C.", "players\nNewcastle United F.C.", "players\nSerie A players\nParma Calcio 1913 players\nACF Fiorentina players\nLa Liga players\nGenoa C.F.C.", "players\nVillarreal CF players\nLevante UD footballers\nRC Celta de Vigo players\nReal Salt Lake players\nItaly youth international footballers\nItaly under-21 international footballers\nItaly international footballers\nOlympic footballers of Italy\nFootballers at the 2008 Summer Olympics\n2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players\nAmerican expatriate soccer players\nItalian expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in England\nExpatriate footballers in Spain\nSportspeople from Bergen County, New Jersey\nSportspeople from Clifton, New Jersey\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nPeople of Molisan descent\nAmerican soccer players\nMajor League Soccer players" ]

[ "Giuseppe Rossi is a professional footballer who plays for SPAL.", "After spending most of his career in Europe, including spells with other clubs in England, Italy, and Spain, he returned to his country of birth to join Real Salt Lake in 2020.", "At international level, he represented Italy at the 2008 Summer Olympics, and at the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup, collecting 30 appearances and scoring seven goals.", "He is Italy's all-time top scorer in the Confederations Cup with 2 goals.", "Paolo Rossi was nicknamed Pablito after his goal scoring performances in Italy's victorious 1982 World Cup campaign in Spain, which earned him the nicknamePepito Rossi.", "Born to Italian immigrant parents in Teaneck, New Jersey, Rossi is an Italian American.", "His father was a soccer coach and teacher at the high school.", "His mother was a language teacher and his sister lives in the United States.", "A prep soccer player at a high school.", "The year of his father's birth is when he began to wear the number 49.", "He went back to the number 22 jersey.", "Liana Sophia was born on December 1, 2020.", "He will begin his career as a sports commentator for Calcio e Cappuccino and American tv program dedicated to the Serie A in September 2021.", "After being offered a spot on the youth team of Parma, he and his father moved to Italy, where Manchester United bought his contract when he was 17.", "He made his first-team debut in the fifth round of the League Cup as a substitute for David Bellion.", "After coming on in the 78th minute, he scored the last goal in a 3–1 win over the Black Cats at the Stadium of Light.", "In the third-round replay of the FA Cup, he started and scored twice.", "Although he didn't play in the League Cup final, Rossi received a medal for his contribution to the team's success in the earlier rounds.", "At the start of the 2006–07 season, he moved toNewcastle United on loan and was expected to gain some first team experience.", "He made his debut at home.", "In the League Cup third round at St James' Park, Rossi scored his only goal for the club.", "He scored nine goals in 19 league appearances for Parma in the second half of the season.", "On July 31, 2007, Manchester United confirmed that they had sold the player to a Spanish club for an undisclosed fee.", "He scored his first goal on his debut.", "In his second season with the team, he scored 12 goals in 30 league appearances and three goals in the playoffs.", "He signed a contract extension in January of 2011.", "He scored a total of 32 goals in 56 appearances for the club in the 2010–11 season, helping them to a fourth-place finish in La Liga, as well as earning them a spot in the playoffs of the European competition.", "In the 3–0 loss against Real Madrid in October of 2011, Rossi picked up a knee injury and was out for six months.", "He injured his knee in training on 13 April 2012 and was out for 10 months.", "He became the club's all time top scorer at the end of his 6 year stay with the club.", "After 10 years of scoring his final goal for Villarreal in a match against Real Zaragoza in October 2011, his record was surpassed by another player in the same match.", "The fee for the transfer of Rossi was approximately 11.8 million.", "At a press conference on January 7, it was revealed that the player had signed a four-year contract with a 35 million release clause.", "On the final day of the 2012–13 Serie A season, Rossi made his debut for Fiorentina as a substitute in a 5–1 win over Pescara.", "In the opening match of the season, Rossi scored his first goal in 23 months, a 2–1 defeat of Catania.", "On 20 October, Giuseppe Rossi scored a 14-minute hat-trick as Fiorentina came from behind to beat rivals Juventus 4–2 and end the Bianconeri's 15-year winning streak in Florence.", "On January 5, 2014, Rossi was taken out of Fiorentina's match against Livorno due to a knee injury.", "The blow was dealt by Leandro Rinaudo, who tackled Rossi from behind in a manner so dirty that he drew international condemnation.", "Rossi had been the leading goal scorer in the league with 14 goals in 18 appearances.", "In the final of the Coppa Italia, Rossi came back from an injury in the 69th minute.", "He scored in the 4–3 defeat to Sassuolo on 6 May.", "He injured his knee in training.", "Rossi would be out for 4–5 months.", "In a 3–1 away defeat to Torino on August 30, 2015, Rossi agreed with his club to take a salary cut.", "He scored his first goal since coming back from an injury in the 4–0 away victory over Belenenses.", "In order to gain playing time and a place in the Italian national side for the Euro 2016 tournament, Rossi signed a loan deal with Levante until the end of the season.", "He scored in a 3–1 away defeat to Sevilla on his club debut.", "On 13 March, he scored the only goal of a win over city rivals Valencia, managed by his former United teammate Gary Neville.", "On 8 May, he scored a late winner in a 2–1 home win over title contender Atlético Madrid, although the result was not enough to prevent the team from being demoted.", "A one-year contract with an option for another year was signed by Rossi on August 29th.", "He scored his first goal for the club on his debut in a 1–1 away draw against Standard Lige.", "He made his league debut as a substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Osasuna.", "On 3 April, he scored a hat-trick in a 3–1 home win over Las Palmas in La Liga, his first goal since he scored against Espanyol on September 25, 2016 and his first hat-trick since October, 2013).", "The fifth serious injury of his career occurred on April 9, 2017, when he tore the anterior cruciate ligament in his left knee, and was ruled out of action for at least 6 months.", "After his contract with Fiorentina expired in July, he became a free agent and rejected an offer to stay with the Spanish side until January.", "A free transfer was signed by Genoa on December 4th, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "He made his debut for the club on December 20th, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 2–0 away defeat against Juventus in the round of 16 of the Coppa Italia.", "He left Genoa at the end of the season.", "In May of last year, Rossi failed a drug test after a match against Benevento, testing positive for the banned substance dorzolamide.", "Although the country's anti-doping prosecutor wanted Rossi to face a one-year ban for this offence, after a hearing on 1 October, he was given a warning.", "A nightmare of four months is over.", "I just want to think about football.", "In January, he began training with his former club, Manchester United.", "In February of that year, it was reported that he was invited to train with Los Angeles FC.", "On 14 October, his former club announced that he would start training with the first team.", "He told the Italian daily newspaper that he was ready to help any team.", "On February 27, 2020, Real Salt Lake announced that Rossi would be a player.", "He made his club debut on February 29th, coming on as a late second–half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Orlando City in the MLS.", "Salt Lake declined his contract option after the 2020 season.", "On 19 November 2021, after a few weeks of training with the club squad, Rossi was formally announced as a new signing for Italian Serie B club SPAL, on a deal until the end of the season.", "From under-16 to under-21 levels, Rossi represented Italy at almost every youth level.", "He was invited to a pre-World Cup training camp with the United States national team by Bruce Arena, but declined because he wanted to play for Italy.", "He was called up for the Under-21 European Championship by Italy.", "He scored four goals at the 2008 Summer Olympics, including two from the penalty spot, despite only reaching the quarter-finals with Italy.", "The manager of the Italian national football team stated that if he had been fit, he would have been called up for the 2010 World Cup.", "After being called up to the Italy squad in October 2008, he made his senior debut for the national team as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 away draw against Bulgaria in a 2010 World Cup qualification match.", "He scored his first goal for the Italian national team on June 6, 2009, in a friendly against Northern Ireland.", "He scored two goals in a 3–1 win against his country of birth, the United States, in Italy's opening match of the 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup in South Africa on 15 June 2009, although Italy subsequently lost their next two matches and suffered a first-round elimination.", "In May, Lippi announced a 28-man squad for the 2010 World Cup, but did not include him in the final squad.", "On 17 November 2010, for his 18th cap for Italy, Rossi was picked by Italian manager Cesare Prandelli to wear the captain's armband for the first time ahead of the team's friendly against Romania.", "After a two-year absence from the national team due to injury, which saw him miss out on a place at Euro 2012, Rossi appeared in a World Cup qualification match for Italy as they drew 2–2 against Armenia at home.", "On 1 June, it was announced that Rossi had not made the final World Cup squad, despite being named in Italy's 30-man squad for the World Cup.", "Antonio Conte, the new Italy's manager, released a 30-man list for the Euro 2016 roster on May 24th.", "A quick and mobile left-footed forward, Rossi is known for his overall attacking and creative style of play, as well as his work-rate, movement off the ball, his powerful and accurate striking ability, and instincts in the box.", "Considered to be one of the most promising Italian players of his generation in his youth, his playing style has often been compared to that of compatriot Alessandro Del Piero, due to his acceleration, strong technical skills, range of passing, dribbling talents, and his ability to either score goals or pick", "\"Rossi is similar to Roberto Baggio in terms of his touch and creativity,\" said Antognoni.", "Giuseppe Rossi is known for his ability to both finish off chances and link-up well with other players; due to his abilities, he often drops deep between the lines and is involved in the build up of plays.", "Because of this, Rossi is able to play in a variety of attacking positions, including on the wings, as a supporting forward, and as a lone-striker.", "He is an accurate penalty taker.", "Despite his talent, skill, and goal scoring ability, Rossi's playing time has been limited due to several recurring injury problems.", "Club International Honours Individual Jimmy Murphy Young Player of the Year: 2004–05 Denzil Haroun Reserve Team Player of the Year: 2005–06 Olympic Golden Boot.", "The players of United F.C.", "The players are from Parma Calcio 1913 to Genoa C.F.C.", "Football players from Italy are at the 2008 Summer Olympics." ]

[ "Giuseppe Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Daniele De Rossi", "Rossi", "Pepito Rossi", "Paolo Rossi", "Rossi", "Fernando Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Paolo Rossi", "Rossi", "Giuseppe Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi" ]

[ "Giuseppe Rossi", "Paolo Rossi", "PalitPepito Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Giuseppe Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi", "Giuseppe Rossi", "Rossi", "Rossi" ]

[ "Liu Jianfeng (; died May 17, 896), courtesy name Ruiduan (銳端), was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang Dynasty.", "He controlled Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered in modern Changsha, Hunan) from 894 to his death in 896.", "Background \nIt is not known when Liu Jianfeng was born, but it is known that he was from Langshan (朗山, in modern Zhumadian, Henan).", "At some point, he became an officer at Zhongwu Circuit (忠武, headquartered in modern Xuchang, Henan) and was stationed at Cai Prefecture (蔡州, in modern Zhumadian), which Langshan belonged to, as part of the effort to resist the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao, serving alongside his Zhongwu Circuit colleague Sun Ru, and both served under Qin Zongquan the military governor of Fengguo Circuit (奉國, headquartered at Cai Prefecture).", "They continued to serve under Qin after Qin had rebelled against the rule of Emperor Xizong and declared himself emperor.", "Service under Sun Ru \nIn 886, Qin Zongquan put Sun Ru in command of an army to attack Tang's Heyang Circuit (河陽, headquartered in modern Jiaozuo, Henan); Sun prevailed over the acting military governor of Heyang, Zhuge Zhongfang (), and took over the circuit.", "Despite the victory, Zhang Ji (), who also served under Sun, secretly stated to Liu Jianfeng, \"Lord Qin is harsh and paranoid, and will soon be destroyed.", "We have to find a way to avoid this fate ourselves.\"", "Liu, who saw the wisdom in Zhang's words, befriended him.", "Sun subsequently withdrew from Heyang after Qin suffered a major defeat at the hands of Zhu Quanzhong the Tang military governor of Xuanwu Circuit (宣武, headquartered in modern Kaifeng, Henan).", "Later in the year, Qin sent his brother Qin Zongheng (), with Sun as his deputy, to advance into Huainan Circuit (淮南, headquartered in modern Yangzhou, Jiangsu), to contend for control of the circuit, which by that point had fallen into an internecine struggle between Qin Yan and Bi Shiduo on one side, and Yang Xingmi on the other.", "Liu, Zhang, and Ma Yin were all in this army commanded by Qin Zongheng.", "When they arrived at Huainan's capital Yang Prefecture (), Yang Xingmi had captured it and forced Qin Yan and Bi to flee.", "Qin Yan and Bi then joined forces with Qin Zongheng as well.", "Soon thereafter, when Qin Zongquan, himself facing military pressure from Zhu, tried to recall Qin Zongheng's army, Sun assassinated Qin Zongheng and took over the army, thereafter executing Qin Yan and Bi.", "Sun soon defeated Yang Xingmi and took over Yang Prefecture, claiming the title of military governor of Huainan.", "(Yang subsequently took Ningguo Circuit (寧國, headquartered in modern Xuanzhou, Anhui and became its military governor.)", "In 889, Sun had Liu attack and capture Chang (常州, in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu) and Run (潤州, in modern Zhenjiang, Jiangsu) from Yang Xingmi's subordinate Tian Jun and Cheng Ji (), a subordinate of Qian Liu (who then controlled Hang Prefecture (杭州, in modern Hangzhou, Zhejiang), respectively.", "In 890, by which time Chang Prefecture had again been taken by Yang Xingmi and was defended by Yang Xingmi's subordinate Zhang Xingzhou (), Liu again captured it and killed Zhang, and then put Su Prefecture (蘇州, in modern Suzhou, Jiangsu), then under the control of Yang Xingmi's subordinate Li You (), under siege.", "Sun subsequently captured Su Prefecture himself and killed Li.", "In spring 891, Sun launched the initial phase of an ambitious plan to first destroy Yang Xingmi and then Zhu.", "He took all of the army available to him and headed for Xuanshe's capital Xuan Prefecture ().", "Liu was part of Sun's army.", "Sun's army was initially victorious, and by spring 892 had put Xuan Prefecture under siege.", "However, Sun was unable to capture Xuan, and soon got bogged down, with Yang sending raiders to cut off his food supplies.", "Further, his army was soon troubled by torrential floods and illnesses, and Sun himself was suffering from malaria.", "He was forced to send Liu and Ma out to raid the nearby regions for food.", "Meanwhile, Yang, hearing that Sun was suffering from malaria, attacked.", "He crushed Sun's army and killed Sun.", "Most of Sun's soldiers surrendered to Yang.", "Liu and Ma took 7,000 soldiers and headed south, toward Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern Nanchang, Jiangsi); the soldiers supported Liu as their leader, with Ma as his forward commander and Zhang Ji as his strategist.", "The army's size eventually ballooned to over 100,000.", "Seizure of Wu'an Circuit \nInstead of attacking Zhennan Circuit, Liu Jianfeng's army continued to head southwest, toward Wu'an Circuit, which was then ruled by Deng Chuna.", "When Liu reached Liling (醴陵, in modern Zhuzhou, Hunan) in summer 894, Deng sent his subordinates Jiang Xun () and Deng Jichong () to defend Longhui Pass (龍回關, in modern Shaoyang, Hunan) against Liu's advance.", "Ma Yin advanced to the pass and sent a messenger to Jiang and Deng Jichong.", "The messenger persuaded Jiang and Deng Jichong that Liu's arrival was foretold by the stars and that their army would be unable to resist his.", "At the suggestion of the messenger, Jiang and Deng Jichong disbanded their army.", "Liu then had his soldiers put on the uniforms that Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army wore, and then quickly advanced to Wu'an's capital Tan Prefecture (in modern Changsha, Hunan).", "When they arrived there, the Tan Prefecture's defenders mistook them for Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army, and therefore took no precautions.", "Liu's army directly headed for the headquarters, where Deng Chuna was holding a feast.", "They captured Deng Chuna, and Liu executed him and claimed the title of acting military governor.", "In summer 895, then-reigning Emperor Zhaozong commissioned Liu as the military governor of Wu'an.", "Death \nIn winter 895, after Jiang Xun's request to be the prefect of Shao Prefecture (邵州, in modern Shaoyang) was rebuffed by Liu Jianfeng, he and Deng Jichong rose to oppose Liu.", "They quickly captured Shao Prefecture and tried to pressure Tan Prefecture.", "In spring 896, Liu sent Ma Yin to attack Jiang and Deng, and Ma had initial successes.", "However, while this campaign was still going on, it was said that Liu had become arrogant and alcoholic after he took over the circuit.", "He also carried on an affair with the beautiful wife of his officer Chen Shan ().", "Chen, angry, used a hammer to assassinate Liu.", "The soldiers initially supported Zhang Ji to succeed Liu, but Zhang declined and eventually supported Ma.", "Notes and references \n\n New Book of Tang, vol.", "190.", "Zizhi Tongjian, vols.", "256, 257, 258, 259, 260.", "9th-century births\n896 deaths\nQin Zongquan's state\nPoliticians from Zhumadian\nTang dynasty generals from Henan\nTang dynasty jiedushi of Wu'an Circuit\nTang dynasty politicians from Henan" ]

[ "He was a Chinese military general and politician during the Tang Dynasty.", "From 894 to his death in 896, he was in charge of the Wu'an Circuit.", "It is not known when he was born, but it is known that he was from Langshan.", "He was stationed at Cai Prefecture, which Langshan belonged to, as part of the effort to resist the major agrarian rebel Huang Chao.", "After Qin rebelled against the rule of Emperor Xizong, they continued to serve under him.", "Sun was put in charge of an army to attack Tang's Heyang Circuit and he prevailed over the acting military governor.", "Despite the victory, Zhang Ji (), who also served under Sun, said that Lord Qin will soon be destroyed.", "We need to find a way to avoid this fate.", "He befriended the man who saw the wisdom in his words.", "Sun withdrew from Heyang after Qin suffered a major defeat at the hands of the Tang military governor.", "By the end of the year, Sun and his brother Qin Zongheng were sent to advance into the Huainan Circuit to fight for control of the circuit.", "The army was commanded by Qin Zongheng.", "They were forced to flee when they arrived at the capital of Yang Prefecture.", "Bi and Qin Zongheng joined forces as well.", "Sun assassinated Qin Zongheng and took over the army after he tried to recall his army.", "The military governor of Huainan was claimed by Sun after he defeated Yang Xingmi.", "The military governor of the Ningguo Circuit wasYang.", "Sun had Liu attack and capture Chang in modern Changzhou, Jiangsu, and Run in modern Zhenjiang,Jiangsu, in order to take control of Hang Prefecture.", "By 890, Chang Prefecture had once again been taken by Yang Xingmi and was defended by his subordinates, and then Su Prefecture was taken byLiu and put under his control.", "Sun captured Su Prefecture and killed Li.", "Sun launched the initial phase of his plan to destroy the two people.", "He took all of the army and headed for the capital of the prefecture.", "He was in Sun's army.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Sun was unable to capture Xuan, and soon he was bogged down, with raiders cutting off his food supplies.", "His army was troubled by floods and illnesses, and Sun was suffering from Malaria.", "They were forced to raid the nearby regions for food.", "Sun was being attacked because he heard that he was suffering from malaria.", "He killed Sun.", "Most of Sun's soldiers surrendered.", "The soldiers supported Liu as their leader, with Ma as his forward commander and Zhang Ji as their strategist, as they headed south to Zhennan Circuit.", "The army grew to over 100,000.", "Instead of attacking Zhennan Circuit, the army continued to head southwest toward the Wu'an Circuit, which was ruled by Deng Chuna.", "Deng sent his subordinates Jiang Xun and Deng Jichong to defend Longhui Pass against the advance of Liu.", "Ma Yin sent a messenger to Jiang and Deng Jichong.", "Jiang and Deng Jichong were persuaded by the messenger that their army would be able to resist his arrival.", "The army was dismantled at the suggestion of the messenger.", "The uniforms that Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army wore were put on by Liu and his soldiers.", "The Tan Prefecture's defenders mistook them for Jiang's and Deng Jichong's army and took no precautions.", "Deng Chuna was holding a feast when the army headed for the headquarters.", "They captured Deng and executed him.", "The military governor of Wu'an was commissioned in the summer of 895 by Emperor Zhaozong.", "After Jiang Xun's request to be the prefect of Shao Prefecture was rejected, he and Deng Jichong rose to oppose him.", "They tried to pressure Tan Prefecture.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "After he took over the circuit, it was said that he had become arrogant and alcoholic.", "He had an affair with the beautiful wife of his officer.", "Chen used a hammer to killLiu.", "The soldiers initially supported Zhang Ji, but he declined and eventually supported Ma.", "There are notes and references to the New Book of Tang.", "190.", "There are three vols.", "There were 257, 258, and 260.", "The 9th-century births included 896 deaths." ]

[ "Liu Jianfeng", "Liu Jianfeng", "Liu Jianfeng", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu Jianfeng", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu Jianfeng", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu" ]

[ "Liu", "Yang XingLiu", "Liu", "Liu", "Liu" ]

[ "William Smellie (1740–1795) was a Scottish printer who edited the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica.", "He was also a naturalist and antiquary, who was joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, co-founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and a friend of Robert Burns.", "Early life\n\nHe was born in The Pleasance, in south-east Edinburgh in 1740, the son of Alexander Smellie, architect and master builder, and of his wife, Jean Robertson.", "He was educated at Duddingston School then Edinburgh High School.", "Smellie left school at 12 to years old to be apprenticed as a printer to Hamilton, Balfour & Neill in 1752.", "During this time he was promoted to the subeditorial position corrector of the press, and won his firm the Edinburgh Philosophical Society's prize for the most accurately printed edition of a Latin text.", "On completion of his apprenticeship he joined the firm of Murray & Cochran as a corrector for the Scots Magazine.", "He spent three hours per day in the evenings studying at extramural classes at the University of Edinburgh.", "In 1760 he founded the Newtonian Club, a sub-section of the Edinburgh Philosophical Society.", "He was also a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.", "On 27 March 1763 he married Jean Robertson in London.", "In 1765 he was awarded a gold medal for his dissertation on the sexes of plants, which contradicted the theories of the Swedish botanist Carolus Linnaeus.", "Encyclopædia Britannica\nAt the age of 28, Smellie was hired by Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell to edit the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which appeared in 100 weekly instalments (\"numbers\") from December 1768 to 1771.", "It was a masterful composition although, by Smellie's own admission, he borrowed liberally from many authors of his day, such as Voltaire, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.", "Nevertheless, the first edition of the Britannica contained gross inaccuracies and fanciful speculations; for example, it states that excess use of tobacco could cause neurodegeneration, \"drying up the brain to a little black lump consisting of mere membranes\".", "Smellie strove to make Britannica as usable as possible, saying that \"utility ought to be the principal intention of every publication.", "Wherever this intention does not plainly appear, neither the books nor their authors have the smallest claim to the approbation of mankind\".", "Smellie entertained strong opinions; for example, he defines farriery as \"the art of curing the diseases of horses.", "The practice of this useful art has been hitherto almost entirely confined to a set of men who are totally ignorant of anatomy, and the general principles of medicine.\"", "Although possessed of wide knowledge, Smellie was not an expert in all matters; for example, his article on \"Woman\" has but four words: \"the female of man.\"", "Despite its incompleteness and inaccuracies, Smellie's vivid prose and the easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second; some prurient engravings by Andrew Bell (later censored by King George III) may also have contributed to the success of the first edition.", "Smellie did not participate in the second edition of the Britannica, because he objected to the inclusion of biographical articles in an encyclopedia dedicated to the arts and sciences.", "Later work and death\n\nAt the time of his hiring, Smellie edited a weekly called the Scots Journal, which made him familiar with the editing and publication of a work in parts.", "He went on to print and edit the Edinburgh Weekly Journal as joint owner with William Auld, and was co-owner, editor, and contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine and Review.", "He printed and edited Domestic Medicine: or, a Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Medicines by William Buchan in 1769.", "He also edited the first transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, which were published in 1792.", "Smellie is also noted for his English translation of the famous Histoire Naturelle of the French naturalist Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon.", "In 1779, Smellie was nominated to be the University of Edinburgh's professor of natural history; however, the post was awarded to Dr. John Walker, allegedly due to politics.", "In 1781 Smellie was made keeper and superintendent of the Edinburgh Museum of Natural History.", "From 1782 he had William Creech as his business partner.", "Smellie continued to publish a wide variety of works, including his two-volume Philosophy of Natural History, which became a set text at Harvard University in the 19th century, and at least two of the four-volume set of Thesaurus medicus: sive, disputationum, in Academia Edinensi, ad rem medicam pertinentium, a collegio instituto ad hoc usque tempus, delectu which reprinted Edinburgh medical theses of the 18th century.", "In his Philosophy of Natural History he described the struggle for existence.", "He has been described as a \"precursor of Darwin\".", "His printing office stood at the foot of Anchor Close off the Royal Mile (on a site now on East Market Street) and his house was on Gosford's Close nearby.", "Gosford's Close was pulled down when the city built George IV Bridge in 1830.", "He died in Edinburgh on 24 June 1795 and is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard just north of the Adam Mausoleum, south-west of the church.", "He was well-acquainted with Robert Burns.", "Burns' assessment is engraved on Smellie's tombstone: \"Here lies a man who did honour to human nature\".", "Burns also described him fondly in a letter as \"that old Veteran in Genius, Wit and Bawdry\".", "Papers from Smellie's archive, including his correspondence and manuscripts, are held by the Library of the National Museum of Scotland.", "See also\nJohn Amyatt\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nContributors to the Encyclopædia Britannica\n1740 births\n1795 deaths\n18th-century Scottish writers\nPublishers (people) from Edinburgh\nPeople educated at the Royal High School, Edinburgh\nProto-evolutionary biologists\nAlumni of the University of Edinburgh\nAcademics of the University of Edinburgh\nBurials at Greyfriars Kirkyard\nScottish magazine editors\nFellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh\nMembers of Crochallan Fencibles\nMembers of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh\nScottish antiquarians\nScottish botanists\nScottish encyclopedists\nScottish naturalists\nScottish printers\nFellows of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland" ]

[ "The first edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica was edited by William Smellie.", "He was a friend of Robert Burns and co- founder of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.", "He was born in The Pleasance in Edinburgh in 1740, the son of Alexander Smellie and Jean Robertson.", "He attended Edinburgh High School and Duddingston School.", "Smellie left school at 12 years old to be trained as a printer.", "He won the Edinburgh Philosophical Society's prize for the most accurately printed edition of a Latin text when he was promoted to the subeditorial position corrector of the press.", "He joined Murray & Cochran as a corrector after completing his apprenticeship.", "He was studying extramural classes at the University of Edinburgh for three hours a day.", "The Edinburgh Philosophical Society had a sub-section called theNewtonian Club.", "He was a founding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.", "He married Jean Robertson in London.", "He was awarded a gold medal for his work on the sexes of plants, which was contrary to the theories of Carolus Linnaeus.", "Colin Macfarquhar and Andrew Bell hired Smellie at the age of 28 to edit the first edition of the Encyclopdia Britannica.", "Although it was a masterful composition, Smellie borrowed liberally from many authors of his day, such as Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Pope and Samuel Johnson.", "The first edition of the Britannica contained gross inaccuracies and fanciful speculations; for example, it states that excess use of tobacco could cause neurodegeneration, \"drying up the brain to a little black lump consisting of mere membranes\".", "\"Utility ought to be the main intention of every publication,\" said Smellie.", "Neither the books nor their authors have the smallest claim to the approbation of mankind.", "He defined farriery as the art of curing the diseases of horses.", "The practice of this useful art has been limited to a group of men who are ignorant of the principles of medicine.", "Although he had a lot of knowledge, Smellie was not an expert in all matters.", "Despite its incompleteness, Smellie's vivid prose and the easy navigation of the first edition led to strong demand for a second; some engravings by Andrew Bell may have contributed to the success of the first edition.", "The second edition of the Britannica did not include biographical articles because Smellie objected to them.", "At the time of his hiring, Smellie edited a weekly called the Scots Journal, which made him familiar with the editing and publication of a work in parts.", "He was co-owner, editor, and contributor to the Edinburgh Magazine and Review with William Auld.", "Domestic Medicine: or, a Treatise on the Prevention and Cure of Diseases by Regimen and Simple Medicines was published in 1769.", "The first transactions of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland were edited by him.", "The English translation of the Histoire Naturelle was written by Smellie.", "The post of professor of natural history at the University of Edinburgh was awarded to Dr. John Walker due to politics.", "The Edinburgh Museum of Natural History had a keeper named Smellie.", "William Creech was his business partner.", "The two-volume Philosophy of Natural History became a set text at Harvard University in the 19th century, and at least two of the four-volume set of Thesaurus medicus: sive, disputationum.", "The struggle for existence was described in his philosophy.", "He was described as a progenitor of Darwin.", "His printing office was at the foot of Anchor Close off the Royal Mile and his house was on Gosford's Close.", "Gosford's Close was torn down when the George IV Bridge was built.", "He died in Edinburgh on June 24, 1795, and is buried in Greyfriars Kirkyard north of the Adam Mausoleum.", "He was familiar with Robert Burns.", "\"Here lies a man who did honour to human nature\" is the inscription on Smellie's tombstone.", "Burns referred to him as \"that old Veteran in Genius, Wit and Bawdry\" in a letter.", "The Library of the National Museum of Scotland holds Smellie's papers.", "Contributors to the Encyclopdia Britannica 1740 births 1795 deaths were from Edinburgh." ]

[ "William Smellie", "Alexander Smellie", "Smellie", "Smellie", "Smellie", "Smellie", "William Auld", "William Buchan", "Smellie", "Smellie", "Smellie", "William Creech", "Smellie", "Smellie", "Smellie" ]

[ "William Smellie", "Alexander Smellie", "Smellie", "William Auld", "Smellie", "William Creech", "Smellie", "Smellie" ]

[ "George Baird (born August 25, 1939) is a Canadian architect, scholar, and architectural educator.", "He is widely recognized for his roles as: professor at the Royal College of Art and the Architectural Association School of Architecture, professor and director at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, as well as professor, chair and dean at the University of Toronto Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design.", "Baird's contributions to the disciplines of architecture and urban design extend from his professional practice, Baird Sampson Neuert Architects, to his theoretical publications on the subject of urban public space.", "His influential work and passion for architectural academia earned him the 2012 AIA/ACSA Topaz Medallion for Excellence in Architectural Education.", "Education\nBaird was born in Toronto, and received his Bachelor of Architecture (B.Arch.)", "degree from the University of Toronto School of Architecture in 1962.", "He carried out postgraduate research at University College, London.", "While he was at University College, Baird co-edited the book Meaning in Architecture with Charles Jencks.", "Career\nBaird returned to Canada by 1967 and joined the faculty of the School of Architecture at the University of Toronto, remaining until 1993.", "He also emerged as a leading spokesman for improved urban design in Toronto.", "Baird founded his architectural and urban design practice, George Baird Architect and Associates, in 1972.", "In 1982 the office became Baird/Sampson Architects, and since 1998 has been Baird Sampson Neuert Architects Inc.", "Projects include Cloud Gardens Park in Toronto, Thomas L. Wells Public School in Toronto (the first LEED certified public school in Canada), the Old Post Office Plaza in St. Louis, and the Mission 2050 Research Centre at the University of Guelph in Ontario.", "Baird Sampson Neuert received the RAIC Architectural Firm Award in 2007.", "In 1993 Baird joined the faculty of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, where he taught design studio and architectural theory and served as director of master's degree programs.", "In 2004, he returned to the University of Toronto to become dean of the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design, a position he held until 2009.", "Architectural theory\n\nPublic Space in Contemporary Architecture and Urbanism \n\nRecognized for his academic and professional contributions to the discipline of architecture, George Baird’s theoretical works and critical studies reveal a multi-faceted collection of publications and discourses on the topic of urban public space.", "In relationship to architectural design, urban design, and design history and theory, his trajectory of research specifically focuses on the status and relevance of public space in modern cities and how political and cultural agents utilize, identify, and represent such urban areas.", "Baird’s publications titled, The Space of Appearance, Writings on Architecture and the City, and Public Space: Cultural/Political Theory; Street Photography, each present a parallel discourse that discusses the two core questions: “Can space be described as public or not?” and “What is architecture’s place in the world?”.", "In a 2005 lecture at the Berlage Institute in Rotterdam, Baird claims that the true concept of the “public” has shifted and the postmodern architecture movement is a consequential factor for its disappearance.", "Influenced by political theories that stem from more recent generations of philosophers, Baird builds his main argument for publicness from the foundational thinking of Hannah Arendt’s Theory of Action, and Jürgen Habermas' perspectives on the Public Sphere.", "His criticisms argue that public space has eroded from the heart of contemporary industry discussions and has therefore evolved architectural expressions that are much more politically engaged.", "Since his return to Toronto from England in 1967, Baird’s involvement in practice allowed him to witness first-hand the extent of private properties in the city and the increase of control over urban land.", "He discusses that if public space is not controlled by “the municipality, then at least by collective entities of various kinds; cooperatives, nonprofit organizations, etc.” For Baird, the new era of architecture and urban design, that centres on political engagement rather than the public sphere, is “the problem of city building”.", "Through architectural theory and conversation, his interest predominantly focuses on reigniting the importance of shared public space as a central design strategy for the agendas of today’s architects and urbanists.", "Human Phenomenology of the City \nBaird believes that architecture is highly capable of manipulating affects on human experience at a subconscious level.", "“Architecture’s power comes not from the iconographical charge it can carry, but instead from the fact that it structures our consciousness and our way of being in the world in ways which we ourselves are not fully conscious of”.", "One of Baird’s most significant considerations, regarding human behavior, is that Benjamin’s concept of distraction introduces a “threshold of consciousness” in respect to the public’s experience of buildings.", "Associating Arendt’s political theories of human action together with Benjamin’s cultural theories of distraction, Baird came to realize that the experience of individuals in physical space began to articulate a spectrum of consciousness that would move from one realm to the other.", "In doing so, he began to compose his praxis on human behavior that establishes the idea of publicness in phenomenological terms.", "In his book, “Public Space: Cultural/Political Theory; Street Photography”, Baird begins to examine and demonstrate this field of public thought through the visual medium of street and newspaper photography.", "His book captures a social and cultural collection of 20th century photographic works by Berenice Abbott, Walker Evans, Bill Brandt, Henri Cartier-Bresson, and others.", "In order to support his discussion on the topic of human consciousness and architecture, Baird’s curation of photographers and photographs have been specifically selected to show the active engagement of people in physical settings who are unaware that they are being photographed.", "His reasoning behind such particular visuals presented in his project is because “these striking images, none the less, bear powerful witness to the scope of the contemporary photographic image and to its capacity of both to portray and to shape the contemporary political forms of publicness, generally, and of public space, specifically”.", "Baird goes on to deeply analyse the various conditions of conscious states including focused observation, mutual awareness, intentional performability, and the assembly of the parade.", "Baird’s reflections regarding the interrelationships of bodies in space, shown through street and news photography, helps to facilitate his three architectural conditions of publicness which he refers to as “visibility, propinquity, and continuity”.", "In relationship to architecture and urban design, each of these conditions work within the physical and psychological networks of bodily proximity and become present to those who exist within shared public space.", "Baird insists that the way we work on, interpret, and project the city relies heavily on the phenomenological aspects of architecture.", "He emphasizes that experiential journeys of bodies through physical spaces are crucial in understanding the cityscape; however, postmodern city centres have grown too large and complex to fully understand its entirety in this way.", "Similarly, to his syntheses presented through street photography, the city must therefore be understood through the approximations, representations, and other intermediate means of publicness.", "Writings \n\n Baird, George.", "1970.", "Alvar Aalto.", "1st Edition.", "Masters of Modern Architecture Series.", "London, UK: Thames and Hudson.", "Baird, George.", "2011.", "Public Space, Cultural/Political Theory; Street Photography.", "1st Edition.", "Amsterdam: SUN Publishers.", "9789461051745.", "Baird, George.", "1995.", "The Space of Appearance.", "1st Edition.", "Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.", "Baird, George.", "2015.", "Writing on Architecture and the City.", "1st Edition.", "London, UK: Artifice Books on Architecture.", "9781908967541.", "Jencks, Charles, and George Baird.", "1969.", "Meaning in Architecture.", "1st Edition.", "London, UK: Barrie & Rockliff the Cresset Press.", "Lewis, Mark, and George Baird.", "1995.", "Queues, Rendezvous, Riots.", "1st Edition.", "Banff, Alberta: Banff Centre Press.", "Notable works \n\n Niagara Parks Butterfly Conservatory (1994)\n Brian C. Nevin Welcome Center, Cornell Botanic Gardens (2010) Received 2010 Award of Excellence from Canadian Architect magazine\n Fischell Band Center, Cornell University (2013)\n\nAwards and honours\n\n Governor General's Award of Merit for Cloud Gardens Park (1994)\n da Vinci Medal of the Ontario Association of Architects (2000)\n Governor General's Award of Excellence for Erindale Hall at the University of Toronto at Mississauga (2006)\n Toronto Arts Foundation Award for Architecture and Design (2006)\n Governor General’s Award of Excellence for French River Visitor Centre (2010)\n Gold Medal, Royal Architectural Institute of Canada (2010)\n Topaz Medallion for Excellence in Architectural Education, American Institute of Architects and the Association of Collegiate Schools in Architecture (2012)\nMember of the Order of Canada (2016)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n The Canadian Encyclopedia\n Historic Places in Canada\nBaird Sampson Neuert Architects\nOral history interview with George Philip Baird held at the University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services\n\n1939 births\nAmerican architectural historians\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nCanadian architects\nHistorians from Ontario\nCanadian male non-fiction writers\nHarvard Graduate School of Design faculty\nLiving people\nMembers of the Order of Canada\nUniversity of Toronto alumni\nUniversity of Toronto faculty\nWriters from Toronto" ]

[ "George Baird was born in 1939 and is an architect, scholar, and architectural educator.", "He is well-known for his roles as professor at the Royal College of Art and the Architectural Association School of Architecture, professor and director at Harvard University Graduate School of Design, as well as professor, chair and dean at the University of Toronto Faculty of Architecture, Landscape and Design.", "His contributions to the disciplines of architecture and urban design extend from his professional practice to his theoretical publications on the subject of urban public space.", "His work and passion for architecture earned him a prestigious award.", "He received his Bachelor of Architecture from the University of Toronto.", "The University of Toronto School of Architecture has a degree in architecture.", "He did postgraduate research at University College.", "At University College, he co-edited a book with Charles Jencks.", "After returning to Canada in 1967, Career Baird joined the faculty of the School of Architecture at the University of Toronto.", "He was a spokesman for improved urban design in Toronto.", "George Baird founded his architectural and urban design practice in 1972.", "The office became Baird/Sampson Architects in 1982.", "Cloud Gardens Park is in Toronto, Thomas L. Wells Public School is in Toronto, and the Old Post Office Plaza is in St. Louis.", "The RAIC Architectural Firm Award was given to Sampson Neuert.", "In 1993 he joined the faculty of the Harvard University Graduate School of Design, where he taught design studio and architectural theory.", "He became dean of the John H. Daniels Faculty of Architecture, Landscape, and Design at the University of Toronto in 2004.", "For his academic and professional contributions to the discipline of architecture, George Baird has been recognized for his theoretical works and critical studies on the topic of urban public space.", "His research focuses on the status and relevance of public space in modern cities and how political and cultural agents use it.", "The Space of Appearance, Writings on Architecture and the City, and Public Space: Cultural/Political Theory, each present a parallel discourse that discusses the two core questions: \"Can space be described as public or not?\" and \"What is architecture?\"", "The true concept of the public has shifted and the postmodern architecture movement is a consequential factor for its disappearance, according to a 2005 lecture at the Berlage Institute.", "Influenced by political theories that stem from more recent generations of philosophers, Baird builds his main argument for publicness from Hannah Arendt's Theory of Action.", "According to his criticisms, public space has become more political in nature and has evolved architectural expressions that are more politically engaged.", "When he returned to Toronto from England in 1967, he was able to witness the increase of private properties in the city and the rise of control over urban land.", "The new era of architecture and urban design that focuses on political engagement rather than the public sphere is the problem.", "He focuses on reigniting the importance of shared public space as a central design strategy for the agendas of today's architects and urbanists.", "According to the Human Phenomenology of the City, architecture is capable of altering human experience at a subconscious level.", "\"Architecture's power comes not from the iconographical charge it can carry, but instead from the fact that it structures our consciousness and our way of being in the world in ways which we ourselves are not fully conscious of\".", "Benjamin's concept of distraction introduces a \"threshold of consciousness\" in respect to the public's experience of buildings.", "The experience of individuals in physical space began to articulate a spectrum of consciousness that would move from one realm to the other.", "The idea of publicness in phenomenological terms was established when he began to compose his praxis on human behavior.", "In his book, \"Public Space: Cultural/Political Theory; Street Photography\", Baird begins to examine and demonstrate this field of public thought through the visual medium of street and newspaper photography.", "His book contains a collection of 20th century photographic works.", "The active engagement of people in physical settings who are unaware that they are being photographed has been selected to support his discussion on the topic of human consciousness and architecture.", "These striking images, none the less, bear powerful witness to the scope of the contemporary photographic image and to its capacity of both to portray and to shape the contemporary political forms of publicness, generally, and of public space, specifically.", "The various conditions of conscious states include focused observation, mutual awareness, intentional performability, and the assembly of the parade.", "The three architectural conditions of publicness which he refers to as \"visibility, propinquity, and continuity\" are helped by the reflections of bodies in space shown through street and news photography.", "In relation to architecture and urban design, each of these conditions work within the physical and psychological networks of bodily proximity and become present to those who exist within shared public space.", "The way we work on, interpret, and project the city is dependent on the phenomenological aspects of architecture.", "Experiential journeys of bodies through physical spaces are important in understanding the cityscape, but postmodern city centres have grown too large and complex to fully understand this.", "The approximations, representations, and other intermediate means of publicness must be used to understand the city.", "Writings by George.", "1970.", "Alvar Aalto.", "The first edition.", "There are Masters of Modern Architecture.", "Thames and Hudson are in London, UK.", "George Baird.", "2011.", "Public Space, Cultural/Political Theory, and Street Photography are related.", "The first edition.", "SUN Publishers is in Amsterdam.", "There is a piece of paper with a number on it. There is a piece of paper with a number on it.", "George Baird.", "1995.", "There is a space of appearance.", "The first edition.", "MIT Press is in Cambridge, MA.", "George Baird.", "The year 2015.", "Writing about architecture and the city.", "The first edition.", "Artifice books on architecture are in London.", "There is a new entry in the series.", "They were Charles, George, and Jencks.", "1969.", "There is a meaning in architecture.", "The first edition.", "The Cresset Press is in London, UK.", "Lewis, Mark and George are related.", "1995.", "There were queueing, rendezvous, and riots.", "The first edition.", "The Banff Centre Press is located in Banff, Canada.", "The Governor General's Award of Merit for Cloud Gardens Park (1994) is one of the notable works." ]

[ "George Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "George Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "George", "Baird", "George", "Baird", "George", "Baird", "George", "George Baird", "George Baird", "George Philip", "Baird" ]

[ "George Baird", "Career Baird", "George Baird", "George Baird", "Baird", "Baird", "George", "George Baird", "George Baird", "George Baird", "George", "George" ]

[ "Joseph Ki-Zerbo (June 21, 1922 – December 4, 2006, Burkina Faso) was a Burkinabé historian, politician and writer.", "He is recognized as one of Africa's foremost thinkers.", "From 1972 to 1978 he was professor of African History at the University of Ouagadougou.", "In 1983, he was forced into exile, only being able to return in 1992.", "Ki-Zerbo founded the Party for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party.", "He was its chairman until 2005, and represented it in the Burkina Faso parliament until his death in 2006.", "A socialist and an advocate of African independence and unity, Ki-Zerbo was also a vocal opponent of Thomas Sankara's revolutionary government.", "Early life \nKi-Zerbo was born in Toma in the province of Nayala, in what was, at that time, the French colony of Upper Volta.", "He was the son of Alfred Diban Ki Zerbo and Thérèse Folo Ki.", "His father is considered to be the first Burkinabé Christian.", "In 1915 he intervened during the Volta-Bani War to stop Toma being razed to the ground.", "Between 1933 and 1940, Ki-Zerbo was educated at the Catholic primary school in Toma, then completed his secondary school at the preparatory seminaries in Pabré in the Province of Kadiogo and Faladié, a district of Bamako, Mali.", "He then attended the Grand Séminaire Saint-Pierre Claver at Koumi near Bobo Dioulasso, which trains young men for the Catholic priesthood.", "However, Ki-Zerbo dropped out of the Seminary and went to live in Dakar, Senegal for several years.", "In addition to teaching there, he had a job for several months with the weekly newspaper Afrique nouvelle, and also worked as a railway construction labourer.", "Ki-Zerbo continued his education part-time and, when he obtained his Baccalaureate in 1949 at the age of 27, he earned a scholarship to study in Paris.", "He studied history and law at the Sorbonne and also followed courses in politics at the Sciences Po.", "On completion of his studies, he became a certified history and geography teacher, the first from Upper Volta.", "After his studies, Ki-Zerbo became a French citizen and was employed as a history and geography teacher in Orléans, Paris and Dakar.", "During a visit to Mali, Ki-Zerbo met his wife, educator and activist Jacqueline Coulibaly.", "Political activities \nKi-Zerbo's political activities started while he was student.", "He was the co-founder and president of the Association of Upper Volta Students in France (1950–1956).", "He was also the president of the Association of African, Caribbean and Malagash Christian Students.", "In 1954, Ki-Zerbo published an article in the newspaper Tam-Tam with the title “On demande des nationalistes” (“We ask the nationalists”).", "In Paris, Ki-Zerbo met other intellectuals, such as the Senegalese historian Cheik Anta Diop and Abdoulaye Wade, who was later to become president of Senegal.", "The 1950s was a decade of great optimism in Africa, with many leaders demanding independence.", "Ki-Zerbo was active in this movement for change, and in 1957 he created a political party, the Mouvement de Liberation Nationale (MLN) (National Freedom Movement).", "He also established contact with Kwame Nkrumah, president of the newly independent neighboring state of Ghana.", "The aims of the MLN were immediate independence for Africans, the creation of a United States of Africa, and socialism.", "The MLN contacted nationalist leaders in many of the other French colonies, to persuade them to reject the referendum on the creation of a Franco-African community presented by the French president Charles de Gaulle.", "However, in the whole of West Africa at that time, only Guinea voted no to the referendum and, as a result, achieved its independence relatively early in 1958.", "As a result, Sekou Touré, the first president of independent Guinea, invited Ki-Zerbo and his wife along with other volunteers to come to Conakry to replace the French teachers who had left.", "In 1960, Ki-Zerbo returned to newly independent Upper Volta, explaining to Sekou Touré: \"I have to go back home to pursue the fight for independence in others territories”.", "In 1965, he was nominated as academy inspector and general director of Youth, Sports and Education.", "Ki-Zerbo was professor at the University of Ouagadougou from 1968 to 1973.", "He was the co-founder and general director (1967 to 1979) of the Conseil africain et malgache pour l'enseignement supérieur (African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education (CAMES) that assures the academic autonomy of Africans countries.", "Social and political ideas \nKi-Zerbo declared that growing up in a rural area in a big family profoundly influenced his personality and thoughts.", "Ki-Zerbo exposed his social and political ideas in many publications on history and culture.", "He wrote a teaching manual called Le Monde Africain Noire (Black African World), published in 1963.", "In 1972, Ki-Zerbo published the famous Histoire de l’Afrique Noire (History of Black Africa) that became a reference book in African history.", "Holenstein (2006) described that, in his book, Ki-Zerbo challenged the common belief of Africa as a black continent without culture and history.", "He claimed that Africa had reached an upper level of political, social and cultural development before the Atlantic slave trade and colonization.", "Written only few years after independence, Histoire de l’Afrique Noire represented the hope of many Africans of a brighter future in liberty and self-determination.", "Sitchet (2003), an Africultures reporter, argued that from 1972 to 1978 Ki-Zerbo was an executive member of UNESCO (United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization).", "From 1976 to 2001, Ki-Zerbo was the president of the African Historian Association and a professor at the University of Ouagadougou.", "His conviction on education led him to found in 1980 the Centre for African Development Studies (CEDA) that has this goal “on ne developpe pas, on se developpe” (\"we don’t develop, we develop ourselves\").", "Holenstein (2006) insisted that on the basis of a critic on the relation north–south imperialism, Ki-Zerbo forecast an endogenous development that will take seriously ecological and social skills, and the African cultural identity.", "His endogenous development is a practice that lets native farmers use their own ideas and traditions alongside new technology.", "It incorporates the ideas and knowledge of indigenous cultures rather than disregarding them.", "Political fights \nAfter scientific research and teaching, Ki-Zerbo continued with his political activities.", "Under the Burkinabe President Maurice Yameogo’s regime (1960-1966), the creation of any political party was forbidden.", "Holenstein (2006) explained this in an article on the interview about Ki-Zerbo’s book A quand l’Afrique.", "Ki-Zerbo got his members in the syndical teachers’ class and villagers.", "The syndicate and MLN played a big role in the popular movement organization on 3 January 1966 that brought down the President Maurice Yameogo.", "General Secretary of the MLN, Ki-Zerbo went to the 1970s legislative elections; he got sixth rank.", "In February the Burkina Faso parliament was ruined during a military coup.", "In October, banning was cancelled.", "Many new parties arose like Union Progressiste Voltaique (UPV) under the control of Ki-Zerbo that replaced MLN.", "UPV was in opposition to the government party (Union Democratique Voltaique-Rassemblement Democratique Africain (UDV-RDA).)", "Exile \n\nIn 1983, a group of young officers took power by a military coup under the control of the Captain Thomas Sankara.", "A new stage started for Upper Volta which became Burkina Faso (“Land of the upright”).", "Under the power of the new government, Ki-Zerbo was obliged to go into exile.", "In 1985 he was finally arrested with his family for two years of detention and became free only after another military coup organized by Blaise Compaore.", "Even in exile, he created research centers like the Research Centre for Endogenous Development (CRDE) and taught at Cheikh Anta Diop University in Dakar.", "He returned to Burkina Faso in 1987 to find that his library of 11,000 books in his hometown Faso had been burned in his absence.", "He came back and tried to rebuild by getting a place in parliament.", "Awards \nKi-Zerbo has received recognition through various international awards.", "In 1997 he was honoured with the Right Livelihood Award for his research on development.", "This prize is given to those who try to find credible solutions to the protection of the environment and nature; it is for people who helped the development of human rights and peace.", "In 2000, he received the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights.", "In 2001, Ki-Zerbo was awarded the title of Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Padua in Italy.", "Bibliography \nKi-Zerbo as an historian has published books with endogenous development as the central theme:\n 1964: Le Monde africain noir (Paris: Hatier)\n 1972: Histoire de l’Afrique noire (Paris: Hatier)\n 1991: Histoire générale de l’Afrique\n 2003: A quand l'Afrique, co-authored with René Holenstein (Editions de l’Aube)\n 2005: Afrique Noire, co-authored with Didier Ruef (Infolio éditions)\nIn 2004, his book A quand l'Afrique was awarded the RFI prize \"Témoin du monde\".", "In addition, Ki-Zerbo was a committed historian and politician.", "Ki-Zerbo extended his fights internationally to make people recognize slavery as a crime against humanity and that Africa should get reparations for this.", "He tried to combine science and political activity.", "Ki-Zerbo summed his philosophy up in the following quote:\n“The Africa which the world needs is a continent able to stand up, to walk on its own feet… it is an Africa conscious of its own past and able to keep on reinvesting this past into its present and future.”\n\nReferences \n\nBurkinabé writers\nBurkinabé historians\nUniversity of Paris alumni\n1922 births\n2006 deaths\nParty for Democracy and Progress / Socialist Party politicians\nCheikh Anta Diop University faculty\nUniversity of Ouagadougou faculty\nPeople from Boucle du Mouhoun Region\nMembers of the National Assembly of Burkina Faso\n20th-century historians\nBurkinabé expatriates in Mali\nBurkinabé expatriates in Senegal\nBurkinabé expatriates in France\n21st-century Burkinabé people" ]

[ "Joseph Ki-Zerbo was a historian, politician and writer.", "One of Africa's foremost thinker is him.", "He was a professor at the University of Ouagadougou from 1972 to 1978.", "He was forced into exile in 1983, but was able to return in 1992.", "The Party for Democracy and Progress was founded by Ki-Zerbo.", "He represented it in the parliament until his death.", "Ki-Zerbo was a vocal opponent of the revolutionary government of Thomas Sankara.", "The French colony of Upper Volta was where Ki-Zerbo was born.", "His parents were Alfred Diban Ki Zerbo and Thérse Folo Ki.", "His father is thought to be the first Christian in the area.", "During the Volta-Bani War, he stopped Toma from being destroyed.", "Between 1933 and 1940, Ki-Zerbo attended a catholic primary school in Toma, followed by a secondary school in Pabré in the province of Kadiogo and Faladié in the district of Bamako.", "The Grand Séminaire Saint-Pierre Claver is near Bobo Dioulasso and trains young men for the Catholic priesthood.", "Ki-Zerbo dropped out of the seminary and went to live in Africa.", "He also worked as a railway construction labourer and had a job for several months with a weekly newspaper.", "A scholarship to study in Paris was earned by Ki-Zerbo when he obtained his Baccalaureate in 1949.", "He followed courses in politics at the Sciences Po after studying history and law at the Sorbonne.", "He became a certified history and geography teacher after completing his studies.", "After completing his studies, Ki-Zerbo became a French citizen and was employed as a history and geography teacher.", "Ki-Zerbo met his wife during his visit to Malian.", "Ki-Zerbo's political activities began when he was a student.", "The Association of Upper Volta Students in France was founded by him.", "He was the president of the Association of African, Caribbean and Malagash Christian Students.", "Ki-Zerbo published an article in the newspaper called \"On demande des nationalistes\" in 1954.", "In Paris, Ki-Zerbo met other intellectuals, such as the Senegalese historian Cheik Anta Diop, who later became president of the country.", "The 1950s were a decade of great optimism in Africa, with many leaders demanding independence.", "The leader of the movement for change was Ki-Zerbo, and in 1957 he created a political party.", "He established contact with the president of the newly independent state ofGhana.", "The creation of a United States of Africa was one of the aims of the MLN.", "The MLN contacted nationalist leaders in many of the other French colonies to persuade them to reject the referendum on the creation of a Franco-African community presented by the French president.", "In the whole of West Africa, there was only one place that voted no to the referendum and that was Guinea.", "Sekou Touré, the first president of independent Guinea, invited Ki-Zerbo and his wife along with other volunteers to come to Conakry to replace the French teachers who had left.", "Ki-Zerbo told Sekou Touré that he had to go back home to pursue the fight for independence in other territories.", "In 1965, he was nominated to be the general director of Youth, Sports and Education.", "Ki-Zerbo was a professor at the University of Ouagadougou.", "He was the general director of the Conseil africain et malgache pour l'enseignement supérieur, the African and Malagasy Council on Higher Education.", "Ki-Zerbo said that growing up in a big family influenced his personality and thoughts.", "Ki-Zerbo's social and political ideas were exposed in many publications.", "Le Monde Africain Noire (Black African World) was published in 1963.", "Histoire de l'Afrique Noire (History of Black Africa) was published in 1972 and became a reference book.", "The common belief of Africa as a black continent without culture and history was challenged by Ki-Zerbo in his book.", "He claimed that before the Atlantic slave trade and colonization, Africa had reached an upper level of political, social and cultural development.", "The hope of many Africans of a brighter future in liberty and self-determination was represented in Histoire de l'Afrique Noire.", "According to Sitchet, Ki-Zerbo was an executive member of UNESCO from 1972 to 1978.", "Ki-Zerbo was the president of the African Historian Association from 1976 to 2001.", "He found the Centre for African Development Studies in 1980 because of his conviction on education.", "On the basis of a critic on the relation north–south, Ki-Zerbo forecast a development that will take seriously ecological and social skills, and the African cultural identity.", "His practice allows native farmers to use their own ideas and traditions with new technology.", "The ideas and knowledge of indigenous cultures are incorporated into it.", "Ki-Zerbo continued with his political activities after scientific research and teaching.", "The creation of a political party was not allowed under the rule of the president.", "This was explained in an article on the interview with Ki-Zerbo.", "Ki-Zerbo had his members in the syndical teachers class.", "The syndicate and MLN were involved in the popular movement organization that brought down the President on January 3, 1966.", "Ki-Zerbo got sixth rank in the 1970s legislative elections.", "There was a military coup in February.", "Banning was canceled in October.", "The Union Progressiste Voltaique (UPV) was under the control of Ki-Zerbo.", "The government party was in opposition to the UPV.", "In 1983, a group of young officers took power under the control of the Captain Thomas Sankara.", "The Land of the upright was the new stage for Upper Volta.", "Ki-Zerbo had to go into exile because of the power of the new government.", "After a military coup in 1985 he was arrested with his family for two years.", "He taught at Cheikh Anta Diop University and created research centers while in exile.", "The library of 11,000 books in his hometown of Faso was burned in 1987 when he returned.", "He tried to get a place in parliament.", "Awards Ki-Zerbo has received recognition.", "He received the Right Livelihood Award for his research on development.", "It is for people who helped the development of human rights and peace that the prize is given.", "He received the Al-Gaddafi International Prize for Human Rights in 2000.", "Doctor Honoris Causa of the University of Padua was awarded to Ki-Zerbo in 2001.", "The central theme of the books is 1964: Le Monde africain noir (Paris: Hatier), 1972: Histoire de l'Afrique noire (Paris: Hatier), and 1991: Histoire générale de l.", "Ki-Zerbo was a historian and a politician.", "Ki-Zerbo made people realize that slavery is a crime against humanity and that Africa should get some kind of compensation.", "He tried to combine the two.", "The Africa which the world needs is a continent able to stand up, to walk on its own feet, and be reinvested into its present and future." ]

[ "Joseph Ki" ]

[ "Joseph Ki" ]

[ "Hubert Benoit (1904–1992) was a 20th-century French psychotherapist whose work foreshadowed subsequent developments in integral psychology and integral spirituality.", "His special interest and contribution lay in developing a pioneering form of psychotherapy which integrated a psychoanalytic perspective with insights derived from Eastern spiritual disciplines, in particular from Ch'an and Zen Buddhism.", "He stressed the part played by the spiritual ignorance of Western culture in the emergence and persistence of much underlying distress.", "He used concepts derived from psychoanalysis to explain the defences against this fundamental unease, and emphasised the importance of an analytic, preparatory phase, while warning against what he regarded as the psychoanalytic overemphasis on specific causal precursors of symptomatology.", "He demonstrated parallels between aspects of Zen training and the experience of psychoanalysis.", "He constructed an account in contemporary psychological terms of the crucial Zen concept of satori and its emergence in the individual.", "Early life and career \n\nHubert Benoit was born in Nancy on 21 March 1904 and died in Paris on 28 October 1992.", "He trained as a doctor in Paris, where he qualified in 1935 and subsequently specialised in surgery until 1944.", "In 1944 he sustained severe injuries during the Allied bombardment of Saint-Lô after the Normandy landings.", "He underwent several operations over the next four years, but was left with a partially paralysed right hand and could no longer work as a surgeon,\n\nDuring his long convalescence, he extended his pre-existing interest in psychoanalysis and in Oriental spirituality.", "In his introduction to Métaphysique et Psychanalyse he expressed his conviction that a higher truth existed which was potentially attainable: 'When I was about 30, through the works of René Guénon in particular, I developed an awareness and appreciation of the validity of evidence attainable through the intellect.", "I came to realise that there is an impersonal and non-individual kind of truth which exists beyond the systems of thought produced by individual philosophers.", "It became clear to me that each one of us had to re-discover this truth as a concrete, lived reality, and that this was to be achieved through inner work.", "This was work which the individual alone could carry out'.", "Benoit's studies led him to the Vedanta and Taoism as well as Zen Buddhism.", "He was also acquainted with the work of Gurdjieff.", "Psychotherapy \n\nBenoit began his work in Paris as a psychotherapist in 1952.", "His Métaphysique et Psychanalyse had been published in 1949 and his best known book on Zen Buddhism, La Doctrine Suprême was published in two volumes in 1951 and 1952.", "In 1952 he also published Le Non-Mental Selon La Pensée Zen, his translation of The Zen Doctrine of No-Mind by D. T. Suzuki.", "(Suzuki had played a leading role in introducing Zen Buddhism to the anglophone world from the late 1920s, but was not well known in France ).", "Despite this association with Zen Buddhism, Benoit preferred to speak of Ch'an rather than Zen Buddhism, considering that the original Chinese version presented a purer form of the teaching.", "(Benoit 2008, p. 232, footnote).", "In his work he stressed the significance of establishing a metaphysical framework within which an intellectual understanding of the human predicament could develop.", "He wrote: \n'Dr Suzuki has said that Zen \"detests any form of intellectualism\"...But my impression is that enlightenment for the Westerner does require some intellectual input, though kept within strict limits.", "The ultimate viewpoint, that of reality, is clearly inexpressible; and the teacher would harm the pupil if he let him forget that the whole problem is precisely one of leaping the gap which separates verbal truth from real knowledge.", "But rational explanation is needed to coax Westerners to the edge of this gap.", "Zen says, for example,: \"There is nothing complicated to do: seeing directly into one's nature is enough.\"", "It took me years of reflection before I began to see how this advice could be given substance and put into practice in our inner life.'", "(Benoit 2008, pp.7,8 footnote)\n\nEnglish works \n\nFour of Benoit's books were translated into English between 1955 and 1987, the first of these being The Supreme Doctrine.", "His last major work, Lâcher Prise(1954), was published in English in 1962.", "After an interval of 25 years, Benoit summarised his views in De La Réalisation Intérieure (1979), to which he added a fourth section in 1984.", "The first English version was published in 1987.", "Two of his books, La Doctrine Suprême and De la Réalisation intérieure, remain in print in English.", "Pierson precedes his account of Benoit's approach with the following comment: \"...although his The Supreme Doctrine was widely read and appreciated in many countries, problems with the translation of his later, more comprehensive and conclusive work, Let Go!, must have cost him most of his English-speaking readers.\"", "Influence\n\nAldous Huxley \n\nBenoit was brought to the attention of the English-speaking world by Aldous Huxley, a leading exponent of the Perennial Philosophy in the middle decades of the 20th century.", "Huxley corresponded with Benoit and in 1950 published a translation of Notes in Regard to a Technique of Timeless Realization He had read Métaphysique et Psychanalyse and wrote to Benoit: 'A book like yours foreshadows the arrival, at last, of a true science of the Psychology of man'.", "He also provided the preface to the first edition of Benoit's best known book, The Supreme Doctrine, concluding: 'This is a book that should be read by everyone who aspires to know who he is and what he can do to acquire such self-knowledge'.", "When Huxley's library was destroyed by fire in 1961, The Supreme Doctrine was among the books that he singled out for replacement \n\nHuxley promoted Benoit's pioneering attempt to integrate Zen and other Eastern teachings into a Western frame of reference, and others followed suit.", "According to Tim Barrett, Professor of East Asian History at the School of Oriental and African Studies, in his foreword to the 1995 re-issue of Terence Gray's translation, 'The Supreme Doctrine had a considerable impact on Western students of Zen in the two decades following its publication and was widely cited by such writers as Christmas Humphreys, Alan Watts, and Heinrich Dumoulin'.", "Robert Powell \n\nWhile Huxley promoted The Supreme Doctrine for its discussion of Zen Buddhism from a Western psychological perspective, others highlighted concepts of particular interest.", "For Robert Powell, a contemporary of Huxley, it was Benoit's approach to existential anxiety.", "Benoit considered this to be a near-universal, fundamental component of human personality, likening it to an '\"inner lawsuit\" which is continually being enacted in our subconscious mind.'", "'Behind everything we experience there is a debate going on, illusory proceedings where the matter in dispute is our being or our nothingness...of the actual proceedings themselves, which carry on monotonously in the background, we remain unaware.", "'(The Light of Zen in the West,p.", "56)\n\nMargaret J. Rioch and Joseph Hart \n\nIn the 1970s papers by Joseph Hart and Margaret Jeffrey Rioch appeared in academic journals.", "Both summarised Benoit's ideas.", "Rioch, a clinical psychologist and early innovator of psychotherapy, was one of the first Western psychologists to be trained in Zen teaching under Benoit in Paris.", "Rioch's paper was an abbreviated version of a lecture she delivered as part of a course on philosophy at M.I.T.", "Hart, author of Modern Eclectic Psychotherapy (1983), presented Benoit's work as a contribution to the philosophy of science that humanistic and transpersonal psychologists were attempting to develop.", "Osho \n\nThe followers of Osho (Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh) were introduced to Benoit's ideas.", "In Books That I Have Loved, Osho mentions two of Benoit's books, Let Go and The Supreme Doctrine.", "Of the former he writes (p. 32): ' It should be on the bookshelf of every meditator.", "Nobody has written so scientifically and yet so poetically...the best book of the century so far as the West is concerned.'", "Referring to The Supreme Doctrine he noted(p. 39): 'It is rare that a man, a single man, produces two masterpieces, but that is the case with Hubert Benoit.'", "Integral psychology movement \n\nBenoit was quoted in one of the seminal works of the integral psychology movement, Ken Wilber's The Atman Project.", "Wilber, writing about the subjective wing of the Atman-project, commented (p. 103): 'Hubert Benoit has an exquisite quote on the nature of the subjective wing of the Atman-project.", "\"One should ask oneself,\" he begins, \"how this thing can be, how [any person] can come to believe that he accepts his temporal state, this limited and mortal state [of being only a separate self and not the Whole] which is in reality affectively unacceptable, how can he live this way?\"'", "A few pages later, Wilber wrote(p. 108): 'Once again, Hubert Benoit has a brilliantly precise statement on the nature of the Atman-project in general, and substitute objects in particular: \"Man only seeks to deify himself in the temporal sphere because he is ignorant of his real divine essence (Atman).", "Man is born the son of God, participating totally in the nature of the Supreme Principle of the Universe; but he is forgetful of his origin, illusorily convinced that he is only this limited and mortal body which his senses perceive.", "Amnesic, he suffers from illusorily feeling himself abandoned by God (while he is in reality God himself), and he fusses about in the temporal sphere in search of affirmations to support his divinity which he cannot find there...\"'\n\nBibliography \n\nTranslations by Hubert Benoit \n\n \nBooks and Articles by Benoit in translation\n\n \n; reprinted in 1998 by the Sussex Academic Press.", "Self-Realization:And the Journey Beyond Ego.", "Kindle Version of De la Réalisation Intérieure, revised and taken from the above by the translator.", "https://www.amazon.co.uk/Self-Realization-And-Journey-Beyond-Ego-ebook/dp/B00SNAGOU4\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n Who was Hubert Benoit?", "- Obituary\n A contemporary response to Benoit\n Hubert Benoit - Su Vida - Su Obra\n\nFrench psychoanalysts\nZen Buddhism writers\nFrench surgeons\nFrench medical writers\n1904 births\n1992 deaths\n20th-century French translators\n20th-century surgeons" ]

[ "The work of a 20th-century French psychotherapist foretold the development of integral psychology and integral spirituality.", "His special interest and contribution was in the development of a new form of psychotherapy which incorporated a psychoanalytic perspective with insights from Eastern spiritual disciplines.", "The emergence and persistence of much underlying distress is played by the spiritual ignorance of Western culture.", "He warned against what he considered to be the overemphasis on symptomatology in the early stages of Freudian theory, while explaining the defences against this fundamental unease.", "He showed parallels between aspects of Zen training and the experience of psychoanalysis.", "He wrote a psychological account of the Zen concept of satori and its emergence in the individual.", "He was born in Nancy in 1904 and died in Paris in 1992.", "He trained as a doctor in Paris and worked in surgery until 1944.", "He was injured during the Allied bombardment of Saint-L.", "He underwent several operations over the next four years but was left with a partially paralysed right hand and could no longer work as a surgeon.", "He expressed his conviction that a higher truth existed in his introduction to Métaphysique et Psychanalyse.", "There is an impersonal and non-individual kind of truth which exists beyond the systems of thought produced by individual philosophers.", "It became clear to me that each one of us had to re-discover this truth as a concrete, lived reality, and that this was to be achieved through inner work.", "The individual could carry out the work.", "His studies led him to a number of religions.", "He was familiar with the work of Gurdjieff.", "He began his work as a therapist in Paris in 1952.", "His best known book is La Doctrine Suprme, which was published in two volumes in 1951 and 1952.", "Le Non-Mental Selon La Pensée Zen, his translation of The Zen Doctrine of No-Mind, was published in 1952.", "Suzuki introduced Zen Buddhism to the anglophone world in the late 1920s, but was not well known in France.", "The original Chinese version of the teaching of Zen Buddhism was a purer form of the teaching than the Ch'an version.", "The Benoit 2008, p. 232, is a footnote.", "He stressed the importance of establishing a framework for an intellectual understanding of the human situation.", "\"Dr Suzuki has said that Zen detests any form of intellectualism, but my impression is that enlightenment for the Westerner does require some intellectual input, though kept within strict limits,\" he wrote.", "The teacher would harm the student if he let him forget that the whole problem is one of jumping the gap between reality and verbal truth.", "Westerners need a rational explanation to get to the edge of the gap.", "Zen says that seeing directly into one's nature is enough.", "It took a long time for me to see how this advice could be put into practice in our lives.", "The Supreme Doctrine was the first of four books that were translated into English.", "Lcher Prise was published in English in 1962.", "A fourth section was added in 1984 after 25 years of summarised views in De La Réalisation Intérieure.", "The first English version was published in 1987.", "Two of his books, La Doctrine Suprme and De la Réalisation intérieure, are available in English.", "Although his The Supreme Doctrine was widely read and appreciated in many countries, problems with the translation of his later, more comprehensive and conclusive work, Let Go!, must have cost him most of his English-speaking readers.", "Influence Aldous Huxley was brought to the attention of the English-speaking world by his friend, Aldous Huxley.", "In 1950, Huxley published a translation of Notes in regard to a Technique of Timeless Realization, which he had read in Métaphysique et Psychanalyse.", "The first edition of The Supreme Doctrine should be read by everyone who aspires to know who he is and what he can do to acquire such self-knowledge.", "When Huxley's library was destroyed by fire in 1961, he promoted the idea of integrating Zen and other Eastern teachings into a Western frame of reference, and others followed suit.", "The Professor of East Asian History at the School of Oriental and African Studies said in his foreword to the 1995 re-issue that the Supreme Doctrine had a significant impact on Western students of Zen in the two decades following its publication.", "Huxley promoted The Supreme Doctrine for its discussion of Zen Buddhism from a Western psychological perspective.", "Robert Powell was a contemporary of Huxley.", "\"This is a fundamental component of human personality, likening it to an inner lawsuit which is continually being enacted in our subconscious mind.\"", "'Behind everything we experience there is a debate going on, illusory proceedings where the matter in dispute is our being or our nothingness...of the actual proceedings themselves, which carry on monotonously in the background, we remain unaware.'", "The Light of Zen in the West.", "Papers by Joseph Hart and Margaret Jeffrey Rioch appeared in academic journals.", "Benoit's ideas were summarized by both of them.", "One of the first Western psychologists to be trained in Zen teaching was Rioch.", "As part of a course on philosophy at M.I.T., Rioch delivered an abbreviated version of a lecture.", "Hart presented Benoit's work as a contribution to the philosophy of science that transpersonal psychologists were attempting to develop.", "The followers of Osho were introduced to Benoit's ideas.", "Let Go and The Supreme Doctrine are two books that Osho mentions.", "He writes that it should be on the bookshelf of every meditator.", "The best book of the century so far as the West is concerned is written by nobody.", "He noted that it is rare for a man, a single man, to produce two masterpieces.", "Ken Wilber's The Atman Project was one of the seminal works of the integral psychology movement.", "There is an exquisite quote on the nature of the subjective wing of the Atman-project.", "\"How can a person come to believe that he is only a separate self and not the whole?\" he asks.", "There is a brilliantly precise statement on the nature of the Atman-project in general, and substitute objects in particular.", "Man is the son of God and participates in the nature of the Supreme Principle of the Universe, but he is not aware that he is only a limited and mortal body.", "Amnesic, he suffers from illusorily feeling himself abandoned by God (while he is in reality God himself), and he fusses about in the temporal sphere in search of affirmations to support his divinity which he cannot find there.", "There is a journey beyond ego.", "The original version of De la Réalisation Intérieure was taken from the above.", "The book \"Self-Realization-And-Journey-Beyond-Ego\" was published by Amazon.co.uk.", "Su Obra is a contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem Obituary A contemporary response to the poem" ]

[ "Hubert Benoit", "Hubert Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Hubert Benoit", "Benoit", "Hubert Benoit", "Hubert Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit", "Hubert Benoit", "Benoit", "Hubert Benoit" ]

[ "Benoit", "Benoit", "Benoit" ]

[ "Grigory Samuilovich Frid also known as Grigori Fried (, 22 September N.S.", "1915 – 22 September 2012) was a Russian composer of music written in many different genres, including chamber opera.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Petrograd, now St. Petersburg, Frid studied in the Moscow Conservatory with Heinrich Litinsky and Vissarion Shebalin.", "He was a soldier in the Second World War.", "Career\nFrid was a prolific composer.", "His most notable works are his two chamber operas, both to his own libretti.", "The Diary of Anne Frank is a monodrama in 21 scenes for soprano and chamber orchestra, lasting about one hour.", "It was composed in 1968 and given a first performance with piano accompaniment at the All-Union House of Composers in Moscow on either 17 or 18 May 1972.", "The Letters of Van Gogh is a mono-opera in two parts for baritone and chamber ensemble, based on the letters of Vincent Van Gogh to his brother Theo.", "The opera was composed in 1975 and given its premiere in concert form at the same venue, on 29 November 1976.", "He wrote three symphonies (1939, 1955, 1964), a series of instrumental concertos including a Concerto for viola, piano and string orchestra (1981), music for theatre and cinema including stage music for Phèdre by Jean Racine (1985), vocal and chamber music including a cycle Poetry (1973) for voice and chamber ensemble to poems by Federico García Lorca, a Piano Quintet (1981), a Fantasia for cello and piano (1982), Fedra (Phèdre, 1985) - a piano quintet with solo viola, and Five Songs to poems by Luís de Camões (1985).", "The style of Frid's early music may be explained as conventional, written in the tradition of so-called \"Socialist realism\".", "At the age of 55 he changed his style radically, turning to the twelve-tone and other more contemporary techniques of music composition.", "Frid was known as having been a music propagandist and organiser of a series of lectures-concerts for young people at the \"Moscow House of Composers\" that were popular in the 1970s.", "He was also a visual artist, having had a series of exhibitions of his paintings.", "Frid authored a few volumes of recollections, two of which first were published in Moscow in 1987 and 1991.", "Selected works \nStage\n The Diary of Anne Frank (Дневник Анны Франк), Monologue-Opera in 2 acts for soprano and chamber orchestra, Op.", "60 (1969); version II (1999) for soprano and chamber ensemble; libretto by the composer\n Van Gogh's Letters (Письма Ван-Гога), Monologue-Opera in 2 acts for baritone and chamber ensemble, Op.", "69 (1975); libretto by the composer based on letters from Vincent van Gogh to his brother Theo\n\nOrchestral\n Overture No.", "1 (1936)\n Symphony No.", "1 (1939)\n Piece (Пьеса) (1939)\n Northern Lights (Северное сияние), Suite (1946)\n 3 Marches (Три марша) (1947)\n Nature's Calendar (Календарь природы) after Mikhail Prishvin (1947); also a version for violin and piano\n Overture No.", "2 (1950)\n All Year Round (Круглый год) after Samuil Marshak (1951); also for piano\n Sinfonietta (Симфониетта) (1951)\n Merry Suite (Веселая сюита) (1954)\n Symphony No.", "2 \"Lyric\" (Лирическая) (1955)\n Rhapsody on Slovak and Moravian Themes (Рапсодия на словацкие и моравские темы) (1956)\n Festive Overture (Праздничная увертюра) (1957)\n On the Shores of Cheptsa (На берегах Чепцы), Poem in Memory of Vladimir Korolenko (1959)\n Заре навстречу (1960)\n Overture No.", "3 (1961)\n 2 Inventions (Две инвенции) for string orchestra, Op.", "46a (1962); original for piano\n Symphony No.", "3 for string orchestra and timpani, Op.", "50 (1964)\n Overture, Op.", "56 (1967)\n\nConcertante\n Fantasia Concertante (Концертная фантазия) for violin and orchestra (1955)\n Concerto for viola and chamber orchestra, Op.", "52 (1967)\n Concerto for trombone and orchestra (1968)\n Concerto for viola, piano and string orchestra, Op.", "73 (1981)\n Romance (Романс) for cello, piano and chamber ensemble (1981); also for solo cello, 4 cellos and piano; music from the film Lenin in Paris\n\nChamber music\n Prelude and Fugue (Прелюдия и фуга) for string quartet (1940)\n String Quartet No.", "1 (1936)\n Sonata No.", "1 for violin and piano (1946)\n String Quartet No.", "2 (1947)\n Nature's Calendar (Календарь природы), Cycle of 10 pieces after Mikhail Prishvin for violin and piano (1947, 1948) (1947); original for orchestra\n Sonatina for oboe and piano (1949)\n String Quartet No.", "3 (1949)\n Sonata No.", "1 for cello and piano (1951)\n Aria (Ария) for cello and piano (1952)\n Sonatina for flute and piano (1952)\n Sonata No.", "2 for cello and piano (1957)\n String Quartet No.", "4 (1958)\n Aria and Intermezzo (Ария и интермеццо) for cello and piano (1962)\n Concert Fantasy on Themes of Three Folk Songs of Western Ukraine (Концертная фантазия на темы трех песен народов Западной Украины) for trumpet and piano (1963)\n 8 Pieces (Восемь пьес) for cello and piano (1963)\n Romance (Романс) for flute and piano (1963)\n Sonata No.", "2 for violin and piano (1964)\n Sonata No.", "1 for clarinet and piano (1966)\n Sonata No.", "3 for violin and piano (1968)\n Divertimento (Дивертисмент) for violin and piano (1969)\n Sonata for oboe and piano (1971)\n Sonata No.", "2 for clarinet and piano (1971)\n Sonata for viola and piano, Op.", "62 No.", "1 (1971)\n 6 Pieces (Шесть пьес) for string quartet, Op.", "64 (1972)\n Sonata for 3 clarinets (1974)\n String Quartet No.", "5 (1977)\n Piano Quintet, Op.", "72 (1981)\n Romance (Романс) for solo cello, 4 cellos and piano (1981); also for cello, piano and chamber ensemble; music from the film Lenin in Paris\n Fantasia (Фантазия) for cello and piano (1982)\n Sonata No.", "3 for clarinet and piano (1982)\n Phèdre (Федра; Phaedra) for viola solo, 2 violins, cello and piano, Op.", "78 (1985)\n Sonata No.", "2 for viola and piano (1985); second version of Phèdre\n\nPiano\n Toccata (Токката) (1935)\n Variations (Вариации) (1937)\n All Year Round (Круглый год), 12 Pieces after Samuil Marshak (1951); also for orchestra\n Children's Album (Детский альбом) (1961)\n Inventions (Инвенции), Op.", "46 (1962); also for orchestra\n Hungarian Album (Венгерский альбом), 14 Pieces (1966)\n Sonatina (1971)\n Sonata No.", "1 (1973)\n Sonata No.", "Общение.", "Судьбы: О Московском молодежном музыкальном клубе: Статьи и очерки; Автор предисловия И. Нестьев 237, с. ил.", "22 см, М. Сов.", "композитор 1987\n Фрид, Григорий: Музыка!", "Музыка?", "Музыка... и молодежь, 213, с.", "ил., нот.", "ил.", "26 см, М. Советский композитор 1991\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Grigory Frid pages at Sikorski: biography, worklist, performance schedule\n \n Interview \nNotice of Death \n The Diary of Anne Frank.", "Encompass Opera Theatre's production in New York and Cleveland\n Briefe des Van Gogh , Berliner Kammeroper's 2005 production \n\n1915 births\n2012 deaths\nPeople from Saint Petersburg\nPeople from Sankt-Peterburgsky Uyezd\nRussian Jews\nCommunist Party of the Soviet Union members\nRussian opera composers\nMale opera composers\nRussian male classical composers\nPupils of Vissarion Shebalin\nRussian classical musicians\nSoviet military personnel of World War II\nSoviet composers" ]

[ "Grigori Fried is also known as Grigory Samuilovich Frid.", "Russian composer of music written in many different genres, including chamber opera, was born in 1915.", "Frid was born in Petrograd and studied in Moscow.", "He served in the Second World War.", "Frid was a prolific composer.", "His two chamber operas are his most notable works.", "There are 21 scenes in The Diary of Anne Frank for the Soprano and Chamber Orchestra.", "It was performed for the first time with piano accompaniment on either 17 or 18 May 1972 at the All-Union House of Composers in Moscow.", "The opera is based on the letters of Van Gogh to his brother Theo.", "The premiere of the opera in concert form took place at the same venue on November 29, 1976.", "He wrote three symphonies (1939, 1955, 1964), a series of instrumental concertos, and music for theatre and cinema, as well as vocal and chamber music.", "Frid's early music may be explained as conventional, written in the tradition of \"Socialist realism\".", "At the age of 55, he changed his style and 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "Frid organised a series of concerts for young people at the \"Moscow House of Composers\" in the 1970s.", "He had a number of exhibitions of his paintings.", "Two volumes of recollections were published in Moscow in 1987 and 1991.", "The Diary of Anne Frank is a Monologue-Opera in 2 acts.", "The opera Monologue-Opera in 2 acts for baritone and chamber ensemble was written by Van Gogh.", "The opera was based on letters from van Gogh to his brother.", "The symphony was written in the 19th century.", "The Northern Lights, Suite, and Nature's Calendar are included.", "The Merry Suite was also used for the All Year Round.", "2 \"Lyric\", a song about Slovak and Moravian themes, was written in 1955.", "Inventions for string orchestra.", "The original for piano symphony no. 46a was written in 1962.", "3 for string orchestra.", "The Overture, Op. 50 was written in 1964.", "There is a concertante for violin and orchestra.", "The Concerto for trombone and orchestra was written in 1967.", "Romance for cello, piano and chamber ensemble (1981), also for solo cello, 4 cellos and piano, and music from the film Lenin in Paris Chamber music and Fugue.", "1 was written in the 19th century.", "1 for violin and piano.", "Nature's Calendar is a cycle of 10 pieces after Mikhail Prishvin for violin and piano.", "3 (1949) is a work of art.", "1 for cello and piano and Sonatina for flute and piano.", "2 for cello and piano.", "Concert Fantasy on Themes of Three Folk Songs of Western Ukraine is a movie.", "2 for violin and piano.", "1 for piano and clarinet.", "Divertimento for violin and piano was written in 1968.", "2 for clarinet and piano was written in the 70s.", "62 No.", "There are 6 pieces for a string quartet.", "64 was written for 3 clarinets.", "The piano quintet was published in 1977.", "Romance for solo cello, 4 cellos and piano, also for cello, piano and chamber ensemble, and music from the film Lenin in Paris Fantasia.", "3 for clarinet and piano in 1982.", "The Sonata No. 78 was written in 1985.", "The second version of the Piano Toccata is 2 for viola and piano.", "The Hungarian album was also used by the orchestra.", "No. 1 in 1973.", "It's ение.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "22,.", ",,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "Is that correct?", "215,.", "It was,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,", "Is it possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it is possible that it", "The Diary of Anne Frank was written by Grigory Frid.", "Encompass Opera Theatre's production in New York and Cleveland Briefe des Van Gogh was a production of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union." ]

[ "Grigory Samuilovich Frid", "Frid", "Frid", "Frid" ]

[ "Grigory Samuilovich Frid", "Frid", "Frid", "Frid", "Grigory", "Frid" ]

[ "Paolo Restani (born 2 August 1967, La Spezia) is an Italian classical pianist.", "Education \nPiano-pupil of Vincenzo Vitale (a renowned representative of the Naples piano-school) since 1984, in the following he perfected his interpretative manner with Gerhard Oppitz at Hochschule für Musik und Theater München, Peter Lang at Mozarteum Salzburg, Gustav Kuhn, Piero Rattalino, Aldo Ciccolini, Nikita Magaloff and Vladimir Ashkenazy.", "In addition he studied composition with Paolo Arcà and Bruno Bettinelli.", "Career \nAfter his debut in 1983 in recital at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, he was invited to the most prestigious theatres in Italy.", "Among several successes in this period, a standout one was the concert at Sala Verdi in Milan for the Serate Musicali when, in January 1987, he was invited to replace Alexis Weissenberg with only a few hours notice, and he performed a programme including Eroica Variations by Beethoven and the 12 Etudes d’Exécution Trascendante by Liszt.", "During his almost thirty-year international concert career, his own solo-participations with Europe, America and Australia orchestras are innumerable.", "Among the conductors: Roberto Abbado, Gerd Albrecht, Piero Bellugi, Christian Benda, Yoram David, Vladimir Delman, Claus Peter Flor, Heiko Mathias Forster, Lu Jia, Lothar Koenigs, Gerard Korsten, Julian Kavatchev, Gustav Kuhn, Uroš Lajovic, Yoel Levi, John Nelson, John Neschling, Gunter Neuhold, Daniel Oren, Massimo Pradella, Donato Renzetti.", "Under the baton of Riccardo Muti he appeared in June 2004 with Orchestra Filarmonica della Scala in the Liszt's Second Piano Concerto and, in 2008, still conducted by Muti, he was soloist in the symphonic production of Lélio ou Le Retour à la Vie op.", "14b by Berlioz together with Gérard Depardieu, the Orchestra Luigi Cherubini, Orchestra Giovanile Italiana, Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor.", "Recitals of the recent seasons include the following events: Carnegie Hall in New York, Grosser Musikvereinsaal in Vienna, Konzerthaus in Berlin, Prinzregententheater in Münich, Rheingoldhalle in Mainz, New Congress-Hall in Innsbruck, International Performing Arts Centre in Moscow, Great Hall of the Philharmonic in St. Petersburg, Colon and Coliseo Theatres in Buenos Aires, London, Brussels, Frankfurt, Hamburg, Istanbul, Beirut, Santiago in Chile, Montevideo, Dubai, Kuwait City, Manama.", "In Italy: Milan (Teatro alla Scala, Auditorium La Verdi), Rome (Quirinale, Auditorium del Parco della Musica, Teatro dell’Opera, Auditorium di Via della Conciliazione, Teatro Sistina), Neaple (Teatro San Carlo, Teatro Augusteo, Politeama), Venice (Teatro La Fenice), Trieste (Teatro Verdi), Verona (Arena), Bologna (Teatro Comunale), Florence (Teatro Comunale, Teatro della Pergola), Turin (Teatro Regio, Auditorium RAI), Bari (Teatro Petruzzelli), Genoa (Teatro Carlo Felice), Palermo (Politeama).", "Prestigious musical festivals, where he is regularly invited, include: Flanders Festival, Martha Argerich Festival in Buenos Aires, London Hatchlands Music Festival, Istanbul Recitals, Al Bustan Festival in Beirut, Ljubljana Festival, Jornadas Internacionales de Piano in Oviedo, Asturias Festival, Ravenna Festival, Maggio Musicale Fiorentino, the Festival MITO in Milan, Rossini Opera Festival in Pesaro, Settembre Musica in Turin, Arturo Benedetti Michelangeli International Piano Festival in Brescia and Bergamo, Festival Verdi in Parma, Festival Uto Ughi per Roma, Panatenee Pompeiane, Festival Romaeuropa, Todi Arte Festival, Ravello Festival.", "In January 2008, at the invitation of Yuri Temirkanov, he participated in the XVII International Festival Christmas Musical Meeting in Palmira of the North in Saint Petersburg.", "Among the various international appreciations he is awarded with, are to be pointed out those gained in South America (where he plays every year): in 2005 the Association of Argentina Critics recognized him as the best interpreter of the year, and, in 2011, with the Quartetto d’archi della Scala as the best ensemble.", "Beside his piano soloist activity, Paolo Restani dedicates to chamber music and theatre performances.", "Among his partners: Carla Fracci, Sylvie Guillelme, Laurent Hilaire, Enrico Maria Salerno, Simona Marchini, Mariano Rigillo, Gottfried Wagner.", "In partnership with Chiara Muti, in the last seasons, he created three original musical plays on the life of Mozart, on the relationships between Richard Wagner and Ludwig II, on Rachmaninov and Gogol.", "His extensive repertoire ranges from Bach to present-day composers.", "His particular preference for the Romantic and 19th-century repertoire makes him associated with most works by Field, Chopin, Schumann, Brahms, Debussy, Ravel, Stravinsky, Rachmaninov, and Casella.", "Of particular note is his predilection for the music of Liszt, of which he is considered one of the most authoritative interpreters.", "[3]\n\nDiscography \n\n 1980 - Liszt Gnomenreigen (Phonotype Record)\n 1997 - Liszt Totentanz for piano and orchestra.", "European Philharmonic Orchestra conducted by Peter Jan Marthé (Polyglobe)\n 2004 - Liszt 12 Études d’Exécution Trascendante and Concert Études (Amadeus)\n 2008 - Rachmaninov 18 Preludes (Amadeus)\n 2008 - Casella Scarlattiana, Triplo Concerto, A notte alta for piano and orchestra.", "Orchestra Filarmonica ‘900 of Teatro Regio di Torino conducted by Marzio Conti (Brilliant Classics)\n 2009 - Brahms, Godowski, Skriabin, Saint-Saëns, Bartók, Liszt, Sancan Music for the Left Hand (DECCA)\n 2009 - Berlioz Lélio ou Le Retour à la vie op.", "14b, conductor Riccardo Muti, Orchestra Luigi Cherubini, Orchestra Giovanile Italiana, Konzertvereinigung Wiener Staatsopernchor, Gérard Depardieu as narrator (CD and DVD Gruppo Editoriale l’Espresso)\n 2009 - Field The Seven Concertos for Piano and Orchestra.", "Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice conducted by Marco Guidarini (Brilliant Classics)\n 2010 - Brahms Variations on a Theme by Paganini op.", "35, Variations from String Sextet op.", "18, Five Studies (DECCA)\n 2010 - Rachmaninov Six Preludes, Transcriptions, Sonata no.", "2 op.", "36 (Amadeus)\n 2010 - The Ultimate Piano Concerto Collection includes his own interpretations (Brilliant Classics)\n 2010 - Piano Gold includes his own interpretations (Deutsche Grammophon)\n 2011 - Classica 2011 includes his own interpretations (Deutsche Grammophon)\n 2011 - Brahms Piano Quintet op.", "34, Schumann Piano Quintet op.", "44, with Quartetto d’archi della Scala (DECCA)\n 2011 - Brahms Handel Variations op.", "24, Variations on a Theme by Schumann op.", "9, Variations on an Original Theme op.", "21 no.", "1, Variations on a Hungarian Song op.", "21 no.", "2, Etude from Schubert's Impromptu op.", "90 no.", "2 (DECCA)\n 2012 - 50 Piano Masters includes his own interpretations (DECCA)\n 2016 - Romantic Piano Concertos includes his own interpretations (Brilliant Classics)\n 2018 - Beethoven Concerto for piano and orchestra no.", "5 op.", "73, Orchestra del Teatro Carlo Felice di Genova conductor Marco Guidarini.", "Wagner-Liszt Feierlicher Marsch aus Parsifal (Imd Music & Web)\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \nDizionario degli interpreti musicali (musica classica e operistica) Torino: Tea-UTET 1993.", "Piero Mioli, Dizionario di musica classica (dalle origini a oggi) Milano: BUR 2006.", "Michele Francolino, I.U.C 60 anni di musica Università di Roma “La Sapienza” 2004.", "Carlo de Incontrera e Alba Zanini, 1921-1991 La Filarmonica Laudamo di Messina Messina 1993.", "R. Antonio Peri, La Società del Quartetto di Bergamo 1904–2004.", "Paride Majone e Fulvio La Rosa, Le Associazioni Concertistiche di Pesaro (1882-2001).", "Edoardo Massa, Per una giusta causa La Spezia 2009.", "Joels Parducci e Paolo De Nevi, Da Bione alla Sprugolean La Spezia: Lunaeditore 1995.", "Wagner La Spezia Festival La Spezia 2014.", "Paolo Asti e Cesare Salvadeo, Fifty Giunti 2014.", "Paolo Isotta, La virtù dell’elefante Marsilio 2015.", "External links \n paolorestani.com\n \n\n1967 births\nLiving people\nItalian classical pianists\nMale classical pianists\nItalian male pianists\nPeople from La Spezia\n21st-century classical pianists\n21st-century Italian male musicians" ]

[ "Paolo Restani is an Italian classical pianist.", "Vincenzo Vitale is a renowned representative of the Naples piano-school and has been since 1984.", "He studied composition with Paolo Arc and Bruno Bettinelli.", "After his recital at the Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia in Rome, he was invited to the most prestigious theatres in Italy.", "He performed a programme including Eroica Variations by Beethoven and the 12 at the Sala Verdi in Milan for the Serate Musicali when he was invited to replace Alexis Weissenberg with only a few hours notice.", "He has had solo-participations with Europe, America and Australia orchestras.", "The conductors include Roberto Abbado, Piero Bellugi, Christian Benda, Yoram David, Vladimir Delman, Claus Peter Flor, Heiko Mathias Forster, Lu Jia, and Uro.", "He was soloist in the production of Le Retour la Vie op. in 2008 under the baton of Muti.", "Gérard Depardieu and the Orchestra Luigi Cherubini collaborated on 14b.", "The recent seasons include Carnegie Hall in New York, Grosser Musikvereinsaal in Vienna, Konzerthaus in Berlin, and the International Performing Arts Centre.", "Milan, Rome, and Neaple are in Italy.", "He has been invited to several prestigious musical festivals, including: Flanders Festival, Martha Argerich Festival, London Hatchlands Music Festival, Istanbul Recitals, Al Bustan Festival, and Jornadas Internacionales de Piano.", "He was invited to participate in the XVII International Festival Christmas Musical Meeting in Palmira of the North by Yuri Temirkanov.", "In 2005, the Association of Argentina Critics recognized him as the best interpreter of the year, and in 2011.", "Paolo Restani dedicates his time to chamber music and theatre performances.", "He has partners that include: Carla Fracci, Sylvie Guillelme, Laurent Hilaire, Enrico Maria Salerno, Simona Marchini, and Mariano Rigillo.", "Three original musical plays on the life of Mozart were created in partnership with Chiara Muti.", "He has a wide range of composers.", "His preference for Romantic and 19th-century works makes him associated with many of them.", "He is considered to be one of the most authoritative interpreters of the music of Liszt.", "Discography from 1980 to 1997 includes a song for the piano and orchestra.", "The European Philharmonic Orchestra was conducted by Peter Jan Marthé.", "The Orchestra Filarmonica ‘900 of Teatro Regio di Torino was conducted by Marzio Conti.", "Gérard Depardieu is the narrator of the CD and DVD Gruppo Editoriale l'Espresso.", "Marco Guidarini is the conductor of Orchestre Philharmonique de Nice.", "Variations from String Sextet op.", "There are five studies in the year 2010.", "2 hours.", "His own interpretations are included in the Ultimate Piano Concerto Collection.", "There is a piano quintet op.", "44, with Quartetto d'archi della Scala (DECCA) 2011.", "There are variations on a theme.", "Variations on an original theme.", "21 no.", "There are Variations on a Hungarian Song.", "21 no.", "There is a piece from the Impromptu op.", "90 no.", "The 50 Piano Masters includes his own interpretations.", "5 hours.", "Marco Guidarini is the conductor of the Orchestra del Teatro Carlo Felice di Genova.", "Dizionario degli interpreti musicali (musica classica e operistica) Torino: Tea-UTET 1993.", "Piero Mioli is the Dizionario di musica classica.", "I.U.C 60 anni di musica Universit di Roma.", "Carlo de Incontrera e Alba Zanini was born in 1921.", "R. Antonio Peri is the author of La Societ del Quartetto di Bergamo.", "Le Associazioni Concertistiche di Pesaro was founded by Paride Majone and Fulvio LaRosa.", "La Spezia 2009, Edoardo Massa, Per una giusta causa.", "Paolo De Nevi and Da Bione alla Sprugolean La Spezia: Lunaeditore 1995.", "The festival was held in La Spezia.", "The book is Paolo Asti e Cesare Salvadeo.", "Paolo Isotta is the author of La virt dell'elefante Marsilio.", "People from La Spezia are 21st-century Italian male musicians." ]

[ "Paolo Restani", "Paolo Arcà", "Paolo Restani", "Paolo De", "Paolo Asti", "Paolo Isotta" ]

[ "Paolo Restani", "Paolo Arc", "Paolo Restani", "Paolo De", "Paolo As", "Paolo Isotta" ]

[ "Kirsty Hawkshaw (born 26 October 1969) is an English electronic music vocalist and songwriter.", "In addition to her work as a solo artist, she is known as the lead vocalist of early 1990s dance group Opus III, and her collaborative work with other musicians and producers.", "Career\nKirsty Hawkshaw is the daughter of the late British production music/film music composer and disco record producer Alan Hawkshaw, who was known for composing themes for TV programmes such as Grange Hill and Channel 4 game show Countdown.", "Her mother is German-born Christiane Bieberbach.", "At a rave in 1990, she was noticed by producers Ian Munro, Kevin Dodds and Nigel Walton, who at the time were known as A.S.K.", "and were signed to MCA Records UK.", "The trio had released a single called \"Dream\", when she was invited to appear on stage as their dancer.", "It was through this meeting that they would form a dance act called Opus III.", "Their first single, a cover version of the song \"It's a Fine Day\" from their debut album Mind Fruit, was an international success and Top 10 hit on UK Singles Chart, and reached No.", "1 on the US Billboard Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1992.", "A reversed sample of Hawkshaw's singing from this track was used in the Orbital track \"Halcyon\", the music video for which featured Hawkshaw.", "Opus III also had another US number 1 hit on the same chart in 1994 with \"When You Made the Mountain\", from their second and final album, Guru Mother.", "In a 2009 interview, she recalled her decision to end her association with Opus III, saying she felt that she did not want to be part of a \"commercialized\" act, wanted to go in a different direction, and felt that she did not have sufficient input in writing and production, which led to conflict with the rest of the band; she has also ruled out any plans for a reunion if it ever happens.", "She has also been critical of the dance music industry more broadly, especially performers lip synching other people's songs, and using original artists' vocals without permission or credit.", "After the group broke up in 1994, Hawkshaw pursued a solo career and has since been in demand by other acts in the dance, house, Eurodance, trance, and electronica community, including Tiësto, Delerium, BT, Fragma, Seba, and Paradox, among others.", "Her solo single \"Fine Day\" peaked at number 62 in the UK Singles Chart in November 2002.", "Hawkshaw contributed a track titled \"Telephone Song\" to the children's compilation album For the Kids Too!, released in 2004.", "On 10 October 2005, she released Meta-Message, a collection of older and newer songs, after a growing interest in her out-of-print album, O.U.T.", "The record label Magnatune released her ambient album, The Ice Castle, in 2008.", "Collaborations\n\n 1992 \"It's A Fine Day\" (with Opus III)\n 1992 \"I Talk To The Wind\" (with Opus III)\n 1994 \"When You Made The Mountain\" (with Opus III)\n 1996 \"Valencia\" (with Rachid Taha)\n 1997 \"Isolation\" (with Pulusha)\n 1998 \"State Of Grace\" (with Swayzak)\n 1999 \"Stereo\" (with Stereo People)\n 2000 \"Dreaming\" (with BT) – UK No.", "38\n 2000 \"Hidden Agenda\" (with Sandor Caron)\n 2000 \"Inner Sanctum\" (with Delerium)\n 2000 \"Nature's Kingdom\" (with Delerium)\n 2000 \"Running Down The Way Up\" (with BT & Hybrid)\n 2000 \"Visions\" (with Ian Pooley)\n 2000 \"Where The Sidewalk Ends\" (with Silent Poets)\n 2001 \"Battleship Grey\" (with Tiësto)\n 2001 \"Urban Train\" (with Tiësto) – UK No.", "22\n 2001 \"Stealth\" (with Way Out West) – UK No.", "67\n 2002 \"Killing Me\" (with Slovo)\n 2002 \"Sertão Blues\" (with Slovo) \n 2002 \"Whisper\" (with Slovo)\n 2002 \"Underwater Lady\" (with Harmonic 33)\n 2003 \"Blackout\" (with Hybrid)\n 2003 \"Calling You\" (with Ikon)\n 2003 \"Science Of Life\" (ALBUM) (with Dave Hewson & Derek Austin)\n 2004 \"Don't Sleep Tonight\" (with Clashing Egos)\n 2004 \"Just Be\" (with Tiësto) – UK No." ]

[ "She is an English electronic music vocalist and writer.", "In addition to her work as a solo artist, she is also known for her work with other musicians and producers.", "The daughter of the late British production music/film music composer and disco record producer Alan Hawkshaw, who was known for creating themes for TV programmes such as Grange Hill, is a career woman.", "Her mother is German.", "She was noticed at a rave in 1990 by producers who at the time were known as A.S.K.", "They were signed to a UK record label.", "When she was invited to appear on stage as their dancer, the trio had just released a single called \"Dream\".", "They formed a dance act called Opus III after this meeting.", "Their first single, a cover version of the song \"It's a Fine Day\" from their debut album Mind Fruit, was an international success and Top 10 hit on the UK Singles Chart.", "There was a song on the US Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart in 1992.", "The Orbital track \" Halcyon\" used a reversed sample of Hawkshaw's singing from this track.", "\"When You Made the Mountain\", from their second and final album, was a US number 1 hit in 1994.", "She said that she didn't want to be part of a \"commercialized\" act, that she didn't have enough input in writing and production, and that she wanted to go in a different direction.", "Performers lip synching other people's songs, and using original artists' vocals without permission, are things she has been critical of in the dance music industry.", "After the group broke up in 1994, Hawkshaw pursued a solo career and has since been in demand by other acts in the dance, house, Eurodance, trance, and electronica community.", "Her single \"Fine Day\" peaked in the UK Singles Chart in 2002.", "The track \"Telephone Song\" was contributed to the children's album For the Kids Too!", "On 10 October 2005, she released Meta-Message, a collection of older and newer songs, after a growing interest in her out-of-print album, O.U.T.", "The Ice Castle was released by the record label.", "\"It's A Fine Day\", \"I Talk To The Wind\", and \"When You Made The Mountain\" were collaborated on.", "\"Hidden Agenda\", \"Inner Sanctum\", \"Nature's Kingdom\", \"Running Down The Way Up\", and \"Visions\" were released in 2000.", "\"Stealth\" was written by Way Out West.", "\"Killing Me\", \"Serto Blues\", \"Whisper\", \"Blackout\", and \"Calling You\" are included." ]

[ "Kirsty Hawkshaw", "Kirsty Hawkshaw", "Alan Hawkshaw", "Hawkshaw", "Hawkshaw", "Hawkshawi", "Hawkshaw" ]

[ "Alan Hawkshaw", "Hawkshaw", "Hawkshaw" ]

[ "Daniel Pinckney Parker (1781-1850) was a prominent merchant, shipbuilder, and businessman in 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts.", "Biography\nDaniel Pinckney Parker was born on August 30, 1781, in Southborough, Massachusetts, to Benjamin and Abigail (Taylor) Parker.", "Following an apprenticeship as a store clerk in Marlborough, Massachusetts, Parker moved to Boston in 1810 and entered into partnership with Nathan Appleton under the name Parker & Appletons, until 1813.", "Family\nOn December 8, 1806, Parker married Mary Weeks of Marlborough, Massachusetts.", "The Parkers had four children: Lucilla Pinckney, Mary, Henry Tuke, and Emily Taylor.", "The oldest, Lucilla Pinckney Parker, was born in Boston in 1810 and eventually married the lawyer and noted abolitionist Edmund Quincy, the son of Harvard University President Josiah Quincy.", "The Parkers only son, Henry Tuke Parker, graduated from Harvard University in 1842, and from Harvard Law School in 1845 before moving permanently to London, England, where he became a writer and member of the Royal Geographical Society of London.", "Home\nThe shipping magnate's home was listed in Adam's Boston Directory of 1846 and 1847 as 40 Beacon Street.", "The house there was designed by the important Boston architect Alexander Parris, who is noted for having built United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts, Pilgrim Hall in Plymouth, Massachusetts, and Somerset Club in Boston.", "The property on which the Parker residence was built formerly belonged to famed Boston painter John Singleton Copley.", "The home later became known as the Nathan Appleton Residence or Appleton-Parker House, in combined recondition with its neighbor, #39, and home of Parker's early business partner and friend Nathan Appleton.", "The home is now considered a National Historic Landmark.", "In more recent years, the Appleton-Parker House has attracted attention as the one-time home of former General Electric CEO Jack Welch and for having been listed on a number of occasions with a considerable asking price.", "Parker's business offices were at one point listed at 40 State Street, in Boston.", "Business\nParker, who had been close with the merchant and philanthropist Samuel Appleton, as well as his brother Nathan Appleton, is noted for having owned the famed Samuel Appleton ship, which was said to be one of the finest in Boston, measuring approximately 800 tons.", "That ship was primarily used for trade with China, and regularly made trips from Boston, around the Cape Horn, to San Francisco, California, and then to China.", "Parker was also the owner of the mercantile cargo sailing ship Zenobia.", "Although primarily involved in shipping, Parker's business endeavors were far reaching and quickly established him amongst Boston's most successful and influential businessmen.", "In 1813, Parker was a member of a consortium, which included businessmen Josiah White and Isaac Wright, that established The Plympton Cotton Factory Company, for the purpose of \"... manufacturing cotton, wool and linen yarn and cloth, in Plympton, in the county of Plymouth.\"", "Parker also served as a Director of the Office of Discount and Deposit Boston branch of the Bank of the United States, a record of which was engraved in a silver plate and deposited in the foundation of the bank as it was being designed and built by architect Solomon Willard on State Street in 1816.", "In part thanks to his established reputation following Willard's completion of the Bunker Hill Monument, Parker wrote specifically of his confidence in the architect in a letter to John Collins Warren dated October 8, 1825.", "On February 10, 1818, Parker, Patrick Tracy Jackson, and other members of the Boston Associates, were granted the charter of the Suffolk Bank by the Massachusetts General Court.", "Parker, Jackson, the other charter's holders, and the bank's directors met periodically from February 27 to March 19 at the Boston Exchange Coffee House to discuss the organization of the bank.", "On April 1, 1818, the bank opened for business in rented offices on State Street until the bank moved permanently to the corner of State and Kilby Streets (currently occupied by either 75 State Street or Exchange Place) on April 17.", "Parker owned 300 shares of the bank.", "Daniel Parker was recorded in the Acts and Resolves passed by the General Court section of the Private and Special Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts of 1822 as incorporating the Mashapog Turnpike Corporation \"... for the purpose of locating, making and keeping in good repair, a turnpike road, from Norton meeting-house, in the county of Bristol, to the third school house, (so called) in the town of Canton, in the county of Norfolk, on the most direct and convenient route ....\"\n\nAs of 1831 Parker's various business roles included: Director of the Office of Discount and Deposit Boston branch of the Bank of the United States, Director of the Columbian Insurance Company, Director of the Massachusetts Hospital Life Insurance Company, along with his friends Samuel Appleton and Nathan Appleton, and as Trustee of Provident Institution for Savings in the Town of Boston.", "Herman Melville\nAmongst Daniel Parker's closest friends and colleagues, many of them the Boston's most established and successful businessmen and public servants, was the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, Lemeul Shaw.", "Shaw had, early on in his developing career, rented rooms from Parker, and counted amongst his own close friends the Melvilles of Boston.", "In 1847, the budding author Herman Melville married the judge's stepdaughter, Elizabeth Shaw.", "Parker is believed to have attended their wedding.", "Parker had his own ties with the Melvilles and was a trusted friend of Allan Melville, the father of the famous writer.", "The merchant had accompanied an eight-year-old Herman from Boston to Bristol, Rhode Island, in 1828 to spend their respective summer vacations.", "In 1843 upon his return from a whaling exhibition in the Pacific, the young Melville is believed to have called on Parker in an effort to resume any friendship that had developed prior to Melville's exploits on the sea.", "When Melville was married in 1847 and special arrangements were taken to avoid a public mobbing due to his popularity, the author is believed to have stayed with the Parkers.", "In 1848 Melville wrote to Parker in hopes of securing a position on one of his ships for his youngest brother, Tom.", "In a letter from Melville's wife, Elizabeth Shaw Melville, to her step-mother, the family friend Parker poses as the best option for a young man in the often treacherous shipping business; “Herman has written Mr. Parker – (Daniel P.) to see if he can send him out in one of his ships.", "I hope he will, if Tom must go, for Mr. Parker would be likely to take an interest in him and promote him.” Mrs. Melville continued in a postscript; “If father should chance to see Mr. Parker I wish he would speak to him about Tom.”\n\nCulture\nAs a prominent member of Boston's society, Parker found himself inevitably immersed in the city's cultural organizations.", "In 1815 Parker was listed as a Trustee of the Boston Athenaeum, in 1826 was noted to have contributed $100, and in the years ranging 1821, 1844, and 1850 was noted as a subscriber and proprietor.", "Parker was also one of a number of patrons and trustees that contributed to the commission of the first painting to join the Atheneum's collection; a portrait of the organizations benefactor James Perkins by Gilbert Stuart.", "Daniel Pinckney Parker himself, along with his wife, had his portraits painted by Stuart.", "The University of Southern California currently has in its collection the Gilbert Stuart panel painting \"Mrs. Daniel Pinckney Parker (Mary Weekes)\", which dates to approximately 1810, when the sitter was 18 years old, and a few years after the young couples 1806 marriage.", "Later, in 1847, Parker was elected a member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society.", "Daniel P. Parker's wife, Mary Weekes, also held her own prominent position as president of the Fragment Society, the oldest continuous sewing circle in Boston's history, in the years 1838, 1849, 1850, and 1852.", "Even in the year of his death, 1850, Parker continued his philanthropic endeavors, contributing to the purchase of protective casing for and cataloging of the George Washington Library at the Boston Athenaeum.", "Death\nFollowing “a painful illness of several months”, Daniel Pinckney Parker died at his home on Beacon Street on August 31, 1850, one day after his sixty-ninth birthday.", "Parker's obituary in the Boston Daily Atlas read as follows:\n\n\"Among the many public-spirited merchants who have contributed to extend the commercial enterprise of Boston, few have been more zealous or successful.", "He had built for him nearly forty sailing vessels, and no man fitted his ships more liberally or took greater interest in the welfare of those in his employ.", "He was liberal in his charities without being ostentatious, was an affectionate husband, a kind father, and an upright citizen.\"", "Daniel Pinckney Parker is buried at the Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "References\n\n1781 births\n1850 deaths\n19th-century American businesspeople\nAmerican merchants\nAmerican shipbuilders\nPeople from Southborough, Massachusetts\nBurials at Mount Auburn Cemetery" ]

[ "In the 19th-century Boston, Massachusetts, Daniel PinckneyParker was a prominent merchant, shipbuilder, and businessman.", "On August 30, 1781, Daniel Pinckney Parker was born to Benjamin and Abigail (Taylor)Parker in Southborough, Massachusetts.", "After working as a store clerk in Massachusetts, he moved to Boston in 1812 and formed a partnership with Nathan Appleton.", "On December 8, 1806, Parker married Mary Weeks of Massachusetts.", "The four children of theParkers were Lucilla Pinckney, Mary, Henry Tuke, and Emily Taylor.", "Edmund Quincy, the son of Harvard University President Josiah Quincy, was married to the oldest, Lucilla Pinckney, who was born in Boston in 1812.", "After graduating from Harvard University in 1842 and from Harvard Law School in 1845 he moved to London, England, where he became a writer and member of the Royal Geographical Society of London.", "The shipping magnate's home was listed in Adam's Boston Directory of 1846 and 1847.", "The house there was designed by the important Boston architect Alexander Parris, who is known for having built the United First Parish Church in Quincy, Massachusetts.", "The property on which the residence was built was once owned by a renowned Boston painter.", "The home became known as the Nathan Appleton Residence or Appleton-Parker House after it was combined with the home of Nathan Appleton.", "The home is now a national historic landmark.", "In the past few years, the Appleton-Parker House has attracted attention for being the one-time home of former General Electric CEO Jack Welch and for having been listed on a number of occasions with a considerable asking price.", "There was a time when the business offices were listed at 40 State Street in Boston.", "The Samuel Appleton ship, which was said to be one of the finest in Boston, was owned by BusinessParker, who had been close with the merchant and philanthropist Samuel Appleton, as well as his brother Nathan Appleton.", "The ship was used for trade with China and traveled from Boston, around the Cape Horn, to San Francisco, and then to China.", "The Zenobia was the owner of a cargo ship.", "Although primarily involved in shipping,Parker's business endeavors were far reaching and quickly established him amongst Boston's most successful and influential businessmen.", "The Plympton Cotton Factory Company was established in the year 1813 by a group of businessmen, including Parker, that wanted to manufacture cotton, wool and linen yarn and cloth in the county ofPlymouth.", "As the Bank of the United States was being built on State Street in 1816, a record of which was engraved in a silver plate and deposited in the foundation of the bank, was kept by the Director of the Office of Discount and Deposit Boston.", "In a letter to John Collins Warren dated October 8, 1824, he wrote specifically of his confidence in the architect after the completion of the Bunker Hill Monument.", "The charter of the Suffolk Bank was granted by the Massachusetts General Court on February 10, 1818.", "From February 27 to March 19 the bank's directors and charter's holders met at the Boston Exchange Coffee House to discuss the organization of the bank.", "The bank opened for business in rented offices on State Street until it moved to the corner of State and Kilby Streets on April 17.", "The bank had 300 shares ofParker's ownership.", "The Acts and Resolves were passed by the General Court section of the Private and Special Statutes of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.", "Lemeul Shaw, the Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Court, was one of Herman Melville's closest friends and colleagues.", "Shaw rented rooms from Parker and counted among his friends the Melvilles of Boston.", "Herman Melville married Elizabeth Shaw, the judge's stepdaughter.", "They are believed to have had a wedding.", "Allan Melville, the father of the famous writer, was a friend of Parker's.", "In the summer of 1828, the merchant accompanied an eight-year-old Herman from Boston to Bristol, Rhode Island.", "After returning from a whaling exhibition in the Pacific, the young Melville is believed to have called on Parker in an effort to reestablish any friendship that had been lost prior to Melville's exploits on the sea.", "Special arrangements were made to avoid a public mobbing when Melville was married in 1847, and the author is thought to have stayed with theParkers.", "Melville tried to get a position on one of his ships for his brother, Tom.", "In a letter from Melville's wife, Elizabeth Shaw Melville, to her step- mother, she states that her family friend, Mr.Parker, is the best option for a young man in the shipping business.", "Mrs. Melville said, \"If father should chance to see Mr.Parker, I wish he would speak to him about Tom.\"", "In 1824, he was listed as a Trustee of the Boston Athenaeum, but in the years between 1824 and 1850, he was noted as a subscriber and proprietor.", "The first painting to join the Atheneum's collection was a portrait of James Perkins by Gilbert Stuart.", "The portraits of Daniel and his wife were painted by Stuart.", "The Gilbert Stuart panel painting \"Mrs. Daniel Pinckney Parker (Mary Weekes)\" is currently in the collection of the University of Southern California.", "In 1847, he was elected a member of the New England Historic Genealogical Society.", "The Fragment Society, the oldest continuous sewing circle in Boston's history, was headed by Mary Weekes, the wife of Daniel P.Parker.", "In the year of his death, he continued his philanthropic endeavors, contributing to the purchase of protective casing for the George Washington Library at the Boston Athenaeum.", "One day after his sixty-ninth birthday, Daniel Pinckney Parker died of a painful illness at his home on Beacon Street.", "Among the many public-spirited merchants who have contributed to extend the commercial enterprise of Boston, few have been more successful.", "No man fitted his ships more liberally or took greater interest in the welfare of his employees than he did for him.", "He was liberal in his charities without being ostentatious, was an affectionate husband, a kind father, and an upright citizen.", "Daniel Pinckney is buried in Cambridge, Massachusetts.", "The 19th-century American merchant and shipbuilders were buried at Mount Auburn Cemetery." ]

[ "Daniel Pinckney Parker", "Daniel Pinckney Parker", ") Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Lucilla Pinckney", "Lucilla Pinckney Parker", "Parker", "Henry Tuke Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Business Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel Parker", "Parker", "Daniel Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel P", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel Pincney", "Parker", "Daniel Pinc", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel P", ". Parker", "Parker", "Daniel Pinckney", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel Pincney", "Parker" ]

[ "Daniel PinckneyP", "Daniel Pinckney Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Lucilla Pinckney", "Lucilla Pinckney", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Parker", "Daniel", "Daniel Pi", "Parker", "Daniel P", "Parker", "Daniel Pinckney", "Parker", "Daniel Pinckney" ]

[ "Joshna Chinappa (born 15 September 1986) is an Indian professional squash player.", "She reached a career-high world ranking of World No.", "10 in July 2016.", "She was the first Indian to win the British Junior Squash Championship title in 2005 in the under-19 category and was also the youngest Indian women's national champion.", "She is the current record-holder of most national championship wins, with 18 titles.", "At the 2014 Commonwealth Games Joshna, along with Dipika Pallikal Karthik, won the squash women's doubles gold medal, India's first-ever Commonwealth Games medal in the sport.", "The pair won a silver medal at the event's 2018 Gold Coast edition, losing to team New Zealand, Joelle King and Amanda Landers-Murphy.", "Joshna trains at the Indian Squash Academy, Chennai.", "At the 2017 Women's Asian Individual Squash Championships, she won the gold medal, becoming the first Asian Squash Champion from India.", "In April 2018, Joshna upset Nicol David in the second round, in straight games, of the El Gouna World Series Event.", "This was one of her more prominent upsets.", "Early life \nJoshna Chinnappa was born in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, on 15 September 1986.", "Her father Anjan Chinappa runs a coffee plantation at Coorg.", "Her great granduncle, K.M.", "Cariappa, who was the first commander-in-chief of the Indian Army in independent India, grandfather, and father were all squash players.", "Joshna started playing squash at the age of seven.", "When she was eight, she considered whether to pursue badminton or tennis.", "Eventually, she chose squash which she started playing at the Madras Cricket Club.", "Her father, who represented the Tamil Nadu squash team, was also her first coach.", "Joshna was the first beneficiary of the Mittal Champions Trust established by Mahesh Bhupati with funding from Lakshmi Mittal.", "Career\n\n2000–2008 \nIn 2000, Joshna won her first junior and senior national championship titles.", "She became the youngest player to hold both titles at the age of 14.", "In 2003, Joshna made history by winning the British Junior Open title in the U17 category when she was 16.", "The next year, she reached the final of the U19 category of the same competition, losing to Egypt's Omneya Abdel Kawy.", "In 2005, she came back to the same tournament again and clinched the title after beating Tenille Swartz of South Africa.", "In July 2005, Joshna competed in the World Junior Squash Championships in Belgium, reaching the finals.", "She was defeated by Raneem El Weleily of Egypt.", "She had also played this tournament in 2003, when she reached the last eight.", "In 2007, Joshna said that she had decided to change coaches from Mohammad Medhaat to Malcolm Willstrop.", "Joshna won her first WISPA tour title in 2008 when she won the NSC Super Satellite No 3 in Malaysia, by beating Low Wee Wern.", "The following week, she defeated Wern again in the NSC Super Satellite to claim her second tour title.", "At this time, she was at her career best PSA World rank of 39.", "2010–2012 \nIn 2010, Joshna won the German Ladies Open, beating Gaby Schmohl 11–6, 11–7, 11–6 at Saarbrücken.", "This was her fourth tour title and first in Europe.", "In 2011, she won the Windy City Open by beating her compatriot Dipika Pallikal 3–2 in the final.", "Joshna faced an injury layoff in August while playing in the Hamptons Open.", "When she came back after a seven-month break in May 2012, she clinched the WISPA title in the 2012 Chennai Open in her hometown.", "Joshna defeated Sarah Jane Perry of England 9–11, 11–4, 11–8, 12–10.", "2014 \n\nIn February, Joshna won the Winter Club Women's Open.", "In April, she won the Richmond Open, upsetting Australia's former world champion Rachael Grinham 11–9, 11–5, 11–8.", "This was her first win against Rachael in six meetings.", "In March, she reached her new career-high PSA world ranking of 19.", "In August, Joshna and Dipika entered the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow as the fifth-seeds in women's doubles.", "After winning every match in the group stage, they advanced to quarterfinals, in which they beat Joelle King and Amanda Land-Murphy in straight games.", "They beat the second-seeded Australian pair of Rachael Grinham and Kasey Brown in the semifinals to reach the final, where they defeated the English pair of Jenny Duncalf and Laura Massaro.", "They accomplished the upset win against the top-seeded pair in less than 28 minutes with scores of 11–6, 11–8.", "Joshna and Dipika made history by winning the gold medal at the event.", "This was India's first-ever squash medal in the Commonwealth Games.", "2015 \nIn May, Joshna reached the semifinals at the 2015 HKFC International, but failed to beat Annie Au from Hong Kong.", "In August, she won the Victorian Open in Australia for her tenth tour title.", "She beat Line Hansen from Denmark 11–5, 11–4, 11–9.", "In September, she won the NSCI Open title, by beating Egypt's Habiba Mohamed 11–8, 11–9, 11–6.", "Joshna was injured during the second game of the match, after Mohamed unintentionally struck her on the face with the racket.", "In October, Joshna beat Salma Hany from Egypt 11–9, 8–11, 5–11, 11–8, 11–9 to reach the semifinals of the 2015 Carol Weymuller Open.", "Joshna was defeated by Joelle King in the semifinals.", "In the first round of the Qatar Classic, Joshna defeated Raneem El Welily from Egypt, the World No.", "1 at the time.", "In December 2015, Joshna achieved her career-high world rank of 13.", "She become the highest-ranked Indian woman player, overtaking Dipika in rankings for the first time.", "2016 \n\nIn February, Joshna participated in the 2016 Cleveland Classic in the United States, where she was knocked out by Camille Serme in the quarterfinals.", "Then she competed at the 2016 South Asian Games in Guwahati as the top-seed.", "She won gold after defeating her Pakistani rival Maria Toorpaki Wazir 10–12, 11–7, 11–9, 11–7.", "In May, Joshna reached the semifinals of the 2016 HKFC International in Hong Kong.", "This time she was able to beat Annie Au 3–2, to whom she had lost the same title the previous year.", "However, she lost in the finals to New Zealand's Joelle King.", "In July, Joshna rose to her new career-high ranking of 10, becoming the second Indian to break into the world's top 10 after Dipika.", "In August, Joshna participated in the 2016 SRAM Invitational in Malaysia.", "She managed to reach the finals after beating Joelle King in the semifinal, but was defeated by Malaysian Nicol David in the final.", "In October, Joshna reached the finals of the 2016 Otters International in Mumbai after beating Tesni Evans 3–1, 11–6, 15–13, 9–11, 11–8.", "She lost to Hong Kong rival Annie Au in the finals 9–11, 11–13, 7–11.", "In November, she participated in the 2016 World Team Squash Championships in Paris with Dipika, Akanksha Salunkhe, and Sunayna Kuruvilla on the women's team.", "The Indian team did not qualify for the knockout stage of the championship.", "2017 \nIn March, Joshna competed in the 2017 British Open Squash Championship.", "She lost in the second round match against Raneem El Welily.", "In April, she participated in the 2017 Asian Individual Squash Championships, which took place in Chennai.", "She reached the finals where she faced Palikkal.", "Joshna won the long match 13–15, 12–10, 11–13, 11–4, 11–4, becoming the first Asian Squash Champion from India.", "In an interview, she said that winning this title was her biggest achievement.", "In August, Joshna partnered with Dipika to play in the World Doubles Squash Championship.", "As the second-seeds, they cruised into the quarterfinals and beat Samantha Cornett and Nikole Todd 10–11, 11–6, 11–8 to enter the semifinals.", "They settled for a bronze medal after being defeated by Jenny Duncalf and Alison Waters.", "In September, Joshna won her 15th national championship title at the 74th National Squash Championships which took place in Greater Noida.", "This put her only one title short of the record for most number of national championship titles.", "Later that month, she played in the 2017 HKFC International as the third-seed.", "She advanced to the final, but lost to Nour El Tayebl.", "2018 \nIn April, Joshna participated in the 2018 Commonwealth Games.", "She reached the quarterfinals of the women's singles event after beating Tamika Saxby from Australia, but lost to Joelle King 11–5, 11–6, 11–9.", "In April, Joshna won her second-round match at El Gouna International against the eight-time world champion Nicol David in straight games.", "She lost in the quarterfinals.", "In August, Joshna reached the semifinals at the 2018 Asian Games.", "She won the semifinal match against Nicol David 12–10, 11–9, 6–11, 10–12, 11–9.", "She lost to Sivasangari Subramaniam in the final, and settled for the silver medal.", "In October, Joshna reached the quarterfinals of the Carol Weymuller Open.", "2019 \nIn March, Joshna reached the quarterfinals of the Black Ball Open, where she lost to Joelle King.", "She went down in the semifinals of the Macau Open in April.", "In May, she won the 2019 Asian Individual Squash Championships, after beating Annie Au in the final.", "Joshna won her 17th national squash champion title in June, breaking the record held by Bhuvneshwari Kumari who had won the national title 16 times.", "In the World Squash Championship which took place in October, Joshna lost to Nour El Sherbini of Egypt in the pre-quarterfinal.", "2020 \nIn February, Joshna won her 18th national title in the 77th Senior National Championship.", "Titles \nOn 2 February 2014, Joshna won the Winnipeg Winter Open trophy – her maiden WSA world title, by defeating Egypt's Heba El Torky 11-13 11-8 11-5 3-11 12–10 in the final.", "Her other titles are:\n\n Asian Games, 2018 - Bronze (Singles), Silver (Team)\n Commonwealth Games, 2018 - Silver (Doubles)\n Asian Squash Title, 2017- Winner\n NSC Series No.", "6 (Tour 12) 2009 – Winner\n British Junior Open, 2005 – Winner\n Asian Junior, 2005 – Winner\n World Junior Championships, Belgium, 2005 – Runner-up\n British Open Junior, 2004 – Runner-up\n SAF Games, Pakistan, 2004 – Gold\n Hong Kong event, 2004 – Runner-up\n Asian Championship, 2004 – Bronze\n Malaysian Junior, 2004 – Winner\n Indian National Junior, 2004 – Winner\n Indian National Senior, 2004 – Winner\n\nRivalry with Dipika Pallikal Karthik \nJoshna and Dipika are India's best and most talented women players of all time, as they were both ranked in the top 10 in the world.", "Joshna says that the so-called rivalry between the two is hyped up by the media.", "They are both competitive but get along well, as they are often roommates for events, and teammates in events such as the Commonwealth Games.", "See also \n Official Women's Squash World Ranking\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n ISP Squash Site Article on Chinappa\n \n Joshna Chinappa won the third WISPA title of her career\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nIndian female squash players\nCommonwealth Games gold medallists for India\nCommonwealth Games medallists in squash\nSquash players at the 2010 Commonwealth Games\nSquash players at the 2014 Commonwealth Games\nSquash players at the 2018 Commonwealth Games\nAsian Games medalists in squash\nAsian Games silver medalists for India\nAsian Games bronze medalists for India\nSquash players at the 2002 Asian Games\nSquash players at the 2006 Asian Games\nSquash players at the 2010 Asian Games\nSquash players at the 2014 Asian Games\nSquash players at the 2018 Asian Games\nMedalists at the 2010 Asian Games\nMedalists at the 2014 Asian Games\nMedalists at the 2018 Asian Games\nSouth Asian Games gold medalists for India\nRacket sportspeople from Chennai\nSportswomen from Tamil Nadu\nKodava people\nSouth Asian Games medalists in squash\nCompetitors at the 2013 World Games\nRecipients of the Arjuna Award" ]

[ "Joshna Chinappa is an Indian professional squash player.", "She reached a career-high world ranking.", "In July of 2016", "She was the youngest Indian women's national champion and the first Indian to win the British Junior Squash Championship title.", "She holds the record for most national championship wins with 18.", "The squash women's doubles gold medal was India's first-ever Commonwealth Games medal in the sport.", "The team from New Zealand won a silver medal at the event.", "Joshna trains at the Indian Squash Academy.", "She became the first Asian Squash Champion from India when she won the gold medal at the Women's Asian Individual Squash Championships.", "Joshna upset Nicol David in the second round of the El Gouna World Series.", "One of her more prominent upsets was this one.", "Joshna Chinnappa was born on September 15, 1986 in Chennai, Tamil Nadu.", "Her father runs a coffee plantation.", "K.M. is her great granduncle.", "Cariappa was the first commander-in-chief of the Indian Army and his family were squash players.", "At the age of seven, Joshna started playing squash.", "She considered whether to play badminton or tennis when she was young.", "She started playing squash at the Madras Cricket Club.", "Her father was a squash player and her first coach.", "Joshna was the first beneficiary of the trust.", "Joshna won her first junior and senior national championship titles in 2000.", "At the age of 14, she became the youngest player to hold both titles.", "Joshna became the first person to win the British Junior Open title when she was 16.", "She lost to Omneya Abdel Kawy in the final of the U19 category of the competition the next year.", "She won the title in 2005 after beating Tenille Swartz of South Africa.", "Joshna competed in the World Junior Squash Championships in 2005, reaching the finals.", "She was defeated by an Egyptian.", "She played this tournament in 2003 when she reached the last eight.", "Joshna decided to change her coaches from Mohammad Medhaat to Malcolm Willstrop.", "Joshna won the NSC Super Satellite No 3 in Malaysia in 2008 when she beat Low Wee Wern.", "She claimed her second tour title after defeating Wern in the NSC Super Satellite.", "She was at her career best PSA World rank at this time.", "The German Ladies Open was won by Joshna in 2010.", "This was her first tour title in Europe.", "She won the Windy City Open in 2011.", "Joshna had to take a break from playing in August due to an injury.", "She won the 2012 Chennai Open in her hometown when she came back after a seven-month break.", "Joshna defeated Sarah Jane by a score of 9–11, 11–4, 11–8, 12–10.", "Joshna won the Winter Club Women's Open.", "In April, she won theRichmond Open, defeating Australia's former world champion.", "This was her first win against her opponent.", "She reached her career-high PSA world ranking in March.", "Joshna and Dipika were the fifth seeds in the women's doubles at the Commonwealth Games.", "They advanced to the quarterfinals after winning all of their matches in the group stage.", "They beat the Australians in the semifinals and the English in the final.", "They defeated the top-seeded pair with scores of 11–6, 11–8.", "The gold medal was won by Joshna and Dipika.", "India won a squash medal in the Commonwealth Games.", "Joshna Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet Hughesnet", "She won the Victorian Open in Australia in August.", "Line Hansen was beaten by her in 11–5, 11–4, and 11–9.", "In September, she won the NSCI Open title.", "During the second game of the match, Joshna was struck in the face with the racket by Mohamed.", "Joshna beat Salma Hany from Egypt in the semifinals of the Carol Weymuller Open.", "Joshna was defeated in the semifinals.", "Joshna defeated El Welily from Egypt in the first round of the tournament.", "It was 1 at the time.", "Joshna achieved a career-high world rank in December of 2015.", "For the first time, she became the highest-ranked Indian woman player.", "Joshna was knocked out in the quarterfinals of the Cleveland Classic in the United States in February.", "She was the top-seed at the South Asian Games.", "She won gold after defeating Maria Toorpaki Wazir.", "Joshna made it to the semifinals of the HKFC International in Hong Kong.", "She was able to beat Annie Au, who had lost the title the previous year.", "She lost in the finals to a New Zealander.", "Joshna became the second Indian to break into the world's top 10 when she rose to her new career-high ranking of 10 in July.", "Joshna was in Malaysia in August.", "She beat King in the semifinals but lost to David in the final.", "Joshna beat Tesni Evans in the finals of the 2016 Otters International in Mumbai.", "She lost to Annie Au in the finals.", "She was a member of the women's team at the World Team Squash Championships in Paris in November.", "The Indian team did not make it to the knockout stage.", "Joshna competed in the British Open Squash Championship in March.", "She lost to El Welily in the second round.", "She competed in the Asian Individual Squash Championships in Chennai in April.", "She faced Palikkal in the finals.", "Joshna won the match 13–15, 12–10, 11–13, 11–4, 11–4, becoming the first Asian Squash Champion from India.", "She said that winning this title was her biggest achievement.", "Joshna and Dipika played in the World Doubles Squash Championship.", "They breezed through to the semifinals as the second-seeds, beating both of their opponents 10–11, 11–6, 11–8.", "They were defeated by Jenny Duncalf and Alison Waters.", "Joshna won her 15th national championship title at the 74th National Squash Championships which took place in Greater Noida.", "She was one title short of the record for most national championship titles.", "She was the third-seed in the HKFC International.", "She advanced to the final but lost.", "Joshna participated in the Commonwealth Games in April.", "She reached the quarterfinals of the women's singles event, but lost to Joelle King.", "Joshna defeated Nicol David in straight games in the second round of the El Gouna International.", "She lost in the quarterfinals.", "Joshna made it to the semifinals at the Asian Games.", "She defeated Nicol David in the semifinals 12–10, 11–9, 6–11, 10–12, 11–9.", "She settled for the silver medal after losing in the final.", "Joshna made it to the quarterfinals of the Carol Weymuller Open.", "Joshna lost to Joelle King in the Black Ball Open quarterfinals.", "She lost in the semifinals of the Macau Open.", "She won the Asian Individual Squash Championships after defeating Annie Au.", "Joshna won her 17th national squash champion title in June, breaking the record of 16 that had been held by Kumari.", "Joshna lost to Nour El Sherbini in the pre-quarterfinal of the World Squash Championship.", "Joshna won her 18th national title in February.", "Joshna won the Winter Open trophy by defeating Egypt's Heba El Torky in the final.", "The Asian Games, Bronze (Singles), Silver (Team) Commonwealth Games, Silver (Doubles) are her other titles.", "The winner of the British Junior Open in 2005 was the winner of the Asian Junior in 2005.", "The media hypes the rivalry between the two.", "They are both competitive but get along well, as they are roommates for events and teammates at the Commonwealth Games.", "There are also Official Women's Squash World Ranking References External links." ]

[ "Joshna Chinappa", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Chinappa", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Chinappa" ]

[ "Joshna Chinappa", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna", "Joshna" ]

[ "Elise Marie Stefanik (; born July 2, 1984) is an American politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2015.", "As chair of the House Republican Conference since 2021, she is the third-ranking House Republican.", "A member of the Republican Party, Stefanik's district covers most of the North Country, as well as most of the Adirondacks.", "It also includes some of the outer suburbs of Utica and the Capital District.", "Upon her first House election in 2014, Stefanik, aged 30, became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress.", "Initially elected as a moderate, Stefanik later moved farther to the right and became a strong supporter of President Donald Trump, prominently defending him during his 2019 impeachment amid the Trump–Ukraine scandal.", "She supported Trump’s attempts to overturn the 2020 presidential election, objecting to Pennsylvania's electoral votes after Trump supporters attacked the U.S. Capitol.", "On the day a House investigation into the attack began, Stefanik asserted that Speaker Nancy Pelosi was responsible for the attack.", "Stefanik was elected chair of the House Republican Conference in May 2021 after incumbent Liz Cheney was removed.", "Early life and education \nElise Marie Stefanik was born in Albany, New York, on July 2, 1984, to Melanie and Ken Stefanik.", "Her parents own Premium Plywood Products, a wholesale plywood distributor based in Guilderland Center.", "She is of Polish and Italian descent.", "In October 1998, when she was 14, Stefanik was featured in a Times Union profile about U.S.", "Senator Al D'Amato.", "In the article she is quoted saying, \"I support the Republican view, especially his\".", "Stefanik worked in Washington for six years before entering politics.", "She has said she first considered a career in public service and policy in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.", "Stefanik graduated from the Albany Academy for Girls and enrolled at Harvard College, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts degree in government in 2006.", "She was elected vice president of the Harvard Institute of Politics in 2004.", "At Harvard, she received an honorable mention for the Women's Leadership Award.", "Early career and personal life \n\nAfter graduating from Harvard, she joined the Bush administration, working as staff for the Domestic Policy Council.", "Stefanik later worked in the office of the White House Chief of Staff Joshua Bolten.", "In 2009, she founded the blog American Maggie, named after British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, providing a platform for \"conservative and Republican women\" to promote their views on politics and policy.", "She helped prepare the Republican platform in 2012, served as director of new media for Tim Pawlenty's presidential exploratory committee and worked at the Foundation for Defense of Democracies and Foreign Policy Initiative.", "Stefanik managed Representative Paul Ryan's debate preparation for the 2012 presidential debates.", "After Romney and Ryan lost the 2012 presidential election, she returned to upstate New York and joined her parents' business.", "After the 2012 election, Stefanik bought a home in Willsboro, a suburb of Plattsburgh; her parents had owned a vacation home in Willsboro for many years.", "By April 2014, she owned a minority interest in a townhouse near Capitol Hill in Washington, D. C., valued at $1.3 million.", "On August 19, 2017, in Saratoga Springs, Stefanik married Matthew Manda, who works in marketing and communications.", "In December 2018, Stefanik and Manda moved to Schuylerville, a suburb of the Capital District.", "Their first child, Samuel, was born on August 27, 2021.", "Stefanik is a Roman Catholic.", "U.S. House of Representatives\n\nElections\n\n2014 \n\nIn August 2013, Stefanik declared her candidacy in the 2014 election for the U.S. House of Representatives in .", "The district had been in Republican hands for 100 years, before Democrat Bill Owens was elected to represent it in a 2009 special election.", "In January 2014, Owens announced that he would not seek reelection.", "Doug Hoffman, the Conservative Party nominee in 2009, endorsed Stefanik.", "Stefanik defeated Matt Doheny in the 2014 Republican primary election, 61% to 39%.", "She faced Aaron Woolf, the Democratic Party nominee, and Matt Funiciello, the Green Party nominee, in the November 4 general election.", "Stefanik won with 55% of the vote to their 34% and 11%, respectively.", "At age 30, she became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress at the time.", "2016 \n\nStefanik ran for reelection in 2016.", "Stefanik supported Donald Trump for president after he won the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, gradually becoming more open in her support as the campaign continued.", "She said his comments featured in the Access Hollywood tape were \"wrong\" but did not withdraw her endorsement of him.", "Stefanik faced Democratic nominee Mike Derrick and Green Party nominee Matt Funiciello in the general election.", "She won with 66% of the vote to Derrick's 29% and Funiciello's 5%.", "2018 \n\nIn 2017, former ambassador to the United Nations John Bolton endorsed Stefanik for reelection, lauding her work on the House Armed Services Committee.", "She was reelected with 56% of the vote to Democratic nominee Tedra Cobb's 42% and Green Party nominee Lynn Kahn's 1.5%.", "2020 \n\nStefanik defeated Cobb again with 59% of the vote to Cobb's 41%.", "Tenure \n\nIn January 2015, Stefanik was appointed to the House Armed Services Committee.", "The freshman representatives of the 114th Congress elected her to serve as the Freshman Representative to the Policy Committee.", "In February 2015, she was appointed vice chair of the House Armed Services Committee's Subcommittee on Readiness.", "She was invited to join the Senior Advisory Committee at the Harvard Institute of Politics shortly after her election.", "She was removed from the committee in 2021 following her objection to Pennsylvania's electoral votes after the storming of the U.S. Capitol.", "On January 11, 2017, Stefanik announced that she had been elected co-chair of the Tuesday Group, \"a caucus of ... moderate House Republicans from across the country\".", "Stefanik led recruitment for the National Republican Congressional Committee (NRCC) in the 2018 House elections; among 13 Republican women elected to the House, only one was newly elected.", "In December 2018, Stefanik announced she would leave the NRCC to create a \"leadership PAC\" dedicated to recruiting Republican women to run for office.", "This group, named Elevate PAC (E-PAC), announced in an October 22 press conference that it had partially funded the primary campaigns of 11 Republican women from various states.", "In the 2020 House elections, 18 of the 30 women endorsed by Stefanik's E-PAC were elected.", "On May 19, 2021, Stefanik and all other House Republican leaders voted against establishing a January 6 commission.", "35 Republican House members and all 217 Democrats present voted to establish such a commission.", "Committee assignments \nStefanik's committee assignments include:\n\nCommittee on Armed Services\nSubcommittee on Readiness \nSubcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats, and Capabilities (Ranking Member)\nCommittee on Education and the Workforce\nSubcommittee on Civil Rights and Human Services\nSubcommittee on Workforce Protections\nSubcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training\nUnited States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence\n\nParty leadership campaign \nIn early 2021, after House Republican Conference Chair Liz Cheney supported Trump's second impeachment and refuted his claims that the election was stolen from him, some Republicans in Congress who supported Trump called for her removal.", "Stefanik was seen as a potential replacement for Cheney in case the Republican conference decided to oust Cheney from her position, despite Cheney's more conservative credentials and greater voting record in support of Trump's policies.", "On May 5, Stefanik received the endorsement of Trump and House Minority Whip Steve Scalise to replace Cheney as conference chair.", "During a May 6 appearance on a podcast hosted by Steve Bannon, Stefanik repeatedly emphasized the need for the Republican Party to work with Trump.", "Representative Chip Roy challenged Stefanik from the right in a bid to replace Cheney, but was denounced by Trump, who reiterated his endorsement of Stefanik.", "On May 14, Stefanik was elected House Republican Conference chair.", "After her victory, Stefanik thanked Trump, saying, \"President Trump is the leader that [Republican voters] look to\".", "Caucus memberships \nTuesday Group (20172019)\nRepublican Main Street Partnership \nClimate Solutions Caucus\n\nPolitical positions \nStefanik was ranked the 19th-most bipartisan House member during the first session of the 115th United States Congress by the Bipartisan Index.", "The conservative advocacy group Heritage Action gave her a lifetime score of 48% but an 84% score since the 117th Congress began in January 2021, compared to an average of 95% among House Republicans during that session.", "The American Conservative Union gave Stefanik a lifetime rating of 44%.", "The conservative Club for Growth gave her a lifetime rating of 35%, lower than Squad member Ilhan Omar's.", "Abortion \nStefanik opposes abortion, but says the GOP should be more understanding of other positions on the issue.", "She opposes taxpayer funding for abortion, and supports requiring that health insurance plans disclose whether they cover abortion.", "In 2019, The National Right to Life Committee, a political action committee (PAC) opposed to legal abortion, gave Stefanik a 71% rating, and NARAL Pro-Choice America, a PAC that supports legal abortion, gave her a 28% rating.", "She joined her party in supporting H.R.", "36, the Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act of 2017.", "COVID-19 vaccine \nStefanik opposes federal COVID-19 vaccine mandates for private employers.", "Along with hundreds of other members of Congress, she signed an amicus brief to the Supreme Court arguing that Congress did not give the government authority to impose a vaccine mandate.", "Economy \nStefanik voted in favor of the Keystone Pipeline.", "She opposed the 2013 sequestration cuts to the federal U.S. military budget, citing its effect on Fort Drum just north of Watertown, New York, part of her district.", "Stefanik voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, joining five other New York Republican representatives.", "Her primary reason for voting against the law was its changes to the state and local tax deduction \"that so many in our district and across New York rely on\".", "Stefanik also criticized \"Albany's failed leadership and inability to rein in spending\".", "She said, \"New York is one of the highest taxed states in the country, and families here rely on this important deduction to make ends meet.", "Failure to maintain SALT (state and local tax deductions) could lead to more families leaving our region.\"", "In March 2021, all House Republicans, including Stefanik, voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion COVID-19 relief bill.", "Donald Trump \nAn analysis by FiveThirtyEight in early 2017 found Stefanik supporting Trump's position in 77.7% of House votes from the 115th to the 117th Congress.", "In May 2021, Stefanik called Trump the \"strongest supporter of any president when it comes to standing up for the Constitution.\"", "First Trump impeachment \n\nOn September 25, 2019, Stefanik announced that she did not support the impeachment of President Trump.", "During the November 2019 hearings, in which Congress gathered evidence and heard witness testimony in relation to the impeachment inquiry, Stefanik emerged as a key defender of Trump.", "During a November 15 hearing, intelligence committee ranking member Devin Nunes attempted to yield part of his allotted witness questioning time to Stefanik, but was ruled out of order by committee chairman Adam Schiff.", "Stefanik accused Schiff of \"making up the rules as he goes\" and of preventing Republican committee members from controlling their time to question witnesses.", "Nunes and Stefanik were violating the procedural rules that were established by an October House vote, and Schiff cited the rule to them.", "The rule Schiff cited authorized only Schiff and Nunes, or their counsels, to ask questions during the first 45 minutes of each party's questions for witnesses.", "The incident created a controversy in which Stefanik and others, including Trump, accused Schiff of \"gagging\" her.", "The Washington Post and other sources characterized the incident as a \"stunt\" to portray Schiff as unfair.", "2020 election fraud conspiracy theories \nAfter Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Stefanik aided Trump in his efforts to overturn the election results.", "She also made false claims of fraud, saying among other things that \"more than 140,000 votes came from underage, deceased, and otherwise unauthorized voters\" in Fulton County, Georgia.", "She also expressed \"concerns\" about Dominion Voting Systems, the subject of numerous false right-wing conspiracy theories.", "In December 2020, Stefanik supported the lawsuit Texas v. Pennsylvania, an attempt to reverse Trump's loss by petitioning the U.S. Supreme Court to reject certified results in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Georgia.", "After a mob of pro-Trump supporters stormed the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Stefanik condemned the violence but rejected the idea that Trump was at fault.", "She has promoted conspiracy theories about a \"stolen election\", and just hours after the invasion of the Capitol, she voted against accepting Pennsylvania's electoral votes in the 2020 election.", "Later in January, she expressed opposition to impeaching Trump over his alleged role in inciting the storming of the Capitol.", "She voted against the second impeachment on January 13.", "Defense \n\nIn a July 2015 Washington Times profile, Jacqueline Klimas noted that Stefanik was the only freshman on that year's conference committee for the defense policy bill, a position accorded to her \"because of her extensive experience in foreign policy— working in the George W. Bush administration, prepping Rep. Paul Ryan for his vice presidential debates, and listening to commanders at Fort Drum in her home district\".", "Jack Collens, a political science professor at Siena College, told Klimas that Stefanik's prize committee position signaled that party leaders wanted Stefanik to be part of \"the next generation of Republican leaders\".", "Stefanik united New York House members \"to spare Fort Drum from drastic cuts\".", "Instead of a planned reduction of 40,000 troops, Fort Drum lost only 28, making it a standout among stateside Army bases.", "Environment \nStefanik criticized Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris climate agreement, saying it was \"misguided\" and \"harms the ongoing effort to fight climate change, while also isolating us from our allies\".", "In January 2017, Stefanik joined the Bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus, an apparent indication of \"a moderate stance on climate change issues\".", "Health care \nOn May 4, 2017, Stefanik voted on party lines in favor of repealing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (Obamacare) and passing the House Republican-sponsored American Health Care Act.", "Following a televised community forum in Plattsburgh four days later, at which many attendees opposed her vote and wanted to maintain Obamacare, Stefanik said she had been unfairly criticized for her vote for AHCA.", "She defended her vote in a post on Medium, \"Setting the Record Straight on the American Health Care Act\".", "Her claims about the effects of the AHCA were strongly disputed by fact checkers at the Glens Falls Post-Star, North Country Public Radio, and the Albany Times Union.", "In 2017, Stefanik co-sponsored the Preserving Employee Wellness Programs Act in the 115th Congress—legislation that, among other things, would eliminate the genetic privacy protections of the Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act of 2008 and allow companies to require employees to undergo genetic testing or risk paying a penalty of thousands of dollars, and let employers see that genetic and other health information.", "The American Society of Human Genetics opposes the bill.", "In November 2017, Stefanik voted for the Championing Healthy Kids Act, which would provide a five-year extension to the Children's Health Insurance Program.", "Immigration \nStefanik opposed Trump's 2017 executive order imposing a temporary ban on travel and immigration to the United States by nationals of seven Muslim-majority countries.", "Stefanik declined to condemn the Trump administration family separation policy, instead publishing a press release congratulating Trump after he signed an Executive Order to suspend new separations and detain families.", "On March 26, 2019, Stefanik was one of 14 Republicans to vote with all House Democrats to override Trump's veto of a measure unwinding the latter's declaration of a national emergency at the southern border.", "In 2021, Stefanik voted against the DREAM Act, which nine Republicans voted for.", "Stefanik supports DACA.", "Intelligence \n\nStefanik voted to release the Nunes memo written by staff members of Representative Devin Nunes.", "Trump asserted that the memo discredited the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, but the Federal Bureau of Investigation asserted: \"material omissions of fact ... fundamentally impact the memo's accuracy.\"", "Stefanik supported the ending of the House Intelligence Committee's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections over the objections of Committee Democrats.", "Postal Service \nStefanik was one of 26 Republicans to vote with the entire Democratic caucus in favor of a $25 billion relief bill for the US postal service at the height of the COVID-19 pandemic.", "Taxes \nOn December 19, 2017, Stefanik voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.", "In a December 18 Facebook post, she wrote, \"The final bill does not adequately protect the state and local tax deduction that so many in our district and across New York rely on ... New York is one of the highest taxed states in the country, and families here rely on this important deduction to make ends meet.\"", "Net neutrality \nAfter the Federal Communications Commission decided to repeal Obama-era net neutrality in December 2017, Stefanik urged her congressional colleagues to pass legislation restoring the policy.", "Cybersecurity \nIn September 2018, Stefanik, Seth Moulton and Dan Donovan co-sponsored the Cyber Ready Workforce Act advanced by Jacky Rosen.", "The legislation would create a grant program within the Department of Labor to \"create, implement, and expand registered apprenticeships\" in cybersecurity.", "It aims to offer certifications and connect participants with businesses, in order to \"boost the number\" of workers for federal jobs in that field.", "LGBT rights \nIn the 116th Congress, Stefanik was one of eight Republicans to vote for the Equality Act.", "Later in the same Congress, she introduced a bill, The Fairness for All Act, that would prohibit discrimination against LGBT people while also including exceptions for religious groups and small businesses with religious foundations.", "In the 117th Congress, Stefanik voted against the Equality Act on February 25, 2021, despite supporting the same legislation in the previous Congress.", "In 2021, Stefanik co-sponsored the Fairness for All Act, the Republican alternative to the Equality Act.", "The bill would prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity, and protect the free exercise of religion.", "In 2015, Stefanik was one of 60 Republicans voting to uphold President Barack Obama’s 2014 executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on sexual orientation or gender identity.", "In 2016, Stefanik was one of 43 Republicans to vote for the Maloney Amendment to H.R.", "5055, which would prohibit the use of funds for government contractors who discriminate against LGBT employees.", "Voting rights \nStefanik opposes the For the People Act.", "She made a false claim that the legislation would \"prevent removal of ineligible voters from registration rolls.\"", "Both FactCheck.org and PolitiFact rated Stefanik's claim \"False\", with PolitiFact stating, \"No section of the bill prevents an election official from removing an ineligible person on the voting rolls.\"", "Women in politics \nStefanik has long advocated for empowering women in the Republican Party and has influenced the party's culture to prioritize electing more women.", "After her election in 2014, Stefanik named Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg as a major influence on her decision to run for Congress.", "Awards and recognition \nStefanik was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa in 2015 as an honoris causa initiate at SUNY Plattsburgh.", "In 2020, Fortune magazine included Stefanik in its \"40 Under 40\" listing in the \"Government and Politics\" category.", "Electoral history\n\nSee also \n Women in the United States House of Representatives\n List of United States representatives from New York\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Representative Elise Stefanik official U.S. House website\n Elise Stefanik for Congress\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1984 births\n21st-century American politicians\n21st-century American women politicians\nAmerican people of Polish descent\nAmerican politicians of Italian descent\nAmerican Roman Catholics\nCatholics from New York (state)\nFemale members of the United States House of Representatives\nGeorge W. Bush administration personnel\nHarvard University alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)\nNew York (state) Republicans\nPoliticians from Albany, New York\nPeople from Essex County, New York\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nWomen in New York (state) politics" ]

[ "An American politician is serving as the U.S. representative since 2015.", "She is the chair of the House Republican Conference.", "Most of the North Country, as well as most of the Adirondacks, are represented by a member of the Republican Party.", "It also includes some of the outer suburbs.", "She became the youngest woman ever elected to Congress at the age of 30.", "Initially elected as a moderate, Stefanik later moved farther to the right and became a strong supporter of President Donald Trump.", "She objected to Pennsylvania's electoral votes after Trump supporters attacked the U.S. Capitol.", "Speaker Nancy Pelosi was accused of being responsible for the attack on the day a House investigation began.", "Liz Cheney was removed from her position as chair of the House Republican Conference.", "Melanie and Ken Stefanik had a daughter named Elise Marie, who was born in Albany, New York, on July 2, 1984.", "Premium Plywood Products is owned by her parents.", "She is of Polish and Italian descent.", "In October 1998 she was featured in a Times Union profile.", "Al D'Amato was a senator.", "She is quoted as saying that she supports the Republican view.", "He worked in Washington for six years before entering politics.", "In the aftermath of the September 11 attacks, she considered a career in public service.", "She graduated from the Albany Academy for Girls with a degree in government and went to Harvard College to get her degree.", "She was elected vice president of the Harvard Institute of Politics in 2004.", "She received an honorable mention for the Women's Leadership Award at Harvard.", "After graduating from Harvard, she joined the Bush administration and worked for the Domestic Policy Council.", "Joshua Bolten was the White House Chief of Staff.", "In 2009, she founded the AmericanMaggie, named after British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher, providing a platform for \"conservative and Republican women\" to promote their views on politics and policy.", "She was the director of new media for Tim Pawlenty's presidential exploratory committee and worked at the Foundation for Defense of Democracy and Foreign Policy Initiative.", "Representative Paul Ryan's debate preparation was managed by Stefanik.", "She joined her parents' business after Romney and Ryan lost the election.", "After the 2012 election, she bought a home in Willsboro, a suburb of Plattsburgh, where her parents had owned a vacation home for many years.", "She owned a minority interest in a house that was worth more than a million dollars.", "On August 19 of last year, Stefanik married Matthew, who works in marketing and communications.", "The couple moved to a suburb of the Capital District.", "Their first child, Samuel, was born in August of 2021.", "He is a Roman Catholic.", "She declared her candidacy for the U.S. House of Representatives in August.", "Bill Owens was elected to represent the district in a special election in 2009.", "Owens said in January that he wouldn't seek reelection.", "Doug Hoffman was the Conservative Party nominee in 2009.", "Matt Doheny was defeated in the Republican primary election.", "She was up against Matt Funiciello, the Green Party nominee, in the general election.", "Stefanik won with 45% of the vote.", "She was elected to Congress at the age of 30.", "In 2016 Stefanik ran for reelection.", "After Donald Trump won the 2016 Republican Party presidential primaries, she became more open in her support as the campaign continued.", "She didn't withdraw her endorsement of him despite his comments being \"wrong\" in the Access Hollywood tape.", "The Democratic and Green Party nominees faced off in the general election.", "She won with a large majority of the vote.", "The former ambassador to the United Nations endorsed her for reelection, lauding her work on the House Armed Services Committee.", "She received a majority of the vote and was reelected with a majority of the vote.", "In 2020 Stefanik defeated Cobb with a majority of the vote.", "In January 2015, he was appointed to the House armed services committee.", "She was elected as the Freshman Representative to the Policy Committee by the freshman representatives of the 114th Congress.", "She was appointed vice chair of the House Armed Services Committee's Subcommittee on Readiness in February of 2015.", "Shortly after her election, she was invited to join the Senior Advisory Committee at the Harvard Institute of Politics.", "After the storming of the U.S. Capitol, she was removed from the committee.", "On January 11, 2017, she announced that she had been elected co-chair of the Tuesday Group.", "Among 13 Republican women elected to the House, only one was newly elected.", "In December of last year, she announced she would leave the NRCC to create a \"leadership PAC\" dedicated to recruiting Republican women to run for office.", "The press conference announcing the partial funding of the primary campaigns of 11 Republican women from various states was held on October 22.", "In the 2020 House elections, 18 of the 30 women endorsed by the E-PAC were elected.", "The House Republican leaders voted against establishing a January 6 commission.", "35 Republican House members voted to establish a commission.", "Committee assignments are as follows: Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Readiness Subcommittee on Intelligence, Emerging Threats, and Capabilities (Ranking Member) Committee on Education and the Workforce Subcommittee on Civil Rights and Human Services Subcommittee on Workforce Protections Subcommittee on Higher Education and Workforce Training", "In case the Republican conference decided to oust Cheney from her position despite her more conservative credentials and voting record in support of Trump's policies, Stefanik was seen as a potential replacement.", "On May 5, the endorsement of Trump and House Minority Whip Steve Scalise to replace Cheney as conference chair was received.", "The need for the Republican Party to work with Trump was emphasized by Stefanik during a May 6 appearance.", "Representative Chip Roy tried to replace Cheney with a right-winger, but was denounced by Trump, who endorsed the right-winger.", "The House Republican Conference chair was elected on May 14.", "She thanked Trump for being the leader that Republican voters look to.", "During the first session of the 115th United States Congress, Stefanik was ranked the 19th-most bipartisan House member.", "She was given a lifetime score of 42% by Heritage Action, but an 80% score since the 117th Congress began in January 2021, compared to an average of 98% among House Republicans during that session.", "A lifetime rating of 44% was given by the American Conservative Union.", "She was given a lifetime rating of 35% by the Club for Growth.", "The GOP should be more aware of other positions on the issue of abortion.", "She supports requiring health insurance plans to reveal whether they cover abortion.", "The National Right to Life Committee gave her a rating of 71%, and the NARAL Pro-Choice America gave her a rating of 28%.", "She was a member of the party that supported H.R.", "There is a Pain-Capable Unborn Child Protection Act.", "Private employers are subject to federal COVID-19 vaccine mandates.", "Congress did not give the government the authority to impose a vaccine mandate, as argued by her and hundreds of other members of Congress.", "The economy voted in favor of the project.", "She opposed the cuts to the military budget because of their effect on Fort Drum.", "Five other New York Republican representatives voted against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.", "Changes to the state and local tax deduction that so many in our district and across New York rely on was her primary reason for voting against the law.", "Albany's failed leadership and inability to rein in spending was criticized by Stefanik.", "New York is one of the highest taxed states in the country and families rely on this important deduction to make ends meet.", "More families could leave the region if the state and local tax deductions are not maintained.", "In March of 2021, all House Republicans voted against the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021.", "An analysis by FiveThirtyEight found that 77.7% of House votes from the 115th to the 116th Congress were in favor of Donald Trump.", "The strongest supporter of any president when it comes to standing up for the Constitution was said to be Trump.", "She did not support the impeachment of President Trump.", "In the impeachment inquiry hearings that took place in November of last year, Stefanik emerged as a key defender of Trump.", "The ranking member of the intelligence committee tried to give part of his allotted witness questioning time to Stefanik, but was ruled out of order by the committee chairman.", "Schiff made up the rules as he goes and prevented Republican committee members from controlling their time to question witnesses.", "The procedural rules that were established by the October House vote were violated by the two congressmen.", "During the first 45 minutes of each party's questions for witnesses, only the counsels of the two parties were authorized to ask questions.", "The incident created a controversy in which people accused the other of \"gagging\" her.", "According to the Washington Post, the incident was a stunt to portray Schiff as unfair.", "After Joe Biden won the 2020 presidential election and Trump refused to concede while making false claims of fraud, Stefanik aided Trump in his efforts to overturn the election results.", "In Fulton County, Georgia, she made false claims of fraud, saying that more than 140,000 votes came from unauthorized voters.", "She expressed concern about the subject of false right-wing conspiracy theories.", "Pennsylvania, an attempt to reverse Trump's loss by petitioning the U.S. Supreme Court to reject certified results in Michigan, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin and Georgia, was supported in December 2020.", "After a mob of pro-Trump supporters attacked the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, Stefanik condemned the violence but rejected the idea that Trump was at fault.", "She voted against accepting Pennsylvania's electoral votes in the 2020 election because she promoted conspiracy theories about a \"stolen election\".", "She was against impeaching Trump over his alleged role in inciting the storming of the Capitol.", "She voted against the second impeachment.", "She was the only freshman on the conference committee for the defense policy bill in 2015, because of her extensive experience in foreign policy, according to a Washington Times profile.", "According to a political science professor at Siena College, party leaders wanted Stefanik to be part of the next generation of Republican leaders because of his position on the prize committee.", "New York House members banded together to spare Fort Drum.", "Fort Drum lost only 28 troops instead of the 40,000 it was supposed to lose.", "Trump's decision to withdraw from the Paris climate agreement harms the ongoing effort to fight climate change, while also isolating us from our allies, said Environment Stefanik.", "The Bipartisan Climate Solutions Caucus has a moderate stance on climate change issues.", "On May 4, 2017, Stefanik voted on party lines to repeal the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and pass the House Republican-sponsored American Health Care Act.", "At a community forum in Plattsburgh four days later, she said she had been unfairly criticized for her vote for AHCA.", "She defended her vote in a post on Medium.", "Fact checkers at the Glens Falls Post-Star, North Country Public Radio, and the Albany Times Union disagreed with her claims.", "The Genetic Information Non-Discrimination Act of 2008 would be eliminated if the Preserving Employee Wellness Programs Act is passed in the 115th Congress.", "The bill is opposed by the American Society of Human Genetics.", "A five-year extension to the Children's Health Insurance Program was provided by the Championing Healthy Kids Act.", "Trump imposed a temporary ban on travel and immigration to the United States by nationals of seven Muslim-majority countries.", "The press release congratulating Trump after he signed an Executive Order to suspend new separations and detain families was published by Stefanik.", "One of 14 Republicans voted with all House Democrats to overturn Trump's veto of a measure that would have ended the national emergency at the southern border.", "The DREAM Act was supported by nine Republicans.", "There is a person who supports the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals program.", "The memo was written by staff members of the congressman.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation stated that the memo's accuracy was affected by material omissions of fact.", "Committee Democrats objected to the ending of the House Intelligence Committee's investigation into Russian interference in the United States elections.", "In favor of a $25 billion relief bill for the US postal service was one of 26 Republicans who voted with the entire Democratic caucus.", "There was a vote against the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act on December 19, savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "The final bill does not adequately protect the state and local tax deduction that so many in our district and across New York rely on.", "The Federal Communications Commission decided to repeal net neutrality in December of last year.", "The Cyber Ready Workforce Act was co-sponsored by three people.", "The legislation would create a grant program within the Department of Labor to create, implement, and expand registered apprenticeships.", "In order to boost the number of workers for federal jobs in that field, it aims to offer certifications and connect participants with businesses.", "In the 116th Congress, eight Republicans voted for the Equality Act.", "She introduced a bill in the Congress that would prohibit discrimination against lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer people.", "The Equality Act was supported in the previous Congress, but Stefanik voted against it in the 116th Congress.", "The Fairness for All Act was a Republican alternative to the Equality Act.", "The bill would protect the free exercise of religion and prohibit discrimination on the basis of sex, sexual orientation, and gender identity.", "President Barack Obama's executive order banning federal contractors from making hiring decisions that discriminate based on sexual orientation or gender identity was upheld by 60 Republicans in 2015.", "The Maloney Amendment to H.R. was voted on by 43 Republicans.", "Government contractors who discriminate against lesbian, gay, and bisexual employees would not be allowed to use funds.", "The For the People Act is against voting rights.", "She claimed that the legislation would prevent ineligible voters from being removed from the rolls.", "PolitiFact stated that no section of the bill prevents an election official from removing an ineligible person from the voting rolls.", "Women in politics have long advocated for empowering women in the Republican Party and have influenced the party's culture to prioritize electing more women.", "After she was elected to Congress, she said that she had major influence on her decision to run.", "In 2015, the honoris causa initiate at the State University of Plattsburgh was inducted into Omicron Delta Kappa.", "The \"40 Under 40\" category was included in the \"Government and Politics\" section of Fortune magazine.", "The United States House of Representatives has a list of United States representatives from New York." ]

[ "Elise Marie Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Elise Marie", "Stefanik", "Ken Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Elise Stefanik", "Elise Stefanik" ]

[ "Ken Stefanik", "Elise Marie", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Stefanik", "Environment Stefanik" ]

[ "John Washington (1633–1677) was an English merchant who emigrated across the Atlantic Ocean and became a planter, soldier and politician in colonial Virginia.", "In addition to leading the local militia, and running his own plantations, Washington also served for many years in the House of Burgesses representing Westmoreland County, Virginia.", "He is the patriarch of the Washington family, being the emigrant ancestor and great-grandfather of George Washington, general of the Continental Army and first president of the United States of America.", "Early life and family\nJohn Washington was born to rector Lawrence Washington and the former Amphillis Twigden, probably about 1633 (when his father resigned his fellowship at Oxford that required him to remain unmarried), likely at his maternal grandparents' home in Tring, Hertfordshire, England.", "However, as an adult, John Washington gave his age in a Virginia deposition as 45, which would put his birth two years earlier.", "Before his marriage Lawrence had been a don at the University of Oxford.", "He had been born at Sulgrave Manor near Banbury in Oxfordshire.", "When John was eight his father enrolled him in Charterhouse School in London to begin preparing for an academic career, but the boy never attended the school.", "In 1633 the senior Washington had left Oxford to become the rector of All Saints Parish in Purleigh, Essex.", "During the English Civil War, in 1643 Parliamentary Puritans stripped the royalist Rev.", "Washington of that clerical position, alleging misconduct that was disputed.", "Rev.", "Lawrence Washington then became vicar of an impoverished parish in Little Braxted, Essex, where he died in January 1652.", "His widow returned to her parents' family home in Tring, Hertfordshire, and in 1655 John became administrator of his widowed mother's estate.", "John Washington was apprenticed with a London merchant through the help of his Sandys relatives.", "He gained a valuable education in colonial trade, as England had colonies in the Caribbean and North America.", "In 1656 John Washington invested with Edward Prescott in a merchant ship which transported tobacco from North America to European markets.", "He secured tobacco contracts in Europe, joined Prescott's ship (the Sea Horse of London) in Denmark, and sailed as second mate for the Colony of Virginia.", "A storm on February 28, 1657, caused the ship fully laden with tobacco for the return journey to run aground in the Potomac River at a shoal near its confluence with Mattox Creek.", "Although the vessel was repaired, Washington elected to remain in the colony.", "However, when he asked for his wages, Prescott said he owed him money instead, so Colonel Nathaniel Pope (his future father-in-law discussed below) gave Prescott beaver skins to settle the alleged debt.", "However, his cousin, James Washington, the son of Robert Washington (1616 - 1674), who worked in the London-Rotterdam trade of the Merchant Adventurers, who had also sailed on that voyage, returned on Prescott's ship.", "Complicating matters, this John Washington also had a younger brother, Lawrence Washington, who became a merchant, married Mary Jones of Luton in Bedford County in England, then also emigrated from England to the Virginia Colony, where he died.", "That Lawrence also had a son named John Washington (usually distinguished as \"of Chotank\" the name of his plantation in King George County, Virginia).", "That John Washington raised the children of his cousin Lawrence Washington (1659-1698) (this man's firstborn son): John Washington (1692-1746) and Augustine Washington (1693-1743) when they returned from England.", "Colony of Virginia\nWashington continued to stay at the home of Col. Nathaniel Pope, who had emigrated from England to Maryland about twenty years earlier, then moved to Virginia where he became a planter on the Northern Neck and a justice of the peace for Northumberland County in 1651 and Lt.Col.", "of the militia in 1655.", "During his stay, Washington fell in love with his host's daughter Anne, whom he married late in 1658 or early in 1659.", "She gave birth to their first son, Laurence in October 1659.", "Around that time, Washington learned that his nemesis Capt.", "Prescott had hanged a woman as a witch and brought a murder charges against him in the Maryland General Court; however, the trial conflicted with Laurence's baptism, so Prescott went free for lack of evidence.", "Col. Pope gave the couple a wedding gift of on Mattox Creek as well as a loan of 80 pounds for startup expenses, which he forgave in his will, which was filed in April 1660.", "In 1664, Washington bought 100 acres on Bridges Creek near the confluence with the Potomac River, and settled there, in what is now part of George Washington Birthplace National Monument.", "Washington became a successful planter, depending on the labour of African slaves and British indentured servants to cultivate tobacco as a commodity crop as well as kitchen crops needed to support his household and workers.", "By 1668 he was growing tobacco, with holdings of acres.", "His will disposed of more than acres of land.", "Washington's first public office was vestryman of the local Appomattox Parish church in 1661 (although the parish would cease to exist four years later after a reorganization).", "Washington also served as trustee of Westmoreland County estates and guardian of children.", "In 1661, Washington also became the county coroner and in 1662 became one of the judges of the county court (with administrative as well as judicial responsibilities) and Major of the militia -- both signifying his acceptance into the gentry.", "Westmoreland County voters first elected Washington as one of their representatives in the House of Burgesses in 1665, and he continually won re-election until his death more than a decade later.", "He served alongside planters Isaac Allerton, Gerrard Fowke and his cousin Nicholas Spencer.", "In 1672, Washington received promotion to lieutenant colonel in the local militia, as relations with Native Americans again became troubled.", "(Settlers in the Northern Neck area had been massacred in 1622 and 1644) In 1675 (by which time Washington's rank had increased to colonel), he and fellow Virginia planter and militia officer Isaac Allerton and Maryland Major Truman led retaliation against Maryland natives who had killed three Virginia colonists after a trade dispute.", "During a planned parley with the disgruntled opposition and their allied American Indian leaders, Maryland militia killed at least five surrendered or parlaying Doeg and Susquehannock warriors.", "That event contributed to Bacon's Rebellion in 1676, during which Col. Washington supported Governor William Berkeley.", "During the rebellion, Bacon's forces plundered Washington's estate, among others.", "Following Bacon's death and the suppression of Bacon's Rebellion, an investigating commission criticized Governor William Berkeley, who returned to England, so John's cousin Nicholas Spencer who had traveled with Berkeley to Virginia, became Virginia's acting governor.", "However, Washington died within months, as discussed below.", "Marriage and family\nJohn Washington married three times.", "He married Anne Pope in late 1658.", "They had the following children together:\nLawrence Washington (1659–1698), who would also serve as a Burgess\nJohn Washington Jr. (1661–23 Feb 1698)\nAnne Washington (b.c.", "1662–1697), who married Francis Wright, who was the county sheriff, vestryman and justice of the county Court\n2 additional children, names unknown, mentioned as deceased in Washington's will dated 21 September 1675\n\nAfter Anne Pope's death, Washington married Anne Brett, a widow who had survived husbands Walter Brodhurst and Henry Brett, but did not have children with Washington.", "After his second wife's death, John Washington married Frances Gerard (a daughter of Dr. Thomas Gerard, and widow of Thomas Speke, Valentine Peyton, and John Appleton).", "This third marriage occurred about 10 May 1676 when a \"joynture\" was recorded between Mrs. Frances Appleton and John Washington in Westmoreland County, Virginia.", "Death and legacy\nAlthough the exact date has not been recorded, it occurred after Washington attended a meeting concerning taxes and the suppressed rebellion on August 14, 1677.", "Washington's will was admitted to probate on September 26, 1677.", "John and his first wife Anne Pope are buried near present-day Colonial Beach, Virginia, at what is now called the George Washington Birthplace National Monument.", "His vault is the largest in the small family burial plot.", "During his lifetime name of the local parish of the Anglican Church (the established church in colonial Virginia, and thereby also a tax district of the county) was changed to Washington in his honour.", "See also\nWashington family\n\nBibliography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nWashington of Adwick; Origin of the Washington family, Rotherhamweb.co.uk\nGeorge Washington artifacts\n\n1630s births\n1677 deaths\n17th-century American people\nKingdom of England emigrants to the Thirteen Colonies\nPeople from Maldon District\nWashington family\nAmerican planters\nVirginia colonial people\nBritish North American Anglicans\nPeople educated at Charterhouse School\nMount Vernon\nAmerican slave owners" ]

[ "John Washington was an English merchant who became a planter, soldier and politician in Virginia.", "Washington ran his own plantations as well as leading the local militia for many years in Westmoreland County, Virginia.", "He is the great-grandfather of George Washington, who was the first president of the United States of America.", "When his father resigned his fellowship at Oxford that required him to remain unmarried, John Washington was born to Lawrence Washington and the former Amphillis Twigden.", "John Washington was 45 when he gave his age in a Virginia deposition, which would have put his birth two years earlier.", "Lawrence was a don at the University of Oxford.", "He was born in Oxford.", "When John was eight, his father sent him to Charterhouse School in London to study for an academic degree, but the boy never attended the school.", "The senior Washington left Oxford to become the rector of All Saints Parish in Purleigh, Essex.", "The Puritans stripped the royalist Rev. during the English Civil War.", "The clerical position was the subject of an allegation.", "Rev.", "Lawrence Washington died in Little Braxted, Essex, in January 1652.", "John became administrator of his mother's estate in 1655 after her death.", "Sandys relatives helped John Washington get an apprenticeship with a London merchant.", "He gained an education in colonial trade as England had colonies in the Caribbean and North America.", "John Washington invested in a merchant ship that transported tobacco from North America to Europe.", "He sailed as second mate for the Colony of Virginia after securing tobacco contracts in Europe.", "A storm on February 28, 1657, caused the ship full of tobacco to run aground in the Potomac River near the confluence of Mattox Creek.", "Washington decided to stay in the colony even though the vessel was repaired.", "When he asked for his wages, he said he didn't have the money, so Colonel Nathaniel Pope gave him skins to pay the debt.", "However, his cousin, James Washington, the son of Robert Washington (1616 - 1674), who worked in the London-Rotterdam trade of the Merchant Adventurers, returned on the ship.", "Lawrence Washington, John Washington's younger brother, married Mary Jones in England and then emigrated from England to the Virginia Colony, where he died.", "John Washington was the son of Lawrence and his plantation in King George County, Virginia.", "John Washington raised the children of his cousin Lawrence Washington when they returned from England.", "After Col. Nathaniel Pope moved to Virginia in 1651, he became a planter on the Northern Neck and a justice of the peace.", "The militia was formed in 1655.", "Washington married Anne late in 1658 or early in 1659 after falling in love with her.", "Their first son was born in October 1659.", "Washington learned that his nemesis was Capt.", "After hanging a woman as a witch and bringing a murder charge against him in the Maryland General Court, he was free for lack of evidence.", "Col. Pope gave the couple a wedding gift of on Mattox Creek as well as a loan of 80 pounds for startup expenses, which was forgiven in his will, which was filed in April 1660.", "In 1664, George Washington bought 100 acres on Bridges Creek near the confluence with the Potomac River, which is now part of the George Washington Birthplace National Monument.", "Washington depended on the labour of African slaves and British indentured servants to cultivate tobacco as a commodity crop as well as kitchen crops to support his household and workers.", "He was growing tobacco with acres.", "His will took away a lot of land.", "The vestryman of the local Appomattox Parish church was the first public office in Washington.", "Washington was the guardian of children in Westmoreland County.", "In 1661, Washington became the county coroner and in 1662 became one of the judges of the county court, signifying his acceptance into the gentry.", "Westmoreland County voters first elected Washington as a representative in the House of Burgesses in 1665, and he continued to be re-elected until his death more than a decade later.", "He served with other planters, including his cousin Nicholas Spencer.", "Washington was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the local militia in 1672 as relations with Native Americans became more strained.", "In 1675, when Washington's rank had increased to colonel, he and other Virginia planters and militia officers retaliated against Maryland natives who had killed three Virginia people.", "At least five Doeg and Susquehannock warriors were killed by the Maryland militia during a planned parley with the disgruntled opposition.", "Col. Washington supported Governor William Berkeley during the Rebellion.", "Washington's estate was plundered during the rebellion.", "Nicholas Spencer, John's cousin, became Virginia's acting governor after an investigating commission criticized William Berkeley, who returned to England.", "Washington died within months.", "John Washington married three times.", "He married Anne Pope in the late 1658's.", "They had three children together: Lawrence Washington, John Washington Jr. and Anne Washington.", "Anne Pope was married to Francis Wright, who was the county sheriff, vestryman and justice of the county Court 2 additional children.", "After his second wife's death, John Washington married a daughter of a doctor.", "Mrs. Appleton and John Washington were married on 10 May 1676 in Westmoreland County, Virginia.", "The exact date has not been recorded, but it happened after Washington attended a meeting about taxes and the rebellion was suppressed.", "Washington's will was admitted to the court.", "The George Washington Birthplace National Monument contains the graves of John and Anne Pope.", "In the small family burial plot, his vault is the largest.", "His lifetime name of the local parish of the Anglican Church was changed to Washington in his honor.", "The origin of the Washington family can be found in the External links Washington of Adwick." ]

[ "John Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "George Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "John", "Washington", "Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John", "John Washington", "John Washington", "Washington", "James Washington", "Robert Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "Augustine Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "John", "Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "Anne Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "John Washington", "John Appleton", "John Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "John", "Washington", "Washington", "George Washington" ]

[ "John Washington", "Washington", "George Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "John", "Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John", "John Washington", "John Washington", "Washington", "James Washington", "Robert Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "John Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "George Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "Washington", ". Washington", "Washington", "John", "Washington", "John Washington", "Lawrence Washington", "John Washington", "Anne Washington", "John Washington", "John Washington", "Washington", "Washington", "John", "Washington" ]

[ "Boaz Lavie () is an Israeli writer, filmmaker and game designer, notable for writing the New York Times best-selling graphic novel and Hugo Award nominee The Divine, a collaboration with the illustrators Asaf Hanuka and Tomer Hanuka.", "Lavie and the Hanuka brothers are the gold-medal winners of the 9th International Manga Award.", "Biography\n\nBorn in New York, Lavie moved with his Israeli parents back to Israel when he was three years old.", "During his mandatory army service he was a correspondent for the IDF weekly magazine, Bamahane, and editor in chief of its satirical section.", "Lavie took part in establishing the first commercial TV broadcaster in Israel, Keshet, working also as a screenplay writer for its local adaptation of Wheel of Fortune, the most viewed TV show in Israel during the 90's.", "Lavie was film critic and film section editor for Ynet, a major Israeli news website, and worked as a copywriter for yes, the Israeli satellite television provider.", "Since 2007 Lavie has been working mainly on his own creative projects, writing and directing the critically acclaimed short film The Lake, developing the virtual online board game Shobo, writing the graphic novel The Divine and publishing short fiction.", "Film\n\nThe Lake (Ha'agam in Hebrew) is a short film written and directed by Lavie in 2009.", "It is a dark and comic fantasy, exploring the complex relationship between two unemployed brothers (portrayed by Boaz Lavie himself and his young brother, Oren Lavie), out on a hunt for a mythical sea monster.", "The Lake was featured at dozens of film festivals, including at the San Francisco International Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival, Palm Springs International Film Festival, and elsewhere.", "It was chosen by film critic Brian Darr as the \"best film no one has heard of\" for 2009, and was acquired for distribution by the Hamburg Short Film Agency (KFA Hamburg).", "The Lake was produced by Ron Propper.", "Game design\n\nShobo is a virtual multiplayer board game, invented by Lavie in 2007 and originally developed by Roshumbo Games.", "In the game, two players place their five pentagonal pieces (called Daggers) on a hexagonal board, then try to eliminate their opponent's Daggers through a series of simultaneous moves.", "Shobo was launched on Facebook in 2010, was played by hundreds of thousands of users, and won the GameIS Award for best social game of the year.", "In 2015, Shobo was relaunched as a mobile game for iOS and Android, by Leotech Ltd., a Singaporean developer.", "Comics\n\nPublished in 2015, The Divine is a graphic novel written by Lavie and illustrated by the celebrated twin illustrators Asaf Hanuka and Tomer Hanuka.", "It was produced by Ron Propper.", "The Divine is the story of Mark, an explosives expert who, despite his better judgment, signs onto a freelance job with his old army friend, Jason.", "In Quanlom, a fictional Southeast Asian country, the pair are assisting the military when Mark is lured in by a group of child-soldiers, led by 9-year-old twins nicknamed \"The Divine\", who intent on forcing a showdown between ancient magic and modern technology.", "The Divine is very loosely inspired by the real story of twins Johnny and Luther Htoo, who jointly led the God's Army guerrilla group – a splinter group of Karen National Union – in Myanmar (Burma) during the late 1990s, and according to legends had magical powers.", "The Divine was released in French by Dargaud in January 2015 under the title Le Divin, and received critical praise.", "Frédéric Potet from Le Monde had labeled it \"A combination of Bob Morane [a popular French adventure hero], David Lynch, and Katsuhiro Otomo (Akira)\".", "Eric Libiot from L'express compared the coloring in the book (By Tomer Hanuka) to that of Hergé, creator of Tintin.", "Lysiane Ganousse from L'Est Républicain wrote: \"The authors have turned a chilling true story into a stunning tale\", and the popular comics critique website, 9emeArt, had given it a rating of 10 out 10, declaring that \"Even though it's only January, we can already say it's going to be one of the best releases of the year\".", "The Divine was published in the U.S. by First Second Books, featuring a blurb by author Yann Martel, best known for the international bestseller Life of Pi.", "It was released in July 2015 and has hit the New York Times Best Sellers list.", "It has since received highly positive reviews.", "Publishers Weekly had chosen The Divine for \"top ten graphic novel for spring 2015\", describing it later on as: \"Heady, hellacious, and phantasmagoric\".", "Jesse Karp on his Booklist review wrote: \"Stunning artwork and creeping dread weave together in this satisfying and moving page-turner\".", "Douglas Wolk from The New York Times described it as \"a too rare example of artists getting top billing\", referring to the artwork by Asaf and Tomer Hanuka.", "Joshua Rivera from GQ wrote: \"The Divine's story is unflinching and raw, and its art is quite possibly the most beautiful of any comic this year\".", "Michael Mechanic from Mother Jones called it \"beautifully rendered\", while io9 defined it as \"Your next comics obsession\".", "Rich Barrett from Mental Floss chose it for \"The most interesting comics of the week\" and praised it for being \"stunning, cohesive combination [of elements]\".", "Terry Hong, from The Smithsonian Asian Pacific American Center blog, wrote: \"can’t-turn-away riveting [...] Unrelenting and uninterruptible\", and the Eisner nominated comics blog Comics & Cola dubbed it \"superb\" and chose it for its pick of the month.", "The creators were featured in interviews on Entertainment Weekly, Juxtapoz, Paste, The A.V.", "Club and elsewhere.", "The Divine was chosen as one of the best graphic novels of 2015 by GQ, The A.V.", "Club, Barnes & Noble, Comics & Cola and others.", "It was published in Italy by BAO Publishing, and was scheduled to be published in Germany in 2016 by Cross Cult.", "In February 2016, The Divine has received the gold-medal of the 9th International Manga Award, in a ceremony in Tokyo, Japan.", "References\n\nExternal links\nBoaz Lavie's official website \n Boaz Lavie's bio on Macmillan's authors index\nThe Divine on Amazon.com\nLe Divin on Amazon.fr \nThe Lake: Official Website\nShobo: Official Website\n\n1974 births\nLiving people\nIsraeli male short story writers\nIsraeli short story writers\nIsraeli comics writers\nIsraeli film directors\nIsraeli video game designers" ]

[ "The New York Times best-selling graphic novel and Hugo Award nominee The Divine was written by Boaz Lavie and was a collaboration with Asaf Hanuka and Tomer Hanuka.", "The Hanuka brothers won a gold medal at the 9th International Manga Award.", "When he was three years old, Lavie moved with his parents to Israel.", "He was an editor in chief of the satirical section of the weekly magazine, Bamahane, while he was in the army.", "Lavie wrote the script for the local adaptation of Wheel of Fortune, the most watched TV show in Israel during the 90's.", "Lavie was a film critic and film section editor for Ynet, a major Israeli news website.", "Lavie has been working on his own creative projects since 2007, which include writing and directing the critically acclaimed short film The Lake, developing the virtual online board game Shobo, and writing a graphic novel.", "Film The Lake is a short film written and directed by Lavie.", "It is a dark and comic fantasy that explores the complex relationship between two unemployed brothers who are on a hunt for a mythical sea monster.", "The Lake was featured at many film festivals, including the San Francisco International Film Festival, Slamdance Film Festival, and Palm Springs International Film Festival.", "Brian Darr, a film critic, chose it as the \"best film no one has heard of\" in 2009, and it was acquired for distribution.", "Ron Propper produced The Lake.", "Shobo is a virtual board game that was originally developed by Roshumbo Games.", "Two players place their Daggers on a hexagonal board and try to eliminate their opponent's Daggers through a series of simultaneous moves.", "Shobo was the best social game of the year after being played by hundreds of thousands of users.", "Shobo was reborn as a mobile game in 2015, by a Singaporean developer.", "The Divine is a graphic novel written by Lavie and illustrated by Asaf and Tomer Hanuka.", "Ron Propper produced it.", "The story of Mark, an explosives expert who, despite his better judgement, signs onto a freelance job with his old army friend, is called The Divine.", "In a fictional Southeast Asian country, the pair are assisting the military when Mark is lured in by a group of child-soldiers, led by 9-year-old twins.", "The story of the Htoo twins, who led the God's Army guerrilla group in the late 1990s, is very similar to the story of The Divine.", "The Divine was released in French by Dargaud in January of 2015, and received critical praise.", "According to Frédéric Potet from Le Monde, it was a combination of Bob Morane, David Lynch and Akira.", "Eric Libiot from L'express compared the coloring in the book to that of Hergé.", "The authors have turned a chilling true story into a stunning tale, and the popular comics critique website, 9eme Art, gave it a rating of 10 out 10.", "Life of Pi author Yann Martel wrote a blurb for The Divine, which was published in the U.S. by First Second Books.", "It hit the New York Times best seller list.", "It has received a lot of positive feedback.", "The Divine was described as \"heady, hellacious, and phantasmagoric\" by Publishers Weekly.", "\"Stunning artwork and creeping dread weave together in this satisfying and moving page-turner\", wrote Jesse Karp on his Booklist review.", "It was described as a \"too rare example of artists getting top billing\" by The New York Times.", "The Divine's story is unflinching and raw, and its art is quite possibly the most beautiful of any comic this year, according to Joshua Rivera.", "io9 defined it as \"Your next comics obsession\", while Michael Mechanic from Mother Jones called it \"beautifully rendered\".", "It was chosen for \"The most interesting comics of the week\" and praised for being \"stunning, cohesive combination of elements\".", "Terry Hong wrote that it was \"unrelenting and uninterruptible\" and that it was chosen by Comics & Cola as its pick of the month.", "Entertainment Weekly, Juxtapoz, Paste, and The A.V. had interviews with the creators.", "Club and other places.", "The A.V. chose The Divine as one of the best graphic novels of 2015.", "Club, Barnes & Noble, and others.", "It was published in Italy by BAO Publishing and was going to be published in Germany by Cross Cult.", "The 9th International Manga Award was held in Tokyo, Japan, in February 2016 and The Divine received a gold medal.", "The Lake: Official Website Shobo: Official Website 1974 births Living people Israeli male short story writers Israeli short story writers" ]

[ "Boaz Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Boaz", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Boaz", "Lavie", "Boaz", "Lavie" ]

[ "Boaz Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie", "Lavie" ]

[ "Jürgen Melzer (born 22 May 1981) is a former Austrian professional tennis player.", "He reached a career-high singles ranking of world No.", "8 in April 2011, and a doubles ranking of world No.", "6 in September 2010.", "He has a younger brother, Gerald Melzer, with whom he played doubles in several tournaments.", "In 1999, he won the boys' singles event at Wimbledon.", "For many years he was known as one of the best players on the tour not to have progressed past the third round of a Grand Slam event.", "He ended this streak by reaching the semifinals of the 2010 French Open, losing to Rafael Nadal after coming from two sets down to defeat Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals.", "As of July 2021, he remains the only person to defeat Djokovic from two sets to love down.", "He has also had success in doubles, winning the men's doubles event at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships and the 2011 US Open with Philipp Petzschner, as well as the mixed doubles event at 2011 Wimbledon Championships with his then future (and later ex-) wife Iveta Benešová.", "Career\n\nPersonal life\nMelzer married Iveta Benešová, a WTA Tour tennis player, on 14 September 2012 and divorced in 2015.", "Melzer is a left-handed tennis player, but is right-handed in everyday life.", "Junior career\nMelzer played his first junior match in September 1995 at the age of 14 at a Grade-3 tournament in Austria.", "At the 1999 Australian Open, Melzer won the doubles draw partnering singles champion Kristian Pless.", "Then, at the 1999 Wimbledon Championships.", "He won the singles draw defeating junior world No.", "1 and doubles partner, Kristian Pless, in the final.", "Melzer ended his junior career after his Wimbledon victory.", "Throughout his junior career, he reached as high as world No.", "26 in 1998 (and No.", "24 in doubles) and posted a win/loss record of 52–26 in singles and 47–23 in doubles.", "Junior Grand Slam results - Singles:\n\nAustralian Open: 3R (1999)\nFrench Open: 1R (1998)\nWimbledon: W (1999)\nUS Open: 2R (1998)\n\nJunior Grand Slam results - Doubles:\n\nAustralian Open: W (1999)\nFrench Open: 1R (1998)\nWimbledon: QF (1999)\nUS Open: 1R (1998)\n\nEarly years\nIn 1998, Melzer started playing in Futures in his country, where he won his first two matches, but lost the next four.", "In 1999, he started playing outside of Austria in Futures and Challengers.", "He competed in his first main-draw match in the 1999 CA-TennisTrophy in Vienna, Austria, where he defeated Lars Burgsmüller, before losing to then world No.", "11, Nicolas Kiefer, in two sets.", "In 2000, Melzer continued playing in Futures and Challengers, but was only able to reach one quarterfinal.", "He also made his Grand Slam debut at the Wimbledon Championships, but lost to Australian Mark Philippoussis in four sets.", "In 2001, he reach his first Futures final event at Poprad, Slovakia, losing to Juraj Hasko.", "However, he captured his first title at the Challenger in Mönchengladbach, Germany over local hero Jens Knippschild in three sets.", "He had his first top-100 and top-20 win over Fabrice Santoro, then world No.", "18 in the CA-TennisTrophy, but lost in the next round to Michel Kratochvil in two tiebreaks.", "In 2002, he regularly competed in Challenger events, reaching two finals, but losing in both attempts to Alexander Popp in Heilbronn, Germany and to Luis Horna in Fürth, Germany.", "He reached his first ATP Tour quarterfinal in the Internationaler Raiffeisen Grand Prix, defeating Sargis Sargsian and Andrea Gaudenzi in straight sets, before losing to eventual champion Nicolás Lapentti.", "However, he did better in the Croatia Open by reaching the semifinals, defeating Vincent Spadea, Agustín Calleri, and Victor Hănescu, before losing to eventual champion Carlos Moyá.", "He also won his first Grand Slam match at the US Open over Jack Brasington, before losing to Nicolás Massú in four sets.", "At the Vienna Open, he earned one of the biggest wins of his career by defeating then world No.", "2, Tommy Haas, to reach the quarterfinals, before losing to Jiří Novák in two sets.", "The start of 2003 was not a good one for the Austrian, as he lost three consecutive Tour-level main-draw matches, including his Australian Open debut.", "He rebounded in April by reaching the semifinals, losing to then world No.", "2 Andre Agassi.", "He also made his French Open debut, but lost to David Ferrer.", "At Wimbledon, Melzer upset then world No.", "15, Fernando González, to earn his first Wimbledon victory, but lost to Jonas Björkman in four sets the following round.", "Melzer reached his first ATP Tour final at the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships without defeating a player in the top 100, but lost to Robby Ginepri in the final.", "In the US Open, Melzer reached the second round again, but lost Juan Carlos Ferrero.", "He earned another top-20 victory over Tommy Robredo in the Vienna Open.", "2004–2006\nIn 2004, the Austrian reached his first third round of a Grand Slam at the Australian Open with victories over Tomas Behrend, and Galo Blanco, before losing to Sjeng Schalken.", "Melzer made his Master Series debut at Indian Wells, losing to Victor Hănescu.", "He then won his first Master Series matches at the Miami Masters with victories over Ivo Karlović, and then world No.", "8, Tim Henman, but lost to Todd Martin in straight sets in the third round.", "He next reached the quarterfinals of the Hamburg Masters with victories over Nicolás Massú, Irakli Labadze, and Marat Safin, but lost to former world No.", "1, Lleyton Hewitt.", "Melzer then reached the semifinals of the Internationaler Raiffeisen Grand Prix, losing to Xavier Malisse in three sets.", "He then won his first French Open match over Wayne Ferreira, but then lost to Lleyton Hewitt in four sets.", "In the Canada Masters, he reached the quarterfinals, losing to Nicolas Kiefer, with straight-set victories over Andre Agassi and Fernando González.", "In the US Open, he reached the third round for the first time, but lost to Michaël Llodra.", "In his last tournament of the year, he reached the third round of the Paris Masters, losing to Marat Safin in straight sets.", "In 2005, he reached the quarterfinals of the Adelaide International, losing to Juan Ignacio Chela.", "In the Australian Open he reached the third round, losing to then world No.", "2, Andy Roddick, in a tough three-setter.", "At the SAP Open, he lost in the semifinals to Cyril Saulnier, but earned his third victory over Andre Agassi en route.", "He reached his second semifinal of the year at the U.S. Clay Court Championships, but lost to Andy Roddick.", "He reached his second ATP tour final at the Hypo Group Tennis International, but lost to Nikolay Davydenko in three sets.", "At Roand Garros and Wimbledon, Melzer reached the third round and lost to Guillermo Coria on both occasions.", "He then lost six straight main-draw matches in the Austrian Open to Fernando Verdasco, and the Rogers Cup, Cincinnati Masters, New Haven Open, US Open, and Open de Moselle.", "He then continued his bad run with second-round losses at the Vienna Open, the Madrid Masters, and the St. Petersburg Open.", "In 2006, he continued his bad run with a 1–8 record and a seven-match losing streak in the first three months, with his only win coming in the Medibank International over Juan Ignacio Chela.", "He then rebounded in the U.S. Clay Court Championships, where he reached his third final without dropping a set, but lost to Mardy Fish.", "He also reached the semifinals of the BMW Open, losing to eventual champion Olivier Rochus, and the quarterfinals of the Hypo Group Tennis International, losing to Jiří Novák.", "However, he fell in the first rounds of the French Open and Wimbledon.", "At the Hall of Fame Open, he reached the semifinals, but was upset by eventual champion Mark Philippoussis.", "He also reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Open and the New Haven Open.", "He then suffered two losses to Juan Mónaco in the third round of the Mercedes Cup and the first round of the Warsaw Open.", "At the US Open, he lost to Alessio di Mauro, thus not winning a single Grand Slam match in the year.", "He then reached back-to-back finals at the Romanian Open and the Open de Moselle.", "He won his first ATP Tour title at the Romania Open]], defeating Filippo Volandri in straight sets in the final, with victories over Gilles Simon and Paul-Henri Mathieu.", "At the Open de Moselle, he lost to Novak Djokovic.", "He ended the year with a quarterfinal showing at the Vienna Open, losing to Andy Roddick, but earned his first win over Juan Carlos Ferrero.", "He made a first-round exit at the St. Petersburg Open, losing to Lukáš Dlouhý.", "2007–2009\nIn 2007, Melzer began the year with a first-round exit at the Qatar Open and a semifinal exit at the Medibank International, withdrawing against James Blake.", "Melzer reached the second rounds of the Australian Open, the M.K.", "Championships, the Indian Wells Masters, and the Miami Masters.", "He also reached the final of the Tennis Channel Open, losing to Lleyton Hewitt.", "He also reached the quarterfinals of the U.S. Clay Court Championships and the BMW Open.", "In the Masters Series on clay, he lost in the first rounds of the Monte Carlo Masters and the Rome Masters, and the third round of the Hamburg Masters, losing to Fernando González.", "After that, he suffered back-to-back losses to Juan Mónaco in the Hypo Group Tennis International and the French Open.", "He then suffered a left wrist injury in his first-round loss to Nikolay Davydenko in the Gerry Weber Open which caused him to miss two months of tennis, including Wimbledon.", "He came back at the Cincinnati Masters, reaching the third round and losing to Lleyton Hewitt.", "From then on, he was unable to secure back-to-back wins.", "In 2008, Melzer reached the second round of his first three tournaments, including the Australian Open.", "He again failed to secure back-to-back wins, compiling a 3–9 record in his next nine tournaments and putting him out of the top 100 since April 2003.", "It was not until the Hypo Group Tennis International that he recorded back-to-back wins by reaching the quarterfinals, losing to Igor Kunitsyn in three sets.", "He carried his good performance through the French Open with a third-round exit to Frenchman Gaël Monfils, having led two sets to one.", "On grass, he was able to reach the quarterfinals of the Ordina Open and the third round at Wimbledon.", "He then returned to clay at the Austrian Open and reached his seventh final, but lost once again to Juan Martín del Potro.", "Melzer made a good performance at the Beijing Olympics by reaching the final eight, losing to eventual gold medalist Rafael Nadal.", "He then had a good performance by reaching the third rounds of the Pilot Pen Tennis and the US Open.", "Melzer made a good year end with quarterfinal results in the Thailand Open and the Vienna Open, which put him back to the top 40.", "In 2009, Melzer again made a poor first quarter of the year, only managing one back-to-back win in his first ten tournaments, and it was at the Australian Open, where he reached the third round, losing to Andy Murray.", "It was not until the Italian Open that he recorded back-to-back wins, including a win over Nikolay Davydenko, but lost to Fernando González in the following round.", "He then reached the quarterfinals of the Austrian Open and the Gerry Weber Open once again, and the third round of the French Open and Wimbledon for the second year in a row.", "He reach his first semifinal of a year at the Croatia Open, but lost to eventual champion Nikolay Davydenko.", "He also reached the quarterfinals of the Pilot Pen Tennis with a victory over Victor Hănescu, but lost in the following round to Fernando Verdasco.", "In the semifinal of Thailand Open Melzer lost to eventual champion Gilles Simon in two sets.", "At the Shanghai Masters, Melzer defeated a then-world No.", "5, Juan Martín del Potro, before losing to Feliciano López.", "This was his second victory over a top-5 player.", "The first was his win over a then-world No.", "2, Tommy Haas, in 2002.", "He ended 2009 on a high note by winning his second career title at the Bank Austria-TennisTrophy over Marin Čilić in straight sets, which included a victory over Radek Štěpánek in the quarterfinals.", "2010: French Open semi-final, top 10 doubles debut\n\nMelzer lost in the first round of the Australian Open at the start of the season, but then reached the semifinals in Zagreb, losing to defending/eventual champion Marin Čilić.", "After a quarterfinal appearance in Rotterdam, where he lost to Nikolay Davydenko, Melzer reached the semifinals in Dubai, where he lost to Mikhail Youzhny.", "Later in the year, Melzer reached the quarterfinals of the ATP Masters 1000 in Madrid, losing to Nicolás Almagro.", "Melzer followed this up with his best result in a Grand Slam to date by reaching the semifinals of the French Open.", "He beat Dudi Sela and Nicolas Mahut before he caused a significant upset by defeating ninth seed David Ferrer in straight sets, followed by a four-set win over Teymuraz Gabashvili (who had beaten Andy Roddick in the previous round), and by a five set triumph over Novak Djokovic, coming back from a two-set deficit for the first time in his career.", "He was eventually defeated by four-time champion Rafael Nadal, in straight sets.", "Melzer followed this up by reaching the fourth round of Wimbledon, where he was defeated by Roger Federer in their first career meeting.", "However, at the same tournament, he achieved his greatest success by winning the doubles title with German partner Philipp Petzschner.", "After playing a few clay-court tournaments, reaching the final in one, and having good results in the others, Melzer moved on to the hard-court season, losing to Peter Polansky in the first round of Montreal and Ernests Gulbis in the second round of Cincinnati.", "He then played the US Open, where he reached the fourth round for the third consecutive Grand Slam tournament, having never been past the third round prior to the French Open.", "He played Roger Federer for a spot in the quarterfinals, having also played him in the fourth round of Wimbledon.", "Federer once again defeated him in straight sets.", "At the Shanghai Masters in October, Melzer recorded one of the biggest wins of his career against world No.", "1, Rafael Nadal.", "This was Melzer's first victory against Nadal and the first time he had beaten a reigning no.", "1.", "He then lost to Argentina's Juan Mónaco in the quarterfinals.", "In the last week of October, he won his third career title, defending his 2009 victory at the Vienna Open against his compatriot Andreas Haider-Maurer in a thrilling final; coming back from a set and a break down at 4–5 down (Haider-Maurer serving at 15–0) and three points away from defeat, to put up a heroic comeback and clinch the three set epic victory.", "On 3 November, he was named Austrian Sportsman of the Year.", "Melzer's final tournament of the year as a singles player was the Paris Masters, where he advanced to the quarterfinals, before losing to world No.", "2, Roger Federer.", "As a result of winning the Wimbledon doubles championship, Melzer and his doubles partner Petzschner qualified for a doubles team spot in the ATP Tour Finals, but his bid to qualify as a singles player ended when Andy Roddick defeated Ernests Gulbis in the third round of the Paris Masters, giving Roddick an insurmountable lead in qualifying points for the last individual spot in the ATP World Tour Finals.", "2011: Top 10 debut in singles\n\nMelzer started the year at the Australian Open.", "He reached the third round without dropping a set, before defeating 21st seed Marcos Baghdatis in the third round after Baghdatis retired with Melzer leading.", "He was defeated by Andy Murray in the fourth round.", "Despite the loss, Melzer cracked the top 10 for the first time in his career.", "Since then, Melzer failed to chalk up any back-to-back wins until appearing at the Monte-Carlo Masters.", "Seeded ninth, he finally won consecutive matches as he beat Robin Haase, and Nicolás Almagro, to reach the quarterfinals for the first time in this tournament.", "There, he pulled off a surprise two-set win over No.", "3 ranked and second seed Roger Federer to reach the semifinal stage for the first time in an ATP Masters 1000 tournament.", "However, he failed to reach his first final in such a tournament after losing against David Ferrer.", "In the 2011 US Open men's doubles final, he arguably had his greatest success of the year when he and his doubles partner Philipp Petzschner won a controversial decision over the Polish team of Mariusz Fyrstenberg and Marcin Matkowski to claim the trophy.", "During a net exchange, a ball ricocheted off Petzschner's left shin, though he denied it.", "Instant replay of the telecast clearly confirmed the illegal return.", "Jurgen/Petzschner broke through in that game and won the match in straight sets, splitting a $420,000 purse.", "2012\nIn singles, Melzer had an inauspicious start to the year, exiting in the first round in Brisbane and the Australian Open.", "He did make the final in Brisbane in doubles, partnering Philipp Petzschner, and he won the tournament in Memphis against Canadian Milos Raonic.", "In Monte Carlo, he made the quarterfinals in doubles, partnering Florian Mayer.", "After that, he had a series of quick exits in singles: the first round at the French Open, the second at Wimbledon, and the first at the US Open.", "However, he made it to the semifinals at Wimbledon in doubles.", "He partnered with Leander Paes in Canada and made it to the semifinals, losing to the Bryan brothers.", "The fall went somewhat better in singles, with a quarterfinal showing in Shanghai and a semifinal in Valencia.", "He also made quarterfinal showings in Beijing and Shanghai and a semifinal in Vienna, with various partners.", "However, the Paris Masters was back to a first-round exit in singles against Grigor Dimitrov and a first-match defeat in doubles.", "2013\nMelzer made the quarterfinals in Brisbane, where he was eliminated by Grigor Dimitrov.", "At the Australian Open, he was defeated in the third round in straight sets by Tomáš Berdych.", "He made the final in Zagreb, only to lose to Marin Čilić in straight sets.", "He went out in the first round at Indian Wells, but made it to the quarterfinals in Miami, losing to David Ferrer in three sets.", "He was eliminated in the third round at Monte Carlo by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.", "He made a quick first-round exit at the French Open, but made it to the fourth round at Wimbledon, losing to young rising player Jerzy Janowicz.", "At Wimbledon, he made it to the quarterfinals in doubles.", "His only singles tournament victory was in Winston-Salem, where he defeated Gaël Monfils, when the Frenchman had to retire in the second set.", "After that, Melzer was defeated in the first round of the US Open in straight sets by Evgeny Donskoy.", "He made it to the semifinals in Kuala Lumpur, losing to Portuguese João Sousa in three tight sets.", "2014\nMelzer pulled out of the Australian Open with a shoulder injury.", "At the ATP 500 Barcelona, he reached the third round by defeating Jerzy Janowicz, but lost to Philipp Kohlschreiber.", "At the Rome Masters he defeated John Isner and Marin Čilić to reach the third round, where he lost to Andy Murray.", "The Austrian won over David Goffin at Roland Garros to reach the second round, where he fell to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga.", "At s-Hertogenbosch, he defeated Fernando Verdasco in the quarterfinals and lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in the semifinals.", "Melzer defeated Guillermo García-López in the first round of the Paris Masters and lost again to Tsonga in the second round.", "2015\n\nMelzer failed to qualify for Wimbledon in 2015.", "Notably, he faced his younger brother Gerald in the first round qualifying and won in straight sets.", "Jürgen described it as the \"worst tennis day of my life and I hope we will never play each other again.\".", "2016\nIn July, Melzer upset world No.", "9, Dominic Thiem, at the Austrian Open after a long injury absence.", "This was his first victory over a top-10 player in over five years.", "In the next round, the quarterfinal, he lost to his brother Gerald.", "2017\nMelzer qualified for the Australian Open, but lost to the eventual champion Roger Federer in the first round.", "2018: Retirement from singles\n\nMelzer announced his retirement from the ATP Tour in singles, with the Vienna Open marking his final appearance.", "Ranked at world No.", "426, he upset No.", "22 Milos Raonic in the first round.", "This victory was his 350th and final career win, because he withdrew from the second round due to illness.", "2019: First doubles title in 5 years\nMelzer won the doubles title at the Sofia Open, partnering Nikola Mektić.", "2020: ATP Finals runner-up in doubles\nIn October, Melzer announced his retirement from professional tennis after the 2021 Australian Open.", "He qualified for the third time for the ATP Finals in doubles, this time with partner Édouard Roger-Vasselin.", "They reached the final, which they lost to Wesley Koolhof and Nikola Mektić.", "2021: Retirement from tour\nContrary to his announcement, Melzer did not play at the Australian Open due to COVID-19 quarantine measures.", "Instead, he played in the doubles competitions of the other three Grand Slam tournaments where he each lost in the first round.", "He played his final tournament on the ATP Tour at the Vienna Open, where he partnered Alexander Zverev and also lost in the first round.", "Performance timelines\n\nSingles\n\nDoubles\nCurrent through the 2021 Vienna Open.", "Mixed doubles\n\nSignificant finals\n\nGrand Slam finals\n\nDoubles: 2 (2 titles)\n\nMixed doubles: 1 (1 title)\n\nYear-end championships\n\nDoubles: 1 (1 runner-up)\n\nMasters 1000 finals\n\nDoubles: 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up)\n\nATP career finals\n\nSingles: 13 (5 titles, 8 runner-ups)\n\nDoubles: 37 (17 titles, 20 runner-ups)\n\nATP Challenger and ITF Futures finals\n\nSingles: 11 (5–6)\n\nDoubles: 10 (6–4)\n\nRecord against top 10 players\nMelzer's match record against those who have been ranked in the top 10, with those who have been No.", "1 in boldface.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n Official site\n Biofile with Jurgen Melzer\n ESPN: Jürgen Melzer match opponents and scores\n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nAustralian Open (tennis) junior champions\nAustrian male tennis players\nOlympic tennis players of Austria\nPeople from Deutsch-Wagram\nTennis players from Vienna\nTennis players at the 2004 Summer Olympics\nTennis players at the 2008 Summer Olympics\nTennis players at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nWimbledon champions\nWimbledon junior champions\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in men's doubles\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' singles\nGrand Slam (tennis) champions in boys' doubles\nSportspeople from Lower Austria" ]

[ "A former Austrian professional tennis player is named Jrgen Melzer.", "He reached a career-high singles ranking.", "There was a doubles ranking of world No. 8 in April 2011.", "In September of 2010.", "He played doubles in several tournaments with his brother Gerald.", "He won the boys' singles event at Wimbledon in 1999.", "He was known as one of the best players on the tour not to have advanced past the third round of a Grand Slam event.", "He lost to Nadal in the French Open semifinals after coming from two sets down to defeat Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals.", "He is the only person to have defeated Novak from two sets to love down.", "He won the men's doubles event at the 2010 Wimbledon Championships with Philipp Petzschner, as well as the mixed doubles event at the 2011 Wimbledon Championships with his future wife Iveta Bene.", "Melzer married Iveta Beneov on September 14, 2012 and divorced in 2015.", "Melzer is both a tennis player and a person.", "Melzer played his first junior match in September 1995 at the age of 14.", "Melzer and Pless won the doubles draw at the 1999 Australian Open.", "At the 1999 Wimbledon Championships.", "He defeated the junior world No. in the singles draw.", "Kristian Pless and 1 were in the final.", "After his Wimbledon victory, Melzer ended his junior career.", "He reached as high as world No.", "26 in 1998", "The win/loss record was 52–26 in singles and 47–23 in doubles.", "Junior Grand Slam results: Australian Open: 3R, French Open: 1R, Wimbledon: W, US Open: 2R.", "He started playing Challengers outside of Austria in 1999.", "He lost his first main-draw match in the 1999 CA-TennisTrophy in Vienna, Austria, to then world No. Burgsmller.", "Nicolas Kiefer played in two sets.", "Melzer was only able to reach one quarterfinals in 2000.", "He made his Grand Slam debut at the Wimbledon Championships, but lost to Mark Philippoussis in four sets.", "He lost to Juraj Hasko in the 2001 Futures final.", "He won his first title at the Challenger in Mnchengladbach, Germany over local hero Jens Knippschild.", "He had his first top-20 win over Fabrice Santoro.", "In the next round, 18 in the CA-TennisTrophy, but lost toMichel Kratochvil in two tiebreaks.", "He lost to Alexander Popp in Heilbronn, Germany, and to Luis Horna in Frth, Germany, in Challenger events in 2002.", "He won his first two matches in the Internationaler Raiffeisen Grand Prix before losing to Nicols Lapentti.", "He reached the semifinals in the Croatia Open before losing to Carlos Moy.", "He won his first Grand Slam match at the US Open, but lost to Nicols Mass.", "He earned one of the biggest wins of his career at the Vienna Open.", "Tommy Haas lost to Ji Novk in two sets.", "The start of 2003 was not a good one for the Austrian, as he lost three consecutive Tour-level main-draw matches, including his Australian Open debut.", "He lost to the world No. 1 in the semifinals in April.", "There are 2 people by the name of Andre Agassi.", "He made his French Open debut but lost.", "Melzer upset the world No. 1 at Wimbledon.", "Fernando Gonzlez earned his first Wimbledon victory, but lost in the next round.", "Melzer reached the final of the Hall of Fame Tennis Championships without defeating a player in the top 100, but lost to Robby Ginepri.", "Melzer lost in the second round of the US Open.", "He defeated Tommy Robredo in the Vienna Open.", "In 2004, the Austrian reached his first third round of a Grand Slam at the Australian Open, but lost to Sjeng Schalken.", "Melzer lost to Victor Hnescu at Indian Wells.", "He won his first Master Series match at the Miami Masters against Ivo Karlovi.", "Tim Henman lost to Todd Martin in the third round.", "He defeated Nicols Mass, Irakli Labadze, and Marat Safin, but lost to a former world No.", "Lleyton Hewitt.", "Melzer lost to Malisse in three sets in the semifinals of the Internationaler Raiffeisen Grand Prix.", "He lost to Lleyton Hewitt in four sets in his first French Open match.", "He reached the quarterfinals of the Canada Masters, but lost to Nicolas Kiefer.", "He reached the third round for the first time, but lost to Llodra.", "He lost to Marat Safin in the third round of the Paris Masters.", "He lost in the quarterfinals of the Adelaide International in 2005.", "He lost in the third round of the Australian Open.", "2, Andy Roddick.", "He lost in the semifinals to Cyril Saulnier, but still won his third victory over Andre Agassi.", "He lost to Andy Roddick in the semifinals of the U.S. Clay Court Championships.", "At the Hypo Group Tennis International, he reached his second final, but lost to the Russian.", "Melzer lost to Coria in both Wimbledon and Roand Garros.", "He lost six straight main-draw matches in the Austrian Open, Rogers Cup, Cincinnati Masters, New Haven Open, US Open, and Open de Moselle.", "He lost in the second round at the Vienna Open, the Madrid Masters, and the St. Petersburg Open.", "He had a 1–8 record and a seven match losing streak in the first three months of the year, with his only win coming in the Medibank International.", "He lost to Mardy Fish in the final of the U.S. Clay Court Championships.", "He lost to Ji Novk in the quarterfinals of the Hypo Group Tennis International and the semifinals of the BMW Open.", "He was knocked out of the French Open in the first round.", "He reached the semifinals of the Hall of Fame Open, but was defeated by Mark Philippoussis.", "He made it to the quarterfinals of the Austrian Open.", "He lost to Juan Mnaco in the first round of the Warsaw Open and in the third round of the Mercedes Cup.", "He didn't win a single Grand Slam match in the year because he lost at the US Open.", "He reached back-to-back finals at the Open de Moselle.", "He won his first title on the tour at the Romania Open, defeating Filippo Volandri in straight sets in the final.", "He was defeated at the Open de Moselle.", "He lost to Andy Roddick in the Vienna Open quarterfinals but rebounded to beat Juan Carlos Ferrero.", "He lost in the first round of the St. Petersburg Open.", "Melzer began the year with a first-round exit at the Qatar Open and a semifinal exit at the Medibank International.", "Melzer made it to the second round of the Australian Open.", "The Indian Wells Masters and the Miami Masters are tournaments.", "He lost in the final of the Tennis Channel Open.", "He reached the quarterfinals of the U.S. Clay Court Championships.", "He lost in the first round of the Monte Carlo Masters, the Rome Masters, and the third round of the Hamburger Masters on clay.", "He lost to Juan Mnaco in the Hypo Group Tennis International and the French Open.", "He missed two months of tennis, including Wimbledon, because of a left wrist injury he suffered in the first round of the Gerry Weber Open.", "He made it to the third round of the Cincinnati Masters, but lost to Lleyton Hewitt.", "He was unable to get back-to-back wins.", "Melzer made it to the second round of the Australian Open.", "He has been out of the top 100 since April 2003 because he failed to win back-to-back tournaments.", "It was not until the Hypo Group Tennis International that he recorded back-to-back wins.", "After leading two sets to one, he was defeated by Frenchman Gal Monfils in the third round of the French Open.", "He reached the third round at Wimbledon and the quarterfinals of the Ordina Open on grass.", "He reached his seventh final at the Austrian Open, but lost to Juan Martn del Potro.", "Melzer lost to Nadal in the gold medal match at the Beijing Olympics.", "He made it to the third round of the Pilot Pen Tennis and the US Open.", "The Thailand Open and the Vienna Open put Melzer back in the top 40.", "Melzer lost to Andy Murray in the third round of the Australian Open in 2009, his only win in the first ten tournaments of the year.", "He lost to Fernando Gonzlez in the second round of the Italian Open after recording back-to-back wins.", "He reached the third round of the French Open and Wimbledon for the second year in a row, after reaching the quarterfinals of the Austrian Open.", "He reached his first semifinal of the year at the Croatia Open.", "He reached the quarterfinals of the Pilot Pen Tennis but lost to Fernando Verdasco.", "Melzer lost to Simon in the Thailand Open semifinals.", "Melzer defeated a world No. at the Shanghai Masters.", "Juan Martn del Potro lost to Feliciano Lpez.", "His first victory was over a top-5 player.", "His win over the world's No. 1 was the first.", "In 2002.", "He ended the year on a high note by winning his second career title at the Bank Austria-TennisTrophy over Marin ili in straight sets.", "Melzer lost in the first round of the Australian Open but rebounded to reach the semifinals in Zagreb, losing to Marin ili.", "Melzer lost to Youzhny in the semifinals in Dubai after reaching the quarterfinals in Rotterdam.", "Melzer lost to Nicols Almagro in the quarterfinals of the Masters 1000 in Madrid.", "Melzer reached the semifinals of the French Open, his best result to date in a Grand Slam.", "He won his first two matches before upsetting ninth seed David Ferrer in straight sets, and then beat Teymuraz Gabashvili in a five set match.", "He was defeated by Nadal in straight sets.", "After reaching the fourth round of Wimbledon, Melzer was defeated by Roger Federer in his first career meeting.", "He achieved his greatest success by winning the doubles title with Philipp Petzschner.", "After playing a few clay-court tournaments, reaching the final in one, and having good results in the others, Melzer moved on to the hard-court season, losing to Peter Polansky in the first round of Montreal and Ernests Gulbis in the second round of Cincinnati.", "He reached the fourth round of the US Open for the third year in a row, having never been past the third round prior to the French Open.", "He played Roger in the fourth round of Wimbledon and also played him in the quarterfinals.", "He was defeated in straight sets once again.", "One of the biggest wins of Melzer's career was against world No. at the Shanghai Masters.", "1, Rafael Nadal.", "This was the first time that Melzer had beaten a reigning no.", "1.", "He lost to Juan Mnaco in the quarterfinals.", "In the last week of October, he won his third career title, defending his 2009 victory at the Vienna Open against his countrymen, and coming back from a set and break down at 4–5 down.", "He was named Austrian sportsman of the year.", "The final tournament of the year for Melzer was the Paris Masters, where he lost in the quarterfinals.", "2, Roger.", "As a result of winning the Wimbledon doubles championship, Melzer and his doubles partner Petzschner qualified for a doubles team spot in the ATP Tour Finals, but his bid to qualify as a singles player ended when Andy Roddick defeated Ernests Gulbis in the third round of the Paris", "Melzer started the year at the Australian Open.", "He reached the third round without dropping a set, before defeating Marcos Baghdatis in the third round.", "He was defeated by Andy Murray.", "Melzer was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Melzer did not have back-to-back wins until he appeared at the Monte-Carlo Masters.", "He reached the quarterfinals for the first time in this tournament after beating Robin Haase and Nicols Almagro.", "He pulled off a two-set win.", "For the first time in the history of the Masters 1000 tournament, Roger Federer will reach the semifinals.", "He didn't make it to the final after losing to David Ferrer.", "In the men's doubles final at the US Open, he and his partner Philipp Petzschner won a controversial decision over the Poles to claim the trophy.", "He denied that the ball hit his shin during the net exchange.", "The illegal return was clearly confirmed by the instant replay.", "The match was won in straight sets, splitting a $420,000 purse.", "In the first round of the Australian Open, Melzer had an inauspicious start to the year.", "In Memphis, he won the tournament against Milos Raonic in the doubles final.", "He made the quarterfinals in Monte Carlo with his partner.", "He lost in the first round at the French Open, the second at Wimbledon, and the first at the US Open.", "He made it to the semifinals in doubles at Wimbledon.", "The Bryan brothers defeated him in the semifinals in Canada.", "The fall was better in singles, with a semifinal in Valencia and a quarterfinals in Shanghai.", "He made the semifinals in Beijing and Vienna with different partners.", "The Paris Masters had a first-round exit in singles and a first- match defeat in doubles.", "Melzer was eliminated by Grigor Dimitrov in the quarterfinals.", "He was defeated by Tom Berdych in the third round of the Australian Open.", "He lost to Marin ili in the Zagreb final.", "He went out in the first round at Indian Wells, but made it to the quarterfinals in Miami.", "He was eliminated in the third round by Tsonga.", "He lost to Jerzy Janowicz in the fourth round at Wimbledon, despite making it to the first round at the French Open.", "He made it to the quarterfinals in doubles at Wimbledon.", "He defeated Gal Monfils in the first set but the Frenchman had to retire in the second set.", "Melzer was defeated in the first round of the US Open.", "He lost to Joo Sousa in the semifinals in Kuala Lumpur.", "Melzer withdrew from the Australian Open with a shoulder injury.", "He defeated Jerzy Janowicz, but lost to Philipp Kohlschreiber.", "He lost to Andy Murray at the Rome Masters after defeating John Isner and Marin ili.", "The Austrian lost to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the second round.", "He lost to Roberto Bautista Agut in the semifinals at s-Hertogenbosch.", "Melzer lost to Tsonga in both the first and second rounds of the Paris Masters.", "Melzer did not qualify for Wimbledon in 2015.", "He faced Gerald in the first round and won in straight sets.", "It was the worst tennis day of my life and I hope we never play again.", "Melzer upset the world's No. 1 in July.", "Dominic Thiem is at the Austrian Open after a long injury absence.", "He had not defeated a top 10 player in over five years.", "His brother Gerald defeated him in the next round.", "Melzer lost to Roger Federer in the first round of the Australian Open.", "Melzer decided to retire from singles after his final appearance at the Vienna Open.", "Ranked at the top of the world.", "888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932", "Milos Raonic is in the first round.", "This victory was his 350th and final career win, because he withdrew from the second round due to illness.", "Melzer and Mekti won the doubles title at theSofia Open.", "In October, Melzer announced his retirement from professional tennis after the Australian Open.", "He qualified for the third time with partner douard Roger-Vasselin.", "They went to the final and lost to the two guys.", "Contrary to his announcement, Melzer did not play at the Australian Open.", "He lost in the first round in three of the four Grand Slam tournaments he played in.", "He lost in the first round at the Vienna Open in his final tournament on the tour.", "There are performance timelines through the Vienna Open.", "Doubles: 1 (1 runner-up) Masters 1000 finals, 2 (1 title, 1 runner-up) Grand Slam finals, 2 (2 titles, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1 title, 1", "There was one in boldface.", "The biofile with Jrgen Melzer can be found on the official site." ]

[ "Jürgen Melzer", "Gerald Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Jürgen", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer" ]

[ "Jrgen Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer", "Melzer" ]

[ "Punit Renjen (born 1961) is an Indian-American businessman who has been chief executive officer of the multinational professional services firm Deloitte since June 1, 2015.", "Previously, Renjen was chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP, and later, held the role of chairman of Deloitte LLP (United States) from 2011 to 2015.", "Renjen was raised in Rohtak, North India in the state of Haryana.", "After earning an MBA in management from Oregon's Willamette University, he was hired by Touche Ross, which merged into Deloitte in 1989.", "He has worked at Deloitte and lived in the US ever since.", "Renjen is on the Wall Street Journals Council of CEOs and has been on the boards of directors at Catlin Gabel School, United Way Worldwide, the U.S.-India Business Council, and his alma mater.", "He lives in Portland, Oregon.", "Early life and education\nRenjen grew up in Rohtak, a city in Haryana's Rohtak district, in India, where his father had established an electrical switchgear factory.", "Around age seven, Renjen was sent to The Lawrence School, Sanawar, an autonomous public co-educational boarding school near Shimla, because his parents were seeking a better education for him than he was receiving in Rohtak.", "When Renjen was approximately fourteen years old, his father's business encountered financial difficulty, and the family's inability to continue paying for boarding school forced Renjen to return to Rohtak and work at the family factory part time.", "Renjen attended a local college, where he earned his Bachelor's degree in economics.", "After graduating, Renjen worked for the Delhi-based home appliance company Usha International.", "In 1984, he earned a Rotary Foundation Scholarship, affording him airfare to the United States and a full scholarship to Salem, Oregon's Willamette University.", "He earned his Master of Management from Willamette's Atkinson Graduate School of Management in 1986, and has lived in the United States ever since.", "Career\nAfter graduating from Willamette, Renjen began interviewing at American firms.", "In the late 1980s, a partner at Touche Ross invited him to interview with the company after reading on a flight a local magazine that profiled Renjen and nine other students.", "He was initially hired as an associate consultant and has worked at Deloitte for 32 years since that time.", "His work at Deloitte has included advising multinational companies on divestitures, mergers and acquisitions, operations, post-merger integration, and strategy.", "Renjen later served as chairman and CEO of Deloitte Consulting LLP, which is a United States member firm, then as chairman of Deloitte LLP (United States) for four years beginning in June 2011.", "Renjen currently serves as the CEO of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (Deloitte Global).", "The company announced Renjen's confirmation on February 16, 2015, following an election and nearly unanimous ratification by thousands of Deloitte's partners.", "When Renjen's four-year term as CEO began on June 1, 2015, he became the first Asia-born person to head one of the Big Four global professional services firms.", "In June 2019, he was elected to a second, four-year term as Deloitte Global CEO.", "During that time, Deloitte announced that their fiscal year numbers for 2021 reached $50.2 billion and their workforce expanded to 345,000, making them the first big 4 firm to clear $50 billion in global revenue.", "In February 2018, Punit launched WorldClass, Deloitte’s global initiative designed to advance education and skills for communities at risk.", "In 2019, the program was launched in India with the goal of supporting 10 million girls and women by 2030 there through education and skills development.", "In May 2021, the Haryana government and Deloitte launched a COVID-19 project called Senjeevani Pariyojana to treat patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms in their homes.", "Renjen led the design of the program which is being supported by the Public Health Foundation of India and the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science.", "Other roles\nIn addition to serving on Deloitte Global's boards of directors as part of his current role, Renjen is a member of The Wall Street Journal CEO Council, United Way Worldwide, the U.S.-India Business Council, and the Business Roundtable.", "He also serves as a member of the boards of trustees at Catlin Gabel School, United States Council for International Business and Willamette University.", "In 2015, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB) included Renjen on their inaugural \"Influential Leaders\" list, which recognizes \"100 AACSB-member-school alumni who inspire others with their professional and volunteer work\".", "He has co-authored articles for Chief Executive and The Journal of Business Strategy, and has been featured in interviews with Bloomberg Businessweek, Consulting, Investor's Business Daily, and The Wall Street Journal.", "Awards and honors\nIn 2007, he was listed as one of Consulting magazine's \"Top 25 Most Influential Consultants\".", "In 2012, 2013, and 2014, he was named an honoree to the National Association of Corporate Directors (NACD) \"Directorship 100\".", "In 2015, the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International (AACSB) included Renjen on their inaugural \"Influential Leaders\" list, which recognizes \"100 AACSB-member-school alumni who inspire others with their professional and volunteer work\".", "In 2017, he was honored with the \"Gaurav Samman\" by the Government of Haryana.", "The award was given to people of Haryanvi origin residing outside of Haryana who have made significant contributions in various fields.", "In May 2019, he received an honorary degree from Willamette University.", "Renjen received the 2020 Oregon History Makers Medal in the category of \"Visionary Business Leader.\"", "In 2020, he was named one of the EMpower Top 100 Ethnic Minority Executive Role Models, an honor given to recognize senior executives of color who are removing barriers to success for other ethnic minority employees and are leading by example.", "The Indiaspora Business Leaders List recognized Renjen as one of over 50 executives from the Indian diaspora of top-tier international corporations in 2020.", "In 2021, the US-India Strategic Partnership Forum (USISPF) recognized Punit with the USISPF Global Achievement Award in honor of his corporate leadership in fighting Covid-19 during India’s second wave.", "Personal life\nRenjen lives in Portland, Oregon.", "He is a sports fan, with a particular affinity for cricket and American football, and a runner.", "He is married and has a son.", "See also\n List of people from Haryana\n List of Willamette University alumni\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n\nLiving people\nAmerican businesspeople of Indian descent\nLawrence School, Sanawar alumni\n1961 births\n20th-century American businesspeople\n21st-century American businesspeople\nAmerican business executives\nBusinesspeople from Portland, Oregon\nPeople from Rohtak\nWillamette University alumni\nBusinesspeople from Haryana" ]

[ "Since June 1, 2015, Punit Renjen has been the chief executive officer of the multinational professional services firm.", "From 2011 to 2015, Renjen held the role of chairman of the United States branch of the company.", "In the state of Haryana, Renjen was raised.", "He was hired by Touche Ross after earning a management degree from Oregon's Willamette University.", "He has lived in the US ever since he started working at Deloitte.", "Renjen is on the Wall Street Journals Council of CEOs and has been on the boards of directors at several organizations.", "He lives in Portland.", "Renjen's father established an electrical switchgear factory in India where Renjen grew up.", "When Renjen was seven years old, his parents decided to send him to The Lawrence School because they wanted a better education for him.", "When Renjen was fourteen years old, his father's business encountered financial difficulty and the family's inability to continue paying for boarding school forced him to return to the family factory part time.", "Renjen graduated from a local college with a degree in economics.", "Renjen was employed by the Delhi-based home appliance company Usha International.", "He received a full scholarship to Salem, Oregon's Willamette University in 1984 after earning a scholarship from theRotary Foundation.", "He earned his Master of Management from the Atkinson Graduate School of Management in 1986 and has lived in the United States ever since.", "Renjen started interviewing at American firms after graduating from Willamette.", "After reading about Renjen and nine other students in a local magazine, a partner at Touche Ross invited him to interview with the company.", "He has worked at Deloitte for over 30 years after being hired as an associate consultant.", "He has advised multinational companies on mergers and acquisitions, operations, post-merger integration, and strategy.", "Renjen served as chairman and CEO of the United States member firm for four years beginning in June 2011.", "Renjen is the CEO of Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu.", "On February 16, 2015, Renjen's confirmation was announced by the company after an election and nearly unanimous approval by the partners.", "On June 1, 2015, Renjen became the first Asia-born person to head one of the Big Four global professional services firms.", "He was elected to a second four-year term in June of 2019.", "The fiscal year numbers for the year were $50.2 billion, making them the first big 4 firm to clear $50 billion in global revenue.", "Punit launched WorldClass, a global initiative designed to advance education and skills for communities at risk.", "The goal of the program in India is to support 10 million girls and women by the year 2030.", "In May 2021, the Haryana government launched a project to treat patients with mild to moderate COVID-19 symptoms in their homes.", "The program is supported by the Public Health Foundation of India and the Post Graduate Institute of Medical Science.", "Renjen is a member of The Wall Street Journal CEO Council, United Way Worldwide, the U.S.- India Business Council, and the Business Roundtable.", "He is a member of the boards of trustees at several universities.", "Renjen was included on the inaugural \"Influential Leaders\" list by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International.", "He has co-authored articles for Chief Executive and The Journal of Business Strategy.", "He was named one of the \"Top 25 Most Influential Consultants\" in 2007.", "He was named to the NACD's \"Directorship 100\" in three of the last four years.", "Renjen was included on the inaugural \"Influential Leaders\" list by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business International.", "He received the \"Gaurav Samman\" from the Government of Haryana.", "The award was given to people of Haryanvi origin who have made significant contributions in various fields.", "He received a degree in May of 2019.", "The Oregon History Makers medal was given to Renjen in the category of visionary business leader.", "He was one of the Top 100 Ethnic Minority Executive Role Models, an honor given to recognize senior executives of color who are removing barriers to success for other ethnic minority employees and are leading by example.", "Renjen was one of over 50 executives from the Indian diaspora of top-tier international corporations in 2020.", "The USISPF Global Achievement Award was given to Punit in honor of his corporate leadership in fighting Covid-19 during India's second wave.", "Renjen lives in Portland.", "He is a sports fan with an affinity for cricket and American football.", "He has a son.", "There are links to External links Living people American business people of Indian descent Lawrence School, Sanawar alumni 1961 births 20th-century American business people 21st-century American business people." ]

[ "Punit Renjen" ]

[ "Punit Renjen" ]

[ "Robert Wishart was Bishop of Glasgow during the Wars of Scottish Independence and a leading supporter of Sir William Wallace and King Robert Bruce.", "For Wishart and many of his fellow churchmen, the freedom of Scotland and the freedom of the Scottish church were one and the same thing.", "His support for the national cause was to be of crucial importance at some critical times.", "Bishop and Guardian\nRobert Wishart belongs to the Wisharts, or Wisehearts, of Pittarrow, Kincardineshire, a family of Norman-French origin.", "He was either the cousin or nephew of William Wishart, Bishop of St. Andrews, a former Chancellor of Scotland.", "Wishart's first recorded office in the church was as archdeacon of St. Andrews.", "He was appointed Bishop of Glasgow in 1273.", "As well as a churchman he became a prominent political figure during the reign of Alexander III.", "After the death of Alexander in 1286 Wishart was one of a panel of six Guardians, appointed to take charge of national affairs for the infant Margaret, Maid of Norway.", "Although he and his fellow Guardians signed the Treaty of Birgham, which envisaged the future marriage of Margaret to Prince Edward, the eldest son of Edward I, King of England, their agreement was subject to the caveat that the treaty would do nothing to threaten the integrity of the Kingdom of Scotland.", "The early death of the Maid in 1290 left no generally recognised heir to the throne of Scotland.", "With the country threatening to descend into a dynastic war between the supporters of Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the grandfather of the future king, and John Balliol, Wishart was closely involved in all of the diplomatic negotiations with King Edward, invited to adjudicate between the rival claimants.", "When Edward insisted that he be recognised as Lord Paramount of Scotland prior to giving decision in the matter, Wishart pointed out that 'the kingdom of Scotland is not held in tribute or homage to anyone save God alone.'", "Edward simply sidestepped these objections; and with no means of settling the question by any internal process, he was duly accepted as Overlord by Guardians and Claimants alike.", "In the great feudal court held at Berwick-upon-Tweed, Bruce and Balliol were allowed to appoint forty auditors each, with Wishart taking his place in the Bruce camp.", "He remained consistent in his support even when some of his fellow auditors voted for John Balliol, having the superior claim in feudal law.", "Even so, as a prominent churchman, he remained at the forefront of public affairs during the reign of King John, and was one of those who ratified the Franco-Scottish alliance – subsequently to be known as the Auld Alliance – in February 1296.", "After Edward's conquest of Scotland, he along with the other chief men of the realm swore fealty to the English king, .", "Independence and the Church\nAlmost from the outset, and in spite of his forced oath to Edward, Wishart was involved in the struggle against the English occupation of Scotland.", "He along with William Lamberton, the Bishop of St. Andrews, and David de Moravia, Bishop of Moray, formed an important clerical foundation for the struggles of William Wallace and Robert Bruce.", "They were patriots, but in two distinct senses of that term.", "The Scottish church had long guarded its own independent traditions within the universal church, resisting all attempts to subordinate it to the archdiocese of York, and insisting that no intermediary come between it and Rome.", "All attempts at dilution were resisted, causing Pope Nicholas IV to censure the clergy in 1289 for objecting to the promotion of foreigners to ecclesiastical office in Scotland.", "Now Edward's conquest brought with it the prospect once again of submission to York or Canterbury and the appointment of English clergy to vacant Scottish benefices.", "The hostile Lanercost Chronicle says of Wishart and those like him;\n\nIn like manner, as we know, that it is truly written, that evil priests are the cause of the people's ruin, so the ruin of the realm of Scotland had its source within the bosom of her church, ... for with one consent both those who discharged the office of prelate and those who were preachers, corrupted the ears and minds of the nobles, and commons, by advice and exhortation, both publicly and secretly, stirring them to enmity against the king and nation...declaring falsely that it was more justifiable to attack them than the Saracen.", "Wishart's Rising\nIn 1297, even before William Wallace made his appearance, Wishart was among the early leaders of the rising against the English occupation.", "According to the Lanercost Chronicle it was he, along with James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, who prodded Wallace into action.", "Wishart's first rising came to a premature end in July 1297 when he surrendered to the English at Irvine, but the ball was rolling and would not stop.", "The rebel bishop was imprisoned for a time, swore his fealty to Edward anew, only to renounce it as soon as he was released.", "In May 1301 Edward himself wrote to Pope Boniface in an obvious mood of frustration, requesting Wishart's removal from the see of Glasgow.", "Boniface would not consent to this, but he wrote to Wishart demanding that he desist in his opposition to Edward, and denouncing him as 'the prime mover and instigator of all the tumult and dissension which has risen between his dearest son in Christ, Edward, King of England, and the Scots.'", "In the surrender of the patriotic party in February 1304 Wishart was initially condemned to banishment from Scotland for two or three years 'on account of the great evils he has caused.'", "The Bishop and the Bruce\n\nOn 10 February 1306 Robert Bruce and a small party of supporters killed John Comyn, a leading rival, in the chapel of the Greyfriars, Dumfries.", "It was an act of political rebellion: perhaps even more serious, it was an act of supreme sacrilege.", "He now faced the future as an outlaw and an excommunicate, an enemy of the state and the church.", "It was to be many years before the Pope was prepared to forgive him; but the support of Wishart and the other Scottish bishops was of inestimable importance at this moment of crisis.", "Bruce went to Glasgow where he met Wishart, in whose diocese the murder had been committed.", "Rather than excommunicating the earl Wishart immediately gave him absolution and urged his flock to rise in his support.", "He then accompanied Bruce to Scone, the site of all Scottish coronations.", "They there met his brother bishops of St Andrews and Moray, as well as other prominent churchmen, in what gives the appearance of a well-arranged plan.", "Less than seven weeks after the killing in Dumfries, along with a number of prominent lay figures they all witnessed the coronation of King Robert I on 25 March.", "The country was immediately put on a war footing, with Wishart himself, despite his advancing years, being in the forefront of the preparations.", "The timber the English had given him to repair the bell tower of Glasgow Cathedral was used for making siege engines, and he took personal charge of the assault on Cupar Castle in Fife, 'like a man of war', as the enemy later complained.", "All these hopes and efforts were soon frustrated by the advance of an English army under Aymer de Valence in the summer of 1306: Bruce was defeated at the Battle of Methven, soon to be forced into hiding, and Wishart was captured at Cupar.", "He was taken south in chains, and incarcerated in an English dungeon, saved only from execution by his clerical orders.", "Edward was delighted with the capture of this 'traitor and rebel', and wrote to the Pope in September telling him that Wishart, along with William de Lamberton, was being held in close confinement, and that custody of the see of Glasgow had been entrusted to Geoffery de Mowbray.", "Wishart was to remain in prison for the next eight years, going blind in the course of his captivity.", "He may have been held for some of the time in Wisbech Castle in the Isle of Ely.", "It was not until after King Robert's triumph at the Battle of Bannockburn that he was released as part of a prisoner exchange.", "He returned to Scotland to live out his life in relative peace, finally dying in Glasgow in November 1316, 'indisputedly one of the great figures in the struggle for Scottish independence, ... the patron and friend of Wallace and Bruce, the persistent opponent of Plantagenet pretensions, an unheroic hero of the long war.'", "(Barrow, 1976, p. 372).", "Final resting place\nAfter his death in 1316 his body was entombed at the back of the crypt in Glasgow Cathedral where he was Bishop for much of his life.", "The tomb is uninscribed and the head of the effigy has been defaced at some point, probably during the Reformation.", "References\nBarrow, G., Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland, 1976.", "Barron, E. M., The Scottish Wars of Independence, 1934.", "The Lanercost Chronicle, ed.", "E. M. Maxwell, 1913.", "Nicholson, R., Scotland:the Later Middle Ages, 1974.", "External links\n Bishop Robert Wishart essay\n\n13th-century births\n1316 deaths\nBishops of Glasgow\nGuardians of Scotland\n13th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops\n14th-century Scottish Roman Catholic bishops\nScottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence\nBurials at Glasgow Cathedral" ]

[ "During the Wars of Scottish Independence, Robert Wishart supported Sir William Wallace and King Robert Bruce.", "The freedom of Scotland and the freedom of the Scottish church were the same thing for Wishart and many of his fellow churchmen.", "At some critical times, his support for the national cause was crucial.", "Robert Wishart is the Bishop and Guardian of the Wisehearts, a family of Norman- French origin.", "William Wishart was a former Chancellor of Scotland.", "The first recorded office in the church was that of Wishart.", "The Bishop of Glasgow was appointed in 1273.", "He was a prominent political figure during the reign of Alexander III.", "After Alexander's death in 1286, Wishart was one of six people appointed to take charge of national affairs for the infant Margaret, Maid of Norway.", "The future marriage of Margaret to Prince Edward, the eldest son of Edward I, King of England, was subject to the caveat that the treaty would not threaten the integrity of the Kingdom of Scotland.", "The death of the Maid in 1290 left no heir to the throne of Scotland.", "With the country threatening to descend into a war between the supporters of Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale, the grandfather of the future king, and John Balliol, Wishart was closely involved in all of the diplomatic negotiations with King Edward.", "The kingdom of Scotland is not held in tribute or homage to anyone save God alone, according to Wishart, when Edward insisted that he be recognised as Lord Paramount of Scotland prior to giving decision in the matter.", "Edward simply sidestepped these objections, and was duly accepted as Overlord by all.", "Bruce and Balliol were allowed to appoint forty auditors each, with Wishart taking his place in the Bruce camp.", "Even though some of his fellow auditors voted for John Balliol, he remained consistent in his support.", "Even so, as a prominent churchman, he remained at the forefront of public affairs during the reign of King John, and was one of the people who signed the Franco-Scottish alliance.", "The chief men of the realm swore fealty to the English king after Edward's conquest of Scotland.", "Despite his oath to Edward, Wishart was involved in the struggle against the English occupation of Scotland.", "They formed an important foundation for the struggles of William Wallace and Robert Bruce.", "They were both patriots and also spies.", "The Scottish church kept its own traditions separate from the universal church, resisting all attempts to make them subservient to York.", "Pope Nicholas IV censured the clergy in 1289 for objecting to the promotion of foreigners to ecclesiastical office in Scotland after all attempts at dilution were resisted.", "Edward's conquest brought with it the prospect of submission to York and the appointment of English clergy to vacant Scottish posts.", "The Lanercost Chronicle said that Wishart and those like him were the cause of the people's ruin, so the ruin of the realm of Scotland had its source within the bosom of her church.", "Wishart was one of the early leaders of the rising against the English occupation.", "Wallace was prodded into action by James Stewart, the High Steward of Scotland, according to the Lanercost Chronicle.", "When Wishart surrendered to the English at Irvine in July 1297, the ball was rolling and would not stop.", "After being imprisoned for a time, the rebel bishop swore his fealty to Edward again, only to abandon it as soon as he was released.", "Edward requested Wishart's removal from the see of Glasgow in May 1301 in a letter to Pope Boniface.", "He wrote to Wishart demanding that he stop his opposition to Edward, and accusing him of being the instigator of all the tumult and dissension which has arisen between his dearest son in Christ, Edward, King of England.", "After the surrender of the patriotic party in February 1304 Wishart was sentenced to exile from Scotland for two or three years 'on account of the great evils he has caused.'", "John Comyn was killed in the chapel of the Greyfriars by Robert Bruce and a small party of supporters.", "It was a serious act of political rebellion and sacrilege.", "He was an enemy of the state and the church and faced the future as an outlaw.", "It was many years before the Pope would forgive him, but the support of Wishart and the other Scottish bishops was important at the moment of crisis.", "Bruce met Wishart in Glasgow, where the murder had taken place.", "Rather than excommunicating the earl Wishart gave him a reprieve and urged his flock to support him.", "Scone is the site of all Scottish coronations.", "The appearance of a well-arranged plan was given by the fact that they met his brother bishops and other prominent churchmen.", "After the killing in Dumfries, along with a number of prominent lay figures, they all witnessed the coronation of King Robert I.", "Despite his advanced years, Wishart was at the forefront of the preparations for the war.", "The English gave him timber to repair the bell tower of Glasgow Cathedral, which he used to make siege engines, and he took charge of the assault on Cupar Castle in Fife, 'like a man of war'.", "The English army under Aymer de Valence defeated Bruce at the Battle of Methven in the summer of 1306, and Wishart was captured at Cupar.", "He was taken south in chains, imprisoned in an English dungeon, and spared from execution by his clerical orders.", "Edward wrote to the Pope in September, telling him that Wishart and William were being held in close confinement, and that the see of Glasgow had been handed over.", "In the course of his captivity, Wishart was going to be blind.", "He may have been held in the Isle of Ely.", "After the Battle of Bannockburn, King Robert was released as part of a prisoner exchange.", "He returned to Scotland to live out his life in relative peace, finally dying in Glasgow in November 1316, the patron and friend of Wallace and Bruce, the persistent opponent of Plantagenet pretensions.", "Barrow, 1976, p. 372.", "He was buried at the back of the crypt in Glasgow Cathedral, where he was the Bishop for much of his life.", "The tomb is uninscribed and the head of the effigy has been defaced.", "Robert Bruce and the Community of the Realm of Scotland was written in 1976.", "The Scottish Wars of Independence was written by E. M.", "The Lanercost Chronicle is a book.", "E. M. Maxwell was born in 1913.", "The Later Middle Ages was written by R. Nicholson.", "The Scottish people of the Wars of Scottish Independence were buried at Glasgow Cathedral." ]

[ "Robert Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Robert Wishart", "William Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert", "Robert Bruce", "Robert Wishart" ]

[ "Robert Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Robert Wishart", "William Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert Bruce", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert I", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Wishart", "Robert", "Robert Bruce" ]

[ "Kendare Blake is a contemporary author of young adult novels.", "Her works include Anna Dressed in Blood, Antigoddess and Three Dark Crowns.", "Early life \nOriginally from Seoul, South Korea, Kendare Blake was raised in Cambridge, Minnesota by adoptive parents.", "She is an alumna of both Ithaca College (in New York) and Middlesex University in London.", "It was at the latter where she received her Master of Arts Degree in Creative Writing.", "Career \nHer books stretch over a variety of genres, including horror, fantasy and contemporary fiction.", "Several of her works have been listed on the New York Times' Best Seller's List.", "Her Anna Dressed in Blood duology and Goddess Wars trilogy were originally published in English by Tor Teen, while the Three Dark Crowns series was published by Harper Teen.", "In November 2019 Blake announced via an Instagram post that Harper Teen would also be publishing her next three books.", "This was confirmed by a small piece in Publishers Weekly online on November 11.", "A stand-alone horror novel titled All These Bodies is scheduled for 2021.", "It is described as the story of a teenage girl who survives an attack by a suspected serial killer, only to become the prime suspect.", "Also announced was the first in a two-part fantasy series to be released in 2022.", "On her Instagram account, Blake has referred to this work as Heromaker and it is expected to be a duology centering around a mystic order of warrior women.", "In April 2021, Publishers Weekly announced Disney-Hyperion had obtained the rights to a new trilogy series by Blake, to be entitled In Every Generation.", "This series will be set in the same universe as the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer and be set in a newly rebuilt Sunnydale, California, and will feature a new slayer, Buffy Summers' niece, as well as a werewolf and a demon who will team up to save the world from evil.", "Book one is scheduled for a 2022 release.", "Works\n\nThe Anna Duology \nThe Anna Duology is a two book series comprising the books Anna Dressed in Blood and Girl of Nightmares.", "The books follow Cas Lowood, a teenage ghost hunter whose father was killed by ghosts.", "Cas and his mother travel the world searching for spirits needing to be sent to the afterlife, and his latest assignment is Anna Dressed in Blood, a ghost with a reputation for ripping apart young men who venture into her home.", "Despite his life-long commitment to destroying spirits like Anna, Cas feels compelled to learn more about the real girl behind the spirit, and while working to solve her murder develops feelings for the ghost.", "In the first book, Anna eventually sacrifices herself to save Cas' life, while the second book focuses on Cas' journey to get her back and allow her to find a peaceful afterlife.", "The Goddess Wars Series \nThe Goddess Wars is a series comprised of three main books and two novellas.", "The first book, Antigoddess, focuses on the Greek goddess Athena and several other ancient immortals, all of whom are slowly dying in a variety of ways.", "A few of the old Gods have gone mad in their death throes and are hunting other former immortals in order to absorb some of their life force and prolong their existence.", "Looking for help, Athena and Hermes seek out a mortal girl named Cassandra who was once a powerful oracle, hoping to unlock her past memories that could help them.", "Book 2, Mortal Gods, Athena and Cassandra have formed an alliance and hope to battle Ares and his army of other dying Gods, which includes Aphrodite who killed the love of Cassandra's life.", "The two also seek out Achilles who they believe may be the key to winning the war.", "They are beaten back, however, and in the final book, Ungodly, Athena is stuck in the underworld while her allies try to find a way to heal the three Fates, who they discover are the source of the God's illnesses.", "The two novellas in the series are both prequels with The Dogs of Athens focusing on Artemis as she searches for other immortals along with her pack of hungry dogs and When Gods and Vampires Roamed Miami focusing on a young man who mistakenly believes Athena to be a vampire and his attempts to get her to \"turn\" him.", "Bibliography\n\nThe Anna Duology \nAnna Dressed In Blood (2011)\n\nGirl of Nightmares (2012)\n\nGoddess Wars \nAntigoddess (2013)\n\nMortal Gods (2014)\n\nWhen Gods and Vampires Roamed Miami (Prequel Novella) (2014)\n\nUngodly (2015)\n\nThe Dogs of Athens (Prequel Novella) (2015)\n\nThree Dark Crowns Series \nThree Dark Crowns (2016)\n\nOne Dark Throne (2017)\n\nThe Young Queens (Prequel Novella) (2017)\n\nThe Oracle Queen (Prequel Novella) (2018)\n\nQueens of Fennbirn (Combining The Young Queens and The Oracle Queen) (2018)\n\nTwo Dark Reigns (2018)\n\nFive Dark Fates, (September 3, 2019)\n\nThree Dark Crowns Series\n\nIn Every Generation Trilogy \nIn Every Generation (2022)\n\nUntitled Book 2\n\nUntitled Book 3\n\nOther works \nSleepwalk Society (2011)\n\nSlasher Girls & Monster Boys (Anthology) (2015) - On the I-5 (Short Story)\n\nViolent Ends (Anthology) (2015) - Burning Effigies (Short Story) (2015)\n\nHis Hideous Heart (Anthology ) (2018)\n\nAll These Bodies (2021)\n\nHeromaker (announced for 2022)\n\nOther media \nIn 2016, Twilight author Stephenie Meyer purchased the rights to turn Anna Dressed in Blood into a feature film through her production company Fickle Fish Films.", "In May of that same year, it was announced that Maddie Hasson and Cameron Monaghan had been cast in the roles of Anna and Cass Lowood, respectively.", "At that time, Trish Sie was named as the director, though later she was replaced by Amanda Row.", "In February 2017, Variety announced the Fox corporation had plans to turn the Three Dark Crowns series into a feature film through the 21 Laps Entertainment production company, which has also produced the Netflix series Stranger Things and the film Arrival.", "Shawn Levy and Dan Levine were announced as producers.", "In April 2019 it was also announced that Blake's short story On the I-5, which was featured in the Slasher Girls & Monster Boys anthology had been optioned for adaptation by Warner Brothers.", "As with Three Dark Crowns, production is being handled by 21 Laps Entertainment and Shawn Levy and Dan Levine will also produce.", "The story has been called \"a female-empowered subversion of the serial-killer genre.\"", "Awards and honors\n\nAnna Dressed In Blood \n Cybils Award Nominee (2011)\n Kirkus \"Best Teen Books of the Year\" (2011)\n Top 5 Novels of the Year - National Public Radio (2011)\n Missouri Gateway Readers Award Nominee (2014)\n Lincoln Award Nominee (2015)\n\nThree Dark Crowns \n\n Missouri Gateway Reader's Award Nominee (2018) \n Lincoln Award Nominee (2019)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\nPeople from Seoul\nLiving people\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nIthaca College alumni\n21st-century South Korean writers" ]

[ "Kendare is an author of young adult novels.", "Her works include Anna Dressed in Blood, Antigoddess and Three Dark Crowns.", "Kendare was raised in Cambridge, Minnesota by her adoptive parents.", "She attended Ithaca College in New York and Middlesex University in London.", "She received her Master of Arts Degree in Creative Writing at the latter.", "Her books include horror, fantasy and contemporary fiction.", "She has several of her works listed on the New York Times' Best Seller's List.", "The Anna Dressed in Blood duology and Goddess Wars trilogy were published in English by the same publishers as the Three Dark Crowns series.", "The next three books will be published byHarper Teen.", "A piece in Publishers Weekly confirmed this on November 11.", "All These Bodies is a horror novel that will be published in 2021.", "The story is about a teenage girl who survived an attack by a suspected serial killer and became the prime suspect.", "The first part of a two-part fantasy series was announced.", "The work is expected to be a duology centering around a mystic order of warrior women.", "According to Publishers Weekly, Disney-Hyperion obtained the rights to a new trilogy series called In Every Generation.", "This series will be set in the same universe as the TV show Buffy the Vampire Slayer and will feature a new slayer, Buffy's niece, as well as a werewolf and a demon who will team up to save the world.", "The book will be released in 2022.", "The Anna Duology consists of two books, Anna Dressed in Blood and Girl of Nightmares.", "The books follow a teenage ghost hunter.", "Anna Dressed in Blood, a ghost with a reputation for ripping apart young men who venture into her home, is the latest assignment for Cas and his mother, who travel the world searching for afterlife needing to be sent to the spirits.", "Despite his life-long commitment to destroying spirits like Anna, Cas feels compelled to learn more about the real girl behind the spirit, and while working to solve her murder develops feelings for the ghost.", "The first book focuses on Anna sacrificing herself to save Cas' life, while the second focuses on her journey to get her back and allow her to find a peaceful afterlife.", "There are three main books and two novellas in the Goddess Wars Series.", "The first book, Antigoddess, focuses on the Greek goddess and several other ancient immortals who are dying in a variety of ways.", "A few of the old Gods have gone mad in their death throes and are hunting other former immortals in order to absorb some of their life force and prolong their existence.", "Looking for help, the two of them try to get the help of a mortal girl who used to be a powerful oracle.", "The battle between Ares and his army of dying Gods, which includes Aphrodite, will be fought in the second book of the series.", "The two are looking for a man they think may be the key to winning the war.", "They are beaten back, however, and in the final book, Ungodly, they discover that the three Fates are the source of the God's illnesses.", "The Dogs of Athens focuses on Artemis as she searches for other immortals along with her pack of hungry dogs, while When Gods and Vampires Roamed Miami focuses on a young man who mistakenly believes he is a vampire.", "The Anna Duology includes Girl of Nightmares and Goddess Wars Antigoddess.", "In May of that year, it was announced that two actors had been cast in the roles of Anna and Cass.", "The director was named at that time, but later she was replaced by another person.", "Variety reported in February of last year that the Three Dark Crowns series would be turned into a feature film by 21 Laps Entertainment.", "Shawn Levy and Dan Levine were named as producers.", "The short story On the I-5, which was featured in the Slasher Girls & Monster Boys anthology, was optioned for an adaptation by Warner Brothers.", "21 Laps Entertainment is handling production and Shawn Levy and Dan Levine are also involved.", "The story was called a female-empowered subversion of the serial-killer genre.", "The Anna Dressed In Blood Cybils Award Nominee was Kirkus \"best teen books of the year\" and the Missouri Gateway Readers Award Nominee was Three Dark Crowns." ]

[ "Kendare Blake", "Kendare Blake", "Blake", "Blake", "Blake", "Blake" ]

[ "Kendare" ]

[ "Pahk Yon-Hee (1918–2008) was a Korean author.", "Though his early works focus on themes of futility and decadence, his works after the Korean War demonstrate a marked shift towards denouncing the irrationality of society and encompassing historical novels as well.", "His representative works include the 1956 short story “Jeungin” (증인 Witness), the 1958 novel Geu yeojaui yeonin (그 여자의 연인 The Man She Loved), and the 1975 novel Hong Gildong (홍길동 Hong Gildong).", "Life \nPahk was born in 1918 in Hamhung, South Hamgyong Province in what is now North Korea.", "He made his debut in 1944 with the short story “Jorangmal” (조랑말 Pony) and after liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, he managed an orchard.", "In 1946, he went to South Korea and worked as an editor for magazines such as Baengmin (백민 Pure Subjects), Jayu segye (자유세계 Free World), and Jayu munhak (자유문학 Free Literature).", "In the same year he went to South Korea, he debuted the short story “Ssal” (쌀 Rice) and officially began his literary career, continuing with the publication of two short stories in 1948 —“Gomok” (고목 Old Tree) and “Sampalseon” (삼팔선 The 38th Parallel)—along with the short story “Saebyeok” (새벽 Dawn) in the 1953 anthology Jeonseon munhak (전선문학 Literature of the Frontlines) published by the Army War Writers Group (yukgun jonggun jakgadan) in the midst of the Korean War.", "In 1958, he began working as the deputy head of the culture division of the Dong-A Ilbo and in 1962, he started working as the senior editor of the press office of the Korea Electric Power Corporation.", "During that time, he also published “Jeungin” in 1956 and Geu yeojaui yeonin in 1958.", "In the 1960s, he began publishing works in the stylistic vein of realism, such as “Banghwang” (방황 Wandering) in 1962 and “Byeonmo” (변모 Transformation) in 1965, in order to denounce the inhumane reality and irrational society that encircled him.", "He began to shift towards writing historical novels in the 1970s, with epic novels such as Hong Gildong in 1975.", "He also published two other books throughout the 1980s, with Millansidae (민란시대 Age of Insurrection) and Juin eomneun dosi (주인 없는 도시 City Without an Owner)—both published in 1988 and evidence of his great activity even in his aging years.", "He served as the advisor for the Korea Writers Association in 1997 and passed away in 2008 from old age.", "He received awards such as the Association of Freedom Writers Award in 1960 (자유문학가협회상), the National Academy of Arts Award in 1983, and the Republic of Korea’s Eungwan Order of Cultural Merit in 2005.", "Writing\n\nChanges in His Writing Repertoire \nPahk Yon-Hee’s works can generally be divided into three distinct periods: early, middle, and later writings.", "His early writings are characterized by a strong tendency towards futility and decadence, with his 1948 short story “Gomok” as the most representative example.", "His middle period writings actively criticize societal realities, whether it is criticizing Syngman Rhee’s dictatorial regime in the 1956 short story “Jeungin,” the corruption of human nature under equally corrupt surroundings in the 1958 “Hwanmyeol” (환멸 Disillusionment), or the depiction of the anguish and agony of the student soldiers of Joseon in the 1962 short story “Banghwang.” In his later writings, represented by historical novels such as the 1975 Hong Gildong, the 1978 Yeomyeonggi (여명기 The Beginning of a New Era), and the 1988 Juin eomneun dosi, Pahk explores the past in order to closely examine the present and attempts to excavate a new humanity for the future.", "His 1978 novel, Hachonilga (하촌일가 A Family in Rosy Cloud Village), is also an important later work in his repertoire that describes North Korean society after liberation in 1945 through the testimony of a young boy.", "Thematic Consciousness \nPahk Yon-Hee’s works generally denounce contemporary political irrationalities and societal evils in order to cultivate a sense of resistance.", "From October 1954 to February 1955, his work, Gamyeonui hoehwa (가면의 회화 Conversation of Masks), was serialized in the Pyeonghwa Newspaper in which he criticized politics and religion.", "When the newspaper company demanded that Pahk write a popular love story, he suspended his writings of his own accord —an instance that well demonstrates his consciousness towards writing.", "Moreover, his literature combines a humanistic perspective of the world along with realism in order to manifest a genuine humanity, creating a unique world view.", "In particular, the humanism portrayed within his works, heavily influenced by Russian literature, is not limited to representing the daily lives of ordinary people, but also emphasizes a sense of social consciousness.", "Representative Works \nHis 1956 short story, “Jeungin,” deals with the dictatorial regime of the Liberty Party and the political oppression resulting from stringent anti-communism ideology.", "Among novels published in the 1950s, “Jeungin” is the only one that directly and bravely denounces the dictatorial nature of former President Syngman Rhee’s rule—along with being the sole work to concretely portray the Sasaoip gaeheonpadong (Selective Constitutional Reform) incident.", "The protagonist “Jun” is told by his newspaper company to resign after writing an article that opposes the Selective Constitutional Reform, as the article could be advantageous to the leading opposition party.", "Shortly afterwards, he takes on a student named Hyeon Il-u as a boarder but because of Hyeon Il-u, he is arrested on suspicion of being a spy and holding secret rendezvous.", "Jun is held in solitary confinement and then subjected to severe interrogation.", "When he starts vomiting up large amounts of blood in the midst of questioning, he is finally set free.", "As he lies on his sickbed, he cannot stop wondering why he was imprisoned and what reasons he possibly has left for living.", "In this manner, “Jeungin” portrays the sufferings of regular people at the hands of authority’s cruel and merciless tyranny in order to reveal contemporary society’s hypocrisy and senselessness.", "In his 1958 novel, Geu yeojaui yeonin, he portrays the joys and sorrows of life by tracing an intellectual’s complicated romance within an absurd reality.", "Geu yeojaui yeonin centers around Im Gyuju, managing editor of Goryeo Publishers and a novelist.", "While his own wife is suffering from tuberculosis, he begins affairs with Song Gyeongwon, the second wife of the CEO of his publishing company, and Gang Seonok, the wife of his poet friend that defected to North Korea.", "He also rejects the romantic advances of Jang Seonghye, another employee that works at the same publishing company as him.", "In the midst of this situation, the serialized newspaper novel that he is writing is accused of having a “thought problem.” Though Im Gyuju is summoned by the authorities, he is freed thanks to the help of his CEO and Song Gyeongwon.", "Shortly afterwards, Im Gyuju begins running a co-op farm and as he rides a bus, he remembers the faces of all the women that he loved.", "While Im may wander when it comes to the matters of love, he does not stop there and the novel states that “democracy is not measuring happiness through money”—ultimately criticizing an environment where money and happiness are connected.", "The novel emphasizes that capitalism is not the same thing as democracy and through a diverse set of characters, calls for the construction of a democratic society headed by the people.", "Works\n\nShort Story Collections \n《무사호동》, 학원사, 1957.", "/ Musahodong (Warrior Hodong), Hagwonsa, 1957.", "《방황》, 정음사, 1964.", "/ Banghwang (Wandering), Jeongeumsa, 1964.", "《밤에만 자라는 돌》, 대운당, 1979.", "/ Bameman jaraneun dol (The Rock That Only Grows at Night), Daeundang, 1979.", "Novels \n《그 여자의 연인》, 삼성출판사, 1972.", "/ Geu yeojaui yeonin (The Man She Loved), Samseong, 1972.", "《홍길동》, 갑인출판사, 1975.", "/ Hong Gildong (Hong Gildong), Gabin, 1975.", "《여명기》, 동아일보사, 1978.", "/ Yeomyeonggi (The Beginning of a New Era), Dong-A Ilbo, 1978.", "《하촌일가》, 대운당, 1978.", "/ Hachonilga (A Family in Rosy Cloud Village), Daeundang, 1978.", "《주인 없는 도시》, 정음사, 1988.", "/ Juin eomneun dosi (City Without an Owner), Jeongeumsa, 1988.", "《민란시대》, 문학사상사, 1988.", "/ Millansidae (Age of Insurrection), Munsa, 1988.", "《왕도》, 제삼기획, 1992.", "/ Wangdo (The Rule of Royalty), Jesamgihoek, 1992.", "《황제 연산군》, 명문당, 1994.", "/ Hwangje yeonsangun (Emperor Yeon Sangun), Myungmundang, 1994.", "Works in Translation \n《그 여자의 연인》, 삼성출판사, 1972.", "/ The Man She Loved, Crescent Publications, 1986\n\n《세월: 현대남조선소설선》 / 歲月: 現代南朝鮮小說選 (朴渕禧 et al.", "外), 新興書房, 1967\n\nAwards \nAssociation of Freedom Writers Award (자유문학가협회상, 1960)\n\nThe Republic of Korea's Bogwan Order of Cultural Merit (1982)\n\nNational Academy of Arts Award (1983)\n\nThe March 1st Literary Award (3·1 문학상, 1996)\n\nThe Republic of Korea's Eungwan Order of Cultural Merit (2004)\n\nReferences \n\n1918 births\n2008 deaths\nKorean male writers" ]

[ "Pahk Yon-Hee was a Korean author.", "His works after the Korean War show a marked shift towards condemning the irrationality of society and covering historical novels as well.", "His works include the short story Jeungin, the novel Geu yeojaui yeonin, and the novel Hong Gildong.", "In what is now North Korea, Life Pahk was born in 1918.", "He made his debut in 1944 with the short story \"Jorangmal\" and after liberation from Japanese colonial rule in 1945, he managed an orchard.", "He worked as an editor in South Korea for magazines such as Baengmin, Jayu segye, and Jayu munhak.", "He began his literary career in 1948 with the publication of two short stories, \"Gomok\" and \"Sampalseon\", after he went to South Korea.", "In 1962, he became the senior editor of the press office of the Korea Electric Power Corporation, after working as the deputy head of the culture division of the Dong-A Ilbo.", "He published \"Jeungin\" and \"Geu yeojaui yeonin\" during that time.", "He began publishing works in the style of realism, such as \"Banghwang\" in 1962 and \" Byeonmo\" in 1965, in order to expose the inhumane reality and irrational society that encircled him.", "He began to write historical novels in the 1970s.", "He published two more books in the 1980's, Millansidae and Juin eomneun dosi, both of which were published in 1988.", "He passed away in 2008 after serving as an advisor for the Korea Writers Association.", "He received awards such as the Association of Freedom Writers Award in 1960, the National Academy of Arts Award in 1983, and the Republic of Korea's Eungwan Order of Cultural Merit in 2005.", "Writing Changes in His Writing Repertoire can be divided into three distinct periods: early, middle, and later writings.", "His 1948 short story \"Gomok\" is the most representative example of futility and decadence in his early writings.", "His middle period writings criticize societal realities, such as the corruption of human nature under equally corrupt surroundings in the 1958 short story \"Hwanmyeol\", or the depiction of a dictatorship in the 1956 short story \"Jeungin\".", "His 1978 novel, A Family in Rosy Cloud Village, is an important later work that describes North Korean society after liberation in 1945 through the testimony of a young boy.", "In order to cultivate a sense of resistance, contemporary political irrationalities and societal evils are usually denounced by Thematic Consciousness Pahk Yon-Hee.", "He criticized politics and religion in his work from October 1954 to February 1955.", "Pahk suspended his writings when the newspaper company demanded that he write a popular love story.", "His literature combines a genuine humanity with realism in order to create a unique world view.", "The humanism portrayed within his works is not limited to representing the daily lives of ordinary people, but also emphasizes a sense of social consciousness.", "The short story \"Jeungin\" deals with the dictatorial regime of the Liberty Party and the political oppression resulting from stringent anti-communism ideology.", "Among novels published in the 1950s, the only one that directly and bravely denounced the dictatorial nature of former President Syngman Rhee's rule was \"Jeungin\".", "Jun is told by his newspaper company to resign after writing an article that opposed the Selective Constitutional Reform, as the article could be beneficial to the leading opposition party.", "He was arrested on suspicion of being a spy and holding a secret rendezvous after taking on a student named Hyeon Il-u as a boarder.", "Jun is held in solitary confinement and subjected to interrogation.", "He is set free when he vomits large amounts of blood in the middle of questioning.", "As he lies on his sickbed, he can't stop thinking about why he was imprisoned.", "In order to reveal society's hypocrisy and senselessness, \"Jeungin\" portrays the sufferings of regular people at the hands of authority's cruel and merciless tyranny.", "In his novel, Geu yeojaui yeonin, he shows the joys and sorrows of life by showing an intellectual's complicated romance within an absurd reality.", "Im Gyuju is the managing editor of Goryeo Publishers.", "While his wife is sick, he has an affair with Song Gyeongwon, the second wife of the CEO of his publishing company, and with Gang Seonok, the wife of his poet friend that defected to North Korea.", "He doesn't approve of the romantic advances of another employee at the same company.", "Though Im Gyuju is summoned by the authorities, he is freed thanks to the help of his CEO and Song Gyeongwon.", "Im Gyuju remembers the faces of the women he loved as he runs a co-op farm.", "While Im may wander when it comes to the matters of love, he does not stop there and the novel states that \"democracy is not measuring happiness through money.\"", "capitalism is not the same as democracy and through a diverse set of characters, calls for the construction of a democratic society headed by the people.", "The Works Short Story Collections were published in 1957.", "Hagwonsa, 1957.", ", 1964.", "Jeongeumsa, 1964.", ", 1979.", "The Rock That Only Grows at Night was written in 1979.", "Novels were published in 1972.", "The man she loved was named Geu yeojaui yeonin.", ", 1975,", "Hong Gildong was born in 1975.", ", 1978.", "The Beginning of a New Era was published in 1978.", ", 1978.", "Hachonilga is a family in a village.", ", 1988.", "The city without an owner is called Juin eomneun dosi.", ", 1988.", "Millansidae (Age of Insurrection), Munsa, 1988.", ", 1992.", "Wangdo (The Rule of Royalty) was published in 1992.", ", 1994.", "Myungmundang, 1994, Hwangje yeonsangun (Emperor Yeon Sangun).", "The works in translation are from 1972", "The man she loved was published by Crescent Publications.", "The Association of Freedom Writers Award was given by the Republic of Korea." ]

[ "Pahk Yon He" ]

[ "Pahk Yon He", "Life Pahk" ]

[ "Ahmed Fathi Abdelmonem Ahmed Ibrahim (; born 10 November 1984) is an Egyptian professional footballer who plays for Pyramids.", "Born in Banha, he usually plays in the right back role for club and country.", "He started his career with Egyptian side Ismaily SC before moving to England to play in the Premier League with Sheffield United in 2007.", "Fathy returned to Egypt after only a few months however, signing to Al Ahly where he has remained until April 2020 where he signed to Pyramids FC, whilst also spending some time on loan at both Kuwait side Kazma and Hull City back in England.", "Alongside his club career, Fathy has represented Egypt since 2002, playing over one hundred games and scoring nine goals for his country.", "Club career\n\nEarly career: Ismaily and Sheffield United\nFathy played as a midfielder and right back for Ismaily in Egypt, where he won the 2001–02 Egyptian Premier League.", "In early 2007, Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram reported that Fathy's club had accepted Sheffield United's £700,000 offer for the player, and after a number of weeks of protracted negotiations, Fathy signed a three and a half year contract on 24 January 2007.", "Fathy made his Premier League debut for United as a substitute in the closing minutes of a 2–1 victory over Tottenham Hotspur at Bramall Lane on 10 February 2007, and made his full first team debut at Anfield against Liverpool on 24 February 2007, but failed to hold down a regular spot for the Blades.", "Al Ahly\nFathy had been linked with a move to the Egyptian club El Zamalek for 2 million Euro after discussions with Sheffield United's management, but the player refused the transfer even though the clubs had agreed a fee – with Fathy insisting he wanted to continue his career as a professional player outside of Egypt.", "However, El Zamalek's Egyptian rivals Al Ahly succeeded in gaining Fathy's consent for a move and Sheffield United's agreement to a deal.", "On 10 September 2007 Fathy joined El-Ahly for a fee of £675,000 after making just three senior appearances for United in the eight months he had spent with the club.", "Fathy had been signed after the transfer window in Egypt had closed however, and with Al-Ahly being unable to register him to play until the following January, they looked to place Fathy on loan outside of the country to help to regain match fitness.", "Al Ahly managed to broker a deal with Kuwaiti side Kazma to accept the player on a loan, where Fathy played regularly for the first team, scoring four goals.", "Fathy finally made his Al Ahly debut in an away game against Arab Contractors on 10 March 2008, and went on to become Ahly's first choice in central midfield alongside Hossam Ashour.", "Following the departure of Ahmed Sedik in 2009, Fathy was moved to right back where he once again became a regular for the team.", "Loan to Hull City\nIn January 2013, English Championship side Hull City expressed an interest in signing Fathy, along with his teammate Gedo, on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.", "On 31 January 2013, Hull City had finalized a six-month loan deal for Fathy and Gedo, with Hull paying £500,000 for each player's services.", "Fathy made his debut on 16 February 2013 at home in a 1–0 win against Charlton Athletic, appearing as a second-half substitute for Paul McShane.", "Umm Salal\nHe left Al Ahly after his contract expired in June 2014 and joined Umm Salal in Qatar in August 2014 after an unsuccessful trial with English giants Arsenal.", "Return to Al Ahly\nFathy rejoined Al Ahly in 2015.", "In April 2020, he decided to leave the club by the end of the season.", "Pyramids FC\nOn 11 April 2020, Pyramids FC announced that Fathy would be joining their side at the end of the season on a free transfer after Al Ahly's failure of securing a contract renewal with the 35 year old defender.", "This transfer resulted in mixed feelings toward Fathy from Al Ahly fans, who have previously lost another star of the team, Abdallah El Said, to Pyramids.", "International career\n\nFathy became Egypt's youngest ever international when he was capped at 17 years old in 2001 against South Africa.", "Fathi was picked for the National team by Egyptian Coach Mohsen Saleh even before playing in his club's first team Ismaily SC, although this followed soon after, and was then called up for the Egyptian youth team.", "Fathy was a member of the Egyptian youth team that won the African Youth Cup 2003 in Burkina Faso, and was part of the Egypt squad at the FIFA U-20 World Cup in the United Arab Emirates in 2003, and at one point Fathi was part of Egypt's U-20, U-23 and senior squads at the same time.", "Fathy was also part of the Egypt squad that won the Africa Cup of Nations at the Cairo International Stadium in 2006, when they beat Ivory Coast on penalties in the final.", "In the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations, Fathy was named as the fair player of the tournament and he was named in the team of the tournament.", "In May 2018, he was named in Egypt's squad for the 2018 World Cup in Russia.", "He scored an own goal in the match against Russia.", "Career statistics\n\nInternational\n\nInternational goals\nScores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.", "Honours\n\nClub\nIsmaily SC\n Egyptian Premier League (1): 2001–02\n\nAl Ahly\n Egyptian Premier League (10): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20\n Egypt Cup (2): 2016–17, 2019–20\n Egyptian Super Cup (5): 2010, 2011–12, 2015, 2017، 2018\n CAF Champions League (4): 2008, 2012, 2013, 2019–20\n CAF Confederation Cup (1): 2014\n African Super Cup (2): 2009, 2014\n\nInternational\nEgypt\n Africa Cup of Nations: 2006, 2008, 2010\n Nile Basin Tournament: 2011\n Pan Arab Games: 2007\n African Youth Championship: 2003\n\nIndividual \n IFFHS CAF Men's Team of the Decade 2011–2020\n CAF Team of the Year: 2012\n\nSee also\nList of men's footballers with 100 or more international caps\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1984 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Ismailia Governorate\nEgyptian footballers\nEgypt international footballers\n2004 African Cup of Nations players\n2006 Africa Cup of Nations players\n2008 Africa Cup of Nations players\n2009 FIFA Confederations Cup players\n2010 Africa Cup of Nations players\n2017 Africa Cup of Nations players\nAssociation football midfielders\nIsmaily SC players\nSheffield United F.C.", "players\nAl Ahly SC players\nKazma SC players\nHull City A.F.C.", "players\nUmm Salal SC players\nEgyptian Premier League players\nPremier League players\nEnglish Football League players\nQatar Stars League players\nEgyptian expatriate footballers\nEgyptian expatriate sportspeople in England\nEgyptian expatriate sportspeople in Kuwait\nEgyptian expatriate sportspeople in Qatar\nExpatriate footballers in England\nExpatriate footballers in Kuwait\nExpatriate footballers in Qatar\nOlympic footballers of Egypt\nFootballers at the 2012 Summer Olympics\nFIFA Century Club\nAfrica Cup of Nations-winning players\n2018 FIFA World Cup players\nKuwait Premier League players" ]

[ "An Egyptian professional footballer who plays for Pyramids is named Ahmed Fathi Abdelmonem Ahmed Ibrahim.", "He plays in the right back for club and country.", "He moved to England to play in the English premier league after starting his career in Egypt.", "After only a few months in Egypt, Fathy signed to Al Ahly and remained there until April 2020 when he joined Pyramids FC.", "Since 2002, Fathy has played over one hundred games for Egypt and scored nine goals.", "Fathy was a member of the team that won the 2001–02 Egyptian Premier League.", "After a number of weeks of negotiations, Fathy signed a three and a half year contract with the club on January 24, 2007, according to Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram.", "Fathy made his debut for United as a substitute in the closing minutes of a 2–1 victory over Spurs at Bramall Lane on 10 February 2007, but failed to hold down a regular spot for the Blades.", "Al Ahly Fathy had been linked with a move to the Egyptian club El Zamalek for 2 million Euro, but the player refused the transfer even though the clubs had agreed a fee.", "Al Ahly was able to get Fathy's consent for a move and the agreement between the two clubs.", "Fathy joined El-Ahly for a fee of £675,000 after just three senior appearances for United.", "Fathy was signed after the transfer window in Egypt had closed, but Al-Ahly were unable to register him until the following January, so they looked to place him on a loan outside of the country.", "Fathy was accepted by Al Ahly on a loan from Kuwait, where he played for the first team and scored four goals.", "Fathy made his Al Ahly debut in an away game against Arab Contractors on 10 March 2008, and went on to become Ahly's first choice in central midfield alongside Hossam Ashour.", "Fathy became a regular for the team after he was moved to right back.", "The English Championship side Hull City expressed an interest in signing Fathy, along with his teammate Gedo, on loan until the end of the 2012–13 season.", "On January 31, Hull City finalized a six-month loan deal for Fathy and Gedo, with Hull paying £500,000 for each player's services.", "On February 16th, Fathy made his debut at home in a 1–0 win against Charlton Athletic.", "He left Al Ahly after his contract expired in June of 2014 and joined the other side of the world in August of that year.", "Fathy returned to Al Ahly in 2015.", "He decided to leave the club by the end of the season.", "On 11 April 2020, Pyramids FC announced that Fathy would be joining their side at the end of the season on a free transfer after Al Ahly's failure of securing a contract renewal with the 35 year old defender.", "Al Ahly fans who have previously lost another star of the team, Abdallah El Said, to Pyramids, were mixed about Fathy's transfer.", "Fathy became Egypt's youngest ever international when he was 17 years old.", "Fathi was called up for the Egyptian youth team soon after he was called up for the National team, but before he played in his club's first team.", "At one point Fathi was part of Egypt's U-20, U-23 team and Fathy was a member of the Egyptian youth team that won the African Youth Cup in 2003", "The Egypt squad that won the Africa Cup of Nations at the Cairo International Stadium in 2006 was led by Fathy.", "Fathy was named the fair player of the tournament in the 2010 Africa Cup of Nations.", "He was in Egypt's squad for the World Cup in Russia.", "He scored an own goal.", "International goals Scores and results list Egypt's goal tally first.", "The Al Ahly Egyptian Premier League (10): 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2010–11, 2013–14, and the Egypt Cup (2): 2016–17.", "Hull City A.F.C. players are Al Ahly SC players.", "Football players in England, Kuwait, and Egypt are expatriates." ]

[ "Ahmed Fathi Abdelmonem Ahmed Ibrahim", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathyhy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Ahmed Sedik", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy" ]

[ "Ahmed Fathi Abdelmon", "Ahmed Ibrahim", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy", "Fathy" ]

[ "Matthew \"Matt\" Sates (born 28 July 2003) is a South African swimmer.", "For the 2021 FINA Swimming World Cup, Sates was the highest scoring male competitor from any country and earned a total of 18 medals including 13 gold medals.", "In addition to winning 18 medals, Sates set multiple world junior records over the course of the month-long World Cup.", "He competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in two individual events, placing highest in the 200 metre individual medley at 14th as well as placing 32nd in the 100 metre butterfly.", "Background and details \nSates was born on July 28, 2003 and lives in Pietermaritzburg in South Africa with his mother and sister.", "He reportedly became a swimmer at a young age, when he followed his older brother Tim into swimming.", "He has said of the sport, \"Swimming has just always been a part of me.\"", "According to Sates, he was trained by Wayne Riddin at Seals Swimming Club in Pietermaritzburg and he verbally committed to entering the University of Georgia in 2022 to train under Neil Versfeld, a renowned South African Olympic swimmer and coach, though he would continue to represent South Africa.", "According to an interview Sates gave to Speedo, a brand he endorses, Sates attended St. Charles College, Pietermaritzburg.", "Career\n\n2021\n\n2020 Summer Olympics\n\nSates competed in two events at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo, Japan.", "He qualified to compete in the Olympics (delayed until July 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic) in May 2021 and was called \"the next Michael Phelps\" in the media leading up to the start of competition.", "At the 2020 Olympic Games, Sates finished 14th in the 200 metre individual medley, just two places behind Chase Kalisz of the United States, and 32nd in the 100 metre butterfly.", "2021 Swimming World Cup\nIn the 2021 FINA Swimming World Cup, which consisted of four competitions across two continents in the month of October 2021 and was conducted in short course metres, Sates was the overall highest scoring male competitor with a total of 227 points across all four stops that earned him $140,000 of prize money.", "He also earned the most medals amongst all competitors, male or female, with a total of eighteen medals, which included thirteen gold medals, four silver medals, and one bronze medal.", "Sates set his first world junior record of the World Cup circuit at the first stop, in Berlin, Germany, with a time of 1:51.45 in the 200 metre individual medley on 2 October.", "His swim also moved him to the eighth fastest swimmer in the event in history, just two spots and 31-hundredths of a second behind Caeleb Dressel of the United States.", "The next day, Sates set his second world junior record of the World Cup circuit with a time of 1:40.65 in the 200 metre freestyle where he won the gold medal and finished less than two tenths of a second ahead of silver medalist in the event Kyle Chalmers of Australia.", "These first two world junior records earned Sates the number two spot on Swimming World'''s \"The Week That Was\" honour for the week of 4 October 2021.", "Four days later, on 7 October, at the second stop of the World Cup, held in Budapest, Hungary, Sates set his third world junior record, this time in the 400 metre freestyle with a time of 3:37.92.Sutherland, James (7 October 2021).", "\"Matt Sates Scorches 3:37.92 For New World Junior Record In 400 Free (SCM)\".", "SwimSwam.", "Retrieved 1 November 2021.", "Sates winning multiple medals, setting multiple world junior records, and winning the overall male title was ranked as the number one moment from the 2021 Swimming World Cup by FINA.", "2021 World Short Course Championships\nSates entered to compete in five individual events, the 200 metre freestyle, 400 metre freestyle, 100 metre individual medley, 200 metre individual medley, and 400 metre individual medley, for the 2021 World Short Course Championships at Etihad Arena in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.Race, Retta (10 December 2021).", "\"Entry Lists Published For 2021 FINA Short Course World Championships\".", "SwimSwam.", "Retrieved 10 December 2021.", "Two days before the start of competition, Sates was announced as withdrawing from the championships due to travel restrictions making it hard for him to leave the country of South Africa due to a surge in a new variant of COVID-19.", "2022\nOn 21 January 2022, Sates arrived in Athens, Georgia in the United States to start competing collegiately as part of the Georgia Bulldogs at the University of Georgia with his first competition appearance scheduled for 29 January 2022.", "In his first collegiate competition, a dual meet against Emory University on 29 January, Sates won the 200 yard freestyle with a time of 1:33.89.", "He also swam a 4:31.29 in the 500 yard freestyle and a 1:49.23 in the 200 yard individual medley swimming exhibition.", "2022 Southeastern Conference Championships\nIn his first collegiate conference championships, the 2022 Southeastern Conference, SEC, Championships in February 2022, Sates swam a 1:31.82 for the lead-off leg of the 4×200 yard freestyle relay to help take second-place in 6:09.32 on day one.Dornan, Ben (15 February 2022).", "\"2022 SEC Championships: Day 1 Finals Live Recap\".", "SwimSwam.", "Retrieved 15 February 2022.", "His time of 1:31.82 ranked Sates as the fifth-fastest male freshman in the 200 yard freestyle in the history of the NCAA, behind Townley Haas, Dean Farris, Cameron Craig, and Drew Kibler.", "In the prelims heats of the 500 yard freestyle on day two, Sates lowered his personal best time in the event by approximately 17 seconds to a 4:13.65 to rank third overall heading into the final.", "For the final of the 500 yard freestyle, Sates set a new pool record in a time of 4:09.06 and placed first, finishing over one second ahead of second-place finisher Kieran Smith.", "He qualified ranking first for the final of the 200 yard freestyle with a time of 1:32.59 in the prelims heats on day three.", "In the final, he won with a time of 1:31.16, breaking the pool record of 1:31.65 set in 2013 and finishing 0.23 seconds ahead of second-place finisher Brooks Curry.", "Day four of competition, Sates ranked third in the prelims heat of the 200 yard butterfly, qualifying for the final with a time of 1:41.91, which was 1.83 seconds behind first-ranked Luca Urlando.", "In the final, he placed second with a 1:39.88, this time finishing 0.88 seconds behind Luca Urlando.De George, Matthew (18 February 2022).", "\"2022 SEC Championships, Day 4 Finals: Luca Urlando Throws Down 1:39 200 Fly\".", "Swimming World.", "Retrieved 18 February 2022.", "For the 4×100 yard medley relay later in the session, Sates and Luca Urlando were part of the same relay team, with Sates splitting a 46.03 for the butterfly leg of the relay to help finish fourth in 3:04.76.", "The fifth and final day, he led-off the 4×100 yard freestyle relay in 42.71 to help achieve a time of 2:50.65 and a fourth-place finish.", "Following his performances at the SEC Championships, Sates swam the 400 yard individual medley in 3:41.85 and the 200 yard individual medley in 1:44.83 at the 2022 Bulldog Last Chance Meet in an attempt to see if he could qualify for the 2022 NCAA Championships in the events.", "Personal best times\n\nShort course metres (25 m pool)\n\nShort course yards (25 yd pool)\n\nLegend: r – relay 1st leg; tt – time trial\n\nRecords\nWorld junior records\nShort course metres (25 m pool)\n\nContinental and national records\nShort course metres (25 m pool)\n\nAwards and honours\n FINA, Top 10 Moments: 2021 Swimming World Cup (#1)\n Swimming World, The Week That Was: 4 October 2021 (#2)\n SwimSwam'', Top 100 (Men's): 2022 (#44)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n2003 births\nLiving people\nSouth African male swimmers\nMale medley swimmers\nMale butterfly swimmers\nOlympic swimmers of South Africa\nSwimmers at the 2020 Summer Olympics" ]

[ "Matthew Sates is a swimmer.", "Sates was the highest scoring male competitor from any country and earned a total of 18 medals including 13 gold medals.", "Sates won 18 medals and set several world junior records during the World Cup.", "He competed in two individual events at the 2020 Summer Olympics, placing 32nd in the 100 metres butterfly and 14th in the 200 metres individual medley.", "Sates was born on July 28, 2003 and lives in Pietermaritzburg in South Africa with his mother and sister.", "He followed in his brother's footsteps and became a swimmer at a young age.", "He said, \"Swimming has always been a part of me.\"", "According to Sates, he was trained by Wayne Riddin at Seals Swimming Club in Pietermaritzburg and he committed to the University of Georgia to train under Neil Versfeld, a renowned South African Olympic swimmer and coach.", "Sates attended St. Charles College in Pietermaritzburg, according to an interview he gave to Speedo.", "Sates competed in two events at the 2020 Summer Olympics.", "He qualified to compete in the Olympics in May 2021, but was called \"the next Michael Phelps\" in the media leading up to the start of competition.", "At the 2020 Olympic Games, Sates finished 14th in the 200m individual medley, two places behind Chase Kalisz of the United States, and 32nd in the 100m butterfly.", "Sates was the overall highest scoring male competitor with a total of 227 points across all four stops that earned him $140,000 in the 2021 Swimming World Cup.", "He earned the most medals amongst all competitors, male or female, with a total of eighteen medals, which included thirteen gold medals, four silver medals, and one bronze medal.", "At the first stop of the World Cup circuit, in Berlin, Germany, Sates set his first world junior record with a time of ", "His swim moved him to the eighth fastest swimmer in the history of the event, just two spots and 31-hundredths of a second behind Caeleb Dressel of the United States.", "Sates set his second world junior record of the World Cup circuit the next day in the 200 metres freestyle where he won the gold medal and finished less than two tenths of a second ahead of Kyle Chalmers of Australia.", "The first two world junior records earned Sates the number two spot on Swimming World's \"The Week That Was\" honour.", "Sates set his third world junior record, this time in the 400 metres freestyle, at the second stop of the World Cup, held in Hungary.", "Matt Sates set a new world junior record in the 400 free.", "There is a swimming pool.", "On 1 November 2021.", "Sates winning multiple medals, setting multiple world junior records, and winning the overall male title was ranked as the number one moment from the 2021.", "The 200 metres freestyle, 400 metres freestyle, 100 metres individual medley, 200 metres individual medley, and 400 metres individual medley are some of the individual events that Sates entered to compete in at the World Short Course Championships.", "The entry lists for the FINA Short Course World Championships were published.", "There is a swimming pool.", "On 10 December 2021.", "A surge in a new variant of COVID-19 made it hard for Sates to leave the country of South Africa two days before the start of the competition.", "Sates arrived in Athens, Georgia in the United States to start competing collegiately as part of the Georgia Bulldogs at the University of Georgia with his first competition appearance scheduled for January 29, 2022.", "Sates won the 200 yard freestyle with a time of 1:33.89 in his first collegiate competition.", "He swam a 4:31.29 in the 500 yard freestyle and a 1:49.23 in the 200 yard individual medley swimming exhibition.", "Sates took second place in the 4200 yard freestyle relay on the first day of the SEC Championships in February 2022.", "The live recap of the first day of the SEC Championships.", "There is a swimming pool.", "The article was published on 15 February 2022.", "Sates was the fifth-fastest male freshman in the history of the NCAA in the 200 yard freestyle with a time of 1:31.82.", "In the prelims heats of the 500 yard freestyle on day two, Sates lowered his personal best time by 17 seconds to rank third overall heading into the final.", "In the final of the 500 yard freestyle, Sates set a new pool record in a time of 4:09.06 and finished over one second ahead of second-place finish by Smith.", "He qualified first for the final of the 200 yard freestyle with a time of 1:32.59 in the prelims heats on day three.", "In the final, he won with a time of 1:31.16, breaking the pool record of 1:31.65 set in 2013).", "Sates was third in the prelims heat of the 200 yard butterfly and qualified for the final with a time of 1:41.94, which was 1.83 seconds behind first-ranked Luca Urlando.", "He finished second in the final with a 1:39.88, 0.88 seconds behind Luca Urlando.De George.", "Luca Urlando threw down a 1:39 200 fly in the SEC Championships.", "The world of swimming.", "The article was published on 18 February 2022.", "Sates split a 46.03 for the butterfly leg of the relay to help him finish fourth in 3:04.76, as he was part of the same relay team with Luca Urlando.", "On the fifth and final day, he led-off the 4100 yard freestyle relay in 42.71, which was good for a fourth-place finish.", "Sates swam the 400 yard individual medley in 3:41.85 and the 200 yard individual medley in 1:44.83 in an attempt to see if he could qualify for the NCAA Championships in the events.", "Personal best times Short course metres (25 m pool) Short course yards (25 yd pool) Legend: r- relay 1st leg; tt- time trial Records World junior records Short course metres (25 m pool) Continental and national records Short course metres (25 m pool) Awards and honours" ]

[ "Matthew", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Matthew", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates" ]

[ "Matthew Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Matt Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates", "Sates" ]

[ "John Sebastian Marlow Ward (22 December 1885 – 1949) was an English author who published widely on the subject of Freemasonry and esotericism.", "He was also the leader of a Christian sect, and the founder of the Abbey Folk Park, the earliest example of a folk park in Britain.", "He was born in what is now Belize.", "In 1908 he graduated from the University of Cambridge with honours in history, following in the footsteps of his father, Herbert Ward, who also had studied history before entering the priesthood of the Anglican Church.", "John Ward became a prolific and sometimes controversial writer on a wide variety of topics.", "He made contributions to the history of Freemasonry and other secret societies.", "He was also a psychic medium or spiritualist, a prominent churchman and is still seen by some as a mystic and modern-day prophet.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nBorn in British Honduras on 22 December 1885, Ward was the son of an Anglican clergyman, Herbert Marlow Ward.", "In 1888, the family returned to England, where Ward was educated at Colet Court, Merchant Taylors and Charterhouse.", "Proceeding to study History at Trinity Hall, a part of the University of Cambridge, he subsequently travelled around East Asia for many years, working as the headmaster of a Church of England school in Burma and then as the Principal Officer of Customs in Lower Burma.", "While working in the country, he spent much of his time studying Chinese secret societies, and with W.G.", "Stirling co-wrote a definitive book on the subject, The Hung Society: or the Society of Heaven and Earth, published in 1925 by the Baskerville Press.", "Interests in history and antiques \nIt was also in 1908 that he published his first book, a short history of church brasses.", "His collection of some 1500 brass rubbings is now in London's Victoria and Albert Museum.", "After the First World War he accumulated a significant private collection of antiques and when from 1927 onwards he began to form the \"Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ\", together with his second wife Jessie, he would frequently return from a day in London with their car laden with numerous historical pieces for the collection.", "A thirteenth-century tithe barn, painstakingly taken down, transported in pieces and re-erected at Park Road, New Barnet, just outside London, was filled with priceless antiques and opened as a church in 1930.", "On the same property an open-air museum, consisting of replica period buildings, filled with genuine antiquities was also constructed and became a major tourist attraction.", "This Folk Park, as it was called, was one of the first of its kind in the world.", "Much of the collection was reluctantly sold but the rest still survives under the custodianship of the present members of his community at the Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology in Caboolture, Queensland, Australia.", "Involvement with Freemasonry \nToday, Ward is most widely known for his many books about the history and inner meanings of Freemasonry.", "These date mainly from the 1920s but most are still in print and available in a number of different languages.", "In them he traces the origins of modern Freemasonry back before its official 18th century beginnings to the far distant past.", "He believed that the movement had links with spiritual groups and secret societies in the ancient world as well as more recent institutions such as the Chinese Hung Society.", "His book on the Hung Society remained the source of articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica until long after his death and he remained listed among that encyclopedia's contributors, until late in the 20th century.", "He saw Freemasonry as the successor of the ancient traditions of learning, and sought to convince his fellow masons to use that position to promote inter-religious harmony.", "His views remain controversial within Freemasonry.", "In 1987 the United Grand Lodge of England informed its members that \"J.S.M.", "Ward's handbooks have no official standing and are not issued by Lodges to candidates.", "They were personal and very idiosyncratic interpretations of the history and meaning of the Craft rituals\".", "Involvement with spiritualism \nWard's activities as a medium and spiritualist brought him into conflict with many traditional churchmen.", "He had been brought up as an Anglican and officially remained a member of that church until 1934.", "Long before then, however, his wide-ranging spiritual interests had led him to seek for enlightenment in many other areas.", "According to his spiritualist book, Gone West, published in 1917, his first real link with the \"other world\" came in a dream early in December 1913 that predicted the death of his uncle H.J.", "Lancaster who died on 5 January 1914.", "Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War Ward took a teaching job in the Far East.", "There he found many opportunities to continue his researches into the supernatural until poor health forced his return to England early in 1916.", "His poor eyesight had prevented him from joining the army, but the family had been represented on the Western Front by his younger brother, Reginald (Rex) who was eventually killed on Good Friday, 1916.", "This led Ward to undertake what he saw as his first helping mission in the afterlife.", "The account of how he first sought out the spirit of his dead brother and then assisted him to become established on the \"astral plane\" is the subject of his second spiritualist book A Subaltern in Spirit-Land also published in 1917.", "Although less well-known than his Masonic works, both of these books are still advertised for sale on the internet, in German as well as in English sites.", "According to another site, a Japanese edition is planned for 2010.", "Ward's later spiritualist writings have tended to become linked with his Christian religious work and perhaps for this reason have been less widely read.", "In The Psychic Powers of Christ, Ward seeks to demonstrate that many of the \"miracles\" of Jesus Christ can be understood as psychic phenomena, which though greater than normal, were nevertheless of a similar nature to the recorded exploits of Eastern holy men and western mediums.", "This book, which clearly provides a link between Ward the spiritualist and Ward the Christian Mystic is still available, but mainly through the various Church groups that claim to be continuing his spiritual work.", "Prophet and mystic\nAmong his supporters Ward is revered as a prophet and mystic or even as a saint.", "Most of his prophetic and mystical writings date from the 1930s and 1940s and include a series of ten apocalypses that he claimed to have received in early 1934.", "These are comparable in some ways to references in the Bible, but have also been interpreted as predicting the Second World War, the end of the British Empire, the end of white rule in South Africa and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism.", "His other mystical experiences included claims of visits to the saintly and angelic realms, and visions of the more distant future.", "He predicted a number of terrible events preceding the second coming of Jesus, including a devastating biological attack on New York City.", "He saw the second coming of Jesus as a quite literal \"establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth\".", "To him, Christ was coming to judge mankind, as had long been foretold, yet he also predicted that although many would fail that test, many more would pass and although some of those would pass immediately to Heaven, most would be permitted to continue their lives on earth under his benign rule.", "He went on to say that through mysticism he had been able to \"track\" the gradual descent of Christ as he passed steadily through the various celestial realms on his way to earth.", "Although neither Ward nor his successors have ever stated an exact date for the arrival of Jesus on earth, they have consistently maintained that the event is relatively close.", "Unlike most Christian groups they do not expect that they will be the only ones saved.", "They hold that all good souls, whether Christian or non-Christian, will receive the approval of Christ.", "Also, they say that some will be condemned to Hell and others will go to Heaven but that most will be permitted to enjoy the benefits of his reign on earth.", "Ward's followers also believe that Christ's coming will not mark the ending of the world, but merely the ending of this age and that after his time on earth is completed, a New Age will follow.", "Founder of a religious community\nAlthough descended from a line of clergy (both his father and grandfather were Anglican priests), neither Ward himself nor his younger brother, Rex, initially showed any desire for ordination.", "Even after Rex's death Ward turned to Spiritualism rather than to the traditional Christianity of his father, with the aim of helping his brother in the afterlife.", "When he eventually did become a priest, he was as unconventional in that role as in his other fields of interest.", "Although never ordained in the Anglican Church, in 1927, Ward believing himself to be called by God to help prepare the world for the return of Christ, started a religious community dedicated to that end.", "Initially this was formed within the Anglican Church, but when some of his views offended certain senior officials, Ward first joined and later came to lead a small Christian group that had originated in the Far East.", "As archbishop in England he remained a controversial figure throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s.", "During this period he ordained several priests, including three from within his own community who were to continue his work after his premature death in 1949.", "In early 1945, Stanley Lough, the father of Dorothy Lough, a 16-year-old member of the abbey, accused Ward of enticing his daughter away from her family, taking the case to court.", "After convening for 11 days in May, Ward was found guilty, fined £500, and Dorothy was ordered to return to her parents.", "By this time personally bankrupt, the fine was likely paid not by Ward himself but by the trustees of the confraternity.", "The only way that the abbey could regain their losses was to sell the Folk Park and its contents.", "One of those who took an interest in purchasing the items was Gerald Gardner (1884–1964), a friend of Ward's and pioneering figure in the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca.", "However, Gardner's specific interest was in magic and witchcraft, and so he decided to only obtain one of the Abbey's buildings, a 16th-century construct which Ward had claimed was a \"Witch's Cottage\".", "Rather than a cash transaction, Ward traded the cottage with Gardner for a plot of land that the latter owned at Gastria in Cyprus.", "Move to Cyprus\nEventually, a legal and media campaign caused him to lead his community from England.", "They moved to Cyprus in 1946, where they established themselves as a self-supporting religious community.", "He had already suffered a slight stroke before leaving England and eventually died from a more massive attack on 2 July 1949.", "He was buried in the local cemetery of Ayios Nicholas, near Limassol, in an unmarked grave that he afterwards came to share with two other members of his community.", "His teachings and episcopal succession were continued by his community under the leadership of his wife Jessie and the clergy that he had personally ordained.", "Today there are a number of semi-independent groups generally called the Orthodox Catholic Church that have links with Ward.", "Works\nThe Entered Apprentice Handbook\nThe Fellow Crafts Handbook\nThe Master Masons Handbook\nThe Higher Degrees Handbook\nBrasses (Cambridge University Press, 1912)\nFairy Tales and Legends of Burma (London: Blackie & Son, 1916)\nGone West: Three Narratives of After-Death Experiences Communicated Through the Mediumship of J. S. M. Ward (London: W. Rider & Son, 1917)\nA Subaltern in Spirit-Land.", "A Sequel To \"Gone West\" (London: W. Rider & Son, 1919.", "Republished by Kessinger Publishing Company, 2004. )", "Freemasonry and The Ancient Gods (London: Simpkins, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co, 1921)\nTextile Fibres and Yarns (London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1924)\nAn Interpretation of Our Masonic Symbols (London: A. Lewis, 1924)\nWho Was Hiram Abiff?", "(London: Baskerville Press, 1925; reprinted in 1986 by London: Lewis Masonic, 1986. . And by Kessinger Publishing Company, 1990.", ").", "An Explanation of The Royal Arch Degree (London: Baskerville Press, 1925)\nThe Hung Society, or, The Society of Heaven and Earth (with W.G.", "Stirling).", "Three volumes.", "London: Baskerville Press, 1925–1926.", "Told Through The Ages: A Series of Masonic Stories (London: Baskerville Press, 1926)\nThe Moral Teachings of Freemasonry, Incorporating Masonic Proverbs, Poems and Sayings (London: Baskerville Press, 1926)\nThe Psychic Powers of Christ (London: Williams and Norgate Ltd, 1936)\n\nPersonal life\nOn 18 December 1908, he married Eleanor Caroline Lanchester, his older second cousin.", "They had one child, a daughter, born in October 1909, whom they named Blanche.", "In 1926, his wife died after a long illness.", "He married Jessie Page (b.", "10 March 1890) on 4 April 1927.", "Ward later had a natural son, John Reginald Cuffe, with Ursula Cuffe.", "Further reading\n Geoffrey Ginn, Archangels & Archaeology: J. S. M. Ward's Kingdom of the Wise (Sussex Academic Press, 2011)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nR. Baker, The Scholar the Builders Rejected, 2001.", "From a Masonic point of view and quotes extensively from Masonic records.", "P. G. Strong, John Ward: The Prophet of These Times, 1999.", "A brief summary of Ward's life from a religious point of view that quotes extensively from his apocalyptic writings.", "Unpublished diaries of P.G.", "Strong, the last surviving priest ordained by Ward.", "This records the author's personal recollections of Ward, and provides detailed, though sometimes controversial accounts of his life and works.", "External links\n\nThe Life of J.S.M.", "Ward This is a brief internet account of Ward's life, provided by one of the churches derived from him.", "J.S.M.", "Ward and the Abbey of Christ the King.", "Unsympathetic to Ward this includes a number of spelling and historical inaccuracies, as well as controversial allegations against him.", "History of the Abbey Museum Recounts the story of Ward's archaeological collection.", "1885 births\n1949 deaths\nConverts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism\nAlumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge\nEnglish Eastern Orthodox Christians\nBritish emigrants to Cyprus\nNew Barnet" ]

[ "John Sebastian Ward was an English author who wrote on the subject of Freemasonry.", "The founder of the Abbey Folk Park was also the leader of a Christian sect.", "He was born there.", "He followed in the footsteps of his father, Herbert Ward, who studied history before becoming a priest.", "John Ward was a prolific and sometimes controversial writer.", "He made contributions to the history of secret societies.", "He was a churchman and a psychic medium and is still seen as a prophet by some.", "Born in British Honduras on December 22, 1885, Ward was the son of a clergyman.", "In England, Ward was educated at Colet Court, Merchant Taylors and Charterhouse.", "He went to study History at Trinity Hall, a part of the University of Cambridge, and later worked as the Principal Officer of Customs in Lower Burma.", "He spent a lot of time studying Chinese secret societies while working in the country.", "The Hung Society: or the Society of Heaven and Earth was published in 1925.", "He published his first book in 1908, a short history of church brasses.", "The Victoria and Albert Museum has a collection of 1500 brass rubbings.", "After the First World War he accumulated a significant private collection of antiques and when from 1927 onwards he began to form the \"Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ\", together with his second wifeJessie, he would frequently return from a day in London with their car laden with numerous historical pieces", "A 13th century tithe barn, painstakingly taken down, transported in pieces and re-erected at Park Road, New Barnet, just outside London, was filled with priceless antiques and opened as a church in 1930.", "An open-air museum filled with genuine antiquities was built on the same property and became a major tourist attraction.", "The Folk Park was one of the first of its kind in the world.", "The community at the Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology in Caboolture, Australia, still holds much of the collection despite it being reluctantly sold.", "Ward has written many books about the history and inner meanings of Freemasonry.", "Most of these dates from the 1920s are still in print and available in a number of different languages.", "He traces the origins of modern Freemasonry back to before its official 18th century beginnings.", "He believed that the movement had links with secret societies and spiritual groups in the ancient world.", "His book on the Hung Society was the source of articles in the Encyclopdia Britannica until late in the 20th century.", "He wanted his fellow masons to use the position of Freemasonry to promote inter- religious harmony.", "His views are controversial within the organization.", "The United Grand Lodge of England told its members that \"J.S.M.\" in 1987.", "Lodges do not issue Ward's handbooks to candidates.", "They were interpretations of the history and meaning of the Craft rituals.", "Ward's involvement with spiritualism brought him into conflict with many traditional churchmen.", "He was a member of the church until 1934.", "His wide-ranging spiritual interests led him to seek enlightenment in many other areas.", "His first real link with the \"other world\" came in a dream early in December 1913 that predicted the death of his uncle, according to his spiritualist book, Gone West.", "Lancaster died on January 5, 1914.", "Ward took a teaching job in the Far East after the First World War.", "Poor health forced him to return to England early in 1916, where he continued his research into the supernatural.", "The family was represented on the Western Front by his younger brother, who was killed on Good Friday, 1916.", "Ward undertook what he thought was his first helping mission in the afterlife.", "His second spiritualist book, A Subaltern in Spirit-Land, is about how he first sought out the spirit of his dead brother and then helped him to become established on the \"astral plane\".", "Although less well-known than his Masonic works, both of these books are still advertised for sale on the internet, in German as well as in English sites.", "A Japanese edition is planned for next year.", "Ward's later spiritualist writings have become linked with his Christian religious work and perhaps for this reason have been less widely read.", "In The Psychic Powers of Christ, Ward tries to show that many of the \"miracles\" of Jesus Christ can be understood as psychic phenomena, which are similar to the recorded exploits of Eastern holy men.", "The book provides a link between Ward the spiritualist and Ward the Christian mystic, but only through the various Church groups that claim to be continuing his spiritual work.", "Ward is revered as a prophet and mystic by his supporters.", "He claimed to have received ten apocalypses in early 1934, but most of his prophetic and mystical writings are from the 1930s and 1940s.", "The Second World War, the end of the British Empire, the end of white rule in South Africa and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism have all been predicted by these references.", "He claimed to have visited the saintly and angelic realm, as well as visions of the more distant future.", "A devastating biological attack on New York City was predicted by him.", "The establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth was what he saw as the second coming of Jesus.", "Although many would fail that test, he predicted that many more would pass and that most would be allowed to continue their lives on earth under his benign rule.", "He said that through mysticism he was able to track the gradual descent of Christ as he traveled through the various worlds.", "Although neither Ward nor his successors have ever stated an exact date for the arrival of Jesus, they have always maintained that the event is close.", "They don't expect to be the only ones saved.", "All good souls, whether Christian or non-Christian, will be approved by Christ.", "Some will be condemned to Hell but others will be allowed to enjoy the benefits of his reign on earth.", "Ward's followers believe that Christ's coming will not mark the end of the world, but merely the end of this age, and that after his time on earth is completed, a New Age will follow.", "Although his father and grandfather were priests, Ward and his brother, Rex, did not show any desire for ordination.", "Ward turned to spiritualism after Rex's death in order to help his brother in the afterlife.", "He was unconventional in that role when he became a priest.", "A religious community dedicated to preparing the world for the return of Christ was started by Ward in 1927.", "When some of his views offended certain senior officials, Ward first joined and later came to lead a small Christian group that had originated in the Far East.", "He was a controversial figure throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s.", "After his death in 1949, three priests from within his own community were to continue his work.", "In 1945, Ward was accused of taking his daughter away from her family by the father of the girl.", "Ward was fined and ordered to return to her parents after he was found guilty in May.", "The fine was paid by the trustees of the confraternity, not Ward.", "The Folk Park and its contents were the only way that the abbey could regain their losses.", "Gerald Gardner was a friend of Ward's and was interested in purchasing the items.", "He decided to only get one of the Abbey's buildings, a 16th-century construct which Ward had claimed was a \"Witch's Cottage\", because he was interested in magic and witchcraft.", "Ward traded the cottage to Gardner for a plot of land that the latter owned in Cyprus.", "He moved to Cyprus because of a legal and media campaign.", "In 1946, they established themselves as a religious community in Cyprus.", "He had a slight stroke before he left England and died from the attack on July 2, 1949.", "He came to share his grave with two other members of his community after he was buried in the local cemetery of Ayios Nicholas.", "His community continued his teachings under the leadership of his wife and clergy that he personally dained.", "The Orthodox Catholic Church is one of the groups that have links with Ward.", "Gone West: Three Narratives of After-Death Experiences was published in 1916.", "A sequel to \"Gone West\" was published in 1919.", "Kessinger Publishing Company published a new edition in 2004.", "Masonry and The Ancient Gods, Textile Fibres and Yarns, and Who Was Hiram Abiff?", "London: Lewis Masonic, 1986; and by Kessinger Publishing Company, 1990.", ").", "An Explanation of The Royal Arch Degree was published in 1925.", "There is a person named Stirling.", "There are three volumes.", "Baskerville Press was founded in London in 1925.", "The Psychic Powers of Christ is one of the stories told through the ages.", "They had a daughter named Blanche who was born in October 1909.", "His wife died after a long illness.", "He was married toJessie Page.", "On 4 April 1927, on 10 March 1890.", "John Reginald Cuffe was a natural son of Ward and Ursula Cuffe.", "The Scholar the Builders Rejected was written by R. Baker.", "quotes from Masonic records from a Masonic point of view", "John Ward: The Prophet of These Times was written by P. G. Strong.", "There is a brief summary of Ward's life from a religious point of view.", "The diaries of P.G. were not published.", "The last priest to be dained by Ward was Strong.", "This records the author's recollections of Ward, and provides detailed, though sometimes controversial, accounts of his life and works.", "There are external links to The Life of J.S.M.", "A brief internet account of Ward's life was provided by one of the churches derived from him.", "J.S.M.", "The Abbey of Christ the King has a Ward.", "There are a number of spelling and historical inaccuracies as well as controversial allegations against Ward.", "The story of Ward's archaeological collection is recounted in the History of the Abbey Museum.", "British Eastern Orthodox Christians converted to Eastern Orthodoxy from Protestantism in 1885." ]

[ "John Sebastian Marlow Ward", "Herbert Ward", "John Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "John Reginald", "Ward", "John Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward" ]

[ "John Sebastian Ward", "Herbert Ward", "John Ward", "Ward", "WardJessie", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "John Reginald", "Ward", "John Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward", "Ward" ]

[ "William G. Irwin (1843 – January 28, 1914) was a capitalist and successful sugar planter in the Kingdom of Hawai'i.", "He was born in England, and emigrated to Hawaii with his family while still a child.", "He would remain a British citizen throughout his life.", "Educated at Punahou School, he was in the right place at the right time to make a lot of money in the sugar plantation market.", "After the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, Irwin formed the William G. Irwin & Co partnership.", "California entrepreneur Claus Spreckels offered him a separate partnership in 1881, a union that would come to include the Spreckels interests in sugar plantations, and have subsidiaries in banking activities and ship building.", "Two decades later, after amassing a fortune in his association with Spreckels, Irwin moved away from the plantation activities and relocated to San Francisco, where he continued his affiliations with financial institutions.", "At his death, Irwin's estate was estimated to be in excess of $10,000,000 ().", "His only child Helene married the first time into the wealthy Crocker family of California, and through her second marriage to Paul I. Fagan, became an owner of the San Francisco Seals baseball team.", "Background \n\nHe was a native of England, born in 1843 to Alice and James Irwin, a veteran of the British army.", "The family's original destination was California at the onset of the California Gold Rush, eventually making their way to Hawaii.", "He was enrolled at Punahou School 1856-57, at that time known as Oahu College.", "The school was established for children of missionaries, but later included children of Hawaii's royalty, and one future United States President, Barack Obama.", "Hawaii\n\nAfter working for other businessmen for several years, and shortly after the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, Irwin partnered with John Smith Walker and Zephaniah Swift Spalding to form William G. Irwin & Co. That partnership was terminated in 1880.", "Irwin was president of the Paauhau and the Kilauea Sugar companies, held stock in other sugar companies, and was one of the March 1882 founders of the Planters Labor and Supply Company.", "Irwin served on both Kalākaua's Privy Council of State and Liliʻuokalani's Privy Council of State.", "He represented Hawaii at the 1900 Exposition Universelle (world's fair) in Paris, and was subsequently awarded the Chevalier of the Legion of Honor by the nation of France.", "The 1881 Honolulu Music Hall was built by Irwin for an estimated $40,000.", "Kalākaua had a royal box in the venue, and a private entrance.", "Following a bankruptcy in 1883, it eventually re-opened, only to be destroyed by fire in 1895.", "Irwin, along with John and Adolph Spreckels, rebuilt the venue, reopening a year later.", "Claus Spreckels\n\nHe partnered with California entrepreneur Claus Spreckels in 1881 to form W. G. Irwin & Co. to handle the Spreckels family interests in Hawaii.", "Spreckels had also considered George W. Macfarlane, to King Kalākaua, as a potential associate, but ultimately opted for Irwin.", "Variations of Irwin's name would be used for other partnership companies with Spreckels.", "The Oceanic Steamship Company, and J. D. Spreckels and Brothers (sons of Claus), were wholly owned subsidiaries of the Wm.", "G. Irwin and Co. Ltd. holding company.", "Among numerous ships built by them was the William G. Irwin barkentine in 1881.", "Spreckels & Company was a holding company also known as the Spreckels Bank.", "Incorporated by Irwin, former California governor Frederick Low and Spreckels, on January 1, 1884, its purpose was to circulate the Kalākaua coinage in Hawaii, and to float loans to the monarchy and government officials.", "Dissolved by November 1, the partners then funneled their banking activities through .", "The only other bank in Hawaii was Bishop & Company, but proliferation of sugar money necessitated that other banks be allowed incorporation.", "Towards that end, the legislature passed what became known as the Banking Act of 1884, signed into law by Kalākaua on August 11.", "Spreckels was a practical royalist, who believed the monarchy's labor importation policies benefited the sugar industry.", "After the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom, Spreckels found himself at odds over the issue with other planters, and supported Liliʻuokalani's return to the throne.", "If Hawaii were annexed, the 1882 Chinese Exclusion Act would likely apply to the islands and cut deeply into the plantation labor supply.", "He eventually abandoned his Hawaii involvement, and left the Hawaii business for Irwin and his sons John D., Claus August and Adolph to manage.", "Spreckels took his case to Washington D. C. and lobbied through two administrations against annexation.", "With Spreckels no longer a hands-on partner, his Hawaiian businesses fell to internal issues among his sons.", "Spreckels died in 1908 and Irwin had the Spreckels bank reincorporated as the Bank of Honolulu, Limited.", "William G. Irwin & Co. merged with C. Brewer & Co. in 1909.", "Family and final years\nIrwin had met and married his wife Fannie (or Fanny) Ivers Holliday in San Francisco in 1886.", "By 1904, he was becoming less active with his Hawaiian sugar interests, and built a home in San Francisco with a scenic view of the Golden Gate Bridge.", "Claus Spreckels lived in the city and had a sugar refinery in the area.", "Irwin had become affiliated with San Francisco financial institutions since he joined Mercantile Trust Company in 1899.", "That was followed by his association with Savings Union Bank and Trust Company in 1909, and with the Mercantile National Bank in 1910.", "Irwin died in San Francisco on January 28, 1914, having retained his British citizenship throughout his life.", "His estate had an estimated worth in excess of $10,000,000 (), the bulk of which went to his widow.", "Other cash bequests were made to family members and household servants.", "Two charities in San Francisco each received $25,000.", "Fannie and William's only child Helene was born in Honolulu in 1887.", "Irwin bequeathed $250,000 to her in his will.", "Her first marriage in 1911 was to Charles Templeton Crocker, a banker, playwright, and part of the extended wealthy Crocker family in California.", "On her wedding day, Irwin gave her a gift of $1,000,000 in investments, and the news media estimated the couple's combined wealth and potential inheritances at $20,000,000.", "The couple divorced in 1928, and she married businessman Paul I. Fagan.", "The Fagans invested in a ranch on Molokai, as well as a luxury resort hotel at Hana on the island of Maui.", "Additionally, they maintained a home on Oahu, and owned the San Francisco Seals baseball team 1945–1953.", "Paul died in 1960, followed by Helene in 1966.", "Bibliography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1843 births\n1914 deaths\nSugar plantation owners\nBusinesspeople in the sugar industry\nRecipients of the Legion of Honour" ]

[ "William G. Irwin was a sugar planter in the Kingdom of Hawai'i.", "He moved to Hawaii with his family when he was a child.", "He would be a British citizen for the rest of his life.", "He was in the right place at the right time to make a lot of money in the sugar plantation market.", "The William G. Irwin & Co partnership was formed after the Reciprocity of 1875 Treaty.", "The Spreckels interests in sugar plantations, as well as subsidiaries in banking and ship building, would come to include the Spreckels interests in California.", "After amassing a fortune in his association with Spreckels, Irwin moved away from the plantation activities and relocated to San Francisco, where he continued his affiliations with financial institutions.", "His estate was estimated to be in excess of $10,000,000.", "His only child married the first time into the wealthy Crocker family of California, and then the second time to Paul I. Fagan, who became the owner of the San Francisco Seals baseball team.", "His parents were a veteran of the British army and he was born in England.", "At the start of the California Gold Rush, the family's original destination was California.", "At that time, he was a student at Oahu College.", "Barack Obama's children were included in the school that was established for children of missionaries.", "After working for other businessmen for several years, and shortly after the passage of the Reciprocity Treaty of 1875, William G. Irwin and John Smith Walker formed William G. Irwin & Co.", "One of the founding members of the Planters Labor and Supply Company was the president of the Paauhau and the Kilauea Sugar companies.", "Both Kalkaua's Privy Council of State and Liliuokalani's Privy Council of State were chaired by Irwin.", "He was awarded the Legion of Honor by the nation of France after he represented Hawaii at the 1900 world's fair.", "The Honolulu Music Hall was built in the 19th century.", "There was a private entrance and a royal box in the venue.", "It was destroyed by fire in 1895 after it re-opened following a bankruptcy.", "The venue was rebuilt a year later.", "The Spreckels family had interests in Hawaii.", "George W. Macfarlane was considered by Spreckels as a potential associate, but he decided against it.", "Other partnership companies with Spreckels would use variations of Irwin's name.", "The subsidiaries of the Wm. were the Oceanic Steamship Company and J. D. Spreckels and Brothers.", "A holding company.", "The William G. Irwin barkentine was built by them.", "The Spreckels Bank was a holding company.", "On January 1, 1884, the purpose was to circulate the Kalkaua coinage in Hawaii and to float loans to the monarchy and government officials.", "The partners dissolved by November 1.", "The only other bank in Hawaii was Bishop & Company.", "The Banking Act of 1884 was signed into law by Kalkaua on August 11.", "Spreckels believed that the monarchy's labor importation policies benefited the sugar industry.", "Spreckels supported Liliuokalani's return to the throne after the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom.", "The Chinese Exclusion Act would apply to the islands if Hawaii were annexed.", "He left the Hawaii business to manage it with his sons, John D., Claus August and Adolph.", "Washington D. C. was where Spreckels took his case.", "His Hawaiian businesses fell apart due to internal issues among his sons.", "The Bank of Honolulu, limited was established in 1908 after the death of Spreckels.", "C. Brewer & Co. merged with William G. Irwin & Co. in 1909.", "He met and married his wife in San Francisco in 1886.", "He built a home in San Francisco with a view of the Golden Gate Bridge as he became less active with his Hawaiian sugar interests.", "Claus Spreckels had a sugar refinery in the city.", "Since 1899, he has been affiliated with San Francisco financial institutions.", "His association with Savings Union Bank and Trust Company began in 1909.", "The British citizen died in San Francisco on January 28, 1914.", "The bulk of his estate was given to his widow.", "Family members and household servants received cash bequests.", "The charities in San Francisco received money.", "The only child of Fannie and William was born in Honolulu.", "She was bequeathed $250,000 in his will.", "Her first marriage was to a member of the wealthy Crocker family.", "The couple's wealth and potential inheritances were estimated by the news media at $20,000,000 and $1,000,000, respectively, on their wedding day.", "She married a man named Paul I. Fagan after divorcing the couple.", "The luxury resort hotel at Hana on the island of Maui was invested in by the Fagans.", "They owned the San Francisco Seals baseball team from 1945–1953.", "Both Paul and Helene died in 1966.", "Sugar plantation owners are recipients of the Legion of Honour." ]

[ "William G", ". Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "James Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "George W", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "Irwin", "William", "Irwin", "Irwin" ]

[ "William G", ". Irwin", "Irwin", "William", ". Irwin", "Irwin", "George W", "Irwin", "William", "Irwin", "William" ]

[ "Abner of Burgos (c. 1270 – c. 1347, or a little later) was a Jewish philosopher, a convert to Christianity and polemical writer against his former religion.", "Known after his conversion as Alfonso of Valladolid.", "Life\nAs a student he acquired a certain mastery in Biblical and Talmudical studies, to which he added an intimate acquaintance with Peripatetic philosophy and astrology.", "He was graduated as a physician at 25, but throughout a long life he seems to have found the struggle for existence a hard one.", "He stated that his doubts arose in 1295 when he treated a number of Jews for distress following their experiences in the failed messianic movement in Avila.", "As Abner reports in his Moreh Zedek/Mostrador de justicia, he himself \"had a dream\" in which a similar experience of crosses mysteriously appearing on his garments drove him to question his ancestral faith.", "Not being of those contented ones who, as Moses Narboni says in his Maamar ha-Beḥirah (Essay on the Freedom of the Will; quoted by Grätz, p. 488), are satisfied with a peck of locust beans from one Friday to another, he resolved to embrace Christianity though at the advanced age of sixty, according to Pablo de Santa María (Scrutinium Scripturarum); according to other writers he took this step soon after he was graduated in medicine.", "According to the statements of his contemporaries, such as Narboni, he converted, not from spiritual conviction, but for the sake of temporal advantage.", "Something of the apostate's pricking conscience seems to have remained with him, however, although he was immediately rewarded with a sacristan's post in the prominent Metropolitan Church in Valladolid (whence he took the name of Alfonso of Valladolid).", "The argument that Abner converted for material gain is put into question by the fact that his post as a sacristan was extremely modest and he never, throughout his long and public polemical career after conversion (c. 1320–1347) advanced in his post to something more lucrative.", "Polemics\nAbner's most distinguishing characteristic was his use of postbiblical literature, including hundreds of Talmudic and Midrashic sources as well as much medieval Jewish and Arabic (in translation) literature, all in an effort to prove the truth of Christianity.", "Equally striking is the fact that he wrote his anti-Judaism polemics in Hebrew, unlike virtually every polemicist in the history of Christianity.", "His most major work, the Moreh Zedek (Teacher of Righteousness), which now survives only in a 14th-century Castilian translation as Mostrador de Justicia, is one of the longest and most elaborate polemics against Judaism ever written and is one of the key sources for the history of anti-Jewish thought in thirteenth and fourteenth century Western Europe.", "Abner's text rivals (and in many ways surpasses) the Pugio Fidei in length, complexity, variety of sources, and psychological impact, although there is no evidence that Abner actually knew of the polemical Dominican work.", "In an essay entitled Minhat Qenaot (A Jealousy Offering), he argued that man's actions are determined by planetary influence, and he reinterpreted the notion of choice and free will in light of that determinism.", "Both his conversion and this defense of determinism aroused protests from his Jewish former study-partner, Isaac Pulgar, marked by great bitterness.", "Abner also exchanged a number of polemical letters with local Jews, which have survived along with the responses by each and the final riposte to all the letters by Abner, a short work known as the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot.", "Abner presented charges before Alfonso XI of Castile, accusing his former brethren of using the Birkat haMinim, a prayer-formula in their ritual which blasphemed the Christian God and cursed all Christians.", "The king ordered a public investigation at Valladolid, in which the representatives of the Jewish community were confronted with Abner.", "The conclusion was announced in the shape of a royal edict forbidding the use of the formula in question (February, 1336).", "He further accused the Jews, for instance, of constantly warring among themselves and splitting into hostile religious schisms; in support of this statement he adduces an alleged list of the \"sects\" prevailing among them: Sadducees, Samaritans, and other extinct division.", "He makes two \"sects\" of Pharisees and Rabbinites, says that cabalists believe in a tenfold God, and speaks of a brand-new \"sect\" believing in a dual Deity, God and Metatron.", "Works\nThe following is a list of Abner's writings:\nThe Moreh Zedek (Teacher of Righteousness), surviving only as the Mostrador de justicia (Paris BN MS Esp.", "43, consisting of a dialogue containing ten chapters of discussions between a religious teacher (Abner?)", "and a Jewish controversialist.", "Teshuvot la-Meharef (Response to the Blasphemer), also in Castilian translation, Respuestas al blasfemo (Rome.", "Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS 6423)\nPolemical letters and the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot.", "The Libro de la ley\nThe determinist philosophical work Minhat Qenaot (Offering of Zeal), surviving only in Castilian translation as Ofrenda de Zelos or Libro del Zelo de Dios (Rome.", "Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana MS 6423)\nA Mathematical treatise Meyyasher Aqob (Straightening the Curve)\n\nSome of his lost works may include:\n A supercommentary on Ibn Ezra's commentary on the Decalogue, written before his apostasy.", "'[[Milhamoth ha-Shem|'Sefer Milhamot Adonai]] (\"Wars of the Lord\").", "This too was translated into Spanish, by request of the Infanta Doña Blanca, prioress of a convent in Burgos, under the similar title \"Las Batallas de Dios.\"", "La Concordia de las Leyes, an attempt to provide Old Testament foundations for Christian dogmas.", "According to Reinhardt and Santiago (p. 86, n. 10.4) this text is found in Paris BN MS Esp.", "43.", "Iggeret ha-Gezerah (Epistle on Fate).", "Some of the works falsely attributed to him include:\n Libro de las tres gracias, Madrid Biblioteca Nacional MS 9302 (Kayserling).", "The title is a misreading of Libro de las tres creencias.", "According to Reinhardt and Santiago (pp.", "86–88, n. 10.5) the text is also found in Escorial MSS h.III.3 and P.III.21, where it is called the Libro declarante.Libro de las hadas (also attributed to the Pseudo-San Pedro Pascual).", "According to Reinhardt and Santiago (p. 88, n. 10.6) this text is also found in Escorial MSS h.III.3 and P.III.21Sermones a los moros y judios.", "Found as anonymous in Soria: Casa de la Cultura, MS 25-H (Reinhardt and Santiago, p. 314, n. 143.6)\nThe Epistola Rabbi Samualis and Disputatio Abutalib of Alfonsus Bonihiminis.", "See also\nCriticism of Judaism\nPetrus Alfonsi\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\nAbner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid.", "Meyyasher Aqob.", "Ed.", "G. M. Gluskina.", "Moscow, 1983.", "---.", "Mostrador de Justicia.", "Ed.", "Walter Mettmann.", "2 vols.", "Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 92/1-2.", "Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1994; 1996.", "---.", "Teshuvot la-Meharef.", "In \"The Polemical Exchange between Isaac Pollegar and Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid according to Parma MS 2440 'Iggeret Teshuvat Apikoros' and 'Teshuvot la-Meharef'.” Ed.", "and Trans.", "Jonathan Hecht.", "Diss.", "New York University, 1993.", "---.", "Těshuvot la-Měharef.", "Spanische Fassung.", "Ed.", "Walter Mettmann.", "Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westfälischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, vol 101.", "Opladen: Westdeutscher Verlag, 1998.", "Gershenzon, Shoshanna.", "\"A Study of Teshuvot la-meharef by Abner of Burgos.\"", "Diss.", "Jewish Theological Seminary of New York, 1984.", "Heinrich Grätz, Gesch.", "d. Juden, 3rd ed., vii.289-293.", "Meyer Kayserling, Biblioteca Esp.-Port.", "Judaica, p. 114.", "Loeb, \"La Controverse Religieuse,\" in Rev.", "de l'Histoire des Religions, xviii.142, and in \"Polémistes Chrétiens et Juifs,\" in Rev.", "Ét.", "Juives, xviii.52.", "Reinhardt, Klaus, and Horacio Santiago-Otero.", "Biblioteca bíblica ibérica medieval.", "Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 1986.", "Sainz de la Maza Vicioso, Carlos.", "\"Alfonso de Valladolid: Edición y estudio del manuscrito lat.", "6423 de la Biblioteca Apostólica Vaticana.\"", "Diss.", "U. Complutense, 1990.", "Madrid: Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Servicio de Reprografía, 1990.", "Szpiech, Ryan.", "Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic.", "Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2013.", "---.", "\"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-Century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Moreh Zedek/Mostrador de justicia'' of Abner of Burgos/ Alfonso of Valladolid.\"", "Diss.", "Yale University, 2006.", "External links\nRyan Szpiech, \"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-Century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Mostrador de justicia of Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid.\"", "Ryan Szpiech, Conversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic.", "1270 births\n1348 deaths\nPeople from Burgos\nMedieval Jewish philosophers\nSpanish philosophers\n14th-century philosophers\n13th-century Castilian Jews\n14th-century Castilian Jews\nConversos\nSpanish Roman Catholics\nCritics of Judaism\n14th-century Roman Catholics" ]

[ "He was a Jewish philosopher, a convert to Christianity, and a writer against his former religion.", "He was known as Alfonso after his conversion.", "He gained a certain mastery in biblical and Talmudical studies while he was a student.", "He found the struggle for existence hard after graduating as a physician at 25.", "He said that his doubts arose when he treated a group of Jews for distress after the failed messianic movement.", "He had a dream in which a similar experience of crosses appeared on his garments drove him to question his ancestral faith.", "Not being of those who are satisfied with a peck of beans from one Friday to another.", "According to his peers, he converted for the sake of temporal advantage, not from spiritual conviction.", "He was rewarded with a sacristan's post in the Metropolitan Church in Valladolid after he took the name Alfonso of Valladolid, but something of the apostate's conscience remained with him.", "The argument that Abner converted for material gain was put into question by the fact that his post as a sacristan was modest and he never advanced in his post to something more lucrative.", "The most distinguishing characteristic of Polemics Abner was his use of postbiblical literature, which included hundreds of Talmudic and Midrashic sources as well as much medieval Jewish and Arabic literature, all in an effort to prove the truth of Christianity.", "The fact that he wrote his anti-Judaism polemics in Hebrew is striking.", "One of the key sources for the Moreh Zedek is a 14th-century Castilian translation, which is one of the longest and most elaborate works against Judaism ever written.", "There is no evidence that Abner knew of the Dominican work, but his text rivals the Pugio Fidei in length, complexity, variety of sources, and psychological impact.", "In an essay entitled Minhat Qenaot, he argued that man's actions are determined by planetary influence, and that the idea of choice and free will is also affected by that determinism.", "His conversion and defense of determinism caused protests from his former study partner.", "Along with the responses by each and the final riposte to all the letters by Abner, the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot is a short work.", "Abner accused his former brethren of blaspheming the Christian God and cursed all Christians by using the Birkat haMinim, a prayer formula.", "The representatives of the Jewish community were confronted with Abner after the king ordered a public investigation.", "The conclusion was announced by a royal decree forbidding the use of the formula in question.", "He accused the Jews of constantly warring among themselves and splitting into hostile religious schisms, as well as mentioning a list of \"sects\" prevailing among them: Sadducees, Samaritans, and other extinct division.", "He spoke of a brand-new \"sect\" of believing in a dual Deity, God and Metatron.", "There is a list of Abner's writings.", "A dialogue containing ten chapters of discussions between a religious teacher and a religious teacher.", "A controversialist is a Jewish person.", "The Castilian translation of Teshuvot la-Meharef is Respuestas al blasfemo.", "Polemical letters and the Teshuvot ha-Meshubot can be found in the Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana.", "Ofrenda de Zelos or Libro del Zelo de Dios is the Castilian translation of the determinist philosophy work Minhat Qenaot.", "Meyyasher Aqob (Straightening the Curve) is one of his lost works.", "\"Wars of the Lord\" is the title of the book byMilhamoth ha-Shem.", "The Infanta Doa Blanca, prioress of a convent in Burgos, requested that this be translated into Spanish.", "The aim is to provide Old Testament foundations for Christian beliefs.", "The text is found in Paris.", "It was 43.", "The Epistle on Fate is called Iggeret ha-Gezerah.", "Some of the works attributed to him are false.", "The title is incorrect.", "They said that according to Reinhardt and Santiago.", "The text is found in the Escrial MSS h.III.3 and P.III.21, as well as in the Biblio de las hadas.", "This text is also found in P.III.21Sermones a los moros y judios.", "Casa de la Cultura is located in Soria.", "There are references to Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid in the notes.", "Meyyasher Aqob.", "Ed.", "G. M. Gluskina.", "Moscow in 1983.", "---.", "There is a Mostrador de Justicia.", "Ed.", "Walter Mettmann.", "2 volumes.", "There is a vol 92/1-2 of Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westflischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.", "Westdeutscher Verlag was published in 1994 and 1996.", "---.", "Teshuvot la-Meharef.", "According to ParmaMS 2440 'Iggeret Teshuvat Apikoros' and 'Teshuvot la-Meharef', there was a Polemical Exchange between the two men.", "And Trans.", "The man is Jonathan Hecht.", "Diss.", "New York University in 1993.", "---.", "Tshuvot la-Mharef.", "There is a term for this.", "Ed.", "Walter Mettmann.", "There is a vol 101 of Abhandlungen der Nordrhein-Westflischen Akademie der Wissenschaften.", "The Westdeutscher Verlag was published in 1998.", "Shoshanna, Gershenzon.", "A study of Teshuvot la-meharef was written by Abner of Burgos.", "Diss.", "The Jewish Theological Seminary of New York was founded in 1984.", "Grtz, Gesch.", "Juden was the 3rd ed.", "Biblioteca Esp.-Port is owned by Meyer Kayserling.", "Judaica is a book.", "\"La Controverse Religieuse\" is in the Rev.", "The Histoire des Religions is in Rev.", "t.", "The book is called Juives.", "They were Reinhardt, Klaus, and Santiago-Otero.", "Biblioteca bblica medieval.", "The Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientficas was in Madrid.", "Carlos Sainz de la Maza Vicioso.", "Alfonso de Valladolid: Edicin.", "6423 de la Biblioteca Apostlica Vaticana.", "Diss.", "U. Complutense was published in 1990.", "The Editorial de la Universidad Complutense de Madrid was published in 1990.", "Ryan Szpiech.", "Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic is the topic of conversion and narrative.", "Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.", "---.", "\"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Moreh Zedek/ Mostrador de justicia\"", "Diss.", "Yale University in 2006", "Ryan Szpiech wrote \"From Testimonia to Testimony: Thirteenth-Century Anti-Jewish Polemic and the Mostrador de justicia of Abner of Burgos/Alfonso of Valladolid.\"", "Ryan Szpiech wroteConversion and Narrative: Reading and Religious Authority in Medieval Polemic.", "Spanish Roman Catholics Critics of Judaism 14th-century Roman Catholics were born in 1270." ]

[ "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner" ]

[ "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner", "Abner" ]

[ "Carl Philipp Gottfried (or Gottlieb) von Clausewitz (; 1 June 1780 – 16 November 1831) was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the \"moral\" (meaning, in modern terms, psychological) and political aspects of war.", "His most notable work, (About War), was unfinished at his death.", "Clausewitz was a realist in many different senses and, while in some respects a romantic, also drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment.", "Clausewitz's thinking is often described as Hegelian because of his dialectical method; but, although he was probably personally acquainted with Hegel, there remains debate as to whether or not Clausewitz was in fact influenced by him.", "He stressed the dialectical interaction of diverse factors, noting how unexpected developments unfolding under the \"fog of war\" (i.e., in the face of incomplete, dubious, and often completely erroneous information and high levels of fear, doubt, and excitement) call for rapid decisions by alert commanders.", "He saw history as a vital check on erudite abstractions that did not accord with experience.", "In contrast to the early work of Antoine-Henri Jomini, he argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs.", "Clausewitz had many aphorisms, of which the most famous is \"War is the continuation of politics by other means.\"", "Name\nClausewitz's Christian names are sometimes given in non-German sources as \"Karl\", \"Carl Philipp Gottlieb\", or \"Carl Maria\".", "He spelled his own given name with a \"C\" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use \"Karl\" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather than European) identity.", "\"Carl Philipp Gottfried\" appears on Clausewitz's tombstone.", "Nonetheless, sources such as military historian Peter Paret and Encyclopædia Britannica continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried.", "Life and military career\nClausewitz was born on 1 June 1780 in Burg bei Magdeburg in the Prussian Duchy of Magdeburg as the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted.", "Clausewitz's family claimed descent from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia, though scholars question the connection.", "His grandfather, the son of a Lutheran pastor, had been a professor of theology.", "Clausewitz's father, once a lieutenant in the army of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia, held a minor post in the Prussian internal-revenue service.", "Clausewitz entered the Prussian military service at the age of twelve as a lance-corporal, eventually attaining the rank of major general.", "Clausewitz served in the Rhine Campaigns (1793–1794) including the Siege of Mainz, when the Prussian army invaded France during the French Revolution, and fought in the Napoleonic Wars from 1806 to 1815.", "He entered the Kriegsakademie (also cited as \"The German War School\", the \"Military Academy in Berlin\", and the \"Prussian Military Academy,\" later the \"War College\") in Berlin in 1801 (aged 21), probably studied the writings of the philosophers Immanuel Kant and/or Fichte and Schleiermacher and won the regard of General Gerhard von Scharnhorst, the future first chief-of-staff of the newly reformed Prussian Army (appointed 1809).", "Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen (1771–1848) and Karl von Grolman (1777–1843) were among Scharnhorst's primary allies in his efforts to reform the Prussian army between 1807 and 1814.", "Clausewitz served during the Jena Campaign as aide-de-camp to Prince August.", "At the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt on 14 October 1806—when Napoleon invaded Prussia and defeated the Prussian-Saxon army commanded by Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick—he was captured, one of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated.", "He was 26.", "Clausewitz was held prisoner with his prince in France from 1807 to 1808.", "Returning to Prussia, he assisted in the reform of the Prussian army and state.", "On 10 December 1810 he married the socially prominent Countess Marie von Brühl, whom he had first met in 1803.", "She was a member of the noble German von Brühl family originating in Thuringia.", "The couple moved in the highest circles, socialising with Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual élite.", "Marie was well-educated and politically well-connected—she played an important role in her husband's career progress and intellectual evolution.", "She also edited, published, and introduced his collected works.", "Opposed to Prussia's enforced alliance with Napoleon I, Clausewitz left the Prussian army and served in the Imperial Russian Army from 1812 to 1813 during the Russian Campaign, taking part in the Battle of Borodino (1812).", "Like many Prussian officers serving in Russia, he joined the Russian-German Legion in 1813.", "In the service of the Russian Empire, Clausewitz helped negotiate the Convention of Tauroggen (1812), which prepared the way for the coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom that ultimately defeated Napoleon and his allies.", "In 1815 the Russian-German Legion became integrated into the Prussian Army and Clausewitz re-entered Prussian service as a colonel.", "He was soon appointed chief-of-staff of Johann von Thielmann's III Corps.", "In that capacity he served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo Campaign in 1815.", "An army led personally by Napoleon defeated the Prussians at Ligny (south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo) on 16 June 1815, but they withdrew in good order.", "Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat a few days later at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815), when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front.", "Napoleon had convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of Marshal Grouchy's grenadiers.", "Clausewitz's unit fought heavily outnumbered at Wavre (18–19 June 1815), preventing large reinforcements from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo.", "After the war, Clausewitz served as the director of the Kriegsakademie, where he served until 1830.", "In that year he returned to active duty with the army.", "Soon afterward, the outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and a crisis in Poland appeared to presage another major European war.", "Clausewitz was appointed chief of staff of the only army Prussia was able to mobilise in this emergency, which was sent to the Polish border.", "Its commander, Gneisenau, died of cholera (August 1831), and Clausewitz took command of the Prussian army's efforts to construct a to contain the great cholera outbreak (the first time cholera had appeared in modern heartland Europe, causing a continent-wide panic).", "Clausewitz himself died of the same disease shortly afterwards, on 17 November 1831.", "His widow edited, published, and wrote the introduction to his magnum opus on the philosophy of war in 1832.", "(He had started working on the text in 1816, but had not completed it.)", "She wrote the preface for On War and by 1835 had published most of his collected works.", "She died in January 1836.", "Theory of war\nClausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, utilising the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work.", "He wrote a careful, systematic, philosophical examination of war in all its aspects.", "The result was his principal book, On War, a major work on the philosophy of war.", "It was unfinished when Clausewitz died and contains material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, producing some significant contradictions between different sections.", "The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly contradictory observations in discussions pertinent to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war, for example (though many of these apparent contradictions are simply the result of his dialectical method).", "Clausewitz constantly sought to revise the text, particularly between 1827 and his departure on his last field assignments, to include more material on \"people's war\" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book.", "Soldiers before this time had written treatises on various military subjects, but none had undertaken a great philosophical examination of war on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Leo Tolstoy, both of whom were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.", "Clausewitz's work is still studied today, demonstrating its continued relevance.", "More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival Jomini has faded from influence.", "The historian Lynn Montross said that this outcome \"may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war, Clausewitz a philosophy.", "The one has been outdated by new weapons, the other still influences the strategy behind those weapons.\"", "Jomini did not attempt to define war but Clausewitz did, providing (and dialectically comparing) a number of definitions.", "The first is his dialectical thesis: \"War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.\"", "The second, often treated as Clausewitz's 'bottom line,' is in fact merely his dialectical antithesis: \"War is merely the continuation of politics with other means.\"", "The synthesis of his dialectical examination of the nature of war is his famous \"trinity,\" saying that war is \"a fascinating trinity—composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force; the play of chance and probability, within which the creative spirit is free to roam; and its element of subordination, as an instrument of policy, which makes it subject to pure reason.\"", "Christopher Bassford says the best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be something like \"violent emotion/chance/rational calculation.\"", "However, it is frequently presented as \"people/army/government,\" a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section.", "This misrepresentation was popularised by U.S. Army Colonel Harry Summers' Vietnam-era interpretation, facilitated by weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.", "The degree to which Clausewitz managed to revise his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate.", "His final reference to war and Politik, however, goes beyond his widely quoted antithesis: \"War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with the addition of other means.", "We deliberately use the phrase 'with the addition of other means' because we also want to make it clear that war in itself does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different.", "In essentials that intercourse continues, irrespective of the means it employs.", "The main lines along which military events progress, and to which they are restricted, are political lines that continue throughout the war into the subsequent peace.\"", "Clausewitz introduced systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking, with powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning.", "He relied on his own experiences, contemporary writings about Napoleon, and on deep historical research.", "His historiographical approach is evident in his first extended study, written when he was 25, of the Thirty Years War.", "He rejects the Enlightenment's view of the war as a chaotic muddle and instead explains its drawn-out operations by the economy and technology of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology.", "In On War, Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context, and also as a socio-political phenomenon.", "He also stressed the complex nature of war, which encompasses both the socio-political and the operational and stresses the primacy of state policy.", "(One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, however, as he certainly discusses other kinds of protagonists).", "The word \"strategy\" had only recently come into usage in modern Europe, and Clausewitz's definition is quite narrow: \"the use of engagements for the object of war\" (which many today would call \"the operational level\" of war).", "Clausewitz conceived of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might—depending on circumstances—involve the entire population of a political entity at war.", "In any case, Clausewitz saw military force as an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a dialectic between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.", "Clausewitz's emphasis on the inherent superiority of the defense suggests that habitual aggressors are likely to end up as failures.", "The inherent superiority of the defense obviously does not mean that the defender will always win, however: there are other asymmetries to be considered.", "He was interested in co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces, or citizen soldiers, as one possible—sometimes the only—method of defense.", "In the circumstances of the Wars of the French Revolution and those with Napoleon, which were energised by a rising spirit of nationalism, he emphasised the need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war.", "This point is especially important, as these wars demonstrated that such energies could be of decisive importance and for a time led to a democratisation of the armed forces much as universal suffrage democratised politics.", "While Clausewitz was intensely aware of the value of intelligence at all levels, he was also very skeptical of the accuracy of much military intelligence: \"Many intelligence reports in war are contradictory; even more are false, and most are uncertain....", "In short, most intelligence is false.\"", "This circumstance is generally described as part of the fog of war.", "Such skeptical comments apply only to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels; at the strategic and political levels he constantly stressed the requirement for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence.", "His conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due partly to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system but even more simply to the nature of war.", "Clausewitz acknowledges that friction creates enormous difficulties for the realization of any plan, and the fog of war hinders commanders from knowing what is happening.", "It is precisely in the context of this challenge that he develops the concept of military genius, whose capabilities are seen above all in the execution of operations.", "'Military genius' is not simply a matter of intellect, but a combination of qualities of intellect, experience, personality, and temperament (and there are many possible such combinations) that create a very highly developed mental aptitude for the waging of war.", "British military theorist B. H. Liddell Hart contends that the enthusiastic acceptance by the Prussian military establishment—especially Moltke the Elder, a former student of his —of what they believed to be Clausewitz's ideas, and the subsequent widespread adoption of the Prussian military system worldwide, had a deleterious effect on military theory and practice, due to their egregious misinterpretation of his ideas:\n\nAs so often happens, Clausewitz's disciples carried his teaching to an extreme which their master had not intended.... [Clausewitz's] theory of war was expounded in a way too abstract and involved for ordinary soldier-minds, essentially concrete, to follow the course of his argument—which often turned back from the direction in which it was apparently leading.", "Impressed yet befogged, they grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.", "As described by Christopher Bassford, then-professor of strategy at the National War College of the United States:\n\nOne of the main sources of confusion about Clausewitz's approach lies in his dialectical method of presentation.", "For example, Clausewitz's famous line that \"War is a mere continuation of politics by other means,\" (\"\") while accurate as far as it goes, was not intended as a statement of fact.", "It is the antithesis in a dialectical argument whose thesis is the point—made earlier in the analysis—that \"war is nothing but a duel [or wrestling match, the extended metaphor in which that discussion was embedded] on a larger scale.\"", "His synthesis, which resolves the deficiencies of these two bold statements, says that war is neither \"nothing but\" an act of brute force nor \"merely\" a rational act of politics or policy.", "This synthesis lies in his \"fascinating trinity\" []: a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation.", "Another example of this confusion is the idea that Clausewitz was a proponent of total war as used in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s.", "In fact, Clausewitz never used the term \"total war\": rather, he discussed \"absolute war,\" a concept which evolved into the much more abstract notion of \"ideal war\" discussed at the very beginning of —the purely logical result of the forces underlying a \"pure,\" Platonic \"ideal\" of war.", "In what he called a \"logical fantasy,\" war cannot be waged in a limited way: the rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal to achieve victory.", "But in the real world, he said, such rigid logic is unrealistic and dangerous.", "As a practical matter, the military objectives in real war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective \"disarming\" of the enemy \"to render [him] politically helpless or militarily impotent.", "Thus the complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary, desirable, or even possible.", "In modern times the reconstruction of Clausewitzian theory has been a matter of much dispute.", "One analysis was that of Panagiotis Kondylis, a Greek writer and philosopher, who opposed the interpretations of Raymond Aron in Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz, and other liberal writers.", "According to Aron, Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the Prussian general staff and its war-proneness, based on Clausewitz's argument that \"war is a continuation of politics by other means.\"", "In Theory of War, Kondylis claims that this is inconsistent with Clausewitzian thought.", "He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war (though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects) and that his advice regarding politics' dominance over the conduct of war has nothing to do with pacifist ideas.", "For Clausewitz, war is simply one unique means that is sometimes applied to the eternal quest for power, of in an anarchic and unsafe world.", "Other notable writers who have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English are historians Peter Paret of the Institute for Advanced Study and Sir Michael Howard.", "Howard and Paret edited the most widely used edition of On War (Princeton University Press, 1976/1984) and have produced comparative studies of Clausewitz and other theorists, such as Tolstoy.", "Bernard Brodie's A Guide to the Reading of \"On War,\" in the 1976 Princeton translation, expressed his interpretations of the Prussian's theories and provided students with an influential synopsis of this vital work.", "The 1873 translation by Colonel James John Graham was heavily—and controversially—edited by the philosopher, musician, and game theorist Anatol Rapoport.", "The British military historian John Keegan attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book A History of Warfare.", "Keegan argued that Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.'", "Influence\nClausewitz died without completing Vom Kriege, but despite this his ideas have been widely influential in military theory and have had a strong influence on German military thought specifically.", "Later Prussian and German generals, such as Helmuth Graf von Moltke, were clearly influenced by Clausewitz: Moltke's widely quoted statement that \"No campaign plan survives first contact with the enemy\" is a classic reflection of Clausewitz's insistence on the roles of chance, friction, \"fog,\" uncertainty, and interactivity in war.", "Clausewitz's influence spread to British thinking as well, though at first more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist.", "See for example Wellington's extended essay discussing Clausewitz's study of the Campaign of 1815—Wellington's only serious written discussion of the battle, which was widely discussed in 19th-century Britain.", "Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War (1899–1902).", "One example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era is Spenser Wilkinson, journalist, the first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, and perhaps the most prominent military analyst in Britain from c. 1885 until well into the interwar period.", "Another is naval historian Julian Corbett (1854–1922), whose work reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about 'limited objectives' and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war.", "Corbett's practical strategic views were often in prominent public conflict with Wilkinson's—see, for example, Wilkinson's article Strategy at Sea,\" The Morning Post, 12 February 1912.", "Following the First World War, however, the influential British military commentator B. H. Liddell Hart in the 1920s erroneously attributed to him the doctrine of \"total war\" that during the First World War had been embraced by many European general staffs and emulated by the British.", "More recent scholars typically see that war as so confused in terms of political rationale that it in fact contradicts much of On War.", "That view assumes, however, a set of values as to what constitutes \"rational\" political objectives—in this case, values not shaped by the fervid Social Darwinism that was rife in 1914 Europe.", "One of the most influential British Clausewitzians today is Colin S. Gray; historian Hew Strachan (like Wilkinson also the Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University, since 2001) has been an energetic proponent of the study of Clausewitz, but his own views on Clausewitz's ideas are somewhat ambivalent.", "With some interesting exceptions (e.g., John McAuley Palmer, Robert M. Johnston, Hoffman Nickerson), Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals Eisenhower and Patton were avid readers of English translations.", "He did influence Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Mao Zedong, and thus the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, as Lenin emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism and presented the armed struggle of the working class as the only path toward the eventual elimination of war.", "Because Lenin was an admirer of Clausewitz and called him \"one of the great military writers,\" his influence on the Red Army was immense.", "The Russian historian A.N.", "Mertsalov commented that \"It was an irony of fate that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, and that Lenin's dictum that war is a continuation of politics is taken from the work of this [allegedly] anti-humanist anti-revolutionary.\"", "The American mathematician Anatol Rapoport wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz as interpreted by Lenin formed the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917, and quoted the remarks by Marshal V.D.", "Sokolovsky:\n\nIn describing the essence of war, Marxism-Leninism takes as its point of departure the premise that war is not an aim in itself, but rather a tool of politics.", "In his remarks on Clausewitz's On War, Lenin stressed that \"Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around.", "Consequently, it remains only to subordinate the military point of view to the political.\"", "Henry A. Kissinger, however, described Lenin's approach as being that politics is a continuation of war by other means, thus turning Clausewitz's argument \"on its head.\"", "Rapoport argued that:\n\nAs for Lenin's approval of Clausewitz, it probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power.", "The whole Marxist conception of history is that of successive struggles for power, primarily between social classes.", "This was constantly applied by Lenin in a variety of contexts.", "Thus the entire history of philosophy appears in Lenin's writings as a vast struggle between \"idealism\" and \"materialism.\"", "The fate of the socialist movement was to be decided by a struggle between the revolutionists and the reformers.", "Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics must have impressed Lenin as starkly realistic.", "Clausewitz directly influenced Mao Zedong, who read On War in 1938 and organised a seminar on Clausewitz for the Party leadership in Yan'an.", "Thus the \"Clausewitzian\" content in many of Mao's writings is not merely a regurgitation of Lenin but reflects Mao's own study.", "The idea that war involves inherent \"friction\" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements, has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport.", "The phrase fog of war derives from Clausewitz's stress on how confused warfare can seem while one is immersed within it.", "The term center of gravity, used in a military context derives from Clausewitz's usage, which he took from Newtonian mechanics.", "In U.S. military doctrine, \"center of gravity\" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term.", "Late 20th and early 21st century\nThe deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was closely inspired by President Dwight Eisenhower’s reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s.", "Eisenhower was greatly impressed by Clausewitz’s example of a theoretical, idealized “absolute war” in Vom Kriege as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice.", "For Eisenhower, the age of nuclear weapons had made what was for Clausewitz in the early 19th century only a theoretical vision an all too real possibility in the mid-20th century.", "From Eisenhower's viewpoint, the best deterrent to war was to show the world just how appalling and horrific a nuclear “absolute war” would be if it should ever occur, hence a series of much publicized nuclear tests in the Pacific, giving first priority in the defense budget to nuclear weapons and delivery systems over conventional weapons, and making repeated statements in public that the United States was able and willing at all times to use nuclear weapons.", "In this way, through the massive retaliation doctrine and the closely related foreign policy concept of brinkmanship, Eisenhower hoped to hold out a credible vision of Clausewitzian nuclear “absolute war” in order to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever risking a war or even conditions that might lead to a war with the United States.<ref>Gaddis, John Lewis \"We Now Know, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997, 1998 pp.", "233–234.</ref>\n\nAfter 1970, some theorists claimed that nuclear proliferation made Clausewitzian concepts obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world.", "John E. Sheppard, Jr., argues that by developing nuclear weapons, state-based conventional armies simultaneously both perfected their original purpose, to destroy a mirror image of themselves, and made themselves obsolete.", "No two powers have used nuclear weapons against each other, instead using diplomacy, conventional means, or proxy wars to settle disputes.", "If such a conflict did occur, presumably both combatants would be annihilated.", "Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist Henry Kissinger, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist Anatol Rapoport argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but also highly dangerous as it promoted a \"zero-sum paradigm\" to international relations and a \"dissolution of rationality\" amongst decision-makers.", "The end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century have seen many instances of state armies attempting to suppress insurgencies, terrorism, and other forms of asymmetrical warfare.", "Clausewitz did not focus solely on wars between countries with well-defined armies.", "The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by \"non-state actors,\" such as the wars in the French Vendée and in Spain.", "Clausewitz wrote a series of “Lectures on Small War” and studied the rebellion in the Vendée (1793–1796) and the Tyrolean uprising of 1809.", "In his famous “Bekenntnisdenkschrift” of 1812, he called for a “Spanish war in Germany” and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon.", "In On War he included a famous chapter on “The People in Arms.”\n\nOne prominent critic of Clausewitz is the Israeli military historian Martin van Creveld.", "In his book The Transformation of War, Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous \"Trinity\" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war, and that he (Creveld) had constructed a new \"non-trinitarian\" model for modern warfare.", "Creveld's work has had great influence.", "Daniel Moran replied, 'The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor must be that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of 'state against state and army against army,' from which the influence of the people is entirely excluded.\"", "Christopher Bassford went further, noting that one need only read the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see \"that the words 'people,' 'army,' and 'government' appear nowhere at all in the list of the Trinity’s components.... Creveld's and Keegan's assault on Clausewitz's Trinity is not only a classic 'blow into the air,' i.e., an assault on a position Clausewitz doesn't occupy.", "It is also a pointless attack on a concept that is quite useful in its own right.", "In any case, their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack, and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe, is hard to credit.\"", "Some have gone further and suggested that Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of politics with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically.", "For an opposing view see the sixteen essays presented in Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century edited by Hew Strachan and Andreas Herberg-Rothe.", "In military academies, schools, and universities worldwide, Clausewitz's Vom Kriege is often (usually in translation) mandatory reading.", "See also\n\nAugust Otto Rühle von Lilienstern – Prussian officer from whom Clausewitz allegedly took, without acknowledgement, several important ideas (including that about war as pursuing political aims) made famous in On War.", "However, such ideas as Clausewitz and Lilienstern shared in common derived from a common influence, i.e., Scharnhorst, who was Clausewitz's \"second father\" and professional mentor.", "Famous military writers\n Niccolò Machiavelli – The Prince Antoine-Henri Jomini\n B.H.", "Liddell Hart\n John Keegan\n Sun Tzu\n Chanakya\n Martin van Creveld\n Absolute war\n Operation Clausewitz\n Philosophy of war\n Principles of War\n Strategic studies\n Total war\n\nReferences\nInformational notes\n\nCitations\n\nFurther reading\n\nScholarly studies\n\n See massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, etc., on The Clausewitz Homepage bibliography section.", "Aron, Raymond.", "Clausewitz: Philosopher of War.", "(1985).", "418 pp.", "Bassford, Christopher.", "Clausewitz in English: The Reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America, 1815–1945.", "New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.", "Christopher Bassford, \"Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare.\"", "Working paper.", "Christopher Bassford, \"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'\" (Clausewitz.com).", "This is a 'working paper' first posted in 2016.\"", "Cormier, Youri.", "\"Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics\" Journal of Military and Security Studies, Vol 15, No 1 (2013) https://web.archive.org/web/20140729225332/http://jmss.synergiesprairies.ca/jmss/index.php/jmss/article/view/519\n \n Cormier, Youri.", "War As Paradox: Clausewitz & Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics, (Montreal & Kingston: McGill Queen's University Press, 2016) pp.", "183–232\n \n Donker, Paul.", "\"The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege: a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece.\"", "Trans.", "Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford, ClausewitzStudies.org, August 2019.", "Originally \"Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz’ Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion auf der Grundlage der früheren Fassungen seines Meisterwerks,\" in the Clausewitz-Gesellschaft’s Jahrbuch2017, pp.14–39.", "Echevarria, Antulio J., II.", "After Clausewitz: German Military Thinkers before the Great War.", "(2001).", "346 pp.", "Gat, Azar.", "The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz (1989) \n Handel, Michael I., ed.", "Clausewitz and Modern Strategy.", "1986.", "324 pp.", "Handel, Michael I.", "Masters of War: Classical Strategic Thought.", "(2001) 482 pages.", "Based on comparison of Clausewitz's On War with Sun Tzu's The Art of War \n Heuser, Beatrice.", "Reading Clausewitz.", "(2002).", "238 pages, \n \n \n Sir Michael Howard, Clausewitz, 1983 [originally a volume in the Oxford University Press \"Past Masters\" series, reissued in 2000 as Clausewitz: A Very Short Introduction].", "See critique of Keegan's arguments by Christopher Bassford, \"John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic,\" War in History, November 1994, pp.", "319–336.", "Mertsalov, A.N.", "“Jomini versus Clausewitz” pages 11–19 from Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy edited by Mark and Ljubica Erickson, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004, .", "Paret, Peter.", "Clausewitz in His Time: Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War.", "New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2015.", "Paret, Peter.", "Clausewitz and the State: The Man, His Theories, and His Times.", "Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1976.", "Paul Roques, Le général de Clausewitz.", "Sa vie et sa théorie de la guerre, Paris, Editions Astrée, 2013. http://www.editions-astree.fr/BC/Bon_de_commande_Roques.pdf\n Rothfels, Hans \"Clausewitz\" pages 93–113 from The Makers of Modern Strategy edited by Edward Mead Earle, Gordon A. Craig & Felix Gilbert, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1943.", "Smith, Hugh.", "On Clausewitz: A Study of Military and Political Ideas.", "(2005).", "303 pp.", "Stoker, Donald J. Clausewitz: His Life and Work (Oxford UP, 2014) 376 pp.", "online review; also excerpt\n \n Strachan, Hew, and Andreas Herberg-Rothe, eds.", "Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century (2007) excerpt and text search\n \n Sumida, Jon Tetsuro.", "Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas, 2008.", "Villacres, Edward J. and Bassford, Christopher.", "\"Reclaiming the Clausewitzian Trinity\".", "Parameters, Autumn 95, pp.", "9–19,\n Wallach, Jehuda L. The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars.", "(1986).", "Primary sources (including translations)\n\n Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Historical and Political Writings, ed.", "Peter Paret and Daniel Moran (1992).", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Vom Kriege.", "Berlin: Dümmlers Verlag, 1832.", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "On War, abridged version translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret, edited with an introduction by Beatrice Heuser Oxford World's Classics (Oxford University Press, 2007) \n Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Principles of War.", "Translated by Hans Gatske.", "The Military Service Publishing Company, 1942.", "Originally \"Die wichtigsten Grundsätze des Kriegführens zur Ergänzung meines Unterrichts bei Sr. Königlichen Hoheit dem Kronprinzen\" (written 1812).", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Col. J. J. Graham, translator.", "Vom Kriege.", "On War — Volume 1, Project Gutenberg eBook.", "The full text of the 1873 English translation can be seen in parallel with the original German text at http://www.clausewitz.com/CompareFrameSource1.htm.", "Clausewitz, Karl von.", "On War.", "Trans.", "O.J.", "Matthijs Jolles.", "New York: Random House, 1943.", "Though not currently the standard translation, this is increasingly viewed by many Clausewitz scholars as the most precise and accurate English translation.", "Clausewitz, Carl von (2018).", "Napoleon's 1796 Italian Campaign.", "Trans and ed.", "Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle.", "Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.", "Clausewitz, Carl von (2020).", "Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 1.", "Trans and ed.", "Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle.", "Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.", "Clausewitz, Carl von (2021).", "The Coalition Crumbles, Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland, Volume 2.", "Trans and ed.", "Nicholas Murray and Christopher Pringle.", "Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas.", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "The Campaign of 1812 in Russia .", "Trans.", "anonymous [Wellington's friend Francis Egerton, later Lord Ellesmere], London: John Murray Publishers, 1843.", "Originally Carl von Clausewitz, Hinterlassene Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz über Krieg und Krieg führung, 10 vols., Berlin, 1832–37, \"Der Feldzug von 1812 in Russland\" in Vol.", "7, Berlin, 1835.", "Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur (First Duke of Wellington), ed./trans.", "Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran, On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1815.", "(Clausewitz.com, 2010).", "This collection of documents includes, in a modern English translation, the whole of Clausewitz's study, The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview (Berlin: 1835). .", "It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Two Letters on Strategy.", "Ed./trans.", "Peter Paret and Daniel Moran.", "Carlisle: Army War College Foundation, 1984.", "External links\n\n Mind Map of On War\n Clausewitz homepage, large amounts of information.", "Corn, Tony.", "\"Clausewitz in Wonderland\", Policy Review'', September 2006.", "This is an article hostile to \"Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians.\"", "See also reply by Clausewitz Homepage, \"Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack.\"", "The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre\n Two Letters On Strategy, addressed to the Prussian general-staff officer, Major von Roeder, respectively of 22 and 24 December 1827.", "Erfourth M. & Bazin, A.", "(2014).", "Clausewitz’s Military Genius and the #Human Dimension.", "The Bridge.", "1780 births\n1831 deaths\nPeople from Burg bei Magdeburg\nPeople from the Duchy of Magdeburg\nDeaths from cholera\nGerman military writers\nGerman untitled nobility\nPrussian commanders of the Napoleonic Wars\nMajor generals of Prussia\nNapoleonic Wars prisoners of war held by France\nMilitary theorists\nPolitical realists\nGerman prisoners of war\n19th-century German writers\n19th-century German male writers\nRussian military personnel of the Napoleonic Wars\nGerman male non-fiction writers\nPhilosophers of war" ]

[ "Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz was a Prussian general and military theorist who stressed the \"moral\" and political aspects of war.", "At his death, his most notable work was unfinished.", "Clausewitz drew heavily on the rationalist ideas of the European Enlightenment and was a realist in many different senses.", "Clausewitz's thinking is often described as Hegelian because of his method, but there is still debate as to whether or not Clausewitz was influenced by him.", "In the face of incomplete, dubious, and often completely incorrect information and high levels of fear, doubt, and excitement, commanders need to make rapid decisions.", "He saw history as a check on the things that didn't accord with experience.", "He argued that war could not be quantified or reduced to mapwork, geometry, and graphs.", "The most famous of Clausewitz's aphorisms is \"War is the continuation of politics by other means.\"", "Clausewitz's Christian names can be found in non-German sources as \"Karl\", \"Carl Philipp Gottlieb\", or \"Carl Maria\".", "He spelled his name with a \"C\" in order to identify with the classical Western tradition; writers who use \"Karl\" are often seeking to emphasize their German (rather than European) identity.", "Clausewitz's tombstone has a picture of \"Carl Philipp Gottfried\" on it.", "Peter Paret and Encyclopdia Britannica continue to use Gottlieb instead of Gottfried.", "Clausewitz was the fourth and youngest son of a family that made claims to a noble status which Carl accepted.", "Clausewitz's family claimed to be descended from the Barons of Clausewitz in Upper Silesia.", "His grandfather was a professor of theology.", "Clausewitz's father was a lieutenant in the army of Frederick the Great, King of Prussia.", "Clausewitz attained the rank of major general after entering the military service at the age of twelve.", "Clausewitz fought in the Rhine Campaigns in the 17th century and in the Napoleonic Wars in the 18th century.", "He entered the \"German War School\", the \"Military Academy in Berlin\", and the \"Prussian Military Academy\" in Berlin at the age of 21.", "Clausewitz, Hermann von Boyen and Karl von Grolman were allies of Scharnhorst in his efforts to reform the army.", "Clausewitz was an aide-de-camp to Prince August.", "One of the 25,000 prisoners taken that day as the Prussian army disintegrated, he was captured at the Battle of Jena-Auerstedt.", "He was 26 years old.", "Clausewitz was imprisoned with his prince in France.", "He assisted in the reform of the army in Prussia.", "He married the socially prominent Countess Marie von Brhl on December 10, 1810.", "She was a member of a noble German family.", "The couple befriended Berlin's political, literary, and intellectual elite.", "Marie was well-educated and politically connected, and she played an important role in her husband's career and intellectual evolution.", "She introduced his works.", "Clausewitz was opposed to Prussia's alliance with Napoleon I and served in the Imperial Russian Army from 1812 to 1813.", "He joined the Russian-German Legion after serving in Russia.", "The coalition of Prussia, Russia, and the United Kingdom defeated Napoleon and his allies thanks to the help of Clausewitz.", "Clausewitz was a colonel in the Prussian Army after the Russian-German Legion became integrated.", "He was appointed chief-of-staff of the III Corps.", "He served at the Battle of Ligny and the Battle of Wavre during the Waterloo Campaign.", "The Prussians withdrew in good order after Napoleon's army defeated them at Ligny, south of Mont-Saint-Jean and the village of Waterloo.", "Napoleon's failure to destroy the Prussian forces led to his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo, when the Prussian forces arrived on his right flank late in the afternoon to support the Anglo-Dutch-Belgian forces pressing his front.", "Napoleon convinced his troops that the field grey uniforms were those of the grenadiers.", "Large reinforcements were prevented from reaching Napoleon at Waterloo by Clausewitz's unit at Wavre.", "Clausewitz was the director of the Kriegsakademie until 1830.", "He returned to active duty with the army.", "The outbreak of several revolutions around Europe and a crisis in Poland appeared to presage another major European war.", "Prussia was able to mobilize in this emergency and appointed Clausewitz as chief of staff.", "The commander of the army, Gneisenau, died of cholera in August of 1831, and Clausewitz took charge of the army's efforts to contain the outbreak.", "On 17 November 1831, Clausewitz died of the same disease.", "His widow wrote the introduction to his book on the philosophy of war.", "He started working on the text in 1816 but didn't finish it.", "He published most of his works after she wrote the preface for On War.", "She died in January 1836.", "Clausewitz was a professional combat soldier who was involved in numerous military campaigns, but he is famous primarily as a military theorist interested in the examination of war, using the campaigns of Frederick the Great and Napoleon as frames of reference for his work.", "He looked at war in all its aspects.", "His main book was On War, a major work on the philosophy of war.", "Clausewitz had material written at different stages in his intellectual evolution, which resulted in some significant contradictions between different sections.", "The sequence and precise character of that evolution is a source of much debate as to the exact meaning behind some seemingly conflicting observations in discussions pertaining to the tactical, operational and strategic levels of war.", "Between 1827 and his last field assignments, Clausewitz tried to revise the text to include more information on \"people's war\" and forms of war other than high-intensity warfare between states, but relatively little of this material was included in the book.", "Before this time, soldiers had written treatises on various military topics, but never on the scale of those written by Clausewitz and Tolstoy, both of whom were inspired by the events of the Napoleonic Era.", "Clausewitz's work is still relevant today.", "More than sixteen major English-language books that focused specifically on his work were published between 2005 and 2014, whereas his 19th-century rival Jomini has faded from influence.", "Lynn Montross said that the outcome may be explained by the fact that Jomini produced a system of war.", "The strategy behind those weapons is still influenced by the outdated one.", "Jomini did not attempt to define war, but Clausewitz did.", "His thesis is \"war is an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will.\"", "\"War is merely the continuation of politics with other means\" is the antithesis of Clausewitz's 'bottom line'.", "He said that war is composed of primordial violence, hatred, and enmity, which are to be regarded as a blind natural force.", "The best shorthand for Clausewitz's trinity should be violent emotion/chance/rational calculation, says Christopher Bassford.", "It is often presented as a misunderstanding based on a later paragraph in the same section.", "The misrepresentation was popularised by the U.S. Army because of the weaknesses in the 1976 Howard/Paret translation.", "Clausewitz revised his manuscript to reflect that synthesis is the subject of much debate.", "\"War is simply the continuation of political intercourse with 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "We deliberately use the phrase \"with the addition of other means\" because we want to make it clear that war does not suspend political intercourse or change it into something entirely different.", "Regardless of the means it uses, intercourse continues.", "Political lines that continue throughout the war into the peace are the main lines along which military events progress.", "Clausewitz's introduction of systematic philosophical contemplation into Western military thinking has powerful implications not only for historical and analytical writing but also for practical policy, military instruction, and operational planning.", "He relied on his own experiences and writings about Napoleon.", "He wrote his first extended study when he was 25.", "The war is explained by the economy and technology of the age, the social characteristics of the troops, and the commanders' politics and psychology.", "Clausewitz sees all wars as the sum of decisions, actions, and reactions in an uncertain and dangerous context.", "He stressed the importance of state policy in the complex nature of war.", "One should be careful not to limit his observations on war to war between states, as he discusses other kinds of protagonists.", "The use of engagements for the object of war is what Clausewitz meant when he said \"the operational level\" of war.", "Clausewitz thought of war as a political, social, and military phenomenon which might affect the entire population of a political entity at war.", "Clausewitz believed military force to be an instrument that states and other political actors use to pursue the ends of their policy, in a manner of interplay between opposing wills, each with the aim of imposing his policies and will upon his enemy.", "INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "The inherent superiority of the defense does not mean that the defender will always win.", "Sometimes the only method of defense is co-operation between the regular army and militia or partisan forces.", "The need for states to involve their entire populations in the conduct of war was emphasized in the circumstances of the Wars of the French Revolution and those with Napoleon.", "This point is particularly important, as these wars demonstrated that the armed forces could be democratised in a way that was much like universal suffrage.", "Clausewitz was very skeptical of the accuracy of military intelligence and was aware of the value of intelligence at all levels.", "Most intelligence is false.", "The fog of war describes this circumstance.", "He constantly stressed the need for the best possible understanding of what today would be called strategic and political intelligence, even though his skeptical comments only apply to intelligence at the tactical and operational levels.", "Due to the nature of war and the superior abilities of Napoleon's system, his conclusions were influenced by his experiences in the Prussian Army, which was often in an intelligence fog due to the superior abilities of Napoleon's system.", "Clausewitz acknowledges that the fog of war makes it difficult for commanders to know what is happening.", "In the context of this challenge, he develops the concept of military genius, whose capabilities are seen above all in the execution of operations.", "A combination of qualities of intelligence, experience, personality, and temperament is what makes a military genius.", "The enthusiastic acceptance by the military establishment of Clausewitz's ideas had a deleterious effect on the adoption of the military system worldwide.", "They grasped at his vivid leading phrases, seeing only their surface meaning, and missing the deeper current of his thought.", "Clausewitz's method of presentation is one of the main sources of confusion about his approach.", "Clausewitz's famous line that \"War is a mere continuation of politics by other means\" was not intended as a statement of fact.", "In a dialectical argument, the thesis is that \"war is nothing but a wrestling match, the extended metaphor in which that discussion was embedded, on a larger scale.\"", "War is neither an act of brute force nor a rational act of politics or policy according to his synthesis.", "His \"fascinating synthesis\" is a dynamic, inherently unstable interaction of the forces of violent emotion, chance, and rational calculation.", "The idea that Clausewitz advocated total war in the Third Reich's propaganda in the 1940s is an example of this confusion.", "Clausewitz never used the term \"total war\", instead he discussed \"absolute war,\" a concept which evolved into the much more abstract idea of \"ideal war\" at the beginning.", "The rules of competition will force participants to use all means at their disposal in order to win the war.", "He said that such rigid logic is dangerous in the real world.", "The military objectives in real war that support political objectives generally fall into two broad types: limited aims or the effective \"disarming\" of the enemy.", "The complete defeat of the enemy may not be necessary.", "Clausewitzian theory has been a subject of much dispute in modern times.", "The Greek writer and philosopher, Panagiotis Kondylis, opposed the interpretations of Raymond Aron in Penser la Guerre, Clausewitz and other liberal writers.", "Clausewitz was one of the first writers to condemn the militarism of the general staff and its war-proneness, based on his argument that \"war is a continuation of politics by other means.\"", "Kondylis claims that this is not consistent with Clausewitzian thought.", "He claims that Clausewitz was morally indifferent to war, though this probably reflects a lack of familiarity with personal letters from Clausewitz, which demonstrate an acute awareness of war's tragic aspects.", "In anarchic and unsafe world, war is one unique means that is sometimes applied to the eternal quest for power.", "Historians Peter Paret of the Institute for Advanced Study and Sir Michael Howard have studied Clausewitz's texts and translated them into English.", "The most widely used edition of On War was edited by Howard and Paret.", "The 1976 translation of Bernard Brodie's A Guide to the Reading of \"On War\" provided students with an influential synopsis of the work.", "The 1873 translation was edited by Anatol Rapoport, a philosopher, musician, and game theorist.", "The British military historian attacked Clausewitz's theory in his book.", "Clausewitz assumed the existence of states, yet 'war antedates the state, diplomacy and strategy by many millennia.'", "Influence Clausewitz's ideas have been influential in military theory and have had a strong influence on German military thought.", "Clausewitz's insistence that \"No campaign plan survives first contact with the enemy\" is a classic example of the influence he had on German and Prussian generals.", "Clausewitz's influence spread to British thinking more as a historian and analyst than as a theorist.", "Wellington's only serious written discussion of Clausewitz's study of the battle was widely discussed in 19th-century Britain.", "Following Britain's military embarrassments in the Boer War, Clausewitz's broader thinking came to the fore.", "The first Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University and the most prominent military analyst in Britain from 1885 to 1885, Spenser Wilkinson, is an example of a heavy Clausewitzian influence in that era.", "The work of naval historian Julian Corbett reflected a deep if idiosyncratic adherence to Clausewitz's concepts and frequently an emphasis on Clausewitz's ideas about limited objectives and the inherent strengths of the defensive form of war.", "In February 1912, The Morning Post reported that Corbett's practical strategic views were often in conflict with Wilkinson's.", "The doctrine of \"total war\" was wrongly attributed to B. H. Liddell Hart by the British after the First World War.", "More recent scholars believe that the war is so confused in terms of political rationale that it is in fact contrary to On War.", "In this case, values not shaped by the fervid Social Darwinism of 1914 are assumed to be \"rational\" political objectives.", "One of the most influential British Clausewitzians is Colin S. Gray, who is also the Chichele Professor of Military History at Oxford University.", "Clausewitz had little influence on American military thought before 1945 other than via British writers, though Generals Eisenhower and Patton were avid readers of English translations.", "He influenced many people, including Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, as well as the Communist Soviet and Chinese traditions, which emphasized the inevitability of wars among capitalist states in the age of imperialism.", "Clausewitz was one of the great military writers and his influence on the Red Army was immense.", "A.N. is a Russian historian.", "It was ironic that the view in the USSR was that it was Lenin who shaped the attitude towards Clausewitz, as INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "The American mathematician Anatol Rapoport wrote in 1968 that Clausewitz was the basis of all Soviet military thinking since 1917.", "According to Marxism-Leninism, war is not an aim in itself, but a tool of politics.", "\"Politics is the reason, and war is only the tool, not the other way around,\" said Lenin in his remarks on Clausewitz's On War.", "The military point of view needs to be subservient to the political point of view.", "Clausewitz's argument that politics is a continuation of war by other means was turned on its head by Henry A. Kissinger.", "Rapoport argued that the approval of Clausewitz by Lenin probably stems from his obsession with the struggle for power.", "The Marxist conception of history is that of struggles for power between social classes.", "In a variety of contexts, this was applied by Lenin.", "The entire history of philosophy is a struggle between \"idealism\" and \"materialism.\"", "The fate of the socialist movement was going to be decided by a fight between the revolutionists and reformers.", "Clausewitz's acceptance of the struggle for power as the essence of international politics was very realistic.", "Mao was influenced by Clausewitz when he read On War in 1938.", "The \"Clausewitzian\" content in many of Mao's writings is a reflection of Mao's own study.", "The idea that war involves inherent \"friction\" that distorts, to a greater or lesser degree, all prior arrangements has become common currency in fields such as business strategy and sport.", "Clausewitz stressed how confused warfare can seem when one is immersed in it.", "The term center of gravity is derived from Clausewitz's usage ofNewtonian mechanics.", "\"center of gravity\" refers to the basis of an opponent's power at the operational, strategic, or political level, though this is only one aspect of Clausewitz's use of the term.", "The deterrence strategy of the United States in the 1950s was inspired by President Eisenhower's reading of Clausewitz as a young officer in the 1920s.", "Eisenhower was impressed by Clausewitz's example of a theoretical, idealized \"absolute war\" in Vom Kriege as a way of demonstrating how absurd it would be to attempt such a strategy in practice.", "The age of nuclear weapons made what was for Clausewitz in the early 19th century only a theoretical vision possible in the mid-20th century.", "The best way to deter war was to conduct a series of nuclear tests in the Pacific in order to show the world how terrible a nuclear war would be.", "Through the massive retaliation doctrine and the related foreign policy concept of brinkmanship, Eisenhower hoped to deter the Soviet Union and/or China from ever threatening a war.", "Clausewitzian concepts were thought to be obsolete after the 20th-century period in which they dominated the world.", "According to John E. Sheppard, Jr., state-based conventional armies were able to destroy a mirror image of themselves by developing nuclear weapons.", "Nuclear weapons have not been used against each other to settle disputes.", "If there was a conflict, both sides would be wiped out.", "Heavily influenced by the war in Vietnam and by antipathy to American strategist Henry Kissinger, the American biologist, musician, and game-theorist Anatol Rapoport argued in 1968 that a Clausewitzian view of war was not only obsolete in the age of nuclear weapons, but", "There have been many instances of state armies attempting to suppress insurgencies, terrorism, and other forms of asymmetrical warfare.", "Clausewitz didn't only focus on wars between countries with armies.", "The era of the French Revolution and Napoleon was full of revolutions, rebellions, and violence by non-state actors.", "Clausewitz wrote a series of \"Lectures on Small War\" and studied the rebellion in the Vendée and the Tyrolean uprising.", "In his famous \"Bekenntnisdenkschrift\" of 1812, he called for a \"Spanish war in Germany\" and laid out a comprehensive guerrilla strategy to be waged against Napoleon.", "Clausewitz included a chapter on \"The People in Arms\" in On War.", "In his book The Transformation of War, Creveld argued that Clausewitz's famous \"Trinity\" of people, army, and government was an obsolete socio-political construct based on the state, which was rapidly passing from the scene as the key player in war.", "Creveld's work has been influential.", "The most egregious misrepresentation of Clausewitz's famous metaphor is that of Martin van Creveld, who has declared Clausewitz to be an apostle of Trinitarian War, by which he means, incomprehensibly, a war of state against state.", "One need only read the paragraph in which Clausewitz defined his Trinity to see that the words \" people, army, and government\" appear nowhere in the list of the Trinity's components.", "It is pointless to attack a concept that is useful in its own right.", "Their failure to read the actual wording of the theory they so vociferously attack and to grasp its deep relevance to the phenomena they describe is hard to credit.", "Clausewitz's best-known aphorism, that war is a continuation of politics with other means, is not only irrelevant today but also inapplicable historically, according to some.", "The sixteen essays in Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century are an opposing view.", "Clausewitz's Vom Kriege is often required reading in military academies, schools, and universities.", "Several important ideas, including that about war as pursuing political aims, were made famous in On War.", "Clausewitz and Lilienstern's ideas were derived from a common influence, i.e., Scharnhorst, who was Clausewitz's \"second father\" and professional mentor.", "Niccol Machiavelli is a famous military writer.", "There are massive Clausewitz bibliographies in English, French, German, and other languages.", "Aron and Raymond.", "Clausewitz was the Philosopher of War.", "The movie was released in 1985.", "417 pp.", "Christopher Bassford.", "Clausewitz in English: The reception of Clausewitz in Britain and America.", "Oxford University Press was in New York in 1994.", "\"Tiptoe Through the Trinity: The Strange Persistence of Trinitarian Warfare\" was written by Christopher Bassford.", "A paper is being worked on.", "\"Clausewitz's Categories of War and the Supersession of 'Absolute War'\" was written by Christopher Bassford.", "This is the first paper of the year.", "The name is Youri.", "\"Fighting Doctrines and Revolutionary Ethics\" was published in the Journal of Military and Security Studies.", "Clausewitz and Hegel on Fighting Doctrines and Ethics was published in Montreal and Kingston.", "Donker, Paul.", "\"The Evolution of Clausewitz's Vom Kriege is a reconstruction on the basis of the earlier versions of his masterpiece.\"", "Trans.", "Clausewitz Studies.org was founded by Paul Donker and Christopher Bassford.", "The Clausewitz-Gesellschaft published an earlier version of \"Die Entwicklung von Clausewitz Vom Kriege: Eine Rekonstruktion.\"", "Echevarria, J.", "German Military Thinkers before the Great War.", "The year 2001.", "347 pp.", "Gat is the name of the person.", "Handel, Michael I., ed., is the author of The Origins of Military Thought from the Enlightenment to Clausewitz.", "Modern strategy and Clausewitz.", "The year 1986.", "327 pp.", "Handel, Michael I.", "Masters of War is a book about strategic thinking.", "There are 482 pages.", "Clausewitz's On War was compared to Sun Tzu's The Art of War Heuser.", "The person is reading Clausewitz.", "There was a report in 2002.", "Sir Michael Howard, Clausewitz, 1983 was originally a volume in the Oxford University Press \"Past Masters\" series.", "Christopher Bassford wrote \"John Keegan and the Grand Tradition of Trashing Clausewitz: A Polemic\" in 1994.", "322–322.", "A.N. Mertsalov.", "Mark and Ljubica are the authors of \"Jomini versus Clausewitz\" in Russia War, Peace and Diplomacy.", "Peter Paret.", "Essays in the Cultural and Intellectual History of Thinking about War were written by Clausewitz.", "New York and Oxford.", "Peter Paret.", "The man, his theories, and his times are covered in Clausewitz and the State.", "The Princeton University Press was published in 1976.", "Le général de Clausewitz was written by Paul Roques.", "The théorie de la guerre is in Paris.", "Hugh Smith.", "Clausewitz: a study of military and political ideas.", "The year 2005.", "304 pp.", "Donald J. Clausewitz: His Life and Work is a book.", "Strachan, Hew, and Herberg- Rothe are excerpted in the online review.", "The excerpt and text search are from Clausewitz in the Twenty-First Century.", "The University Press of Kansas published Decoding Clausewitz: A New Approach to On War Lawrence.", "Edward J. and Christopher Villacres.", "The Clausewitzian Trinity is being reclaimed.", "The Autumn 95 edition of Parameters.", "The Dogma of the Battle of Annihilation: The Theories of Clausewitz and Schlieffen and Their Impact on the German Conduct of Two World Wars was written by Wallach.", "The year 1986.", "Clausewitz, Carl von is a primary source.", "Political and historical writing is included in the ed.", "They were Peter Paret and Daniel Moran.", "Carl von Clausewitz.", "Vom Kriege.", "Dmmlers Verlag was published in Berlin in the year 1832.", "Carl von Clausewitz.", "The edited version of On War was translated by Michael Howard and Peter Paret.", "There are principles of war.", "It was translated by Hans Gatske.", "The Military Service Publishing Company was founded in 1942.", "\"Die wichtigsten Grundstze des Kriegfhrens zum Ergnzung meines Unterrichts\" was written in 1812.", "Carl von Clausewitz.", "Col. J. Graham is a translator.", "Vom Kriege.", "The first volume of the Project Gutenberg eBook is On War.", "The original German text can be seen in parallel with the full text of the 1873 English translation.", "Karl von Clausewitz.", "On war.", "Trans.", "O.J.", "Matthijs Jolles.", "Random House was in New York in 1943.", "Clausewitz scholars see this as the most precise and accurate English translation, even though it is not currently the standard translation.", "Clausewitz, Carl von.", "Napoleon had a campaign in Italy.", "Trans and ed.", "Christopher Pringle and Nicholas Murray.", "The University Press of Kansas is in Lawrence, Kansas.", "Carl von Clausewitz was born in 2020.", "Napoleon Absent, Coalition Ascendant: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland is the first volume.", "Trans and ed.", "Christopher Pringle and Nicholas Murray.", "The University Press of Kansas is in Lawrence, Kansas.", "Carl von Clausewitz was born in 2021.", "Napoleon Returns: The 1799 Campaign in Italy and Switzerland is the second volume of The Coalition Crumbles.", "Trans and ed.", "Christopher Pringle and Nicholas Murray.", "The University Press of Kansas is in Lawrence, Kansas.", "Carl von Clausewitz.", "The campaign of 1812 was in Russia.", "Trans.", "Francis Egerton wasWellington's friend.", "The original Carl von Clausewitz was in the 10 vols. of \"Werke des Generals Carl von Clausewitz\" in Berlin.", "7, Berlin in 1835.", "Clausewitz, Carl von, and Wellesley, Arthur are authors.", "On Waterloo: Clausewitz, Wellington, and the Campaign of 1814 was written by Christopher Bassford, Gregory W. Pedlow, and Daniel Moran.", "(Clausewitz.com, 2010).", "The whole of Clausewitz's study, The Campaign of 1815: Strategic Overview, is in a modern English translation.", "It also includes Wellington's reply to Clausewitz's discussion of the campaign, as well as two letters by Clausewitz to his wife after the major battles of 1815 and other supporting documents and essays.", "Carl von Clausewitz.", "There are two letters on strategy.", "There is an Ed./trans.", "They are Peter Paret and Daniel Moran.", "The Army War College Foundation was founded in 1984.", "There are external links to the Mind Map of On War Clausewitz.", "Corn, Tony.", "\"Clausewitz in Wonderland\" was published in the Policy Review.", "The article is hostile to \"Clausewitz and the Clausewitzians.\"", "Clausewitz replied, \"Clausewitz's self-appointed PR Flack.\"", "The Influence of Clausewitz on Jomini's Le Précis de l'Art de la Guerre Two Letters On Strategy was addressed to the general-staff officer of the Prussia.", "M. and A.", "The year 2014).", "Clausewitz was a military genius.", "The bridge.", "The people from Burg bei were from the Duchy of Magdeburg." ]

[ "Carl Philipp Gottfried (", ") von Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl Philipp", "Carl Maria", "Carl Philipp", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl", "Clausewitz", "Gerhard von", "Clausewitz", "Hermann von", "Karl von", "Clausewitz", "Marie von", "von Bhl", "Clausewitz", "Johann von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Graf von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitzew", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitzew", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "von Lilienstern", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Reading Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl", "Clausewitz", "Karl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Major von", "Clausewitz" ]

[ "Carl Philipp Gottlieb von Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl Philipp", "Carl Maria", "Clausewitz", "Carl Philipp", "Clausewitz", "Carl", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Hermann von", "Karl von", "Clausewitz", "Marie von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitzew", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Karl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Carl von", "Clausewitz", "Clausewitz", "Carl von" ]

[ "Vija Artmane (born Alīda Artmane; 21 August 1929 in Kaive, Sēme Parish – 11 October 2008 in Strenči) was a Latvian theatre and cinema actress.", "Childhood\nVija Artmane was born Alīda Artmane at the time when Latvia was a sovereign nation.", "Her father, Fricis Arnolds Artmanis, of partial Baltic German ancestry, died in an accident aged 19, just four months before she was born.", "Her mother Anna Regīna Zaborska, of Polish heritage, survived as a single mother by doing seasonal agricultural jobs.", "As a young girl, Artmane grew up playing in the fields; she was fond of wildflowers and learned to make flower arrangements and dolls in the Latvian traditional style.", "While her mother worked for a landlord, her master sent young Artmane to study music and dance at a ballet class for a couple of years.", "However, at the age of 10, young Artmane became a shepherd girl.", "She worked with a herd of cows for over five years and survived until the end of the Second World War.", "In 1946 she graduated from secondary school and had a dream of becoming a lawyer in order to make the world a better place.", "At the same time, she was involved in amateur acting at her school and became interested in film and theatre, and eventually, her passion for acting prevailed.", "Acting career\nAfter the war in 1946, Artmane moved to Riga, and began her studies at the Daile Theatre Second Studio, eventually staying there as a member of the troupe for the next 50 years.", "At the very beginning of her acting career, she changed her first name to Vija, upon a hint from her teacher and for artistic reasons.", "From 1946 to 1949 Artmane studied acting under the tutelage of the Latvian theatre director Eduards Smiļģis, the original founder of the troupe.", "From 1949 to 1998 Artmane was the leading star of the troupe at the Daile Theatre in Riga.", "She played her best stage roles under the directorship of Smiļģis.", "Her most memorable stage works were such classic roles as Juliet in Romeo and Juliet (1953), and Ophelia in Hamlet among other Shakespeare plays.", "Artmane\nalso created important roles in Latvian plays such as Indulis and Ārija and Fire and Night under the direction of the National Actor of Latvia Rainis.", "She was critically acclaimed for her stage works in Russian plays, such as her passionate performance as Tolstoy's heroine Anna Karenina; she also played in Tolstoy's War and Peace, in Gogol's Dead Souls, and other classic Russian plays.", "After the death of Smiļģis, in 1966, Artmane gradually switched to contemporary plays, but she also continued to perform some of her classic stage roles during the 1970s and 1980s.", "From 1998 to 2000 she worked with the New Riga Theatre.", "There she appeared in the title role in a stage production of The Queen of Spades based on the eponymous short story by Alexander Pushkin.", "Becoming a film star\nIn 1956, Artmane was already a recognised star of the Latvian stage, when she made her film debut in Posle shtorma (After the Storm).", "In 1963 she shot to fame in the Soviet Union with her leading role as Sonya, a beautiful and loving mother, opposite Evgeni Matveev in the popular film Blood Ties (1964).", "After that film Artmane was nicknamed \"Mother-Latvia\" in her homeland.", "She enjoyed a steady film career in the Soviet Union during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s.", "Her film career was highlighted with such roles as Veda Kong in the popular science fiction film Tumannost' Andromedy (1967), as Empress Catherine the Great in the historical drama Yemelyan Pugachyov (1978), as Julia Lamber in the film Teātris (1978) and other notable film works.", "Vija Artmane appeared as herself in a documentary on her life entitled Conversation with the Queen (1980) which was produced at the Riga Film Studio.", "Recognition\nVija Artmane is regarded as one of the leading figures of Latvian culture.", "During the period of Soviet control, Artmane took an active part in the movement for preservation and support of Latvian national heritage; she has been an active proponent for the use of the Latvian language in literature and art, as well as in everyday life.", "She was named \"People's Artist of the Latvian SSR\" in 1965 and recognised as a People's Artist of the USSR in 1969.", "The same year she was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "In 1999 Artmane was given an award by the Latvian Ministry of Culture for her contribution to the art of theatre and cinema.", "In 2003 she received the special Theatre Prize for her long-standing contribution to Latvian culture.", "In 2007 Vija Artmane was decorated with the Order of the Three Stars, which is conferred in recognition of outstanding civil merit in the service of Latvia.", "The asteroid 4136 Artmane discovered on 1968 March was named in her honour.", "Selected filmography\n 1963 — Native Blood\n 1963 — Introduction to Life\n 1967 — Nobody Wanted to Die\n 1967 — Strong with Spirit\n 1967 — The Andromeda Nebula\n 1975 — The Arrows of Robin Hood\n 1978 — Pugachev\n 1978 — Theatre\n 1987 — Moonzund\n\nAcknowledgements\n Honoured Artist of the Latvian SSR (1956)\n People's Artist of the Latvian SSR (1965)\n People's Artist of the USSR (1969)\n Order of Lenin (1979)\n Order of Friendship (Russia, 2004)\n Order of the Three Stars (22 October 2007)\n Winner of the All-Union Film Festival (1964, 1968).", "Laureate of State Prize of the Latvian SSR (1980)\n Prize named Lilita Berzina (1987)\n Prize named Bertha Rumnietse (1996)\n Prize II All-Russian Festival \"New Russian Cinema\" (2001)\n Top award for lifelong contribution to Latvian arts (2003)\n\nPersonal life and death\nVija Artmane was married to Latvian actor Artūrs Dimiters, and the couple had two children – musician Kaspars Dimiters (1957) and artist Kristiāna Dimitere (1965).", "In 1986, after the death of her husband, she suffered from an emotional breakdown and later had a stroke.", "In the 1990s, Artmane moved out of the city of Riga due to a money shortage and settled in the countryside.", "In the early 2000s, she converted to Eastern Orthodoxy.", "In 2004 she published a book of memoirs covering her acting career as well as her personal life.", "Following her death on 11 October 2008 at age 79, she was interred at Pokrov Cemetery in Riga.", "References\n\nSources\n Biography of Vija Artmane by: Steve Shelokhonov\n Artmane Vija, \"Ziemcieši.", "Mirkļi no manas dzīves\", Pētergailis, 2004.", "Dokumentary prose, memoirs.", "Eduards Smiļģis Theatre Museum, Pārdaugava, Riga, Latvia.", "Bibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n И жизнь, и слёзы, и любовь… — интервью сына Вии Артмане, Каспарса Димитерса газете «Бульвар Гордона»\n Женская тайна Вии Артмане\n\n1929 births\n2008 deaths\nPeople from Tukums Municipality\nLatvian people of Baltic German descent\nLatvian people of Polish descent\nLatvian film actresses\nLatvian stage actresses\nSoviet film actresses\nSoviet stage actresses\n20th-century Latvian actresses\nHeroes of Socialist Labour\nPeople's Artists of the USSR\nPeople's Artists of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic\nRecipients of the Order of Lenin" ]

[ "Vija Artmane (born Alda Artmane; 21 August 1929 in Kaive, Sme Parish - 11 October 2008 in Streni) was a Latvian theatre and cinema actress.", "When Latvia became a nation, Alda Artmane was born.", "Four months before she was born, her father Fricis Arnolds Artmanis died in an accident.", "Her mother was a single mother who did seasonal agricultural jobs.", "Artmane was fond of flowers when she was a child and was able to make flower arrangements and dolls from them.", "While her mother worked for a landlord, her master sent Artmane to study music and dance at a ballet class for a couple of years.", "At the age of 10, Artmane became a shepherd girl.", "She worked with a herd of cows for over five years and survived the Second World War.", "She wanted to become a lawyer in order to make the world a better place after graduating from secondary school.", "She became interested in film and theatre when she was involved in amateur acting at her school.", "After the war in 1946, Artmane moved to Riga and began her studies at the Daile Theatre Second Studio, eventually becoming a member of the troupe for the next 50 years.", "She changed her name to Vija at the beginning of her acting career because of her teacher's suggestion.", "Artmane studied acting under the direction of the original founder of the troupe.", "Artmane was the leader of the troupe at the Daile Theatre.", "She played some of her best roles under Smiis.", "Her most well-known stage roles were Juliet in Juliet and Hamlet.", "Under the direction of the National Actors of Latvia Rainis, Artmane created important roles in plays such as rija and Fire and Night.", "She was praised for her performances in Russian plays such as Anna Karenina and War and Peace, as well as for her performances in classic Russian plays.", "After the death of Smiis in 1966, Artmane switched to contemporary plays, but she continued to perform some of her classic stage roles during the 1970s and 1980s.", "She worked at the New Riga Theatre from 1998 to 2000.", "She played the title role in a stage production of The Queen of Spades.", "Artmane became a film star when she made her film debut in Posle shtorma (After the Storm).", "She shot to fame in the Soviet Union with her leading role as Sonya, a beautiful and loving mother, in the film Blood Ties.", "Artmane was nicknamed \"Mother-Latvia\" after that film.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Her film career included roles in Tumannost' Andromedy and Yemelyan Pugachyov, as well as Julia Lamber in the film Tetris.", "The documentary on Vija Artmane's life entitled Conversation with the Queen was made at the Riga Film Studio.", "One of the leading figures of Latvian culture is Recognition Vija Artmane.", "During the period of Soviet control, Artmane took an active part in the movement for preservation and support of Latvian national heritage; she has been an active proponent for the use of the Latvian language in literature and art, as well as in everyday life.", "She was named the \"People's Artist of the Latvian SSR\" in 1965, and the \"People's Artist of the USSR\" in 1969.", "She was a member of the jury at the 6th Moscow International Film Festival.", "Artmane received an award for her contribution to the art of theatre and cinema.", "She received a special Theatre Prize in 2003 for her contribution to Latvian culture.", "Vija Artmane was decorated with the Order of the Three Stars in recognition of outstanding civil merit.", "The asteroid was named after her.", "Native Blood is a film that was selected for the filmography. Nobody Wanted to Die is a film that was selected for the filmography. The Arrows of Robin Hood is a film that was selected for the filmography. Pugachev is a film that was selected for the filmography.", "The Lilita Berzina Prize was named after the Laureate of the State Prize of the Latvian SSR.", "After the death of her husband, she had an emotional breakdown and later had a stroke.", "Artmane moved out of the city of Riga in the 1990s due to a money shortage.", "She converted to Eastern Orthodoxy in the early 2000s.", "In 2004, she published a book of memoirs about her life and career.", "She was buried at Pokrov Cemetery in Riga following her death.", "Biography of Vija Artmane by Steve Shelokhonov.", "Ptergailis said \"Mirki no manas dzves\".", "memoirs and dokument proseary.", "The theatre museum is in Prdaugava.", "External links, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, " ]

[ "Vija Artmane", "Alīda Artmane", "Vija Artmane", "Alīda Artmane", "Vija", "Vija", "Vija", "Vija", "Artmane", "Vija", "Artmane", "Vija" ]

[ "Vija Artmane", "Alda Artmane", "Alda Artmane", "Vija", "Vija", "Artmane", "Vija" ]

[ "Edmund Grindal ( 15196 July 1583) was Bishop of London, Archbishop of York, and Archbishop of Canterbury during the reign of Elizabeth I..", "Though born far from the centres of political and religious power, he had risen rapidly in the church during the reign of Edward VI, culminating in his nomination as Bishop of London; the death of the King prevented his taking up the post, and, along with other Marian exiles, Grindal sought refuge in continental Europe during the reign of Mary I.", "Upon Elizabeth's accession, Grindal returned and resumed his rise in the church, culminating in his appointment to the highest office.", "He was a supporter of Calvinist Puritanism.", "The late 16th century was a time of great change in the English church, following the Elizabethan settlement.", "Although Grindal historically was not regarded as a particularly notable church leader, his reputation has been revived by modern critical scholarship, which maintains he had the support of his fellow bishops and set the course for the development of the English Church in the early 17th century.", "Early life to the death of Edward VI \n\nTradition, as retailed by Grindal's biographer John Strype, had long held that Grindal was born in Hensingham, now a suburb of Whitehaven.", "However modern scholarship has shown that his birthplace was in fact Cross Hill House, St Bees, Cumberland.", "Grindal himself described his birthplace in a letter to Sir William Cecil, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State: \"the house wherein I was born, and the lands pertaining thereto, being a small matter, under twenty shillings rent, but well builded at the charges of my father and brother\": which corresponds to Cross Hill House.", "This has been proven by the discovery of the long-mislaid St.", "Bees long leases, which have provided the missing link in the chain of ownership back to William Grindal, Edmund's father, a farmer in the village.", "Grindal's exact date of birth is uncertain, but is c. 1519.", "His education may have started with the monks at the nearby St Bees Priory, though this is not recorded.", "It is believed by Collinson that both Grindal and Edwin Sandys shared a childhood, quite probably in St Bees.", "Sandys himself recalled that he and Grindal had lived \"familiarly\" and \"as brothers\" and were only separated between Sandys's 13th and 18th Years.", "It is thought likely that Sandys grew up at nearby Rottington.", "Edwin Sandys kept one step behind Grindal in their subsequent careers, succeeding him as bishop of London, and then as archbishop of York.", "Whatever the place of early education, it is known that the Marian martyr John Bland was the schoolmaster of Sandys, so it is likely he would also have taught Grindal.", "Grindal was educated at Magdalene and Christ's colleges and then at Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, where he graduated BA and was elected a fellow in 1538.", "Having obtained his MA in 1541, he was ordained deacon in 1544, appointed proctor in 1550 and was Lady Margaret preacher 1548–1549.", "Probably through the influence of Nicholas Ridley, who had been master of Pembroke Hall, Grindal was selected as one of the Protestant disputants during the visitation of 1549.", "He had a talent for this work and was often given similar tasks.", "When Ridley became Bishop of London, he made Grindal one of his chaplains and gave him the precentorship of St Paul's Cathedral.", "Grindal was soon promoted to be one of King Edward VI's chaplains and prebendary of Westminster, and in October 1552 was one of six to whom the Forty-Two Articles were submitted for examination before being sanctioned by the Privy Council.", "According to John Knox, Grindal distinguished himself from most of the court preachers in 1553 by denouncing the worldliness of courtiers and foretelling the evils that would follow the king's death.", "Grindal benefited greatly from the patronage of Ridley and Sir William Cecil during this period, to the extent that on 11 June 1553 he was nominated to be bishop of London.", "However, only a month later Edward VI was dead, and very soon Catholicism would return under Mary I.\n\nExile\nAlthough Grindal was not politically compromised by the events surrounding the accession of Mary I in October 1553, he had resigned his Westminster prebend by 10 May 1554, and made his way to Strasbourg as one of the Marian exiles.", "In 1554 he was in Frankfurt, where he tried to settle the disputes between the \"Coxians\", who regarded the 1552 Prayer Book as the perfection of reform, and the \"Knoxians\", who wanted further simplification.", "Bishop of London\n\nHe returned to England in January 1559 in the company of his friend Edwin Sandys, on the day that Elizabeth I was crowned.<ref>Foxe J, Actes and Monuments of these Latter and Perillous Days, Touching Matters of the Church' (Foxe's Book of Martyrs)</ref> He was soon gathered in to the body of men who would be at the centre of establishing the reformed church.", "He was appointed to the committee to revise the liturgy, and was one of the Protestant representatives at the Westminster conference.", "In July 1559 he was elected Master of Pembroke Hall in succession to the recusant Thomas Young (1514?–1580) and finally created Bishop of London in succession to Edmund Bonner, six years after his first nomination in Edward's reign.", "About this time he ordained his friend the martyrologist John Foxe.", "Grindal had qualms about vestments and other traces of \"popery\" as well as about the Erastianism of Elizabeth's ecclesiastical government.", "Firmly Protestant, he did not mind recommending that a Roman Catholic priest \"might be put to some torment\", and in October 1562 he wrote to William Cecil, begging to know \"if that second Julian, the king of Navarre, is killed; as he intended to preach at St Paul's Cross, and might take occasion to mention God's judgements on him\".", "Nevertheless, he was reluctant to execute judgements on English Puritans, and failed to give Matthew Parker much assistance in rebuilding the shattered fabric of the English Church.", "Grindal lacked that firm faith in the supreme importance of uniformity and autocracy which enabled John Whitgift to persecute nonconformists whose theology was identical to his own.", "London, which was always a difficult see, involved Bishop Sandys in similar troubles when Grindal had gone to York.", "As it was, although Parker said that Grindal \"was not resolute and severe enough for the government of London\", his attempts to enforce the use of the surplice evoked angry protests, especially in 1565, when many nonconformists were suspended.", "This developed into a breakaway movement that formed the London Underground Church.", "Grindal repeatedly raided their services and imprisoned worshippers, but generally for short spells, agreeing with the Privy Council 'to move [them] to be conformable by gentleness'.", "Grindal of his own accord denounced Thomas Cartwright to the council in 1570.", "Other anxieties were brought upon him by the burning of his cathedral in 1561, for although Grindal himself is said to have contributed £1200 towards its rebuilding, the laity and even the clergy of his diocese were not generous.", "Archbishop of York\nIn 1570 Grindal became Archbishop of York, where Puritans were few and coercion would be required mainly for Roman Catholics.", "His first letter from his residence at Cawood to Cecil told that he had not been well received, that the gentry were not \"well-affected to godly religion and among the common people many superstitious practices remained.\"", "It is admitted by his Anglican critics that he did the work of enforcing uniformity against the Roman Catholics with good-will and considerable tact.", "He must have given general satisfaction, for even before Parker's death two persons so different as Cecil (now Lord Burghley), and Dean Nowell independently recommended Grindal's appointment as his successor, and Edmund Spenser spoke warmly of him in The Shepheardes Calender as the \"gentle shepherd Algrind\".", "Archbishop of Canterbury\nGrindal was appointed Archbishop of Canterbury on 26 July 1575, though there is no actual proof that the new archbishop ever visited the seat of his see, Canterbury, not even for his enthronement.", "Burghley wished to conciliate the moderate Puritans and advised Grindal to mitigate the severity which had characterised Parker's treatment of the nonconformists.", "Grindal indeed attempted a reform of the ecclesiastical courts, but his activity was cut short by a disagreement with the queen.", "Elizabeth wanted Grindal to suppress the \"prophesyings\" or meetings for sermon training and discussion which had come into vogue among the Puritan clergy, and she even wanted him to discourage preaching.", "Instead of carrying out his instructions, Grindal responded with a 6,000-word letter defending propehsyings, saying: 'I choose rather to offend your earthly Majesty than to offend the heavenly majesty of God.'", "in June 1577 was suspended from his jurisdictional, though not his spiritual, functions for disobedience.", "He stood firm, and in January 1578 Secretary Wilson informed Burghley that the queen wished to have the archbishop deprived.", "She was dissuaded from this extreme course, but Grindal's sequestration was continued in spite of a petition from Convocation in 1581 for his reinstatement.", "Elizabeth then suggested that he should resign; he declined to do so, and after apologising to the queen he was reinstated towards the end of 1582.", "But his infirmities were increasing, and while making preparations for his resignation, he died and was buried in Croydon Minster.", "Legacy\n\nBy the 17th century, Grindal came to be admired by the Puritans who were experiencing persecution at the hands of Archbishop Laud.", "John Milton, who rejected episcopal church government, thought the Elizabethan bishops had been Laodiceans, neither hot nor cold, but thought Grindal had been \"the best of them\" in his tract Of Reformation of 1641.", "William Prynne had no time for Parker (\"over pontifical and princely\") and Whitgift (\"stately pontifical bishop\"), but praised Grindal in 1641 as \"a grave and pious man\".", "Richard Baxter in 1656 claimed of Grindal: \"Such bishops would have prevented our contentions and wars.\"", "Daniel Neal a century later, in his History of the Puritans, called him \"the good old archbishop\", \"of a mild and moderate temper, easy of access and affable even in his highest exaltation\", \"upon the whole ... one of the best of Queen Elizabeth's bishops\".", "Conversely, Grindal came to be attacked by High Church Tories.", "Henry Sacheverell, in his famous sermon of 5 November 1709, \"The Perils of False Brethren, Both in Church and State\", attacked him as \"that false son of the Church, Bishop Grindall ... a perfidious prelate\" who deluded Elizabeth into tolerating the \"Genevan Discipline\" and thereby facilitating \"the first plantation of dissenters\".", "This attack on Grindal's memory led to John Strype publishing his biography of Grindal, helped by a subscription list that included many leading Whig politicians and churchmen.", "By the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was Sacheverell's portrayal of a weak and ineffective prelate that had come to be the predominant view.", "Sidney Lee claimed Grindal \"feebly temporised with dissent\"; Mandell Creighton called him \"infirm of purpose\"; Walter Frere said Grindal possessed a \"natural incapacity for government\"; and W. P. M. Kennedy said he had \"a constitutional incapacity for administration\" which was Grindal's \"outstanding weakness\".", "However, in 1979 was published the first critical biography of Grindal, by Patrick Collinson, who said that Grindal was neither weak nor ineffectual but had the support of his fellow bishops and led the way for how the English Church would develop in the early 17th century.", "Grindal left considerable benefactions to Pembroke Hall, Cambridge, the Queen's College, Oxford, and Christ's College, Cambridge; he also endowed a free school at St Bees, and left money for the poor of St Bees, Canterbury, Lambeth and Croydon.", "The most enduring monument to Grindal has proved to be the St Bees School (a \"free grammar school\"), which he founded in his native village of St Bees, where he had not been for perhaps forty-five years.", "Only three days before his death Grindal had published statutes for the school; a series of minute and specific regulations which are a noted treasury of information for historians of Tudor education.", "Although the school was to be sometimes at risk in its early years, a school building had been erected by 1588 at a cost of £366.3s.4d.", "and endowed with annual revenues of £50.", "Nicholas Copland was nominated by Grindal as the first Headmaster and a tradition of learning had begun which continued without a break for over four centuries.", "In 2015 it was announced that the school was to close, but it re-opened in 2018.", "Grindal also played a part in the establishment of Highgate School in North London, and is credited with having introduced the tamarisk tree to the British Isles.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n John Strype (1710), Life and Acts of Edmund Grindal, Archbishop of Canterbury\n Patrick Collinson, \"Archbishop Grindal 1519–1583: The struggle for a reformed church\", 1979, Dictionary of National Biography P Collinson (1971) 'E., Archbishop.", "Grindal and the Prophesyings', Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church,.", "Henry Gough (1855), A General Index to the Publications of the Parker Society.", "CambridgeActs of the Privy Council Cal.", "of Hatfield manuscripts\n Dixon's History of the Church of England W. H. Frere (1904), History of the English Church, 1558–1625, ed.", "W. R. W. Stephens and W. Hunt\n Donald Brownrigg (2005), reprinted facsimile of John Reay's (1869) 'Visitor's Guide to St Bees'.", "Douglas Sim et al.", "(current), St Bees History \n Archbishop Grindal's birthplace: Cross Hill, St Bees, Cumbria By John Todd and Mary Todd.", "Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society 1999, Vol XCIX.Cambridge Modern History vol.", "iii.", "Gee's Elizabethan Clergy Henry Norbert Birt, The Elizabethan Religious Settlement William Pierce (1909) An Historical Introduction to the Marprelate Tracts.", "London: Archibald Constable\n Stanford Lehmberg Archbishop Grindal and the Prophesyings, Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church\n Peter Iver Kaufman; Journal of American Church History, Vol.", "68, 1999 (Prophesyings)\n Peter Lake, \"The Monarchical Republic of Queen Elizabeth I (and the Fall of Archbishop Grindal) revisited,\" in John F. McDiarmid (ed), The Monarchical Republic of Early Modern England: Essays in Response to Patrick Collinson'' (Aldershot, Ashgate, 2007) (St Andrews Studies in Reformation History),\n\nExternal links\n\n1510s births\n1583 deaths\n16th-century Church of England bishops\nBishops of London\nArchbishops of Canterbury\nArchbishops of York\nAlumni of Magdalene College, Cambridge\nAlumni of Christ's College, Cambridge\nAlumni of Pembroke College, Cambridge\nDoctors of Divinity\nMasters of Pembroke College, Cambridge\nPeople from St Bees\nMarian exiles\nBurials at Croydon Minster\n16th-century Anglican theologians" ]

[ "During the reign of Elizabeth I., Edmund Grindal was the Bishop of London, the Archbishop of York, and the Archbishop of Canterbury.", "Though born far from the centers of political and religious power, he had risen rapidly in the church during the reign of Edward VI, and was nominated as Bishop of London, but the death of the King prevented him from taking up the post.", "After Elizabeth's accession, Grindal returned and resumed his rise in the church, leading to his appointment to the highest office.", "He supported Calvinist Puritanism.", "The English church underwent a lot of change in the late 16th century.", "Although Grindal was not a particularly notable church leader, his reputation has been revived by modern critical scholarship, which states that he had the support of his fellow bishops and set the course for the development of the English Church in the early 17th century.", "Early life to the death of Edward VI Tradition, as retailed by John Strype, had long held that Grindal was born in Whitehaven.", "Modern scholarship shows that he was born in Cross Hill House, St Bees, Cumberland.", "In a letter to Sir William Cecil, Elizabeth I's Secretary of State, Grindal described his birthplace as a small house under twenty shillings rent.", "The discovery of the long-mislaid St. has proven this.", "William Grindal, Edmund's father, is a farmer in the village.", "The exact date of Grindal's birth is uncertain.", "The monks at the nearby St Bees Priory may have started his education.", "Collinson believes that Grindal and Sandys shared a childhood in St Bees.", "Sandys said that he and Grindal had lived as brothers and were only separated between Sandys's 13th and 18th years.", "Sandys is thought to have grown up at Rottington.", "Sandys succeeded Grindal as bishop of London and then as archbishop of York.", "It is known that the Marian martyr John Bland was the schoolmaster of Sandys, so it is likely that he taught Grindal.", "He graduated from the University of Cambridge in 1538 and was elected a fellow.", "He obtained his MA in 1541 and was appointed a proctor in 1550 and a Lady Margaret preacher in 1549.", "The Protestant disputants were selected through the influence of Nicholas Ridley, who was the master of Pembroke Hall.", "He was given similar work and had a talent for it.", "The precentorship of St Paul's Cathedral was given to Grindal by the Bishop of London.", "In October 1552, Grindal was one of six people who submitted the Forty-Two Articles for examination before being approved by the Privy Council.", "In 1553, Grindal distinguished himself from most of the court preachers by foretelling the bad things that would happen after the king's death.", "During this period, Grindal was nominated to be the bishop of London by Sir William Cecil.", "After Edward VI died, Catholicism would return under Mary I.", "He tried to settle the disputes between the \"Coxians\" and the \"Knoxians\" by using the 1552 Prayer Book.", "The Bishop of London returned to England in January 1559 on the day that Elizabeth I was crowned.", "He was one of the Protestant representatives at the conference and was appointed to the committee to revise the liturgy.", "He was elected Master of Pembroke Hall in July 1559 and created the Bishop of London six years later.", "He made his friend John Foxe a martyrologist.", "There were concerns about vestments and other traces of \"popery\" as well as about the Erastianism of Elizabeth's ecclesiastical government.", "He recommended that a Roman Catholic priest be put to some torment, as he intended to preach at St Paul.", "He wasn't willing to make judgements on English Puritans, and didn't give much assistance in rebuilding the shattered fabric of the English Church.", "John Whitgift was able to persecute nonconformists whose theology was similar to his own because of Grindal's lack of faith in the importance of uniformity and autocracy.", "When Grindal went to York, Bishop Sandys was in the same situation.", "In 1565, when many nonconformists were suspended, the attempts to enforce the use of the surplice evoked angry protests.", "The London Underground Church was formed as a result of this.", "The Privy Council agreed to move them to be conformable by gentleness after they raided their services and imprisoned worshippers.", "In 1570, Thomas Cartwright was denounced by Grindal.", "The burning of his cathedral in 1561 brought about other fears for him, for the laity and even the clergy of his diocese were not generous.", "In 1570, Grindal became the Archbishop of York, where Puritans were not as common.", "His first letter from his residence at Cawood told Cecil that he had not been well received and that the gentry were not \"well-affected to godly religion and among the common people many superstitious practices remained.\"", "The work he did against the Roman Catholics was acknowledged by his critics.", "Edmund Spenser spoke warmly of him in The Shepheardes Calender and Dean Nowell independently recommended Grindal's appointment as his successor.", "There is no proof that the new archbishop ever visited the seat of his see, Canterbury, even though he was appointed on July 26, 1575.", "Grindal was advised by Burghley to mitigate the severity of the treatment of the nonconformists by the Puritans.", "The reform of the ecclesiastical courts was cut short by a disagreement with the queen.", "She wanted him to discourage preaching because it had come into vogue among the Puritan clergy.", "Grindal wrote a 6,000-word letter defending propehsyings instead of carrying out his instructions.", "He was suspended from his jurisdictional in June 1577.", "Secretary Wilson told Burghley that the queen wanted to have the archbishop deprived.", "She was dissuaded from this extreme course, but Grindal's sequestration was continued despite a petition for his reinstatement.", "After Elizabeth suggested that he should resign, he declined to do so, and after apologising to the queen, he was reinstated at the end of 1582.", "While preparing for his resignation, he died and was buried in the Minster.", "In the 17th century, the Puritans admired Grindal because of the persecution he faced.", "The Elizabethan bishops were thought to be Laodiceans, neither hot nor cold, but thought to be the best of them by John Milton.", "William Prynne praised Grindal in 1641 as a grave and pious man, even though he had no time forParker orWhitgift.", "In 1656, Richard Baxter claimed that Grindal would have prevented wars.", "One of the best of Queen Elizabeth's bishops was called \"the good old archbishop\" by Daniel Neal in his History of the Puritans.", "The High Church Tories attacked Grindal.", "In his famous sermon of 5 November 1709, \"The Perils of False Brethren, Both in Church and State\", Henry Sacheverell attacked him as \"that false son of the Church, Bishop Grindall\".", "John Strype's biography of Grindal was helped by a subscription list that included many leading Whig politicians and churchmen.", "The portrayal of a weak and ineffective prelate was the main view by the late 19th and early 20th centuries.", "Sidney Lee said that Grindal was \"feebly temporised with dissent\" and that he had a \"natural incapacity for government\".", "The first critical biography of Grindal was published in 1979 by Patrick Collinson, who said that Grindal was neither weak nor ineffectual but had the support of his fellow bishops and led the way for how the English Church would develop in the early 17th century.", "He endowed a free school at St Bees and left money for the poor of the area.", "The St Bees School, which he founded in his native village of St Bees, was the most enduring monument to Grindal.", "Three days before his death, Grindal published statutes for the school, a series of minute and specific regulations, which are a noted treasury of information for historians of Tudor education.", "Although the school was to be at risk in its early years, a school building was built by 1588.", "endowed with annual revenues of £50", "A tradition of learning began without a break for over four centuries after Nicholas Copland was nominated as the first Headmaster.", "The school re-opened after it was announced that it would close.", "The establishment of Highgate School in North London was one of the things that Grindal was involved in.", "Dictionary of National Biography P Collinson describes the struggle for a reformed church in the life and Acts of Edmund Grindal.", "The Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church was called Grindal and the Prophesyings.", "A general index to the Publications of theParker Society was written by Henry Gough.", "The Privy Council Cal. has Acts of the Privy Council.", "The History of the English Church was written by W. H. Frere.", "The facsimile of John Reay's 'Visitor's Guide to St Bees' was written by W. R. W. Stephens and W. Hunt Donald Brownrigg.", "Douglas Sim and his associates.", "The birthplace of the Archbishop is Cross Hill, St Bees, Cumbria.", "Transactions of the Cumberland and Westmorland Archaeological Society were published in 1999.", "I.", "The Elizabethan Religious Settlement William Pierce is an historical introduction to the Marprelate Tracts.", "The Historical Magazine of the Protestant Episcopal Church Peter Iver Kaufman; Journal of American Church History was published in London.", "The Monarchical Republic of Early Modern England: Essays in Response to Patrick Collins was published in 1999." ]

[ "Edmund Grindal", "Grindal", "William Grindal", "Edmund", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Edmund Bonner", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Edmund Spenser", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Edmund Grindal" ]

[ "Edmund Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "William Grindal", "Edmund", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Edmund Spenser", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Grindal", "Edmund Gdal" ]

[ "Anne, Lady Bacon (née Cooke; 1527 or 1528 – 27 August 1610) was an English lady and scholar.", "She made a lasting contribution to English religious literature with her translation from Latin of John Jewel's Apologie of the Anglican Church (1564).", "She was the mother of Francis Bacon.", "Early life\nAnne or Ann was an English translator and lady of the British court.", "Though Anne's exact date of birth is not known, it is presumed she was born in or around 1528.", "Anne was born in Essex, England, one of the five daughters of Anthony Cooke, tutor to Henry VIII's only son Edward.", "Being an educator, Anthony ensured that all of his four sons and five daughters received a humanist educations, with in-depth studies in languages and the classics.", "From the success of not just Anne, but Anthony's other daughters, this thorough education is quite evident.", "Anne was trained in Latin, Italian, French, Greek, and possibly even Hebrew.", "Her sister the Lady Elizabeth Hoby was trained in languages and is also well known for similar translations and texts.", "Her family's social status was high, in part because her father worked so closely with the Tudor royal family, and were large landowners as a result.", "They had an association of some sort with Stratford though what precisely this association was remains unspecified.", "Adult life\nA deeply religious woman, Anne's main works are religious centred.", "Anne was passionate about her religion, which can be seen in the letters she wrote to her sons, Anthony Bacon and Sir Francis Bacon.", "Due to her education, she wrote many letters to clergymen and debated theology with them as well, however, the letters to her sons are more concerned with their well-being both in mind, body, and spirit.", "At twenty-two, she translated and published Bernardino Ochino's work Ochines Sermons from the Italian.", "Her translation from the Latin into English of Bishop John Jewel's work of 1564 Apology for the Church of England was a significant step in the intellectual justification of Protestantism in England.", "The work was a clarification of the differences between Anglicanism and Roman Catholicism, and was critical to the support of Elizabeth I's religious policies.", "Marriage\nAnne Cooke married Sir Nicholas Bacon, Queen Elizabeth's Keeper of the Great Seal, in 1553 and they had two sons, Anthony and Francis Bacon, the latter later becoming a philosopher and a pioneer of the scientific revolution.", "For a while, Anne Bacon was a leading Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth.", "Her religious views remained strongly Puritan, and she called for the eradication of all Popery in the Church of England.", "Anne wrote many letters, fervent with her passion for her Protestant beliefs.", "Many of her later letters were addressed to her sons, Anthony and Francis.", "Her letters to her sons are said to express \"the jealousy with which she regarded her authority over them long after they had reached manhood,” and being concerned with their spiritual welfare.", "In the letters she also demands they follow her wishes, scorns them when they disregard her wishes, and expects her sons to update her quite thoroughly on their day-to-day lives.", "Though these demands she makes are true, sources agree, her main concern was their spiritual welfare, and their religious lives.", "In James Spedding's book, The Letters and Life of Francis Bacon, a letter from Anne to Francis is featured.", "Here Anne addresses her views of the on-goings of the church and the government, speaking knowledgeably and elegantly.", "She addresses her son, and though the letter is quite formal and written in flowery vocabulary, her emotions and love for her religion and her son come through.", "She expresses her desires that he be a good man.", "Others of these letters were addressed to clergymen, amongst them Bishop Goodman.", "Anne wrote letters thoroughly quoting classic Greek and Latin.", "In her later years, Bishop Goodman called Anne \"frantic in her age\" and so it seems she lived somewhat out of the spotlight until her death in 1610.", "This is a portion of Anne's life where we can find little information.", "Her later years seem to be somewhat of a mystery, as she wrote few letters, and participated in few events at court.", "In her last letter, dated 27 August 1610, Anne wrote to her friend Sir Michael Hicks, inviting him to her funeral.", "Her exact date of passing is not precisely known, though it is clearly in the days surrounding this letter.", "She died at about the age of 82 and was entombed in St Michael's Church in St Albans.", "Her second son, Sir Francis Bacon is buried there as well, per his request to be near his mother.", "Works \n Sermons of Barnardine Ochyne, (to the number of 25.)", "concerning the predestination and election of god: very expedient to the setting forth of his glory among his creatures.", "An apologie or answere in defence of the Churche of Englande, with a briefe and plaine declaration of the true religion professed and used in the same.", "Notes\n\nReferences\nLady Anne Bacon's Translations HUGHEY Review of English Studies.1934; os-X: 211 \nWomen of Action in Tudor England: Nine Biographical Sketches.", "by Pearl Hogrefe .", "Review in Renaissance Quarterly, Virginia F. SternVol.", "31, No.", "3 (Autumn, 1978), pp.", "Anne Cooke Bacon.", "Aldershot [England: Ashgate, 2000.", "Print.", "Coles, Kimberly Anne.", "Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing in Early Modern England.", "Cambridge, UK: Cambridge UP, 2008.", "Print.", "Magnusson, Lynne.", "\"The Rhetoric and Reception of Anne Bacon.\"", "English Literary Renaissance 31.1 (2001): 3–33.", "Print.", "Sir Francis Bacon, James Spedding, The Letter and Life of Francis Bacon – a book about Francis Bacon's life in which letters from Anne to her son are printed\n\nExternal links\n \n \nThe Correspondence of Anne Bacon in EMLO\n\"Anne & Sir Nicholas Bacon\", – information on the entire Bacon family\nProject Continua: Biography of Anne Bacon \n\n1520s births\n1610 deaths\n16th-century Puritans\n16th-century translators\n16th-century English women writers\n17th-century English women writers\n16th-century English writers\n17th-century translators\n17th-century English writers\nAnne\nEnglish ladies-in-waiting\nItalian–English translators\nLatin–English translators\nPeople from Essex\nCourt of Elizabeth I" ]

[ "Anne was an English lady and scholar.", "She made a lasting contribution to English religious literature with her translation from Latin of John Jewel's Apologie of the Anglican Church.", "She was the mother of a man.", "Anne was an English translator and lady of the British court.", "Anne is thought to have been born in or around 1528.", "Henry VIII's only son Edward's tutor to five daughters was Anne, who was born in Essex, England.", "All of Anthony's children received a humanist education, with in-depth studies in languages and the classics.", "This thorough education is visible from the success of Anne and Anthony's other daughters.", "Anne was trained in many languages.", "The Lady Elizabeth Hoby is well known for her translations and texts.", "Her family's social status was high because of her father's close relationship with the Tudor royal family.", "They had an association with the town of Stratford.", "Anne's main works are religious.", "In the letters she wrote to her sons, Anne was very passionate about her religion.", "Due to her education, she wrote many letters to clergymen and debated theology with them, however, the letters to her sons are more concerned with their well-being both in mind, body, and spirit.", "She published Ochines Sermons from the Italian at the age of twenty-two.", "The translation of the Latin into English of Bishop John Jewel's work of 1564 Apology for the Church of England was a significant step in the intellectual justification of Protestantism in England.", "The clarification of the differences between Anglicanism and Roman Catholicism was critical to the support of Elizabeth I's religious policies.", "Anne and Sir Nicholas were married in 1553 and they had two sons, Anthony and Francis, who later became a philosopher and a pioneer of the scientific revolution.", "Anne Bacon was a Lady-in-Waiting to Queen Elizabeth.", "She called for the eradication of Popery in the Church of England.", "Anne was passionate about her Protestant beliefs and wrote many letters.", "Her sons, Anthony and Francis, were addressed to many of her later letters.", "The jealousy with which she regarded her authority over them long after they had reached manhood is said to be in her letters to her sons.", "She expects her sons to update her on their day-to-day lives, as well as follow her wishes in the letters.", "Sources agree that her main concern was their spiritual welfare and their religious lives.", "There is a letter from Anne to Francis in James Spedding's book.", "Anne addresses her views of the on-goings of the church and the government here.", "Her feelings for her religion and her son come through in the letter she wrote to her son.", "She wants him to be a good man.", "The letters were addressed to clergymen.", "Anne quoted classic Greek and Latin in her letters.", "Anne lived out of the spotlight until her death in 1610, when she was called \"frantic in her age\" by the Bishop.", "We can't find much information in this part of Anne's life.", "She wrote few letters and did not participate in many events at court in her later years.", "Anne invited Sir Michael to her funeral in her last letter.", "In the days surrounding this letter, her exact date of passing is not known.", "She was entombed in St Michael's Church after she died.", "Sir Francis Bacon wanted to be near his mother so he was buried there as well.", "The number of 25 is the number of the Sermons of Barnardine Ochyne.", "The setting forth of his glory among his creatures is very expedient to the predestination and election of god.", "A briefe and plaine declaration of the true religion was used in the answere to defend the Churche of England.", "The HUGHEY Review of English Studies.1934 was written by Lady Anne Bacon.", "by Pearl Hogrefe", "The review was in Renaissance Quarterly.", "31, No.", "pp. 3 (Autumn, 1978)", "There is a person named Anne Cooke bacon.", "Ashgate was in Aldershot in 2000.", "Print.", "Kimberlee Anne.", "Religion, Reform, and Women's Writing can be found in Early Modern England.", "Cambridge UP, 2008.", "Print.", "Lynne Magnusson.", "The reception of Anne Bacon was discussed.", "The English literary renaissance was published in 2001.", "Print.", "The letter and life of Francis bacon is a book about Francis bacon's life in which letters from Anne to her son are printed." ]

[ "Anne", "Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anthony Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Anne Cooke", "Nicholas Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Anne Bacon", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Francis Bacon", "Anne Bacon", "Anne Cooke", "Bacon", "Kimberly Anne", "Anne Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Francis Bacon", "Anne", "Anne Bacon", "Anne", "Nicholas Bacon", "Bacon", "Anne Bacon" ]

[ "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne Bacon", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Anne", "Francis Bacon", "Anne Bacon", "Anne Cooke", "Anne", "Anne Bacon", "Anne" ]

[ "Christopher Stephen Andrews (6 October 1901 – 11 October 1985) was an Irish political activist and public servant.", "He participated in the Irish War of Independence and Civil War as a political and military activist in the Irish Republican movement.", "Todd Andrews never ran for election and never held public office.", "He was a supporter, though not a member, of Fianna Fáil.", "Early life and education \nAndrews was born at 42 Summerhill in Dublin in 1901.", "He acquired the nickname \"Todd\" because of his perceived resemblance to English comic strip hero Alonzo Todd, who appeared in The Magnet.", "Andrews briefly attended St. Enda's School and completed his secondary education at Synge Street CBS.", "He went on to study Commerce at University College, Dublin, and although his studies were interrupted by his participation in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War, he returned to the university where he obtained a degree in Commerce.", "Nationalist revolutionary\nAndrews joined the Irish Volunteers at the age of fifteen and had an active role in the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence.", "He was arrested and imprisoned in 1920, but was released after ten days on hunger strike.", "He was interned at the Curragh in 1921, but escaped.", "Andrews took the Republican side during the Irish Civil War, and was interned by the government of the Irish Free State until 1924.", "He then continued with his studies and graduated with a commerce degree.", "Public servant\nAfter graduation, Andrews found employment as an accountant with the then-fledgling Irish Tourist Association where he structured their accounts office, as well as editing several of their publications.", "In the summer of 1930 he was offered a position as an accountant with the Electricity Supply Board at a time when they were expanding the National Grid and constructing significant Hydro-Electric projects such as Ardnacrusha.", "In 1933, Andrews was appointed to the Department of Industry and Commerce, where he dealt with the industrialisation of Irish turf development.", "Andrews initially set up a network of co-ops that locally harvested and sold turf but quickly saw that this arrangement was insufficient to successfully modernise turf production in Ireland on a commercial scale; it also drew the ire of coal merchants who worried about the effect of a State-led completion to their markets.", "However such worries were overcome by Andrews through shrewd and active man management, culminating with the establishment of the Turf Development Board in 1934.", "The new semi-state company helped overcome future issues in managing peat harvesting on a grand scale and schemes set up to help fuel Ireland during The Emergency, and ultimately led to the formation of Bord Na Mona in 1946, a body that he ultimately became Chief Executive.", "CIE\nIn 1958 Andrew was offered and accepted the chairmanship of the Irish transport company Córas Iompair Éireann (CIÉ), which was in a perilous fiscal state.", "Following on from the findings of the Beddy Report, he drew from his business experience and oversaw a large restructuring of the Irish rail system.", "This included the purchase of diesel electric engines from General Motors, the introduction of modern coaching stock, the phased closure of uneconomic services and elimination of slow stopping services, the introduction of new braked good wagons as well as a revamp of ticketing arrangements.", "He also oversaw the closures of several lines that were perennially uneconomic and loss-making.", "This included:\nthe Bray to Harcourt Street railway line.", "The line had not been profitable for decades, in spite of it seeing many cost-cutting measures to try and improve business.", "Electric signalling, AEC railcars and summer special trains to Wicklow and Wexford had been introduced on the line to try and increase its footfall and to lover costs to no avail.", "On foot of a recommendation of the Beddy Report, the line ceased services on 31 December 1958 and formally abandoned in January 1959.", "As the city expanded outwards in the mid and late 70's the route was kept clear and partially reopened as part of the LUAS Green Line.", "the substantial railway network west of Cork city.", "This included lines to Bandon, Bantry and Macroom, and branch lines to Clonakility, Skibbereen and Kinsale.", "Again, the lines struggled for business and saw diminishing business as cars, buses and lorries became more affordable and able to address passenger needs more practically.", "the Hill of Howth Tramway, which was inherited from the Great Northern Railway.", "This anomalous line was built around Howth Head to exploit an expected tourism boom in the seaside village that never came to be.", "While the line served its sparse locality quite well it never turned a profit and escaped closure several times while under the auspices of the Great Northern Railway Board.", "However, its infrastructure and rolling stock had not been replaced during its lifetime and, with this weighed against a need for essential cost-cutting, its closure was inevitable giving CIE's poor fiscal state and statutory requirements to become profitable.", "the West Clare Railway.", "Again, this line's came against a backdrop of cost-cutting but unlike other narrow gauge lines it saw the introduction of a fleet of modern diesel locomotives and railcars.", "While the new stock improved service levels and economics of the lines considerably they weren't enough to save the line.", "the Cahersiveen, Kenmare and Kanturk lines.", "As was common with many rural railways the traffic levels on these three lines were sparse.", "The branches to Kanturk and Kenmare has diesel engines allocated to them to \nAndrews also oversaw the resurgence and modernisation of CIE road transport, provincial and city bus services in Ireland.", "Steam traction was eliminated under his chairmanship, a cost benefit that undoubtedly saved CIE from certain collapse, while modern van and lorries took on delivery of freights in place of horse and carriage.", "In spite of such economies, CIE still struggled under a state expectation that it run without subvention; an impossible ask given the sparse traffic and passenger numbers in a land cropped by emigration.", "Issues of Partition often affected the operation of the company; CIE was forced to introduce additional bus services in border areas upon the withdrawal of the Ulster Transport Authority from cross border services, notably with the GNRB in 1958 and the County Donegal Railway Joint Committee in 1959.", "In spite of all this, CIE was in a far improved condition that Andrews took up in 1958.", "He retired from CIE upon his 65th birthday but before he stood down he became Chairman of the RTÉ Authority at the request of Sean Lemass.", "He resigned from RTÉ in 1970 when his son David Andrews was appointed Chief Whip to the Taoiseach.", "Later life and family\nHe was the recipient of several honorary doctorates and degrees from various universities.", "He published his autobiography in two volumes in 1979 and 1982, under the titles of Dublin Made Me and Man of No Property.", "Andrews died in Dublin at the age of 84.", "Two of his sons, Niall Andrews and David Andrews, became TDs; David Andrews became Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "His brother, Paddy Andrews was a football player, most notably with Bohemians who was also capped by the Irish Free State.", "Todd Andrews' grandson Ryan Tubridy is a radio presenter and television chatshow host on RTÉ, while grandsons Barry Andrews and Chris Andrews were also TDs.", "Another grandson is comedian David McSavage.", "Gay Byrne, one of Tubridy's predecessors on The Late Late Show, in his 1989 memoir The Time of My Life and subsequently in an RTÉ documentary in 2005, related how Andrews, when chairman of the RTÉ Authority, phoned the Director-General of RTÉ Tim McCourt and ordered him to fire \"that fucker Byrne\"; McCourt refused to dismiss Byrne.", "Bibliography\n\nAutobiography\nDublin Made Me (Lilliput, 2001) \nMan of no Property (Lilliput, 2001)\n\nReferences\n\n1901 births\n1985 deaths\nTodd\nBurials at Deans Grange Cemetery\nIrish Republican Army (1919–1922) members\nIrish Republican Army (1922–1969) members\nPeople of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)\nIrish republicans interned without trial\nPeople from Northside, Dublin\nRTÉ executives\nPeople educated at Synge Street CBS\nPeople educated at St. Enda's School\nAlumni of University College Dublin" ]

[ "Christopher Stephen Andrews was an Irish political activist and public servant.", "He was involved in both the Irish War of Independence and the Civil War.", "Todd was never elected or held public office.", "He was a supporter of the party.", "Andrews was born in 1901 at 42 Summerhill in Dublin.", "The nickname \"Todd\" was given to him because of his resemblance to an English comic strip hero.", "He completed his secondary education at Synge Street CBS.", "Although his studies were interrupted by his participation in the Irish War of Independence and the Irish Civil War, he returned to the university where he obtained a degree in Commerce.", "An active member of the Irish Republican Army during the Irish War of Independence, Andrews joined the Irish Volunteers at the age of fifteen.", "He was released after ten days on a hunger strike.", "He escaped from internment at the Curragh in 1921.", "During the Irish Civil War, Andrews took the Republican side, and was held by the government of the Irish Free State until 1924.", "He graduated with a degree in commerce.", "As an accountant with the Irish Tourist Association, he edited several of their publications, as well as structured their accounts office.", "In the summer of 1930 he was offered a position as an accountant with the Electricity Supply Board at a time when they were expanding the National Grid and constructing significant Hydro-Electric projects such as Ardnacrusha.", "In 1933, he was appointed to the Department of Industry and Commerce, where he dealt with Irish turf development.", "After setting up a network of co-ops that locally harvest and sell turf, Andrews saw that this arrangement was insufficient to successfully modernise turf production in Ireland on a commercial scale; it also drew the ire of coal merchants who worried about the effect of a State-led completion to their markets", "The establishment of the Turf Development Board in 1934 was achieved through shrewd and active man management.", "The new semi-state company helped overcome future issues in managing peat harvesting on a grand scale and schemes set up to help fuel Ireland during The Emergency, and ultimately led to the formation of Bord NaMona in 1946, a body that he eventually became Chief Executive.", "Andrew was offered and accepted the chairmanship of the Irish transport company Cras Iompair ireann, which was in a perilous fiscal state.", "Following on from the findings of the Beddy Report, he oversaw a large restructuring of the Irish rail system.", "The purchase of diesel electric engines, the introduction of modern coaching stock, the elimination of slow stopping services, the introduction of new braked good wagons, as well as a revamping of ticketing arrangements were all included.", "He oversaw the closing of several lines that were unprofitable.", "The Bray to Harcourt Street railway line was included.", "Despite many cost-cutting measures, the line has not been profitable for decades.", "To increase its footfall and lover costs, the line had been introduced with electric signalling, railcars and summer special trains.", "The line was abandoned in January 1959 on the recommendation of the Beddy Report.", "The LUAS Green Line was partially reopened as the city expanded in the late 70's.", "The railway network is west of the city.", "Branch lines to Bandon, Bantry and Macroom were included.", "The lines struggled for business as cars, buses and lorries became more affordable and were able to address passenger needs more practically.", "The Great Northern Railway took over the Hill of Howth Tramway.", "An expected tourism boom in the seaside village of Howth Head was never realized.", "The line never turned a profit and was under the control of the Great Northern Railway Board.", "CIE's poor fiscal state and statutory requirements to become profitable were made worse by the fact that its infrastructure and rolling stock had not been replaced during its lifetime.", "There is a railway called the West Clare Railway.", "This line came against a backdrop of cost-cutting, but unlike other narrow gauge lines it introduced a fleet of modern diesel locomotives and railcars.", "The new stock wasn't enough to save the line.", "The lines are Cahersiveen, Kenmare and Kanturk.", "The traffic levels on these three lines were very low.", "CIE road transport, provincial and city bus services in Ireland were modernized thanks to the diesel engines allocated to the branches to Kanturk and Kenmare.", "Under his chairmanship, steam traction was eliminated, a cost benefit that undoubtedly saved CIE from certain collapse, while modern van and lorries took on delivery of freights in place of horse and carriage.", "In spite of such economies, CIE still struggled under a state expectation that it run without subvention.", "CIE was forced to introduce additional bus services in border areas after the withdrawal of the Ulster Transport Authority from cross border services.", "In spite of all this, CIE was in a much better condition than it was before.", "He retired from CIE at the age of 65 and became Chairman of the RT Authority at the request of Sean Lemass.", "His son David was appointed Chief Whip to the Taoiseach.", "He received several degrees from various universities.", "Dublin Made Me and Man of No Property were the titles of his books.", "He died in Dublin at the age of 84.", "David Andrews became Minister for Foreign Affairs.", "His brother was a football player who was capped by the Irish Free State.", "Ryan Tubridy is a radio host and television chatshow host who is the grandson of Todd Andrews.", "David McSavage is a comedian.", "Gay Byrne, one of Tubridy's predecessors on The Late Late Show, in his 1989 memoir The Time of My Life and subsequently in an RT documentary in 2005, said that when he was chairman of the RT Authority, he phoned the Director-General of RT.", "References 1901 births 1985 deaths Todd Burials at Deans Grange Cemetery Irish Republican Army members People of the Irish Civil War" ]

[ "Christopher Stephen Andrews", "Todd Andrews", "Andrews", "Todd", "Alonzo Todd", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "David Andrews", "Andrews", "Niall Andrews", "David Andrews", "David Andrews", "Paddy Andrews", "Todd Andrews", "Barry Andrews", "Chris Andrews", "Andrews", "Todd" ]

[ "Christopher Stephen Andrews", "Todd", "Andrews", "Todd", "Andrews", "Andrews", "Andrews", "David Andrews", "Todd Andrews", "Todd" ]

[ "Alexander Davison (born 3 November 1979) is an Australian racing driver.", "He won the 2004 Australian Carrera Cup Championship.", "As part of the Davison motorsport family, he is the older brother of Will Davison, grandson of Lex Davison and cousin of James Davison.", "He currently co-drives for Dick Johnson Racing in the Supercars Championship with Will Davison in the No.", "17 Ford Mustang GT\n\nJunior career\nStarting in karts at a young age, he progressed to Formula Ford in 1998 racing a used 1995 Van Diemen RF95.", "With sponsorship from Wynn's and OAMPS Insurance, Davison upgraded to a year old Van Diemen RF98 for 1999 and finished third in one of the most competitive Australian Formula Ford seasons behind champion Greg Ritter.", "He had tied on points with Steve Owen in second, but on a countback of race wins, lost second place to Owen, who had five wins to Davison's four.", "After two years of Formula Ford, Davison's eyes turned to Europe.", "Sports cars\n\nManthey Racing\nUnable to break into an open-wheel series, Davison found a role with German Sports Car team Manthey Racing.", "After initially racing Porsche Carrera Cup in the German national series, Davison was promoted to the Porsche Supercup, a pan-European series supporting several legs of the Formula 1 World Drivers' Championship and finished sixth, including one victory at Indianapolis.", "Two more years with Manthey in the German series saw no significant improvement and Davison returned home to Australia during 2003.", "Return to Australia\nBack in Australia, Davison made some appearances in the 2003 Australian Carrera Cup Championship.", "After breaking through for a round win at the end of 2003, Davison dominated the 2004 Australian Carrera Cup Championship, taking his first and only major championship title to date.", "Despite having competed in selected V8 Supercars events in 2004 and 2005, Davison was unable to find a full-time role in V8 Supercars, and returned to the Australian Carrera Cup in 2006, joining Paul Cruickshank Racing.", "He took the seat of outgoing champion Fabian Coulthard and finished second to Craig Baird in the 2006 season.", "Into 2007, Davison took over the seat Jim Richards vacated from his own team, as Richards concentrated on other series.", "Davison again finished runner-up this time to David Reynolds.", "Le Mans Series\nIn 2008, an opportunity to return to Europe beckoned and Davison took up a drive with Team Felbermayr-Proton in the 2008 Le Mans Series season.", "Despite not winning a single race, Davison and co-driver Marc Lieb finished runner-up in the GT2 class in their Porsche 997 GT3-RSR behind Ferrari F430 GT2 driver Rob Bell.", "With the same team, Davison also contested the 2008 edition of the 24 Hours of Le Mans, driving with Horst Felbermayr, Sr. and Wolf Henzler.", "They finished fifth in class.", "Some guest drives in the American Le Mans Series also cropped up, though to no significant success.", "Carrera Cup comebacks\nIn 2012, Davison drove the Simjen 'Silver Bullet' in a return to Australian Carrera Cup.", "Davison won the first round of the season at the Adelaide Street Circuit before eventually finishing third in the championship.", "In 2016, Davison once again entered the Australian Carrera Cup Championship full-time, winning two of the first four rounds at Albert Park and Hidden Valley Raceway.", "Touring cars\n\nPerkins Motorsport\nDavison's Carrera Cup form led to him join the Perkins Motorsport V8 Supercars team for the 2004 endurance races, sharing Tony Longhurst's regular season car with Jamie Whincup.", "The pair finished a creditable 9th at the 2004 running of the Bathurst 1000.", "Davison later replaced Longhurst for the final two sprint events of the year when the veteran left the team.", "This in turn led to a full-time seat with Perkins in 2005 but with results not forthcoming Davison too found himself replaced before season's end.", "Stone Brothers Racing\nHaving returned from his European racing exploits, Davison returned to a full-time V8 Supercar seat with Stone Brothers Racing in 2009.", "The year was largely disappointing, and he finished the year 17th in the standings, with the highlight being a second-place finish at Hidden Valley thanks to a favourable soft tyre strategy.", "2010 saw Davison fail to improve, with a ninth-place finish in the opening race of the season at the Clipsal 500 becoming one of only three top ten finishes for the year.", "He did, however, achieve his maiden pole position on his return to Hidden Valley, but a potential podium finish was scuppered by an electrical failure.", "Davison improved to finish 11th in the 2011 season, including his second career podium at the opening race of the year at the Yas Marina Circuit in Abu Dhabi.", "Despite his better season, Davison was replaced by Lee Holdsworth for 2012.", "Team 18\nAfter spending 2012 in Carrera Cup, Davison was recalled to V8 Supercars in 2013 to drive for Team 18, a newly formed satellite team operating with Ford Performance Racing equipment.", "Davison had an above average season, finishing 13th overall, peaking with a third place at the Phillip Island event.", "Endurance co-driver\nDavison has competed in V8 Supercars as an endurance co-driver on several occasions.", "In 2006, 2007 and 2012 he raced with Dick Johnson Racing while in 2008 he raced for Paul Cruickshank Racing.", "On all four occasions, he achieved top ten results at the Bathurst 1000.", "In 2014 and 2015, Davison entered the endurance races, now combined to form the Enduro Cup, with Erebus Motorsport, who ironically had bought out his former team Stone Brothers Racing.", "This provided Davison with the opportunity to co-drive with his brother Will Davison and included a 4th-place finish at the 2014 Bathurst 1000.", "Davison also entered the final sprint round of the 2015 season, the Sydney 500, for Erebus Motorsport as a replacement for Ashley Walsh.", "2020*\nAfter James Courtney’s departure from Team Sydney, Alex was drafted in by Jonathon Webb to drive the #19 Local Legends Holden ZB Commodore from the Eastern Creek Round onwards.", "He would partner Chris Pither (#22) As of 28 November, it is unknown if Davison will remain in his drive for 2021\n\nPersonal life\nDavison is the son of Australian Formula 2 champion Richard Davison, grandson of four times Australian Grand Prix winner Lex Davison and brother to Will Davison.", "His uncle Jon Davison, and cousins James Davison and Charlie Davison also are linked with the sport.", "He has 2 children Luke Davison and Lily Davison and has been married to Melanie Davison since 2010.", "Career results\n\nBathurst 1000 results\n\nPorsche Supercup results\n(key) (Races in bold indicate pole position) (Races in italics indicate fastest lap)\n\n24 Hours of Le Mans results\n\nEuropean Le Mans Series results\n{|\n|valign=\"top\"|\n\nFIA World Endurance Championship results\n\n* Season still in progress.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n Alex Davison profile on US Racing Reference\n\n1979 births\n24 Hours of Le Mans drivers\nAmerican Le Mans Series drivers\nFormula Ford drivers\nEuropean Le Mans Series drivers\nLiving people\nRacing drivers from Melbourne\nSupercars Championship drivers\nPorsche Supercup drivers\nV8SuperTourer drivers\nFIA World Endurance Championship drivers\nCarlin racing drivers" ]

[ "Alexander is an Australian racing driver.", "The Australian Carrera Cup Championship was won by him.", "He is the older brother of Will Davison and cousin of James Davison.", "He co-drives for Dick Johnson Racing with Will Davison.", "He progressed to Formula Ford in 1998 racing a used 1995 Van Diemen RF95.", "The 1999 Australian Formula Ford season was one of the most competitive in the history of the sport, with Davison finishing third behind champion Greg Ritter.", "On a countback of race wins, he lost second place to Owen, who had five wins to Davison's four.", "After two years of Formula Ford, Davison's eyes turned to Europe.", "Sports cars Manthey Racing Unable to break into an open-wheel series, Davison found a role with German Sports Car team Manthey Racing.", "After racing in the German national series, he was promoted to the Porsche Carrera Cup, a pan-European series supporting several legs of the Formula 1 World Drivers' Championship, and finished sixth, including one victory at Indianapolis.", "After two more years with Manthey in the German series, Davison returned to Australia.", "In 2003 he played in the Australian Carrera Cup Championship.", "After breaking through for a round win at the end of 2003 Davison dominated the 2004 Australian Carrera Cup Championship, taking his first and only major championship title to date.", "In 2004, and 2005, Davison competed in V8 Supercars events, but was unable to find a full-time role in the series.", "He finished second in the 2006 season, after taking the seat of outgoing champion Fabian Coulthard.", "As Jim Richards focused on other series, Davison took over the seat.", "The runner-up was David Reynolds.", "In 2008 there was an opportunity to return to Europe and Davison took a drive with Team Felbermayr-Proton.", "Despite not winning a single race, Davison and Lieb finished second in the GT2 class behind Rob Bell.", "The same team drove with Davison in the 24 Hours of Le Mans in 2008.", "They finished fifth in class.", "There were guest drives in the American Le Mans Series.", "In 2012 Davison drove the Simjen 'Silver Bullet' in a return to the Australian Carrera Cup.", "The first round of the season at the Adelaide Street Circuit was won by Davison.", "Two of the first four rounds of the Australian Carrera Cup Championship were won by Davison.", "He joined the Motorsport V8 Supercars team in 2004, sharing Tony Longhurst's regular season car with Jamie Perkins.", "The pair finished 9th in the 2004 race.", "Longhurst left the team and was replaced by Davison for the final two sprint events of the year.", "This led to a full-time seat with Perkins in 2005 but with results not forthcoming, Davison was replaced before the season ended.", "Stone Brothers Racing Having returned from his European racing exploits, Davison returned to a full-time V8 Supercar seat with Stone Brothers Racing in 2009.", "The year was mostly disappointing, with the highlight being a second-place finish at Hidden Valley, thanks to a soft tyre strategy.", "A ninth-place finish in the opening race of the season at the Clipsal 500 was one of only three top ten finishes for the year.", "He achieved his first pole position on his return to Hidden Valley, but a potential podium finish was ruined by an electrical failure.", "At the opening race of the year in Abu Dhabi, Davison finished third, his second career podium.", "Lee Holdsworth replaced Davison in 2012 despite his better season.", "After spending 2012 in Carrera Cup, Davison was recalled to V8 Supercars in 2013 to drive for Team 18, a newly formed satellite team operating with Ford Performance Racing equipment.", "The season ended with a third place at the Phillip Island event.", "As an endurance co-driver, Davison has competed in V8 Supercars.", "In 2007, 2008, and 2012 he raced for different teams.", "He achieved top ten results on all four occasions.", "Erebus Motorsport bought out his former team Stone Brothers Racing in order to form the Enduro Cup.", "The opportunity to co-drive with his brother Will resulted in a 4th-place finish at the Bathurst 1000.", "The final sprint round of the 2015 season was entered by Davison as a replacement for Walsh.", "Alex was drafted in by Jonathon to drive the local ZB Commodore from the Eastern Creek Round onwards.", "He would partner Chris Pither as of November 28, it is not known if he will remain in his drive for 2021.", "His cousins James and Charlie are also related to the sport.", "He is married to Melanie Davison and has 2 children.", "The results of the Bathurst 1000 and the 24 Hours of LeMans are listed below.", "There are links to Alex Davison's profile on US Racing." ]

[ "Alexander Davison", "Davison", "Will Davison", "Lex Davison", "James Davison", "Will Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davisonru", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Will Davison", "Alex", "Davison", "Davison", "Richard Davison", "Lex Davison", "Will Davison", "Jon Davison", "James Davison", "Charlie Davison", "Luke Davison", "Lily Davison", "Melanie Davison", "Alex Davis" ]

[ "Alexander", "Will Davison", "James Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Davison", "Alex", "Melanie Davison", "Alex Davison" ]

[ "Timothy Paul Loughton, (born 30 May 1962) is a British Conservative Party politician and former banker, who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for East Worthing and Shoreham since the 1997 general election.", "Loughton was the Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families from 2010 to 2012 and has twice served as the Acting Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee in 2016 and 2021 following the respective resignations of Keith Vaz and Yvette Cooper.", "He has been a keen supporter of Leave Means Leave, a pro-Brexit group.", "Early life and career\nLoughton was born on 30 May 1962 in Eastbourne, East Sussex, England.", "From 1973 to 1980, he was educated at Priory School, a state comprehensive school in Lewes, East Sussex.", "From 1980 to 1983, he studied classical civilisation at the University of Warwick.", "There, he was secretary of the University of Warwick Conservative Association.", "He graduated with a first class honours Bachelor of Arts (BA Hons) degree in 1983.", "He then attended Clare College, University of Cambridge, where he studied Mesopotamian archaeology between 1983 and 1984.", "Loughton followed a career in the City of London as a fund manager from 1984 for Fleming Private Asset Management, becoming a director from 1992 to 2000.", "Parliamentary career\n\nEarly career\nLoughton unsuccessfully contested the seat of Sheffield Brightside for the Conservative Party at the 1992 general election, when he stood against the Labour Party's David Blunkett.", "In 1995 Loughton was selected as the candidate for the seat of East Worthing and Shoreham, a seat created as a result of boundary changes, replacing the Worthing and Shoreham constituencies.", "Loughton entered Parliament at the 1997 general election and was re-elected at the 2001 general election.", "At the 2005 general election, Loughton polled 43.9% of the vote, with a majority to 8,183.", "At the 2010 general election, Loughton polled 48.5% of the vote with a majority of 11,105.", "He was re-elected at the 2015 general election and 2017 general election.", "From 2000 to 2001 Loughton was Shadow Minister for Environment and from 2003 to 2010 he was Shadow Minister of Health and Children, during the Conservative Party's time as the shadow cabinet in opposition to the Labour Party.", "In 2010, Loughton appeared in the Channel 4 documentary series, Tower Block of Commons.", "Ministerial career\nIn May 2010, Loughton was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families, a position commonly known as 'children's minister'.", "In February 2012, Loughton was part of a ministerial working group on how the law should be changed regarding how to amend the Children Act 1989.", "According to The Guardian newspaper of 3 February 2012 the working group aimed to include in the new Children's Act one \"presumption of shared parenting\" for children's fathers and mothers after cases of divorce or spousal break up.", "In May 2012, he said marriage was a religious institution that should remain between one man and one woman.", "Loughton voted against the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill at almost every opportunity.", "In July 2018, he participated in first the Worthing Pride parade.", "A year later in July 2019, he voted to extend same-sex marriage and abortion to Northern Ireland, signalling a change in opinion.", "Loughton was dismissed as Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families in the government reshuffle of September 2012.", "Backbench career\nIn January 2013, Loughton was involved in a political dispute involving his earlier work as a minister in the Department of Education when he compared the role of Education Secretary Michael Gove to \"Young Mr Grace\" from the British sitcom Are You Being Served?, suggesting there was little interaction between ministers and staff in the department.", "The next day Loughton was described in an anonymous briefing from the Department of Education to The Spectator as a \"lazy, incompetent narcissist obsessed only with self-promotion\".", "The following month Loughton tabled \"hostile\" parliamentary questions to the Department of Education on the subject of complaints by staff, which The Independent described as \"a significant escalation of hostilities\" between Loughton and some of his old colleagues.", "In March 2013 it was reported that Loughton had been investigated by Sussex Police under the Malicious Communications Act following a complaint lodged by a constituent over Loughton's reply to their email.", "After several months, Loughton was advised by the Sussex Police that they would not be filing any charges.", "Loughton subsequently gave his account of the affair in a parliamentary privilege protected House of Commons speech and criticised the police response.", "Loughton then mailed a Hansard copy of the speech to the constituent, an action he believed was covered by parliamentary privilege.", "The constituent lodged another complaint about being sent the parliamentary papers, and Loughton was issued with a Police Information Notice (PIN) by Sussex Police.", "Loughton then arranged an emergency parliamentary debate, during which he accused the police of violating parliamentary privilege by issuing the PIN.", "A motion for the Standards and Privileges Committee to investigate his claims was granted.", "At a hearing of the Standards and Privileges committee in January 2014, Loughton said that by issuing the PIN the police had \"exacerbated the situation out of all control\".", "Sussex Chief Constable Martin Richards apologised to the committee, claiming he was unaware the Parliamentary Papers Act 1840 gave full legal protection to all parliamentary papers and blamed conflicting legal advice.", "Former deputy Chief Constable of Sussex Police Robin Merrett claimed he \"could understand\" the constituent being \"alarmed\" at receiving the copy of Hansard and \"fully supported\" the police actions.", "In March 2014, the Standards and Privileges Committee found Sussex Police in contempt of Parliament, forcing Sussex Police to issue an apology.", "In September 2013, Loughton apologised to former children's minister Sarah Teather after he was recorded at an event saying the Department of Education as a result of Teather was a \"family free zone\" and that Teather \"did not believe in family\" as \"she certainly didn't produce one of her own\".", "The comments made by Loughton were described as \"disgusting\" by Jo Swinson, the Liberal Democrat minister for Women and Equalities.", "In August 2015, it was reported that Loughton was amongst a number of supporters of other political parties who had paid £3 to register to join the Labour Party in an attempt to participate in its leadership election.", "He subsequently said he had registered using his parliamentary email account to reveal \"what a complete farce the whole thing is.\"", "He said that he was open in his intent and would not have actually voted.", "He was subsequently removed from the Labour party registered supporters list and not granted a vote in the Labour Leadership election.", "The fee paid by Loughton to register to a supporter of the Labour Party was retained as a donation by the Labour Party.", "In September 2015, it was reported that Loughton had claimed the fourth highest expenses claim in the country.", "It was noted that the majority of the top ten expenses claimants were from Scotland – and thus understandably had high travel expenses as they had the longest distances to travel to get between their constituency and Westminster.", "Loughton supported Brexit in the 2016 European Union membership referendum.", "He campaigned for it through the Vote Leave organisation.", "Loughton was Campaign Manager for Andrea Leadsom's unsuccessful bid to become leader of the Conservative Party.", "From 6 September 2016 – 19 October 2016, Loughton acted as Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee following the resignation of the Labour MP Keith Vaz over alleged inappropriate behaviour.", "On 12 February 2017, Loughton commented about his attendance earlier that evening at the BAFTAs, complaining that, during his acceptance speech for Best British Film (I, Daniel Blake), the director Ken Loach spoke \"the usual predictable drivel\".", "He was criticised for the comments by the Labour Party MP Andy Burnham, who responded: \"Tory in a bow-tie on a lavish freebie has his night ruined by being reminded how the other half live.\"", "On 29 June 2017, Loughton came fifth in the ballot of private members' bills.", "Loughton introduced the Civil Partnerships, Marriages and Deaths (Registration Etc.)", "Bill.", "In the House of Commons he sits on the Home Affairs Committee.", "He has previously sat on the Draft Mental Health Bill (Joint Committee) and Environmental Audit Committee.", "Loughton employs his wife as a part-time Office Manager on a salary up to £25,000.", "The practice of MPs employing family members has been criticised by some sections of the media on the lines that it promotes nepotism.", "Although MPs who were first elected in 2017 have been banned from employing family members, the restriction is not retrospective – meaning that Loughton's employment of his wife is lawful.", "After Loughton announced in October 2017 that he meditates in the bath for an hour every morning, it was reported that he had built up water bills over the previous two years of £662, which he had put on his expenses.", "After his initial comments on the length of time he spent in baths led to negative commentary in sections of the press, Loughton responded: \"MP takes bath is apparently hot news in Westminster at the moment.", "However the real story was a conference I co-hosted at Westminster yesterday which brought together 20 MPs from over 15 countries to promote mindfulness as one of the ways we can help tackle the epidemic of mental illness.\"", "On 26 March 2021, it was announced that Loughton was one of five MPs to be sanctioned by China for spreading what it called \"lies and disinformation\" about the country.", "He was subsequently banned from entering China, Hong Kong and Macau and Chinese citizens and institutions are prohibited from doing business with him.", "On 1 December 2021, Loughton was appointed acting Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee for a second time following the resignation of Labour MP Yvette Cooper, who was appointed Shadow Home Secretary.", "Personal life\nLoughton married Elizabeth Juliet MacLauchlan in 1992, and they have two daughters and one son.", "On 16 April 2015, he was elected Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of London (FSA).", "References\n\nExternal links\n Tim Loughton's Website\n \n Guardian Unlimited - Ask Aristotle Profile of Tim Loughton\n BBC Politics page\n Adur District Council MP page\n\n1962 births\nLiving people\nAlumni of the University of Warwick\nAlumni of Clare College, Cambridge\nConservative Party (UK) MPs for English constituencies\nUK MPs 1997–2001\nUK MPs 2001–2005\nUK MPs 2005–2010\nUK MPs 2010–2015\nUK MPs 2015–2017\nUK MPs 2017–2019\nUK MPs 2019–present\nPeople from Eastbourne\nPeople educated at Priory School, Lewes\nFellows of the Society of Antiquaries of London" ]

[ "Since the 1997 general election, Timothy Paul Loughton has been Member of Parliament (MP) for East Worthing and Shoreham.", "The Parliamentary Under-Secretary of State for Children and Families from 2010 to 2012 has twice served as the acting Chairman of the Home Affairs Select Committee following the resignations of two members.", "He supports the group Leave Means Leave.", "Early life and career Loughton was born on May 30 1962.", "He was educated at Priory School from 1973 to 1980.", "He studied classical civilisation at the University of Warwick.", "He was the secretary of the University of Warwick Conservative Association.", "He received a first class honours degree in 1983.", "Between 1983 and 1984 he studied Mesopotamian archaeology at the University of Cambridge.", "From 1992 to 2000 he was a director at Fleming Private Asset Management, following a career in the City of London as a fund manager.", "At the 1992 general election, he stood against the Labour Party's David Blunkett and lost.", "The seat of East Worthing and Shoreham was created in 1995 as a result of boundary changes and was previously held by the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people of the people", "At the 1997 general election, Loughton was re-elected for a second time.", "In the 2005 general election, 43.9% of the vote went to Loughton, with a majority of 8,183.", "A majority of 11,105 voted for Loughton at the 2010 general election.", "He was re-elected twice.", "During the Conservative Party's time as the shadow cabinet in opposition to the Labour Party, he was Shadow Minister for Health and Children from 2003 to 2010 and Shadow Minister for Environment from 2000 to 2001.", "The Tower Block of Commons documentary series aired on Channel 4 in 2010.", "In May 2010, Loughton was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families.", "The law should be changed regarding how to amend the Children Act 1989.", "According to The Guardian newspaper of 3 February 2012 the working group aimed to include in the new Children's Act one \"presumption of shared parenting\" for children's fathers and mothers after cases of divorce or spousal break up.", "He said in May 2012 that marriage should be between a man and a woman.", "The Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Bill was voted against almost every time.", "He participated in the Pride parade.", "He voted to extend same-sex marriage and abortion to Northern Ireland in July of 2019.", "The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Children and Families was dismissed in the government's September 2012 shuffle.", "When he was a minister in the Department of Education, he was involved in a political dispute and compared the role of Education Secretary Michael Gove to that of \"Young Mr Grace\" from the British sitcom Are You Being Served?", "The Department of Education briefed The Spectator that Loughton was a lazy, incompetent narcissist obsessed with self-promotion.", "The Independent described the situation as \"a significant escalation of hostilities\" between Loughton and some of his old colleagues after he tabled hostile parliamentary questions to the Department of Education on the subject of complaints by staff.", "The Malicious Communications Act was used to investigate Loughton after a complaint was made about his reply to an email.", "After several months, Loughton was told by the police that they wouldn't be filing charges.", "In a House of Commons speech, he gave his account of the affair and criticized the police response.", "He mailed a Hansard copy of the speech to the person, which he thought was covered by parliamentary privilege.", "Loughton was issued with a police information notice after he lodged a complaint about being sent the parliamentary papers.", "During the emergency parliamentary debate, he accused the police of violating parliamentary privilege by issuing the PIN.", "The Standards and Privileges Committee will investigate his claims.", "The police had \"exacerbated the situation out of all control\" by issuing the PIN, according to the Standards and Privileges committee.", "The Parliamentary Papers Act 1840 gave full legal protection to all parliamentary papers and Martin Richards blamed conflicting legal advice for his apology to the committee.", "Robin Merrett, who was the deputy chief constabulary of Sussex Police, said he fully supported the police actions.", "The Standards and Privileges Committee found the police in contempt and forced them to issue an apology.", "After he was recorded at an event saying the Department of Education as a result of Teather was a \"family free zone\" and that she didn't believe in family, he apologized to her.", "Jo Swinson, the Liberal Democrat minister for Women and Equalities, described the comments made by Loughton as \"disgusting\".", "In August 2015, it was reported that Loughton was one of a number of supporters of other political parties who paid a fee to join the Labour Party in order to vote in its leadership election.", "He said he used his parliamentary email account to reveal what a complete farce the whole thing was.", "He said that he wouldn't have voted because he was open in his intentions.", "He wasn't allowed to vote in the Labour Leadership election because he was removed from the registered supporters list.", "The fee was retained by the Labour Party as a donation.", "The fourth highest expenses claim in the country was claimed by Loughton.", "It was noted that the majority of the top ten expenses claims were from Scotland, and that they had high travel expenses as they had the longest distances to travel to get between their constituency and the parliament.", "The European Union membership referendum was supported by Loughton.", "He was involved in the Vote Leave organisation.", "The campaign manager for the failed attempt to become leader of the Conservative Party was Loughton.", "The Home Affairs Select Committee was chaired by Loughton after the resignation of the Labour Member of Parliament.", "The director Ken Loach spoke \"the usual predictable drivel\" during his acceptance speech for Best British Film at the BAFTAs.", "\"Tory in a bow-tie on a lavish freebie has his night ruined by being reminded how the other half live,\" said the Labour Party MP.", "On June 29, 2017, Loughton was fifth in the ballot of private members' bills.", "Civil partnerships, marriages and deaths were introduced by Loughton.", "Bill.", "He is on the Home Affairs Committee.", "He sat on the Environmental Audit Committee and the Draft Mental Health Bill.", "His wife is employed as a part-time Office Manager on a salary up to £25,000.", "Some sections of the media are against the practice of employing family members of MPs.", "Loughton's employment of his wife is legal because the restriction on employing family members is not retrospective.", "After he announced that he meditates in the bath for an hour every morning, it was reported that he had built up water bills over the previous two years, which he had put on his expenses.", "After his initial comments on the length of time he spent in baths led to negative commentary in sections of the press, Loughton responded: \"MP takes bath is apparently hot news in Westminster at the moment.\"", "The real story was a conference I co-hosted at Westminster yesterday which brought together 20 MPs from over 15 countries to promoteMindfulness as one of the ways we can help tackle the epidemic of mental illness.", "On March 26, 2021, it was announced that Loughton was one of five MPs who had been sanctioned by China for spreading lies about the country.", "Chinese citizens and institutions are banned from doing business with him after he was banned from entering China.", "The Home Affairs Select Committee had an acting Chairman on 1 December 2021, after the resignation of Labour Member of Parliament, Yvette Cooper, who was appointed Shadow Home Secretary.", "Loughton married Elizabeth Juliet MacLauchlan in 1992 and they have two daughters and a son.", "He was elected a fellow of the society on April 16, 2015.", "The profile of Tim Loughton can be found on the Guardian Unlimited website." ]

[ "Timothy Paul Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Tim Loughton", "Tim Lought" ]

[ "Timothy Paul Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Loughton", "Tim Loughton" ]

[ "Lia Halloran (born 1977) is an American painter and photographer who lives and works in Los Angeles.", "Life and education\nBorn in Chicago, IL., Lia Halloran grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area town of Pacifica, CA.", "Her youth was spent skateboarding and surfing, first given a skateboard at the age of five, and at the age of 15 was featured in Thrasher magazine.", "She developed an early love for science during high school at her first job, where she performed cow eye dissections and laser demonstrations at the Exploratorium in San Francisco.", "Her love for skateboarding, surfing, and science would later play an important role in her own understanding of art and creativity.", "Halloran's formal education began at UCLA, where she received a BFA in 1999, and then Yale, where she received a MFA in Painting in Printmaking in 2001.", "Halloran lives and works in Los Angeles, CA, and currently serves as Associate Professor of Art and Director of the Painting and Drawing Department at Chapman University in Orange, CA.", "She teaches painting, as well as courses she personally designed that explore the intersection of art and science.", "With an interdisciplinary approach towards her own work, an understanding of science provides a curious nature crucial to an artistic mind.", "One for adventure, Halloran's hobbies include flying planes.", "Work \nHalloran's studio practice is in constant dialogue between art and science.", "Originating through scientific concepts, her works interweave ideas of the natural world with those of physicality, sexuality, intimacy and movement.", "Her projects blend these ideas with that of mapping the physics of motion, as seen in The World Is Bound In Secret Knots and Dark Skate, or perception, scale, and giant crystal caves, as seen in The Only Way Out Is Through, or cabinets of curiosities and taxonomy, as seen in Wonder Room, or the periodic table of elements, as seen in Sublimation/Transmutation.", "Halloran has been involved in several collaborative projects, including co-curating exhibitions, one with artist Rebecca Campbell titled, Better Far Pursue A Frivolous Trade By Serious Means, Than A Sublime Art Frivolously, and another exhibition about the nature of scale with physicist Dr. Lisa Randall, titled Measure for Measure.", "Additionally, she is currently working a book with physicist Kip Thorne, which will include Halloran's paintings and Kip's prose about the warped side of the universe.", "Halloran's work has been featured in numerous publications, including The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The New Yorker, New York Magazine, The Boston Globe, and ArtNews.", "She has had solo exhibitions at the DCKT Contemporary (New York, NY), Martha Otero Gallery (Los Angeles, CA), Hilger NEXT (Vienna, Austria), Fredric Snitzer Gallery (Miami, FL), LaMontagne Gallery (Boston, MA) and Sandroni Rey (Los Angeles, CA).", "Her work has been acquired by the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York, NY), The Speyer Family Collection (New York, NY), the Art Museum of South Texas (Corpus Christi, TX), and The Progressive Art Collection (Cleveland, OH).", "Dark Skate\n\nThe haunting photographic series, Dark Skate (2008–present, c-prints), comments on the nature of physical being and spiritual essence in a contemporary world.", "Beginning in 2007, the ongoing series has been shot in the hidden and gritty architecture of various cities, including Los Angeles, Detroit, Miami, and Vienna.", "The photos illustrate an after-image of Halloran's performance, as she rides a skateboard with a light-source attached to her body.", "The long exposure time of the photographs, upwards of forty minutes, captures a light-drawing of motion but not the artist herself.", "Dark Skate can be understood as a series of self-portraits, while her physicality is not depicted, her essence illuminates the urban scenes.", "Like the individual photos trace a course of action, the entire series traces back Halloran's own biography: paying homage to her youth as a female skateboarder and surfer, and how it has merged with her own understanding and study of astrophysics.", "These experiences taught Halloran the meaning of a body in space, and how to trace her own path as she travels through the dark.", "While biographical, the series speaks of humanity on a much larger scale; specifically the human experience and interaction within the modern phenomenon of a concrete jungle.", "As infrastructure and industrialization replace the natural environment, the human spirit seems to have lost an intimate connection to its surroundings.", "The actual labor and process of Dark Skate addresses this modern disconnect, and humanizes the physical experience of living in the urban world.", "Deep Sky Companion \n\nHalloran's series, Deep Sky Companion (2013, cliché-verre prints), delves deep into the universe to explore the mystery between the known and unknown.", "Her collection references the scientific discoveries of deep sky objects, classified and catalogued by French astronomer, Charles Messier (1730–1817).", "As Messier translated his observations into reproductions, Halloran illustrates her own response to the 110 astronomical findings.", "While in a more simple pursuit of comets, Messier's unexpected observations were far greater, discovering whole galaxies and interstellar nebulae.", "In a similarly exploratory fashion, Halloran's procedure is largely a matter of chance, as the inks and prints are whim to natural and chemical processes.", "While entirely calculated, Halloran's works channel a similar uncertainty Messier faced.", "She reinterprets Messier's personal experience, enlivening a mystery and wonder that is often lost to scientific frustrations.", "Deep Sky Companion does not dwell in the unknown, but is energized by the fascinations of mystery.", "The collection of 110 circular photographic cliche-verre disks were acquired by the Caltech, and now permanently resides in the Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics.", "Halloran collaborated with architect, David Ross, to create the perfect physical and structural layout for the exhibition.", "The 110 photographic works climb upwards through three stories, of architect Thom Mayne's unique building of slanted ceilings and extreme planes, forcing viewers to mimic the physical experience of astronomers observing objects in deep space.", "Your Body is a Space That Sees \n\nIn the series, Your Body is a Space That Sees (2016-2017, cyanotype print), Halloran continues the theme of exploring scientific classification systems by re-investigating the timeline of discovery to unearth the influential women in its groundings.", "This large-scale series of cyanotypes is dedicated to the women of astronomy, whose fundamental and important impact on the field is often overlooked.", "This group of women known as the “Harvard Computers,” classified the brightness, size, and chemical composition of stars.", "In partnership with the Harvard University Archive, Halloran's works references the photographic plates used by these women to catalogue their research.", "With the support of an Art Works Grant from the National Endowment of the Arts in partnership with Chapman University, Halloran was able to conduct extensive research on these women, in order to create astonishing images of the night sky.", "The cyanotypes are created through a scientific and experimental process, by painting the images on semitransparent drafting film.", "Next, they are pressed on paper glazed with light-sensitive emulsion and exposed to the sun, creating a positive image.", "This process mimics that of the Harvard Computer's astronomical plates, essentially creating a photographic print without the use of a camera.", "Stepping away from the often formulaic process of science, Halloran's pieces do not dwell in accuracy, but instead offers an active experience, re-igniting the spirit of the universe.", "References\n\nAmerican photographers\nYale University alumni\n1977 births\nLiving people\nAmerican women painters\nPainters from Illinois\nAmerican women photographers\n21st-century American women artists\n21st-century women photographers" ]

[ "Lia Halloran is an American painter and photographer who lives and works in Los Angeles.", "Lia Halloran was born in Chicago, Illinois and grew up in the San Francisco Bay Area.", "At the age of five, she received a skateboard, and at the age of 15 she was featured in a magazine.", "At the Exploratorium in San Francisco, she performed cow eye dissections and laser demonstrations at an early age.", "Her love for skateboarding, surfing, and science led to her understanding of art and creativity.", "Her formal education began at UCLA, where she received a degree in 1999 and then at Yale, where she received a degree in 2001.", "Halloran is an Associate Professor of Art and Director of the Painting and Drawing Department at Chapman University in Orange, CA.", "She teaches courses that explore the intersection of art and science.", "A curious nature crucial to an artistic mind is provided by an understanding of science.", "Halloran's hobbies include flying planes.", "The dialogue between art and science is constant in Work Halloran's studio practice.", "Through scientific concepts, she weaves ideas of the natural world with those of sexuality, intimacy and movement.", "Her projects blend these ideas with that of mapping the physics of motion, as seen in The World Is Bound In Secret Knots and Dark Skate, or perception, scale, and giant crystal caves, as seen in The Only Way Out Is Through.", "Better Far Pursue A Frivolous Trade By Serious Means, Than A Sublime Art Frivolously, and another exhibition about the nature of scale with physicist Dr. Lisa are just a few of the collaborative projects Halloran has been involved in.", "She is working on a book with a physicist called \"The warped side of the universe\", which will include Halloran's paintings and Kip's prose about the warped side of the universe.", "The Los Angeles Times, The New York Times, The New Yorker, New York Magazine, The Boston Globe, and ArtNews have all featured Halloran's work.", "She had solo exhibitions at the DCKT Contemporary in New York, Martha Otero Gallery in Los Angeles, Hilger NEXT in Vienna, Austria, and LaMontagne Gallery in Boston, MA.", "The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, The Speyer Family Collection, Art Museum of South Texas, and The Progressive Art Collection have all acquired her work.", "The photographic series, Dark Skate, explores the nature of physical being and spiritual essence in a contemporary world.", "The series has been shot in a number of cities, including Los Angeles, Detroit, Miami, and Vienna.", "The photos show the aftermath of Halloran's performance, as she rides a skateboard with a light source attached to her body.", "The artist's light-drawing of motion is not captured by the long exposure time of the photographs.", "Her essence illuminates the urban scenes because she is depicted as a series of self-portraits.", "Like the individual photos, the entire series traces a course of action, paying homage to her youth as a female skateboarder and surfer, and how it has merged with her own understanding and study of astrophysics.", "The meaning of a body in space and how to trace one's own path were taught by these experiences.", "The series speaks of humanity on a larger scale, specifically the human experience and interaction within the modern phenomenon of a concrete jungle.", "The human spirit seems to have lost an intimate connection to its surroundings as infrastructure and industrialization replace the natural environment.", "The physical experience of living in the urban world is addressed by the labor and process of Dark Skate.", "The series, Deep Sky Companion, explores the mystery between the known and unknown.", "She references the scientific discoveries of deep sky objects in her collection.", "Halloran illustrates her own response to the findings of the telescope.", "While in a more simple pursuit of comets, Messier's unexpected observations were far greater.", "Halloran's procedure is largely a matter of chance, as the ink and prints are whim to natural and chemical processes.", "Halloran's works channel the same uncertainty that Messier faced.", "She brings back a mystery and wonder that is often lost to scientific frustration.", "Deep Sky Companion is interested in mystery and doesn't dwell in the unknown.", "The collection of photographic cliche-verre disks was acquired by the Caltech and is now in the Cahill Center for Astronomy and Astrophysics.", "The perfect physical and structural layout for the exhibition was created by Halloran and David Ross.", "The photographic works climb upwards through three stories of Mayne's unique building of slanted ceilings and extreme planes, forcing viewers to mimic the experience of observing objects in deep space.", "Your Body is a Space That Sees is part of the Your Body is a Space That Sees series.", "The women of astronomy have an important impact on the field that is often overlooked.", "The Harvard Computers classified the brightness, size, and chemical composition of stars.", "The photographic plates used by these women to catalogue their research are references in Halloran's works.", "With the support of an Art Works Grant from the National Endowment of the Arts in partnership with Chapman University, Halloran was able to conduct extensive research on these women, in order to create amazing images of the night sky.", "The images on the film are created through a scientific and experimental process.", "They are pressed on paper and exposed to the sun to create a positive image.", "This process is similar to the Harvard Computer's astronomical plates, in that it creates a photographic print without the use of a camera.", "Halloran's pieces do not dwell in accuracy, but instead offer an active experience, re-igniting the spirit of the universe.", "References American photographers Yale University alumni 1977 births Living people American women painters 21st-century American women artists 21st-century women photographers" ]

[ "Lia Halloran", "Lia Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran" ]

[ "Lia Halloran", "Lia Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Work Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran", "Halloran" ]

[ "Delloreese Patricia Early (July 6, 1931 – November 19, 2017), known professionally as Della Reese, was an American jazz and gospel singer, actress, and ordained minister whose career spanned seven decades.", "She began her long career as a singer, scoring a hit with her 1959 single \"Don't You Know?\".", "In the late 1960s she hosted her own talk show, Della, which ran for 197 episodes.", "From 1975 she also starred in films, playing opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights (1989), Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate (1996) and Elliott Gould in Expecting Mary (2010).", "Reese achieved continued success in the religious television drama Touched by an Angel (1994–2003), in which she played the leading role of Tess.", "Early years\nDella Reese was born Delloreese Patricia Early on July 6, 1931, in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, to Richard Thaddeus Early, an African-American steelworker, and Nellie (Mitchelle), a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe.", "Her mother had had several children before Reese's birth, none of whom lived with her; hence, Reese grew up as an only child.", "At six years old, Reese began singing in church; from this experience she became an avid gospel singer.", "On weekends in the 1940s, she and her mother would go to the movies independently to watch the likes of Joan Crawford, Bette Davis, and Lena Horne portray glamorous lives on screen.", "Afterward, Reese would act out scenes from the films.", "In 1944, she began her career directing the young people's choir, after she had nurtured acting plus her obvious musical talent.", "She was often chosen, on radio, as a regular singer.", "At the age of 13, she was hired to sing with Mahalia Jackson's gospel group.", "Reese entered Detroit's Cass Technical High School (where she attended the same year as Edna Rae Gillooly, later known as Ellen Burstyn).", "She also continued with her touring with Jackson.", "With higher grades, she became in 1947 the first in her family to graduate from high school, aged 15.", "After this she formed her own gospel group, the Meditation Singers.", "However, due in part to her father's serious illness and the death of her mother, Reese had to interrupt her schooling at Wayne State University to help support her family.", "Faithful to the memory of her mother, Delloreese moved out of her father's house when she disapproved of him taking up with a new girlfriend.", "She then took on odd jobs, such as truck driver, dental receptionist, and elevator operator, after 1949.", "Performing in clubs, Early soon decided to shorten her name from \"Delloreese Early\" to \"Della Reese\".", "Musical career\n\nReese was discovered by the gospel singer Mahalia Jackson, and her big break came when she won a contest, which gave her a week to sing at Detroit's well-known Flame Show Bar.", "Reese remained there for eight weeks.", "Although her roots were in gospel music, she now was being exposed to and influenced by such jazz artists as Ella Fitzgerald, Sarah Vaughan and Billie Holiday.", "In 1953, she signed a recording contract with Jubilee Records, for which she recorded six albums.", "Later that year, she also joined the Hawkins Orchestra.", "Her first recordings for Jubilee were songs such as \"In the Still of the Night\" (originally published in 1937), \"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm\" and \"Time After Time\" (1947).", "The songs were later included on the album And That Reminds Me (1959).", "In 1957, Reese released a single called \"And That Reminds Me\".", "After years of performing, she gained chart success with this song.", "It became a Top Twenty pop hit and a million-seller record.", "That year, Reese was voted by Billboard, Cashbox and various other magazines, as \"The Most Promising Singer\".", "In 1959, Reese moved to RCA Records and released her first RCA single, called \"Don't You Know?", "\", which was adapted from Giacomo Puccini's music for La bohème, specifically the aria \"Quando m'en vo'\" (Musetta's Waltz).", "It became her biggest hit to date, reaching the number 2 spot on the pop charts and topping the R&B charts (then called the \"Hot R&B Sides\") that year.", "It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.", "Eventually, the song came to be widely considered the signature song of her early career.", "She then released a successful follow-up single called \"Not One Minute More\" (number 16).", "She remained on the Billboard Hot 100 chart with \"And Now\" (number 69).", "In 1960 she released \"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\" (number 56), which was drawn from her Grammy-nominated album Della – a big band outing arranged by Neal Hefti who incorporated some arrangement ideas conceived by Reese.", "In November 1960, Reese appeared in advertisements in Ebony magazine for the newly launched AMI Continental jukebox.", "Reese recorded regularly throughout the 1960s, releasing singles and several albums.", "Two of the most significant were The Classic Della (1962) and Waltz with Me, Della (1963), which broadened her fan base internationally.", "She recorded several jazz-focused albums, including Della Reese Live (1966), On Strings of Blue (1967) and One of a Kind (1978).", "Live hit number 21 on the R&B charts.", "She also performed in Las Vegas for nine years, and toured across the country.", "She signed with Avco Embassy Records and released the soul-pop album Black is Beautiful in 1970, charting at number 44 on the R&B chart.", "In 1986, Reese formed the gospel group Brilliance with fellow singers O.C.", "Smith, Mary Clayton, Vermettya Royster, and Eric Strom.", "They released an album that earned Reese a Grammy nomination in the gospel category for the song \"You Gave Me Love\" (1987).", "She later earned another nomination for the album Live!", "My Soul Feels Better Right Now (1998).", "Motown singer Martha Reeves cites Reese as a major influence, and says she named her group the Vandellas after Van Dyke Street in Detroit and Della Reese.", "In 2017, Reese was inducted into the Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame.", "Television and film career\n\nIn 1969, Reese began a transition into acting work, which would eventually lead to her highest profile.", "Her first attempt at television stardom was a talk show series, Della, which was cancelled after 197 episodes (June 9, 1969 – March 13, 1970).", "In 1970, Reese became the first black woman to guest host The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson.", "She appeared in several TV movies and miniseries, was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B.", "A. Baracus in The A-Team episode \"Lease with an Option to Die\".", "In 1991, she starred opposite her old friend Redd Foxx in his final sitcom, The Royal Family, but his death halted production of the series for several months.", "Reese also did voice-over for the late 1980s Hanna-Barbera animated series A Pup Named Scooby-Doo on ABC.", "In 1989, she starred alongside Eddie Murphy, Richard Pryor and Redd Foxx in the film Harlem Nights, in which she performed a fight scene with Eddie Murphy.", "Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the television game show Match Game, and Latrice Royale impersonated Reese on season 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars in the \"Snatch Game of Love\", a Match Game and The Dating Game parody.", "Television guest appearances \nReese had a wide variety of guest-starring roles, beginning with an episode of The Mod Squad.", "This led to other roles in such series as: The Bold Ones: The New Doctors, Getting Together, Police Woman, Petrocelli, Joe Forrester, Police Story, The Rookies, McCloud, Sanford and Son (with Redd Foxx), Vega$, and Insight.", "She featured in two episodes of The Love Boat, three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox, four episodes of Charlie & Co. (opposite Flip Wilson), 227 (with best friend Marla Gibbs), MacGyver, Night Court, Dream On, Designing Women, Picket Fences, Disney Channel's That's So Raven, and The Young and the Restless.", "She also had a recurring role in It Takes Two opposite Richard Crenna and Patty Duke.", "Touched by an Angel \nAfter coping with the death of one of her best friends, Redd Foxx, in 1991, she was reluctant to play the older female lead in inspirational television drama Touched by an Angel, but went ahead and auditioned for the role of Tess.", "She wanted to have a one-shot agreement between CBS and producer Martha Williamson, but the network ordered more episodes.", "Reese was widely seen as a key component of the show's success.", "Already starring on Touched by an Angel was the lesser-known Irish actress Roma Downey, who played the role of case worker Tess's angel/employee, Monica.", "In numerous interviews, there was an on- and off-screen chemistry between both Reese and Downey.", "The character of Tess was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God's love, while at the same time, she was sassy and had a no-nonsense attitude.", "The show often featured a climactic monologue delivered by the angel Monica in which she reveals herself as an angel to a human with the words: \"I am an angel sent by God to tell you that He loves you.\"", "The character of Tess was portrayed by Reese as down-to-earth, experienced and direct.", "Reese also sang the show's theme song, \"Walk with You\", and was featured prominently on the soundtrack album produced in conjunction with the show.", "During its first season in 1994, many critics were skeptical about the show, it being the second overtly religious prime-time fantasy series, after Highway to Heaven.", "The show had a rocky start, low ratings and was cancelled 11 episodes into the first season.", "However, with the help of a massive letter-writing campaign, the show was resuscitated the following season and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons.", "At the beginning of the fourth season in 1997, Reese threatened to leave the show because she was making less than her co-stars; CBS ended up raising her salary.", "In 2000, her health problems became obvious when she collapsed on the set and was hospitalized.", "Touched by an Angel was cancelled in 2003, but it continued re-running heavily in syndication and on Ion Television (formerly PAX-TV), The Hallmark Channel, Up, and later MeTV.", "Downey said of her on- and off-screen relationship with Reese:\n\nDowney also said:\n\nPersonal life\nReese was the godmother of Roma Downey's daughter Reilly Marie.", "Reese officiated at the marriage ceremony of Downey and Mark Burnett in the absence of Downey's late mother.", "Family\nReese's mother, Nellie Mitchelle Early, died in 1949 of an intracerebral hemorrhage.", "Reese's father, Richard Early, died ten years later.", "Reese had an adoptive daughter from a family member unable to care for her, named Delorese Daniels Owens, born in 1961.", "Owens died on March 14, 2002.", "She died from complications stemming from pituitary disease.", "Sharing her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders, Reese said:\n\nMarriages\nIn 1952, Reese married factory worker Vermont Adolphus Bon Taliaferro, nineteen years her senior.", "She adopted the stage name Pat Ferro for a week, before introducing the stage name she used for the rest of her life—though sources differ as to whether this name change was after the failure of the marriage, or simply a show-business decision.", "A second marriage ceremony, on December 28, 1959, to accountant Leroy Basil Gray, who had two children by a previous marriage, was kept secret for some time.", "This marriage either ended in divorce or was annulled on the basis that Gray's previous divorce was invalid.", "In 1961, Reese was briefly married to bandleader Mercer Ellington (who was then her manager), before their union was annulled later that year due to Ellington's Mexican divorce from his wife Evelyn Walker being ruled invalid.", "In 1983, Reese married Franklin Thomas Lett, Jr., a concert producer and writer.", "Ministry\nIn the 1980s, Reese was ordained a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity after serving as the senior minister and founder of her own church, Understanding Principles for Better Living.", "The \"Up Church\" is under Universal Foundation for Better Living, a denomination of Christian New Thought founded by Rev.", "Johnnie Colemon, a close friend of Rev.", "Reese-Lett.", "In her ministerial work, she was known as the Rev.", "Dr. Della Reese Lett.", "Health and death\nIn 1979, during taping for a guest spot on The Tonight Show, Reese suffered a near-fatal brain aneurysm, but made a full recovery after two surgeries by neurosurgeon Charles Drake at University Hospital in London, Ontario.", "In 2016, shortly after her 85th birthday, Reese was said to be in poor health, and had undergone multiple surgeries.", "She stated that she had neglected her health for years, which had contributed to her developing type 2 diabetes.", "After her last appearance in Signed, Sealed, Delivered, she retired from acting.", "While Reese sometimes used a wheelchair, she avoided using one often, out of concern it would make her condition worse.", "Reese died at her home in the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles on November 19, 2017, at the age of 86." ]

[ "Della Reese was an American jazz and gospel singer, actress, and ordained minister who had a career that spanned seven decades.", "She scored a hit with her 1959 song \"Don't You Know?\".", "She hosted her own talk show in the late 1960s.", "She played opposite Redd Foxx in Harlem Nights (1989) and Martin Lawrence in A Thin Line Between Love and Hate (1996).", "Reese achieved continued success in the religious television drama Touched by an Angel, in which she played the leading role.", "Della Reese was born on July 6, 1931, in the historic Black Bottom neighborhood of Detroit, Michigan, to Richard Thaddeus Early, an African-American steelworker, and a Native American cook of the Cherokee tribe.", "Reese grew up as an only child because her mother had not had any other children with her.", "Reese began singing in church when she was six years old.", "On weekends in the 1940s, she and her mother would go to the movies on their own.", "Reese would act out scenes from the films.", "She began directing the young people's choir after she nurtured her acting and musical talent.", "She was a regular singer on radio.", "She was hired at the age of 13 to sing with Mahalia Jackson's group.", "Reese attended the same high school as Ellen Burstyn.", "She continued her tour with Jackson.", "She was the first in her family to graduate from high school at 15.", "She formed her own group after this.", "Reese had to interrupt her education at Wayne State University because of her father's illness and the death of her mother.", "Delloreese moved out of her father's house when she disapproved of him having a new girlfriend.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Delloreese Early decided to shorten her name to \"Della Reese\".", "Reese was discovered by Mahalia Jackson, who gave her a week to sing at the Flame Show Bar after she won a contest.", "Reese was there for eight weeks.", "She was exposed to and influenced by jazz artists such as Sarah Vaughan, and she was also influenced by her roots in gospel music.", "She recorded six albums after signing a recording contract with Jubilee Records.", "She joined the orchestra later that year.", "\"In the Still of the Night\", \"I've Got My Love to Keep Me Warm\" and \"Time After Time\" were her first recordings for Jubilee.", "The songs were included on the album.", "Reese released a single called \"And That reminds me\".", "She gained chart success with this song.", "It was a Top Twenty pop hit and a million-seller.", "Reese was voted the \"most promising singer\" by various magazines.", "Reese's first single was called \"Don't You Know?", "The aria \"Quando m'en vo'\" was adapted from the music for La bohme.", "She reached the number 2 spot on the pop charts and the number 1 spot on the R&B charts that year.", "It sold over one million copies and was awarded a gold disc by the RIAA.", "The signature song of her early career was the song.", "She released a follow-up single called \"Not One Minute More\".", "\"And Now\" remained on the Hot 100 chart.", "\"Someday (You'll Want Me to Want You)\" was a big band outing arranged by Neal Hefti who incorporated some arrangement ideas conceived by Reese.", "In 1960, Reese appeared in advertisements in a magazine.", "Reese recorded many albums and singles in the 1960s.", "Two of the most significant were The Classic Della and Waltz with Me, Della.", "One of a Kind was one of the jazz-focused albums she recorded.", "The live hit number 21 was on the R&B charts.", "She performed in Las Vegas for nine years.", "Black is Beautiful was a soul-pop album that was released in 1970 and was number 44 on the R&B chart.", "Brilliance was formed in 1986 by Reese and O.C.", "Smith, Mary Clayton, Royster, and Strom.", "The song \"You Gave Me Love\" earned Reese a gramophone nomination.", "She was nominated for the album Live!", "My soul feels better now.", "Martha says she named her group the Vandellas after Reese and Van Dyke Street in Detroit.", "Reese was a member of the Rhythm & Blues Music Hall of Fame.", "Reese began her acting career in 1969 and went on to have a high profile.", "The talk show series, Della, was canceled after 199 episodes.", "Reese was the first black woman to host The Tonight Show.", "She was a regular on Chico and the Man and played the mother of B.", "\"Lease with an option to die\" is an episode of The A-Team.", "The production of The Royal Family was halted for several months because of her friend Redd Foxx's death.", "Reese did voice-over work for the show.", "She played a fight scene with Eddie Murphy in the film Harlem Nights.", "Reese appeared as a panelist on several episodes of the television game show Match Game, and Latrice Royale impersonated Reese in the \"Snatch Game of Love\", a Match Game and The Dating Game parody.", "Reese had a lot of guest-starring roles on television.", "Other roles in the series include: The New Doctors, Getting Together, Police Woman, Petrocelli, Joe Forrester, Police Story, The rookies, McCloud, Sanford and Son, and Insight.", "She appeared in two episodes of The Love Boat, three episodes of Crazy Like a Fox, and four episodes of Charlie & Co.", "She had a recurring role in It Takes Two.", "She was reluctant to play the older female lead in Touched by an Angel because she was grieving the death of one of her best friends.", "She wanted to have a one-shot agreement with CBS, but the network ordered more episodes.", "Reese was seen as a key part of the show's success.", "The lesser-known Irish actress, Roma Downey, played the role of case worker Monica on Touched by an Angel.", "There was an on- and off-screen chemistry between Reese and Downey.", "At the same time, she had a no-nonsense attitude and was the angelic supervisor who sent the other angels out on missions to help people redeem their lives and show them God's love.", "The show featured an angel named Monica who told the audience that she was an angel sent by God to tell them that he loved them.", "Reese portrayed the character of Tess as direct and down-to-earth.", "The soundtrack album was produced in conjunction with the show and features Reese singing the show's theme song.", "It was the second religious prime-time fantasy series after Highway to Heaven, and many critics were skeptical about it during its first season.", "The 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The show was resuscitated with the help of a letter-writing campaign and became a huge ratings winner for the next seven seasons.", "Reese threatened to leave the show at the beginning of the fourth season in 1997 because she was making less than her co-stars.", "She was hospitalized in 2000 after collapsing on the set.", "In 2003 Touched by an Angel was canceled, but it continued to run on Ion Television, The Hallmark Channel, Up, and later MeTV.", "Downey said that Reese was the god of her daughter Reilly Marie.", "Downey's late mother did not make it to the marriage ceremony of Downey and Mark Burnett.", "Reese's mother died of an intracerebral hemorrhage in 1949.", "Reese's father died ten years later.", "Delorese Daniels Owens was adopted by Reese from a family member who was unable to care for her.", "On March 14, 2002, Owens died.", "She died from a disease.", "Reese shared her frustration with the lack of awareness and knowledge of pituitary disorders, and she married a factory worker nineteen years her senior.", "Sources differ as to whether the name change was due to the failure of the marriage, or simply a show-business decision, but she used the stage name Pat Ferro for the rest of her life.", "A second marriage ceremony was held on December 28, 1959 to accountant Leroy Basil Gray, who had two children by a previous marriage.", "The marriage ended in divorce because Gray's previous divorce was invalid.", "Reese was briefly married to Mercer Ellington, who was her manager at the time, before their union was nullified due to Ellington's Mexican divorce from his wife Evelyn Walker being ruled invalid.", "Reese married Franklin Thomas Lett, Jr. in 1983.", "Reese served as the senior minister and founder of her own church, Understanding Principles for Better Living, before becoming a minister through the Christian New Thought branch known as Unity.", "The \"Up Church\" is part of the Universal Foundation for Better Living.", "Johnnie Colemon is a close friend of Rev.", "Reese- Lett.", "She was known as the Rev. in her work.", "The doctor is Dr. Della Reese Lett.", "Reese made a full recovery after two surgeries at University Hospital in London, Ontario, after he suffered a near-fatal brain aneurysm while taping for a guest spot on The Tonight Show.", "Reese was said to be in poor health after her 85th birthday, and had undergone multiple surgeries.", "She stated that she had neglected her health for a long time, which contributed to her developing type 2 diabetes.", "She retired from acting after her last appearance.", "Reese avoided using a wheelchair out of concern that it would make her condition worse.", "Reese died in the Encino neighborhood of Los Angeles at the age of 86." ]

[ "Della Reese", "Della", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reeseu", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese Let", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese" ]

[ "Della Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Della Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese", "Reese" ]

[ "Arthur Henry Ashford Wynn (22 January 1910 – 24 September 2001), was a British civil servant, social researcher, and recruiter of Soviet spies for the KGB.", "Early life\nWynn was the son of a professor of medicine.", "Educated at Oundle School, he played rugby union.", "Wynn read natural sciences and mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge.", "Wynn was in Germany when Adolf Hitler became Chancellor.", "He married German communist Lieschen Ostrowski, to enable her to escape Nazi Germany.", "He returned to England, dissolved his marriage, and moved to Oxford for further study.", "While at the University of Oxford he joined the Clarendon Club, and met and married Margaret 'Peggy' Moxon, a student and a fellow member of the Communist Party of Great Britain.", "They married in 1938, and had four children (three sons and a daughter).", "In the following year, Arthur and Peggy Wynn wrote a study of the financial connections of the Conservative establishment which they published as \"Tory M.P.\"", "It was published in the USA as \"England's Money Lords\"; the Wynns published under the pseudonym 'Simon Haxey'.", "Intending to specialise in trade union law in partnership with Sir Stafford Cripps QC, Wynn studied law at Lincoln's Inn, and was called to the bar in 1939.", "During World War II, Wynn worked as a technical specialist on secondment at electronics company A.C. Cossor, working on projects that include IFF radar and advanced navigational aids for RAF Bomber Command.", "Agent Scott\nRecruited by Edith Tudor-Hart in 1936, Wynn was the Soviet spy known as \"Agent Scott\" of the KGB.", "Wynn created the less prominent Oxford spy ring, in some sense the University of Oxford \"counterpart\" to the Cambridge Five.", "The name Agent Scott first appeared in Soviet files in October 1936.", "In the 1998 book The Crown Jewels by writer Nigel West and the former KGB officer Oleg Tsarev, the NKVD London station reported a significant intelligence coup, stating that Edith Tudor-Hart had recruited \"a second Sohnchen,\" the code name used for Kim Philby.", "The memo further stated that \"in all probabilities, they offer even greater possibilities than the first.\"", "During the Stalinist purges, the KGB's London recruiting station was briefly closed, but \"Agent Scott\" appears to have maintained contact, and by 1941 he was recruiting additional sources.", "Spying\nRecruited to the NKVD's British team, Wynn began sending reports on Oxford members of the Communist Party.", "These were related to recruitment of spies, of which he listed 25, for which later screening – which Wynn himself was subjected to – five were considered highly suitable.", "These included an individual code-named \"Bunny\", who has never been identified.", "The basis of the Oxford spy ring he ran are suspected to have included a former Labour MP, a former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and an Oxford don.", "This team Wynn recruited became the basis for the Oxford spy ring.", "Another Oxford student that Wynn recruited was David Floyd.", "Floyd joined the British Diplomatic Service and spied for the Russians in Moscow at the UK military mission and the British embassy from 1944 to 1947 and then was posted to Belgrade.", "Wynn also identified and offered to recruit students from the University of Cambridge and the University of London, but his handlers urged him to be more \"selective.", "There should be no mass recruitment.\"", "Post-war\nMoved by a series of post-war coal mining disasters, he switched his attention to mining safety.", "After the nationalisation of the coal industry in 1948, Wynn became director of mining safety research at the Ministry of Fuel and Power.", "He was the National Coal Board's scientific member from 1955 to 1965, and then a senior civil servant in Tony Benn's Ministry of Technology until his retirement in 1971.", "Post-retirement, with his wife he became a prominent medical researcher and social commentator, particularly in the area of nutrition.", "Their papers were widely published and read, and used by many politicians to advance their own political agenda.", "Through their publications, the Wynns struck up a friendship with Tory MP Peter Bottomley.", "Tory leadership hopeful Keith Joseph based a 1975 speech on their published article for the Child Poverty Action Group examining the issue of poverty and single parenthood.", "Joseph's interpretation of the article lost him the support of Margaret Thatcher, who decided to run for the leadership herself.", "Public revelations from 1992\n\nThe real name of \"Agent Scott\" first came to light when the KGB permitted access to its files in 1992.", "The double life of Wynn was exposed in The Weekly Standard magazine by historians John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr and former KGB officer Alexander Vassiliev.", "The KGB refused to divulge \"Agent Scott\"'s name in 1992, prompting media speculation of a series of moles.", "When the KGB confirmed the existence of \"Agent Scott\" in 1996, the mole was incorrectly described as an Old Etonian, a Scotsman and a member of the Foreign Office: Wynn was none of these.", "Those accused of being \"Agent Scott\" therefore included former diplomat Sir David Scott Fox and Sir Peter Wilson, the former chairman of Sotheby's.", "From information uncovered by Vassiliev, a memo dated July 1941 from Pavel Fitin, the KGB's war time head of counter-intelligence, to KGB chief Vsevolod Merkulov, named \"Agent Scott\" as Wynn.", "It also identified \"Scott's\" recruiters as London based NKVD controller Theodore Maly, and Austrian-born spy Edith Tudor-Hart, who also recruited Kim Philby:\n\nPersonal life\nArthur Wynn died in London in 2001.", "Wynn is the grandfather of the historian and author Adam Tooze.", "Tooze's book, The Wages of Destruction (2006), is dedicated to Wynn and his wife, Peggy.", "References\n\n1910 births\n2001 deaths\nPeople educated at Oundle School\nAlumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nMembers of Lincoln's Inn\nCommunist Party of Great Britain members\nBritish communists\nEnglish barristers\nCivil servants in the Ministry of Power\nCivil servants in the Ministry of Technology\nBritish spies for the Soviet Union\nWorld War II spies for the Soviet Union" ]

[ "Wynn was a British civil servant, social researcher, and recruiter of Soviet spies.", "Wynn was the son of a professor of medicine.", "He was a rugby union player.", "Wynn was a student at Trinity College.", "When Hitler became Chancellor, Wynn was in Germany.", "He married a German communist to help her escape Nazi Germany.", "He moved to Oxford for further study after returning to England.", "He met and married Margaret 'Peggy' Moxon, a fellow member of the Communist Party of Great Britain, while he was at the University of Oxford.", "They had four children, three sons and a daughter.", "The Wynns wrote a study about the financial connections of the Conservative establishment.", "The Wynns were published under the name \"Simon Haxey\" in the USA.", "Wynn studied law at Lincoln's Inn and was called to the bar in 1939.", "Wynn worked for A.C. Cossor on projects that included IFF radar and advanced navigation aids.", "The Soviet spy known as \"Agent Scott\" was recruited by Edith Tudor-Hart.", "The University of Oxford \"counterpart\" to the Cambridge Five was created by Wynn.", "In October 1936, the name Agent Scott appeared in Soviet files.", "In the 1998 book The Crown Jewels, it was reported that Edith Tudor-Hart had recruited a second Sohnchen, the code name for Kim Philby.", "They offer even greater possibilities than the first, according to the memo.", "During the Stalinist purges, the KGB's London recruiting station was briefly closed, but by 1941 \"Agent Scott\" was recruiting additional sources.", "Wynn began sending reports on Oxford members of the Communist Party after he was recruited to the British team.", "These were related to the recruitment of spies, of which 25 were listed, and five were considered highly suitable.", "The code-named \"Bunny\" has never been identified.", "The basis of the Oxford spy ring is thought to have included a former Labour MP, a former director of the Victoria and Albert Museum and an Oxford don.", "The basis for the Oxford spy ring was recruited by this team.", "David Floyd was recruited by Wynn.", "Floyd joined the British Diplomatic Service and spied for the Russians in Moscow at the UK military mission and the British embassy from 1944 to 1947.", "Wynn tried to recruit students from the University of Cambridge and the University of London, but his handlers wanted him to be moreselective.", "There should be no mass recruitment.", "He switched his attention to mining safety after a series of coal mining disasters.", "Wynn became the director of mining safety research at the Ministry of Fuel and Power after the nationalisation of the coal industry.", "He was a member of the National Coal Board from 1955 to 1965, and a senior civil servant in Tony Benn's Ministry of Technology until 1971.", "He became a prominent medical researcher and social commentator after retiring with his wife.", "Many politicians used their papers to advance their own agendas.", "Peter Bottomley was befriended by the Wynns through their publications.", "The Child Poverty Action Group published an article in 1975 about the issue of poverty and single parenthood.", "Margaret Thatcher decided to run for the leadership despite Joseph's interpretation of the article.", "When the KGB allowed access to its files in 1992, the real name of \"Agent Scott\" came to light.", "The double life of Wynn was exposed by historians in The Weekly Standard magazine.", "The media speculated of a series of moles after the KGB refused to reveal \"Agent Scott\"'s name in 1992.", "Wynn was not an Old Etonian, a Scotsman or a member of the Foreign Office when the KGB confirmed the existence of \"Agent Scott\" in 1996.", "Sir David Scott Fox and Sir Peter Wilson were both accused of being \"Agent Scott\".", "Vassiliev uncovered a July 1941 memo from the war time head of counter-intelligence to the head of the KGB, named \"Agent Scott\".", "Edith Tudor-Hart, an Austrian spy who recruited Kim Philby, died in London in 2001.", "Adam Tooze is a historian and author.", "Tooze's book is dedicated to Wynn and his wife.", "Lincoln's Inn Communist Party of Great Britain members British communists English barristers Civil servants in the Ministry of Power British spies for the Soviet Union World War II" ]

[ "Arthur Henry Ashford Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Arthur", "Peggy Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Arthur Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn" ]

[ "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn", "Wynn" ]

[ "Frederick William Schule (September 27, 1879 – September 14, 1962) was an American track and field athlete, football player, athletic coach, teacher, bacteriologist, and engineer.", "He competed for the track and field teams at the University of Wisconsin from 1900 to 1901 and at the University of Michigan in 1904.", "He was also a member of the undefeated 1903 Michigan Wolverines football team that outscored its opponents 565 to 6.", "In 1904, Schule won the gold medal in the 110 meter hurdles at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri.", "From 1905 to 1907, he was employed as the director of the gymnasium and coach of the football and basketball teams at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana.", "Schule also worked as a school teacher in Wausau and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and as an assayer and bacteriologist in Utah and Chicago.", "He later worked as an engineer and superintendent for Westinghouse Lamp Company.", "In 2008, he was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame.", "Early years\nSchule was born in Preston, Iowa in 1879.", "His father, Frederick Schule, was an immigrant from Germany who was employed as a physician.", "His mother, Sophia Schule, was also an immigrant from Germany.", "He had four older sisters, Clara, Augusta, Henrietta, and Sophia.", "At the time of the 1880 United States Census, the family was living in Fairfield Township, Jackson County, Iowa.", "University of Wisconsin\nSchule began his collegiate studies at the University of Wisconsin, where he was a member of the track and field team from 1899 to 1900.", "In 1900, Schule won the Big Ten Conference championship in the long jump, becoming the first Wisconsin Badgers athlete to win a Big Ten championship in track and field.", "He repeated as Big Ten champion in the long jump in 1901 with a distance of 22 feet, 4-4/5 inches.", "Schule received a Bachelor of Science degree from the University of Wisconsin in 1901 in bacteriology and chemistry.", "After receiving his degree, Schule worked as a bacteriologist for the Chicago Sanitary District for five months.", "He then returned to the University of Wisconsin for post graduate studies and as a fellow in bacteriology.", "From 1902 to 1903, he taught physics at a high school in Wausau, Wisconsin.", "He was the Amateur Athletic Union (AAU) champion in hurdles in 1903.", "University of Michigan\nIn the fall of 1903, Schule enrolled at the University of Michigan where he studied chemistry.", "He received a master's degree from Michigan in 1904.", "While attending Michigan, Schule was also a member of the 1903 Michigan Wolverines football team coached by Fielding H. Yost.", "The 1903 football team compiled a record of 11-0-1 and outscored its opponents 565 to 6.", "In February 1904, Schule announced that he would also compete for the 1904 Michigan Wolverines men's track and field team coached by Keene Fitzpatrick.", "At the annual Penn Relays Carnival held in Philadelphia in April 1904, Schule \"left the field behind in the [120-yard] hurdle event, and won in the good time of 15 4/5 seconds.\"", "Schule also set a world record in the 75-yard hurdles while attending Michigan.", "Schule's record-setting time was 9-4/5 seconds at an indoor event in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on March 5, 1904.", "In June 1904, the University of Michigan's Athletic Board of Control ruled that Schule was no longer eligible to compete for the school in intercollegiate athletics, because he had already competed for four years.", "In 2008, Schule was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame.", "1904 Summer Olympics\nSchule competed for the United States as a hurdler at the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis.", "He won the gold medal in the 110 meter hurdle event with a time of 16.0 seconds, beating fellow American Thaddeus Shideler by two yards.", "Schule also competed in the 200 metre hurdles event and finished fifth.", "The 1904 Summer Olympics have been called the \"Michigan Olympics\" due to the fact that University of Michigan athletes (including Schule, shot putter Ralph Rose, sprinter Archie Hahn, and pole vaulter Charles Dvorak) won ten medals, including six gold medals.", "Coaching career\nAfter competing in the 1904 Olympics, Schule was employed as an assayer and chemist in Utah from 1904 to 1905.", "In 1905, he was hired at the director of the gymnasium at the University of Montana in Missoula, Montana.", "He also served as an instructor and coach at the University of Montana.", "He was the head football coach from 1905 to 1906 and the head basketball coach from 1905 to 1907.", "In two season as the head football coach, Schule compiled a record of 4-7 as his teams were outscored by a combined total of 166 to 150.", "Later years\nAt the time of the 1910 United States Census, Schule was living in Washington Township, Buchanan County, Missouri.", "He listed his occupation as a shoe merchant.", "He was also identified as a merchant residing in St. Joseph, Missouri in March 1912.", "Schule later worked a teacher at West Division High School in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "In September 1918, Schule indicated in a draft registration card that he was living in East Orange, New Jersey, with his wife Flora Randolph Schule (born July 22, 1884, in Nortonville, Kansas).", "He listed his occupation as an engineer with the Westinghouse Lamp Company.", "At the time of the 1920 United States Census, Schule was still living in East Orange with his wife Flora.", "They had three sons, Frederick W. Jr., Robert, and Paul.", "Schule listed his occupation as an electrical engineer.", "At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Schule was living in DeRuyter, New York, with his wife Flora and their three sons.", "At that time, he listed his occupation as a stock speculator.", "At the time of the 1940 United States Census, Schule was living with his wife Flora in Jersey City, New Jersey.", "He listed his occupation at that time as a superintendent for a lamp manufacturer and also indicated that he and his wife had resided in Owensboro, Kentucky in 1935.", "In 1942, Schule completed a draft registration card indicating that he was unemployed and living with his wife Flora R. Schule in Jersey City.", "Schule spent much of his retirement years in DeRuyter, New York.", "He moved to Poughkeepsie, New York, in 1960 and died there in 1962.", "He was buried at the Hillcrest Cemetery in DeRuyter.", "Head coaching record\n\nFootball\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1879 births\n1962 deaths\nAmerican male hurdlers\nAthletes (track and field) at the 1904 Summer Olympics\nBasketball coaches from Wisconsin\nMedalists at the 1904 Summer Olympics\nMichigan Wolverines football players\nMichigan Wolverines men's track and field athletes\nMontana Grizzlies football coaches\nMontana Grizzlies basketball coaches\nOlympic gold medalists for the United States in track and field\nWisconsin Badgers men's track and field athletes\nPeople from Preston, Iowa\nEducators from Wisconsin" ]

[ "Frederick William Schule was an American track and field athlete, football player, athletic coach, teacher, and engineer.", "He was a member of the track and field teams at the University of Wisconsin and the University of Michigan.", "He was a member of the Michigan football team that defeated its opponents 565 to 6.", "At the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Missouri, Schule won the gold medal in the 110 meter hurdles.", "He was the director of the gymnasium and coach of the football and basketball teams at the University of Montana from 1905 to 1907.", "In addition to his work as a school teacher, Schule also worked as a bacteriologist in Utah and Chicago.", "He was an engineer for the company.", "He was posthumously inducted into the University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame.", "In 1879, Schule was born in Iowa.", "His father was an immigrant from Germany who worked as a doctor.", "Sophia Schule was an immigrant from Germany.", "His four older sisters were Clara, Augusta, Henrietta and Sophia.", "The family lived in Jackson County, Iowa at the time of the United States Census.", "From 1899 to 1900, he was a member of the track and field team at the University of Wisconsin.", "The first Wisconsin athlete to win a Big Ten championship in track and field was Schule in 1900.", "He won the Big Ten long jump title in 1901 with a distance of 22 feet, 4 inches.", "The University of Wisconsin gave Schule a Bachelor of Science degree in 1901.", "He worked as a bacteriologist for the Chicago sanitary district for five months after receiving his degree.", "He was a fellow in bacteriology at the University of Wisconsin after graduating from the University of 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "He taught physics at a high school.", "He was the AAU champion in hurdles in 1903.", "He studied chemistry at the University of Michigan in the fall of 1903.", "He received a master's degree from Michigan in 1904.", "While at the University of Michigan, Schule was a member of the football team.", "The 1903 football team had a record of 11-0-1.", "In February 1904, Schule announced that he would compete for the Michigan men's track and field team.", "At the annual Penn Relays Carnival held in Philadelphia in 1904, Schule left the field behind in the 120 yard hurdle event and won in the good time of 15 4/5 seconds.", "While at the University of Michigan, Schule set a world record in the 75-yard hurdles.", "The record was set in Milwaukee, Wisconsin on March 5, 1904.", "In June 1904, the University of Michigan's Athletic Board of Control ruled that Schule was no longer eligible to compete for the school in intercollegiate athletics because he had already competed for four years.", "The University of Michigan Track & Field Hall of Fame inducted Schule in 2008.", "At the 1904 Summer Olympics in St. Louis, Schule was a hurdler for the United States.", "He won the gold medal in the hurdle event with a time of 16.0 seconds, beating his American opponent by two yards.", "In the 200 metres hurdles event, Schule finished fifth.", "The \"Michigan Olympics\" were named after the University of Michigan athletes who won ten medals, including six gold medals.", "After competing in the 1904 Olympics, Schule was employed as a chemist in Utah from 1904 to 1905.", "He was hired as the director of the gymnasium at the University of Montana in 1905.", "He was an instructor and coach at the University of Montana.", "He was the football coach from 1905 to 1906 and the basketball coach from 1905 to 1907.", "In his two seasons as the head football coach, the teams were defeated by a combined total of 166 to 150.", "At the time of the 1910 United States Census, Schule was living in Buchanan County, Missouri.", "He said he was a shoe merchant.", "He was a merchant in St. Joseph, Missouri in 1912.", "West Division High School is in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "In September 1918, Schule indicated in a draft registration card that he was living in East Orange, New Jersey with his wife.", "He listed his occupation as an engineer.", "At the time of the 1920 United States Census, he and his wife were still living in East Orange.", "They had three sons.", "He listed his occupation as an electrical engineer.", "At the time of the 1930 United States Census, Schule was living in New York with his wife and three sons.", "He listed his occupation as a stock speculator.", "At the time of the 1940 United States Census, Schule was living with his wife in Jersey City, New Jersey.", "He stated that he and his wife lived in Kentucky in 1935 and that he worked for a lamp manufacturer.", "In 1942, Schulenywayanyday a draft registration card indicating that he was unemployed and living with his wife in Jersey City.", "He spent most of his retirement years in New York.", "He moved to New York in 1960 and died there in 1962.", "He was buried in a cemetery.", "The head coaching record has links to 1879 births and 1962 deaths of American male hurdlers." ]

[ "Frederick William Schule", "Frederick Schule", "Sophia Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Frederick W", "Schule", ". Schule" ]

[ "Frederick William Schule", "Schule", "Sophia Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schule", "Schulen" ]

[ "{{Infobox writer\n| name = Joan Retallack\n| image =\n| imagesize = \n| caption = \n| birth_name = \n| birth_date = \n| birth_place = Manhattan, New York\n| death_date = \n| death_place = \n| occupation = Poet, scholar\n| alma_mater = B.A., University of Illinois, Urbana; M.A., Georgetown University\n| spouse = \n| subject = \n| period = \n| genre = poetry, essay\n| movement = Postmodern \n| notableworks = 'The Poethical Wager, \"Procedural Elegies / Western Civ Cont’d\", \"Memnoir,\" \"How To Do Things With Words,\" \"Afterrimages,\" \"Errata 5uite\"\n| awards = Columbia Book Award (2010), Lannan Foundation Poetry Award (1998–99), America Award in Belles-Lettres, and a National Endowment for the Arts grant.", "| signature = \n}}\n\nJoan Retallack (born October 13, 1941) is an American poet, critic, biographer, and multi-disciplinary scholar.", "She is the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Professor of Humanities at Bard College where she teaches courses in poetics, poethics, and experimental traditions in the arts.", "Retallack directed the Language & Thinking Program at Bard for ten years and is currently participating in the development of an Arabic Language & Thinking Program at Al-Quds University, the Palestinian university in Jerusalem.", "Retallack has read and performed her poetry, lectured, and participated in conferences, festivals, and invited residencies in Canada, England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.", "Her work has been translated into six languages.", "In 2009, she delivered the Judith E. Wilson Poetics Lecture at Cambridge University, which hosted a two-day conference on her work.", "Her interests in poetics include polylingualism, ecopoetics, and the poethics of alterity.", "Life and work\n\nBorn in Manhattan October 13, 1941, she grew up in Chelsea, the Bronx, and Charleston S.C., spending time in the mid-West before moving in the sixties to Washington D.C. where she was active in arts, antiwar, and civil rights groups based at the Institute for Policy Studies.", "She took part in many socio- political actions during that time, including the education project for Martin Luther King Jr’s Poor People’s Campaign.", "Her collage-constructions were exhibited in the Corcoran Gallery of Art’s Rental Gallery, and she was part of a community of D.C. experimental poets before moving to her present home in the Hudson Valley.", "Joan Retallack received her B.A.", "from the University of Illinois, Urbana and her M.A.", "from Georgetown University.", "She is the author of numerous books of poetry, winning many awards including the Columbia Book Award, a Lannan Foundation Poetry Award (1998–99), the America Award in Belles-Lettres, and a National Endowment for the Arts grant.", "Retallack is the author of many critical studies, including The Poethical Wager (2003), and a study of Gertrude Stein (2008).", "The editors of the anthology Eleven More American Women Poets in the 21st Century: Poetics Across North America note that Retallack is \"well known for her important intervention in and contribution to feminist criticism, 'Re: Thinking: Literary: Feminism,' [in her book The Poethical Wager] in which she rejects several feminist literary models, proffering instead a multiple, unintelligible, polylingual 'experimental feminine' that can '''exercise the power of the feminine' as construct, 'aesthetic behavior' and not as the 'expression of female experience (author’s italics).", "She calls for a literary feminism that reflects the 'disruptively audible—if not immediately intelligible—swerve or real gender/genre trouble [that] is possible only if we recognize what has been the continual constituting of feminine forms in language.'", "\"\n\nAwards and honors\n\n Gertrude Stein Award in Innovative American Poetry, 1993.", "Pushcart Prize in 1985 for \"High Adventures of Indeterminacy.\"", "Retallack’s Errata 5uite (1993) was selected by poet Robert Creeley to receive the Columbia Book Award.", "Retallack received a Lannan Foundation Literary Grant in 1998–99.", "American Award in Belles-Lettres in 1996 for MUSICAGE: John Cage in Conversation with Joan Retallack.", "National Endowment for the Arts funding for an artist’s book project—Western Civ Cont’d, An Open Book\n\nSelected publications\n\nCritical\n editor: Gertrude Stein: Selections.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008\nThe Poethical Wager.", "Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003\nM U S I C A G E / CAGE MUSES on Words.", "Art.", "Music: John Cage in Conversation with Joan Retallack.", "Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1996.", "Poetry\nProcedural Elegies / Western Civ Cont’d.", "Roof, 2010.", "Memnoir.", "The Post-Apollo Press, 2004.", "Memnoir.", "Translated into French by Omar Berrada, Emanuel Hocquard, Juliette Valéry, et al.", "Marseille: CipM, 2004.", "Steinzas en médiation.", "Translated by Jacques Roubaud.", "Bordeaux: Format Américain, 2002.", "MONGRELISME: A Difficult Manual for Desperate Times.", "Providence, Paradigm Press, 1998.", "How To Do Things With Words.", "Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Classics, 1998.", "A F T E R R I M A G E S. Hanover: Wesleyan University Press, 1995.", "Icarus FFFFFalling.", "Buffalo: Leave Books, 1994.", "Errata 5uite.", "Washington, DC: Edge Books, 1993.", "Circumstantial Evidence.", "Washington, DC: S.O.S.", "Books, 1985.", "Artist books\nWESTORN CIV CONT'D, AN OPEN BOOK.", "cardboard, grommets, movable images, handmade paper, collage and text.", "Riverdale: Pyramid Atlantic, 1995.", "Exhibitions\n\nUntitled, collage construction with xerographic photos, in Come Shining, Poet's Theater Exhibition Space, St. Mark's Place, N.Y., December 1997.", "WESTORN CIV CONT'D: AN OPEN BOOK, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Artists' Books Exhibition, Fall 1997.", "WESTORN CIV CONT'D: AN OPEN BOOK, Baltimore Museum of Art Print Fair, Spring 1996.", "WESTORN CIV CONT'D: AN OPEN BOOK, Corcoran Gallery of Art, Artists' Books Exhibition, Fall 1995.", "WESTORN CIV CONT'D: AN OPEN BOOK, Washington Project for the Arts, \"Intertextual Strategies,\" 1995.", "Errata 5uite / Varications I for John Cage, a wall installation and performance of Errata Slips, magnetic tape, and voices Guggenheim Museum Soho, 1993.", "Untitled, pencil on cut paper and audio cassette The Philadelphia Museum of Art, \"Drawing Sounds,\" 1993.", "Untitled (collage and construction) Alter-Biennial, Eastern Market, Washington DC, 1975.", "Untitled I-IV, collages, Washington Gallery of Art, Washington D.C., 1973.", "Untitled I & II, collages, \"Works by Women,\" The Corcoran Gallery of Art, D.C., 1972.", "Washington Gallery of Modern Art, Washington D.C., Festival of Washington Film Makers, 1969.", "American Playground Theater, Experimental Film Project, Institute for Policy Studies, Washington D.C., 1968.", "Critical works on Retallack's writing\n\"Silénzio / Scienza: Registering 5 in Joan Retallack’s Errata 5uite\" AJ Carruthers, Cordite Poetry Review, 2014\n\"The Aural Ellipsis and the Nature of Listening in Contemporary Poetry,\" Nick Piombino, in Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word, ed.", "Charles Bernstein.", "New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.", "\"After Free Verse: The New Nonlinear Poetries,\" Marjorie Perloff, in Close Listening: Poetry and the Performed Word, ed.", "Charles Bernstein.", "New York & Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998.", "\"After Joan Retallack,\" Dierdre Kovac, Denver Quarterly, Winter 1997.", "\"AFTERRIMAGES,\" Stephen C. Behrendt, Prairie Schooner, Fall 1996.", "\"AFTERRIMAGES: Revolution of the (Visible) Word,\" Marjorie Perloff, in Experimental, Visual, Concrete: Avant-Garde Poetry Since the 1960s, eds.", "K. David Jackson, Eric Vos, Johanna Drucker, Rodopi, Amsterdam-Atlanta, 1996.", "First printed in shorter form in Sulfur #37, Winter 95-96.\nReview of M U S I C A G E \"Conversations with John Cage,\" Kenneth Baker, Art Critic of The San Francisco Chronicle, March 10, 1996.", "\"Women Writers and the Restive Text: Feminism, Experimental Writing and Hypertext,\" Barbara Page, Postmodern Culture, v.6 n.2, Jan.'96.", "\"Partial to Error: Joan Retallack's ERRATA 5UITE,\" Hank Lazer, Opposing Poetries, V.2, Northwestern University Press, 1996.", "First printed in RIF/T 2.1, SUNY at Buffalo, Winter, 1994.", "\"Spd of Snd--Grace of Lt: Joan Retallack's WESTERN CIV and the 'Cultural Logic' of the Postmodern Poem,\" Alan Devenish, Contemporary Literature, Volume 35, Number 3, The University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, Fall 1994.", "\"ERRATA 5UITE,\" Elizabeth Burns, Poetic Briefs #16, Albany, June/July 1994.", "\"Circumstantial Evidence: Poems by Joan Retallack,\" Paul Green, Archeus, London, Fall, 1989.", "\"Joan Retallack Interviewed by P. Inman,\" The Washington Review of the Arts, V.XIII, No.2, Washington DC, 1987.", "References\n\nExternal links\nSilénzio / Scienza: Registering 5 in Joan Retallack’s Errata 5uite in Cordite Poetry Review 2014\nBard Faculty Homepage\nThe Poethical Wager, UC Press E-Books Collection\nWord Salad: Madison Welcomes Joan Retallack\nRetallack page at PennSound link to extensive audio files including readings and lectures\nRetallack Homepage at Electronic Poetry Center\nTwo Short Jots from Joan Retallack\nChance of a lifetime: Joan Retallack on Jackson Mac Low\nWitt&Stein: A Poetics text of an essay by Retallack\nAbout Mass Transit: The Dupont Circle Circle text of an essay by Retallack, originally published in the Washington Review 14.2 (August/September 1988)\nRethinking Poetics Log at the \"Rethinking Poetics Conversation\" site\n\n1941 births\nLiving people\nModernist women writers\nAmerican women poets\nPoets from New York (state)\nWriters from Manhattan\nUniversity of Illinois alumni\nGeorgetown University alumni\n20th-century American poets\n21st-century American poets\nActivists from New York (state)\n21st-century American women writers\n20th-century American women writers" ]

[ "Joan Retallack is an infobox writer and she is from Manhattan, New York.", "Joan Retallack is an American poet, critic, biographer, and multi-disciplinary scholar.", "She teaches courses in poetics, poethics, and experimental traditions in the arts at Bard College.", "Retallack directed the Language & Thinking Program at Bard for ten years and is currently involved in the development of an Arabic Language & Thinking Program at Al-Quds University in Jerusalem.", "Retallack has been invited to residencies in Canada, England, France, Spain, Portugal, Italy, Germany, Sweden, Russia, Hungary, and the Czech Republic.", "Her work has been translated into six different languages.", "In 2009, she delivered the Judith E. Wilson Poetics Lecture at Cambridge University, which hosted a two-day conference on her work.", "Her interests in poetics include polylingualism, ecopoetics, and the poethics of alterity.", "She grew up in Manhattan, the Bronx, and Charleston S.C. before moving to Washington D.C. where she was active in arts, antiwar, and civil rights groups.", "She was involved in the education project for Martin Luther King Jr.'s Poor People's Campaign.", "She was part of a community of D.C. experimental poets before moving to the Hudson Valley.", "Her B.A. was received by Joan Retallack.", "She received her M.A. from the University of Illinois.", "From Georgetown University.", "She has won many awards, including the Columbia Book Award, the Lannan Foundation Poetry Award, and the America Award in Belles-Lettres.", "The Poethical Wager is one of the critical studies written by Retallack.", "The editors of the anthology Eleven More American Women Poets in the 21st Century: Poetics Across North America note that Retallack is well known for her important intervention in and contribution to feminist criticism.", "If we recognize what has been the continual constituting of feminine forms in language, then a literary feminism that reflects the 'disruptively audible'--if not immediately intelligible--swerve or real gender/genre trouble is possible.", "The Innovative American Poetry Award was presented by the Gertrude Stein Award.", "The Pushcart Prize was given for \"High Adventures of Indeterminacy\".", "The Columbia Book Award was given to Retallack's Errata 5uite.", "The Lannan Foundation gave a literary grant to Retallack.", "MusicAGE: John Cage in Conversation with Joan Retallack received an American Award.", "National Endowment for the Arts funding for an artist's book project.", "The Poethical Wager was published by the University of California Press.", "The University of California Press has a book called M U S I C A G E.", "Art.", "John Cage is talking to Joan Retallack.", "The Wesleyan University Press was published in 1996.", "Western Civilization Cont'd is a poetry Procedural Elegies.", "There was a roof in 2010.", "Memnoir.", "The Post-Apollo Press was published in 2004.", "Memnoir.", "They translated it into French.", "In 2004, the city of Marseille.", "Steinzas en médiation.", "Jacques Roubaud translated.", "The format Américain was published in 2002.", "There is a Difficult Manual for Desperate Times.", "Providence was published by Paradigm Press in 1998.", "Things can be done with words.", "Los Angeles: Sun & Moon Classics.", "A F T E R R I M A G E S.", "Icarus FFFFFalling.", "Buffalo: Leave books.", "Errata is a 5uite.", "Edge Books was in Washington, DC.", "There is evidence.", "S.O.S. is located in Washington, DC.", "There were books in 1985.", "An open book of artist books.", "Handmade paper and text are included.", "In 1995 there was a movie called Riverdale: Pyramid Atlantic.", "Come Shining, Poet's Theater Exhibition Space, St. Mark's Place, N.Y., was the site of an exhibition in 1997.", "There is an open book at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.", "There is an open book at the Baltimore Museum of Art.", "There is an open book at the Corcoran Gallery of Art.", "\"Intertextual Strategies\" is a book by the Washington Project for the Arts.", "Errata Slips, magnetic tape, and voices are part of the Guggenheim Museum's Varications I for John Cage.", "Untitled, pencil on cut paper and audio cassette from The Philadelphia Museum of Art.", "The Alter- Biennial was held in Washington DC in 1975.", "The Washington Gallery of Art in Washington D.C. had an Untitled I-IV.", "\"Works by Women,\" The Corcoran Gallery of Art, D.C., 1972, is an Untitled I & II.", "The Festival of Washington Film Makers took place in 1969.", "The Institute for Policy Studies is located in Washington D.C.", "\"Silénzio /Scienza: Registering 5 in Joan Retallack's Errata 5uite\" is a critical work.", "The man is Charles Bernstein.", "Oxford University Press was published in 1998.", "Marjorie Perloff wrote \"After Free Verse: The New Nonlinear Poetries\".", "The man is Charles Bernstein.", "Oxford University Press was published in 1998.", "Dierdre Kovac wrote \"After Joan Retallack\".", "Stephen C. Behrendt wrote \"AFTERRIMAGES\" in the fall of 1996.", "Marjorie Perloff wrote \"AFTERRIMAGES: Revolution of the (Visible) Word\".", "K. David Jackson, Eric Vos, Johanna Drucker, and Rodopi were in 1996.", "The Review of M U S I C A G E \"Conversations with John Cage\" was published in the San Francisco Chronicle on March 10, 1996.", "Barbara Page wrote \" Women Writers and the Restive Text: Feminism, Experimental Writing and Hypertext.\"", "Hank Lazer wrote \"Partial to Error: Joan Retallack's ERRATA 5UITE\".", "The first printed in RIF/T 2.1 was at the State University of Buffalo.", "\"Joan Retallack's Western Civilization and the 'Cultural Logic' of the Postmodern Poem\" was written by Alan Devenish.", "\"ERRATA 5UITE,\" Elizabeth Burns, Poetic Briefs #16, Albany, June/July 1994.", "\"Circumstantial Evidence: Poems by Joan Retallack\" was written by Paul Green.", "\"Joan Retallack Interviewed by P. Inman,\" The Washington Review of the Arts, V.XIII, No.2, Washington DC, 1987.", "Silénzio /Scienza: Registering 5 in Joan Retallack's Errata 5uite in Cordite Poetry Review is an External link." ]

[ "Joan Retallack", "Joan Relack", "Joan Retallack", "Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Re", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retalla" ]

[ "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Retallack", "Joan", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retallack", "Joan Retalla", "Joan Rela", "Joan Retallack" ]

[ "Constantine Phaulkon (Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Γεράκης, Konstantinos Gerakis; γεράκι is the Greek word for \"falcon\"; 1647 – 5 June 1688, also known as Costantin Gerachi, Capitão Falcão in Portuguese and simply as Monsieur Constance in French) was a Greek adventurer who became the prime counsellor to King Narai of Ayutthaya and assumed the Thai noble title Chao Phraya Wichayen' (เจ้าพระยาวิชาเยนทร์).", "Origins\nConstantine Phaulkon was born to Greek parents within Assos Castle in the region of Erisso (pertinenza di Erisso) on northern Cephalonia (then under Venetian rule).", "His father's name was Zuane (Greek: Τζουγάνης that is John) and his mother's is still unknown.", "The Gerakis (Γεράκης) / Gerachi family was already established there, in the village of Plagia (Πλαγιά), since the 16th century.Cangelaris, Kefalonitiki Proodos, No.", "3, pp.", "14–18.", "Early career\nAt age 13, Phaulkon left Cephalonia on an English ship and spent the next ten years of his life living in London.", "It was then, that his name “Gerachi” was anglicised into “Falcon”, before its re-Hellenization into “Phaulkon”.", "He may have served in the Royal Navy and fought the Dutch under the command of Prince Rupert of the Rhine during the Second Anglo-Dutch War.", "In 1669, Phaulkon sailed to Bantam on an English ship, the Hopewell as assistant gunner and enlisted as a clerk in the English East India Company.", "He made friends with senior Company official Richard Burnaby and trader George White as well as his younger brother Samuel.", "While assistant gunner, Phaulkon came to Siam (present day Thailand), as a merchant in 1675 after working for England's East India Company.", "Phaulkon became fluent in Siamese language in just a few years (he was also fluent in English, French, Portuguese, and Malay).", "In 1679, Burnaby presented Phaulkon into the service of the Phra Khlang Kosa Lek to help facilitate the trade.", "In 1681, Lek introduced him into the court of King Narai and Phaulkon began to work as an interpreter, quickly gained the royal favor.", "Due to his experience with the East India Company, he also worked in the treasury.", "Rise to power\nThere were many accounts to Phaulkon's rise to power and winning the favour of King Narai.", "One of which was his efficiency in accounting, in which he investigated a claim by Persian traders that the treasury had owed them debt.", "Phaulkon came to the conclusion that it was the Persian traders whom owed the treasury after his inspection of the account; garnering much revenue for the treasury at the expense of the traders.", "Another story suggests that King Narai wanted to investigate the weight of a cannon.", "Phaulkon proceeded to place the cannon on a boat, and marked a waterline.", "He then removed the cannon and filled the boat with rice until it reaches the drawn waterline.", "Due to Phaulkon's competence and administrative abilities, as well as his knowledge of Europe, King Narai came to favour him greatly.", "In 1682, Phaulkon abandoned Anglicanism for Catholicism and soon after married a Catholic woman of mixed Japanese-Portuguese-Bengali descent named Maria Guyomar de Pinha.", "They lived a life of affluence as Phaulkon rose to become highly influential at the Siamese court of King Narai.", "Their marriage brought two sons, George \"Jorge\" Phaulkon and Constantin \"João\" Phaulkon.", "In 1683 Phaulkon suggested a plan to King Narai for the construction of the fort of Mergui in polygonal European style, which was strongly opposed by Kosa Lek.", "Lek was later accused of receiving bribes from peasants who did not want to be drafted into the Mergui construction and was later flogged with rattan sticks under the King's orders.", "Lek died due to the injuries inflicted on him about a month later in July, and his properties were later confiscated.", "King Narai offered Lek's former position to Phaulkon, which he declined and instead accepted the advisory role to the Malay noble Okya Wang, who had assumed the position.", "In 1686, Phaulkon was a commander in the royal forces during the suppression of the Makassar Revolt.", "He personally led the troops during the fighting and was almost killed in combat.", "In the aftermath of the suppression, Phaulkon oversaw the punishments of the rebel prisoners as well as deserters.", "French rapprochement\n\nFollowing troubles with the English and the Dutch, Phaulkon engineered a Franco-Siamese rapprochement leading to the exchange of numerous embassies between France and Siam, as well as the dispatch of an expeditionary force by the French by 1687.", "Phaulkon, called Monsieur Constance by the French and addressed cher ami by their king, was their main ally for several years.", "In recognition King Louis XIV of France awarded him with the knighthood of the Order of Saint Michael, a hereditary title in the French nobility as well as French citizenship for him and his family.", "King Narai had hoped to use the French as a counterweight to Dutch influence.", "The embassy of Chevalier de Chaumont in 1685 further strengthened ties between the two Kingdoms, Chaumont also being accompanied by Jesuit Guy Tachard and French naval commander Claude de Forbin, who would remain to serve King Narai as Governor of Bangkok, as well as training Siamese troops in European tactics with the Thai title Ok-Phrasaksongkram.", "Forbin would later become the subject of Phaulkon's bitter jealousy.", "During Tachard's presence in Siam, Phaulkon plotted to secure his power and influence; through secret diplomacy with the Jesuit.", "He drafted a letter requesting Frenchmen to be sent from France, whom he would to use his power to place in political and military offices, as his supporters, and under his patronage.", "Phaulkon also requested that King Louis XIV send troops and warships to secure the southern port city of Singora, which has been conceded to France by King Narai.", "The Greek favourite of King Narai also offered the concession of the port of Mergui, previously held by Phaulkon's English pirates- to French control, of which the King consented to eventually.", "Phaulkon became a prime counsellor to the king in 1685 and expresses a desire to designate a Catholic successor to King Narai, most likely, Phra Pi, who was Narai's adopted son and a Catholic convert, as well as scheming to convert the Kingdom to Catholicism, albeit peacefully, by winning the masses over through charity and alms.", "Phaulkon wanted a successor who would uphold amiable relations with France and offer privileges to the French, which would guarantee his political standing and security in a court that has grown increasingly hostile to his influence and power.", "King Narai proceeded to send an embassy to France in response, led by Kosa Pan.", "An audience was granted by King Louis XIV at Versailles and the embassy toured the French country.", "Feud with the East India Company\nAs a result of his meteoric rise to power and King Narai's trust in him, Phaulkon's old English colleagues from the East India Company such as Richard Burnaby and Samuel White were given positions of power.", "A substantial number of Englishmen and women also left the company's jurisdiction, instead pledging fealty to King Narai due to their favoured status and settled in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.", "Burnaby was made the governor of Mergui and White became its Harbourmaster.", "However the two Englishmen entrusted with the port of Mergui had old vendettas against the Kingdom of Golconda in a past trading dispute, and proceeded to use their newly acquired power to engage in piracy and warfare against Golconda and Indian shipping.", "This led to retaliation by the East India Company under President Elihu Yale in 1687, who subsequently sent Anthony Weltden with two warships to punish Burnaby and White, as well as demanding recompense from the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.", "The company was also able to obtain an order from King James II forbidding Englishmen serving on foreign ships, due to the excess of Englishmen abandoning Company service for preferential treatment in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.", "Upon arrival of Weltden's ships, Burnaby and White were cowed into opening the gates and receiving the Company forces, who came ashore.", "During the negotiations, the local Siamese suspected White and Burnaby of treachery and rallied under the Governor of Tenasserim who led the massacre of many Englishmen and women in Mergui.", "Richard Burnaby was slain in the slaughter but Weltden and White escaped with their lives, retreating into the sea.", "The butchery by the Governor also involved an ugly scene in which innocent Englishmen and women were slain, including an Englishwoman who was tortured and killed with her children for refusing the Governor's advances.", "When King Narai had heard of the transgressions against innocent English civilians, he had the Governor of Tenasserim summoned to Lopburi and executed, at Phaulkon's behest.", "War was also declared on the East India Company.", "Character\nThe Abbé de Choisy, who was a member of the first French embassy to Thailand in 1685, wrote about M. Phaulkon's character:\n\nDownfall and death\nPhaulkon's closeness to the king earned him the envy of some Thai members of the royal court, which would eventually prove to be his undoing.", "When King Narai became terminally ill, a rumor spread that Phaulkon wanted to use the designated heir, Phra Pi, as a puppet and actually become ruler himself, according to Thai historical records this was in fact a credible claim.", "This provided credence for Pra Phetracha, the foster brother of Narai to stage a coup d'état, the 1688 Siamese revolution.", "In Lopburi on 31 March 1688, Phaulkon had a discussion with the French general Marshal Desfarges for the plans to put down Petracha's plot before the latter moved to the fort in Bangkok, however a month later on 15 April, Desfarges was persuaded by Frenchmen Véret and Abbé de Lionne to abandon plans to go to Lopburi to help Phaulkon and remained in his fort instead.", "On 18 May, King Narai, Phra Pi, and their followers were arrested.", "Phaulkon was summoned to the palace, where he and his 21 men were surrounded by the Siamese soldiers and disarmed.", "He was taken to the palace dungeon where he was brutally tortured.", "Phra Pi was later decapitated on 20 May.", "On 25 May, Desfarges was summoned to Lopburi by Phetracha and arrived on 2 June.", "He said nothing about saving Phaulkon, and Petracha assumed that the French had abandoned Phaulkon.", "On 5 June 1688, Desfarges departed Lopburi, leaving his two sons there as hostages.", "Phaulkon was made to hang Phra Pi's head around his neck and Phetracha declared him guilty of high treason.", "Phaulkon was placed on the silver palanquin mounted on his elephant, and was led out by Phetracha's men to the area of Wat Sak temple in the evening, where Luang Sorasak decapitated and also disemboweled him as witnessed by Father de Bèze.", "His remains are buried in the shallow grave in front of Wat Sak, but on that same day, his remains were later dug up and eaten by wild dogs.", "When King Narai learned what had happened, he was furious, but was too weak to take any action.", "Narai died several days later on 11 July 1688, virtually a prisoner in his own palace.", "Phetracha then proclaimed himself the new king of Siam and began a xenophobic regime which expelled almost all foreigners from the kingdom.", "Legacy\nThe different interpretations of Phetracha's motivation for ordering the arrest and execution of Phaulkon have made his position in Thai history somewhat controversial.", "Supporters of Phetracha's actions have depicted Phaulkon as an opportunistic Greek foreigner, who sought to use his influence to control of the kingdom on the behalf of Western interests.", "More skeptical historians have believed that Phaulkon was simply a convenient scapegoat and a means for Phetracha to seize the throne from the rightful heir by capitalizing on the envy and the suspicion that Phaulkon had engendered.", "In popular culture\nPhaulkon was portrayed by the Thai-Scottish actor Louis Scott in the 2018 Thai drama Buppesunniwas and received critical acclaim for his performance.", "Phaulkon was depicted as a complex character and as cruel, abusive, cunning, and overly-ambitious but also capable of compassion, love, and remorse.", "Scott won a TVG Award for the best male supporting actor.", "Notes \n\n References \n Smithies, Michael (2002), Three military accounts of the 1688 \"Revolution\" in Siam, Itineria Asiatica, Orchid Press, Bangkok, .", "Luang Sitsayamkan (1967), The Greek Favourite of the King of Siam, Donald Moore Press, Singapore.", "Cangelaris, Panagiotis D. (2011), History and Genealogy of the Cangelari Family of Cephalonia (16th-20th Centuries), Corfu 2011 (in Greek; online), .", "Cangelaris, Kefalonitiki Proodos, No.", "3: Παναγιώτης Δ. Καγκελάρης, \"Κωσταντής Γεράκης (Constance Phaulkon) - Μια νέα γενεαλογική προσέγγιση\", from: Η Κεφαλονίτικη Πρόοδος, Περίοδος Β', τεύχος 3 (Ιούλιος-Σεπτέμβριος 2012; in Greek).", "Cangelaris, Kefalonitiki Proodos, No.", "7: Παναγιώτης Δ. Καγκελάρης, \"Το γαλλικό οικόσημο του πρωτοσύμβουλου Κωσταντή Γεράκη (Constance Phaulkon)\", from: Η Κεφαλονίτικη Πρόοδος'', Περίοδος Β', τεύχος 7 (Ιούλιος-Σεπτέμβριος 2013; in Greek).", "External links \n\n George A. Sioris, Phaulkon - The Greek First Counsellor at the Court of Siam: An Appraisal, Bangkok 1988 .", "Memoires de Siam - Les personnages - Phaulkon, Monsieur Constance (in French)\n Panayotis D. Cangelaris: \"Costantin Gerachi (Constance Phaulkon) - A new genealogical approach\" (reprint in Greek)\n Panayotis D. Cangelaris: \"The French coat of arms of prime counsellor Costantin Gerachi (Constance Phaulkon)\" (reprint in Greek)\n\n1647 births\n1688 deaths\n17th-century Greek people\nConverts to Roman Catholicism from Anglicanism\nGreek expatriates in the Ayutthaya Kingdom\nGreek people of Venetian descent\nGreek Roman Catholics\nPeople from Cephalonia\nNobility of the Ayutthaya Kingdom\nConstantine Phaulkon\nSamuhanayok" ]

[ "Costantin Gerachi, also known as Capito Falco in Portuguese and simply as Monsieur, was born in 1647 and died in 1688.", "Constantine Phaulkon was born to Greek parents in the region of Assos Castle, which was under Venetian rule.", "His father's name was Zuane and his mother's name is unknown.", "The Gerachi family was established in the village of Plagia in the 16th century.", "pp.", "14 to 18.", "After leaving Cephalonia at the age of 13, Phaulkon lived in London for ten years.", "Gerachi's name was anglicized into \"Falcon\" before it was re-Hellenized into \"Phaulkon\".", "He may have served in the Royal Navy and fought in the Second Anglo-Dutch War.", "Phaulkon enlisted as a clerk in the English East India Company in 1669 after sailing to Bantam on an English ship.", "He made friends with several people, including a senior company official and a trader.", "After working for England's East India Company, Phaulkon became a merchant in Thailand in 1675.", "Phaulkon was proficient in English, French, Portuguese, and Malay within a few years.", "Phaulkon was given into the service of the Phra Khlang Kosa Lek in order to facilitate the trade.", "He was introduced to the court of King Narai by Lek in 1681.", "He worked in the treasury because of his experience with the East India Company.", "There were many accounts of Phaulkon's rise to power.", "He investigated a claim by Persian traders that the treasury owed them debt.", "After inspecting the account, Phaulkon came to the conclusion that the Persian traders were the ones who owed the treasury the most money.", "King Narai might be interested in the weight of a cannon.", "The cannon was placed on a boat and marked a waterline.", "He filled the boat with rice after removing the cannon.", "King Narai was swayed by Phaulkon's knowledge of Europe and his administrative abilities.", "Maria Guyomar de Pinha, a Catholic woman of mixed Japanese-Portuguese-Bengali descent, was married to Phaulkon in 1682.", "As Phaulkon rose to become influential at the Siamese court of King Narai, they lived a life of affluence.", "They had two sons, George \"Jorge\" Phaulkon and Constantin \"Joo\" Phaulkon.", "Kosa Lek was against the plan to build the fort of Mergui in European style.", "Lek was flogged with sticks under the King's orders after he was accused of receiving bribes from peasants who did not want to be drafted into the Mergui construction.", "Lek died from injuries he sustained about a month later in July, and his properties were seized.", "King Narai offered Lek's former position to Phaulkon, which he declined and instead accepted the advisory role to the Malay noble Okya Wang, who had assumed the position.", "During the suppression of the Makassar Revolt, Phaulkon was a commander.", "He was the leader of the troops and almost died in the fighting.", "The punishments of the rebel prisoners and deserters were overseen by Phaulkon after the suppression.", "Phaulkon engineered a Franco-Siamese rapprochement that led to the exchange of numerous embassies between France and Siam, as well as the dispatch of an expeditionary force by the French by 1687.", "Phaulkon was their main ally for a long time.", "King Louis XIV of France awarded him with the knighthood of the Order of Saint Michael, a hereditary title in the French nobility, as well as French citizenship for him and his family.", "King Narai wanted to counterbalance Dutch influence by using the French.", "The embassy of Chaumont in 1685 was accompanied by Jesuit Guy Tachard and French naval commander Claude de Forbin, who would remain to serve King Narai as Governor of Bangkok, as well as training Siamese troops.", "Forbin was the subject of Phaulkon's jealousy.", "Phaulkon plotted to secure his power and influence during Tachard's time in Siam.", "He drafted a letter requesting Frenchmen to be sent from France, whom he would use his power to place in political and military offices, as his supporters, and under his patronage.", "The southern port city of Singora was conceded to France by King Narai and Phaulkon requested that King Louis XIV send troops and warships to secure it.", "The concession of the port of Mergui to the French was offered by the Greek favourite of King Narai.", "In 1685, Phaulkon became a prime counsellor to the king and expressed a desire to designate a Catholic successor to King Narai, who was an adopted son and a Catholic convert.", "Phaulkon wanted a successor who would uphold amiable relations with France and offer privileges to the French, which would guarantee his political standing and security in a court that has grown hostile to his influence and power.", "King Narai sent an embassy to France.", "An audience was granted by King Louis XIV at Versailles.", "As a result of his rise to power and King Narai's trust in him, Phaulkon's old English colleagues from the East India Company such as Richard Burnaby and Samuel White were given positions of power.", "A large number of Englishmen and women left the company's jurisdiction and settled in the Kingdom of Ayutthaya due to their favored status.", "White became the Harbourmaster of Mergui.", "The two Englishmen in charge of the port of Mergui had vendettas against the Kingdom of Golconda in the past and used their newly acquired power to engage in piracy and warfare against Golconda and Indian shipping.", "In 1687, the East India Company under President Elihu Yale sent Anthony Weltden with two warships to punish Burnaby and White, as well as demanding compensation from the Kingdom of Ayutthaya.", "The company was able to get an order from King James II forbidding Englishmen from serving on foreign ships due to the excess of Englishmen abandoning Company service for preferential treatment.", "The Company forces arrived on the scene after the ships opened the gates.", "The Governor of Tenasserim led the massacre of many Englishmen and women in Mergui and was suspected of treachery by the local Siamese.", "Richard Burnaby was slain in the slaughter, but the other two escaped with their lives.", "An ugly scene in which innocent Englishmen and women were slain, including an Englishwoman who was tortured and killed with her children for refusing the Governor's advances, was involved in the butchery by the Governor.", "The Governor of Tenasserim was summoned by King Narai and executed at Phaulkon's request.", "The war was declared on the East India Company.", "M. Phaulkon's character: Downfall and death was written by The Abbé de Choisy, who was a member of the first French embassy to Thailand.", "According to Thai historical records, there was a rumor that Phaulkon wanted to use the heir to the throne, Phra Pi, as a puppet and become ruler himself.", "The 1688 Siamese revolution was staged by the foster brother of Narai.", "On March 31, 1688, Phaulkon had a discussion with the French general Marshall Desfarges about putting down Petracha's plot before he moved to the fort in Bangkok.", "King Narai and his followers were arrested on May 18.", "Phaulkon and his men were disarmed by the Siamese soldiers after they were summoned to the palace.", "He was tortured in the palace dungeon.", "On 20 May, Phra Pi was decapitated.", "Desfarges was summoned to Lopburi on 25 May and arrived on 2 June.", "Petracha assumed that the French had abandoned Phaulkon.", "Desfarges left his two sons in Lopburi as hostages on June 5, 1688.", "Phaulkon was told to hang Phra Pi's head around his neck and that he was guilty of high treason.", "Phaulkon was put on the silver palanquin mounted on his elephant and taken to the area of Wat Sak temple, where he was decapitated and disemboweled by Father de B.", "His remains were dug up and eaten by wild dogs on the same day that he was buried in a shallow grave.", "King Narai was too weak to take any action after learning of what had happened.", "Narai was a prisoner in his own palace when he died.", "Almost all foreigners were expelled from the kingdom after Phetracha proclaimed himself the new king.", "The differing interpretations of the motivation for ordering the arrest and execution of Phaulkon have made his position in Thai history somewhat controversial.", "Phaulkon was portrayed as an opportunist Greek foreigner who wanted to use his influence to control the kingdom for Western interests.", "Historians believe that Phaulkon was used as a scapegoat and a means to seize the throne from the rightful heir by exploiting the envy and suspicion that Phaulkon had engendered.", "Phaulkon was portrayed by the Thai-Scottish actor Louis Scott in a Thai drama and received critical praise for his performance.", "Phaulkon was depicted as cruel, abusive, cunning, and overly-ambitious but also capable of compassion, love, and remorse.", "Scott was the best male supporting actor.", "There are three military accounts of the 1688 \"Revolution\" in Siam, Itineria Asiatica, and Orchid Press.", "Donald Moore Press, Singapore published The Greek Favourite of the King of Siam.", "The History and genealogy of the Cangelari Family of Cephalonia was published in 2011.", "Cangelaris, Kefalonitiki Proodos, No.", "\" (Constance Phaulkon) - \", was written in Greek.", "Cangelaris, Kefalonitiki Proodos, No.", "\" (Constance Phaulkon)\" was written in Greek.", "George A. Sioris is the Greek First Counsellor at the Court of Siam.", "\"Costantin Gerachi (Constance Phaulkon) - A new genealogy approach\" (reprint in Greek) Panayotis D." ]

[ "Constantine Phaulkon", "Constantine Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon" ]

[ "Constantine Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Phaulkon", "Constance Phaulkon", "Constance Phaulkon" ]

[ "Peter the Patrician (, , Petros ho Patrikios; –565) was a senior Byzantine official, diplomat, and historian.", "A well-educated and successful lawyer, he was repeatedly sent as envoy to Ostrogothic Italy in the prelude to the Gothic War of 535–554.", "Despite his diplomatic skill, he was not able to avert war, and was imprisoned by the Goths in Ravenna for a few years.", "Upon his release, he was appointed to the post of magister officiorum, head of the imperial secretariat, which he held for an unparalleled 26 years.", "In this capacity, he was one of the leading ministers of Emperor Justinian I (r. 527–565), playing an important role in the Byzantine emperor's religious policies and the relations with Sassanid Persia; most notably he led the negotiations for the peace agreement of 562 that ended the 20-year-long Lazic War.", "His historical writings survive only in fragments, but provide unique source material on early Byzantine ceremonies and diplomatic issues between Byzantium and the Sassanids.", "Biography\n\nEarly career: envoy to Italy\n\nPeter was born in Thessalonica about the year 500, and was of Illyrian origin according to Procopius; according to Theophylact Simocatta, however, his origin was from Solachon, near Dara in Mesopotamia.", "After studying law, he embarked on a successful career as a lawyer in Constantinople, which brought him to the attention of Empress Theodora.", "In 534, on account of his rhetorical skills, he was employed as an imperial envoy to the Ostrogothic court at Ravenna.", "At the time, a power struggle was developing there between Queen Amalasuntha, regent to the young king Athalaric, and her cousin Theodahad.", "Following the death of Athalaric, Theodahad usurped the throne, imprisoned Amalasuntha, and sent messages to Emperor Justinian hoping for recognition.", "Peter met the envoys at Aulon, on his way to Italy, and notified Constantinople, seeking new instructions.", "Emperor Justinian ordered him to convey the message to Theodahad that Amalasuntha was under the Emperor's protection and not to be harmed.", "Nevertheless, at the time Peter arrived in Italy, Amalasuntha had been killed; Procopius's narrative in the Gothic War is ambiguous here, but in his Secret History, he explicitly claims that Peter arranged the murder of Amalasuntha on instructions from Theodora, who feared her as a potential rival for Justinian's attentions.", "Whatever assurances might have been privately given by Theodora to Theodahad, in public, Peter strongly condemned the act, and declared that there would be \"war without truce between the emperor and themselves\" as a result.", "Peter then returned to Constantinople with letters from Theodahad and the Roman Senate to the imperial couple, bearing pleas for a peaceful solution, but by the time he reached the imperial capital, Emperor Justinian had resolved on war and was preparing his forces.", "Consequently, Peter returned to Italy in the summer of 535 conveying an ultimatum: only if Theodahad abdicated and returned Italy to imperial rule, could war be averted.", "A two-pronged Byzantine offensive followed soon thereafter, attacking the outlying possessions of the Ostrogothic kingdom: Belisarius took Sicily, while Mundus invaded Dalmatia.", "Upon hearing these news, Theodahad despaired, and Peter was able to secure wide-ranging concessions from him: Sicily was to be ceded to the Byzantine Empire; the Gothic king's authority within Italy was severely restricted; a gold crown was to be sent as an annual tribute and up to 3,000 men were to be provided for the imperial army, underlining Theodahad's subject status.", "Theodahad, however, fearing that his first offer would be rejected, then instructed Peter, under oath, to offer the cession of all Italy, but only if the original concessions were rejected by Justinian.", "In the event, Justinian rejected the first proposal, and was delighted to learn of the second one.", "Peter was sent back to Italy with Athanasius, bearing letters to Theodahad and the Gothic nobles, and for a time it seemed as if the cradle of the Roman Empire would return peacefully to the fold.", "It was not to be: upon their arrival in Ravenna, the Byzantine envoys found Theodahad in a changed disposition.", "Supported by the Gothic nobility and buoyed up by a success against Mundus in Dalmatia, he resolved to resist, and imprisoned the ambassadors.", "Magister officiorum\nPeter remained imprisoned in Ravenna for three years, until released in June/July 539 by the new Gothic king, Witigis, in exchange for Gothic envoys sent to Persia who had been captured by the Byzantines.", "As a reward for his services, Emperor Justinian then appointed Peter to the post of magister officiorum (\"Master of the Offices\"), one of the highest positions in the state, heading the palace secretariat, the imperial guards (the Scholae Palatinae), and the Public Post with the dreaded agentes in rebus.", "He would hold this post for 26 consecutive years, longer by a wide margin than any other before or after.", "At about the same time or shortly thereafter, he was raised to the supreme title of patrician and the supreme senatorial rank of gloriosissimus (\"most glorious one\").", "He was also awarded an honorary consulship.", "As magister, he took part in the discussions with Western bishops in 548 on the Three-Chapter Controversy, and was repeatedly sent as an envoy in 551–553 to Pope Vigilius, who opposed the emperor on the issue.", "Peter is also recorded as attending the Second Council of Constantinople in May 553.", "In 550, he was sent as envoy by Justinian to negotiate a peace treaty with Persia, a role he reprised in 561, when he met the Persian envoy Izedh Gushnap at Dara, to end the Lazic War.", "Reaching an agreement over the Persian evacuation of Lazica and the delineation of the border in Armenia, the two envoys concluded a fifty-year peace between the two empires and their respective allies.", "The annual Roman subsidies to Persia would resume, but the amount was lowered from 500 to 420 pounds of gold.", "Further clauses regulated cross-border trade, which was to be limited to the two cities of Dara and Nisibis, the return of fugitives, and the protection of the respective religious minorities (Christians in the Persian Empire and Zoroastrians in Byzantium).", "In exchange for Persian recognition for the existence of Dara, whose construction had originally sparked a brief war, the Byzantines agreed to limit their troops there and remove the seat of the magister militum per Orientem from the city.", "As disagreements remained on two border areas, Suania and Ambros, in spring 562, Peter travelled to Persia to negotiate directly with the Persian Shah, Chosroes I, without however achieving a result.", "He then returned to Constantinople, where he died sometime after March 565.", "His son Theodore, nicknamed Kontocheres or Zetonoumios, would succeed him as magister officiorum in 566, after a brief interval where the post was held by the quaestor sacri palatii (\"Quaestor of the Sacred Palace\") Anastasius.", "He held the post until some time before 576, being appointed as comes sacrarum largitionum (\"Count of the Sacred Largess\") thereafter; in the same year, he also led an unsuccessful embassy to Persia to end the ongoing war over the Caucasus.", "Assessment\nAs one of the leading officials of the age, Peter was a controversial figure, receiving greatly differing assessments from his contemporaries.", "To John Lydus, a mid-level bureaucrat of the praetorian prefecture of the East, Peter was a paragon of every virtue, an intelligent, firm but fair administrator and a kind man.", "Procopius in his public histories attests his mild manners and desire to avoid giving insult, but in his private Secret History he accuses him of \"robbing the scholares\" (the members of the Scholae) and being \"the biggest thief in the world and absolutely filled with shameful avarice\", as well as being responsible for the murder of Amalasuntha.", "From quite early in his career, Peter was renowned for his learning, his passion for reading, and his discussions with scholars.", "As a speaker, he was eloquent and persuasive; Procopius calls him \"fitted by nature to persuade men\", while Cassiodorus, who witnessed his embassies to the Ostrogoth court, also praises him as vir eloquentissimus and disertissimus (\"most eloquent man\"), and as sapientissimus (\"most wise\").", "On the other hand, the late 6th-century historian Menander Protector, who relied on Peter's work for his own history, accuses him of boastfulness and of rewriting the records to enhance his own role and performance in the negotiations with the Persians.", "Writings\nPeter wrote three books, all of which survive only in fragments: a history of the first four centuries of the Roman Empire, from the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC to the death of Emperor Constantius II in 361 AD, of which about twenty fragments are extant (it has been suggested that the third-century material in this was taken from Philostratus); a history of the office of magister officiorum from its institution under Constantine the Great (r. 306–337) to the time of Justinian, containing a list of its holders and descriptions of various imperial ceremonies, several of which are reproduced in chapters 84–95 of the first volume of the 10th-century De Ceremoniis of Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos (r. 913–959); and an account of his diplomatic mission to the Persian Empire in 561–562, which was used as a source by Menander Protector, and is found in Constantine's Excerpta.", "Until recently, Peter was also ascribed the authorship of the 6th-century Peri Politikes Epistemes (\"On Political Science\"), a six-volume book discussing political theory, drawing extensively from Classical texts such as Plato's The Republic and Cicero's De re publica.", "It too survives only in fragments.", "Peter was the first late Roman/Byzantine author to write on imperial ceremonies, beginning a tradition that lasted unto the 14th century.", "His histories are also an important historical source; for instance, his work alone preserves the negotiations and provisions of the Roman–Persian treaty of 298 between Galerius and Narseh.", "The Lost History of Peter the Patrician, published by Routledge in 2015, is an annotated translation from the Greek by Thomas M. Banchich of the fragments of Peter's History, including additional fragments which used to be considered the work of the Roman historian Cassius Dio's so-called Anonymous Continuer.", "References\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading\n\n500 births\n565 deaths\nByzantine historians\n6th-century Byzantine people\nByzantine diplomats\nMagistri officiorum\n6th-century historians\nMinisters of Justinian I\nPatricii\nPeople of the Roman–Sasanian Wars\nIllyrian people\n6th-century Byzantine writers\n6th-century jurists\nLazic War\n6th-century diplomats" ]

[ "Peter thePatrician was a senior Byzantine official, diplomat, and historian.", "He was sent as an envoy to Ostrogothic Italy many times before the Gothic War began.", "He was imprisoned by the Goths for a few years because he was not able to avert war.", "He held the post of magister officiorum, head of the imperial secretariat for 26 years after his release.", "He played an important role in the Byzantine emperor's religious policies and the negotiations for the peace agreement of 562.", "The source material on early Byzantine ceremonies and diplomatic issues between Byzantium and the Sassanids can be found in his historical writings.", "Peter was born in Thessalonica in 500 and was of Illyrian origin according to Procopius.", "He had a successful career as a lawyer in Constantinople, which brought him to the attention of Theodora.", "He was employed as an imperial envoy to the Ostrogothic court in 534 because of his rhetorical skills.", "There was a power struggle going on between Queen Amalasuntha, regent to the young king Athalaric, and her cousin Theodahad.", "Theodahad took over the throne after Athalaric's death and sent messages to the emperor hoping for recognition.", "On his way to Italy, Peter met the envoys at Aulon and asked for new instructions.", "He was told to tell Theodahad that Amalasuntha was under the Emperor's protection and not to be harmed.", "Procopius's narrative in the Gothic War is ambiguous, but in his Secret History he explicitly claims that Peter arranged the murder of Amalasuntha on instructions from Theodora.", "Peter said that there would be \"war without truce between the emperor and themselves\" as a result of Theodora's act.", "Peter returned to Constantinople with letters from Theodahad and the Roman Senate to the imperial couple begging for a peaceful solution, but by the time he reached the imperial capital, the emperor had decided on war and was preparing his forces.", "Peter returned to Italy in the summer of 535 with an ultimatum: if Theodahad abdicated and returned Italy to imperial rule, war could be averted.", "The outlying possessions of the Ostrogothic kingdom were attacked by the Byzantines.", "Sicily was to be ceded to the Byzantine Empire, the Gothic king's authority within Italy was severely restricted, and a gold crown was to be sent as an annual tribute.", "Theodahad instructed Peter to offer the cession of all Italy if the original concessions were rejected.", "After rejecting the first proposal, Justinian was happy to learn of the second one.", "It seemed as if the cradle of the Roman Empire would return peacefully to the fold after Peter was sent back to Italy with Athanasius.", "Theodahad was not to be when the Byzantine envoys arrived in Ravenna.", "Supported by the Gothic nobility, he decided to resist and imprisoned the ambassadors.", "In exchange for Gothic envoys sent to Persia who had been captured by the Byzantines, the new Gothic king, Witigis, released Magister officiorum Peter.", "Peter was appointed the master of the offices, one of the highest positions in the state, as a reward for his services.", "He held this post for 26 years, longer than any other before or after.", "He was elevated to the supreme title of patrician and the supreme senatorial rank of \"most glorious one\" at the same time.", "He was given an honor.", "In 548 on the Three-Chapter Controversy, he took part in the discussions with Western bishops, and was sent as an envoy to Pope Vigilius, who opposed the emperor on the issue.", "The Second Council of Constantinople was attended by Peter.", "He reprised his role as envoy to negotiate a peace treaty with Persia when he met the Persian envoy Izedh Gushnap to end the war.", "The two envoys concluded a fifty-year peace between the two empires and their allies after reaching an agreement over the Persian withdrawal of Lazica.", "The amount of Roman subsidies to Persia was lowered from 500 to 400 pounds of gold.", "The return of fugitives, the protection of religious minorities, and cross-border trade were regulated by further clauses.", "The seat of the magister militum per Orientem was removed from the city in exchange for Persian recognition of the existence of the city.", "In the spring of 552, Peter traveled to Persia to negotiate with the Persian Shah, Chosroes I, without achieving a result.", "He died in Constantinople after returning to the city.", "Theodore would succeed his father as magister officiorum in 566 after a brief interval where the post was held by the quaestor of the Sacred Palace.", "He was appointed sacrarum largitionum \"Count of the Sacred Largess\" after he held the post, but he also led an unsuccessful embassy to Persia to end the war over the Caucasus.", "Peter was one of the leading officials of the age and he was a controversial figure.", "Peter was an intelligent, firm but fair administrator and a kind man, according to John Lydus, a mid-level bureaucrat in the East.", "Procopius in his public histories attests to his mild manners and desire to avoid giving insult, but in his private Secret History he accuses him of \"robbing the scholares\" and being \"the biggest thief in the world and absolutely filled with shameful\".", "Peter was renowned for his learning, his passion for reading, and his discussions with scholars.", "As a speaker, he was eloquent and persuasive; Procopius calls him \"fitted by nature to persuade men\".", "The late 6th-century historian Menander Protector, who relied on Peter's work for his own history, accuses him of plagiarizing his work to enhance his own role and performance in the negotiations with the Persians.", "The history of the first four centuries of the Roman Empire, from the death of Julius Caesar in 44 BC to the death of Emperor Constantius II in 361 AD, is one of three books that Peter wrote.", "Peter was the author of the 6th-centuryPeri Politikes Epistemes, a six-volume book discussing political theory, drawing extensively from Classical texts such as Plato's The Republic and Cicero's De re publica.", "It also survives only in fragments.", "The tradition of Peter writing on imperial ceremonies began in the 14th century.", "His work alone preserves the negotiations and provisions of the Roman–Persian treaty of , for instance.", "An annotated translation from the Greek by Thomas M. Banchich of the fragments of Peter's History was published in 2015.", "There are 500 births and 565 deaths of Byzantine historians." ]

[ "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter" ]

[ "Peter theP", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter", "Peter" ]

[ "Drew McQueen Bledsoe (born February 14, 1972) is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 14 seasons, primarily with the New England Patriots.", "He played college football at Washington State, where he won Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year as a junior, and was selected by the Patriots first overall in the 1993 NFL Draft.", "Considered the face of the Patriots franchise during his nine seasons with the team, Bledsoe helped improve the team's fortunes from 1993 to 2001.", "Under Bledsoe, the Patriots ended a seven-year postseason drought, qualified for the playoffs four times, clinched their division twice, and made one Super Bowl appearance in Super Bowl XXXI.", "He was also named to three Pro Bowls and became the youngest quarterback to play in the NFL's all-star game at the time with his 1995 appearance.", "Following a period of declining success and two consecutive seasons where the Patriots missed the playoffs, Bledsoe suffered a near-fatal injury early in the 2001 season that led to backup Tom Brady becoming the team's starter.", "He was unable to regain his starting position for the remainder of the season due to Brady's success, which led to the Patriots winning their first championship in Super Bowl XXXVI and began a dynasty for the franchise.", "Bledsoe subsequently played three seasons with the Buffalo Bills, where he made a fourth Pro Bowl appearance, and two with the Dallas Cowboys, before retiring during the 2007 offseason.", "While his tenure with the Patriots would ultimately be eclipsed by Brady, Bledsoe is recognized for helping rebuild the franchise and his role during their first Super Bowl-winning season when he relieved an injured Brady to lead the team to victory in the 2001 AFC Championship.", "For his accomplishments in New England, he was inducted to the Patriots Hall of Fame in 2011.", "High school years\nBledsoe attended Walla Walla High School and was a letterman in football, basketball, and track.", "In football, he was named a first team All-State selection by the Tacoma News Tribune.", "In track, he competed in the throwing events, recording top-throws of in the discus throw and in the javelin throw.", "College years\nBledsoe spent his college career at Washington State University in Pullman back in 1990, where he went on to have a record-setting career in his 3 years there.", "After gaining the starting job at the end of the 1990 season as a true freshman (joined later by Jeff Tuel and Jayden de Laura as the only three in school history), he quickly became the face of the Cougars' offense.", "In 1992, Bledsoe led WSU to a 9–3 record (ranking #17 in the coaches poll and #15 in the AP) and a 31–28 win over Utah in the Copper Bowl in which Bledsoe completed 30 of 46 passes for 476 yards and two touchdowns.", "He also established WSU records in single-game passing yards (476), single-season pass completions (241), and single-season passing yards (3,246).", "He was named the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year.", "Following an impressive junior year in 1992, Bledsoe decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 1993 NFL Draft.", "In the 34 starts of his collegiate career he amassed 7,373 yards, 532 completions and 46 touchdowns.", "Professional career\n\nNew England Patriots: 1993–2001\nBledsoe was the first overall selection in the 1993 NFL Draft, taken by the New England Patriots.", "He started right away for the Patriots in his rookie season, as they improved from two to five wins.", "On November 13, 1994, the Patriots had won just three of their first nine games and were losing, 20–3, to the Minnesota Vikings at halftime.", "Bledsoe led a comeback victory in which the Patriots won, 26–20, in overtime, as he set single game records in pass completions (45) and attempts (70).", "The win sparked the beginning of a new age for the Patriots, as they rallied behind Bledsoe and won their final six games to finish with a 10–6 record and capture the wild card spot; however, they lost to the Cleveland Browns in the wild-card round 13–20.", "Due to his performance, Bledsoe was selected to his first Pro Bowl as an alternate.", "Following a difficult 1995 season, Bledsoe turned it around in 1996 ranking among the top passers in the league with the help of wide receiver Terry Glenn, thus pushing the Patriots to reach the playoffs again and winning the AFC championship over the Jacksonville Jaguars, 20–6.", "This led to an appearance in Super Bowl XXXI, where they lost to the Green Bay Packers, 35–21.", "Bledsoe completed 25 of 48 passes for 253 yards, with two touchdowns and four interceptions in the loss.", "He was also named a starter for the Pro Bowl that season, the second of his career.", "During the 1997 season, Bledsoe helped the Patriots win five of their final seven games to once again qualify for the playoffs, the fourth time in eight years as a Patriots starter he would lead the team to a postseason appearance.", "The Patriots lost in the second round to the Pittsburgh Steelers; however, Bledsoe built a career-high 87.7 passer rating, passed for 3,706 yards, tossed 28 touchdowns, and earned his third Pro Bowl invitation.", "The following year, he became the first NFL quarterback to complete game-winning touchdown passes in the final 30 seconds of two consecutive games.", "In doing so, he propelled New England into the postseason for the third straight year.", "He completed these come-from-behind efforts while playing with a broken index finger on his throwing hand, an injury that would later sideline him for the postseason.", "Bledsoe started the 1999 season very strong, with thirteen touchdowns and only four interceptions as the Patriots held a 6–2 mid-season record.", "However, Bledsoe subsequently threw only six touchdowns versus seventeen interceptions, and the team finished with an 8–8 record, while Bledsoe was sacked a career-high 55 times.", "The team's slide continued into the 2000 season as the Patriots ended with a record of 5–11.", "Bledsoe threw a then-career low thirteen interceptions that year but he was sacked 45 times.", "In March 2001, Bledsoe was signed to a then-record ten-year, $103 million contract.", "During the second game of the 2001 season, Bledsoe was racing toward the sideline on third-and-10 when New York Jets linebacker Mo Lewis leveled him with a hard, but clean hit.", "Bledsoe was about to dive for the first down marker, but defensive end Shaun Ellis clipped Bledsoe's ankles as he was about to dive, resulting in Lewis hitting Bledsoe while he was standing straight up.", "With Bledsoe appearing to have suffered a concussion, backup Tom Brady came in to finish the game.", "After the game, team trainer Ron O'Neill suspected Bledsoe did not look right and asked Bledsoe to come to the medical room for evaluation.", "Team doctor Bert Zarins ran some tests and discovered Bledsoe's heart was racing.", "Zarins realized that this was something much more serious than a concussion; normally, concussed people have their heart rates tail off dramatically.", "Bledsoe was rushed to the hospital, where it was discovered that Lewis' hit had sheared a blood vessel in his chest, causing a hemothorax that had him bleeding a pint of blood an hour.", "Brady took the starting job and led New England to the playoffs.", "Bledsoe would never regain his starting role (Brady played 19 seasons in New England), although he proved integral to his team's playoff run when he replaced a hobbled Brady in the AFC Championship Game against Pittsburgh.", "Bledsoe, starting from the Steelers' 40-yard line, capped a scoring drive with an 11-yard touchdown pass to David Patten to give the Patriots a 14–3 lead, as well as all of the momentum going into halftime.", "With the Steelers trailing by four points in the fourth quarter, Bledsoe put together a 45-yard drive to put the Patriots in field goal range where Adam Vinatieri converted to make the score 24–17.", "Bledsoe later drove New England into Steelers territory to set up a 50-yard kick to seal the game, however Vinatieri missed and the ball went back to Pittsburgh.", "The Patriots defense held, and with a final score of 24–17 the upset was complete and the Patriots moved onto the Super Bowl.", "In winning the conference championship game, Bledsoe completed 10 of 21 passes for 102 yards and a touchdown, with no interceptions.", "It was the second time in six years (1996 and 2001) that Bledsoe was an integral part in leading the Patriots to a Super Bowl appearance, and during the on-field trophy presentation Bledsoe tossed his father a game ball.", "Brady started as quarterback as the Patriots won Super Bowl XXXVI, with kicker Vinatieri hitting a game-winning 48-yard field goal as time expired.", "With Brady entrenched as the starter, Bledsoe was traded to the Patriots' division rival, the Buffalo Bills.", "Patriots fans appreciated Bledsoe's lengthy tenure and his role in regards to improving the team and cheered Bledsoe in each of his three returns to New England as a visiting player.", "Buffalo Bills: 2002–2004\nBeing sent to the Bills seemed to give Bledsoe a bit of rejuvenation in 2002.", "He had one of his best seasons ever, passing for 4,359 yards and 24 touchdowns and making his fourth trip to the Pro Bowl.", "In Week 2 against the Minnesota Vikings, Bledsoe set a team record with 463 yards passing in an overtime win.", "He continued his strong play in 2003 as the Bills began the year 2–0.", "However, a flurry of injuries stymied the Bills offense; they failed to score a touchdown in three consecutive games en route to a 6–10 season.", "In 2004, they fell one game short of making the playoffs; a late season winning streak was wasted when Bledsoe and the Bills performed poorly against the Pittsburgh Steelers backups in the season finale.", "Bledsoe was released by the Bills after the 2004 season to make way for first-round draft pick J. P. Losman to become the starter.", "When Bledsoe was later signed by the Dallas Cowboys, he expressed bitterness with the Bills for the move, stating \"I can't wait to go home and dress my kids in little stars and get rid of the other team's [Buffalo's] stuff.\"", "Dallas Cowboys: 2005–2006\n\nBledsoe went on to sign with the Dallas Cowboys, where he was reunited with former coach Bill Parcells.", "Bledsoe was intended to be a long-term solution as quarterback for the Cowboys.", "Said Bledsoe on the day he signed with Dallas, \"Bill [Parcells] wants me here, and being the starter.", "I anticipate that being the case and not for one year.\"", "He signed for $23 million for three years.", "During his tenure with the Cowboys, he threw for over 3,000 yards in a season for the ninth time in his career, tying Warren Moon for fourth in NFL history.", "That season, Bledsoe led five 4th-quarter/OT game-winning drives to keep the Cowboys' playoff hopes alive until the final day of the season.", "Though the team ultimately failed to reach the playoffs, Bledsoe had led them to a 9–7 record, an improvement over the 6–10 mark that Vinny Testaverde had finished with in 2004.", "However, in 2006, his final season with the Cowboys, Bledsoe's play became erratic, so much so that six games into the season he was replaced by future Pro Bowler Tony Romo.", "Shortly after the end of the 2006 season, Bledsoe was released by the Cowboys.", "Unwilling to be relegated to a backup position, Bledsoe announced his retirement from the NFL on April 11, 2007.", "Retirement and legacy\nWhen Bledsoe retired in April 2007, he left fifth in NFL history in pass attempts (6,717) and completions (3,839), seventh in passing yards (44,611), and thirteenth in touchdown passes (251).", "On May 16, 2011, Bledsoe was voted by Patriots fans into the Patriots Hall of Fame.", "He was formally inducted in a public ceremony outside The Hall at Patriot Place on September 17, 2011.", "Bledsoe beat former head coach Bill Parcells and defensive lineman Houston Antwine in a fan vote.", "In July 2012, Bledsoe was named the 30th-greatest quarterback of the NFL's post-merger era by Football Nation.", "In January 2018, Bledsoe was named honorary captain of the New England Patriots as they hosted the Jacksonville Jaguars in the AFC Championship Game.", "Bledsoe's Patriots had beaten the Jaguars 20–6 in the 1996 AFC Championship Game to advance to their second Super Bowl.", "Patriots owner Robert Kraft said in a statement \"Drew Bledsoe played such an integral role in our efforts to rebuild the Patriots.", "He gave fans hope for the future by providing many memorable moments during his record-breaking career.", "For a franchise that had only hosted one playoff game in its first 35 years, winning the AFC Championship Game at home in Foxborough and taking the Patriots to the playoffs for three consecutive years were unimaginable goals prior to his arrival.\"", "The Patriots defeated the Jaguars 24–20 to advance to their tenth Super Bowl appearance and Bledsoe presented the Lamar Hunt Trophy to Kraft.", "Personal life\nBledsoe's parents were school teachers in Ellensburg, Washington.", "His mother was a teacher at Lewis & Clark Middle School, located in Yakima, Washington.", "His father was a coach who ran a football camp in Washington state, and Drew was able to interact with the professional players and coaches who helped his father run the camp.", "He is the fourth cousin once removed of actor, Neal Bledsoe.", "The Bledsoe family moved five times before Drew was in the sixth grade.", "They finally settled in Walla Walla, Washington, where Bledsoe's father coached football at the high school.", "The only time Drew played a whole season of football without ever starting at quarterback was in seventh grade at Pioneer Junior High.", "In high school, with his father as his coach, he won numerous awards, including selection to the Western 100 and Washington State Player of the Year.", "Heavily recruited by colleges such as Miami and Washington, he decided to attend Washington State, which was a mere two-hour drive from home.", "Drew and his wife Maura live in Bend, Oregon, where Maura (née Healy) has family ties, and have four children: sons Stuart, John, Henry, and daughter Healy.", "He coached his sons, Stuart and John, at Summit High School.", "John was a walk-on player on the Washington State football team in 2017.", "Due to Bledsoe's growing wine business, he travels to Walla Walla regularly, sometimes more than once in a given week; he and Maura plan to move to Walla Walla after their youngest child graduates from high school in 2021.", "While playing for the New England Patriots, Drew Bledsoe lived in Bridgewater, Massachusetts and Medfield, Massachusetts; his Medfield house was later purchased by former Major League Baseball player Curt Schilling.", "After his retirement in 2007, Bledsoe founded the Doubleback Winery along with close friend Chris Figgins.", "After the 2014 vintage, Figgins left Doubleback and handed his interest in the business to his protege Josh McDaniels (not related to the Patriots assistant coach of the same name).", "The company's grapes, mostly Cabernet Sauvignon and Chardonnay, are harvested from McQueen Vineyards and Flying B Vineyards, located in and around Walla Walla, Washington.", "The wine saw some critical success and placed 53rd overall in Wine Spectator Top 100 wines in 2010.", "His first vintage, 2007, quickly sold out of its initial 600 cases.", "In 2012, Marvin R. Shanken invited Ernie Els, Greg Norman, Tom Seaver and Bledsoe to introduce his wines, despite Shanken's disdain for the New England Patriots.", "He also recorded a message to both Tony Romo and Dak Prescott in 2017 in his home, which also showed his red wine collection.", "In his spare time, Bledsoe works with many philanthropic organizations.", "Bledsoe has held the position of offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach at Summit High School since 2012.", "NFL career statistics\n\nRegular season\n\nPostseason statistics\n\nAccomplishments\n\n His 4,452 pass attempts in his first eight seasons rank second to Brett Favre whose 4,456 attempts are the most by a quarterback during any eight-year period in NFL history.", "His 70 pass attempts in a single game is still an active league record.", "He passed for 3,291 yards in 2000, his seventh consecutive season with at least 3,000 yards passing.", "Bledsoe was durable during his career, playing in 126 of his first 132 games since entering the league in 1993, and never missing a start after leaving NE until benched in 2006.", "In 2002, his first season in Buffalo, he set single season records for yards, attempts, completions on an offense that had 7 other franchise records.", "In 1998, he directed the Patriots to the playoffs for the fourth time in six seasons.", "In 1994, he set Patriots franchise single-season passing records for attempts (691), completions (400) and yards passing (4,555; surpassed by Tom Brady in 2007).", "In 1995, he set a franchise record by attempting 179 consecutive passes without an interception (10/23/95 to 11/26/95; since surpassed by Tom Brady).", "At the age of 23, he became the youngest player in NFL history to surpass the 10,000-yard passing plateau when he connected with Ben Coates on a 6-yard completion just before the half vs. the Jets (12/10/95).", "Prior to 1994, the Patriots' single-season record for passing yards was 3,465 yards.", "Bledsoe eclipsed that mark six consecutive seasons.", "At the age of 22, he became the youngest quarterback in NFL history to play in the Pro Bowl.", "Led 31 career 4th-quarter or OT game-winning drives and holds the record for most TD passes in overtime with 4.", "While Bledsoe has thrown for a high number of yards and attempts, a frequent criticism is that they are based on volume (attempts, completions, yards) rather than efficiency (passer rating, TD-to-INT ratio, yards per attempt) proving only that he has thrown a great number of times, not that he has thrown well.", "According to sports writer Don Banks, Bledsoe's large career totals \"reveal more about his longevity than about his excellence\".", "Bledsoe ranks fifth all time in completions (3,839), seventh in passing yards (44,611), and thirteenth in touchdown passes (251).", "Bledsoe's passer rating of 77.1 was 46th all-time in league history when he retired in 2006.", "As of 2022, he ranks 109th in league history.", "His 57.2% completion percentage is tied for 99th in league history.", "Bledsoe's 37 regular season 300-yard passing games ranks ninth in league history.", "He also ranks sixth in most career regular-season 400-yard passing games by an NFL quarterback, having done it six times.", "He was selected to the Pro Bowl four times (in 1994, 1996, 1997, 2002).", "Bledsoe was eligible for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.", "See also\n List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating\n List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards\n List of most consecutive starts by a National Football League quarterback\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Drew Bledsoe profile by the New England Patriots\n Humanitarian Bio\n \n\n1972 births\nAmerican Conference Pro Bowl players\nAmerican football quarterbacks\nAmerican winemakers\nBuffalo Bills players\nDallas Cowboys players\nLiving people\nNational Football League first overall draft picks\nNew England Patriots players\nPeople from Ellensburg, Washington\nPeople from Foxborough, Massachusetts\nPlayers of American football from Boston\nPlayers of American football from Washington (state)\nSportspeople from Walla Walla, Washington\nWashington State Cougars football players" ]

[ "Drew Bledsoe is a former American football quarterback who played in the National Football League for 14 seasons.", "He played college football at Washington State, where he won the offensive player of the year award as a junior, and was selected first overall in the 1993 NFL draft.", "Bledsoe helped improve the team's fortunes from 1993 to 2001 while he was with the team.", "The Pats qualified for the playoffs four times, won their division twice, and made one Super Bowl appearance under Bledsoe.", "He was the youngest quarterback to play in an all-star game and was named to three Pro Bowls.", "Bledsoe suffered a near-fatal injury early in the 2001 season that led to backup Tom Brady becoming the team's starter.", "Due to Brady's success, he was unable to regain his starting position for the rest of the season, which resulted in the team winning their first championship in Super Bowl XXXVI.", "Bledsoe played three seasons with the Buffalo Bills, where he made four Pro Bowl appearances, and two seasons with the Dallas Cowboys, where he made two Pro Bowl appearances.", "Bledsoe is remembered for helping rebuild the franchise and his role in the team's first Super Bowl-winning season when he relieved an injured Brady to lead the team to victory.", "He was honored for his accomplishments in New England by being in the Pats Hall of Fame.", "Bledsoe was a letterman in football, basketball, and track in high school.", "He was a first team All-State selection in football.", "He competed in the throwing events in track, recording top-throws in the javelin and discus.", "Bledsoe went on to have a record-setting career at Washington State University after graduating from college in 1990.", "After gaining the starting job at the end of the 1990 season as a true freshman, he quickly became the face of the offense.", "Bledsoe led Washington State to a 9–3 record in 1992 and a 31–28 win over Utah in the Copper Bowl in which he completed 30 of 46 passes for 476 yards and two touchdown.", "He established records in single-game passing yards, single-season pass completions, and single-season passing yards.", "He was the offensive player of the year.", "Bledsoe decided to forgo his senior season and enter the 1993 NFL draft.", "He finished his collegiate career with 7,373 yards, 532 completions and 46 touchdown.", "Bledsoe was the first overall selection in the 1993 NFL Draft, taken by the New England Pats.", "He was a member of the team that improved from two to five wins in his first season.", "In the first half of their game against the Vikings on November 13, 1994, the Pats were down 20–3 and had won just three of their first nine games.", "Bledsoe set single game records in pass completions (45) and attempts (70), as he led a comeback victory in which the Pats won, 26–20, in overtime.", "The win sparked the beginning of a new age for the Patriots, as they rallied behind Bledsoe and won their final six games to finish with a 10–6 record and capture the wild card spot; however, they lost to the Cleveland Browns in the wild-card round 13–20.", "Bledsoe was an alternate for the Pro Bowl.", "In 1996, Bledsoe was ranked among the top passers in the league with the help of wide receiver Terry Glenn, and the Pats were able to reach the playoffs for the second year in a row.", "They lost to the Green Bay Packers in Super Bowl XXXI.", "Bledsoe threw 25 of 48 passes for 253 yards and two touchdown in the loss.", "He was named to the Pro Bowl for the second time in his career.", "During the 1997 season, Bledsoe helped the Pats win five of their final seven games to once again qualify for the playoffs, the fourth time in eight years as a starter he would lead the team to a postseason appearance.", "Bledsoe was invited to the Pro Bowl for the third time, despite the loss in the second round.", "He became the first quarterback to complete game-winning touchdown passes in the final 30 seconds of two games in the same year.", "He helped propel New England into the playoffs for the third year in a row.", "While playing with a broken finger on his throwing hand, he completed these come-from-behind efforts.", "Bledsoe was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The team finished with an 8–8 record and Bledsoe was sacked a career-high 55 times.", "The team had a record of 5–11 in the 2000 season.", "Bledsoe was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Bledsoe signed a ten-year, $103 million contract in 2001.", "Mo Lewis leveled Bledsoe with a hard, but clean hit during the second game of the 2001 season.", "Bledsoe was about to dive for the first down marker, but defensive end Shaun Ellis clipped Bledsoe's ankles as he was about to dive, resulting in Lewis hitting Bledsoe while he was standing straight up.", "Tom Brady came in to finish the game after Bledsoe appeared to have suffered a concussion.", "Bledsoe was asked to come to the medical room by the team trainer after the game because he didn't look right.", "Bledsoe's heart was racing and the doctor discovered it.", "Normally, people who have a concussion have their heart rates go off a lot.", "Bledsoe was rushed to the hospital, where it was discovered that Lewis' hit sheared a blood vessel in his chest, causing a hemothorax that had him bleeding for an hour.", "Brady led New England to the playoffs.", "Bledsoe was an important part of the team's playoff run when he replaced Brady in the playoffs.", "Bledsoe, starting from the 40-yard line, capped a scoring drive with an 11-yard touchdown pass to David Patten to give the Pats a 14–3 lead going into halftime.", "Bledsoe put together a 45 yard drive in the fourth quarter that was converted into a field goal by Vinatieri, who made the score 24–17.", "The ball went back to Pittsburgh after Bledsoe drove New England into their territory to set up a 50-yard kick.", "With a final score of 24–17, the upset was complete and the Pats moved onto the Super Bowl.", "Bledsoe was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "It was the second time in six years that Bledsoe was an important part in leading the team to a Super Bowl appearance, and during the trophy presentation Bledsoe tossed his father a game ball.", "Vinatieri hit a game-winning field goal at the end of the Super Bowl as Brady started at quarterback.", "Bledsoe was traded to the Bills because Brady was entrenched as the starter.", "Bledsoe returned to New England three times as a visiting player and each time he was cheered by the fans.", "Bledsoe was sent to the Bills in 2002 and it seemed to give him a bit of rejuvenation.", "He made his fourth trip to the Pro Bowl and had one of his best seasons, passing for 4,358 yards and 24 touchdown.", "Bledsoe set a team record with 463 yards passing in an overtime win.", "The Bills began the year 2–0 in 2003 and he continued his strong play.", "The Bills failed to score a touchdown in three straight games and finished the season with a 6–10 record.", "They fell one game short of making the playoffs in 2004, a late season winning streak was wasted when Bledsoe and the Bills performed poorly against the backups in the season finale.", "After the 2004 season, Bledsoe was released by the Bills to make room for Losman.", "When Bledsoe was signed by the Dallas Cowboys, he expressed bitterness with the Bills for the move, stating \"I can't wait to go home and dress my kids in little stars and get rid of the other team's stuff.\"", "Bill Parcells was Bledsoe's coach with the Dallas Cowboys.", "Bledsoe was supposed to be a long-term solution for the Cowboys.", "Bledsoe said on the day he joined Dallas that Bill Parcells wanted him to be the starter.", "I don't expect that to be the case for a year.", "He got $23 million for three years.", "He threw for over 3000 yards in a season nine times in his career, tying Warren Moon for fourth on the all-time list.", "Bledsoe was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Despite the team failing to reach the playoffs, Bledsoe had led them to a 9–7 record, an improvement over the 6–10 mark that Testaverde had finished with in 2004.", "In his final season with the Cowboys, Bledsoe's play became erratic, so much so that he was replaced by Tony Romo six games into the season.", "Bledsoe was released by the Cowboys after the 2006 season.", "Bledsoe announced his retirement from the NFL on April 11, 2007.", "When Bledsoe retired in April 2007, he left fifth in NFL history in pass attempts and completions, seventh in passing yards and 13th in touchdown passes.", "Bledsoe was voted into the Hall of Fame by the fans.", "On September 17, 2011, he was formally inducted into The Hall at Patriot Place.", "Bledsoe beat Bill Parcells in the fan vote.", "Football Nation named Bledsoe the 30th-greatest quarterback in the post-merger era.", "Bledsoe was named an \"honorary captain\" of the New England Pats in January of last year.", "Bledsoe's team had defeated the Jags 20–6 in the 1996 playoffs to advance to their second Super Bowl.", "Drew Bledsoe was an \"integral part\" of the efforts to rebuild the New England.", "He provided fans with many memorable moments during his career.", "For a franchise that had only hosted one playoff game in its first 35 years, winning the AFC Championship Game at home in Foxborough and taking the Pats to the playoffs for three consecutive years were unimaginable goals prior to his arrival.", "Bledsoe presented the Lamar Hunt trophy to the owner of the team that advanced to the Super Bowl.", "Bledsoe's parents were school teachers.", "His mother was a teacher at Lewis & Clark Middle School.", "Drew was able to interact with the professional players and coaches who helped his father run the football camp because he was a coach.", "He is a cousin of Neal Bledsoe.", "Drew was in the sixth grade when the Bledsoe family moved five times.", "Bledsoe's father was a football coach at the high school.", "Drew didn't start at quarterback until he was in seventh grade at Pioneer Junior High.", "He was selected to the Western 100 and Washington State Player of the Year in high school.", "Heavily recruited by colleges such as Miami and Washington, he decided to attend Washington State, which was a two-hour drive from home.", "Drew and his wife are from Oregon and have four children: sons Stuart, John, Henry, and daughter Healy.", "He was a coach at Summit High School.", "John played for the Washington State football team in the savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay savesay", "Due to Bledsoe's growing wine business, he travels to WALLA WALLA frequently, sometimes more than once in a given week; he and his wife plan to move to WALLA WALLA after their youngest child graduates from high school in 2021.", "Drew Bledsoe's house in Medfield, Massachusetts was purchased by a former Major League Baseball player.", "Bledsoe and Chris Figgins founded the Doubleback Winery after Bledsoe's retirement.", "Figgins left Doubleback and gave his interest in the business to his friend and mentor Josh McDaniels.", "Most of the company's grapes are Harvested from Flying B and McQueen Vineyards, located in and around the state of Washington.", "The wine placed 53rd in the Wine Spectator Top 100 wines.", "His first vintage, 2007, sold out quickly.", "Despite Marvin R. Shanken's dislike for the New England football team, he invited Greg Norman, Tom Seaver, and Bledsoe to introduce his wines.", "In his home, he showed his red wine collection and recorded a message to Tony and Dak.", "Bledsoe works with many philanthropic organizations in his spare time.", "Since 2012 Bledsoe has held the position of offensive coordinator/quarterbacks coach at Summit High School.", "His 4,454 pass attempts in his first eight seasons are the second most by a quarterback in an eight-year period.", "His 70 pass attempts in a single game is still an active league record.", "He passed for over 3000 yards in seven of the last eight seasons.", "Bledsoe played in 126 of his first 132 games since entering the league in 1993 and never missed a start after leaving NE.", "In his first season in Buffalo, he set single season records for yards, attempts, completions on an offense that had 7 other franchise records.", "He directed the team to the playoffs four times in six seasons.", "He set franchise single-season passing records for attempts, completions, and yards passing in 1994.", "He set a franchise record in 1995 by attempting 179 consecutive passes without an error.", "At the age of 23, he became the youngest player in NFL history to surpass the 10,000-yard passing mark when he connected with Ben Coates on a 6-yard completion.", "The single-season record for passing yards was 3,465 in 1994.", "Bledsoe has surpassed that mark six times.", "He was the youngest quarterback to play in the Pro Bowl.", "Led 31 4th-quarter or OT game-winning drives and holds the record for most touchdown passes in overtime.", "While Bledsoe has thrown for a high number of yards and attempts, a frequent criticism is that they are based on volume rather than efficiency.", "According to Don Banks, Bledsoe's large career totals reveal more about his longevity than about his excellence.", "Bledsoe is fifth all time in completions, seventh in passing, and 13th in touchdown passes.", "When Bledsoe retired in 2006 he had a passer rating of 77.1, which was 46th all-time.", "He's ranked in the top 100 in league history.", "His completion percentage is tied for 99th in league history.", "Bledsoe's 37 regular season 300-yard passing games are ninth all time.", "He has done it six times, ranking him sixth in most career regular-season 400 yard passing games by an NFL quarterback.", "He was selected to the Pro Bowl four times.", "Bledsoe was considered for the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011.", "List of National Football League quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating List of celebrities who own wineries and vineyards" ]

[ "Drew McQueen Bledsoe", "Drew Bledso", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew Bledso", "Drew Bledso" ]

[ "Drew Bledsoe", "Drew Bledsoe", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew", "Drew Bledso", "Bledsoe" ]

[ "Doña Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Henestrosa, 18th Duchess of Medinaceli, Grandee of Spain (; 16 April 1917 – 18 August 2013) was the 18th Duchess of Medinaceli in her own right and a Grandee of Spain, head of the Spanish noble House of Medinaceli and patron of the Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation.", "She died in Seville on 18 August 2013, aged 96.", "Background\nDoña Victoria was born as the eldest daughter of Don Luis Jesús Fernández de Córdoba y Salabert, 17th Duke of Medinaceli, and Doña Ana María Fernández de Henestrosa y Gayoso de los Cobos.", "She married Rafael de Medina y Vilallonga in 1938, and she succeeded to the dukedom in 1956, upon her father's death.", "Before that, she was styled as 16th Duchess of Alcalá de los Gazules, a courtesy title granted by her father.", "She was the most titled noblewoman in Spain, and holder of one of its most ancient dukedoms.", "In 1980, the Duchess established the Ducal House of Medinaceli Foundation, which manages the Casa de Pilatos in Seville, her principal residence, as well as the Hospital de San Juan Bautista in Toledo and the Palacio de Oca in Galicia.", "Marriage and issue\nThe Duchess married, on 12 January 1938 at Seville, Rafael de Medina y Vilallonga, Knight of the Real Maestranza de Caballería de Sevilla and Mayor of Seville from 1943–47.", "The Duke was son of Luis de Medina y Garvey, second son of the 4th Marquis of Esquivel, and Amelia de Vilallonga e Ybarra.", "Children:\n\nDoña Ana Luisa de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 12th Marquise of Navahermosa (b.", "2 May 1940 - d. 7 March 2012), who married firstly at Seville, the 3 June 1961, Prince Maximilian Emmanuel of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, of the Hohenlohe princely family, brother of Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg.", "Divorced in 1982, she married secondly, in 1985, Jaime de Urzáiz y Fernández del Castillo, Minister of Culture.", "Children from her first marriage:\nPrince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg, 19th Duke of Medinaceli (b.", "8 March 1962 - d. 19 August 2016), married at Ronda, on 1 June 1996, Sandra Schmidt-Polex, daughter of Hans Carl Schmidt-Polex, and Karin Goepfer, having issue.", "Prince Pablo of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b.", "5 March 1963), married at Tavera Monastery, Toledo on 6 June 2002, María del Prado y Muguiro, daughter of Juan Carlos del Prado, 11th Marquis of Caicedo, and Teresa de Muguiro y Pidal, having issue.", "Princess Flavia of Hohenlohe-Langenburg (b.", "9 March 1964), married at Seville, on 10 November 1990, her second cousin José Luis de Vilallonga y Sanz, having issue.", "Don Luis de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 9th Duke of Santisteban del Puerto, Grandee of Spain (b.", "4 June 1941 - d. 9 Feb 2011), who married at Seville, on 1 December 1985, Mercedes Conradi y Ramírez.", "Daughters:\nDoña Victoria Francisca de Medina y Conradi y Ramírez (b.", "4 October 1986), 10th Duchess of Santisteban del Puerto, Grandee of Spain, married at Sevilla in 2014, Miguel José Coca y Barrionuevo.", "Doña Casilda de Medina y Conradi y Ramírez (b.", "16 May 1989), 16th Marchioness of Solera.", "Don Rafael de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 19th Duke of Feria, Grandee of Spain (b.", "10 August 1942 - d. 5 August 2001), married at the Hermitage of El Rocío, Almonte, Natividad Abascal y Romero-Toro (divorced in 1989).", "Children:\nDon Rafael de Medina, 20th Duke of Feria, Grandee of Spain (b.", "25 September 1978).", "Don Luis de Medina y Abascal (b.", "31 August 1980).", "Don Ignacio de Medina y Fernández de Córdoba, 19th Duke of Segorbe, Grandee of Spain (b.", "23 February 1947), married at Seville, on 24 October 1985, Princess Maria da Glória of Orléans-Braganza, daughter of Prince Pedro Gastão of Orléans-Braganza and wife Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies and ex-wife of Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia.", "Daughters:\nDoña Sol María de la Blanca de Medina y Orléans-Braganza, 54th Countess of Ampurias (b.", "8 August 1986).", "Doña Ana Luna de Medina y Orléans-Braganza, 17th Countess of Ricla (b.", "4 May 1988).", "Profile, grandesp.org.uk; accessed 18 February 2015.", "1917 births\n2013 deaths\nNobility from Madrid\nSpanish duchesses\nDukes of Medinaceli\nDukes of Caminha\nVictoria Eugenia\nGrandees of Spain\nPeople from Seville\nMarquesses of Priego" ]

[ "The 18th Duke of Medinaceli was Doa Victoria Eugenia Fernndez de Crdoba.", "She died in Spain at the age of 96.", "Doa Victoria was the oldest child of Don Luis Fernndez de Crdoba y Salabert, 17th Duke of Medinaceli, and Doa Ana Mara Fernndez de Henestrosa.", "She succeeded to the dukedom after her father's death.", "She was granted a courtesy title by her father.", "One of the most ancient dukedoms in Spain was held by her.", "The Hospital de San Juan Bautista in Toledo and the Palacio de Oca in Galicia were established by the Duke of Medinaceli in 1980.", "The Mayor of Seville and the Knight of the Real Maestranza de Caballera de Sevilla were married on 12 January 1938.", "The Duke was the son of Luis de Medina y Garvey and Amelia de Vilallonga e Ybarra.", "The children are Doa Ana Luisa de Medina y Fernndez de Crdoba.", "The brother of Prince Alfonso of Hohenlohe-Langenburg married a prince from the Hohenlohe princely family.", "In 1985 she married the Minister of Culture, Jaime de Urziz y Fernndez del Castillo.", "The children of her first marriage were Prince Marco of Hohenlohe-Langenburg and the 19th Duke of Medinaceli.", "On 1 June 1996, the daughter of Hans Carl Schmidt-Polex and Karin Goepfer was married.", "The prince was from Hohenlohe-Langenburg.", "Mara del Prado y Muguiro, daughter of Juan Carlos del Prado, 11th Marquis of Caicedo, and Teresa de Muguiro y Pidal, have an issue.", "Princess Flavia was born in Hohenlohe-Langenburg.", "On 10 November 1990 her second cousin José Luis de Vilallonga y Sanz had an issue.", "The 9th Duke of Santisteban del Puerto is Don Luis de Medina y Fernndez de Crdoba.", "On 1 December 1985, Mercedes Conradi y Ramrez was married.", "Victoria Francisca de Medina is the daughter of Conradi y Ramrez.", "The 10th Duke of Santisteban del Puerto was married in Sevilla.", "Doa Casilda de Medina y Conradi.", "16 May 1989 and 16th Marchioness of Solera.", "The 19th Duke of Feria is Don Rafael de Medina y Fernndez de Crdoba.", "Marriage took place at the Hermitage of El Roco, Almonte, Natividad Abascal y Romero-Toro on 10 August 1942.", "Don Rafael de Medina was the 20th Duke of Feria, Grandee of Spain.", "25 September 1978", "Don Luis de Medina y Abascal was a boy.", "31 August 1980", "The 19th Duke of Segorbe, Don Ignacio de Medina y Fernndez de Crdoba, is from the Grandee of Spain.", "Princess Maria de la Esperanza of Bourbon-Two Sicilies was married to Prince Pedro Gasto of Orléans-Braganza on 24 October 1985.", "The 54th Countess of Ampurias is the daughter of Doa Sol Mara de la Blanca de Medina y Orléans-Braganza.", "8 August 1986", "The 17th Countess of Ricla is Doa Ana Luna de Medina y Orléans-Braganza.", "4 May 1988", "The profile was accessed on 18 February 2015.", "The Nobility of Madrid's Dukes of Medinaceli and Dukes of Caminha was taken over by the Grandees of Spain." ]

[ "Victoria Eugenia Fernández de Córdoba y Fernández de Henestrosa", "Victoria", "Don Luis Jesús Fernández de Córdoba y Salabert", "Ana María Fernández de Henestrosa y Gayoso de los Cobos", "Rafael de Medina y Vilallonga", "Rafael de", "Luis de", "Amelia de", "de Medina", "y Fernández", "de Córdoba", "Jaime de", "y Fernández", "del Castillo", "María del", "del P", "Teresa de", "de Vilallonga", "de Medina", "y Fernández", "de Córdoba", "Mercedes Conradi", "Victoria Francisca", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de Medina", "y Fernández", "de Córdoba", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de Medina", "y Fernández", "de Córdoba", "Maria de", "Alexander", "de la", "de Medina", "de Medina" ]

[ "Doa Victoria Eugenia Fernndez de Crdoba", "Doa Victoria", "Don Luis Fernndez de Cba y Salabert", "Doa Ana Mara Fernndez de He", "de Cllera", "de Sevilla", "Luis de", "Amelia de", "de Medina", "de C", "Jaime de", "y Fernndez", "del Castillo", "Mara del", "del Prado", "Teresa de", "de Vilallonga", "de Medina", "y Fernndez", "de", "Mercedes Conradi", "Victoria Francisca", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de Medina", "de C", "Maria de", "de la", "de Medina", "de Medina" ]

[ "Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff (March 6, 1912 – May 16, 1994) was an anthropologist and archaeologist known for his fieldwork among many different Amerindian cultures such as in the Amazonian tropical rainforests (e.g.", "Desana Tucano), and also among dozens of other indigenous groups in Colombia in the Caribbean Coast (such as the Kogi of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta), as well as others living in the Pacific Coast, Llanos Orientales, and in the Andean and inter-Andean regions (Muisca) as well as in other areas of Colombia, and he also did research on campesino societies.", "For nearly six decades he advanced ethnographic and anthropological studies, as well as archeological research, and as a scholar was a prolific writer and public figure renowned as a staunch defender of indigenous peoples.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff has worked with other archaeologists and anthropologists such as Marianne Cardale de Schrimpff, Ana María Groot, Gonzalo Correal Urrego and others.", "He died in 1994 in Colombia.", "Personal life \nHe was born in 1912 in Salzburg, then part of Austria-Hungary, as son of the artist Carl Anton Reichel and Hilde Constance Dolmatoff.", "Oriented in the classics (Latin and Greek) he did most of his high school at the Benedictine school of Kremsmunster in Austria.", "He attended classes at the Faculté des Lettres of the Sorbonne and in the École du Louvre from late 1937 to 1938.", "Gerardo emigrated to Colombia in 1939, where he became a Colombian citizen in 1942.", "Reichel became member and was the Secretary to the Free France Movement (1942-1943) with the help of his colleague and friend the French ethnologist Paul Rivet who was the Delegate of the Resistance of France Libre and living in Colombia.", "General Charles De Gaulle later awarded Reichel-Dolmatoff with the medal of the Ordre national du Mérite.", "The rest of his life Reichel-Dolmatoff spent in research in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnoecology, ethnohistory, ethnoastronomy, material culture, art, vernacular architecture, among others.", "Career \nReichel-Dolmatoff developed a keen interest for conducting fieldwork which would take him and his studies throughout the country, the Caribbean area, La Guajira desert, the Chocó rainforests, the Llanos Orientales, to the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta and the Amazon rainforests.", "Some of Reichel-Dolmatoff's archeological research was essential in creating the basic chronological framework for most of the Colombian area, and is still used today.", "In a trip to the upper Meta River in the Orinoco plains in 1940, he conducted research and later published the earliest studies done on the Guahibo Indians.", "In 1943 Gerardo wrote his first article on the Muisca settlement of Soacha.", "That same year, together with his wife anthropologist and archeologist Alicia Dussán, he conducted an analysis on pre-Columbian burial urns of the Magdalena River.", "Working in the Tolima region inhabited by Amerindians and the renowned indigenous leader Quintin Lame, they also published a study indicating the indigenous culture of the local populations and also indicated the blood type variations among the indigenous groups of the Pijao in the Department of Tolima as further proof of their Amerindian identity as these tribes were arguing over rights to their ancestral territories.", "Switching residency to the city of Santa Marta in 1946, the Reichel-Dolmatoffs created and headed the Instituto Etnologico del Magdalena in 1945 and created also a small museum about the anthropology and archeology of the Sierra Nevada region.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff wrote a two volume monography of the Kogi Indians in the 1940s which to this day is considered a classic reference.", "For the next five years, Gerardo and his colleague and wife conducted research throughout the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta region, focusing particularly on the Tairona descendants, the Kogui, also known as the Kogi or Kaggaba, and also worked with the Arhuaco and Wiwa indigenous groups, as well as ethnography of a peasant community among the people of Aritama (Kankuamo).", "Reichel-Dolmatoff carried out a regional study of the area covering archeology, ethnohistory and anthropology, making it one of the first such regional studies made in Colombia.", "Reichel also did research in the Pacific coast and studied amongst others the Kuna of the Caiman Nuevo River, west of the Gulf of Urabá.", "Several years later, Reichel published ethnohistorical studies and anthropological research related to the Kogi, demonstrating their connections to ancestral Tairona chiefdoms.", "In the late 1950s, Reichel and his family moved to the coastal city of Cartagena.", "Reichel taught classes in medical anthropology at the university there and engaged in programs of public health with an anthropological perspective.", "Actively involved in archeological excavations in the Caribbean region around Cartagena, in 1954, the Reichel-Dolmatoffs located and also excavated, amongst others, the Barlovento site, which was the first early Formative shell-midden site found in Colombia.", "At Momil, they conducted the first study of societies engaged in a subsistence change from shifting cultivation (manioc) to corn agriculturalists.", "After returning to live in Bogotá in 1960 Reichel was the founder, professor, and first Chair the first Department of Anthropology in Colombia.", "Reichel did archeological excavations at the site of Puerto Hormiga where they discovered the earliest dated pottery in all of the New World (at that time), -dated over 5 thousand years old- which indicated that pottery had been first developed in the Caribbean coast of Colombia and then spread elsewhere to the rest of the Americas (and hence was not brought through diffusion from the Old World as had been formerly suggested by other archeologists) .", "(Reichel see biblio).", "Reichel also excavated in other sites including in San Agustin, Huila.", "He published his analyses of the Puerto Hormiga site regarding early Formative cultures, and of the San Agustin site regarding chiefdoms.", "Reichel also produced one of the first overviews of Colombian archeology and proposed an interpretive framework of its millenarian pre-historic past.", "In 1963, Reichel and his wife taught courses in anthropology at the Universidad de los Andes, and then in 1964 formally created the first Department of Anthropology in Colombia at the university in Bogotá.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff worked for 5 years at the Department and left together with his wife and several other professors due to changes in the Department.", "Reichel received a short visiting fellowship to Cambridge University in 1970 and became an adjunct professor at the Anthropology Department of the University of California in Los Angeles.", "During the 1960s and until the mid-1990s Reichel-Dolmatoff advanced research on Amerindian shamanism, indigenous modes of life, ethnoecology, and on cosmologies and worldviews, and he also did research on hallucinogens related to shamanism, entheogens, ethnoastronomy, ethnobotany, ethnozoology, and on the vernacular architecture of temples and of the Amazonian 'maloca' longhouses; additionally he did research on the shamanic symbolism of pre-Columbian goldwork, as well as other Amerindian artifacts and material culture, including basketry.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff was a member of the Colombian Academy of Sciences, and a Foreign Associate Member of the NAS National Academy of Sciences of the United States and he was also a member of the Academia Real Española de Ciencias.", "He was awarded the Thomas H. Huxley medal by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland in 1975.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff was the single author of 40 books and of over 400 articles, all dedicated to the archeology and anthropology of Colombia and specifically highlighting the relevance of indigenous peoples of the past and present.", "In 1983, Reichel-Dolmatoff was one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS), which was created and headed by dr. Abdus Salam (Nobel Prize in Physics) with renowned scientists of the Third World who sought to focus differently on the issues of science and technology for the interests of the developing countries themselves.", "International recognition \nWhile living in Colombia for over half a century, Reichel-Dolmatoff provided his professional services to the national and departmental governments, and as university professor, researcher and author to public and private universities.", "In 1945 he founded in Santa Marta the Instituto Ethnologico Nacional del Magdalena and in the early 1950s he became professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of Cartagena.", "He occupied, amongst other positions, those of researcher and lecturer of the Instituto Etnologico Nacional and the Colombian Institute of Anthropology and he was Chair and professor of the Department of Anthropology of the Universidad de los Andes.", "He was visiting professor of the National Museum of Ethnology in Japan.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff participated in academic congresses and seminars and wrote conference papers in universities and international or national academic events in South America, North America and Central America as well as in Europe, Japan.", "In the field of archaeology, Reichel-Dolmatoff helped define the early archeological evidence of the Formative stage in Colombia, based on sites excavated which provided the then most ancient site in all the Americas where pottery had originated over 6,000 years ago, and this research was tied also to new interpretations of the meaning and connections of the cultural evolution of Colombia with other regions of the Americas.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff researched origins of early chiefdoms and explained the millenarian evolution of Amerindian cultures and their links to contemporary indigenous groups.", "His excavations focused mainly on living spaces and garbage heaps, where the archaeologist avoided exploring or excavating monumental sculptures, monumental architecture and indigenous burial sites.", "In the field of anthropology, Reichel-Dolmatoff focused on investigating and celebrating Colombia's ethnic and cultural diversity and especially of indigenous peoples.", "The scope and extent of his work and dedication to understanding, acknowledging and disseminating the importance and value of Colombia's contemporary indigenous peoples was significant.", "At a conference in 1987, Reichel-Dolmatoff spoke the following words:\n\"Today I must acknowledge that since the beginning of the 1940s, it has been for me a real privilege to live with, and also try to understand in depth, diverse indigenous groups.", "I noted among them particular mental structures and value systems that seemed to be beyond any of the typologies and categories held then by Anthropology.", "I did not find the ‘noble savage’ nor the so-called ‘primitive’.", "I did not find the so-called degenerate or brutish Indian nor even less the inferior beings as were generally described by the rulers, missionaries, historians, politicians and writers.", "What I did find was a world with a philosophy so coherent, with morals so high, with social and political organizations of great complexity, and with sound environmental management based on well-founded knowledge.", "In effect, I saw that the indigenous cultures offered unsuspected options that offered strategies of cultural development that simply we should not ignore because they contain valid solutions and are applicable to a variety of human problems.", "All of this more and more made my admiration grow for the dignity, the intelligence and the wisdom of these aborigines, who not least have developed wondrous dynamics and forms of resistance thanks to which so-called ‘civilization’ has not been able to exterminate them.", "I have tried to contribute to the recuperation of the dignity of the Indians, that dignity that since the arrival of the Spaniards has been denied to them; in effect, for five hundred years there has been an open tendency to malign and try to ignore the millenary experience of the population of a whole continent.", "But humankind is one; human intelligence is a gift so precious that it can not be despised in any part of the world, and this country is in arrears in recognizing the great intellectual capacity of the indigenous peoples and their great achievements due to their knowledge systems, which do not lose validity for the mere fact they do not adjust to the logic of Western thinking.", "I hope my conceptualizations and works have had a certain influence beyond anthropological circles.", "Maybe I am too optimistic, but I think that anthropologists of the older and new generations, according to their epochs and the changing roles of the Social Sciences, have contributed to revealing new dimensions of the Colombian people and of nationhood.", "I also have trust that our anthropological work constitutes an input to the indigenous communities themselves, and to their persistent effort to attain the respect, in the largest sense of the term, that is owed to them within Colombian society.", "I think that the country must highlight the indigenous legacy and guarantee fully the survival of the contemporary ethnic groups.", "I think that the county should be proud to be mestizo.", "I do not think that it is possible to advance towards the future without building upon the knowledge of the proper millenarian history, nor overlook what occurred to the indigenous peoples nor the black populations (Afrodescendants) during the Conquest and the Colonies, and also during the Republic and to this day.", "These are, in sum, some of the ideas that have guided me through almost half a century.", "They have given sense to my life.\"", "Bibliography \nThis list is a selection.", "People of Aritama ()\n Land of the Elder Brothers ()\n Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Northern Andes ()\n Rainforest Shamans: Essays on the Tukano Indians of the Northwest Amazon () \n Yurupari: Studies of an Amazonian Foundation Myth ()\n The Forest Within: The World-view of the Tukano Amazonian Indians ()\n Indians of Colombia: Experience and Cognition ()\n The Shaman and the Jaguar: A Study of Narcotic Drugs Among the Indians of Colombia ()\n Amazonian Cosmos: The Sexual and Religious Symbolism of the Tukano Indians ()\n Colombia (Ancient Peoples and Places)\n\nSee also \n\nList of Muisca scholars\nMarianne Cardale de Schrimpff\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Bibliography Reichel-Domatoff - Banco de la República\n\n1912 births\n1994 deaths\n20th-century Austrian people\nAustrian anthropologists\nColombian anthropologists\nColombian people of Austrian descent\nScientists from Salzburg\nNaturalized citizens of Colombia\nForeign associates of the National Academy of Sciences\nTWAS fellows\nMuisca scholars\n20th-century anthropologists" ]

[ "Gerardo Reichel-Dolmatoff was an anthropologist and archaeologist who was known for his work in the tropics.", "In addition to Desana Tucano, there are dozens of other indigenous groups in the Caribbean Coast, as well as others living in the Pacific Coast, Llanos Orientales, and in the Andean and inter-Andean regions.", "He advanced ethnographic and anthropological studies, as well as archeological research, and was a prolific writer and public figure renowned as a defender of indigenous peoples.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff has worked with other archaeologists and anthropologists.", "He died in 1994.", "He was born in 1912 in Salzburg, then part of Austria-Hungary, as the son of the artist Carl Anton Reichel.", "He did most of his high school in Austria at the Benedictine school.", "He attended classes in the cole du Louvre and the Faculté des Lettres of the Sorbonne.", "He became a citizen of the country in 1942.", "Reichel joined the Free France movement with the help of his friend and French ethnologist Paul Rivet who was the delegate of the Resistance of France Libre.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff received a medal from General Charles De Gaulle.", "He spent the rest of his life researching in the fields of anthropology, archaeology, ethnoecology, ethnoastronomy, material culture, art, and vernacular architecture.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff wanted to conduct fieldwork throughout the country, the Caribbean area, La Guajira desert, the Choc rainforests, the Llanos Orientales, and the mountains of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta.", "The basic chronological framework for most of the Colombian area was created using some of Reichel-Dolmatoff's archeological research.", "He published the earliest studies done on the Guahibo Indians after conducting research in the upper Meta River.", "His first article was about the Muisca settlement.", "He and his wife conducted an analysis on pre-Columbian burial urns.", "Working in the Tolima region inhabited by Amerindians and the renowned indigenous leader, they published a study indicating the indigenous culture of the local populations and also indicated the blood type variations among the indigenous groups of the Pijao in the Department of Tolima.", "In 1945 the Reichel-Dolmatoffs created and headed the Instituto Etnologico del Magdalena, which was a small museum about the anthropology and archeology of the Sierra Nevada region.", "The two volume monography of the Kogi Indians was written in the 1940s and is considered a classic reference.", "The Tairona descendants, the Kogui, also known as the Kogi or Kaggaba, were the focus of Gerardo and his colleague and wife's research for the next five years.", "One of the first regional studies made in the country was carried out by Reichel-Dolmatoff.", "Reichel studied the Kuna of the Caiman Nuevo River west of the Gulf of Urab.", "Reichel published research showing the Kogi's connection to ancestral Tairona chiefdoms several years later.", "Reichel and his family moved to the coastal city of Cartagena in the late 1950s.", "Reichel taught anthropology at the university and was involved in public health programs.", "The Barlovento site, which was the first Formative shell-midden site found in Colombia, was excavated by the Reichel-Dolmatoffs in 1954.", "The first study of societies engaged in a change from cultivating manioc to corn was conducted at Momil.", "Reichel was the founder, professor, and first Chair of the Department of Anthropology in Bogot.", "At the site of Puerto Hormiga, Reichel discovered the earliest dated pottery in all of the New World, which was dated over 5 thousand years old.", "I saw the biblio.", "Reichel excavated in other places.", "He published his analyses of the Puerto Hormiga site regarding early Formative cultures.", "One of the first overviews of archeology was produced by Reichel.", "The first Department of Anthropology in Bogot was created in 1964 after Reichel and his wife taught anthropology at the Universidad de los Andes.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff left the Department with his wife and several other professors due to changes in the Department.", "Reichel received a fellowship to Cambridge University in 1970 and went on to teach at the University of California in Los Angeles.", "During the 1960s and until the mid 1990s Reichel-Dolmatoff did research on shamanism and hallucinogens.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff was an associate member of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States and he was also a member of the Real Espaola de Ciencias.", "The Thomas H. Huxley medal was awarded by the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff was the sole author of 40 books and over 400 articles, all dedicated to the archeology and anthropology of Colombia and specifically highlighting the relevance of indigenous peoples of the past and present.", "In 1983, Reichel-Dolmatoff was one of the founding members of the Third World Academy of Sciences.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff provided his professional services to the national and departmental governments, and as a university professor, researcher and author.", "He became professor of Medical Anthropology at the University of Cartagena in the early 1950s after founding the Instituto Ethnologico Nacional del Magdalena.", "He was the chair and professor of the Department of Anthropology of the Universidad de los Andes, as well as being a researcher and lecturer of the Instituto Etnologico Nacional.", "The National Museum of Ethnology in Japan was where he was visiting.", "Reichel-Dolmatoff was involved in academic congresses and seminars in South America, North America and Central America as well as in Europe, Japan.", "In the field of archaeology, Reichel-Dolmatoff helped define the early archeological evidence of the Formative stage in Colombia, based on sites excavated which provided the then most ancient site in all the Americas where pottery had originated over 6,000 years ago.", "The millenarian evolution of Amerindian cultures and their links to contemporary indigenous groups was explained by Reichel-Dolmatoff.", "The archaeologist focused on living spaces and garbage heaps, avoiding exploring monumental sculptures, monumental architecture and indigenous burial sites.", "In the field of anthropology, Reichel-Dolmatoff focused on investigating and celebrating the ethnic and cultural diversity of the country.", "The scope and extent of his work was significant.", "Since the beginning of the 1940s, Reichel-Dolmatoff has lived with and tried to understand many different indigenous groups.", "I noted the mental structures and value systems that were beyond the categories held by Anthropology.", "The so-called 'noble savage' and the so-called 'primitive' were not found by me.", "I didn't find the Indians to be as bad as they were described by the rulers, missionaries, historians, politicians and writers.", "A world with a philosophy so coherent, with morals so high, with social and political organizations of great complexity, and with sound environmental management was what I found.", "I saw that the indigenous cultures offered strategies of cultural development that are applicable to a variety of human problems, and that I should not ignore them because they contain valid solutions.", "My admiration grew for the dignity, intelligence, and wisdom of the Aborigines, who have developed wonderful dynamics and forms of resistance thanks to the so-called 'civilization' that has not been able to eradicate them.", "Since the arrival of the Spaniards, there has been an open tendency to malign and try to ignore the millenary experience of the population of Indians.", "Human intelligence is so valuable that it can not be seen as inferior in any part of the world, and this country is in arrears in recognizing the great intellectual capacity of the indigenous peoples and their great achievements due to their knowledge systems.", "I hope my works have influenced other people.", "I think that anthropologists of the older and new generations have contributed to revealing new dimensions of theColombian people and of nationhood.", "I trust that our anthropological work is an input to the indigenous communities themselves, and to their persistent effort to attain the respect that is owed to them in the largest sense of the term.", "The country should highlight the indigenous legacy and guarantee the survival of the contemporary ethnic groups.", "The county should be proud of being mestizo.", "I don't think it is possible to advance towards the future without knowing what happened to the indigenous peoples and the black populations during the Conquest and the Colonies.", "Some of the ideas that have guided me through almost half a century are listed here.", "They have made sense to me.", "The list is a selection.", "The Land of the Elder Brothers, Recent Advances in the Archaeology of the Northern Andes, and Yurupari: Studies of an Amazon Foundation Myth are examples." ]

[ "Gerardo Reichel Dolmatoff", "Gerardo", "Gerardo", "Gerardo" ]

[ "Gerardo Reichel Dolmatoff", "Gerardo" ]

[ "Rex Brinkworth MBE (25 July 1929 – 29 October 1998) was the founder of the UK Down's Syndrome Association.", "He was a pioneer of early treatment for babies with Down syndrome through stimulation and diet.", "He collaborated on this with Jerome Lejeune, the French geneticist who discovered that Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21.", "He was also a campaigner for integrated mainstream education for children with Down syndrome, and against the use of term 'mongolism' to refer to the syndrome.", "By coincidence, later he and his wife themselves had a child with Down syndrome.", "Biography \nBrinkworth was born on 25 July 1929 in Eastington, Stonehouse, Gloucestershire.", "When a small child he became friendly with two adults in the village who had Down syndrome, which influenced his later work.", "Brinkworth trained as a teacher, his first teaching posts being at a Grammar School in Gloucestershire, a Catholic Secondary School in Birmingham and Turners Green Secondary School for Boys in Birmingham.", "At the latter he specialised in remedial teaching for students with learning difficulties.", "He was then appointed as Head of the Remedial Department of Great Barr Comprehensive School in Birmingham.", "There he developed a theory that many of the problems of pupils with learning difficulties were caused by their inadequate stimulation in infancy.", "Career \nIn 1959 Brinkworth read of the finding by Lejeune that Down syndrome was the result of an extra chromosome At the time, there was much speculation about the relative influence of heredity or environment on children's performance.", "Brinkworth tested the relative effects of these factors by giving environmental stimulation to very young children with Down syndrome, to see if their performance could be improved and the consequences of their genetic condition counteracted.", "Brinkworth was already fluent in French, and he had met and married a French woman, Jackie.", "He contacted Lejeune and began a fruitful collaboration with the French doctor in research into the treatment of children with Down syndrome through environmental means – diet and stimulation.", "By great coincidence, in 1965 Brinkworth and Jackie had a child, whom they named Francoise, born with Down syndrome.", "Brinkworth then enrolled for a Diploma in Child Psychology course at the University of Birmingham, for which he carried out a controlled experiment.", "Five babies with Down syndrome were visited for four hours each week for six months, with the parents being given detailed instructions for stimulation and diet.", "The babies were tested against matched control babies with Down syndrome who had not received the visits, at ages six, twelve and eighteen months.", "Marked benefit was shown for the babies who had received the visits.", "The results were written up in Brinkworth's dissertation at the University of Birmingham, 1967, with the title 'The Effects of Early Training on the Mongoloid Infant.'", "Brinkworth began producing sheets of advice and instructions for exercises to families who contacted him.", "By 1969 he was in contact with 130 families with babies with Down syndrome.", "In that year he produced, with Dr. Joseph Collins, a 70-page booklet \"Improving Mongol Babies,\" published by the Northern Ireland Region of the National Society for Mentally Handicapped Children (now MENCAP).", "Use of the word 'Mongol' to describe people with Down syndrome was prevalent at the timet.", "It derived from the first systematic description of the syndrome in 1867 by Dr John Langdon Down, after whom the syndrome is now named.", "Down's paper was entitled 'Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots', and attriuted the characteristics of people with Down syndrome to an affinity with a supposed Mongolian ethnic identity.", "Brinkworth was an outspoken critic of the term.'", "and he campaigned against its use.", "Immediately after publishing his booklet he dropped the term, and the Association he founded shortly afterwards was called 'The Down's Babies Association'.", "Future editions of his booklet were titled 'Improving Babies with Down's Syndrome'.", "The subtitle of the booklet was' Introducing Them to School.", "'At the time (until the 1971 repeal of the 1949 Education Act), children with learning difficulties, including almost those with Down syndrome, were classified as 'unsuitable for education in school'.", "They were catered for in 'Junior Training Centres' run by Health Authorities.", "The subtitle of Brinkworth's booklet reflected his belief that children with Down syndrome could and should be educated within mainstream education.", "Realising the need to formalise his work and have a base to which parents could bring their children for assessment and advice, Brinkworth founded the Down's Babies Association in 1970 with headquarters at Quinborne Community Centre in Birmingham.", "By 1982 it had a membership of 3,500 families.", "As the children of the early members grew up, the name was changed first to 'The Down's Children's Association' and later to 'The Down's Syndrome Association.'", "In the early years, Brinkworth continued to produce what he called 'schedules' of detailed instructions to parents on physical, verbal and social stimulation and on diet, and several further editions of the book were published.", "Other researchers took up his ideas with similar positive results.", "Parents have described how valuable his work has been to them.", "A great boost was given to the work of the Association by a BBC TV programme shown in the Open Door series in 1976.", "This showed examples of Brinkworth's work and featured his own daughter Francoise.", "A highly positive image of children with Down syndrome was portrayed, countering the negative picture often painted by the medical profession.", "A high point in the film is when one of the children says, \"I like laughing, it’s like a song to me.\"", "Brinkworth ends the film with the words, \"It’s not only in his chromosomes that we can call the mongol child the child with something extra.\"", "In the early 1980s, Brinkworth established a 'National Centre for Down's Syndrome' at Birmingham Polytechnic.", "Later, the Association moved its headquarters to London and a Director was appointed, Brinkworth becoming Education Adviser to the Association.", "He was awarded an MBE for his services to people with Down syndrome and their families.", "Brinkworth's daughter Francoise developed many skills, passing her driving test, learning to read music and play the piano, becoming fluent in French, and living independently in a flat.", "In 1986, Brinkworth and Francoise featured on a 30-minute video, being interviewed about their experiences and views under the title Current Perspectives on Down's Syndrome, produced by the Media Resource Centre, Darwin, Australia.", "Brinkworth was a staunch Roman Catholic and he, like Jerome Lejeune, was vehemently opposed to screening and abortion as a means to prevent Down syndrome.", "In 1980, Brinkworth was the British representative, along with Lejeune, on a Vatican working party on people with learning difficulties.", "He helped to draft a speech which Pope John Paul gave for the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons.", "Increasing ill health forced Brinkworth's retirement from formal involvement in the Down's Syndrome Association, and he left in 1988.", "He died after a long period of heart disease on 29 October 1998, aged 69.", "This is how Brinkworth ends the piece he wrote called 'Towards a full and independent life' for a Down's Children's Association information sheet in 1982:\n\n\"For those who are cast up as strangers on our shores, we owe a duty of hospitality and tolerance.", "Our neighbours, the 'children with something extra', demand much of their parents in early life, but they have much to give in return.", "In enabling them to develop to their fullest potential we also serve ourselves, as an increasing number of these children grow up to play a modest but useful part in the life of the nation\".", "References \n\n1998 deaths\nBritish philanthropists\n1929 births" ]

[ "The UK Down's Syndrome Association was founded by Rex Brinkworth.", "He was the first to treat babies with Down syndrome with stimulation and diet.", "The French geneticist who discovered that Down syndrome is caused by an extra chromosome 21 collaborated with him.", "He was against the use of the term \"mongolism\" to refer to Down syndrome.", "He and his wife had a child with Down syndrome.", "Brinkworth was born on July 25, 1929.", "Two adults with Down syndrome influenced his later work after befriending a small child.", "Brinkworth's first teaching posts were at a Catholic Secondary School in Birmingham and Turners Green Secondary School for Boys in the city.", "He taught students with learning difficulties.", "He became the Head of the Remedial Department at Great Barr Comprehensive School.", "Many of the problems of pupils with learning difficulties were caused by their inadequate stimulation in infancy.", "At the time, there was much speculation about the relative influence of heredity or environment on children's performance.", "Brinkworth gave environmental stimulation to very young children with Down syndrome to see if it could improve their performance and counteract the effects of their genetic condition.", "Brinkworth met and married a French woman and was already proficient in French.", "He contacted Lejeune and began a fruitful collaboration with the French doctor in research into the treatment of children with Down syndrome through diet and stimulation.", "Francoise was born with Down syndrome and was named after Brinkworth andJackie.", "Brinkworth carried out a controlled experiment while on a child psychology course at the University of Birmingham.", "Five babies with Down syndrome were visited for four hours a week for six months, with their parents given detailed instructions for stimulation and diet.", "The babies were tested against babies with Down syndrome who had not received the visits.", "The benefits were shown for the babies who had received the visits.", "Brinkworth's thesis was titled 'The Effects of Early Training on the Mongoloid Infant.'", "The sheets of advice and instructions were given to families by Brinkworth.", "130 families with babies with Down syndrome were in contact with him by 1969", "The Northern Ireland Region of the National Society for Mentally Handicapped Children published a 70 page booklet \"Improving Mongol Babies\" in that year.", "The term 'Mongol' was used to describe people with Down syndrome.", "The syndrome is named after Dr John Langdon Down, who wrote the first systematic description in 1867.", "The paper was titled 'Observations on an Ethnic Classification of Idiots' and was written by Down.", "Brinkworth was a critic of the term.", "He was against its use.", "He dropped the term after publishing his booklet, and the Association he founded was called 'The Down's Babies Association'.", "His booklet was titled 'Improving Babies with Down's Syndrome'.", "Introducing Them to School was the subtitle of the booklet.", "Until the 1971 repeal of the 1949 Education Act, children with learning difficulties were classified as unsuitable for education in school.", "The 'Junior Training Centres' were run by the Health Authorities.", "Brinkworth believed that children with Down syndrome could and should be educated in mainstream education.", "The Down's Babies Association was founded in 1970 by Brinkworth in order to formalise his work and have a base to which parents could bring their children for assessment and advice.", "It had a membership of 3,500 families by 1982.", "After the children of the early members grew up, the name was changed to 'The Down's Children's Association'.", "In the early years, Brinkworth continued to produce what he called'schedules' of detailed instructions to parents on physical, verbal and social stimulation and on diet, and several further editions of the book were published.", "His ideas were taken up by other researchers.", "His work has been valuable to his parents.", "The work of the Association was given a boost by a programme on television in 1976.", "This featured examples of Brinkworth's work and his own daughter Francoise.", "The medical profession often paints a negative picture of children with Down syndrome.", "One of the children in the film says, \"I like laughing, it's like a song to me.\"", "\"It's not only in his chromosomes that we can call the mongol child the child with something extra,\" Brinkworth said at the end of the film.", "Brinkworth established a 'National Centre for Down's Syndrome' in the 1980's.", "Brinkworth became Education Adviser to the Association after it moved its headquarters to London.", "He was honoured for his services to people with Down syndrome.", "Brinkworth's daughter Francoise was able to pass her driving test, learn to read music and play the piano, and live independently in a flat.", "Brinkworth and Francoise were interviewed about their experiences and views under the title Current Perspectives on Down's Syndrome, which was produced by the Media Resource Centre.", "Brinkworth and Lejeune were both opposed to screening and abortion to prevent Down syndrome.", "Brinkworth and Lejeune were part of a Vatican working party on people with learning difficulties.", "Pope John Paul gave a speech for the 1981 International Year of Disabled Persons.", "Brinkworth retired from formal involvement in the Down's Syndrome Association due to ill health.", "He died of heart disease at the age of 69.", "For those who are cast up as strangers on our shores, we owe a duty of tolerance.", "Our neighbours, the children with something extra, demand much of their parents in early life, but they have much to give in return.", "In enabling them to develop to their fullest potential we also serve ourselves, as an increasing number of these children grow up to play a modest but useful part in the life of the nation.", "1998 deaths of British philanthropists." ]

[ "Rex Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth" ]

[ "Rex Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth", "Brinkworth" ]

[ "Daniel Alberto Cabrera Cruz (born May 28, 1981) is a Dominican former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher.", "He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals and Arizona Diamondbacks and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Chunichi Dragons.", "He is a tall pitcher, standing at 6' 7\" and 225 lb.", "Professional career\n\nBaltimore Orioles\nCabrera was signed by the Baltimore Orioles as an amateur in .", "He did not become a player in the Orioles minor league system until , at the age of 19.", "For his first two seasons as a minor leaguer, Cabrera played in the rookie leagues; first with the Gulf Coast Orioles,then with Bluefield.", "He posted a 5.49 ERA his first season and a 3.28 ERA his second.", "When he was 22, Cabrera became a part of the Orioles Single-A ballclub, the Delmarva Shorebirds.", "His record was 5–9 with a 4.24 ERA.", "By the end of his third season in the minors, Cabrera was racking up the numbers one would expect from a power pitcher.", "He recorded 105 strikeouts over 101 innings of work with the rookie leagues between and , and added 120 strikeouts over 125.1 innings in Single-A Delmarva the following season.", "He was promoted to Double-A Bowie before the season.", "While at Bowie, Cabrera began dominating; through five starts, he posted a 2.39 ERA and averaged over 11 strikeouts per nine innings.", "On May 11, , he was called up to make his major league debut against the Chicago White Sox.", "Cabrera did not disappoint.", "In his very first start against the Atlanta Braves, he tossed six shutout innings.", "In June, he had a 2.83 ERA and held opponents to a mere .204 batting average.", "Though utterly dominating for the first few months, Cabrera's control slowly left him; by the end of the season, he was walking far too many batters to be effective, and finished the season with an even 5.00 ERA.", "He finished third in AL Rookie of the Year voting.", "At the start of the 2005 season, Cabrera was listed as the Orioles #2 starter, thanks to a dominating Grapefruit League performance.", "His performance was extremely up-and-down, however.", "Though he had many utterly dominating performances, he had an equal number of disastrous outings.", "His 2005 ERA of 4.52 belies the inconsistency he experienced from start to start.", "During 2005, Cabrera's name surfaced in trade rumors involving A. J. Burnett of the Florida Marlins.", "These trade rumors never reached fruition, however, and Burnett and Cabrera both remained with their respective teams for the duration of the season.", "Cabrera once again demonstrated his potential in 2006 with some dominating performances against major-league caliber rosters while pitching in the WBC.", "Many baseball experts, including ESPN analysts Rob Neyer and Peter Gammons, predicted a breakout season for Cabrera in .", "However, on July 14, 2006, Cabrera, after showing inconsistency at the major league level (leading the majors in both walks (75) and wild pitches (13)), was optioned to Triple-A Ottawa.", "To take his place in the starting rotation, left-hander Adam Loewen was recalled from Ottawa.", "Cabrera was recalled on August 7, 2006, and pitched a complete game shutout against the Toronto Blue Jays on August 19, 2006, allowing only five hits.", "On September 28, 2006, Cabrera took a no-hitter into the 9th inning against the New York Yankees before surrendering a line drive single to Robinson Canó.", "He completed the game, only giving up that one hit.", "Cabrera was the losing pitcher for the Orioles on August 22, .", "That day, the Orioles suffered the worst beating in baseball since , blowing a 3-run lead and losing to the Texas Rangers 30–3.", "Cabrera was ejected in the fourth inning for throwing a beanball at the head of the Boston Red Sox's second baseman, Dustin Pedroia on September 7, 2007, after a third base balk.", "MLB commentators have cited this as being another instance of Cabrera being a man of massive potential with poor major league career execution.", "On September 13, 2007, he was suspended six games by Major League Baseball for the incident.", "In 2007, he had the lowest range factor of all major league pitchers, 0.75.", "In , Cabrera was 5–1 with a 3.48 ERA through 10 starts, but fell off after that.", "He finished the year leading the majors in hit batters (18) and had the majors' worst strikeout:walk ratio (1.06), and led the American League in wild pitches (15), and finished second in the AL with 90 walks.", "Overall, he finished the season 8–10 with a 5.25 ERA.", "On December 12, the Orioles gave up on Cabrera and did not tender him a contract.", "Washington Nationals\n\nOn December 29, 2008, Cabrera signed a one-year deal with the Washington Nationals.", "On April 19, 2009, Cabrera reached base safely for the first time in his career with a four pitch walk issued by Hayden Penn.", "He struck out 18 times in a row beforehand.", "On May 26, 2009, Cabrera was designated for assignment, and once clearing waivers the Nationals announced that he would be released.", "Arizona Diamondbacks\nOn August 3, 2009, the Arizona Diamondbacks signed Cabrera to a minor league contract.", "On November 4, 2009, Cabrera filed for free agency\n\nChicago White Sox\nOn January 14, 2010, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox with an invitation to spring training.", "He was released on March 17, midway through spring training.", "Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim\nOn June 10, 2010, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.", "He did not play in 2011 while recovering from Tommy John surgery.", "Pittsburgh Pirates\nIn February 2012, Cabrera signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "Return to the Arizona Diamondbacks\nCabrera was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks in August 2012.", "Cincinnati Reds\nIn February 2015, Cabrera signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds\n\nTigres de Quintana Roo\nOn May 27, 2015 Cabrera signed with the Tigres de Quintana Roo of the Mexican Baseball League.", "He was released on March 28, 2016.", "Pitching style\nCabrera throws three pitches: a fastball, a curveball, and a changeup.", "His fastball is his strongest pitch—he is able to throw it consistently in the upper 90s, with significant sinking and tailing action.", "He throws two different curveballs.", "One is a sharp-breaking, hard curve that behaves like a slurve and tops out in the mid-upper 80s.", "He also throws a looping, 12–6 curveball that tops out in the high 70s.", "Cabrera's changeup is improving, though in it was extremely inconsistent.", "He featured this pitch with more effectiveness while representing the Dominican Republic in the inaugural World Baseball Classic.", "Cabrera's mix of velocity and pitch movement have enabled him to rack up impressive strikeout numbers, as evidenced by his excellent K rate in 2005 (8.8 K/9).", "However, he has had difficulties with control, as is often the case with a power pitcher of his size and level of experience.", "His career walk rate is an extremely high 5.1 BB/9; his career high for walks in a single game is 9, most recently in a bizarre outing where in addition to his walks, which loaded the bases in three of his five innings, fanned 10 batters and allowed only one run to cross the plate, on a wild pitch.", "Though displaying tremendous potential for success, Cabrera is sometimes chastised for his perceived lack of mental toughness and overall inconsistency.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1981 births\nLiving people\nArizona Diamondbacks players\nArkansas Travelers players\nBaltimore Orioles players\nBluefield Orioles players\nBowie Baysox players\nBradenton Marauders players\nChunichi Dragons players\nDelmarva Shorebirds players\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Canada\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Japan\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in Mexico\nDominican Republic expatriate baseball players in the United States\nEstrellas Orientales players\nGulf Coast Orioles players\nIndianapolis Indians players\n\nLeones del Escogido players\nLouisville Bats players\nMajor League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nMexican League baseball pitchers\nNippon Professional Baseball pitchers\nOttawa Lynx players\nSportspeople from San Pedro de Macorís\nReno Aces players\nSalt Lake Bees players\nTigres de Quintana Roo players\nTigres del Licey players\nWashington Nationals players\nWorld Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic\n2006 World Baseball Classic players\n2015 WBSC Premier12 players" ]

[ "A Dominican former professional baseball right-handed starting pitcher is named Daniel Cruz.", "He played in Major League Baseball for the Baltimore Orioles, Washington Nationals, Arizona Diamondbacks, and the Chunichi Dragons.", "He is a tall pitcher.", "As an amateur, he was signed by the Baltimore Orioles.", "At the age of 19, he became a player in the Orioles minor league system.", "In his first two seasons as a minor leaguer, he played for the Gulf Coast Orioles and Bluefield.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a member of the Delmarva Shorebirds when he was 22.", "He had a record of 5–9 with a 4.24ERA.", "By the end of his third season in the minor leaguers, he had racked up the numbers one would expect from a power pitcher.", "He added 120 strikeouts in Single-A Delmarva the following season after recording 105 strikeouts in the rookies.", "He was promoted to Double-A after the season.", "Through five starts, he posted a 2.39 ERA and averaged over 11 strikeouts per nine starts.", "He was called up to make his major league debut on May 11.", "He did not miss a beat.", "He made his first start against the Atlanta Braves.", "He held his opponents to a.204 batting average in June.", "By the end of the season, he was walking far too many batters to be effective, and finished the season with an even 5.00 earned run average.", "He finished third in the voting.", "At the start of the 2005 season, Cabrera was listed as the Orioles #2 starter, thanks to a dominating Grapefruit League performance.", "His performance was up and down.", "He had an equal number of disastrous outings.", "The inconsistency he experienced from start to finish is what makes his 2005 ERA of 4.52 so different.", "There were trade rumors involving A. J.Burnett of the Florida Marlins.", "The trade rumors never came to fruition, however, and the two players remained with their teams for the duration of the season.", "In 2006 he showed his potential with some dominating performances against major-league caliber rosters while in the World Baseball Classic.", "Many baseball experts, including Rob Neyer and Peter Gammons, predicted a breakthrough season for Cabrera.", "On July 14, 2006 after showing inconsistency at the major league level (leading the majors in both walks and wild pitches), he was optioned to Triple-A Ottawa.", "Adam Loewen was recalled fromOttawa to take his place in the starting rotation.", "On August 7, 2006 he was recalled and on August 19, 2006 he pitched a complete game shut out against Toronto.", "On September 28, 2006 Cabrera took a no-hitter into the 9th against the New York Yankees before surrendering a line drive single to Robinson Can.", "He only gave up one hit in the game.", "On August 22, he was the losing pitcher for the Orioles.", "The Orioles blew a 3-run lead and lost to the Texas Rangers 30–3.", "On September 7, 2007, he was thrown out for throwing a beanball at the head of Boston's second baseman,Dustin Pedroia.", "MLB commentators have said that this is another example of how bad a major league career can be for a man with massive potential.", "He was suspended for six games by Major League Baseball for the incident.", "He had the lowest range factor of all major league pitchers.", "After 10 starts, he was 5–1 with a 3.48 ERA, but fell off after that.", "He finished the year leading the majors in hit batters 18 and had the worst strikeout:walk ratio (1.06), and led the American League in wild pitches 15.", "He finished the season with a 5.25 average.", "The Orioles didn't tender a contract to Cabrera on December 12.", "On December 29, 2008, he signed a one-year deal with the Washington Nationals.", "On April 19, 2009, Cabrera reached base for the first time in his career with a four pitch walk.", "He struck out 18 times before.", "On May 26, 2009, the Nationals announced that he would be released after clearing waivers.", "On August 3, 2009, the Arizona Diamondbacks signed Cabrera to a minor league contract.", "On January 14, 2010, Cabrera signed a minor league contract with the Chicago White Sox and was invited to spring training.", "He was released midway through spring training.", "On June 10, 2010, he signed a minor league contract with the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim.", "He did not play in 2011.", "In February of 2012 he signed a minor league deal with the Pittsburgh Pirates.", "In August 2012 he was traded to the Arizona Diamondbacks.", "The Cincinnati Reds signed Cabrera to a minor league deal in February of 2015.", "On March 28, 2016 he was released.", "A changeup is one of the three pitches that Cabrera throws.", "His strongest pitch is his fastball, which he can throw consistently in the upper 90s with significant sinking and tailing action.", "He throws two different things.", "One is a hard curve that behaves like a slurve and is 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "He throws a 12–6 curve in the high 70s.", "In the changeup, it was extremely inconsistent.", "The pitch he used in the World Baseball Classic was more effective.", "In 2005 he had an excellent K rate of 8.8%, as a result of his mix of velocity and pitch movement.", "He has had difficulties with control, as is often the case with a power pitcher of his size and experience.", "His career walk rate is 5.1 per game, the highest in his career, and his career high for walks in a single game is 9, most recently in a bizarre outing where he fanned 10 batters and allowed only one run to cross the plate.", "Cabrera is sometimes chastised for his lack of mental toughness and overall inconsistency.", "There are links to external links for living people and expatriate baseball players." ]

[ "Daniel Alberto Cabrera Cruz", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera" ]

[ "Daniel Cruz", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera", "Cabrera" ]

[ "Georgius Pelino ( 1438–1463) was a Catholic priest, the abbot of Ratac Abbey and diplomat of Skanderbeg and Venetian Republic.", "Life \n\nPelino's birthdate is unknown, but his birthplace Novo Brdo is stated in a 1441 document.", "From 1438 (or 1436) to 1463, he was the abbot of Ratac Abbey in nowadays Sutomore.", "His abbey was under the jurisdiction of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar, but he was not in good relations with its titulars, due to his ambitions to become himself head of Archdiocese.", "Many sources mention pharmacist Antonije Beli as Pelino's assistant.", "Citizen of the Serbian Despotate \n\nIn 1421 Pelino borrowed 1,505 perpers to Balša III when the latter decided to travel to visit Stefan Lazarević.", "Later, on 15 March 1445, Pelino requested from the Venetian Senate to authorize him to claim this amount from the heritage property of Jelena Balšić.", "Jelena Balšić also borrowed 205 ducats from Ratac Abbey and in 1446 Pelino added this amount to his claim, promising to forgive a half of it.", "The Treaty of Vučitrn, signed in Vučitrn on 22 April 1426 between Republic of Venice and Serbian Despotate, formally ended the Second Scutari War.", "By this treaty Venice ceded Ratac to the Serbian Despotate.", "Ratac was included into the list of Serbian demands probably based on the pressure of the people from Bar on Serbian negotiators.", "Stefan Lazarević confirmed the privileges of Ratac Abbey initially granted by the King Milutin.", "To negotiate this confirmation Pelino traveled to meet Lazarević in his court.", "In 1438 he traveled to Dubrovnik as ambassador of despot Đurađ Branković.", "In 1441, together with Gjon Gazulli he is mentioned as a member of a diplomatic mission in Italy.", "In Autumn 1442 Pelino was expelled from Ratac Abbey by Stephen Vukčić for seven months period.", "Vukčić put a price on Pelino's head.", "During this period Pelino appealed to the Venetian Senate to support his appointment on the position of archbishop of Archdiocese of Bar.", "Venetian Senate promised that it would negotiate with the Pope to appoint Pelino on some vacant position of archbishop or some other position in the church hierarchy.", "In the meantime the Senate granted Pelino 10 monthly provisions paid from the treasury of Kotor.", "Citizen of the Venetian Republic \n\nThe years-long dispute between Pelino and Marin Adamović, a jeweler from Kotor, was ended in 1444.", "At the beginning of 1445 archbishop of Bar complained to the Venetians about Pelino.", "This was a beginning of Pelino's long struggle with Bar archbishops and governors to keep privileges his abbey had within Serbian Despotate.", "Together with Andrea, the Bishop of Arbër, Pelino participated as a negotiator between Skanderbeg and Venice Republic during the peace treaty negotiations that ended Albanian–Venetian War of 1447–1448.", "In 1448 Pelino was expelled from Ratac Abbey for the second time.", "In this case by Venetian governor of Bar, Jakov Delfino who also, in the name of all Bar clergy, wrote a letter to pope complaining against Pelino.", "Pelino often borrowed money to Venetians.", "In 1450 Pelino borrowed 1,508 perpers to Venetian Republic.", "In 1451 he again borrowed substantial amount to Venetians.", "While Venice proveditors of Scutari and Durazzo were helping the Ottoman army during the First Siege of Krujë, as a representative of Skanderbeg, in October 1450 he proposed to the Venice to cede them a sovereignty over the city of Krujë.", "On November 1450 Venice informed him that his request was not accepted, because it had not enough soldiers to do so.", "In period 1453-56 Pelino was appointed as Protonotary apostolic and wrote Skanderbeg's charters.", "Mainly due to Pelino's efforts the peace treaty privileges and payment conditions were renewed in 1456.", "Based on the privileges granted to Ratac Abbey by Serbian Nemanjić dynasty, Pelino complained to Venetian Senate when governors of Bar starting from 1456 insisted that Ratac should pay tax of one tenth of its income from vine and olive oil.", "In July 1457 Pelino complained to Venetians that Paštrovići still control four villages conquered during campaign of Altomanović.", "In 1458 Ratac was finally completely released from the obligations to pay one tenth of its income to Bar and thanks to Pelino's efforts four villages controlled by Paštrovići were returned under control of Ratac Abbey.", "In June 1457 Pelino brought Skanderbeg's letter to Venetians.", "In this letter Skanderbeg complained because Venetians irregularly paying him agreed provisions.", "Later, in the same year, in the name of Skanderbeg Pelino went in a diplomatic mission to Pope Callixtus III and convinced him to continue to pay allowances to Skanderbeg.", "In 1458 during the conflict between Skanderbeg and Lekë Dukagjini, he acted as an intermediary between Skanderbeg and Venice, achieving a personal success in forging the bases for a future military alliance between them.", "In a sign of good will, in 1459 Skanderbeg handed over to Venice the castle of Sati, that he had captured from Lekë Dukagjini that year.", "Pleased by this act, Venice rewarded Pelino's brothers with a monthly pension.", "In 1460 Skanderbeg appointed him as his personal ambassador.", "When Venetian Republic stopped paying provisions to Skanderbeg in 1462 Pelino managed to convince Venetian Senate to continue payment of the provisions of 600 ducats per year and to pay all retained provisions.", "For his success in negotiations with Skanderbeg Pelino was paid by the Venetians, so he was not only Skanderbeg's diplomat in Venice but also Venice's diplomat at Skanderbeg and actually a mediator between two parties.", "In 1463 he played an important role in the signing of an alliance treaty between Skanderbeg and the Republic of Venice.", "On 20 October 1463 Pelino was mentioned for the last time in documents, as Skanderbeg's envoy in Venice.", "Taking in consideration that on 13 December 1463 Pal Gazulli was again mentioned as Skanderbeg's envoy in Venice, it is assumed that Pelino died in this period.", "Annotations\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n\nFurther reading \n Đorđe Pelinović-opat Bogorodice Ratačke, Tatjana Koprivica, \"Jadranski korijeni\" conference held in October 2012 in Kotor\n\nExternal links \n Iz prošlosti grada Bara - Opat i diplomat Juraj Pelinović, Lovorka Čoralić, Slobodna Dalmacija,\n\n1463 deaths\nPeople from Novo Brdo\nYear of birth unknown\n15th-century Serbian people\nRepublic of Venice clergy\nSerbian Roman Catholic priests\nVenetian period in the history of Montenegro\nPeople of the Serbian Despotate\nSkanderbeg" ]

[ "The Abbot of Ratac Abbey was a catholic priest named Georgius Pelino.", "The birthplace of Life Pelino is stated in a 1441 document.", "He was the Abbot of Ratac Abbey from 1438 to 1463.", "His abbey was under the control of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Bar, but he wanted to become its head.", "Pelino's assistant is mentioned by many sources.", "The Citizen of the Serbian Despotate borrowed money from Bala III so that he could go to visit a friend.", "Pelino requested from the Venetian Senate to claim the amount from the heritage property of Jelena Bali.", "Jelena Bali borrowed 205 ducats from Ratac Abbey and Pelino added this amount to his claim, promising to forgive half of it.", "On April 22, 1426, the Republic of Venice and Serbian Despotate signed a treaty formally ending the Second Scutari War.", "Veniceceded Ratac to the Serbian Despotate.", "Ratac was included in the Serbian demands due to the pressure of the people from Bar on Serbian negotiators.", "The privileges of Ratac Abbey were granted by the King.", "Pelino traveled to meet the man in his court.", "He was the ambassador of ura Brankovi in 1438.", "He was mentioned as a member of a diplomatic mission in Italy in 1441.", "Stephen Vuki kicked Pelino out of Ratac Abbey for seven months in the Autumn of 1442.", "Vuki put a price on Pelino's head.", "Pelino appealed to the Venetian Senate to support his appointment as archbishop of the Archdiocese of Bar.", "Pelino would be appointed to a position in the church hierarchy if the Venetian Senate could negotiate with the Pope.", "Pelino 10 monthly provisions were granted by the Senate.", "The years-long dispute between Pelino and Marin Adamovi ended in 1441.", "The Venetians received complaints from the archbishop of Bar about Pelino.", "Pelino had been fighting to keep his privileges within Serbian Despotate.", "Pelino and the Bishop of Arbr were involved in the peace treaty negotiations that ended the Albanian–Venetian War.", "Pelino was kicked out of Ratac Abbey for the second time.", "The Venetian governor of Bar wrote a letter to the pope complaining about Pelino.", "Pelino used to borrow money from Venetians.", "Pelino borrowed money from the Venetian Republic.", "He borrowed a lot of money in 1451.", "While Venice proveditors were helping the Ottoman army during the First Siege of Kruj, as a representative of Skanderbeg, he proposed to cede them a sovereignty over the city of Kruj.", "Venice told him that there wasn't enough soldiers to accept his request.", "Pelino was appointed as the Protonotary apostolic and wrote the charters.", "The peace treaty privileges and payment conditions were renewed in 1456 due to Pelino's efforts.", "The privileges granted to Ratac Abbey by the Serbian Nemanji dynasty led Pelino to complain to the Venetian Senate.", "Pelino complained to the Venetians that Patrovii still control four villages.", "Thanks to Pelino's efforts, four villages controlled by Patrovii were returned to Ratac Abbey.", "Pelino brought the letter to Venetians.", "In the letter, he complained that Venetians were irregularly paying him agreed provisions.", "Pelino went to Pope Callixtus III to convince him to keep paying allowances to Skanderbeg.", "During the conflict between Skanderbeg and Lek Dukagjini, he helped forge the bases for a future military alliance between them.", "In 1459, after capturing Lek Dukagjini, he handed over the castle of Venice to Venice.", "Venice rewarded Pelino's brothers with a monthly pension.", "He was appointed as Skanderbeg's personal ambassador in 1460", "Pelino was able to convince the Venetian Senate to keep paying the provisions of 600 ducats per year.", "The Venetians paid Pelino for his success in negotiations with Skanderbeg and he was also Venice's diplomat at the time.", "He was involved in the signing of an alliance treaty between Skanderbeg and the Republic of Venice.", "The last time Pelino was mentioned in documents was on October 20th, 1463.", "It is assumed that Pelino died in this period because on 13 December 1463 Pal Gazulli was again mentioned as Skanderbeg's envoy in Venice.", "The conference held in October 2012 in Kotor is referred to as ore Pelinovi-opat Bogorodice Ratake." ]

[ "Georgius Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelinovićod", "Pelinović" ]

[ "Georgius Po", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino", "Pelino" ]

[ "Rickard Rydell (born 22 September 1967) is a retired Swedish racing driver.", "He won the 1998 British Touring Car Championship, the 2011 Scandinavian Touring Car Championship, and has also been a frontrunner in the European/World Touring Car Championship.", "Early career\nRydell was born in Vallentuna, Stockholm.", "Initially he trained to be an accountant at AB Rydell, his family's flower boutique business, but was bitten by the racing bug.", "In the early 1990s, he raced in various Formula Three series.", "He also won pole position in the 1991 Macau Grand Prix, and won the 1992 race.", "He competed in Japanese F3 in 1992 and 1993, British F3 in 1989 and 1991, and the Swedish F3 series in 1987 and 1988.", "In 1990, he raced in F3000.", "In 1984–1985, he won the Swedish 100cc go kart championship.", "Touring cars\n\nBTCC\n\nHis first year in the BTCC was 1994, when his car was quite distinctive, driving a Volvo 850 Estate, when it was normal to race saloons.", "The TWR team switched to a saloon in 1995 and Rydell took pole for 13 of the 24 races, but due to several slow starts he won only 4 times and he finished on podium 7 times.", "At the end of the year he was third in the championship, a result repeated in 1996 although Audi dominated with Frank Biela he was able to score 4 victories and 6 podium.", "In 1997 Volvo switch from 850 saloon to new model Volvo S40, at the end of year he was fourth with 1 victory and 5 podium.", "In 1998, he finally won the BTCC title in a Volvo with 5 victories and 12 podium, beating Anthony Reid at the final meeting.", "He also won the 1998 Super Touring Bathurst 1000, sharing a Volvo S40 with Jim Richards.", "In 1999 he was again third behind the two Nissan Primera with 4 victories and 7 podium.", "After five years with Volvo, he was loaned to Ford (Prodrive) for 2000 where he finished for the fourth time in seven years third behind his two team mate Alain Menu and Anthony Reid.", "ETCC\n\nHe spent 2001 largely waiting for his ETCC Volvo S60 to be built, but he raced a Ferrari 550 Maranello in the FIA GT Championship for the Prodrive team.", "In 2002 he raced in the ETCC finishing 5th with 8 podiums while in 2003, without official Volvo's support, he finished just 11th with only 2 podiums.", "He moved to SEAT's SEAT Sport team in 2004 for the ETCC driving Seat Toledo Cupra ending 10th with 1 victory and 1 podium.", "In 2004 he also took part in two races in the Swedish Touring Car Championship, claiming one victory.", "WTCC\n\n2005 season\nSEAT and Rydell continued in the World Touring Car Championship (WTCC) when it replaced the ETCC for 2005.", "He finished sixth in the championship, winning race two at Silverstone and 4 podium.", "2006 season\nHe continued with SEAT for 2006, finishing seventh, with just 4 podium.", "2007 season\n\nRydell lost his SEAT drive for 2007, and instead drove an Aston Martin DBR9 with the Prodrive team in the GT Championship having previously worked with the team when using Ferrari's in 2004.", "Rydell raced in the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans with David Brabham and Darren Turner and they won in the GT1 class.", "On the WTCC weekend in Anderstorp, Sweden, Rydell returned to the category as a fourth driver for the Chevrolet team and a local hero guest driver.", "He won the second race of the day, ahead of team-mates Nicola Larini and Alain Menu ignoring the team order to don't attack their team mate in particular Larini who was fighting for the title championship and losing the opportunity to continue with RML until the end of the season.", "Prior to the last event of the 2007 WTCC calendar in Macau, Rydell was chosen by the SEAT Sport team to race for them as an additional driver to help the team take home at least one of the main championships, either the Driver's championship via SEAT's Yvan Muller winning, or the Manufacturer's championship.", "The weekend though did not set off as planned, due to Rickard starting 14th on the race 1 grid and Yvan Muller started 2nd behind the eventual winner of the first race Alain Menu in the RML run Chevrolet.", "Rickard finished 11th in the first race with Yvan Muller leading 8 of the 9 laps of the race, but due to a fuel pressure problem Muller's race weekend ended on the 8th lap even before he was able to get to the pits.", "During the second race Rickard had a much better race than the first as he finished in 6th, but unfortunately his efforts were not enough to help SEAT clinch the Manufacturer's crowns, as the championship went to the reigning Manufacturer's champions BMW.", "2008 season\n\nRydell was re-signed by SEAT as one of their drivers in their five strong driver line up for an assault on the 2008 WTCC season.", "Rickard finished fifth in the final standings, winning once at Estoril and once at Okayama.", "2009 season\nRickard raced for SEAT yet again in 2009, winning at Puebla and finishing seventh overall in the final standings.", "2011 season\n\nRickard Rydell returns to racing after a year as a commentator of the STCC for Swedish TV.", "He was signed to Chevrolet Motorsport Sweden team with the Cruze joining as team with his teammate Viktor Hallrup a developmental driver for the team in his second season with the team, with first season being with the Lacetti.", "Rickard came in as a booster driver for Cheverolet Sweden to gain results for the team as their developmental driver was still not up to speed with the top runners.", "Rickard won the title* at the last race of the season at Mantorp by just 2 points to Frederik Ekblom.", "This is under debate for Rydell passing under yellows which are not present till Turn 2, but Volkswagen (VW) Team Biogas.se brought in former STCC champion Thed Bjork, and he slowed down before Turn 1 letting three cars past before the first yellow flag light.", "At present VW have appealed and failed 3 times fourth might be soon.", "The two pieces of evidence that Volkswagen Team Biogas.se brought in: \nPhoto and Video, both illustrated on touringcartimes.com\n\nThis is Rydell Second National Touring car title after the BTCC championship in 1998, although he won the Bathurst 1000 that year also which was his last touring car title before his return to form in 2011.", "Next year he will be defending his STCC title however, Frederik Ekblom will not be contesting in the STCC as he has signed with Volvo Polestar in the silhouette touring car championship run by the TTA which is based on a Volvo C30 chassis and many teams and successful Swedish drivers, i.e.", "Jan \"Flash\" Nilsson and Richard Göransson , who were STCC BMW drivers in the 2011 season.", "2013 season\nRydell joined NIKA Racing for the 2013 FIA WTCC Race of China to drive their Chevrolet Cruze 1.6T.", "In a 2005 poll run by Motorsport Magazine, Rydell was voted 18th greatest touring car driver of all time.", "Rydell announced his retirement from motorsport in early 2016.", "GT racing\n\nRydell raced in the 2001 FIA GT Championship for Prodrive, after the team had built a Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello.", "The aim was to showcase the competitiveness of the car and tempt potential race teams to buy the vehicle from Prodrive.", "Consequently, there were numerous drivers of the vehicle that season, Rickard being one of them.", "He drove five races that year, finishing 3rd at the Nurburgring and two overall victories at the A1 Ring and Jarama respectively.", "He moved back to touring cars for his full-time programmes from 2002, but competed with Prodrive in the Ferrari again at the 2002 24 Hours of Le Mans, sadly retiring.", "For the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans the Prodrive Ferrari-Rydell combination finished on the GTS-class podium in third, Rickard sharing the car with Darren Turner and rally-driver Colin McRae.", "After a hiatus of two years, Rickard once again teamed up with Prodrive for the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, this time in an Aston Martin DBR9.", "Sharing the car with Darren Turner and David Brabham, Rydell won the GT1 class." ]

[ "Rickard Rydell is a retired racing driver.", "He has been a contender in the European/World Touring Car Championship.", "Rydell was born in Sweden.", "He was bitten by the racing bug while training to be an accountant.", "He raced in the Formula Three series in the early 1990s.", "He won the 1992 race and the 1991 Macau Grand Prix.", "He competed in Japanese F3 in 1992 and 1993, British F3 in 1989 and 1991, and Swedish F3 in 1987 and 1988.", "He raced in F3000 in 1990.", "He won the Swedish 100cc go kart championship in 1984.", "His first year in the BTCC was in 1994 and he drove a Volvo 850 Estate when it was normal to race saloons.", "Rydell was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "At the end of the year he was third in the championship, a result repeated in 1996 although he was able to score 4 victories and 6 podiums.", "At the end of 1997 he was fourth with 1 victory and 5 podiums, after he switched from 850 to S40 Volvo.", "He won the title in a Volvo with 5 victories and 12 podiums, beating Anthony Reid at the final meeting.", "He shared a Volvo S40 with Jim Richards and won the Super Touring Bathurst 1000.", "He was third in 1999 behind the two Nissan Primeras with 4 victories and 7 podiums.", "After five years with Volvo, he was sent to Ford for 2000 where he finished third behind his two team mates.", "He raced a Maranello in the GT Championship for the Prodrive team while waiting for his Volvo S60 to be built.", "In 2002 he finished 5th with 8 podiums and in 2003 he finished 11th with 2 podiums, but without official Volvo's support.", "He drove Seat Toledo Cupra for the ETCC and ended 10th with 1 victory and 1 podium.", "He won one race in the Swedish Touring Car Championship in 2004.", "SEAT and Rydell continued in the WTCC in 2005 when it replaced the ETCC.", "He finished sixth in the championship and won two races.", "He finished seventh in the 2006 season with just 4 podiums.", "The Prodrive team in the GT Championship had previously worked with the team when using Ferrari's in 2004, so they were able to get Rydell a drive with the team.", "Rydell, Brabham and Turner won the GT1 class in the 24 Hours of LeMans.", "On the weekend of the WTCC in Sweden, Rydell returned to the category as a fourth driver for the Chevrolet team and a local hero guest driver.", "He won the second race of the day, ahead of his team mates who ignored the team order to not attack their teammate Larini who was fighting for the title championship.", "Prior to the last event of the WTCC calendar in Macau, Rydell was chosen by the SEAT Sport team to race for them as an additional driver to help the team take home at least one of the main titles.", "The weekend didn't start as planned due to Rickard starting 14th on the race 1 grid and Yvan Muller starting 2nd behind the winner of the first race.", "Muller's race weekend ended on the 8th lap due to a fuel pressure problem and Rickard finished 11th in the first race.", "Rickard did a better job in the second race than he did in the first, but it wasn't enough to help SEAT win the Manufacturer's crown, as the title went to BMW.", "Rydell was re-signed by SEAT as one of their five strong driver line up for the 2008 WTCC season.", "Rickard won once at Estoril and once at Okayama.", "Rickard raced for SEAT again in 2009, winning at Puebla and finishing seventh overall.", "Rickard Rydell is back in racing after a year as a commentator for Swedish TV.", "He was signed to the Chevrolet Motorsport Sweden team with the Cruze joining as team with his teammate Viktor Hallrup a developmental driver for the team in his second season with the team.", "Rickard came in as a booster driver for Cheverolet Sweden to get results for the team as their developmental driver was not up to speed with the top runners.", "At the last race of the season at Mantorp, Rickard won the title by 2 points over Ekblom.", "Volkswagen (VW) Team Biogas.se brought in former STCC champion Thed Bjork, who slowed down before the first yellow flag light, to pass under yellows, which are not present till Turn 2.", "VW have failed 3 times and might fail again soon.", "The two pieces of evidence that Volkswagen Team Biogas.se brought in were a photo and video.", "Ekblom will not be competing in the STCC next year as he has signed with Volvo Polestar in the silhouette touring car championship run by the TTA which is based on a Volvo C30 and many teams and successful Swedish drivers.", "Richard Gransson and Jan \"Flash\" Nilsson were STCC BMW drivers in 2011.", "Rydell drove the Chevrolet Cruze 1.6T for NIKA Racing in the 2013 WTCC Race of China.", "In 2005, Rydell was voted the 18th greatest touring car driver of all time by Motorsport Magazine.", "In early 2016 Rydell announced his retirement.", "After the team built a Maranello, Rydell raced in the 2001 GT Championship for Prodrive.", "The aim was for potential race teams to see the car and buy it from Prodrive.", "Rickard was one of the many drivers of the vehicle that season.", "He drove five races that year, finishing 3rd at the Nurburgring and 2nd at the A1 Ring.", "He moved back to touring cars for his full-time programmes in 2002, but competed with Prodrive again at the 24 Hours of LeMans, sadly retiring.", "Rickard was a part of the Prodrive team that finished third in the 24 Hours of LeMans in 2004.", "Rickard and Prodrive once again worked together for the 24 Hours of LeMans in 2007, this time in a DBR9.", "Rydell won the GT1 class sharing the car with Turner and Brabham." ]

[ "Rickard Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard" ]

[ "Rickard Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell", "Rydell", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rickard", "Rydell" ]

[ "John Arnold, widely known as John Arnold of Monmouthshire ( – 1702), was a Welsh Protestant politician and Whig MP.", "He was one of the most prominent people in Monmouthshire in the late 17th century.", "A stark anti-Catholic, he was a notable figure during the Popish plot and the suppression of Catholicism in the country.", "Arnold represented the constituencies around Monmouth (known as the Monmouth Boroughs) and Southwark in Parliament in the 1680s and 1690s.", "His strong anti-Catholic beliefs and insurgences against Catholic priests made him an unpopular and controversial figure amongst his peers and in his native Monmouthshire.", "In his later years his behaviour became increasingly eccentric, and he was widely believed to have faked an attempt on his own life.", "Amongst his associates were Titus Oates and Anthony Ashley Cooper, 1st Earl of Shaftesbury.", "Earlier life\n\nArnold was born in Southwark, around 1635, the first son of Nicholas Arnold of Llanvihangel Crucorney and his wife Lettice Moore, and the maternal grandson of Sir Edward Moore of Drogheda, County Louth.", "The Arnold family had their seat in Llanthony Priory by the end of the 16th century but had to lease it to the Hoptons owing to financial difficulties.", "Llanvihangel Court became the family seat and John succeeded his father in 1665.", "Educated in Southwark, he became Sheriff of Monmouthshire in 1669.", "Arnold was made a deputy lieutenant, captain of the county troops, and Justice of the Peace in 1677 by Henry Somerset, 3rd Marquess of Worcester.", "However, Worcester formed a strong dislike for Arnold, and a lifelong feud began between them when Worcester had him \"turned out of the commission of the peace for opposing his candidate at a by-election and generally 'affronting' him.\"", "Arnold, who was starting to exhibit signs of paranoia, blamed Edward Colman, secretary to the future King James II, and went up to London to challenge him to a duel.", "In fact Colman, who has been described as \"the typical courtier and man about town\", had no interest in events on the remote Welsh border, and it is most unlikely that he was to blame.", "Popish Plot period\nArnold's popularity declined further in March 1678 when he raided the Cwm Jesuit college in Llanrothal, Herefordshire with Border Protestants such as Herbert Croft, Bishop of Hereford, and Charles Price during the Popish plot.", "Arnold reportedly gave some of his harshest criticism to its steward, Henry Milbourne, describing him as an \"undoubted Papist\" who only \"held lands worth £100 per annum in one county, but is made justice of the peace in four\".", "He denounced Milbourne in the House of Commons but with little success; several MPs believed Arnold's report was poorly constructed and some believed that the lord-lieutenant was a Catholic activist in south Wales.", "On 17 November 1678, Arnold also captured Father David Lewis, also known as Charles Baker, at St Michael's Church in Llantarnam.", "Father Lewis spent the night \"in an upper room under John Arnold's roof\" at Llanvihangel Court.", "He was then taken to Monmouth Gaol and was executed on 27 August 1679 after a trial at Usk.", "He was a much loved figure locally and his execution caused widespread dismay.", "In the winter of 1678–9, Arnold was restored to the bench at the request of Worcester's son, Lord Herbert.", "Arnold, Lord Herbert, William Morgan, and the Bishop of Llandaff, began hunting down Roman Catholics in Monmouthshire, with Arnold offering a personal bounty of £200 to anybody who would capture a Catholic priest and send them to him.", "Amongst those brought to him was the Jesuit David Lewis, and the college of Jesuits at the Cwm was also attacked.", "In the second general election of 1679, Arnold stood for Monmouth but lost to Lord Herbert and was admitted to the Green Ribbon Club in November of that year.", "The election result was overturned on petition in 1680, and Arnold was seated for Monmouth instead of Lord Herbert.", "He continued to fight the Catholics and complained in parliament about the Monmouthshire justices failing to enforce the Penal Laws.", "Arnold fell into disrepute with the Catholic Herberts of Coldbrook around this time.", "Arnold was also responsible for prosecuting and executing Philip Evans on the testimony of three witnesses he found.", "Arnold was again at the centre of controversy in April 1680 when he was apparently victim of an attack by a Catholic, John Giles, who (Arnold alleged) tried to stab him to death in Bell Yard, off Fleet Street, London, avenging the execution of the priests in Monmouthshire.", "Although Giles was found guilty and fined £500, some believed that Herbert of Coldbrook was the culprit and many believed (as do most modern historians) that Arnold invented the affair as an attempt to revive the Popish plot, and make himself a popular hero.", "He became known to his enemies thereafter as \"cut-throat Arnold\".", "Later than year, in October 1680, Arnold gave evidence in the House of Lords against the former Portuguese Jewish ambassador to London, Francesco de Feria, who was alleged to have been involved in a plot to kill the Earl of Shaftesbury, Titus Oates, William Bedloe and Arnold.", "In November, Arnold and John Dutton Colt were described by Thomas Bruce as \"the most noisy, impudent and ignorant\" Members of the Parliament.", "In January 1681, Arnold supported the case for removing the Earl of Halifax and Laurence Hyde from the King's counsels.", "At this time he was given a large armed guard to protect him during his travels to Oxford against Papist attacks.", "In September 1681, Feria claimed that Arnold had offered him £300 to testify that he had seen the Marquess of Worcester at mass at the Portuguese Embassy and alleged that Arnold had called the king a Papist.", "His sanity was increasingly questioned, and it was said he would attack complete strangers in the street, accusing them of being Papists.", "He was infuriated by the decision to create his arch-enemy Worcester as Duke of Beaufort, which he took as a personal insult.", "Court case and fall\nIn 1682, he reportedly said \"the Marquess of Worcester is a Papist and as deeply concerned in the Popish Plot and as guilty of endeavouring to introduce Popery and the subversion of the Protestant religion as any of the Jesuits that justly suffered for it, and I doubt not but to make the said Marquess and his crooked-back son to suffer for it in time.\"", "For this, he was brought to trial in the King's Bench, along with Sir Trevor Williams, for Scandalum Magnatum by the Marquess of Worcester, newly created Duke of Beaufort, whom he had also accused of harbouring Papists in Chepstow.", "He was fined £10,000, an exorbitant figure at that time.", "Unable to pay, Arnold was imprisoned until 1686.", "Later life\nIn the general election of 1689, Arnold stood for Southwark and formed an electoral alliance with the Tory, Sir Peter Rich.", "From 1695–98 he was again MP for Monmouth but he continued to be very unpopular due to his extreme views.", "Under William III, Arnold remained a court Whig and was replaced by his son after his death in 1702 during the Monmouthshire taxation commission.", "Arnold's estates were sold in 1726.", "Family\nHe married Margaret, the daughter of William Cooke of Highnam, Gloucestershire and had 3 sons and 2 daughters.", "They lived at Llanvihangel Court, which was sold by his successor in 1726.", "References\n\n1630s births\n1702 deaths\nPeople from Southwark\nPeople from Monmouthshire\nDeputy Lieutenants of Monmouthshire\nWelsh Protestants\n17th-century Welsh people\nHistory of Monmouthshire\nWhig (British political party) MPs\nMembers of the Green Ribbon Club\nPopish Plot\nDate of birth unknown\nEnglish MPs 1680–1681\nEnglish MPs 1681\nEnglish MPs 1689–1690\nEnglish MPs 1690–1695\nEnglish MPs 1695–1698\nHigh Sheriffs of Monmouthshire\nMembers of the Parliament of England (pre-1707) for constituencies in Wales\n17th-century Welsh politicians" ]

[ "John Arnold was a Whig and Welsh Protestant politician.", "In the late 17th century, he was one of the most prominent people in the area.", "He was an anti-Catholic figure during the Popish plot and suppression of Catholicism in the country.", "Arnold was a member of Parliament in the 1690s and 1680s.", "His strong anti-Catholic beliefs and insurgences against Catholic priests made him unpopular and controversial among his peers.", "He was thought to have faked an attempt on his own life as his behavior became increasingly eccentric.", "Anthony Cooper was the 1st Earl of Shaftesbury.", "Arnold was the first son of Nicholas Arnold and Lettice Moore and the maternal grandson of Sir Edward Moore.", "The Arnold family had a seat in Llanthony Priory by the end of the 16th century but had to lease it due to financial difficulties.", "John succeeded his father in 1665.", "He became sheriff in 1669.", "Arnold was made a deputy lieutenant, captain of the county troops, and Justice of the Peace in 1677.", "A lifelong feud began between them when Arnold \"turned out of the commission of the peace for opposing his candidate at a by-election and generally 'affronting' him.\"", "Arnold went to London to challenge Edward to a duel after he blamed the secretary to the future King James II for his paranoia.", "It is most likely that Colman was not to blame for the events on the remote Welsh border because he had no interest in them.", "Popish Plot period Arnold's popularity declined further when he raided the Cwm Jesuit college in Llanrothal, Herefordshire with Border Protestants such as Herbert Croft, Bishop of Hereford, and Charles Price during the Popish plot.", "Arnold described Henry as an \"undoubted Papist\" who only \"held lands worth £100 per annum in one county, but is made justice of the peace in four\".", "Several MPs believed that Arnold's report was poorly constructed and that the lord-lieutenant was a Catholic activist in south Wales, despite the fact that he denounced Milbourne in the House of Commons.", "Father David Lewis, also known as Charles Baker, was captured by Arnold at St Michael's Church in Llantarnam.", "Father Lewis spent the night under John Arnold's roof.", "He was put to death after a trial at Usk.", "His execution caused a lot of concern.", "Arnold was restored to the bench at the request of Lord Herbert.", "Arnold, Lord Herbert, William Morgan, and the Bishop of Llandaff began hunting down Roman Catholics, with Arnold offering a personal bounty of £200 to anyone who would capture a Catholic priest and send them to him.", "The Jesuit David Lewis and the college of Jesuits at the Cwm were brought to him.", "Arnold was admitted to the Green Ribbon Club in November of 1699 after he lost to Lord Herbert in the second general election.", "Arnold was seated for Monmouth instead of Lord Herbert after the election result was overturned.", "He complained in parliament about the justices failing to enforce the Penal Laws.", "The Catholic Herberts of Coldbrook did not like Arnold very much.", "Philip Evans was executed on the testimony of three witnesses.", "John Giles tried to stab Arnold to death in Bell Yard, off Fleet Street, London, in order to avenge the execution of the priests.", "Although Giles was found guilty and fined, some believed that Herbert of Coldbrook was the culprit and many believed that Arnold invented the affair as an attempt to revive the Popish plot, and make himself a popular hero.", "He was known to his enemies as \"cut-throat Arnold\".", "In October 1680, Arnold gave evidence in the House of Lords against the former Portuguese Jewish ambassador to London, Francesco de Feria, who was accused of being involved in a plot to kill the Earl of Shaftesbury.", "The Colt brothers were described by Thomas Bruce as the most noisy, impudent and ignorant Members of the Parliament.", "Arnold supported the removal of the Earl of Halifax from the King's counsels.", "He was given a large armed guard to protect him during his travels to Oxford.", "In September 1681, Feria claimed that Arnold offered him $300 to testify that he had seen the Marquess of Worcester at mass at the Portuguese Embassy and that Arnold had called the king a Papist.", "It was said that he would attack complete strangers in the street, accusing them of being Papists.", "He was angry at the creation of his arch-enemy, the Duke of Beaufort, as a personal insult.", "In 1682, he said that the Marquess of Worcester was a Papist and that he was guilty of trying to introduce Popery and the subversion of the Protestant religion as any of the Jesuits that justly suffered for it.", "The Duke of Beaufort was accused of harbouring Papists in Chepstow and was brought to trial with him.", "He was fined ten grand at that time.", "Arnold was imprisoned because he couldn't pay.", "Arnold formed an electoral alliance with Sir Peter Rich in the general election of 1689.", "He was very unpopular due to his extreme views.", "Arnold was replaced as a court Whig by his son after his death during the taxation commission.", "In 1726, Arnold's estates were sold.", "He had a family that included 3 sons and 2 daughters.", "Llanvihangel Court was sold in 1726 by his successor.", "The Green Ribbon Club Popish Plot Date of birth is unknown." ]

[ "John Arnold", "John Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Nicholas Arnold", "Arnold", "John", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Herbert Croft", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "John Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "John Giles", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "John Dutton", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold" ]

[ "John Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Nicholas Arnold", "Arnold", "John", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Herbert Croft", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "John Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "John Giles", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold" ]

[ "Joseph Raz (; ; born 21 March 1939) is an Israeli legal, moral and political philosopher.", "He is one of the most prominent advocates of legal positivism and is well known for his conception of perfectionist liberalism.", "Raz spent most of his career as a professor of philosophy of law at the University of Oxford associated with Balliol College, and is now a part-time professor of law at Columbia University Law School and a part-time professor at King's College London.", "He received the Tang Prize in Rule of Law in 2018.", "Life and career\nBorn in Mandatory Palestine in 1939, Joseph Raz graduated in 1963 from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with a Magister Juris (summa cum laude).", "Later, with funds provided by the Hebrew University, Raz pursued a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford under the supervision of H. L. A. Hart.", "Raz had met Hart earlier at a conference in Israel, impressing him by pointing out a flaw in his reasoning that had previously eluded him; Hart encouraged him to go to Oxford for further study.", "Raz studied at Balliol College and completed his DPhil in 1967.", "He then returned to Israel to teach at the Hebrew University as a lecturer in the Faculty of Law and Department of Philosophy.", "In 1971, he was tenured and promoted to Senior Lecturer.", "In 1972, he returned to Balliol as a Fellow and Tutor in Law, becoming a Professor of Philosophy of Law, Oxford University, from 1985 to 2006, and then a Research Professor from 2006 to 2009.", "Since 2002 he has also been a Professor in the Law School at Columbia University.", "Raz, now retired from Oxford, is currently also a research professor of law at King's College London.", "Philosophical work\nA pupil of H. L. A. Hart, Raz has been important in continuing the development of legal positivism both before and since Hart's death.", "Raz was also co-editor of a second edition of Hart's The Concept of Law with a postscript including Hart's responses to other philosophers' criticisms of his work.", "Raz's first book, The Concept of a Legal System, was based on his doctoral thesis.", "A later book, The Morality of Freedom won two prizes: the 1987 W.J.M.", "Mackenzie Book Prize from the Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom, awarded to the best book in political science each calendar year; and the 1988 Elaine and David Spitz Book Prize from the Conference for the Study of Political Thought, New York, awarded annually for the best book in liberal and/or democratic theory that had been published two years earlier.", "The book develops a conception of perfectionist liberalism.", "Raz has argued for a distinctive understanding of legal commands as exclusionary reasons for action and for the \"service conception\" of authority, according to which those subject to an authority \"can benefit by its decisions only if they can establish their existence and content in ways which do not depend on raising the very same issues which the authority is there to settle.\"", "This, in turn, supports Raz's argument for legal positivism, in particular \"the sources thesis\", \"the idea that an adequate test for the existence and content of law must be based only on social facts, and not on moral arguments.\"", "Raz is acknowledged by his contemporaries as being one of the most important living legal philosophers.", "He has authored and edited twelve books to date, namely The Concept of a Legal System (1970), Practical Reason and Norms (1975), The Authority of Law (1979), The Morality of Freedom (1986), Authority (1990), Ethics in the Public Domain (1994), Engaging Reason (1999), Value, Respect and Attachment (2001), The Practice of Value (2003), Between Authority and Interpretation (2009), From Normativity to Responsibility (2011) and The Roots of Normativity (2022).", "His most recent work deals less with legal theory and more with political philosophy and practical reasoning.", "In moral theory, Raz defends value pluralism and the idea that various values are incommensurable.", "Raz's work has been cited by the Supreme Court of Canada in such cases as Imperial Tobacco v. British Columbia and Sauvé v. Canada (Chief Electoral Officer).", "Several of Raz's students have become important legal and moral philosophers, including two current Professors in Jurisprudence at Oxford, Leslie Green and Timothy Endicott, and the former professor of Jurisprudence John Gardner.", "Honors and awards\n\nRaz was elected a Fellow of the British Academy in 1987 and of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences in 1992.", "He has been awarded Honorary Doctorates by the Catholic University of Brussels, 1993, by King's College London, 2009, and by Hebrew University, 2014.", "In 2005 he received the International Prize for Legal Research 'Hector Fix-Zamudio' from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and in 2009 a Vice-Presidency Award from the Law Society of University College Dublin.", "In 2018 he received the prestigious Tang Prize in Rule of Law from Taiwan.", "In 2000–2001, he gave the Tanner Lectures on Human Values on \"The Practice of Value\" at the University of California Berkeley.", "Books\n\nSee also\nPhilosophy of law\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n Including a response by Raz.", "Lukas H. Meyer et al.", "(eds.", "), Rights, Culture and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.", "R. Jay Wallace et al.", "(eds.", "), Reason and Value: Themes from the Moral Philosophy of Joseph Raz, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.", "External links\n\n Page at Oxford University\n Page at Columbia University\n Page at King's College London\n Personal page\n A summary of Raz on the right to euthanasia\n A summary of Raz on number problems in morality\n A blog summary of Raz's argument for the sources thesis, part one\n A blog summary of Raz's argument for the sources thesis, part two\n\nAlumni of Balliol College, Oxford\nFellows of Balliol College, Oxford\nAnalytic philosophers\nPhilosophers of law\nJewish philosophers\nPolitical philosophers\nIsraeli political philosophers\n1939 births\nLiving people\nIsraeli Jews\nColumbia University faculty\nHebrew University of Jerusalem Faculty of Law alumni\nColumbia Law School faculty\nLegal scholars of the University of Oxford\n20th-century Israeli philosophers\n21st-century Israeli philosophers" ]

[ "He is an Israeli legal, moral and political philosopher.", "He is well known for his conception of liberalism and is one of the most prominent advocates of legal positivism.", "A part-time professor of law at Columbia University Law School and a part-time professor at King's College London, Raz spent most of his career as a professor of philosophy of law at the University of Oxford.", "He won the Tang Prize in Rule of Law.", "Joseph Raz was born in Mandatory Palestine in 1939 and graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem with a Magister Juris (summa cum laude) in 1963.", "The Hebrew University provided funds for Raz to pursue a Doctor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford.", "Hart encouraged Raz to go to Oxford for further study after he impressed him by pointing out a flaw in his reasoning.", "He graduated from Balliol College with a DPhil in 1967.", "He was a lecturer in the Faculty of Law and Department of Philosophy at the Hebrew University.", "He was promoted to Senior Lecturer in 1971.", "He became a Professor of Philosophy of Law at Oxford University from 1985 to 2006 and then a Research Professor from 2006 to 2009.", "He is a Professor in the Law School at Columbia University.", "He is a research professor of law at King's College London.", "Since Hart's death, Raz has been important in continuing the development of legal positivism.", "Hart's responses to other philosophers' criticisms of his work were included in the second edition of The Concept of Law.", "His first book, The Concept of a Legal System, was based on his thesis.", "The Morality of Freedom won two prizes.", "The best book in political science is awarded each year by the Political Studies Association of the United Kingdom.", "The book shows a conception of liberalism.", "Those subject to an authority can benefit from its decisions only if they can establish their existence and content in ways which do not depend on raising the very.", "The idea that an adequate test for the existence and content of law must be based on social facts and not on moral arguments is supported by this.", "He is one of the most important living legal philosophers.", "He has written and edited twelve books to date, including The Concept of a Legal System, Practical Reason and Norms, The Authority of Law, The Morality of Freedom, Authority, Ethics in the Public Domain, and Engaging Reason.", "His most recent work deals with political philosophy and practical reasoning.", "Values are incommensurable and value pluralism is defended in moral theory.", "The Supreme Court of Canada cited Raz's work in two cases.", "Two current Professors in Jurisprudence at Oxford, and the former professor of Jurisprudence, are among the students who have become important legal and moral philosophers.", "A Fellow of the British Academy and a member of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, Raz received honors and awards.", "In 1993 he received an award from the Catholic University of Brussels and in 2009 he received an award from King's College London.", "In 2005, he received the International Prize for Legal Research 'Hector Fix-Zamudio' from the National Autonomous University of Mexico, and in 2009, he received a Vice-Presidency Award from the Law Society of University College Dublin.", "He received the Tang Prize in Rule of Law from Taiwan.", "He lectured on \"The Practice of Value\" at the University of California Berkeley.", "There are also books about the philosophy of law.", "Lukas H. Meyer is a writer.", "eds.", "Rights, Culture and the Law: Themes from the Legal and Political Philosophy of Joseph Raz was published in 2003 by Oxford University Press.", "R. Jay Wallace and his associates.", "eds.", "There are themes from the moral philosophy of Joseph Raz in Reason and Value.", "External links Page at Oxford University Page at Columbia University Page at King's College London Personal page" ]

[ "Joseph Raz", "Raz", "Joseph Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Joseph Raz", "Joseph Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz" ]

[ "Raz", "Joseph Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Raz", "Joseph Raz", "Joseph Raz" ]

[ "Laura Poantă (born March 10, 1971) is a Romanian physician, medical scientist, author, translator, and painter.", "Education and career\nShe was born Agnita, Sibiu County, the daughter of writers Petru Poantă and Irina Petraș.", "She graduated from the “Romul Ladea” Fine Arts College in Cluj-Napoca in 1989, with a degree in drawing, graphic design and decoration, and next, from the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy also in Cluj-Napoca, with a licence in general medicine (1995).", "In 2002 she became an instructor, then lecturer (in 2009) at the Iuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, and since 2004/2005, PhD and senior internal medicine physician.", "Since 2010, she has been the president of the Doctor – Artists Society of Cluj.", "Publishing activity\nShe debuted in 1999, with a translation from Italian into Romanian of Lift, by Edmondo de Amicis, and with the medical volume Abecedarul vieții sexuale/ABC of sexual life.", "She also translated, from English and Italian to Romanian, works of Oscar Wilde, Edgar Allan Poe, Katherine Mansfield, Mark Twain, Luigi Pirandello, and David Greig.", "She collaborated to the magazines Viața medicală, Ziarul financiar, Clujul medical, Revista română de bioetică, Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine, European Journal of Internal Medicine, Acta Diabetologica, Medical Ultrasonography, Medical Update, and other publications.", "She realized the presentation of the art reproduction on the cover of JAMA (Romanian painting) in four consecutive issues, and many other book covers.", "She edited and devised, between 2007 and 2012, the Physician Winter Exhibition’s catalogues, dedicated to the works of artist physicians, organized within the UMF “Iuliu Hatieganu” Days, that are in her custody since 2008.", "She is peer reviewer for European Journal of Internal Medicine and Dove Press journals.", "She wrote in collective volumes, published by Writers Union – Cluj Department: Cartea mea fermecată / My charmed book (2009), Invitaţie la vers / Invitation to rhyme (2010), Varză à la Cluj / Cabbage à la Cluj (2010), Promenada scriitorilor / Writers promenade (2012), Marea scriitorilor.", "De la Olimp la zidul puterii / Writers’ Sea.", "From Olymp to Power’s Wall (2012).", "Art work\nPoantă has been present in a considerable number of solo exhibitions (University Library Lucian Blaga), in the paintings salons of physicians in Cluj, on the covers of over 150 volumes published by editors such as Dacia, Libra, House Science books, Pallas Athena, Clusium, The Didactic and Pedagogical Publishing House etc.", "Ei spun /eu spun, Pitești, Editura Paralela 45, 2015;\n Patrick Skene Catling, Povestea băiatului care transformă în ciocolată tot ce atinge, Pitești, Editura Paralela 45, 2016;\n Anne Fine, Întoarcerea pisicii asasine, 2016; Rochia lui Bill, Editura Paralela 45, 2016;\n Mary Pope Osborne, Portalul magic, patru povestiri, Editura Paralela 45, 2017.", "Volumes of specialized studies (in the field of medicine)\n Abecedarul vieții sexuale, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 1999;\n Abecedarul sănătății, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2001;\n Actualități în patologia biochimică a bolilor cardiovasculare, Mircea Cucuianu, Dumitru Zdrenghea (Eds.", "), Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2004 (co-author);\n Stresul profesional și riscul cardiovascular la muncitorii feroviari, in collaboration with D. Zdrenghea, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2005;\n Mic dicționar etimologic de termeni medicali, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2005;\n Electrocardiografie.", "Cazuri clinice, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2006; second edition, 2008; third edition, 2010 (co-author);\n Semiologie medicală în 100 de imagini, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2007 (co-author);\n Medicii și stresul ocupațional, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2007;\n Recuperare și prevenție cardiovasculară, Cluj-Napoca, Clusium, 2008 (co-author);\n Termeni medicali cu nume propriu.", "Dicționar de semne, simptome, sindroame, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2008;\n Viața sexuală.", "Mic dicționar de termeni medicali, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2009;\n Tulburările funcționale intestinale, Dan L. Dumitrașcu (Eds.", "), Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2009 (co-author); \n Scenarii clinice.", "Cardiologie, Cluj-Napoca, Casa Cărții de Știință, 2012 (co-author);\n Semiologie.", "Teste, quizuri, scenarii, Cluj-Napoca, Editura Școala Ardeleană, 2015 (co-author);\n Termeni medicali.", "Semne, simptome, sindroame cu nume propriu.", "Mic dicționar etimologic, Editura Școala Ardeleană, 2017.", "Stresul, boala mileniului trei?, Editura Școala Ardeleană, 2021;\n Doctorul de povești.", "medicină și literatură, 2021\n\nReferences\n Valeriu Mihăilă, “Totul despre patologia intestinală sine materia”, in Viața medicală, 2009, no.", "30; \n Rodica Marian, “Povestirile lui Luigi Pirandello”, in Tribuna, 2010, no.", "188;\n Irina Petraș, “Salonul de iarnă al medicilor, 1966-2009”, album retrospectiv, în Clujul medical, vol.", "LXXXIII, 2010, no.", "2, p. 365-366;\n Iftimie Nesfântu, “Patul nutritiv din care se naște performanța”, in Viața medicală, 2012, no.", "4; \n Dan L. Dumitrașcu, “Fațetele multiple ale comunicării medicale”, in Viața medicală, 2012, no.", "11; \n Ovidiu Pecican, “Salonul medicilor plasticieni la 42 de ani”, in Tribuna, 2012, no.", "245.", "Notes\n\nExhibitions of graphics (personal and collective)\n Central University Library “Lucian Blaga”, Cluj-Napoca;\n The Physicians Winter Salon, National Art Museum of Cluj-Napoca;\n The Spring Salon of the Writers.", "Affiliations\n Member of The Writers’ Union of Romania\n Member of Societății Române de Medicină Internă; a Societății Române de Semiologie; American Society of Echocardiography; American Psychosomatic Society; European Association of Echocardiography\n\nExternal links\n Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy\n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Sibiu County\nRomanian non-fiction writers\nRomanian translators\nRomanian painters\nRomanian women artists\n20th-century Romanian physicians\n20th-century Romanian writers\n21st-century Romanian physicians\n21st-century Romanian writers\nIuliu Hațieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy alumni" ]

[ "Laura Poant is a doctor, medical scientist, author, translator, and painter.", "She is the daughter of writers Petru Poant and Irina Petra.", "She obtained a degree in drawing, graphic design and decoration and a licence from the Iuliu Haieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy.", "In 2002 she became an instructor at the Iuliu Haieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy.", "She has been the president of the society since 2010.", "The medical volume Abecedarul Vieii sexuale/ABC of sexual life was published in 1999, with a translation from Italian into Romanian.", "She also translated from English to Italian and from Italian to Romania.", "She collaborated with the magazines Viaa medical, Ziarul financiar, Clujul medical, Revista romn de bioetic, and the European Journal of Internal Medicine.", "She realized that there was an art reproduction on the cover of many books.", "She has custody of the Physician Winter Exhibition's catalogues, dedicated to the works of artist physicians, that were organized within the UMF \"Iuliu Hatieganu\" days.", "She is a peer reviewer.", "She wrote in volumes published by the Writers Union - Cluj Department: Cartea mea fermecat, Invitaie la vers, Invitation to rhyme, and Varz la Cluj.", "The Writers' Sea is called De la Olimp la zidul puterii.", "From Olymp to Power's Wall.", "There are a lot of solo exhibitions of art work Poant, in the paintings salon of physicians in Cluj, on the covers of over 150 volumes published by editors.", "Piteti, Paralela 45, 2015; Patrick Skene Catling, Povestea biatului care transform.", "Abecedarul sntii, Casa Crii de tiin, has specialized studies in the field of medicine.", "), Casa Crii de tiin, 2004, in collaboration with D. Zdrenghea.", "Casa Crii de tiin is a clinic in Cluj-Napoca.", "Casa Crii de tiin is a Dicionar de semne.", "Casa Crii de tiin is a termeni medicali.", "Casa Crii de tiin is in Cluj-Napoca.", "Casa Crii de tiin is the co-author of Semiologie.", "The co-author is Teste, quizuri, scenarii, Cluj-Napoca.", "Semne, simptome, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islame, islam", "Editura coala Ardelean is a dicionar etimologic.", "Doctorul de poveti, Stresul, trei?, editura coala Ardelean, 2021.", "Medicin i literatur, Valeriu Mihil's \"Totul despre patologia intestinal sine materia\" was published in 2009.", "Rodica Marian wrote \"Povestirile lui Luigi Pirandello\" in Tribuna.", "The album retrospectiv is \"Salonul de iarn al medicilor, 1966-2009\".", "LXXXIII, 2010, no.", "Iftimie Nesfntu wrote \"Patul nutritiv din care se nate performana\".", "In Viaa medical, Dan L. Dumitracu wrote \"Faetele multiple ale comunicrii medicale\".", "The Salonul medicilor plasticieni la 42 de ani was published in Tribuna.", "There are 241.", "The Central University Library \"Lucian Blaga\", The Physicians Winter Salon, and The Spring Salon of the Writers have graphics on display.", "Member of The Writers Union of Romania, member of the American Society of Echocardiography, and American Psychosomatic Society." ]

[ "Laura Poantă", "Petru Poantă" ]

[ "Laura Poant" ]

[ "Harold A. Henry (1895–1966) was a community newspaper publisher who was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 1945 and was its president for four terms from 1947 to 1962.", "Biography\n\nHenry was born October 20, 1895, in Virginia City, Nevada, and went to school in Reno and at the University of Nevada.", "After being discharged from service in World War I, he became a reporter on the Los Angeles Examiner, and in 1925 he established a community newspaper, the Wilshire Press, which he edited and published until 1941.", "During this time he helped reorganize the Western Avenue Business Association into the Wilshire Chamber of Commerce in 1937 and was its secretary-manager until 1950.", "He died May 1, 1966, after a lengthy illness.", "He was survived by his wife, June, whom he had married in 1965.", "His first wife, Marie, died in 1963.", "He was also survived by a daughter, Mary Uglow.", "He lived at 112 S. Lucerne Avenue in Windsor Square at West First Street.", "Funeral services were conducted at Wilshire Methodist Church, and interment was at Rose Hills Memorial Park, Whittier.", "He bequeathed $50,000 and all his personal effects to his wife June and stated that \"prior provisions\" had been made for her.", "He gave $5,000 to his housekeeper and $10,000 to his secretary.", "Two nephews of his first wife were left $5,000 each.", "Real property was left to his daughter, and the remainder of the estate was placed in trust, to be paid to his daughter at $1,000 a month.", "Public Service\n\nCommissions\n\nIn 1938 Mayor Fletcher Bowron appointed him to the city's Playground and Recreation Commission.", "He served until 1945 and was commission president for four years.", "He was later a member of the Los Angeles Coliseum Commission.", "City Council\n\nElections\n\nSee also List of Los Angeles municipal election returns, 1945–59\n\nHenry ran for the Los Angeles City Council District 4 seat of retiring Councilman Robert L. Burns in 1945 and was elected in the final vote.", "In every contest thereafter through 1959 he was reelected in the primary election.", "In 1955 the district included much of the Wilshire district and in general was bounded by Fountain Avenue, Wilshire Boulevard, Fairfax Avenue and Catalina Street.", "Henry also ran unsuccessfully for Los Angeles County supervisor in 1958.", "Presidency\n\nHenry was president of the City Council for four two-year terms, beginning 1947, 1949, 1951 and 1961.", "As such he was acting mayor when the mayor was out of the state.", "His first term resulted from a closed meeting by the City Council at the Jonathan Club, when nine of fifteen council members voted to seat him in place of the then-president, George H. Moore.", "As acting mayor he was responsible for issuing many special declarations, including:\n\n Brotherhood Week.", "\"The cornerstone of American democracy rests on brotherhood and understanding among the Protestants, Catholics and Jews of our nation,\" he said in February 1950.", "Free Football for Kids Week, when he posed for a photo with children of Los Angeles Rams coaches in October 1951.", "My L.A. Week.", "In honor of the opening of a new musical based upon the popular newspaper columns of Matt Weinstock, December 1951.", "Hungarian Freedom Fighters Day.", "Memorializing October 23, 1956, when Hungarians began \"a short-lived revolt against their Communist overlords.\"", "Henry was also responsible for ordering the temporary cessation of monthly air raid alarm testing during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis at the request of the California Disaster Council, to avoid public panic.", "Positions\n\nUn-American, 1952.", "Henry and Council Members Kenneth Hahn, Earle D.Baker and J.", "Win Austin attended a dinner meeting in South Gate to honor the House Committee on Un-American Activities.", "Timberlake, 1953.", "Henry was in dispute with Council Member L.E.", "Timberlake over many issues, including a controversial $1 million plan to build public housing in Los Angeles (Timberlake favoring and Henry opposing), with Timberlake disputing many of Henry's rulings from the chair.", "One of them upset Henry so much that in January 1953 he was led to exclaim, \"Mr. Timberlake, if you persist in this intolerable situation, there will be ways devised to prevent you!\"", "West Hollywood, 1957.", "He was instrumental in assuring that the city of Los Angeles remained neutral in a 1957 proposal by West Hollywood residents to incorporate as a city.", "Dodgers, 1958.", "Henry was one of the three council members—Patrick D. McGee and John C. Holland being the others—who voted in 1958 against a proposal to turn Chavez Ravine over to the Los Angeles Dodgers for use as a baseball stadium.", "Teachers, 1959.", "He was active in work of the Senior League, sponsor of the annual Teachers Remembrance Day.", "Sanitation, 1961.", "He had a separate, $100-a-month position as city representative on the County Sanitation District, to which he reappointed himself in July 1961.", "That pay was in addition to his salary of $12,000 as a council member.", "Human relations, 1964.", "After a heated City Council debate, Henry voted with the prevailing side in rejecting calls for the establishment of a separate city Human Relations Commission.", "The majority decided instead to maintain city membership on a similar county agency.", "Legacy\n\nHenry was active in the development and beautification of Wilshire Boulevard and the Miracle Mile.", "After Henry's death, Mayor Samuel W. Yorty said of the Wilshire District, \"Perhaps no man in the past quarter of a century contributed as much to its growth and development as Hal Henry, [who] devoted all of his energies to still more projects to enhance the beauty and economic posture of one of the nation's most magnificent thoroughfares.\"", "Council President L.E.", "Timberlake burst into tears as he began a eulogy of Henry at a council session and could not continue.", "Erwin Baker, a Los Angeles Times City Hall reporter, recalled that Henry was a \"quiet debater on the council floor\" who \"could cut to the heart of an issue with his dry humor and intimate knowledge of parliamentary procedure.\"", "In January 1967, a six-story office building at 500 Shatto Place was dedicated to Henry's memory, with a plaque calling him a \"servant of the people, Wilshire Center District.\"", "He is memorialized with a city park bearing his name at 890 South Lucerne Avenue, with a children's play area and a picnic area.", "References\n\nAccess to the Los Angeles Times links may require the use of a library card.", "External links\n\n1895 births\n1966 deaths\nAmerican newspaper publishers (people)\nLos Angeles City Council members\nPeople from Virginia City, Nevada\nUniversity of Nevada alumni\n20th-century American politicians\nBurials at Rose Hills Memorial Park" ]

[ "Harold A. Henry was a community newspaper publisher who was elected to the Los Angeles City Council in 1945 and was president from 1947 to 1962.", "Henry was born in Virginia City, Nevada, and went to school in Reno and the University of Nevada.", "After being discharged from service in World War I, he became a reporter on the Los Angeles Examiner, and in 1925 he established the Wilshire Press, which he edited and published until 1941.", "He was the secretary-manager of the Wilshire Chamber of Commerce until 1950, after he helped reorganize the Western Avenue Business Association.", "He died on May 1, 1966.", "He was survived by his wife, June.", "Marie died in 1963.", "Mary Uglow was his daughter.", "He lived in Windsor Square.", "There were funeral services at Wilshire Methodist Church and interment at Rose Hills Memorial Park.", "He left $50,000 and all his personal effects to June, and stated that \"prior provisions\" had been made for her.", "He gave money to his secretaries.", "He left his first wife a large amount of money.", "The real property was left to his daughter, and the rest of the estate was placed in a trust to be paid to her.", "He was appointed to the city's Playground and Recreation Commission.", "He was commission president for four years.", "He was a member of the Coliseum Commission.", "Henry ran for the Los Angeles City Council District 4 seat in 1945 and was elected in the final vote.", "He was reelected in the primary election every time.", "In 1955 the Wilshire district included Fountain Avenue, Wilshire Boulevard, Fairfax Avenue and Catalina Street.", "Henry ran for a Los Angeles County supervisor.", "The president of the City Council for four years was Presidency Henry.", "He was acting mayor when the mayor was away.", "Nine of fifteen council members voted to seat him in place of George H. Moore at a closed meeting at the Jonathan Club.", "He was responsible for issuing many special declarations as acting mayor.", "He said in February 1950 that the cornerstone of American democracy was \"brotherhood and understanding among the Protestants, Catholics and Jews of our nation.\"", "In October 1951, he posed for a photo with children of Los Angeles Rams coaches.", "My week in L.A.", "The opening of a musical based on the popular newspaper columns of Matt Weinstock was celebrated in December 1951.", "Today is Hungarian Freedom Fighters Day.", "Hungarians began a short-lived revolt against their Communist overlords on October 23, 1956.", "Henry was responsible for ordering the temporary cessation of monthly air raid alarm testing during the 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis at the request of the California Disaster Council to avoid public panic.", "The positions were un-American in 1952.", "The members of the council are Henry and the others.", "The House Committee on Un-American Activities was honored at a dinner meeting.", "The year is 1953.", "L.E. had a dispute with Henry.", "A controversial $1 million plan to build public housing in Los Angeles was one of the issues that Timberlake disagreed with Henry on.", "In January 1953, one of them upset Henry so much that he exclaimed, \"Mr. Timberlake, if you persist in this intolerable situation, there will be ways devised to prevent you!\"", "West Hollywood in 1957.", "In 1957, West Hollywood residents proposed to incorporate as a city, but the city of Los Angeles remained neutral.", "The Dodgers were founded in 1958.", "Henry was one of three council members who voted against turning Chavez Ravine into a baseball stadium.", "Teachers, 1959.", "The annual Teachers Remembrance Day was sponsored by the Senior League.", "Sanitation, 1961.", "He was reappointed as the city representative on the County Sanitation District in July 1961.", "His salary as a council member was $12,000.", "Human relations in 1964.", "Henry voted against establishing a separate city Human Relations Commission after the debate.", "The majority decided to keep the city's membership on the county agency.", "Wilshire Boulevard and the Miracle Mile were developed by Legacy Henry.", "\"Perhaps no man in the past quarter of a century contributed as much to its growth and development as Hal Henry, who devoted all of his energies to still more projects to enhance the beauty and economic,\" said Mayor Samuel W. Yorty after Henry's death.", "L.E. is the council president.", "As he began his eulogy for Henry, he burst into tears and couldn't continue.", "Henry was a quiet debater on the council floor who could cut to the heart of an issue with his dry humor and intimate knowledge of parliamentary procedure.", "In January 1967, a six-story office building at 500 Shatto Place was dedicated to Henry's memory, with a plaque calling him a \"servant of the people, Wilshire Center District.\"", "There is a children's play area and a picnic area at the park with his name on it.", "The use of a library card is required for access to the Los Angeles Times links.", "People from Virginia City, Nevada University of Nevada and Los Angeles City Council members are buried at Rose Hills Memorial Park." ]

[ "Harold A", ". Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Austin", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Hal Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry" ]

[ "Harold A", ". Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Presidency Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Hal Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry", "Henry" ]

[ "Margarete Himmler (née Boden), also known as Marga Himmler (9 September 1893 – 25 August 1967), was the wife of Reichsführer-SS Heinrich Himmler.", "Youth, first marriage, and divorce\nMargarete Boden was born in Goncarzewo near Bromberg, the daughter of landowner Hans Boden and his wife Elfriede (née Popp).", "Margarete had three sisters (Elfriede, Lydia and Paula) and a brother.", "In 1909, she attended the Höhere Töchterschule (High School for Girls) in Bromberg, then a city in the German Empire (now Bydgoszcz, Poland).", "Himmler trained and worked as a nurse during the First World War followed by a stint at a German Red Cross hospital at the war's end.", "Her first marriage was short and produced no children.", "Due to the economic support of her father, she was able to operate and direct a private nursing clinic in Berlin.", "Marriage to Heinrich Himmler\n\nHimmler met his future wife, Margarete Boden, in 1927.", "They met during one of his lecture tours and remained thereafter in written contact.", "In one surviving letter, Himmler refers to Heinrich Himmler as the \"Landsknecht with the hard heart\" but she was nevertheless impressed by his romantic style of writing and his sincere love for her.", "The blonde, blue-eyed nurse Himmler corresponded perfectly to Heinrich Himmler's ideal woman.", "Seven years his senior, Himmler shared his interest in herbal medicine and homoeopathy, and was part owner of a small private clinic.", "They shared an excessive propensity for efficiency, neatness, longed for strict domesticity, and both preferred a parsimonious lifestyle.", "From her husband she received a consistent diet of anti-Semitism and diatribes against Communists and Freemasons.", "Her anti-Semitism was evident in a letter to Heinrich Himmler dated 22 June 1928, in which she made disparaging remarks about the co-owner of the private clinic in Berlin, gynaecologist and surgeon Bernhard Hauschildt, exclaiming, \"That Hauschildt!", "Those Jews are all the same!\"", "Heinrich and Margarete married in July 1928.", "Initially, Heinrich struggled with the decision to reveal his relationship with Margarete to his parents, partly due to her being seven years older, but also because she was a divorcee, and foremost, because she was a Protestant.", "None of Himmler's family members attended the wedding, so Heinrich’s groomsmen were the father and brother of the bride.", "Ultimately, Heinrich Himmler's parents accepted Margarete, but the family kept their distance from her and remained that way throughout the length of the relationship.", "The couple had their only child, Gudrun, who was born on 8 August 1929; they were also foster parents to Gerhard von Ahe, the son of an SS officer who had died before the war.", "Margarete sold her share of the clinic and used the proceeds to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, near Munich, where they put up a prefabricated house.", "Himmler was constantly away on party business, so his wife took charge of their efforts—mostly unsuccessful—to raise livestock for sale.", "After the Nazis seized power in January 1933, the family moved first to Möhlstrasse in Munich, and in 1934 to Gmund am Tegernsee, where they bought a house.", "Himmler later gained a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem free of charge as an official residence.", "The couple now saw each other rarely as Himmler became totally absorbed by work.", "Gebhard, Heinrich Himmler's older brother, characterized Margarete as a \"cool, hard woman with extremely delicate nerves who radiated no warmth at all and spent too much time moaning\" who had in spite of these characteristics, been an \"exemplary housewife\", one who devotedly loved Heinrich and remained true to her husband.", "Margarete Himmler joined the Nazi Party as early as 1928 (member number 97,252).", "Due to Himmler's enormous responsibilities, the relationship with Marga was strained.", "The couple did unite for social functions; they were frequent guests at the home of Reinhard Heydrich.", "Margarete saw it as her duty to invite the wives of the senior SS leaders over for coffee and tea on Wednesday afternoons.", "Despite her best efforts and the fact that Margarete was married to the Reichsführer-SS, she remained unpopular in SS circles.", "Former Hitler Youth leader Baldur von Schirach wrote in his memoirs that Heinrich Himmler was constantly \"henpecked\", essentially had zero influence at home, and had to yield to Margarete’s will.", "During the Nuremberg Rally in 1938, Himmler had conflicts with most of the wives of the highest-ranking SS leaders, who as a group refused to take any directions from her.", "According to Heydrich's biographers and historian Robert Gerwarth, Lina Heydrich harbored a \"violent dislike\" of Margarete Himmler, which was probably reciprocated.", "After the war, Lina Heydrich made disparaging comments to a reporter from Der Spiegel.", "Margarete was described as a \"narrow-minded, humorless, blonde-haired woman\" who suffered from agoraphobia.", "Hedwig Potthast, Himmler's young secretary starting in 1936, became his mistress by 1939.", "She left her job in 1941.", "Himmler fathered two children with her: a son, Helge (born 1942) and a daughter, Nanette Dorothea (born 1944 at Berchtesgaden).", "Margarete, by then living in the town of Gmund am Tegernsee in Bavaria with her daughter, learned of the relationship sometime in 1941.", "Margarete and Himmler were already separated, and she decided to tolerate the relationship for the sake of her daughter.", "Second World War\nOnce World War II began, Himmler helped operate a military hospital affiliated with the German Red Cross.", "By December 1939, she was supervising the Red Cross hospitals in Military District III (Berlin-Brandenburg).", "In this position, she led missions into the territories and countries occupied by the German Wehrmacht.", "In March 1940, Margarete recorded a business trip to German-occupied Poland, so she was certainly a witness to events there.", "In her journals, written while serving, Himmler wrote, \"Then I was in Posen, Łódź and Warsaw.", "This Jewish rabble, Polacks, most of them don't look like human beings and the dirt is indescribable.", "It's an incredible job trying to create order there.\"", "For her efforts, Himmler reached the rank of colonel in the German Red Cross.", "In February 1945, in writing to Gebhard Himmler, Margarete said of Heinrich, \"How wonderful that he has been called to great tasks and is equal to them.", "The whole of Germany is looking to him.\"", "Heinrich Himmler was close to his first daughter, Gudrun, whom he nicknamed Püppi (\"dolly\"); he phoned her every few days and visited as often as he could.", "Hedwig and Margarete both remained loyal to Himmler.", "Margarete and Heinrich Himmler last saw one another in April 1945, sharing time together with Gudrun at their Gmund residence.", "Post-war\n\nIn 1945, Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area.", "After the invasion of Bolzano, Italy, by the U.S. Army in May 1945, Margarete and Gudrun were arrested.", "They were held in various internment camps in Italy, France, and Germany.", "During her internment, Margarete was interrogated, but it became clear that she was not informed of the official business of her husband, and was described as having a \"small-town mentality\" which persisted throughout her questioning.", "In September 1945, Margarete Himmler was again interrogated, but this time it was during the Nuremberg trials.", "Margarete and Gudrun were then detained at the Flak-Kaserne Ludwigsburg internment camp.", "Since they were not accused, she and Gudrun were released in November 1946 from internment.", "They took refuge for a time with the Bethel Institution of Bielefeld.", "Margarete's stay there was expressly endorsed by the Executive Board of the Bethel Institution, but this was not without controversy.", "On 4 June 1947, in the European edition of the New-York Tribune, an article appeared entitled, \"Widow of Heinrich Himmler Lives Like a Gentlewoman\".", "Margarete was categorized in 1948 at Bielefeld as a lesser offender (Category III) and was to be denazified accordingly.", "In 1950, Margarete retained a lawyer to challenge this classification, since she claimed that her early Nazi Party membership was no more than \"nominal\" and that her high rank resulted from her early service with the German Red Cross, in which she had served since 1914.", "Margarete maintained that while she had been the wife of the Reichsführer-SS, she remained far from the spotlight.", "Nevertheless, the denazification committee in Detmold revised her classification, and contended that she likely supported the goals of the Nazi Party and endorsed the actions of her husband.", "Her lawyer insisted during the follow-on appeals process that Margarete could not be held responsible for the actions of her husband, and countered that the official decision was guided by the idea of Sippenhaft, which meant she was responsible by familial connections.", "On 19 March 1951, she was finally classified as Mitläufer (Category IV).", "According to this judgment, she was not to be held accountable for the crimes of her husband, despite that she had not been distant from them.", "Additional arguments were presented that she and her daughter had benefited from the rise of her husband.", "Because of this, another denazification proceeding, started by the Bavarian Prime Minister Hans Ehard, resumed in the British occupation zone.", "These proceedings focused on the unresolved question of ownership of Margarete and Heinrich’s home in Gmund.", "On 15 January 1953, at the final hearing against Margarete in Munich, she was classified as a beneficiary of the Nazi regime and thus placed in Category II (Activists, Militants, and Profiteers, or Incriminated Persons/German: Belastete), and sentenced to 30 days' special/punitive work.", "She also lost her pension rights and the right to vote.", "Gudrun left Bethel in 1952.", "From the autumn of 1955, Margarete lived with her sister Lydia in Heepen.", "Her adopted son Gerhard also lived with them in her apartment.", "Margarete’s final years were spent with her daughter in Munich.", "Gudrun emerged from the experience embittered by her alleged mistreatment and remained devoted to her father's memory.", "Assessment\nPeter Longerich notes that Margarete Himmler probably did not know about the official secrets or planned projects of her husband during the Nazi era.", "She said after the war she did not have any knowledge of Nazi crimes, but she remained a committed National Socialist and was certainly anti-Semitic.", "Jürgen Matthäus described her as a typical Nazi who wanted the Jews gone, and observed that despite any efforts contrariwise to isolate herself from the regime and its crimes, she profited from them.", "See also\n\n List of Nazi Party leaders and officials\n Women in Nazi Germany\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n \n \n Himmler, Katrin (2014).", "Michael Wildt (Hrsg.", "): Himmler privat.", "Briefe eines Massenmörders.", "Piper, München. . (not revised)\n \n \n \n Matthäus, Jürgen: „Es war sehr nett“.", "Auszüge aus dem Tagebuch der Margarete Himmler, 1937–1945 (pdf; 7,92 MB).", "In: Werkstatt Geschichte 25 (2000), p. 75–93.", "Wittler, Christina.", "Leben im Verborgenen.", "Die Witwe des „Reichsführers SS“ Heinrich Himmler Margarete Himmler (1893–1967) In: Bärbel Sunderbrink (Hrsg.", "): Frauen in der Bielefelder Geschichte.", "Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2010, , p. 193–205.", "Himmler, Katrin & Michael Wildt (Hrsg.).", "Himmler privat.", "Briefe eines Massenmörders.", "Piper, München.", "2014, .", "(nicht ausgewertet)\n Himmler, Katrin.", "Die Brüder Himmler.", "Eine deutsche Familiengeschichte.", "S. Fischer, Frankfurt a. M. 2005, .", "Longerich, Peter.", "Heinrich Himmler.", "Biographie, Siedler, München 2008, .", "1893 births\n1967 deaths\nPeople from Bydgoszcz County\nPeople from the Province of Posen\nMargarete\nNazi Party members\nGerman Red Cross personnel\nWomen in Nazi Germany\nGerman women nurses\nGerman nurses" ]

[ "Margarete Himmler was the wife of Reichsfhrer-SS Heinrich Himmler.", "Margarete Boden was the daughter of Hans and Elfriede Popp and had a first marriage and divorce.", "Margarete had a brother and three sisters.", "She attended the Hhere Tchterschule in the German Empire in 1909.", "Himmler worked as a nurse during the First World War and later at a German Red Cross hospital.", "Her first marriage produced no children.", "She was able to open and direct a private nursing clinic because of her father's support.", "Margarete and Himmler met in 1927.", "They remained in contact after they met during his tour lecture.", "Himmler refers to Himmler as the \"Landsknecht with the hard heart\" but she was impressed by his romantic style of writing and his sincere love for her.", "Himmler's ideal woman was a blonde, blue-eyed nurse.", "Himmler was a part owner of a small private clinic and shared his interest in herbal medicine.", "Both preferred a parsimonious lifestyle and shared an excessive propensity for efficiency.", "She received a constant diet of anti-Semitism from her husband.", "In a letter to Himmler dated June 22, 1928, she made derogatory remarks about the co-owner of the private clinic in Berlin, a gynaecologist and surgeon.", "The Jews are all the same.", "In July of 1928, Heinrich and Margarete were married.", "The decision to reveal his relationship with Margarete to his parents was difficult because she was a divorcee and he was a Protestant.", "None of Himmler's family members attended the wedding, so the groomsmen were the father and brother of the bride.", "The Himmler family kept their distance from Margarete, even though they accepted her.", "Their only child was born on August 8, 1929, and they were also foster parents to the son of an officer who died before the war.", "Margarete used the proceeds from the sale of her share of the clinic to buy a plot of land in Waldtrudering, where they put up a house.", "Himmler was away on party business so his wife took charge of their efforts to raise livestock for sale.", "The family moved to Gmund am Tegernsee in 1934 after the Nazis took power.", "The official residence of Himmler was a large house in the Berlin suburb of Dahlem.", "Himmler became absorbed by work and the couple rarely saw each other.", "Margarete was described as a \"cool, hard woman with extremely delicate nerves who radiated no warmth at all and spent too much time moaning\" by his older brother.", "Margarete Himmler was a member of the Nazi Party.", "The relationship was strained due to Himmler's responsibilities.", "They were frequent guests at the home of Reinhard Heydrich.", "Margarete thought it was her duty to invite the wives of the senior leaders to coffee and tea.", "Margarete was unpopular even though she was married to the Reichsfhrer-SS.", "Baldur von Schirach, a former Hitler Youth leader, wrote in his memoirs that Himmler had to yield to Margarete's will because he was constantly \"henpecked\" at home.", "Himmler had disagreements with most of the wives of the highest-ranking SS leaders, who refused to take any directions from her.", "Robert Gerwarth, Heydrich's biographer, said that Heydrich harbored a \"violent dislike\" of Margarete Himmler.", "After the war, Heydrich made comments to a reporter.", "Margarete suffered from agoraphobia and was described as a narrow-minded, humorless, blonde-haired woman.", "Hedwig Potthast became Himmler's mistress by 1939.", "She left her job in 1941.", "Himmler had two children with her, a son and a daughter.", "Margarete learned of the relationship sometime in 1941 when she lived in the town of Gmund am Tegernsee with her daughter.", "Margarete decided to tolerate the relationship with Himmler for the sake of her daughter.", "Himmler helped operate a military hospital during World War II.", "She was in charge of the Red Cross hospitals by December 1939.", "She led missions into territories and countries occupied by the German Wehrmacht.", "Margarete was a witness to events in Poland during her business trip there in March 1940.", "Himmler wrote in her journals that she was in Posen, d and Warsaw.", "Polacks, most of them don't look like human beings and the dirt is amazing.", "It's an amazing job trying to create order.", "Himmler was promoted to colonel in the German Red Cross.", "Margarete wrote to Himmler in February 1945, saying that he had been called to great tasks and was equal to them.", "The whole of Germany is looking at him.", "He called her every few days and visited her as often as he could.", "Hedwig and Margarete were loyal to Himmler.", "Margarete and Himmler shared time together at their Gmund residence in 1945.", "Margarete and Gudrun left Gmund as Allied troops advanced into the area.", "Margarete and Gudrun were arrested after the invasion of Bolzano, Italy.", "They were held in internment camps in Italy, France, and Germany.", "Margarete was not informed of the official business of her husband, and was described as having a \"small-town mentality\" during her questioning.", "Margarete Himmler was questioned again in September 1945, this time during the Nuremberg trials.", "The Flak-Kaserne Ludwigsburg internment camp was where Margarete and Gudrun were held.", "They were released from internment in November 1946, since they were not accused.", "They took refuge at the Bethel Institution.", "Margarete's stay there was endorsed by the Executive Board, but this was not without controversy.", "In the European edition of the New-York Tribune, an article was written about the widow of Himmler.", "Margarete was categorized in 1948 as a lesser offender and was to be deported.", "In 1950, Margarete retained a lawyer to challenge this classification, since she claimed that her early Nazi Party membership was no more than \"nominal\" and that her high rank resulted from her early service with the German Red Cross.", "Margarete was far from the spotlight while she was the wife of the Reichsfhrer-SS.", "She probably supported the goals of the Nazi Party and endorsed her husband's actions, according to the committee that revised her classification.", "Margarete's lawyer argued that she was not responsible for her husband's actions because of her family connections.", "She was finally classified as a Category IV on 19 March 1951.", "She wasn't held accountable for her husband's crimes because she wasn't close to them.", "She and her daughter had benefited from the rise of her husband.", "The denazification proceeding started by the Prime Minister Hans Ehard in the British occupation zone resumed because of this.", "The question of ownership of Margarete and Heinrich's home in Gmund was the focus of these proceedings.", "Margarete was sentenced to 30 years in prison after she was classified as a beneficiary of the Nazi regime and placed in Category II.", "She lost her right to vote.", "In 1952, Gudrun left the area.", "Margarete lived in Heepen with her sister Lydia.", "Her son was living with them in her apartment.", "Margarete spent her last years with her daughter.", "She emerged from the experience bitter and devoted herself to her father's memory.", "Margarete Himmler probably didn't know about the official secrets or planned projects of her husband during the Nazi era.", "She said she didn't know anything about Nazi crimes, but she was still a National Socialist and anti-Semitic.", "Jrgen Matthus said she was a typical Nazi who wanted the Jews gone, and that she profited from the crimes of the regime.", "There is a list of Nazi Party leaders and officials.", "The man is Michael Wildt.", "Himmler privat.", "Briefe about the Massenmrders.", "Matthus, Jrgen: \"Es war sehr nett\"", "The Tagebuch der Margarete Himmler was published in 1937–1945.", "In: Werkstatt Geschichte 25 (2000).", "Christina Wittler.", "There is a Leben im Verborgenen.", "In: Brbel Sunderbrink, Margarete Himmler, and Heinrich Himmler.", "There is a person in the Bielefelder Geschichte.", "The Verlag fr Regionalgeschichte is in Bielefeld.", "They are Himmler, Katrin and Michael Wildt.", "Himmler is a private company.", "Briefe about the Massenmrders.", "The name of the city is Mnchen.", "A year ago.", "Himmler, Katrin.", "The Brder Himmler.", "Eine deutsche familiengeschichte.", "S. Fischer was in Germany in 2005.", "Peter Longerich.", "He was named Heinrich Himmler.", "Mnchen 2008, Biographie, Siedler.", "People from the Province of Posen Margarete were members of the Nazi Party." ]

[ "Margarete Himmler", "Marga Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Heinrich Himmler", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Heinrich Himmler", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmlermler", "Heinrich Himmler" ]

[ "Margarete Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Margarete Boden", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Margarete", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler", "Himmler", "Himmler", "Heinrich Himmler" ]

[ "Graciela Iturbide (born May 16, 1942) is a Mexican photographer.", "Her work has been exhibited internationally, and is included in many major museum collections such as the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art and The J. Paul Getty Museum.", "Biography \nIturbide was born in Mexico City, Mexico in 1942, to traditional Catholic parents.", "The eldest of thirteen children, she attended Catholic school and was exposed to photography early on in life.", "Her father took pictures of her and her siblings, and she got her first camera when she was 11 years old.", "When she was a child, her father put all the photographs in a box; Iturbide later said: \"it was a great treat to go to the box and look at these photos, these memories.\"", "She married the architect Manuel Rocha Díaz in 1962 and had three children over the next eight years: sons Manuel and Mauricio, and a daughter, Claudia, who died at the age of six in 1970.", "Manuel is now a composer and sound artist and has lectured at California College of the Arts.", "Mauricio took after his father and became an architect.", "Photography career \nIn 1970 Iturbide turned to photography after the death of her six-year-old daughter Claudia.", "She studied at the Centro Universitario de Estudios Cinematográficos at the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México with the intention of becoming a film director.", "She realized how drawn she was to photography, which was Manuel Álvarez Bravo's area of expertise.", "He was a teacher at the university as well as a cinematographer, photographer, and subsequently became her mentor.", "She traveled with Bravo between 1970 and 1971 and learned that \"there is always time for the pictures you want.\"", "In 1971 she was awarded the W. Eugene Smith Grant, and a scholarship at the Guggenheim College.", "Style and influence \nIturbide photographs everyday life, almost entirely in black-and-white, following her curiosity and photographing when she sees what she likes.", "She was inspired by the photography of Josef Koudelka, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Sebastiao Salgado and Manuel Álvarez Bravo.", "Her self-portraits especially reflect and showcase Bravo's influence and play with innovation and attention to detail.", "Iturbide eschews labels and calls herself complicit with her subjects.", "With her way of relating to those she is photographing, she is said to allow her subjects to come to life, producing poetic portraits.", "She became interested in the daily life of Mexico's indigenous cultures and people (the Zapotec, Mixtec, and Seri) and has photographed life in Mexico City, Juchitán, Oaxaca and on the Mexican/American border (La Frontera).", "With focus on identity, sexuality, festivals, rituals, daily life, death, and roles of women, Iturbide's photographs share visual stories of cultures in constant transitional periods.", "There's also juxtaposition within her images between urban vs rural life, and indigenous vs modern life.", "Iturbide's main concern has been the exploration and investigation of her own cultural environment.", "She uses photography as a way of understanding Mexico; combining indigenous practices, assimilated Catholic practices and foreign economic trade under one scope.", "Art critic, Oscar C. Nates, has describes Iturbide's work as \"anthropoetic.\"", "\"Angelitos\" \nSome of Iturbide's earliest works involved the documenting of angelitos, young or infant children that had died, and their burial.", "Iturbide became practically obsessed with death, most of her images from this time period is that of cemeteries or families heading to a cemetery.", "Despite this, art critic Oscar C. Nates notes that death in Iturbide's photographs is not gloomy, but poetic.", "Iturbide's obsession with death only ceased when she encountered a corpse of a man when following a family to bury an angelito.", "This was seen as Iturbide's sign to move on from only documenting death.", "\"Mujer Ángel\" \nIn 1978, Iturbide was commissioned by the ethnographic archive of the National Indigenous Institute of Mexico to work on a series about Mexico's Seri Indians – a group of fishermen living in the Sonora desert along the Arizona/Mexico border.", "She was in Punta Chueca for a month and a half working on the series.", "There were about 500 people within the community.", "It was while working for this series that her photograph called \"Mujer Ángel\" was taken.", "The image depicts a Seri woman while on an expedition to a cave with indigenous paintings.", "The woman “looked as if she could fly off into the desert” and was carrying a tape recorder which she had exchanged for handicrafts with Americans.", "\"Mujer Ángel\" was used by the politically charged metal group Rage Against the Machine for their single \"Vietnow\" in 1997.", "\"Mujer Ángel\" and the Seri People series is part of the Museum of Fine Arts 2019 photography exhibition \"Graciela Iturbide's Mexico\".", "In 1979, Iturbide was asked by painter Francisco Toledo to photograph the Juchitán people who form part of the Zapotec culture native to Oaxaca, Mexico.", "It is traditionally a matriarchal society in which the women are economically, politically, and sexually independent.", "The women run the market, and men are not allowed to enter with the exception of gay men, whom they call \"muxes\" in the Zapotec language.", "This experience as a photographer shaped Iturbide's views on life, and even though Iturbide did take a focus on the role of woman throughout Mexico when taking photos, she was still not a feminist, as evidenced by her quote: “My photographs are not political or feminist but I am when I need to be.” Iturbide worked on this series for almost 10 years, ending in 1988.", "This collection resulted in the book Juchitán de las Mujeres.", "\"Nuestra Señora de Las Iguanas\" and \"Magnolia\" \nSome of the inspiration for her next work came from her support of feminist causes.", "Her well-known photograph, \"Nuestra Señora de Las Iguanas\" (Our Lady of the Iguanas) came from her photo essay \"Juchitán of the Women (1979–86)\" which was also shot in Juchitán de Zaragoza.", "This icon became so popular that there is a statue of this woman made in Juchitán as well as murals and graffiti.", "Filmmakers Susan Streitfeld and Julie Hébert used this photo as an icon in their film Female Perversions (1996).", "\"Nuestra Señora de Las Iguanas\" is also part of the 2019 series exhibition at the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston: Graciela Iturbide's Mexico.", "Comparisons have been made between Iturbide's \"Nuestra Señora de las Iguanas\" and La Virgen de Guadalupe, showing an indigenous woman from Juchitan as a rendition of La Virgen of Guadalupe, the image serves as a reminder of the hardships and injustices that indigenous communities in Mexico have suffered.", "However, her work in Juchitán was not only about women, as she also photographed \"Magnolia\", a photo of a nonbinary person wearing a dress and looking at themselves in a mirror.", "\"Juchitan de Las Mujeres\"\n\nIturbide created this series between the years of 1979 to 1989 when she became entranced with the women-centered community of the Zapotec Indians, located in the Southern Mexican state of Oaxaca; the most purely indigenous community in Mexico.", "Iturbide found these women's political, sexual, and economic freedom deeply inspiring.", "Iturbide's method of documentation was not like the common distanced photographer.", "Instead, Iturbide took the time to get to know the women on a personal level.", "By doing so, Iturbide gained their trust and permission to photograph them.", "With their trust, Iturbide was invited to film many of their private celebrations and she became exposed to the Zapotec people through the eyes of the indigenous women.", "Iturbide's work in Juchitan helped bring a newfound enthusiasm by the Mexican people for its indigenous communities and helped bring forth a new wave of feminism to the country.", "Viewers can explore images of Iturbide's \"Juchitan de Las Mujeres\" series at her website.", "Other works \nIturbide has also photographed Mexican-Americans in the White Fence (street gang) barrio of Eastside Los Angeles as part of the documentary book A Day in the Life of America (1987).", "She has worked in Argentina (in 1996), India (where she made her well-known photo, \"Perros Perdidos\" (Lost Dogs)), and the United States (an untitled collection of photos shot in Texas).", "One of the major concerns in her work has been \"to explore and articulate the ways in which a vocable such as 'Mexico' is meaningful only when understood as an intricate combination of histories and practices.\"", "She is a founding member of the Mexican Council of Photography.", "She continues to live and work in Coyoacán, Mexico.", "In awarding her the 2008 Hasselblad Award, the Hasselblad Foundation said:\n\nGraciela Iturbide is considered one of the most important and influential Latin American photographers of the past four decades.", "Her photography is of the highest visual strength and beauty.", "Graciela Iturbide has developed a photographic style based on her strong interest in culture, ritual and everyday life in her native Mexico and other countries.", "Iturbide has extended the concept of documentary photography, to explore the relationships between man and nature, the individual and the cultural, the real and the psychological.", "She continues to inspire a younger generation of photographers in Latin America and beyond.Some of Iturbide's recent work documents refugees and migrants.", "In her work \"Refugiados\" (2015), offers a stark contrast between love and family and danger and violence showing a smiling mother holding her child in front of a hand-painted mural of Mexico dotted with safety and danger zones.", "The largest institutional collection of Iturbide's photographs in the United States is preserved at the Wittliff collections, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX.", "Publications \n \n Images of the spirit.", "New York: Aperture Foundation, 1996. .\n La Forma y la Memoria = \"Form and Memory\".", "Monterrey, Mexico: Museo de Arte Contemporáneo de Monterrey, 1996. .", "Eyes to fly with: portraits, self-portraits, and other photographs.", "Austin, University of Texas, 2006. .\n Iturbide.", "Madrid: tf.", "editores, 2003. .\n Graciela Iturbide.", "London: Phaidon, 2006.", "Edited and with an essay by Marta Gili. . Phaidon, 2011.", "Torrijos: The Man and the Myth.", "Madrid: Umbrage, 2008. .\n Graciela Iturbide: Juchitán.", "Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum, 2007. . Barcelona: RM, 2011. .\n Des Oiseaux.", "Paris: Xavier Barral, 2019. .", "7 portafolios Mexicanos: exposición por diversos países, Centro Cultural de México, abril-mayo de 1980.", "UNAM Difusión Cultural – in Spanish\n Quintero, Isabel and Peña, Zeke.", "\"Photographic, The Life of Graciela Iturbide.\"", "J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angelos, 2018.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Graciela Iturbide, Visionary Ethnographer\n The Goat's Dance at the J. Paul Getty Museum\n The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern and Mexican Photography, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX\n Museum of Fine Arts, Boston exhibition\n New York Times, Graciela Iturbide Mexico Photos\n British Journal of Photography, Graciela Iturbide's Mexico\n Art Forum, Graciela Iturbide's Mexico\n Boston Globe, At the MFA, the pure profusion of Graciela Iturbide\n Washington Post, Discovering contemporary Mexico beyond Daily Headlines: Images by Graciela Iturbide\n The Guardian.", "Interview with Graciela Iturbide\n WBUR, MFA Graciela Iturbide black and white photographs\n The Economist.", "Seeing Life, Graciela Iturbide\n\n1942 births\nLiving people\nMexican women photographers\nFine art photographers\nPortrait photographers\nFeminist artists\nMexican feminists\n20th-century photographers\n21st-century photographers\n20th-century Mexican women artists\n21st-century Mexican women artists\n20th-century women photographers\n21st-century women photographers" ]

[ "Graciela Iturbide is a Mexican photographer.", "Her work is included in many major museum collections, including the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.", "Iturbide was born in Mexico City in 1942 to traditional Catholic parents.", "She was exposed to photography early on in life as the eldest of thirteen children.", "She got her first camera when she was 11 years old.", "Iturbide said it was a great treat to look at the photos in the box her father put them in when she was a child.", "She had three children over the course of eight years, two sons and a daughter, who died at the age of six.", "He has lectured at the California College of the Arts.", "Mauricio followed in his father's footsteps and became an architect.", "After the death of her daughter, Iturbide turned to photography.", "She wanted to become a film director after studying at the Estudios Cinematogrficos.", "She realized how drawn she was to photography.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "\"There is always time for the pictures you want,\" she learned when she traveled with Bravo.", "She received a scholarship at the Guggenheim College and a W. Eugene Smith Grant.", "Iturbide photographs everyday life almost entirely in black-and-white, following her curiosity and photographing when she likes what she sees.", "She was inspired by the work of several photographers.", "She plays with innovation and attention to detail in her self-portraits.", "Iturbide calls herself complicit with her subjects.", "With her way of relating to those she is photographing, she is said to allow her subjects to come to life, producing poetic portraits.", "She became interested in the daily life of Mexico's indigenous cultures and people and has photographed life in Mexico City, Juchitn, Oaxaca and on the Mexican/American border.", "With focus on identity, sexuality, festivals, rituals, daily life, death, and roles of women, Iturbide's photographs share visual stories of cultures in constant transitional periods.", "There's a juxtaposition between urban and rural life in her images.", "The main concern of Iturbide has been her own cultural environment.", "She uses photography to understand Mexico by combining indigenous practices, Catholic practices and foreign economic trade.", "Oscar C.Nates is an art critic.", "Angelitos, young or infant children that had died, were documented in some of Iturbide's earliest works.", "Most of Iturbide's images from this time period are of families heading to a cemetery.", "Oscar C.Nates says death in Iturbide's photographs is poetic.", "When following a family to bury an angelito, Iturbide encountered a corpse of a man.", "Iturbide's sign was to move on from documenting death.", "In 1978, Iturbide was commissioned by the ethnographic archive of the National Indigenous Institute of Mexico to work on a series about a group of fishermen living in the Sonora desert along the Arizona/Mexico border.", "She spent a month and a half working on the series in Punta Chueca.", "There were a lot of people in the community.", "Her photograph called \"Mujer ngel\" was taken while she was working for this series.", "A woman is on an expedition to a cave with indigenous paintings.", "The woman was carrying a tape recorder which she had exchanged for handicrafts with Americans, and she looked as if she could fly off into the desert.", "Rage Against the Machine used \"Mujer ngel\" for their song \"Vietnow\" in 1997.", "The Museum of Fine Arts has a photography exhibition called \"Graciela Iturbide's Mexico\".", "Francisco Toledo asked Iturbide to take pictures of the Juchitn people, who are from Oaxaca, Mexico.", "It is a matriarchal society in which the women are economically, politically, and sexually independent.", "The women run the market and men are not allowed to enter with the exception of gay men.", "This experience as a photographer shaped Iturbide's views on life, and even though she focused on the role of women in Mexico when taking photos, she was still not a feminist.", "The book was a result of this collection.", "Her support of feminist causes inspired her next work.", "Her well-known photograph, \"Nuestra Seora de Las Iguanas\" (Our Lady of the Iguanas), came from her photo essay \"Juchitn of the Women ( 1979–86)\" which was also shot in Juchitn de Zaragoza.", "There is a statue of this woman made in Juchitn, as well as murals and graffiti.", "In their film Female Perversions, Susan Streitfeld and Julie Hébert used this photo as an icon.", "\"Nuestra Seora de Las Iguanas\" is a 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Iturbide's \"Nuestra Seora de las Iguanas\" shows an indigenous woman from Juchitan as a depiction of La Virgen de Guadalupe, which serves as a reminder of the hardship and injustice.", "She photographed \"Magnolia\", a photo of a nonbinary person wearing a dress and looking at themselves in a mirror, as well as her work about women.", "The series was created between 1979 and 1989 when Iturbide became entranced with the women-centered community of the Zapotec Indians, located in the Southern Mexican state of Oaxaca.", "These women's political, sexual, and economic freedom were inspiring to Iturbide.", "Iturbide's method of documentation was different.", "Iturbide was able to get to know the women on a personal level.", "Iturbide gained their trust and permission to photograph them.", "With their trust, Iturbide was invited to film many of their private celebrations and she became exposed to the Zapotec people through the eyes of the indigenous women.", "Iturbide's work in Juchitan helped bring about a new wave of feminism in the country.", "There are images of Iturbide's \"Juchitan de Las Mujeres\" series on her website.", "Mexican-Americans in the White Fence were photographed by Iturbide as part of the documentary book A Day in the Life of America.", "She worked in Argentina, India, and the United States before making her famous photo, \"Perros Perdidos\" (Lost Dogs).", "One of the major concerns in her work is to explore and articulate the ways in which a Mexican language such as 'Mexico' is meaningful only when understood as an intricate combination of histories and practices.", "She is a founding member of the Mexican Council of Photography.", "She lives and works in Coyoacn, Mexico.", "The Hasselblad Foundation said that she is one of the most important and influential Latin American photographers of the past four decades.", "She has the highest visual strength and beauty.", "The photographic style developed by Graciela Iturbide is based on her strong interest in culture, ritual and everyday life in her native Mexico and other countries.", "To explore the relationships between man and nature, the individual and the cultural, the real and the psychological, Iturbide has extended the concept of documentary photography.", "She continues to inspire a younger generation of photographers in Latin America and beyond.", "Her work \"Refugiados\" offers a stark contrast between love and family and danger and violence, showing a smiling mother holding her child in front of a hand-painted mural of Mexico dotted with safety and danger zones.", "Texas State University has the largest collection of Iturbide's photographs in the United States.", "There are images of the spirit.", "The La Forma y la Memoria is from New York.", "The Museo de Arte Contemporneo de Monterrey is located in Monterrey, Mexico.", "There are portraits, self-portraits, and other photographs.", "The University of Texas in Austin.", "The city of Madrid.", "Iturbide, editores, 2003", "Phaidon was in London in 2006", "The essay was written by Marta Gili.", "There is a man and a myth.", "Madrid: Umbrage.", "Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum.", "The name of the city is Paris: Xavier Barral.", "The Mexicanos are exposicin por diversos pases.", "The UNAM Difusin Cultural is in Spanish.", "The Life of Graciela Iturbide was photographed.", "The J. Paul Getty Museum is located in Los Angelos.", "The Wittliff Collections of Southwestern and Mexican Photography, Texas State University, Museum of Fine Arts, and New York Times are some of the external links.", "Black and white photographs of The Economist were taken by Graciela Iturbide.", "Living people Mexican women photographers Fine art photographers Portrait photographers Feminist artists Mexican feminists 21st-century photographers 20th-century Mexican women artists" ]

[ "Graciela Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide" ]

[ "Graciela Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Iturbide", "Graciela", "Iturbide", "Iturbide" ]

[ "Hakeem Belo-Osagie is a Nigerian businessman.", "He is chair of Metis Capital Partners an organisation focused on brokering and delivering attractive, large-ticket transactions in Africa to select blue chip international investment partners.", "He was listed by Forbes Magazine as the forty-first richest man in Africa in 2014.", "Belo-Osagie is the son of Professor Tiamiyu Belo-Osagie, a renowned gynecologist who catered to the medical needs of the family of former Nigerian military president Ibrahim Babangida.", "Through that connection, Hakeem secured a job as Special Assistant to the Presidential Adviser on Petroleum and Energy and later as Special Assistant to the Minister of Petroleum and Energy, late Alhaji Rilwan Lukmon.", "The appointments, he admits put him in the position to close in on a few oil deals from which he made his first fortune.", "Belo-Osagie started his career as a petroleum economist and lawyer, following his graduation from Harvard Business School.", "For more than three decades, he has been a key player in the Nigerian economy through his participation in several private sector businesses; particularly in the fields of energy, finance and telecommunications.", "Up Until 2017, Belo-Osagie was the chairman of Etisalat's Nigerian arm, in which he controlled a significant stake.", "He also has a range of other business interests in Nigeria.", "Belo-Osagie and his wife, Dr Myma Belo-Osagie (a founding partner of Udo Udoma & Belo-Osagie), are noted philanthropists who believe strongly in the power of education.", "They are among the largest donors to the African Leadership Academy in Johannesburg, and have endowed a fund for the promotion of Africa at Yale University.", "The couple are also supporters of Harvard University's Center for African Studies, and Belo-Osagie has established a scholarship to support African students studying at Balliol College, Oxford.", "Belo-Osagie and his wife are both members of Harvard University's Global Advisory Council.", "Belo-Osagie also serves on the Yale University President's Council on International Activities and the New York University President's Global Council.", "In addition, Belo-Osagie sits on the International Advisory Council of the Brookings Institution and the Global Board of Advisors of the Council on Foreign Relations.", "Belo-Osagie and his wife are among the largest donors to the African Leadership Academy (the \"ALA\"), a residential secondary school in Johannesburg that works to educate Africa's brightest students.", "Founded in 2008, the highly selective ALA immerses promising young people in a rigorous two-year curriculum of leadership, service and African studies.", "The ALA network of alumni includes almost four hundred young leaders drawn from forty three countries across the continent.", "In 2012, the academy unveiled the \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Wing\", named in recognition of the couple's support of the ALA and their advocacy on its behalf.", "Belo-Osagie is also the founder and Chairman of the board of FSDH holding company, which includes among its holdings FSDH merchant Bank, FSDH Asset management, PAL pensions and FSDH securities trading company\n\nPersonal life and education \nBelo-Osagie was born in Lagos, Nigeria in 1955.", "His father was a professional gynaecologist and his mother was a nurse.", "He is the father of Yasmin Belo-Osagie.", "He attended King's College in Lagos and completed his secondary education at the United World College of the Atlantic in Wales.", "Belo-Osagie holds a law degree from the University of Cambridge, a MA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from the University of Oxford and an MBA from the Harvard Business School.", "He is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association.", "He currently lives in Nigeria with his wife Dr.Myma Belo-Osagie and their four children\n\nCareer\nOil industry\n\nBelo-Osagie returned to Nigeria shortly after graduating from Harvard in 1980.", "He began his career in the service of the Federal Government of Nigeria working in various capacities in the energy sector ranging from Special Assistant to the Presidential Adviser on petroleum and energy, to Secretary of the Oil Policy Review and LNG Committees.", "He subsequently worked in the Petrochemicals Division of the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation.", "He resigned his appointment in 1986 to set up CTIC, which became a leading energy consulting firm.", "He also chairs the board of Vitol Nigeria, which is a subsidiary of the Swiss-based Vitol Group, a multinational energy and commodity trading firm.", "Finance\n\nIn 1998 Belo-Osagie became the chairman of the board of directors of The United Bank for Africa Plc (the \"UBA\"), one of the largest commercial banks in Nigeria.", "He resigned from this post in March 2004, in the wake of unsubstantiated allegations made by The Central Bank of Nigeria (the \"CBN\") that the UBA had been involved in unlicensed foreign exchange trading.", "As a result of these allegations, Belo-Osagie was immediately blacklisted by the CBN.", "In 2005, local reports suggested that the Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission had launched an investigation into Belo-Osagie's chairmanship of the UBA.", "No criminal charges were ever filed against him.", "On 24 May 2010 the CBN acknowledged its actions to have been unduly punitive, and removed Belo-Osagie from its blacklist with immediate effect.", "Belo-Osagie is also the founder and Chairman of the board of FSDH holding company, which includes among its holdings FSDH merchant Bank, FSDH Asset management, PAL pensions and FSDH securities trading company\n\nTelecommunications and other recent ventures\n\nBelo-Osagie until recently, was the chairman of the board of directors of Emerging Markets Telecommunications Services Ltd, a mobile telephone operator which operates in Nigeria under the Etisalat brand.", "He is the ultimate beneficial owner of a significant stake in the company, which is operated as a joint venture with Mubadala Development Company and the Etisalat group.", "Belo-Osagie is the chairman of and main shareholder in Duval Properties Limited, a real estate company currently engaged in developing a major new residential and commercial district at Jabi Lake in Abuja.", "He also chairs the board of Vitol Nigeria, which is a subsidiary of the Swiss-based Vitol Group, a multinational energy and commodity trading firm.", "Belo-Osagie has also recently invested in Andela, which is developing a network of high quality computer science education programmes across the African continent.", "Andela operates a self-financing model of education: it funds the training of promising young \nprogrammers, and generates revenue by supplying its graduates' services to a range of global clients.", "Belo-Osagie also sits on Andela's board.", "Non-executive and honorary positions\n\nBelo-Osagie sits on the Global Board of Advisers of the Council on Foreign Relations, a leading non-partisan US think-tank.", "In 2015, Belo-Osagie was appointed to the International Advisory Board of the Brookings Institution in Washington DC, which has been described as the most influential think-tank in the world.", "Belo-Osagie and his wife both serve as members of Harvard University's Global Advisory Council.", "Belo-Osagie is also a member of the Yale University President's Council on International Activities and the New York University President's Global Council.", "Belo-Osagie was appointed by the Nigerian Minister of the Federal Capital Territory to act as a non-executive chairman of the Abuja Investment Corporation from 2007 to 2011.", "He did not receive a salary for this role.", "Belo-Osagie also currently chairs Chocolate City Music Group, a leading Nigerian entertainment company.", "Philanthropy \nBelo-Osagie and his wife are among the largest donors to the African Leadership Academy (the \"ALA\"), a residential secondary school in Johannesburg that works to educate Africa's brightest students.", "Founded in 2008, the highly selective ALA immerses promising young people in a rigorous two-year curriculum of leadership, service and African studies.", "The ALA network of alumni includes almost four hundred young leaders drawn from forty three countries across the continent.", "In 2012, the academy unveiled the \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Wing\", named in recognition of the couple's support of the ALA and their advocacy on its behalf.", "The couple have recently established the \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Fund for the Promotion of Africa\" at Yale University, and are supporters of Harvard University's Center for African Studies.", "Belo-Osagie has also endowed a fund to provide scholarships for African students studying at Balliol College, Oxford.", "Belo-Osagie serves on the board of Alfanar, a charity which applies the principles of private sector investment to charitable giving to help build sustainable social enterprises throughout the Arab world.", "He also chairs the Nigerian National Committee for the United World Colleges, which assists the organisation's member colleges in identifying suitable candidates for their two-year International Baccalaureate scholarship programmes.", "Mr Belo-Osagie has also funded several scholarships to the United World Colleges.", "References \n\nLiving people\nHarvard Business School alumni\nKing's College, Lagos alumni\n20th-century Nigerian businesspeople\n21st-century Nigerian businesspeople\nBusinesspeople from Lagos\nAlumni of the University of Cambridge\nAlumni of the University of Oxford\nNigerian expatriates in the United States\nPeople educated at Atlantic College\nPeople educated at a United World College\nPanama Papers\nPeople from Edo State\nNigerian brokers\nNigerian chairpersons of corporations\n1955 births" ]

[ "Hakeem Belo-Osagie is a Nigerian businessman.", "Metis Capital Partners is an organisation focused on brokering and delivering attractive, large-ticket transactions in Africa to select blue chip international investment partners.", "Forbes Magazine listed him as the forty-first richest man in Africa.", "Professor Tiamiyu Belo-Osagie was a renowned gynecologist who specialized in the medical needs of the family of former Nigerian military president Ibrahim Babangida.", "Hakeem got a job as Special Assistant to the Presidential Adviser on Petroleum and Energy and later as Special Assistant to the Minister of Petroleum and Energy.", "He made his first fortune from a few oil deals that he was able to close thanks to the appointments.", "After graduating from Harvard Business School, Belo-Osagie began his career as a lawyer.", "For more than three decades, he has been a key player in the Nigerian economy through his participation in several private sector businesses.", "He was the chairman of Etisalat's Nigerian arm and held a significant stake.", "He has other interests in Nigeria.", "Dr. Myma Belo-Osagie is a founding partner of Udo Udoma and is one of the noted philanthropists who believe in the power of education.", "They have endowed a fund for the promotion of Africa at Yale University and are among the largest donors to the African Leadership Academy.", "The couple is supporters of Harvard University's Center for African Studies, as well as establishing a scholarship to support African students studying at Balliol College, Oxford.", "Both Belo-Osagie and his wife are members of the Global Advisory Council.", "The New York University President's Global Council and the Yale University President's Council on International Activities are both chaired by Belo-Osagie.", "The Global Board of Advisors of the Council on Foreign Relations is one of the things that Belo-Osagie is on.", "The African Leadership Academy is a residential secondary school that works to educate Africa's brightest students.", "ALA immerses promising young people in a rigorous two-year curriculum of leadership, service and African studies.", "Almost 400 young leaders from 43 countries are part of the ALA network.", "The \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Wing\" was unveiled in 2012 in recognition of the couple's support of the ALA.", "The founder and Chairman of the board of the holding company is Belo-Osagie, who was born in Lagos, Nigeria.", "His mother was a nurse and his father was a gynaecologist.", "He is the father of a girl.", "He completed his secondary education at the United World College of the Atlantic in Wales after attending King's College in Lagos.", "A law degree from the University of Cambridge, a MA in Politics, Philosophy and Economics from the University of Oxford, and an MBA from the Harvard Business School are some of the qualifications held by Belo-Osagie.", "He is a member of the Nigerian Bar Association.", "After graduating from Harvard in 1980, he returned to Nigeria to live with his wife and four children.", "He began his career in the service of the Federal Government of Nigeria working in various capacities in the energy sector.", "He worked for the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation in the Petrochemicals Division.", "CTIC became a leading energy consulting firm after he resigned his appointment.", "He chairs the board of Vitol Nigeria, a subsidiary of the Swiss-based Vitol Group, which is a multinational energy and commodity trading firm.", "In 1998 Belo-Osagie became the chairman of the board of directors of The United Bank for Africa, one of the largest commercial banks in Nigeria.", "He resigned from this post in March 2004, in the wake of allegations made by The Central Bank of Nigeria that the UBA had been involved in unlicensed foreign exchange trading.", "The CBN blacklisted Belo-Osagie as a result of these allegations.", "The Nigerian Economic and Financial Crimes Commission was said to have launched an investigation into the chairmanship of the UBA.", "No criminal charges were ever filed against him.", "The CBN took Belo-Osagie off of its blacklist after acknowledging its actions had been unfair.", "The founder and Chairman of the board of the holding company is Belo-Osagie.", "He is the ultimate beneficial owner of a significant stake in the company, which is operated as a joint venture with Mubadala Development Company and the Etisalat group.", "A real estate company currently engaged in developing a major new residential and commercial district at Jabi Lake is led by the chairman and main shareholder, Belo-Osagie.", "He chairs the board of Vitol Nigeria, a subsidiary of the Swiss-based Vitol Group, which is a multinational energy and commodity trading firm.", "Andela is developing a network of high quality computer science education programmes in Africa.", "The Andela model of education funds the training of promising young programmers, as well as generating revenue by supplying its graduates' services to a range of global clients.", "Andela's board has Belo-Osagie on it.", "The Global Board of Advisers of the Council on Foreign Relations is a non-partisan US think-tank.", "In 2015, Belo-Osagie was appointed to the International Advisory Board of the most influential think-tank in the world.", "Both Belo-Osagie and his wife are members of Harvard University's Global Advisory Council.", "The New York University President's Global Council is a member of the Yale University President's Council on International Activities.", "The Nigerian Minister of the Federal Capital Territory appointed Belo-Osagie to be a non-executive chairman of the Abuja Investment Corporation.", "He wasn't paid a salary for this role.", "Chocolate City Music Group is a leading Nigerian entertainment company.", "The African Leadership Academy is a residential secondary school that works to educate Africa's brightest students.", "ALA immerses promising young people in a rigorous two-year curriculum of leadership, service and African studies.", "Almost 400 young leaders from 43 countries are part of the ALA network.", "The \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Wing\" was unveiled in 2012 in recognition of the couple's support of the ALA.", "The \"Hakeem and Myma Belo-Osagie Fund for the Promotion of Africa\" was established at Yale University by the couple.", "Balliol College, Oxford has endowed a fund to provide scholarships for African students.", "Alfanar is a charity that applies the principles of private sector investment to charitable giving to help build sustainable social enterprises throughout the Arab world.", "The Nigerian National Committee for the United World Colleges assists the organisation's member colleges in identifying suitable candidates for their two-year International Baccalaureate scholarship programmes.", "Several scholarships have been funded by Mr. Belo-Osagie.", "Nigerian expatriates in the United States, as well as alumni of the University of Cambridge and King's College, are referred to as living people." ]

[ "Hakeem Belo", "Hakeem" ]

[ "Hakeem Belo", "Hakeem" ]

[ "Nicklas Bendtner (; born 16 January 1988) is a Danish former professional footballer who played as a forward.", "His preferred position was centre-forward, but he has also played on the right side of attack, and occasionally on the left.", "A large, tall, and physically strong player, he was known for his ability in the air and possessed a powerful header.", "Having progressed through the youth ranks at Tårnby Boldklub, Kjøbenhavns Boldklub and Arsenal, Bendtner signed his first professional contract with Arsenal in 2005.", "He made his debut in October 2005 in the League Cup against Sunderland.", "For the 2006–07 season, Bendtner was loaned out to Championship club Birmingham City, where he made 48 appearances.", "Following his return to Arsenal, he became a regular first team player, but began to slip out of favour during the 2010–11 season.", "As a result, he moved on loan to Premier League club Sunderland for the majority of the 2011–12 season, where he made 30 appearances.", "He then spent the entire 2012–13 season on loan to Serie A club Juventus, where he made 10 appearances but failed to score.", "Bendtner was released by Arsenal in 2014.", "He subsequently joined VfL Wolfsburg on a free transfer, for whom he scored the winning goal in the 2015 DFL-Supercup.", "Released in 2016, he returned to England, where he spent the first half of the 2016–17 season with Nottingham Forest of the Championship, and in March 2017 he signed for Rosenborg.", "Bendtner has played internationally for Denmark at under-16, under-17, under-19, under-21 and senior levels.", "He made his senior international debut as an 18-year-old, on 16 August 2006 in a friendly match against Poland, and scored his first international goal in that match.", "Bendtner was a member of Denmark's 2010 FIFA World Cup and UEFA Euro 2012 squads, and helped them qualify for the 2018 World Cup.", "Club career\n\nYouth career\nBendtner was born in Copenhagen.", "As a child, he played football for Tårnby Boldklub before joining F.C.", "Copenhagen's feeder club Kjøbenhavns Boldklub (KB) in 1998.", "He scored four goals in six Danish national youth team matches, before joining English club Arsenal in August 2004.", "Arsenal\nBendtner formed a prolific strike partnership in the Arsenal reserves with Arturo Lupoli.", "His first-team debut for Arsenal came on 25 October 2005 in a League Cup match against Sunderland at the Stadium of Light, as a late substitute for Quincy Owusu-Abeyie.", "Loan to Birmingham City\nBendtner was loaned to Championship team Birmingham City in August 2006 to gain first team experience; the loan initially ran until January 2007.", "He made his debut for Birmingham as a substitute for Stephen Clemence against Colchester United on 5 August.", "He played the final half-hour and scored the winning goal.", "The loan at Birmingham was extended until the end of the 2006–07 season.", "He finished with eleven league goals as Birmingham were promoted to the Premier League as Championship runners-up.", "2007–08 season\n\nBendtner signed a new five-year contract with Arsenal in May 2007, and returned to the club for the 2007–08 Premier League season.", "After impressing at Birmingham, the teenage striker was presented with opportunities to seek first-team football elsewhere, with reports that Olympique Lyonnais and Milan wanted the promising teenager, but he stayed on in order to earn his place in the starting eleven.", "Bendtner scored his first goal at the Emirates Stadium against Paris Saint-Germain in the inaugural Emirates Cup pre-season tournament; he assisted another for Mathieu Flamini and missed a late penalty.", "He made his Premier League debut as a substitute against Fulham on 12 August 2007.", "His first competitive strike for the Gunners was the match-winning goal in a 2–0 League Cup match against Newcastle United on 25 September 2007.", "On 23 October, he scored his debut UEFA Champions League goal in the 89th minute against Slavia Prague, finishing off a back-heeled pass from Emmanuel Eboué to complete a 7–0 win and equal the record Champions League victory.", "Bendtner's first Premier League goal came on 22 December 2007 in a 2–1 Arsenal victory in the North London derby against Tottenham Hotspur at the Emirates Stadium.", "He headed the winning goal from a Cesc Fàbregas corner just 1.8 seconds (official time) after coming on as a substitute for Eboué, breaking the previous record.", "His first Premier League start came a week later at Everton; he was sent off for two bookable offences.", "After serving his suspension, he scored his first FA Cup goal against Burnley on 6 January 2008 as Arsenal won 2–0.", "During the season, manager Arsène Wenger tried to partner Bendtner with Emmanuel Adebayor whenever Robin van Persie was rested.", "Bendtner and Adebayor, however, did not get along well.", "It became apparent during the 2008 League Cup semi-final second leg away at Tottenham when the pair had a heated on-pitch altercation with the scoreline at 4–1 to Tottenham and referee Howard Webb, captain William Gallas, and other teammates had to intervene and separate the two.", "Adebayor later apologized on Arsenal's website and the Football Association declined to take any formal action against either.", "Bendtner also scored a last minute equaliser against Aston Villa to keep Arsenal top of the table.", "2008–09 season\n\nThe highlight of Bendtner's 2008–09 pre-season was scoring four goals in the first half of Arsenal's 10–2 victory against Burgenland XI on 29 July 2008.", "He scored his first Premier League goal of the season against Bolton Wanderers and within 90 seconds provided an assist for Eboué to score.", "Bendtner had a hard time in October and November, but on 25 November, he scored a controversial 87th-minute winner against Dynamo Kyiv in the Champions League to ensure Arsenal progressed to the knockout stages.", "After treatment to an injured player, with Dynamo apparently expecting the ball to be returned to them, Fàbregas hit the ball forward and Bendtner scored with a left-footed shot.", "He was booked for removing his shirt in celebration.", "In January, he scored two more goals as a substitute, late winners at home to Bolton and Hull City, both from Van Persie crosses.", "On 24 February, Bendtner was goaded after missing a number of chances in the 1–0 win over Roma in the Champions League knockout stages.", "The following week, he scored two goals at West Bromwich Albion as Arsenal won 3–1.", "The fans were much more supportive towards him when he missed a string of chances against Blackburn Rovers.", "Arsenal still won 4–0, thanks to Andrey Arshavin's stunner, and a brace from Eboué.", "Bendtner got a goal in a 3–1 win at Newcastle United, a header from a long free-kick.", "On 5 May 2009, the 21-year-old Bendtner was seen leaving a nightclub hours after Arsenal's 3–1 home defeat by rival side Manchester United in the Champions League semi-final, pictured with his belt undone and jeans pulled down.", "He later said: \"I may be young, but my actions were a poor error of judgment and something I deeply regret.\"", "Bendtner was a second-half substitute for Arsenal, who lost 4–1 on aggregate to defending champions United.", "Bendtner made amends with a goal, albeit a consolation, in a 4–1 defeat to London rival club Chelsea.", "2009–10 season\n\nBendtner started the 2009–10 season by announcing a change in his Arsenal squad number from 26, which he had been allocated initially, to 52, which he claimed was \"a special number to [him] personally\".", "He agreed to refund any supporters who had already bought a shirt printed with his original number.", "He scored his first goal of the season in the Champions League group stage in a 3–2 away win against Standard Liège.", "On the morning of 27 September, he was involved in a car accident while driving along the A1.", "He suffered cuts to his knees and shoulder pain, and wrote off his Aston Martin.", "He returned to action on 4 October and scored his first league goal of the season in Arsenal's 6–2 win over Blackburn Rovers.", "On 28 October, he scored the winning goal in the League Cup in a 2–1 win against Liverpool.", "On 10 November, Bendtner underwent surgery in Germany after aggravating a groin injury in the 3–0 win on 31 October playing against Tottenham Hotspur.", "He was expected to be out for up to four weeks, but did not return until 27 January in a 0–0 draw at Villa Park.", "He started his first match after recovering from his injury and played 82 minutes in Arsenal's victory over Liverpool on 10 February to complete his return to full fitness.", "Ten days later, he scored his first league goal since October with the opener in a 2–0 home defeat of Sunderland.", "He followed this up with the equalising goal in a 3–1 win against Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium on 27 February.", "On 9 March, Bendtner scored the first hat-trick of his professional career in a 5–0 victory over Porto in the second leg of the Champions League first knockout round to overturn their 2–1 loss in the first leg.", "Four days later, he scored a stoppage-time winning goal against Hull City to put the Gunners level on points with Chelsea at the top of the Premier League.", "Another stoppage-time winner followed in the 1–0 victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers on 3 April.", "Bendtner won the Arsenal Player of the Month award for his performances in March, taking over 33% of the votes.", "He scored the only goal for Arsenal in a 4–1 defeat to Barcelona at the Camp Nou as they were knocked out of the Champions League in the quarter-final on 6 April.", "2010–11 season\n\nAfter worsening his groin problem during the 2010 World Cup, and spending almost four months out of action, Bendtner's first appearance of the season came as a substitute against Birmingham City on 16 October.", "On 24 October, he scored his first goal of the season in a 3–0 away win against Manchester City.", "Three days later, he scored again in a match against Newcastle United in the League Cup at St James' Park, as Arsenal won 4–0.", "Bendtner scored his first goal of 2011 on 25 January against Ipswich Town in the League Cup, to level the aggregate score at 1–1.", "Arsenal won the match 3–0, and 3–1 on aggregate.", "The goal earned him the Arsenal Goal of the Month award for January.", "On 2 March, Bendtner scored a hat-trick in the FA Cup fifth round replay against League One team Leyton Orient.", "it was his first hat-trick for nearly a year, and the first by an Arsenal player in an FA Cup tie since Ian Wright's against Yeovil Town in 1993.", "Bendtner was left out of Arsenal's 2011 summer tour of Asia while talks took place over a transfer.", "Amid rumours of interest from Stoke City and Borussia Dortmund, as well as confirmed interest from Hamburg sporting director Frank Arnesen, Bendtner made public his desire to leave Arsenal in August, citing the need for first-team football as motivation.", "Loan to Sunderland\nOn the last day of the August 2011 transfer window, Premier League club Sunderland completed a one-year loan deal for Bendtner; the striker linked up again with manager Steve Bruce.", "A couple of days later, Bendtner was reported as saying that he would never play for Arsenal again because he was not given the opportunity to establish himself in the first team after his car accident.", "On his debut, he made an assist against Chelsea.", "His first goal came on 1 October to begin Sunderland's comeback from 2–0 down to draw with West Bromwich Albion, and he made the cross from which Ahmed Elmohamady equalised.", "Bendtner had to wait three weeks for the Dubious Goals Committee to credit him with the goal, which had gone into the net off Gareth McAuley.", "Bendtner's second goal for Sunderland came in injury time against Bolton Wanderers; the match ended 2–0 and was Sunderland's first away win of the season.", "He scored his third in a 3–2 win at Queens Park Rangers.", "On 21 January 2012, Bendtner fractured his eye-socket in a collision during Sunderland's match against Swansea City on 21 January 2012; when he returned to action, he wore a protective facemask.", "He converted a penalty in the Tyne-Wear derby on 4 March to put Sunderland 1–0 up, and scored again the following week to give his team a 1–0 victory against Liverpool.", "In Sunderland's 3–1 victory at home to Queens Park Rangers, he scored the opening goal with an \"unstoppable\" header, and took his total for March to four from five matches with Sunderland's second goal in a 3–3 draw away to Manchester City.", "He finished the season as Sunderland's top scorer in Premier League matches with eight goals.", "Loan to Juventus\nOn the last day of the August 2012 transfer window, Bendtner joined Italian Serie A club Juventus on loan for the season, with an option to make the move permanent.", "He made his debut as a substitute for Fabio Quagliarella in a 2–0 win against Chievo at the Juventus Stadium on 22 September 2012, and his first start came five weeks later in a 1–0 win against Catania.", "He again started in the Coppa Italia match against Cagliari in December, but suffered a thigh injury that required surgery and was expected to be out for at least two months.", "While he was ruled out through injury, he was at the centre of controversy when he was arrested for drink driving on 4 March 2013.", "Bendtner did not return to action until Juventus's last league match of the season with the title already secured.", "Coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in the 3–2 defeat away to Sampdoria on 18 May 2013, he fractured his wrist late in the game.", "He finished his season with only two league starts and without a goal in eleven appearances in all competitions.", "Juventus chose not to make the loan move permanent, and Bendtner returned to Arsenal.", "2013–14 season\nOn 22 September 2013, Bendtner was an unused substitute against Stoke City.", "Three days later, he made his first Arsenal appearance for two years in a League Cup match against West Bromwich Albion.", "He made the assist for Thomas Eisfeld's goal as the match finished 1–1 after extra time.", "Bendtner played the whole 120 minutes and scored Arsenal's first penalty as they won the shoot-out 4–3.", "He scored his first Arsenal goal since March 2011 with a second-minute header in a 2–0 win against Hull Cuty on 4 December.", "On 1 January 2014, Bendtner scored his last goal for Arsenal against Cardiff City in the 88th minute, injuring his ankle in the process before Theo Walcott sealed a 2–0 win.", "Although he had hoped to prove himself to Arsenal, this did not happen, and he was released at the end of the season when his contract expired.", "VfL Wolfsburg\n\nOn 15 August 2014, Bendtner signed a three-year deal with VfL Wolfsburg of the Bundesliga.", "Managing director Klaus Allofs described him as \"a striker at the best age, who already was able to gather a lot of international experience in his career, which did not always run in a straight line\".", "Bendtner made his Wolfsburg debut on 30 August, as a second-half substitute against Eintracht Frankfurt in a match that finished 2–2.", "On 6 November, he scored his first two goals for Wolfsburg, one from the penalty-spot and one from open play, in a 5–1 win against Krasnodar in the Europa League.", "Sixteen days later, he scored his first Bundesliga goal, against Schalke 04 in a 3–2 away defeat.", "On 19 March 2015, he scored an 89th-minute winner against Inter Milan at the San Siro to secure a 5–2 aggregate victory that took Wolfsburg to the quarter-final of the Europa League.", "Bendtner was an unused substitute as Wolfsburg beat Borussia Dortmund 3–1 in the 2015 DFB-Pokal Final.", "Bendtner began his second season at Wolfsburg with the 2015 DFL-Supercup against Bayern Munich: he produced a \"poacher's finish\" in the 89th minute from Kevin De Bruyne's cross to draw the game level at 1–1 and then scored the winner in the penalty shootout to clinch the trophy.", "On 8 August 2015, he continued his good form by scoring in a 4–1 win at Stuttgarter Kickers in the first round of the 2015–16 DFB-Pokal, and opened his Bundesliga account for the season two weeks later with a goal in a 1–1 draw with 1.", "FC Köln.", "On 25 April 2016, Wolfsburg announced that Bendtner's contract, which was due to run until June 2017, had been terminated with immediate effect.", "While a free agent, Bendtner trained with his hometown club F.C.", "Copenhagen.", "Nottingham Forest\nOn 7 September 2016, Bendtner signed a two-year deal with English Championship club Nottingham Forest.", "Bendtner said that he moved to Forest because both parties were desperate- Forest offered Bendtner a large salary as they were desperate for a striker, and Bendtner wanted to move closer to his son in London and to get his footballing career back on track.", "He made his debut for the club on 20 September in the 2016–17 EFL Cup against former club Arsenal, after which Arsène Wenger asserted that \"if he keeps fit he still has a chance to come back to the top level.", "I think a hungry Nicklas Bendtner can score goals against anybody, and that's what you want from him.\"", "On 11 December 2016, Bendtner scored an own goal against Forest's rivals Derby County in an eventual 3–0 defeat.", "Bendtner finished his Forest career with two goals from seventeen appearances in all competitions.", "Bendtner felt that his heart wasn't really in it when he moved to Forest, and felt that 'It wasn't until I got to Rosenborg that I found myself again and found that true love of football'.", "Rosenborg BK\nOn 6 March 2017, Bendtner signed for Norwegian club Rosenborg for an undisclosed fee.", "He made his debut as a second-half substitute in the Mesterfinalen of 2017 against Brann, and supplied the assist for the second goal in a 2–0 win.", "He also scored his first league goal in his Eliteserien debut against Odds at Lerkendal.", "On 12 August, Bendtner scored a trivela goal from outside the penalty box in a 2–1 win over Molde FK.", "Bendtner won his second consecutive Mesterfinalen in the 2018 event, scoring the only goal of the game against Lillestrøm, nutmegging defender Marius Amundsen en route to goal.", "Copenhagen\nOn the transfer deadline day, 2 September 2019, F.C.", "Copenhagen signed Bendtner on a deal until the end of the year.", "On 17 December 2019 it was confirmed, that Copenhagen would not extend his contract and Bendtner left the club again at the end of 2019.", "He scored his only goal in a cup tie against FC Nordsjælland on 31 October 2019.", "Retirement\nOn 25 August 2020, Tårnby FF, whose senior team competes in the fourth-tier Denmark Series, announced that Bendtner had signed up for the club, where he would become part of the \"M+32 Old Boys\" team.", "On Bendtner joining the team, organiser of the M+32 team, Martin Skov Hæstrup stated that \"we are very happy that Nicklas wants to stay in shape with some of the guys he has known for many years.", "This opportunity is something we have been discussing for many years.\"", "He made his debut for the team on 9 September where he started as an attacking midfielder against the Fredensborg BI M+32 team which ended in a 1–0 win.", "In June 2021, Bendtner announced his retirement from football in the Discovery+ programme Bendtner og Philine.", "In the episode, he stated that: \"all your life you play football, and from one day to the next it ends\", and added that he had \"not been able to do some of the things I liked because of corona.", "I think I need to have a little more time to process that it's over now\".", "International career\n\nBendtner started his international career with three matches for the Denmark under-16 team in February 2004.", "During his third game he scored a hat-trick against Armenia.", "He then scored six goals in 15 appearances for the under-17s, and was named Danish Under-17 Player of the Year for 2004.", "Bendtner made his under-21 debut on 17 May 2006, at the age of 18, scoring both goals in a Danish 2–0 victory over Spain in a friendly match.", "He was the youngest player selected for Denmark's squad for the 2006 European Under-21 Championships, and replaced Morten \"Duncan\" Rasmussen in the Danish starting line-up.", "When Rasmussen came on to replace Bendtner during the match against the Netherlands, Bendtner told the press afterwards that the change was a mistake and that he was a better striker than Rasmussen.", "He received a reprimand, apologised to his teammates, and retained the starting position for Denmark's remaining group match before they were eliminated.", "On 16 August 2006, Bendtner made his first senior appearance for Denmark; aged 18 years and 212 days, he was the seventh youngest debutant ever.", "He started the match, a friendly against Poland, and scored after 32 minutes, helping Denmark to a 2–0 win.", "On 1 September, he played his second senior match for his country, as a substitute in a friendly against Portugal.", "He scored the final goal in a 4–2 win for Denmark.", "Although he still qualified to play for the U21s, Bendtner soon earned a starting place for the senior team; he scored two goals in UEFA Euro 2008 qualifiers.", "In the 2010 World Cup qualifiers, Bendtner scored an 84th-minute goal against Portugal to make the score 1–1; Denmark went on to win 3–2.", "He scored again in the reverse fixture against Portugal which ended 1–1, and four days later scored a header against Albania in another 1–1 draw.", "He assisted Jakob Poulsen's goal in Denmark's 1–0 win over Sweden, which meant they qualified for the 2010 FIFA World Cup.", "He ended the campaign with three goals.", "For his contribution, he was voted Danish Player of the Year and his goal against Portugal won the Goal of the Year award.", "Bendtner was selected by coach Morten Olsen for the World Cup squad.", "He played in all three of Denmark's group matches, and scored his country's first goal of the 2–1 win against Cameroon.", "Bendtner turned down the opportunity of representing his country at the 2011 European Under-21 Championships because he wanted to \"spend some quality time with [his] young son\".", "In qualifying for UEFA Euro 2012, he scored two goals for the senior team in a 2–0 win against Norway on 6 September 2011.", "On 11 October, he scored a \"second-half tap-in\" against Portugal to ensure Denmark qualified for Euro 2012.", "In friendlies in November, Bendtner scored against both Sweden and Finland; in the latter match, he \"finished a fine counterattacking move to net the winning goal\".", "Bendtner was selected in the Denmark squad for Euro 2012.", "A Sports Illustrated preview described him as \"tall and powerful, capable of acting as a target man, yet also has the technical gifts to play deeper or on the flank.\"", "On 13 June, he scored twice in Denmark's narrow 3–2 defeat to Portugal in the second group match.", "After scoring his second goal, Bendtner revealed the logo of bookmakers Paddy Power on the waistband of his underwear, in an instance of ambush marketing for which UEFA banned him for one 2014 World Cup qualifying match and fined him €100,000.", "The company paid the fine.", "On 12 October 2012, he scored the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw with Bulgaria in a World Cup qualifier, and received a yellow card when playing against Italy four days later.", "In March 2013, after Bendtner's arrest for drink driving, the Danish Football Association (DBU) suspended Bendtner from consideration for national team selection for six months.", "According to their statement: \"The DBU have demanded that Nicklas Bendtner take six months off to think over his international future.", "The DBU respect the rights of all players to have a private life, but we also have certain rules that need to be met by international players in their public behaviour.\"", "On his next appearance, in the return fixture against Italy, he scored both of Denmark's goals in a 2–2 draw and was yellow-carded for removing his shirt in celebration.", "An ankle injury sustained on club duty with Arsenal resulted in Bendtner being sidelined from international football until a friendly against England at Wembley Stadium in March 2014, in which he played the first 63 minutes.", "In the first round of international call-ups after Bendtner's transfer to Wolfsburg, he was left out of the Denmark squad by Morten Olsen, who named Martin Braithwaite as his sole striker for a friendly against Turkey and a Euro 2016 qualifier against Armenia.", "In March 2015, he scored a hat-trick as Denmark came from behind to beat the United States 3–2 in a friendly at Aarhus.", "He was named in Denmark's preliminary 35-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and retained his place when the group was reduced to 27, but a groin injury sustained on club duty meant he was not included in the final 23.", "Style of play\n\nBendtner was as versatile forward capable of playing in several attacking positions.", "Although his preferred role was as a centre-forward, he has also been used out wide on either flank.", "A large, tall, and physically strong player, he was known for his ability in the air and possessed a powerful header.", "Considered a promising but undisciplined player in his youth, he was regarded as \"a player blessed with a fabulous all-round talent\", and a quick, intelligent, and hard-working striker, with a good positional sense, first touch, tactical awareness, and an ability to score goals or hold up the ball and create chances.", "His former Arsenal manager Arsène Wenger once labelled Bendtner as a potentially \"unstoppable striker\", and also described him as a player who as a youngster was \"good in the air\", and who had \"good technique, good stature, good pace, ... good link play\", also adding that \"he had it all in the locker.\"", "Despite his talent and confidence in his abilities, Bendtner often struggled with injuries, which limited his fitness; he was also criticised in the media for his perceived arrogance, mentality, and inconsistency, as well as his off-field antics, and as a result, he has been accused of failing to live up to his potential.", "Personal life\nIn November 2009, it was reported that Bendtner was seen in Hyde Park with former Baroness Caroline Iuel-Brockdorff, a socialite and close friend of the Danish Royal Family.", "In 2008 she divorced banker Rory Fleming, first cousin once removed of James Bond writer Ian Fleming, with whom she has two children.", "The couple met when Iuel-Brockdorff was filmed renovating her family home, Valdemar's Castle, on a reality show.", "Bendtner was a guest and they did a photoshoot together to promote his appearance.", "In December 2010, Iuel-Brockdorff gave birth to Bendtner's son at London's Portland Hospital.", "The couple separated soon afterwards.", "Bendtner has a cult following who refer to him as \"Lord Bendtner\".", "In March 2015, Danish celebrity tabloid Se og Hør bought him a square foot of land in Scotland to bestow him the title of \"Lord\", and according to his agent, he considered it a \"fun gimmick\".", "Bendtner has also taken part in the joke, uploading on Instagram a poster of him holding the Ballon d'Or and running as a candidate for Prime Minister in the June 2015 Danish election.", "During his time at Rosenborg, Bendtner was dubbed \"Emperor\" as Mushaga Bakenga was already nicknamed 'Lord' at Rosenborg.", "In November 2018 Bendtner was sentenced to 50 days in prison in Denmark for assaulting a taxi driver.", "On 21 November, Bendtner and his lawyer dropped the appeal, accepting that Bendtner will serve his sentence either in jail or house arrest.", "Career statistics\n\nClub\n\nInternational\n\nScores and results list Denmark's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Bendtner goal.", "Honours\nBirmingham City\nFootball League Championship runner-up: 2006–07\n\nArsenal\nFootball League Cup runner-up: 2010–11\n\nJuventus\nSerie A: 2012–13\n\nVfL Wolfsburg\nDFB-Pokal: 2014–15\nDFL-Supercup: 2015\n\nRosenborg\nEliteserien: 2017, 2018\nNorwegian Football Cup: 2018\nMesterfinalen: 2017, 2018\n\nIndividual\nDanish Under-17 Player of the Year: 2004\nDanish Talent of the Year: 2007\nDanish Football Player of the Year: 2009\nDanish Goal of the Year: 2009\nEliteserien top scorer: 2017\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nPlayer profile at Arsenal F.C.", "website\n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nSportspeople from Copenhagen\nDanish footballers\nDenmark youth international footballers\nDenmark under-21 international footballers\nDenmark international footballers\nAssociation football forwards\nArsenal F.C.", "players\nBirmingham City F.C.", "players\nSunderland A.F.C.", "players\nJuventus F.C.", "players\nVfL Wolfsburg players\nNottingham Forest F.C.", "players\nRosenborg BK players\nF.C.", "Copenhagen players\nTårnby FF players\nEnglish Football League players\nPremier League players\nSerie A players\nBundesliga players\nEliteserien players\nDanish Superliga players\n2010 FIFA World Cup players\nUEFA Euro 2012 players\nDanish expatriate footballers\nDanish expatriate sportspeople in England\nDanish expatriate sportspeople in Germany\nDanish expatriate sportspeople in Italy\nDanish expatriate sportspeople in Norway\nExpatriate footballers in England\nExpatriate footballers in Germany\nExpatriate footballers in Italy\nExpatriate footballers in Norway\nPeople convicted of assault\nAB Tårnby players" ]

[ "Nicklas Bendtner is a former professional footballer who played as a forward.", "His preferred position was centre-forward, but he has also played on the right side of the attack and occasionally on the left.", "He was a large, tall, and physically strong player who was known for his ability in the air.", "After progressing through the youth ranks, Bendtner signed his first professional contract in 2005.", "He made his debut in the League Cup.", "In the 2006–07 season, Bendtner made 48 appearances for the Championship club.", "He became a regular first team player, but began to slip out of favor during the 2010–11 season.", "He spent the majority of the 2011–12 season on loan to Sunderland, where he made 30 appearances.", "He spent the entire 2012–13 season on loan to Bianconeri, but failed to score.", "The player was released by the team.", "He joined VfL Wolfsburg on a free transfer and scored the winning goal in the DFL-Supercup.", "In the first half of the 2016–17 season, he was with theNottingham Forest of the Championship, and in March of last year, he was with theRosenborg.", "At under-16, under-17, under-19, under-21 and senior levels, Bendtner has played for the Danes.", "He scored his first international goal in a friendly match against Poland on August 16, 2006 at the age of 18.", "A member of the 2010 World Cup and the 2012 Euro squad, Bendtner helped the Danes qualify for the World Cup.", "Bendtner was born in Copenhagen.", "He joined F.C. after playing football for Trnby Boldklub.", "The club in 1998 was called Kjbenhavns Boldklub.", "He scored four goals in six national youth team matches.", "The strike partnership of Bendtner and Lupoli was prolific.", "He made his first-team debut as a late substitute for Quincy Owosu-Abeyie in the League Cup match at the Stadium of Light.", "The loan to Birmingham City was to gain first team experience and ran until January 2007.", "He made his debut as a substitute for Stephen Clemence.", "He scored the winning goal in the final half-hour.", "The loan was extended until the end of the season.", "He scored eleven goals in the league as he was promoted to the premier league.", "In May 2007, Bendtner signed a new five-year contract with the club.", "The promising teenager was offered first-team football in other countries, but he stayed on in order to get his place in the starting eleven.", "In the inaugural Emirates Cup pre-season tournament, Bendtner scored his first goal and assisted another for Flamini, but missed a late penalty.", "He made his premier league debut in August of 2007.", "He scored the match-winning goal in the League Cup match againstNewcastle United on September 25, 2007.", "He scored his debut goal in the 89th minute against Slavia Prague, finishing off a back-heeled pass from Emanuel Eboué to complete a 7–0 win and equal the record European victory.", "On December 22, 2007, Bendtner scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 win over Spurs in the North London derby.", "He headed the winning goal from a Cesc Fbregas corner just 1.8 seconds after coming on as a substitute, breaking the previous record.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "After serving his suspension, he scored his first FA Cup goal.", "During the season, manager Arsne Wenger tried to partner Bendtner with Adebayor.", "The two did not get along well.", "The 2008 League Cup semi-final second leg away at Spurs became apparent when the pair had a heated on-pitch altercation with the score at 4–1 to Spurs and the referee, captain William Gallas, and other teammates had to intervene and separate the two.", "The Football Association declined to take any action against Adebayor after he apologized.", "The last minute goal by Bendtner against Villa kept the team at the top of the table.", "The highlight of Bendtner's 2008–09 pre-season was scoring four goals in the first half of a 10–2 victory against Burgenland XI.", "Within 90 seconds after he scored his first goal of the season, he provided an assist for Eboué to score.", "On November 25th, Bendtner scored a controversial 87th-minute winner against Dynamo Kyiv to ensure that the Gunners progressed to the knockout stages.", "After treatment to an injured player, Fbregas hit the ball forward and Bendtner scored with a left-footed shot.", "He was booked for removing his shirt.", "He scored two more goals as a substitute in January, both from Van Persie crosses.", "On 24 February, Bendtner was goaded after missing a number of chances in the 1–0 win over Roma.", "He scored two goals in the week that followed.", "The fans were more supportive of him when he missed chances.", "Thanks to Arshavin's goal and a brace from Eboué, we won 4–0.", "The goal by Bendtner came from a long free-kick.", "On 5 May 2009, the 21-year-old Bendtner was seen leaving a nightclub with his belt undone and jeans pulled down, just hours after his team's 3–1 home defeat by Manchester United.", "He said that his actions were a poor error of judgment and that he regretted them.", "The second-half substitution for Bendtner was one of the reasons for the loss to United.", "In a 4–1 defeat to London rival club, Bendtner made amends with a goal.", "The 2009–10 season started with a change in Bendtner's squad number from 26 to 52, which he claimed was a special number to him.", "He agreed to give refunds to anyone who had already purchased a shirt with his number on it.", "He scored his first goal of the season in the away win against Standard Lige.", "He was involved in a car accident on the morning of 27 September.", "He wrote off his car because of injuries to his knees and shoulder.", "He scored his first league goal of the season in the 6–2 win over Rovers.", "He scored the winning goal in the League Cup against the Reds.", "On 10 November, Bendtner underwent surgery in Germany for a groin injury he sustained in the 3–0 win against Spurs.", "He did not return until 27 January, after the 0–0 draw at Villa Park.", "After recovering from his injury, he started his first match and played a full game for the first time in over a year.", "He scored his first league goal in ten days, in a 2–0 home defeat of Sunderland.", "He scored the equalising goal in the 3–1 win against the Potters at the Britannia Stadium.", "On 9 March, Bendtner scored the first hat-trick of his professional career in a 5–0 victory over Porto in the second leg of the Champions League first knockout round to overturn their 2–1 loss in the first leg.", "He scored a last-minute winning goal against Hull City four days later to level the score at the top of the league.", "The 1–0 victory over Wolves on 3 April was followed by another last-second winner.", "The player of the month award was won by Bendtner, who took over a third of the votes.", "He scored the only goal in a 4–1 defeat to Barcelona at the Camp Nou as they were knocked out of the Champions League.", "After spending almost four months out of action due to a groin problem, Nicklas Bendtner's first appearance of the season came as a substitute against Birmingham City on 16 October.", "He scored his first goal of the season in a win against Manchester City.", "He scored in the League Cup match against St James' Park as the Gunners won 4–0, three days later.", "On January 25th, Bendtner scored his first goal of the year against Ipswich Town in the League Cup, to level the aggregate score at 1–1.", "The match was won 3–0 and 3–1.", "The goal earned him the goal of the month award.", "In the fifth round of the FA Cup, Bendtner scored a hat-trick.", "It was his first hat-trick for nearly a year, and the first by an Arsenal player in an FA Cup tie since Ian Wright's against Yeovil Town in 1993.", "While talks were taking place over a transfer, Bendtner was left out of the summer tour of Asia.", "In August, Bendtner made public his desire to leave the club due to the need for first-team football.", "On the last day of the August transfer window, the Black Cats completed a one-year loan deal for Bendtner, who was linked up again with Bruce.", "According to a report, Bendtner said that he wouldn't play for the club again because he wasn't given the chance to establish himself in the first team after his car accident.", "He made an assist on his debut.", "He scored his first goal on October 1st, when he made the cross to allow the Black Cats to come back from 2–0 down to draw with West Bromwich.", "The Dubious Goals Committee had to wait three weeks to give Bendtner a credit for the goal.", "The match ended 2–0 and was the first away win of the season for the Black Cats.", "He scored his third in a win.", "When he returned to action after breaking his eye-socket in a collision, he wore a protective facemask.", "He scored twice in a week to give his team a 1–0 victory against the Reds, after he converted a penalty in the Tyne- Wear derby.", "He scored the opening goal in the 3–1 victory at home to Queens Park Rangers and the second goal in the 3–3 draw at Manchester City in March.", "He was the top scorer in the league with eight goals.", "On the last day of the August 2012 transfer window, Bendtner joined Italian club Juventus on a season long loan with an option to make the move permanent.", "He made his debut as a substitute for Quagliarella in a 2–0 win against Chievo at the Juventus Stadium on September 22, 2012 and his first start came five weeks later in a 1–0 win against Catania.", "He suffered a thigh injury that required surgery and was expected to be out for at least two months.", "He was at the center of controversy when he was arrested for drink driving.", "The title was already secured before Bendtner returned to action.", "He fractured his wrist after coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in the 3–2 defeat away to Sampdoria.", "He did not have a goal in eleven appearances and only two league starts.", "The loan move was not made permanent.", "On September 22, 2013, Bendtner was an unused substitute.", "He played in a League Cup match for the first time in two years.", "He assisted Thomas Eisfeld's goal as the match ended 1–1 after extra time.", "They won the shoot-out 4–3 after Bendtner scored the first penalty.", "In the 2–0 win against Hull Cuty on December 4, he scored his first goal for the club since March 2011.", "Theo Walcott sealed a 2–0 win for the Gunners after Theo Walcott scored his last goal for the club in the 88th minute.", "He was released at the end of the season after he failed to prove himself to the club.", "Bendtner signed a three-year deal with VfL Wolfsburg.", "He was described by Klaus Allofs as a \"striker at the best age, who already was able to gather a lot of international experience in his career, which did not always run in a straight line\".", "On 30 August, Bendtner made his Wolfsburg debut as a second-half substitute in a match that finished 2–2.", "He scored his first two goals for Wolfsburg on 6 November in a 5–1 win against Krasnodar.", "In a 3–2 away defeat, he scored his first goal.", "On 19 March 2015, he scored an 89th-minute winner against Inter Milan at the San Siro to secure a 5–2 aggregate victory.", "In the DFB-Pokal Final, Bendtner was an unused substitute.", "In the 2015 DFL-Supercup, Bendtner scored a \"poacher's finish\" in the 89th minute from Kevin De Bruyne's cross to draw the game level at 1–1 and then scored the winner in the penalty shootout.", "He opened his account for the season with a goal in a 1–1 draw with 1.", "FC Kln is located in Germany.", "The contract of Bendtner was terminated with immediate effect on 25 April.", "Bendtner trained with his hometown club F.C. while he was a free agent.", "The city of Copenhagen.", "Bendtner signed a two-year deal with the English Championship club.", "According to Bendtner, Forest offered him a large salary as they were desperate for a strikers, and he wanted to move closer to his son in London to get his footballing career back on track.", "\"If he keeps fit, he still has a chance to come back to the top level,\" Arsne said after he made his debut for the club.", "I think Nicklas can score goals against anyone, and that's what you want from him.", "On December 11, 2016 Bendtner scored an own goal for Forest in a 3–0 loss to Derby County.", "The Forest player had two goals from seventeen appearances.", "When he moved to Forest, he felt that his heart wasn't really in it, and that it wasn't until he found his true love of football that he found it again.", "Bendtner signed for a Norwegian club in March of last year.", "He made his debut as a second-half substitute in the Mesterfinalen of the year against Brann, and provided the assist for the second goal in a 2–0 win.", "He scored his first league goal in his Eliteserien debut.", "On August 12th, Bendtner scored a trivela goal from outside the penalty box in a 2–1 win overMolde FK.", "The Mesterfinalen was won by Bendtner for the second year in a row, as he scored the only goal of the game against Lillestrm.", "The transfer deadline day is 2 September.", "The deal was signed until the end of the year.", "Bendtner left the club at the end of the year after it was confirmed that his contract wouldn't be renewed.", "He scored the only goal in the cup tie.", "Retirement On 25 August 2020, Trnby FF, whose senior team competes in the fourth-tier Denmark Series, announced that Bendtner had signed up for the club, where he would become part of the \"M+32 Old Boys\" team.", "The M+32 team is very happy that Nicklas wants to stay in shape with some of the guys he has known for a long time.", "We have been discussing this opportunity for a long time.", "He made his debut for the team on September 9th in a 1–0 win against the Fredensborg BI M+32 team.", "In June 2021, Bendtner announced his retirement from football.", "He stated in the episode that \"all your life you play football, and from one day to the next it ends\" and that he had not been able to do some of the things he liked because of corona.", "I need more time to process that it's over.", "In February 2004, Bendtner started his international career with three matches for the Danes.", "He scored three times against Armenia.", "He was named the Under 17 Player of the Year in 2004, after scoring six goals in 15 appearances.", "On 17 May 2006 at the age of 18, Bendtner made his under-21 debut, scoring both goals in a 2–0 victory over Spain.", "He became the youngest player in the starting line-up for the Danes at the European Under-21 Championships.", "After the match against the Netherlands, Bendtner told the press that he was a better forward than Rasmussen and that the change was a mistake.", "He was reprimanded, apologized to his teammates, and kept the starting position for the rest of the group match.", "He was the seventh youngest debutant ever, when he made his first senior appearance for Danes at the age of 18.", "He scored in the 32nd minute to help the Danes to a 2–0 win.", "He played his second senior match for his country as a substitute in a friendly against Portugal.", "He scored the final goal for the Danes.", "Although he still qualified to play for the U21s, Bendtner soon earned a starting place for the senior team and scored two goals.", "In the 2010 World Cup qualification, Bendtner scored an 84th-minute goal to help the Danes beat Portugal.", "He scored a goal in the reverse fixture against Portugal which ended 1–1, and four days later he scored a goal against Albania which ended 1–1.", "In the 1–0 win over Sweden, he assisted the goal of Jakob Poulsen, who went on to score in the World Cup.", "He had three goals.", "The Goal of the Year award was won by his goal against Portugal, which was voted the Danish Player of the Year.", "The World Cup squad was selected by the coach.", "He scored his country's first goal in the 2–1 win against Cameroon, and played in all three of the group matches.", "The opportunity to represent his country at the European Under-21 Championships was turned down by Bendtner because he wanted to spend some quality time with his son.", "He scored two goals for the senior team in a 2–0 win against Norway in September 2011.", "He scored a \"second-half tap-in\" against Portugal to ensure the Danes qualified for the Euro 2012 tournament.", "In November, Bendtner scored against both Sweden and Finland, and in the last match, he \"finished a fine counterattacking move to net the winning goal\".", "The Danes will play at Euro 2012 with Bendtner in the squad.", "He is tall and powerful, capable of acting as a target man, yet also has the technical gifts to play deeper or on the flank.", "In the second group match, he scored twice in a narrow defeat to Portugal.", "After scoring his second goal, Bendtner revealed the logo of bookmaker Paddy Power on his underwear in an instance of ambush marketing for which he was banned for a World Cup match and fined 100,000.", "The fine was paid by the company.", "He received a yellow card when playing against Italy four days after scoring the equalising goal in the 1–1 draw with Bulgaria in the World Cup qualification.", "The DBU suspended Bendtner from consideration for national team selection for six months after he was arrested for drink driving.", "Nicklas Bendtner has been told to take six months off to think about his international future.", "The rights of all players to have a private life, but we also have certain rules that need to be met by international players in their public behavior.", "He was yellow-carded for removing his shirt in celebration after scoring two goals for the Danes in a 2–2 draw with Italy.", "In March of last year, Bendtner played the first 63 minutes of a friendly against England at Wembley Stadium after an ankle injury kept him out of international football.", "In the first round of international call-ups after Bendtner's transfer to Wolfsburg, he was left out of the Danes squad by their coach.", "In March 2015, he scored a hat-trick as the Danes beat the US in a friendly.", "When the group was reduced to 27 for the World Cup, he was not included because of a groin injury he sustained on club duty.", "A versatile forward, Bendtner was capable of playing in a number of attacking positions.", "He has been used out wide on either flank, even though his preferred role was as a centre-forward.", "He was a large, tall, and physically strong player who was known for his ability in the air.", "Considered a promising but undisciplined player in his youth, he was regarded as a player blessed with a fabulous all-round talent, with a good first touch, tactical awareness, and an ability to score goals.", "He was described as a player who was \"good in the air\" and who had \"good technique, good stature, good pace\".", "Despite his talent and confidence in his abilities, Bendtner often struggled with injuries, which limited his fitness; he was also criticised in the media for his perceived arrogance, mentality, and inconsistency, as well as his off-field antics, and as a result, he has been accused of failing", "In November 2009, it was reported that Bendtner was seen in Hyde Park with a close friend of the Danes.", "She has two children with the man she divorced in 2008 who was once Ian Fleming's cousin.", "Iuel-Brockdorff's family home, Valdemar's Castle, was renovated on a reality show.", "They did a photo shoot for Bendtner to promote his appearance.", "Iuel-Brockdorff gave birth to a boy at London's Portland Hospital.", "The couple separated.", "He is referred to as \"Lord Bendtner\" by his cult following.", "According to his agent, he considered the title of \"Lord\" to be a fun gimmick after he was bought a square foot of land in Scotland.", "He uploaded a picture of himself holding the Ballon d'Or and running for Prime Minister in the June 2015 Danes election.", "The nickname of \"Emperor\" was given to Bendtner by Mushaga Bakenga, who was already nicknamed \"Lord\" at the time.", "In November of last year, Bendtner was sentenced to 50 days in prison for attacking a taxi driver.", "After dropping the appeal, Bendtner and his lawyer agreed that he would serve his sentence either in jail or house arrest.", "The score column indicates the score after each Bendtner goal.", "The honours include runner-up in the Football League Championship and the DFL-Supercup.", "The website was founded in 1988 and contains information about sports people and football players.", "The players are from the city.", "The players are from the A.F.C.", "The players are from F.C.", "The players are from VfL Wolfsburg.", "The players are from F.C.", "The players of Trnby FF are from England, while the players of Eliteserien are from Germany." ]

[ "Nicklas Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Lord Bendtner" ]

[ "Nicklas Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Nicklas", "Bendtner", "Bendtner", "Lord Bendtner" ]

[ "Julius Caesar Chappelle (January 27, 1904) was an American Republican Party politician who was born into slavery in South Carolina and served in the Massachusetts General Court.", "He was a leading figure of Boston's black community from 1870 until his death.", "He was the first African-American to serve on the Massachusetts Republican State Committee and an active supporter of civil rights and consumer protection.", "His speeches were frequently covered by newspapers.", "Early life and education\nJulius Caesar Chappelle was born into slavery to an enslaved mother in 1852 at Chappelle's Landing, a plantation in Newberry County, South Carolina.", "He was classified as a \"mulatto,\" of mixed race, with African-European ancestry.", "There is evidence that during very early childhood Julius Chappelle and at least one of his brothers may have been moved from South Carolina to two other plantations in different states before being brought back to Newberry County.", "During slavery, it was often common for plantation owners to break up families and move them to different plantations of the same owner in order to stop possible uprisings.", "Chapelle was 13 years old when slavery was abolished following the end of the American Civil War.", "He studied at an academy for black students in nearby Edgefield.", "During Chappelle's childhood, South Carolina was an area of white resistance to Reconstruction and the rights of former slaves.", "Insurgent groups were active in trying to maintain white supremacy.", "The Ku Klux Klan had numerous chapters that attacked freedmen to maintain white supremacy and establish dominance.", "Due to the severity of the insurgents' attacks, in 1871 President Ulysses Grant ordered the National Guard of the United States into nine counties in South Carolina, declaring martial law in order to suppress the Ku Klux Klan.", "The KKK usually raided towns, as many towns in South Carolina such as the Town of Newberry were abolitionist, whereas the slave plantation areas were not.", "LaVilla, Florida\nAround 1869, Chappelle moved to Florida to help establish the black community of LaVilla, today a neighborhood of Jacksonville.", "Boston\nIn November 1870, the young Julius Chappelle moved to Boston.", "The city was then known for its thriving black community and attracted many migrants from Southern states in the 19th century.", "In Boston, he continued his studies and graduated from high school.", "He found work as a custodial engineer for the Boston Herald newspaper, staying with them for 13 years.", "He later worked as building superintendent at a United States Post Office and at the United States Boston Custom House.", "Political and civil rights career\n\nEarly involvement \nLewis Hayden helped bring Chappelle into the Republican Party and started him out giving him the task to register people to vote.", "Chappelle was quite successful at it, and was known for his neat appearance as he also learned the barber's trade when in Chelsea, Massachusetts.", "Newspapers described Chappelle as having a brisk walk and as being well spoken.", "Boston's Sunday Herald in 1886 that Chappelle was thought of as an \"Adonis\" by the African-American community.", "Massachusetts General Court \n\nIn the early 1880s, he was nominated as a Republican candidate for the state legislature from Boston's Ninth Ward, including the Beacon Hill area, and was elected for four terms from 1883 to 1886.", "He became one of the early prominent African-American legislators.", "The Ninth Ward was also called the Ninth Suffolk district and was composed of 2,800 voters in 1886.", "The Boston Globe described the Ward as extremely diverse both ethnically and economically: \"There is not another ward in the whole town that so completely embraces all the grades of society.", "On the voting lists of one precinct are few voting names that do not bear the Celtic stamp, while another precinct is composed entirely of colored men.", "Then there is the precinct where the voters are mostly of the middle walk, where still in another the most pretentious people of Boston are still in control.\"", "Upon his election, Republican legislators tried to prevent Chappelle from having an actual chair in the General Court by pinning the name of a white Republican on his chair, forcing Chappelle to find another \"out-of the way\" chair to sit in.", "Though this incident was not without precedent, it was considered a mark of hypocrisy by the otherwise pro-black Republican Party.", "The next day, the Republican caucus issued a statement denouncing the story and claiming it was the prerogative of Chappelle's defeated opponent to bequeath his chair to whom he chose.", "In the House, Chappelle served on committees for the \"Federal relations and engrossed bill,\" and \"Public Land and State House.\"", "In 1883, Chappelle introduced a bill to stop exploitative chain gangs in the South.", "Chappelle staunchly supported expanding the federal Civil Rights Act of 1866 to prohibit race discrimination in public settings, stating \"It is on the principle of rights that belong to us that we want this bill passed and public places thrown open.\"", "He promoted African-American civil rights, and worked on consumer affairs issues.", "Elections\n\n1882 \nWhen Chappelle was nominated to the Massachusetts General Court, he was opposed by other African-American candidates.", "An elected African-American secretary in his own party said that he had been elected by fraud.", "The charges against Chappelle were proven untrue with a recount of two times.", "The New York Globe wrote, \"Chappelle will, in the opinion of many white and colored voters, be elected in spite of such mean tricks.\"", "In 1882, Chappelle succeeded John F. Andrew (son of Governor John Albion Andrew) and defeated Democrat Brooks Adams (great-grandson of President John Adams).", "1884 recount \nIn 1884, Chappelle narrowly defeated Democrat Charles Albert Prince, son of Boston Mayor Frederick O.", "Prince, in a highly contested election.", "The original count was 831 votes for Julius C. Chappelle and 800 for Prince.", "However, a recount was \"done in a \"hurried manner by the Board of Alderman\" without Chappelle's knowledge or presence, and it showed 730 votes for Chappelle and 815 votes for Prince.", "Upon hearing the recount tally, Chappelle declared the recount illegal and petitioned the House of Representatives stating that the Board refused to recount 51 votes for Chappelle that were \"effaced\" by stickers in the area where \"for Representative\" was located, and that the original vote tally should remain.", "Prince later conceded the election to Chappelle.", "Prince stated that the stickers affected both candidates, and Prince no longer wanted the seat as it seemed that the sticker issue caused Prince the dismay of not wanting to partake in politics mentioning in his resignation letter that \". . .the stickers for one of the candidates for senator were either so broad or so carelessly pasted upon the ballot that it covered the title of the vote for representative printed beneath thereon.", "Both Mr. Chappelle and myself were sufferers by reason thereof .", ". . \"\n\n1885 \nIn 1885, the Daily Globe reported \"Julius C. Chappelle, who enjoys immensely that distinction of being the first colored man to sit for so long a period on Beacon Hill\" where the staunch Republican Chappelle was mentioned within a column devoted mainly to Democrats.", "Chappelle's new running mate Henry Parkman Sr. did not strongly support his re-election, but Chappelle was re-elected regardless, defeating Robert Hooper, the son of Congressman Samuel Hooper.", "Retirement from General Court \n\nIn 1886, Chappelle was opposed for renomination by African-American City Councilman William O. Armstrong.", "Though Chappelle was strongly urged to run for a fifth term, he retired.", "Republican State Committee \nChappelle served three one-year terms on the state committee of the Massachusetts Republican Party, representing Boston's Fifth Ward from 1889.", "In his third term the president of the state committee in Boston, Massachusetts and was the first African-American in this position.", "He was active in the Massachusetts State House politics of that time.", "Chappelle also served as an alternate delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention in Chicago.", "Post-legislative career \nIn 1886, Chappelle was appointed as an Inspector at Elections.", "In early August 1890, Chappelle spoke about the right of blacks to vote in every United States state, to an \"enthusiastic\" meeting in Boston's Faneuil Hall to support the Federal Elections Bill:\"I regret the occasion of such a meeting as this for the reason that the principles of this bill were placed upon the Republican platform when we nominated our present President, and who, in this message to Congress, recommended the principles of such a measure.", "We hear through the Independent and Democratic press that there is a sufficient number of weak-kneed Republicans to defeat the passage of this bill and am pleased to find so many of our leading business men willing to support it.", "These same independent papers seem to be in direct opposition to anything that will tend to give the Negro a fair chance.", "In the days of slavery, they were opposed to freedom and are now opposed to our obtaining our rights.", "This bill should have passed 25 years ago.", "We would not have been subjected to the treatment received now.", "The North and South have always had trouble and will continue to do so until every man has his rights.", "The vote of the Negro must be counted with as much honesty in South Carolina as any white man's in Massachusetts.\"", "Criticisms of Republican Party \nAfter serving in political office, Chappelle tried to obtain an appointed position in Washington, D.C., but he was not considered or mentioned for a position.", "Massachusetts Senators Henry L. Dawes and George Frisbie Hoar were criticized for not doing more to gain political appointments for the several African-American office holders in Massachusetts.", "It was said that the white Republican Senators did not mention any African-Americans politicians to President Benjamin Harrison, even though they all campaigned for Harrison in 1888.", "In 1892, Chappelle expressed concern that the new white Republican Party of Massachusetts as not being as generous as the older white abolitionist Republican Party.", "At his retirement party from the Republican State committee, he commented then that the new white Republicans would under-employ African-Americans as janitors instead of building superintendents or other better positions, and that African-American youth would feel stuck in a rut.", "Chappelle also argued that diminished business stature would lead to diminished political stature, as political strength was at least partly dependent on the patronage system of the time.", "At the Fraternal Association's 22nd annual banquet held that year at the Quincy House, Chappelle mentioned, \"I have seen that Massachusetts is no longer a safe State for Republicans,\" and mentioned that men of color in public office were not receiving positions as even messengers at the State House.", "Opposition to Prohibition \nThe Prohibition Party was strongly supported by the Ku Klux Klan.", "However, some people of color were also against the legalization and sale of alcohol, and the Prohibition Party tried to win over those voters in Massachusetts.", "Chappelle's friend, African-American Boston City Councillor William O. Armstrong, was their chief organizer.", "Armstrong was later the first black man ever nominated for Massachusetts state office, when he ran for Auditor on the Prohibition ticket in 1891.", "Armstrong's efforts to recruit African-American voters were opposed by Chappelle.", "In 1891, the Boston Daily Globe reported that, \"It is understood by colored men that the campaign for colored men is left entirely in the hands of Mr. Chappelle and he is after the Armstrong men.", "Everywhere the Armstrong people hold meetings there, a night or so after, are the Chappelle men.\"", "The article also reads that the Armstrong men denied being associated with the Democratic Party.", "In 1895, Chappelle was appointed to a committee of the Douglass Club to lobby for liquor licenses to be granted to African-American business owners.", "Personal life\nChappelle married Elizabeth \"Eugenia\" Chappelle, and they had a daughter named Lillian.", "Julius's brothers Lewis and Mitchell were both prominent members of LaVilla society.", "Mitchell served as Mayor of LaVilla from 1874 to 1876 and a Duval County Justice of the Peace.", "Lewis was a prominent construction contractor and served as a LaVilla councilman from 1875 to 1877.", "Julius's nephew Pat Chappelle (son of Lewis) owned The Rabbit's Foot Company, a leading vaudeville show, and was known as the \"black P.T.", "Barnum.\"", "Julius introduced his nephew Pat to entertainment promoters in Boston.", "Along with his brothers Lewis II and James, Pat ran the Buckingham Theatre and Saloon in Tampa, Florida.", "In mid-January 1898, Chappelle was falsely accused by an African-American porter of buying stolen shoes and was acquitted after approximately a month.", "Social life \nChappelle, often accompanied by his wife Eugenia, was a staple at many social gatherings during and after his time in office.", "Julius C. Chappelle and his wife attended the popular \"6th Annual Ball of Headwaiters of Young's Hotel \" at Horticultural Hall in 1883.", "In 1886, the prestigious Massachusetts Club inducted Chappelle and Frederick Douglass (though Douglass was only an honorary member).", "According to a Cleveland Gazette 1886 report, Chappelle was also the only African-American full member of the club.", "Both accepted their membership at a gathering at Boston's Young's Hotel attended by prominent Massachusetts politicians.", "In 1889, Chappelle presided over a meeting at the Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church concerning the education of southern African-Americans.", "In 1889, Chappelle was an organizer of the St. John's Day Picnic.", "Among the speakers was Chappelle's political mentor Lewis Hayden.", "In January 1901 Chappelle spoke at a memorial held for Roger Wolcott and African-American lawyer Edward G. Walker at the Kirk Literary Club in January 1901, referring to the ex-Governor as \"the most democratic of aristocratic Boston.\"", "Death\nJulius C. Chappelle died in 1904 in Boston after a long illness, survived by his wife Elizabeth and daughter Lillian.", "His funeral was said to be \"one of the largest\" seen in Boston in years.", "His Boston Daily Globe obituary said that \"Julius Caesar Chappelle was a unique political character in the Republican party of the state.", "Outside of Lewis Hayden, John J. Smith, and Edward G. Walker, he was one of the best-known colored men in Massachusetts.\"", "References\n\nNotes\n\nSources\n\"Julius C. Chappelle\", The New York Freeman, front page, November 13, 1886.", "\"At the Cradle of Liberty\", The New York Age, front page, August 9, 1890.", "\"The Early Boston Martyrs: Lessons from the Life and Works of Crispus Attucks\", The Boston Herald, p. 3, Thursday, November 15, 1888.", "\"KU-KLUX KLAN.", ": A Sunday Morning Road (Raid) by the Klan in South Carolina.", "\", Chicago Tribune, p. 2, June 7, 1871.", "\"THE SOUTH CAROLINA KUKLUX.", ": The Cold-Blooded Murder of the Wounded ...\" New York Times, page 2, June 3, 1871.Florida Black Public Officials (Black Officials La Villa), 1867–1924, University of Alabama Press (1998).", "Death Notice, \"Mr. Lewis Chappelle Dead\", The Freeman (An Illustrated Colored Newspaper), p. 5, February 18, 1905.", "Indianapolis, Indiana\nRabbit's Foot Comedy Company advertisement [bottom of p. 5], The Freeman (An Illustrated Colored Newspaper),'' February 18, 1905.", "Indianapolis, Indiana.", "1852 births\n1904 deaths\nPeople from Newberry County, South Carolina\nPeople from Jacksonville, Florida\nPoliticians from Boston\n19th-century American slaves\nMassachusetts Republicans\nMembers of the Massachusetts House of Representatives\nAfrican-American history of Massachusetts\nPrince Hall Freemasonry\nAfrican-American state legislators in Massachusetts\n19th-century American politicians\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "Julius Caesar Chappelle was an American Republican Party politician who was born into slavery in South Carolina and served in the Massachusetts General Court.", "He was a leader in Boston's black community.", "He was the first African-American to serve on the Massachusetts Republican State Committee.", "His speeches were covered by newspapers.", "Chappelle's Landing is a plantation in South Carolina where Julius Caesar Chappelle was born into slavery.", "He was classified as a \"mulatto\" with mixed race.", "Julius Chappelle and at least one of his brothers may have been moved from South Carolina to two other states before being brought back to the area.", "Plantation owners often broke up families and moved them to different plantations of the same owner in order to stop uprisings during slavery.", "After the end of the American Civil War, Chapelle was 13 years old.", "He attended an academy for black students.", "South Carolina was an area of resistance to Reconstruction and the rights of former slaves during Chappelle's childhood.", "White supremacy was being maintained by insurgencies.", "The Ku Klux Klan attacked freedmen to maintain white supremacy.", "In order to suppress the Ku Klux Klan, President Grant ordered the National Guard into nine South Carolina counties in 1871.", "The KKK raided many towns in South Carolina as they were abolitionist, whereas the slave plantation areas were not.", "Chappelle moved to Florida in 1869 to help establish the black community of LaVilla.", "Julius Chappelle moved to Boston in 1870.", "The city was known for its thriving black community and attracted many migrants from Southern states in the 19th century.", "He graduated from high school in Boston.", "He stayed with the Boston Herald for 13 years as a custodial engineer.", "He worked at the United States Boston Custom House and the United States Post Office.", "Chappelle was given the task to register people to vote by Lewis Hayden, who brought Chappelle into the Republican Party.", "Chappelle was known for his neat appearance as he learned the barber's trade in Massachusetts.", "Chappelle was described as being well spoken and having a brisk walk.", "Chappelle was thought of as an \"Adonis\" by the African-American community.", "He was nominated as a Republican candidate for the state legislature from Boston's Ninth Ward, and was elected for four terms from 1884 to 1886.", "He was one of the first prominent African-American legislators.", "The Ninth Suffolk district was composed of 2,800 voters in 1886.", "According to the Boston Globe, the Ward is extremely diverse and embraces all the grades of society.", "One precinct has a few voting names that don't have the Celtic stamp, while another has a lot of colored men.", "The most pretentious people of Boston are still in control of the precinct where the voters are mostly of the middle walk.", "Republican legislators tried to prevent Chappelle from having an actual chair in the General Court by pinning the name of a white Republican on his chair, forcing Chappelle to find another chair to sit in.", "This incident was considered a mark of hypocrisy by the otherwise pro-black Republican Party.", "The Republican caucus issued a statement the next day that said it was Chappelle's opponent who left his chair to whom he chose.", "The \"Federal relations and engrossed bill\" and the \"Public Land and State House\" were both in the House.", "Chappelle introduced a bill to stop exploitative chain gangs in the South.", "Chappelle supported expanding the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to prohibit race discrimination in public settings, stating \"It is on the principle of rights that belong to us that we want this bill passed and public places thrown open.\"", "He worked on consumer affairs issues.", "Chappelle was opposed by other African-American candidates when he was nominated to the Massachusetts General Court.", "He said that he had been elected by fraud.", "The charges against Chappelle were proven false twice.", "According to the New York Globe, Chappelle will be elected in spite of such mean tricks.", "The son of Governor John Andrew, Chappelle succeeded him in 1882.", "Chappelle narrowly defeated Charles Albert Prince, son of Boston Mayor Frederick O. Prince.", "Prince was in an election.", "There were 800 votes for Prince and 832 for Julius C. Chappelle.", "The recount was done in a \"hurried manner\" without Chappelle's knowledge or presence, and it showed 730 votes for Chappelle and 814 votes for Prince.", "After hearing the recount tally, Chappelle petitioned the House of Representatives stating that the Board refused to recount 51 votes for Chappelle that were \"effaced\" by stickers in the area where \"for Representative\" was located, and that the original vote tally should remain.", "Chappelle won the election.", "Prince stated that the stickers affected both candidates, and Prince no longer wanted the seat as it seemed that the sticker issue caused Prince the dismay of not wanting to partake in politics.", "Both Mr. Chappelle and I were sufferers.", "\"Julius C. Chappelle, who enjoys immensely that distinction of being the first colored man to sit for so long a period on Beacon Hill, was mentioned within a column devoted to Democrats,\" the Daily Globe reported in 1885.", "Chappelle was re-elected despite the fact that his new running mate Henry Parkman did not support him.", "Chappelle was opposed to being reappointed to the General Court.", "Chappelle retired after being urged to run for a fifth term.", "Chappelle was a member of the state committee of the Massachusetts Republican Party from 1889 to 1889.", "The first African-American in this position was the president of the state committee in Boston.", "He was an active member of the Massachusetts State House.", "Chappelle was an alternate delegate to the 1884 Republican National Convention.", "In 1886, Chappelle was appointed as an inspector at elections.", "In early August 1890, Chappelle spoke about the right of blacks to vote in every United States state, to an \"enthusiastic\" meeting in Boston's Faneuil Hall to support the Federal Elections Bill.", "According to the Independent and Democratic press, there is a sufficient number of weak-kneed Republicans to defeat the passage of this bill and so many of our leading business men are willing to support it.", "The independent papers seem to be against anything that will give the Negro a chance.", "They were against freedom in the days of slavery and now oppose our obtaining our rights.", "The bill should have passed 25 years ago.", "We wouldn't have been treated now.", "Until every man has his rights, the North and South will continue to have trouble.", "The vote of the Negro in South Carolina must be counted the same as the vote of a white man in Massachusetts.", "Chappelle tried to get a position in Washington, D.C., but was not considered or mentioned for the position.", "Henry L. Dawes and George Frisbie Hoar were criticized for not doing more to get political appointments for African American office holders in Massachusetts.", "The white Republican Senators did not mention any African-Americans in their speeches to President Benjamin Harrison.", "Chappelle was concerned that the new white Republican Party of Massachusetts was not as generous as the older white Republican Party.", "He said at his retirement party that the new white Republicans would under-employ African-Americans as janitors, and that African-American youth would feel stuck in a rut.", "Political strength was dependent on the patronage system of the time and Chappelle argued that diminished business stature would lead to diminished political stature.", "At the Fraternal Association's 22nd annual banquet held that year at the Quincy House, Chappelle mentioned, \"I have seen that Massachusetts is no longer a safe State for Republicans.\"", "The Ku Klux Klan supported the opposition to the party.", "The prohibition party tried to win over people of color in Massachusetts who were against the legalization and sale of alcohol.", "William O. Armstrong was Chappelle's chief organizer.", "When he ran for Auditor on the Prohibition ticket in 1891, he was the first black man to ever be nominated for a state office.", "Chappelle opposed the efforts to recruit African-American voters.", "The Boston Daily Globe reported in 1891 that the campaign for colored men was left to Mr. Chappelle and he was after the Armstrong men.", "The Chappelle men are everywhere the people hold meetings.", "The men denied being associated with the Democratic Party.", "In 1895, Chappelle was appointed to lobby for liquor licenses to be granted to African-American business owners.", "Chappelle was married to Elizabeth \"Eugenia\" Chappelle and they had a daughter.", "Lewis and Mitchell were prominent members of LaVilla society.", "Mitchell was the Mayor of LaVilla from 1874 to 1876.", "From 1875 to 1877, Lewis was a LaVilla councilman.", "Pat Chappelle owned The Rabbit's Foot Company and was known as the \"black P.T.", "\"Bartholomew.\"", "Pat was introduced to Boston by Julius.", "Pat ran the Buckingham Theatre and Saloon with his brothers Lewis II and James.", "Chappelle was acquitted after a month after he was accused of buying stolen shoes.", "During and after his time in office, Chappelle was a staple at many social gatherings.", "The 6th Annual Ball of Headwaiters of Young's Hotel was attended by Julius C. Chappelle and his wife.", "Chappelle and Frederick Douglass were admitted to the Massachusetts Club in 1886.", "Chappelle was the only black member of the club.", "At a gathering at Boston's Young's Hotel, both accepted their memberships.", "In 1889, Chappelle presided over a meeting at the Charles Street African Methodist Episcopal Church concerning the education of southern African-Americans.", "The St. John's Day Picnic was organized by Chappelle.", "Lewis Hayden was Chappelle's political mentor.", "Chappelle referred to the ex-Governor as \"the most democratic of aristocratic Boston\" at a memorial in January 1901.", "Julius C. Chappelle had a long illness and died in Boston in 1904.", "His funeral was one of the largest that Boston has seen in a long time.", "Julius Caesar Chappelle was a unique political character in the Republican party of the state.", "He was one of the best-known colored men in Massachusetts.", "\"Julius C. Chappelle\" is on the front page of The New York Freeman.", "August 9, 1890, front page of The New York Age.", "The Boston Herald published \"The Early Boston Martyrs: Lessons from the Life and Works of Crispus Attucks\".", "\"KU-KLUX KLAN.\"", "A Sunday Morning Road by the Klan in South Carolina.", "The Chicago Tribune published on June 7, 1871.", "The South Carolina KUKLUX.", "The New York Times wrote about the cold-blooded murder of the wounded.", "The death notice for Mr. Lewis Chappelle was published in 1905.", "Indianapolis, Indiana Rabbit's Foot Comedy Company advertisement, February 18, 1905.", "Indianapolis, Indiana.", "Politicians from Boston 19th-century American slaves Massachusetts Republicans Members of the Massachusetts House of Representatives African-American history of Massachusetts Prince Hall Freemasonry" ]

[ "Julius Caesar Chappelle", "Julius Caesar Chappelle", "Julius Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius", "Julius", "Pat Chappelle", "Julius", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Julius Caesar", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Lewis Chappelle" ]

[ "Julius Caesar Chappelle", "Julius Caesar Chappelle", "Julius Chappelle", "Julius Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Pat Chappelle", "Julius", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Julius Caesar", "Chappelle", "Julius C", ". Chappelle", "Lewis Chappelle" ]

[ "Jeong Jae-heon (; born April 18, 1975) is a South Korean voice actor and actor who joined Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation's Voice Acting Division in 2002.", "After being a freelancer, Jae-heon made a brief appearance on a 2005 South Korean film Quiz King, playing his role as a television news reporter.", "The voice actor became popular with his dub of Kiyomaro Takamine on Zatch Bell!, which has been one of his signature works.", "He gained popularity also by replacing Adam Rodriguez on CSI: Miami, and Archie Kao on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.", "In late 2011, Jae-heon once was on stage, portraying Lee Mong-ryong in a South Korean charity play Hyang-dan, Fly.", "He has recently been known for his voicing Shota Kazehaya on the Korean dub of a Japanese television animation series From Me to You, which made many fans of Jae-heon call him 정재하야 (Jeong-jae-ha-ya, a compound word formed from Jeong Jae-heon and Kazehaya).", "Filmography\n\nTelevision animation \n 3000 Leagues in Search of Mother, Tonio Rossi\n Ace Attorney, Ryunosuke Naruhodo\n Alvinnn!!!", "and the Chipmunks, Simon Seville\n Air, Ryūya\n Animal Detective Kiruminzoo, Kanon's Grandfather\n Auto-B-Good, Derek, Johnny\n Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Hydron, Michael Gehabich\n Bakugan Battle Gear, Sid Arkale\n Beyblade: Metal Fusion, Tsubasa Otori\n Big Windup!, Kazutoshi Oki, Yoshirou Hamada\n Blazing Teens, Leon\n Bleach, Luppi Antenor\n Buddy Thunderstruck, Buddy Thunderstruck\n Cells at Work!, U-1146\n Chico Bon Bon: Monkey with a Tool Belt, Chico Bon Bon\n Cross Fight B-Daman, Basara Kurohuchi, Reiji Maki, Steer=Eagle\n Demon King from Today!, The Original King\n Detective Conan, Hakuba Saguru\n Eyeshield 21, Haruto Sakuraba\n Fairy Tail, Bora, Zeref\n From Me to You, Shota Kazehaya\n Genseishin Justirisers Demon Knight\n Genshiken, Kanji Sasahara\n Ghost Files, Kurama\n Giga Tribe, Tribe Green\n Gurren Lagann, Simon\n Haikyu!!", "(season 2), Tōru Oikawa\n Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time, Eisen\n Hero Tales, Housei\n Hunter × Hunter, Hisoca\n Inazuma Eleven, Ichinose Kazuya, Nagumo Haruya, Shishido Sakichi\n Keshikasu-kun, Keshikasu-kun\n Kiba, Noa\n Littlest Pet Shop: A World of Our Own, Trip Hamston\n Looney Tunes Cartoons, Bugs Bunny\n Lovely Complex, Kazuki Kohori\n Lucky Star, Minoru Shiraishi\n Mōtto!", "Ojamajo Doremi, Ki-joon\n Naruto: Shippuden, Deidara\n Ninjago: Masters of Spinjitzu, Zane the White/Ice Ninja\n Octonauts, Kwazii\n One Piece, Trafalgar Law\n One-Punch Man, Speed-o'-Sound Sonic\n Oscar's Oasis, Roco\n The Penguins of Madagascar, Private\n Rapunzel's Tangled Adventure, Varian\n The Raspberry Times, Lime\n Revbahaf: The Story of Rebuilding the Kingdom, The Crown Prince of Viesenhar\n Robocar Poli, Dumpoo, Mr.", "Builder\n SD Gundam Force, Chief Haro\n SonicX, Shadow the Hedgehog\n That's Amazing!!", "Mr. Masaru, Machahiko Kondō\n Uncle Grandpa, Pizza Steve\n Yes!", "Pretty Cure 5 GoGo!, Kanjine\n Violet Evergarden, Gilbert Bougainvillea\n Yu-Gi-Oh!", "Duel Monsters, Ryou Bakura\n Yumi's Cells, Detective Cell, Ku Woong's Love cell, Ku Woong's Humor cell\n Zatch Bell!, Kiyomaro Takamine\n\nFilm animation \n Children Who Chase Lost Voices from Deep Below, Shin, Shun\n Honggildong 2084, Hong Il-dong\n Haikyu!!", "the Movie: Winners and Losers, Tōru Oikawa\n Haikyu!!", "Genius and Sense, Tōru Oikawa\n Hop, Fred O'Hare\n Inazuma Eleven: Saikyō Gundan Ōga Shūrai, Ichinose Kazuya, Shishido Sakichi, Tobitaka Seiya\n Inazuma Eleven GO: Kyūkyoku no Kizuna Gurifon, Mariya Kasaki\n Invader Zim: Enter the Florpus, Almighty Tallest Purple\n Madagascar 3: Europe's Most Wanted, Rico\n Metal Fight Beyblade vs the Sun: Sol Blaze, the Scorching Hot Invader, Tsubasa Otori\n Naruto the Movie: Blood Prison, Mui\n Ni No Kuni, haru\n One Piece: Stampede, Trafalgar Law\n Penguins of Madagascar, Private\n Pokémon: Arceus and the Jewel of Life, Arceus\n Pokémon the Movie: Secrets of the Jungle, Dr. Zed\n Sing, Miss Crawly\n Space Chimps 2: Zartog Strikes Back, Comet\n Space Jam: A New Legacy, Bugs Bunny\n The Story of Mr.", "J.\"", "Burrows Jr.\n How to Get Away with Murder, Jack Falahee as Connor Walsh\n\nTokusatsu \n Engine Sentai Go-onger, Renn Kōsaka\n Kamen Rider Decade, Tsukasa Kadoya\n Kamen Rider Ex-Aid, Kuroto Dan\n Mahō Sentai Magiranger, Kai Ozu\n Ultraman Geed, Leito Igaguri\n Ultraman X, Daichi Ozora\n\nNarrations \n Consumer Report\n The World Is Now\n\nTV appearances \n Tooni One Choice\n Beautiful Wishes\n Story Jobs\n\nFilm appearance \n Quiz King, News Reporter\n\nStage appearance \n Hyang-dan, Fly, Lee Mong-ryong\n\nSee also \n Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation\n MBC Voice Acting Division\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Jeong Jae-heon's blog on MBC Voice \n 정재헌 바이러스♡ (Jeong Jae-heon Virus): The official fan club of Jeong Jae-heon \n\n1975 births\nLiving people\nSouth Korean male voice actors" ]

[ "A South Korean voice actor and actor who joined Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation's Voice acting division in 2002.", "Heon made a brief appearance in a 2005 South Korean film Quiz King, playing his role as a television news reporter.", "One of his signature works is the voice actor's dub of Kiyomaro Takamine on Zatch Bell!, which became popular among hisTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia.Trademarkia", "He replaced Adam Rodriguez on CSI: Miami and Archie Kao on CSI: Crime Scene Investigation.", "In late 2011, Jae-heon was on stage playing Lee Mong-ryong in a charity play.", "He is often referred to as Jeong-jae-ha-ya by his fans because of his role in the Korean version of From Me to You.", "3000 Leagues in Search of Mother is a television animation.", "The Chipmunks, Simon Seville Air, Kiruminzoo, Kanon's Grandfather Auto-B-Good, Derek, Johnny Bakugan Battle Brawlers, Hydron, Michael Gehabich, Sid Arkale Beyblade: Metal Fusion.", "Tru Oikawa Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time is part of the second season.", "Ojamajo Doremi, Ki-joon, Kwazii One Piece, Trafalgar Law One-Punch Man, Speed-o'-Sound Sonic Oscar'.", "Shadow the Hedgehog that's amazing.", "Pizza Steve Yes! Mr. Masaru, Machahiko Kond Uncle Grandpa.", "Gilbert Bougainvillea Yu-Gi-Oh! is one of the Pretty Cure 5 GoGo!", "Ryou Bakura's Cells, Detective Cell, Ku Woong's Love cell, and Zatch Bell! are just some of the films.", "The movie is about winners and sinners.", "Genius and Sense, Tru Oikawa Hop, Fred O'Hare.", "J.", "Jack Falahee is the lead in How to Get Away with Murder." ]

[ "Jeong Jae he", "Jeong Jae" ]

[ "Jeong j" ]

[ "Trevor Lee Caddell (born September 30, 1993) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the NXT brand under the ring name Cameron Grimes.", "He began to work on the independent circuit in 2009 as Trevor Lee, most notably in Pro Wrestling Guerilla (PWG), where he was PWG Tag Team Champion with Andrew Everett.", "In 2015, he began to work with Impact Wrestling, where he stayed for the next 4 years.", "He would become a three-time Impact X Division Champion, one-time TNA World Tag Team Champion with Brian Myers.", "After leaving Impact, Caddell signed with WWE and was assigned to NXT.", "Under the name of Cameron Grimes, he would become the final Million Dollar Champion.", "Professional wrestling career\n\nPro Wrestling Guerrilla (2014–2019)\n\nCaddell began his career working for numerous independent promotions under the name Trevor Lee, starting with CWF-Mid Atlantic in North Carolina.", "He then made his debut \nwith Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG) on March 28, 2014, at Mystery Vortex II, losing to Andrew Everett in a three-way match also involving Cedric Alexander.", "However, Lee received a big push in PWG, defeating the top names of the promotion.", "On July 26, 2014, at Eleven, Lee picked up a huge upset win by defeating three-time PWG World Champion, Kevin Steen in Steen's farewell match for the company.", "Lee was one of 24 participants in the 2014 Battle of Los Angeles tournament.", "Lee defeated Cedric Alexander in the 1st round and Michael Elgin in the quarter-finals, before ultimately losing to Johnny Gargano in the semi-finals.", "On October 17, 2014, at Untitled II, Lee defeated the longest reigning PWG World Champion in the title's history, Adam Cole.", "On December 12, 2014, at Black Cole Sun, Lee defeated yet another PWG World Champion, Chris Hero.", "On February 27, 2015, at From Out of Nowhere, Lee received his first shot at the PWG World Championship against Roderick Strong, but was unsuccessful in his attempt.", "On May 22, 2015 Lee and Andrew Everett won the 2015 DDT4 tournament, defeating the PWG World Tag Team Champions The Beaver Boys (Alex Reynolds and John Silver) in the finals to win the tournament and also the PWG World Tag Team Championship.", "On June 26, 2015, at Mystery Vortex III, Lee and Everett lost the PWG World Tag Team Championship to The Young Bucks, following outside interference from PWG World Champion, Roderick Strong.", "On July 24, at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's 12 year anniversary show, Threemendous IV, Trevor Lee defeated Tommaso Ciampa via Small Package Driver after a hard-hitting match.", "He entered PWG's Battle Of Los Angeles tournament on the first night defeating Trent?.", "The second night he teamed up with Biff Busick and Andrew Everett to take on Mount Rushmore 2.0 (The Young Bucks and Super Dragon) on a six-man Guerrilla Warfare match, which his team lost.", "In the third night he lost in the second round of the tournament against Marty Scurll.", "At PWG's All Star Weekend 11, he began to show villainous traits such as cheap shotting opponents before matches and insulting the crowd.", "He achieved victory on both nights defeating Will Ospreay on night one, and Matt Sydal on night two.", "He entered the 2016 Battle of Los Angeles and made it all the way to the finals, a three-way elimination match where along with Marty Scurll eliminated Will Ospreay before once again tapping to Scurll's crossface chicken wing submission.", "On February 18, 2017, at Only Kings Understand Each Other, Lee defeat Cody Rhodes.", "Following that Lee started a losing streak for the rest of 2017 losing to the likes of Lio Rush, Keith Lee, Chuck Taylor and Ricochet.", "Lee later entered into the 2017 edition of the Battle Of Los Angeles, getting eliminated in the first round by Donovan Dijak.", "At PWG All Star Weekend 14, Lee was defeated by Rey Horus on night one but defeated Morgan Webster on night two.", "In the 2018 Battle Of Los Angeles, Lee defeated Marko Stunt in the first round, then Brody King in the second round, but lost to Jeff Cobb in the semi finals.", "On October 19, at Smokey and the Bandido, Lee defeated Darby Allin.", "Lee wrestled at PWG's Hand of Doom on January 18, 2019, against the current champion Jeff Cobb in a losing effort.", "Following the match, Lee gave a farewell address to crowd as he is headed to WWE.", "Independent circuit (2014–2019)\nLee has also wrestled for other independent companies, including OMEGA Championship Wrestling, where on May 21, 2015, he won the OMEGA Heavyweight Championship in a triple threat match that included his mentor Matt Hardy.", "On February 27, 2016, Lee - while wrestling at a CWF Mid-Atlantic event - defeated Roy Wilkins in one hour and forty-five minutes (105 minutes) to win the CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship.", "At All American Wrestling's AAW Showdown 2018, Lee defeated DJZ to win the AAW Heritage Championship.", "On April 7, 2018, Lee unsuccessfully challenged ACH for the AAW Heavyweight Championship.", "On November 24, 2018, he wrestled ACH to a 60-min time limit draw for AAW.", "DJZ regained the Heritage Championship beating Lee on December 8, 2018.", "His first match of 2019 was a successful defense of his CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight title against Cain Justice.", "Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling\n\nThe Helms Dynasty (2015–2017)\n\nLee made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut on the August 12, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, where he teamed with Brian Myers as part of Team GFW and lost to The Wolves.", "On the September 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee and Myers defeated The Wolves in a rematch to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship with help from Sonjay Dutt.", "The next week on the September 9, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, they lost the title to The Wolves.", "On October 4, at Bound for Glory, Lee and Myers had a rematch for the TNA World Tag Team Championship against The Wolves but were unsuccessful.", "After a four-month hiatus; on the February 2, 2016 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee defeated Tigre Uno to win the TNA X Division Championship with the help from his new manager Gregory Shane Helms.", "During the reign, he successfully retained his title against Tigre Uno in a two rematch, Eddie Edwards and DJZ.", "In April, Andrew Everett joined Lee and Helms, forming The Helms Dynasty.", "At Slammiversary, he lost his title against Eddie Edwards in a four-way who including Everett and DJZ.", "At Destination X, he lost a ladder match for #1 contendership to the X Division Championship.", "On October 2, at Bound for Glory, Lee unsuccessfully challenged DJZ for the X Division Championship.", "On the February 2, 2017 episode of Impact Wrestling, he defeated him in a ladder match to win the title for the second time.", "The following week, Everett was attacked by Lee and Helms, and kicked out of The Helms Dynasty.", "On the April 20 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee lost the X Division Championship to Low Ki in a six-way match that included Everett, Dutt, Dezmond Xavier and Suicide.", "The Cult of Lee (2017–2019) \nOn the July 6 episode of Impact, Lee attacked new X Division Champion Sonjay Dutt after his match with Caleb Konley and stole the X Division Championship, declaring himself the new X Division Champion.", "He then began \"defending\" the X Division Championship against handpicked local competitors and even wrestled with the title around his waist.", "On August 17, at Destination X, Dutt regained his title against Lee after interference from a returning Petey Williams.", "On the September 14 episode of Impact!, Lee would form an alliance with Konley, where he would help him regain the X Division Championship in a Falls Count Anywhere match.", "Lee would go on to recruit former Helms Dynasty teammate Andrew Everett to face Dutt, Williams and Matt Sydal on the October 5 episode of Impact!", "in a losing effort.", "On the November 9, 2017 episode of Impact, Lee would lose the X Division Championship against Taiji Ishimori.", "In January 2018, Lee and Konley would start a feud against The Latin American Xchange, defeating them on January 11, thus earning a championship match that they lose.", "On the July 26 episode of Impact, Lee was defeated by Johnny Impact.", "On December 31, 2018, his contract with Impact Wrestling expired.", "To write him off television they did an angle where Killer Kross punched a concrete block through his face.", "This aired on the January 3, 2019 episode of Impact.", "WWE\n\nNXT beginnings (2019–2020)\nAfter leaving Impact Wrestling, Caddell revealed on January 12, 2019, at a CWF Mid-Atlantic show, that he signed a contract with WWE.", "It was made official on February 11, 2019, as he begun working at the WWE Performance Center.", "Shortly after, he started appearing at NXT Live events in the Florida area, and he made his Full Sail University debut in a dark match before the May 1 NXT television tapings, defeating Shane Strickland.", "In June, his ring name was changed to Cameron Grimes.", "That same month, it was announced that Grimes would compete in the NXT Breakout Tournament, where the winner would get an opportunity to challenge for any title in NXT.", "Grimes made his debut on the July 3 episode of NXT, defeating Isaiah \"Swerve\" Scott in the first round of the tournament.", "On the July 31 episode, Grimes defeated Bronson Reed to move on to the final round, but lost against Jordan Myles on the August 14 episode.", "On September 18, Grimes defeated Sean Maluta on NXTs debut on the USA Network.", "Over the next few weeks, Grimes would develop a winning streak, defeating the likes of Raul Mendoza and Boa.", "On the October 23 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated by Matt Riddle.", "Grimes would begin a feud with Kushida when he attacked him backstage after losing to him.", "On the December 11 episode of NXT, Kushida cost Grimes his match against Raul Mendoza and would taunt him by stealing his signature hat.", "The following week, Grimes defeated Kushida to end the feud.", "After defeating Dominik Dijakovic on the February 26, 2020 episode, Grimes would issue a challenge to Keith Lee for the NXT North American Championship, which Lee accepted.", "He faced Lee for the title in a losing effort on the March 11 episode.", "On the May 6 episode of NXT, he defeated Denzel Dejournette but was attacked by Finn Bálor after the match, who Grimes had called out earlier.", "The following week, Grimes defeated Bálor in a match following interference from Damian Priest.", "Grimes would go on to flaunt his victory over Bálor while mocking Priest for losing to Bálor at TakeOver: In Your House and calling him a loser, which led to Priest attacking him backstage.", "On the June 17 episode of NXT, Priest found the tires of his Dodge Challenger punctured, which turned out to be done by Grimes, who once again mocked Priest.", "Priest would challenge Grimes to a match the following week.", "Prior to the match, Priest was attacked and came into the match injured, giving Grimes the victory.", "A rematch was scheduled on the June 24 episode of NXT in which Grimes lost.", "On the August 12 episode, Grimes defeated Velveteen Dream and Kushida to qualify for the NXT North American Championship ladder match at TakeOver XXX.", "At the event, Grimes was unsuccessful in capturing the title.", "On the September 23 episode of NXT, Grimes competed in the first ever Gauntlet Eliminator match to determine the #1 contender for the NXT Championship at TakeOver 31 against Finn Bálor, losing to Kyle O'Reilly.", "Grimes then entered a feud with Dexter Lumis, attacking him on the October 7 episode of NXT, after his match with Austin Theory for disrespecting him last week.", "After distracting him during his North American title match against Damian Priest the following week, Grimes was put in a Haunted House of Terror match against Lumis on October 28 at Halloween Havoc, losing to him in the ring by submission.", "On the November 11 episode of NXT, Grimes interfered in Lumis's match against Timothy Thatcher, subsequently wrapping his head in a burlap sack and attacking him.", "The following week, they faced off in a blindfold match, which ended in an apparent no contest after Grimes unknowingly knocked the referee unconscious and eventually ran off.", "He would lose to Lumis again in a strap match on December 6 at TakeOver: WarGames.", "On the December 9 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated by Tommaso Ciampa and attacked by Timothy Thatcher after the match because Grimes had angrily questioned Thatcher about being at ringside.", "It was announced the following week that Grimes was out injured for four to six weeks after Thatcher's attack.", "This was used to write him off television as Grimes legitimately needed arthroscopic knee surgery.", "The Richest Man In NXT (2021–present)\nGrimes returned on the February 10, 2021 episode of NXT with a new gimmick as he claimed to have become a GameStop investor during his time away (in reference to the GameStop stock rise) thus making him the \"richest man in NXT.\"", "He then failed to win a gauntlet match at TakeOver: Stand & Deliver for a future North American Championship match.", "On the April 27 episode of NXT, Grimes began a feud with WWE Hall of Famer Ted DiBiase after encountering him in a jewelry store over their watches.", "Over the next few weeks, \"The Million Dollar Man\" would continue to one-up Grimes, outbidding him in various purchases, and would end up costing Grimes a match to Jake Atlas on May 18.", "The two then had a \"Million Dollar Face-Off\" on the May 25 episode where LA Knight attacked Grimes and aligned himself with DiBiase, turning Grimes into a babyface in the process.", "On the June 8 episode, DiBiase reintroduced the Million Dollar Championship and announced that the winner of a ladder match between Grimes and Knight at TakeOver: In Your House would win the title, where Grimes was unsuccessful.", "On the following episode of NXT, Grimes saved DiBiase from an attack by Knight further signaling his face turn.", "Grimes would subsequently challenge Knight to a rematch for the title at The Great American Bash, under the stipulation that if he loses, he will be forced to become Knight's butler.", "At the event, Grimes failed to win the title and as a result, was forced to become Knight's butler.", "At NXT Takeover 36 Cameron Grimes faced LA Knight for the Million Dollar Championship where if he loses Ted DiBiase becomes LA Knight's butler.", "Grimes defeated Knight at the event and won his first Million Dollar Championship.", "On August 24, the storyline finally came to a conclusion on NXT, as they talked about Grimes’ journey to the title and how he was now headed \"Straight to the moon!\".", "The celebration ended with fake $100 bills with Grimes’ face raining down over the Capitol Wrestling Center.", "A segment later aired with Grimes seeing The Million Dollar Man to his limousine in the parking lot, to say their goodbyes.", "Grimes gave the Million Dollar Title back to DiBiase, but Ted handed it back and said he wanted Grimes to have the strap so he thinks of their partnership and what they accomplished when he looks at it.", "Grimes took the title back, but noticed how it felt lighter, and was made out of a different material.", "Grimes looked on the back of the title and confirmed that Ted switched the belts out, giving him a WWE Shop replica to keep.", "DiBiase drove away while doing his signature laugh, while Grimes also laughed to end the segment.", "Grimes faced Carmelo Hayes for the NXT North American Championship at the Vengeance Day special episode on February 15, 2022, and lost.", "Personal life\nCaddell's father, Tracey Caddell, was a professional wrestler and promoter, who died on July 29, 2018.", "Championships and accomplishments\n\nAll American Wrestling\n AAW Heritage Championship (1 time)\nAAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett\nCarolina Wrestling Federation Mid-Atlantic\nCWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nCWF Mid-Atlantic Rising Generation League Championship (1 time)\nCWF Mid-Atlantic Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Chet Sterling\nCWF Mid-Atlantic Television Championship (2 times)\nPWI Ultra J Championship (1 time)\nCWF Annual Rumble (2017)\nKernodle Brothers Tag Team Tournament (2018) - with Chet Sterling\nOMEGA Championship Wrestling\nOMEGA Heavyweight Championship (1 time)\nPro Wrestling Guerrilla\nPWG World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Andrew Everett\nDDT4 (2015) – with Andrew Everett\nPro Wrestling Illustrated\nRanked No.", "61 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the PWI 500 in 2016\nTotal Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling\nTNA / Impact X Division Championship (3 times)\nTNA World Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Brian Myers\nRace for the Case (2017 – Blue Case)\nWWE\nMillion Dollar Championship (1 time)\n\nLuchas de Apuestas record\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n \n\n1993 births\nAmerican male professional wrestlers\nLiving people\nMillion Dollar Champions\nProfessional wrestlers from North Carolina\nTNA/Impact World Tag Team Champions" ]

[ "An American professional wrestler currently signed to the World Wrestling Federation, who performs under the ring name CAMERON LYNCH, was born on September 30, 1993.", "He began to work on the independent circuit in 2009, most notably in Pro Wrestling Guerilla, where he was a member of the PWG Tag Team.", "He worked with Impact Wrestling for the next 4 years.", "He was a three-time Impact X Division champion and a one-time TNA World Tag Team champion.", "Caddell was assigned to NXT after leaving Impact.", "He became the final million dollar champion under the name of CAMERON LYLES.", "After working for CWF-Mid Atlantic in North Carolina, Caddell started working for Pro Wrestling Guerrilla.", "He made his debut with PWG in a three-way match on March 28, 2014.", "Lee was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On July 26, 2014, at Eleven, Lee picked up a huge upset win by defeating three-time PWG World Champion, Kevin Steen in a farewell match for the company.", "The Battle of Los Angeles tournament had 24 participants.", "Lee defeated Alexander in the first round before losing to Gargano in the semi-finals.", "The longest reigning PWG World Champion in the title's history, Adam Cole, was defeated by Lee at Untitled II.", "Chris Hero was defeated by Lee at Black Cole Sun.", "Lee was unsuccessful in his attempt to win the PWG World Championship at From Out of Nowhere on February 27, 2015.", "The PWG World Tag Team Championship was won by The Beaver Boys (Alex Reynolds and John Silver) in the finals of the 2015 DDT4 tournament on May 22, 2015.", "The PWG World Tag Team Championship was lost on June 26, 2015, at Mystery Vortex III, after outside interference from PWG World Champion, Roderick Strong.", "On July 24, at Pro Wrestling Guerrilla's 12 year anniversary show, Threemendous IV, Trevor Lee defeated Tommaso Ciampa via Small Package Driver after a hard-hitting match.", "He defeated Trent on the first night of the Battle of Los Angeles tournament.", "On the second night, he was joined by Biff Busick and Andrew Everett to take on Mount Rushmore 2.0 in a six-man guerilla warfare match, which they lost.", "He lost to Marty Scurll in the second round of the tournament.", "At PWG's All Star Weekend 11, he began to show villainous tendencies such as cheap shotting opponents before matches and insulting the crowd.", "He defeated Will Ospreay on night one and Matt Sydal on night two.", "He made it all the way to the finals of the Battle of Los Angeles after eliminating Will Ospreay and Marty Scurll.", "Lee defeated Cody Rhodes at Only Kings Understand Each Other.", "After that, Lee lost to the likes of Lio Rush, Chuck Taylor, and Ricochet for the rest of the year.", "Lee was eliminated in the first round of the Battle of Los Angeles.", "Lee was defeated by Rey Horus on the first night but defeated Morgan Webster on the second.", "In the Battle of Los Angeles, Lee defeated Marko Stunt in the first round, but lost to Jeff Cobb in the semi finals.", "Lee defeated Darby Allin at the Bandido.", "Lee was defeated by the current champion Jeff Cobb at PWG's Hand of Doom on January 18, 2019.", "Lee gave a farewell address to the crowd after the match.", "On May 21, 2015, Lee won the Omega Championship in a triple threat match, which included his mentor Matt Hardy, on the Independent circuit.", "Lee defeated Roy Wilkins in one hour and forty-five minutes to win the CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship.", "Lee defeated DJZ to win the AAW Heritage Championship.", "Lee tried to challenge ACH for the AAW title.", "He had a 60-min time limit draw for AAW.", "DJZ beat Lee in the Heritage Championship on December 8.", "His first match of the year was a successful defense of his title.", "Lee made his Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) debut on the August 12, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, where he lost to The Wolves.", "On the September 2 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee and Myers defeated The Wolves in a second match to win the World Tag Team Championship.", "On the September 9, 2015 episode of Impact Wrestling, they lost the title to The Wolves.", "On October 4, at Bound for Glory, Lee and Myers had a second chance to win the World Tag Team Championship against The Wolves.", "On the February 2, 2016 episode of Impact Wrestling, Lee defeated Tigre Uno to win the X Division Championship with the help from his new manager.", "He retained his title against Tigre Uno in a pair of re-enactments, Eddie and DJZ.", "The Helms Dynasty was formed in April by Andrew and Lee.", "At Slammiversary, he lost his title to EddieEdwards in a four-way.", "He lost a ladder match for #1 contendership to the X Division Championship.", "Lee tried to challenge DJZ for the X Division Championship at Bound for Glory.", "He defeated him in a ladder match to win the title for the second time.", "The following week, Lee and Helms kicked out of The Helms Dynasty.", "Lee lost the X Division Championship to Low Ki on the April 20 episode of Impact Wrestling.", "Lee stole the X Division Championship on the July 6 episode of Impact after attacking the new X Division champion.", "He defended the X Division Championship against local competitors and even wrestled with the title around his waist.", "After Petey Williams interfered with Lee, Dutt regained his title.", "On the September 14 episode of Impact!, Lee would form an alliance with Konley, where he would help him regain the X Division Championship in a Falls Count Anywhere match.", "On the October 5 episode of Impact, Lee would recruit a former Helms Dynasty teammate, Andrew Everett, to face Dutt, Williams, and Matt Sydal.", "It was a losing effort.", "Lee lost the X Division Championship on the November 9th episode of Impact.", "The Latin American Xchange were defeated by Lee and Konley in a championship match on January 11.", "Johnny Impact defeated Lee on the July 26 episode of Impact.", "His contract with Impact Wrestling expired at the end of the year.", "To write him off, they did an angle where he was punched in the face.", "This was aired on Impact on January 3, 2019.", "Caddell revealed at a CWF Mid-Atlantic show that he signed a contract with WWE after leaving Impact Wrestling.", "He began working at the WWE Performance Center on February 11, 2019.", "He made his Full Sail University debut in a dark match before the May 1 NXT television tapings, defeating Shane Strickland.", "His ring name was changed in June.", "The winner of the NXT Breakout Tournament would get an opportunity to challenge for a title in the company.", "On the July 3 episode of NXT, he defeated Swerve Scott in the first round of the tournament.", "On the July 31 episode, Grimes defeated Bronson Reed to move on to the final round, but lost to Jordan Myles on the August 14 episode.", "Sean Maluta was defeated by Grimes on the USA Network.", "Over the course of the next few weeks, Grimes would defeat some of the best players in the game.", "On the October 23 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated.", "After losing to Kushida, Grimes attacked him backstage.", "On the December 11 episode of NXT, Kushida stole the signature hat of Grimes and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The feud was ended by Grimes the following week.", "On the February 26, 2020 episode, Grimes challenged Lee for the North American Championship, which Lee accepted.", "He was defeated by Lee for the title on the March 11 episode.", "He defeated Dejournette but was attacked by Finn Blor after the match.", "Grimes defeated Blor in a match after Damian Priest interfered.", "While mocking Priest for losing to Blor at TakeOver: In Your House, Grimes called him a loser, which led to Priest attacking him backstage.", "On the June 17 episode of NXT, Priest found the tires of his Dodge Challenger deflated, which was done by Grimes, who once again mocked Priest.", "There would be a match the following week.", "Priest was injured before the match and gave the victory to Grimes.", "The June 24 episode of NXT was supposed to have a sequel.", "On the August 12 episode, Grimes defeated Velveteen Dream and Kushida to advance to the TakeOver XXX ladder match.", "The title was not captured by Grimes at the event.", "In the first ever Gauntlet Eliminator match on the September 23 episode of NXT, Kyle O'Reilly defeated Grimes to determine the #1 contender for the NXT Championship at TakeOver 31 against Finn Blor.", "After disrespecting Austin Theory on the October 7 episode of NXT, Grimes entered a feud with Dexter Lumis, attacking him on the October 7 episode.", "During his title match against Damian Priest, he was distracted and put in a match against Lumis at Halloween Havoc, where he lost to him in the ring by submission.", "After interfering in Lumis's match against Timothy Thatcher on the November 11 episode of NXT, Grimes wrapped his head in a sack and attacked him.", "In the next week, they faced off in a blindfold match, which ended in an apparent no contest after the referee was knocked out.", "He lost to Lumis in a strap match on December 6.", "On the December 9 episode of NXT, Grimes was defeated by Tommaso Ciampa and attacked by Timothy Thatcher after he questioned Thatcher about being at ringside.", "After Thatcher's attack, it was announced that Grimes would be out for four to six weeks.", "This was used to write him off as he needed knee surgery.", "On the February 10, 2021, episode of NXT, the \"richest man in NXT\" returned with a new gimmick as he claimed to have become a GameStop investor during his time away, thus making him the \"richest man in NXT.\"", "He failed to win a gauntlet match at TakeOver: Stand & Deliver.", "On the April 27 episode of NXT, Grimes began a feud with Ted DiBiase after he encountered him in a jewelry store over their watches.", "Over the next few weeks, \"The Million Dollar Man\" outbid him in various purchases and would end up costing him a match against Jake Atlas on May 18.", "The \"Million Dollar Face-Off\" took place on the May 25th episode where LA Knight attacked Grimes and turned him into a babyface.", "The winner of a ladder match between Grimes and Knight at TakeOver: In Your House would win the Million Dollar Championship, which was reintroduced on the June 8 episode.", "On the next episode of the show, DiBiase was saved from an attack by Knight.", "If he lost the title at The Great American Bash, he would be forced to become Knight's butler.", "After failing to win the title, he was forced to become Knight's butler.", "LA Knight's butler would be Ted DiBiase if he lost to CAMERON LYERS in the Million Dollar Championship.", "He won his first million dollar championship.", "On August 24, the storyline came to an end as they talked about how he was headed to the moon and his journey to the title.", "The fake $100 bills rained down over the Capitol Wrestling Center as the celebration ended.", "The Million Dollar Man was seen by Grimes in the parking lot to say goodbye.", "Ted gave the Million Dollar Title back to DiBiase, so he thought of their partnership and what they accomplished when he looked at it.", "The title was made out of a different material after Grimes took it back.", "After looking at the back of the title, he confirmed that Ted switched the belts out and gave him a replica.", "Dibise drove away while laughing at the end of the segment.", "At the Vengeance Day special episode of the NXT North American Championship on February 15, 2022, they faced off against each other.", "Caddell's father was a professional wrestler and promoter who died in July.", "The Carolina Wrestling Federation Mid-Atlantic CWF Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship and the CWF Mid-Atlantic Rising Generation League Championship were both won by Andrew Everett.", "There are 61 of the top 500 singles wrestlers in the 2016 Total Nonstop Action Wrestling / Impact Wrestling / Impact X Division Championship." ]

[ "Cameron Grimes", "Cameron Grimes", "Cameron Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Cameron Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes" ]

[ "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes", "Grimes" ]

[ "Marie Beuzeville Byles (8 April 1900 – 21 November 1979) was an Australian conservationist, pacifist, the first practising female solicitor in New South Wales (NSW), mountaineer, explorer and avid bushwalker, feminist, journalist, and an original member of the Buddhist Society in New South Wales.", "She was also a travel and non-fiction writer.", "Life\nThe eldest of three children, Byles was born in 1900 in Ashton upon Mersey in what was then Cheshire, England, to progressive-minded parents.", "Her younger brothers were David John Byles and Baldur Unwin Byles (1904–1975).", "Her parents were Unitarian Universalists, Fabian socialists and pacifists.", "Her mother Ida Margaret, née Unwin, was a suffragette and had studied at The Slade School of Fine Art, until \"her artistic talents were lost to the drudgery of housekeeping\", and who impressed upon her daughter the necessity of being financially independent of men.", "Her father, Cyril Beuzeville Byles was a railway signal engineer.", "In England he involved his children in campaigns against fences that prevented public access for recreational walks.", "The family moved to Australia in 1911 because Cyril Byles was appointed Chief Signals Engineer with the New South Wales Government Railways, to design the signal system for electrifying the railway system.", "They found a block of land in Beecroft and in 1913 built a house there which they named 'Chilworth'.", "The family spent summers by the sea, and in 1913 they also built a small cottage at Palm Beach, on Sunrise Hill facing the lighthouse.", "Byles was educated at Beecroft Primary School, and at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney at Croydon from 1914 to 1915, and in 1916 and 1917 at the new second campus of the school at Pymble (now known as Pymble Ladies' College).", "She excelled, and became a prefect and dux of the school in 1916, and Head Prefect and dux the following year.", "At matriculation, she won an Exhibition to the University of Sydney.", "Byles never married, had no children, and considered it a waste of potential when her friend Dot Butler chose to have children rather than continue with full-time mountaineering.", "In 1932 she joined The Women's Club, which was created in Sydney in 1901 to provide a place where women \"interested in public, professional, scientific and artistic work\" could meet.", "Byles was raised as a strict vegetarian by her mother, and in 1957 commented that she had never eaten meat.", "First female solicitor \nByles was one of a small number of women to attend the University of Sydney.", "She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in 1921 and in 1924 she completed a Bachelor of Laws degree and became the first woman to be admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales.", "Although Ada Evans had graduated in law in 1902, it had been illegal for a woman to practise law in Australia until 1918.", "After clerking for four years, in 1929 Byles set up a legal practice, the first woman to do so in New South Wales.", "Byles operated two law practices – one in Eastwood and the other in the central Sydney.", "She gave young women opportunities to participate in the profession.", "'The business in Eastwood built up because she had the reputation of getting things done so quickly and that was almost unknown in a legal office, she was notorious.'", "(Employee, Ruth Milton).", "She worked mainly on conveyancing and probate, and also to ensure just divorce settlements for female clients.", "She retired and handed over the legal practice to a partner in 1970.", "Journalist and speaker\nAs a student, Byles wrote and published articles on legal, political, and environmental subjects.", "From 1927–1936 she had the position of legal correspondent for the Australian Women’s Mirror.", "She wrote articles against women changing their name on marriage, so as to protect their financial assets.", "As legal correspondent she brought attention to laws and court practices that discriminated against women.", "She gave lectures for the Australian League of Nations Union and wrote pamphlets for The United Associations of Women.", "Conservationist and bushwalker \n\nAs a teenager at her family's holiday retreat at Palm Beach, Byles would look through her telescope across Broken Bay to the bushland beyond on the Central Coast.", "The area was marked on maps as Bouddi, an aboriginal name meaning nose.", "It was a coal reserve visited only by fishermen.", "In 1920 Byles and some of her university friends set out to walk through the bush of Bouddi to Maitland Bay, then known as 'Boat Harbour', where they camped.", "It became a favourite spot for them.", "The only bushwalking club at the time was The Mountain Trails Club led by Myles Dunphy, which did not admit women.", "By 1929, there was an increasing focus on organised recreation for the city and suburban population and Marie joined the two-year-old Sydney Bush Walkers Club.", "In 1930, a new name for Boat Harbour was proposed by the club; bushwalker Dorothy Lawry suggested \"Maitland Bay\" after the steamer that was wrecked at the northern end of the beach in 1889.", "Over the next five years, with the support of the Federation of Sydney Bushwalkers Clubs, Byles successfully campaigned in the press for the area to be placed under public ownership.", "The creation of Bouddi Natural Park in 1935 was a landmark achievement for the early conservationists.", "The Lands Department set aside an even larger area than Byles had proposed.", "Byles was elected a trustee of the board that managed the park, and for many years organized volunteers to clear and maintain its walking tracks.", "A lookout over Bouddi has been named after her; it is accessible by car, on The Scenic Road in Killcare Heights just south of the Bouddi National Park Visitor Centre.", "In 1939, Byles was the co-founder, with her close friend Paddy Pallin, of The Bush Club.", "This was a bushwalking club with an emphasis on day-walks, which did not impose rigorous entry tests on prospective members and attracted many pre-war European refugees as members.", "Explorer \nIn 1927–28, Byles had saved enough money from working for four years as a law clerk to take a year off to travel.", "She set off on a Norwegian cargo boat, and it is from this journey that she wrote her popular book By Cargo Boat and Mountain, published in 1931.", "Later she was periodically able to leave her law practice in the hands of partners, to climb mountains in Britain, Norway and Canada.", "In 1935 she climbed Mt Cook in New Zealand.", "After finding that an expedition to Alaska would be too expensive, in 1938 she led a large expedition to Mt Sansato, in Western China near the Tibetan border.", "At times her party in China traveled with a military escort to protect them from bandits.", "Due to poor weather, the expedition failed to reach the summit, and Byles was bitterly disappointed.", "Meditation \nByles became interested in the Quaker denomination of Christianity, but was refused membership.", "During her travels through Burma, China and Vietnam in 1938, Byles often chose to stay in temples, which brought her into direct contact with non-European cultures and religions.", "On her return, she renewed her interest in the teachings of Gandhi, and began exploring Buddhism.", "A collapsed foot arch meant that she was no longer able to walk long distances or climb, and she studied spirituality and meditation to find ways of dealing with her pain.", "Over the following years Byles spent a year in India, including the Himalayas, and made three trips to Burma and two trips to Japan.", "In 1960 she formed a meditation group, inviting interested people from any religion or none to meet on Saturday afternoons to study meditation techniques.", "In later life she became particularly drawn to Mahayana Buddhism and the conscious practice of kindness and compassion.", "From these experiences she completed four books on Buddhism.", "Byles' home \n\nBy 1938 Byles left her family home in Beecroft and built her own house on bushland that she had bought in 1935 at the edge of nearby Cheltenham, adjacent to crown land.", "She named it 'Ahimsa' after the term used by Gandhi meaning \"harmlessness\".", "The four-room simple cottage is built of fibro and sandstone, and the large north-facing verandah is primarily where Byles slept and lived in preference to the interior rooms.", "In addition to the house, she wanted to have a place on her land for groups to meet for discussions and meditation.", "By 1949, the 'Hut of Happy Omen' was complete, designed as an open sleepout with bunks and a large sandstone fireplace.", "She had another small house built next to 'Ahimsa' in 1975, called 'Sentosa' (a Malay language word meaning peace and tranquility).", "In 1970 Byles bequeathed her property to The National Trust of Australia (NSW), which she had helped in 1946 when she was the consulting solicitor who drafted the organisation's constitution.", "Death and legacy\nByles died at 'Ahimsa' in 1979.", "In 1985 a dramatised documentary, A Singular Woman, was made by Gillian Coote using text from an unpublished autobiography written by Byles, along with reenactments and commentary by friends.", "Her papers (1923-1982) are held in the State Library of New South Wales.", "Byles Place, in the Canberra suburb of Chisholm, is named in her honour, as is the Marie Byles Lookout in Killcare Heights, N.S.W.", "Works \n\n By Cargo Boat and Mountain (1931)\n Footprints of Gautama the Buddha (1957)\n Journey into Burmese Silence (1962)\n The Lotus and the Spinning Wheel (1963)\n Paths to Inner Calm (1965)\n A New Road to Ancient Truth, by Tenko Nishida and Ittoen Tenko-San, translated by Makoto Ohashi (introduction only, 1971)\n Stand Straight without Strain (1978) about the Alexander technique\n Many Lives in One, unpublished autobiography\nSource:\n\nSee also\n Dymphna Cusack, a lifelong friend after they met at Sydney University\n First women lawyers around the world\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nAdelaide, Debra (1988) Australian women writers: a bibliographic guide, London, Pandora\n\nFurther reading\n Anne McLeod (2016) \"The Summit of Her Ambition: the spirited life of Marie Byles\"\n\nExternal links \n Byles, Marie in The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia\n \n\n1900 births\n1979 deaths\nAustralian Buddhists\nAustralian conservationists\nAustralian feminist writers\nAustralian lawyers\nBuddhist feminists\nBuddhist writers\nAustralian travel writers\nPeople from Sydney\nPeople educated at the Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney\nWomen travel writers\n20th-century Australian women writers\n20th-century Australian writers\nAustralian women lawyers\nHikers\nPeople educated at Pymble Ladies' College\nAustralian mountain climbers\n20th-century women lawyers" ]

[ "An original member of the Buddhist Society in New South Wales, Marie Beuzeville Byles was an Australian conservationist, pacifist, the first practising female solicitor in New South Wales, mountaineer, explorer and avid bushwalker.", "She wrote travel and non-fiction.", "Byles was the oldest of three children and was born in 1900 to parents who were progressive.", "David John Byles and Baldur Unwin Byles were her brothers.", "Her parents were socialists.", "Her mother Ida Margaret, who was a suffragist, lost her artistic talents to the drudgery of housekeeping and impressed upon her daughter the necessity of being financially independent of men.", "Cyril Beuzeville Byles was a railway signal engineer.", "In England, he involved his children in campaigns against the public's right to walk.", "Cyril Byles was appointed Chief Signals Engineer with the New South Wales Government Railways, which led to the family moving to Australia.", "The house they named 'Chilworth' was built on a block of land in Beecroft.", "In 1913, the family built a small cottage on Sunrise Hill, facing the lighthouse, after spending summers by the sea.", "Byles attended Beecroft Primary School from 1914 to 1915, the Presbyterian Ladies' College from 1916 to 1917, and the Pymble Ladies' College from 1917 to 1918.", "She became the Head Prefect and dux of the school in 1916.", "She won an exhibition at school.", "Byles never married, had no children, and thought it was a waste of potential when her friend decided to have children.", "The Women's Club was created in 1901 to provide a place where women interested in public, professional, scientific and artistic work could meet.", "In 1957, Byles commented that she had never eaten meat.", "Byles was the first female solicitor in Australia.", "She was the first woman to be admitted as a solicitor in New South Wales after completing her Bachelor of Laws degree in 1924.", "Until 1918, it was illegal for a woman to practise law in Australia.", "Byles was the first woman to set up a legal practice in New South Wales.", "Byles had two law practices, one in Eastwood and the other in the central city.", "She made it possible for young women to participate in the profession.", "She was notorious and the business in Eastwood was built up by her reputation of getting things done quickly.", "Ruth Milton is an employee.", "She worked to ensure just divorce settlements for female clients.", "The legal practice was handed over to a partner in 1970.", "As a student, Byles wrote and published articles on legal, political, and environmental topics.", "She was the legal correspondent for the Australian Women's Mirror from 1927 to 1936.", "She wrote articles against women changing their names to protect their financial assets.", "Laws and court practices that discriminated against women were brought to her attention as legal correspondent.", "She wrote pamphlets for The United Associations of Women.", "As a teenager at her family's holiday retreat at Palm Beach, Byles would look through her telescope to the bush beyond on the Central Coast.", "The area was marked on maps with an aboriginal name.", "Fishermen only visited the coal reserve.", "In 1920, Byles and some of her university friends set out to walk through the bush to 'Boat Harbour', where they camped.", "It was a favorite spot for them.", "The only bushwalking club at the time was led by a man.", "By 1929, there was an increasing focus on recreation organised for the city and suburban population, and Marie joined the two-year-old Sydney Bush Walkers Club.", "\"Maitland Bay\" was the new name proposed by the club in 1930, after the steamer that was wrecked at the northern end of the beach in 1889.", "Byles was able to get the area placed under public ownership thanks to the support of the Federation of Sydney Bushwalkers Clubs.", "The creation of Bouddi Natural Park in 1935 was a landmark achievement.", "Byles had proposed a larger area, but the Lands Department set aside an even larger area.", "For many years, volunteers cleared and maintained the walking tracks at the park, which was managed by Byles as a Trustee of the board.", "The lookout is accessible by car from Killcare Heights, which is just south of the Bouddi National Park Visitor Centre.", "Byles was one of the founding members of The Bush Club.", "Many pre-war European refugees became members of this bushwalking club because it did not impose rigorous entry tests on prospective members.", "In 1927–28, Byles took a year off to travel after saving enough money for four years as a law clerk.", "She wrote By Cargo Boat and Mountain after setting off on a Norwegian cargo boat.", "She was able to leave her law practice in the hands of her partners to climb mountains in Britain, Norway and Canada.", "She climbed Mt Cook in New Zealand in 1935.", "After finding that an expedition to Alaska would be too expensive, she led a large expedition to Mt Sansato, in Western China near the Tibetan border.", "She traveled with a military escort to protect her party from bandits.", "The expedition failed to reach the summit due to poor weather.", "Byles was refused membership in the Christian organization, but became interested in it.", "During her travels through Asia in the 1930's, Byles often stayed in temples, which brought her into contact with other cultures and religions.", "She began to explore Buddhism after she returned.", "She studied spirituality and meditation to find ways of dealing with her pain after her foot arch collapsed.", "In the following years, Byles traveled to India, the Himalayas, and Japan.", "She started a meditation group in 1960 that invited people from any religion to meet on Saturday afternoons to study meditation techniques.", "She was drawn to Mahayana Buddhism because of its practice of kindness and compassion.", "She finished four books on Buddhism.", "Byles left her family home in Beecroft and built her own house at the edge of the crown land that she bought in 1935.", "She named it after Gandhi, who used the term \"harmlessness\".", "The four-room simple cottage is made of fibro and sandstone, and the large north-facing verandah is where Byles slept and lived in preference to the interior rooms.", "She wanted to have a place for groups to meet for discussions and meditation on her land.", "The 'Hut of Happy Omen' was designed as an open sleepout with bunks and a large sandstone fireplace.", "In 1975, she built a small house called 'Sentosa', which means peace and tranquility in Malay.", "The National Trust of Australia was bequeathed property by Byles in 1970 after she helped draft the organisation's constitution.", "Byles died at 'Ahimsa' in 1979.", "In 1985 a dramatised documentary, A Singular Woman, was made using text from an unpublished autobiography written by Byles, along with reenactments and commentary by friends.", "The State Library of New South Wales holds her papers.", "The Marie Byles Lookout is in Killcare Heights, N.S.W. and is named after her.", "The Lotus and the Spinning Wheel and A New Road to Ancient Truth are works by Tenko Nishida and Ittoen Tenko-San." ]

[ "Marie Beuzeville Byles", "Byles", "David John Byles", "Baldur Unwin Byles", "Cyril Beuzeville Byles", "Cyril Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Marie", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Marie By", "Marie Byles", "Byles", "Marie" ]

[ "Marie Beuzeville Byles", "Byles", "David John Byles", "Baldur Unwin Byles", "Cyril Beuzeville Byles", "Cyril Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Marie", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles", "Byles" ]

[ "Elaine \"Jae\" Jarrell (born Elaine Annette Johnson in 1935) is an American artist best known for her fashion designs and her involvement with the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s.", "Influenced by her grandfather’s work as a tailor, Jarrell learned about fabrics and sewing at a young age.", "It was learning these skills that set her on her path as an artist, fashion designer, and vintage clothing dealer.", "In 1968, Jae Jarrell, along with Wadsworth Jarrell, Jeff Donaldson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, and Gerald Williams, founded AfriCOBRA, the African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists.", "As part of their manifesto, Jarrell strived to provide positive representation of the African diaspora.", "Her goal was to produce garments that inspired pride, power, energy, and respect in African American communities.", "Early life and education \nJarrell grew up in the historical neighborhood of Glenville in Cleveland, Ohio.", "During her childhood, she was inspired by the legacy of her grandfather.", "His work as a tailor led to her develop knowledge of clothing fabrics, fibers, and weaves.", "She was also influenced by the success of her uncle’s haberdashery shop, where he sold fabric and sewing tools.", "His achievements in business made her want to open her own store \n\nIn addition to the influence of her grandfather and uncle, her mother took her to vintage shops and taught her to respect the craftsmanship that goes into making clothing.", "This set Jarrell further on her path as an artist.", "When speaking about this experience with Rose Bouthillier (2015), Jarrell said:\nAnd so I always thought of making clothes in order to have something unique, and later I learned to sew very well and made it my business to always make my garments.", "And I also have a love for vintage, knowing that it has secrets of the past that I can unfold (p. 64).", "Jarrell attended Bowling Green State University before moving to Chicago to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago During the late 1950s and early 60s, she attended the same art school as Wadsworth Jarrell, a fellow artist who would later become her husband However, the couple didn't meet until 1963 after Jarrell opened her own vintage boutique\n\nCareer\n\nChicago \nDuring her early years in Chicago, Jarrell worked a temporary job at Motorola.", "During her time there, a female co-worker helped her create the name, \"Jae\", which she then continued to use when producing her art.", "According to Jarrell, after she shared her secret desire to be a designer and own a shop, the woman suggested that she use the reverse order of her maiden name, Elaine Annette Johnson, as an acronym.", "Following her advice, Jarrell opened a store near the famous Hyde Park and called it \"Jae of Hyde Park\" \n\nChicago would also be important for both Jae and Wadsworth as it would be the city in which they would help create AfriCOBRA.", "In an interview, Jarrell credited Chicago for being a forward thinking city and appreciated it for its open-mindedness; without these traits, she says that she would be unsure as to whether or not AfriCOBRA would have succeeded \n\nIn 1967, she married Wadsworth Jarrell, and they honeymooned in Nassau, Bahamas.", "She had their first child, Wadsworth Jr., on January 7, 1968.", "After giving birth to their second child, Jennifer, the Jarrells decided to relocate to New York to escape the social and economic downturn in Chicago \n\nFollowing her involvement with AfriCOBRA in Chicago, Jarrell would eventually move to Washington D.C. to once again pursue learning by completing her BFA and graduate work at Howard University\n\nAfriCOBRA \nMuch of Jarrell's art was created as a member of AfriCOBRA, the African American artist collective that sought to invoke the styles of African art while infusing a strong call for revolution.", "AfriCOBRA formed out of the remains of the Coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists (COBRA) and centralized around the idea of Black pride and Black empowerment that comes from feeling powerful and standing tall AfriCOBRA even had a manifesto written by one of its founding members, Jeff Donaldson, in which he wrote out some of the main staples of AfriCOBRA's art making as well as what the collective stood for.", "In one section, Donaldson spoke of the kind of art that the members would make, saying that it would fit into one of three categories:\n definition—images that deal with the past\n identification—images that relate to the present\n direction—images that look into the future \n\nGoing further in the manifesto, Donaldson gave very thorough detail about the artistic direction of the collective, providing a list of qualities that he cut down to the six most important ones which are as follows:\n Expressive Awesomeness- the feeling \"that one experiences in African art and life in the U.S.A.\"\n Symmetry and Rhythm- \"repetition with change, based on African music and African movement\"\n Mimesis- \"the plus and the minus, the abstract and the concrete\"\n Organic looking- \"We want the work to look like the creator made it through us\"\n Shine- \"We want the things to shine, to have the rich luster of a just-washed 'fro, of spit-shined shoes, of de-ashened elbows and knees and noses\"\n Color- \"color that shines, color that is free of rules and regulations….", "Color that is expressively awesome\" \nThis manifesto would dictate the way that AfriCOBRA was conducted and, as a result, was influential in the way that Jae Jarrell would shape her art while a part of the collective.", "With AfriCOBRA, Jarrell, along with the rest of the collective, aimed to use her art to build a positive learning community that promoted Black pride among the community as well as to whoever was lucky enough to experience any art from the collective.", "During an interview with the Never the Same Foundation, Jarrell said:\nWe made an effort to raise a consciousness.", "In our hearts, when we put this all together we thought it was going to be an explosion of positive imagery, and things that gave kids direction, and knowing some of our leaders now portrayed in a fresh way.", "I saw a result of our raising the consciousness, particularly about our history\n\nDespite being grouped into the same realm as the Black Panthers and other radical Black groups, AfriCOBRA, as Jarrell saw it, was always driven by positivity and empowerment of African Americans.", "In the same interview, Jarrell talked about how she used history as a reference only when looking at times of African empowerment and thereby avoided using things like segregation as a reference, not only for herself, but for the AfriCOBRA collective as well \n\nWhen creating art for AfriCOBRA, Jarrell made her unique garments, using the body as a vessel for revolution and identity Her pieces reflect the goal of the group, which was to create an African American aesthetic that celebrated black power and a sense of community.", "During the interview with the Never the Same Organization in Chicago, Jarrell described her work with AfriCOBRA, which involved making textile designs done on leather or suede that she would then tie-dye, screen print, hand paint, and applique The most famous pieces she did at this time are her Revolutionary Suit (1968), Ebony Family (1968), and Urban Wall Suit (1969).", "The Revolutionary Suit (1968) is a two-piece suit that has Jarrell’s signature style from the late 60s.", "The suit has a tweed, collarless jacket and a-framed skirt, which matched the fashion trends of the time.", "This ensemble also incorporates a colorful, faux bandolier that stands out against the salt-and-pepper color of the suit.", "This piece, which inspired ideas about wearing clothing for protest and revolution, motivated Jet magazine to write a piece called \"Black Revolt Sparks White Fashion Craze\" which criticized white, mainstream fashion for cultural appropriation.", "The magazine accused the fashion world of taking the bandolier, which was meant to be a symbol of the righteous protest against the unfair treatment of African Americans, and attempting to turn it into a trendy accessory.", "Following one of the themes of AfriCOBRA, which emphasized the Black Family, Jarrell made her suit called Ebony Family (1968).", "It is meant to be a symbol of the power within strong black families.", "Ebony Family also emphasizes AfriCOBRA’s interest in the influence of African art and the use of bright and vivid \"Cool-ade\" colors.", "These \"Cool-ade\" colors were a play on the bright orange, cherry red, lemon yellow, lime green, and grape purple of the drink Kool-aid.", "Jarrell accomplishes this by crafting her suit to be like a poster which takes form as a dashiki, a traditional West African men's dress.", "The suit depicts a colorful, Black family, using the forms reminiscent of the African mask to create their faces.", "Jarrell’s Urban Wall Suit (1969) is a piece inspired by graffiti and concert posters that filled the streets and African American neighborhoods in Chicago.", "Jarrell incorporated AfriCOBRA's desire to emphasize images with language by making the suit a symbol of the message boards of the community.", "All over the suit, there are images of posters that proclaim things like \"Vote Democrat\" as well as white graffiti messages that say things like \"Black Princess\" and \"Miss Attitude.\"", "Furthermore, with Urban Wall Suit, Jarrell reused her fabric to follow one of the tenets of AfriCOBRA, which was to reinvent yourself in order to create something fresh.", "She used small pieces and scraps from her store to make the patchwork resembling bricks, adding velvet ribbon as the mortar.", "These fabric scraps are of all different colors and patterns, including stripes, polka dots, and plaid.", "She then incorporated the graffiti and poster elements that resembled the message boards \n\nThe AfriCOBRA group identified themselves as a ‘family’.", "They came together in a cooperative, merging their unique styles into a collective aesthetic.", "In doing so the group was able to represent unity and strength in their art and their movement, while still letting their individual aspects and styles remain in each of their artworks.", "Through this unified, ‘family’ front the AfriCOBRA group was able to reject racialized stereotypes like that of the supposed dysfunctional black family.", "Their conjoined efforts brought a voice to the community; a voice representing their message and movement through their art.", "While Jae Jarrell and her husband continually worked with their art family for a movement they wholeheartedly believed in, they did eventually step away from the coalition.", "Jarrell has since emphasized the lasting and present influence AfriCOBRA has in her art – they didn’t leave coalition fully behind, the direction of their futures simply differed.", "Though Jarrell is no longer with the AfriCOBRA collective, she still holds all those who were ever a part of the collective as family and says that she is still influenced by them when making art to this day \n\nIn an interview with Rebecca Zorach Jae Jarrell explains that AfriCOBRA,\"It’s like a family, you know, you could never divorce yourself from the family.", "You can only grow, and you could always understand those who have not moved in the same kind of direction you have, but there’s a language you have, and an eye contact and a trust and a respect.", "It goes a long way.\"", "Later work \nIn more recent years, Jarrell has not lost her passion for design, but she has shifted her focus to sculpting and constructing furniture Some of her recent works, which were displayed in the How to Remain Human exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, include Maasai Collar Vest (2015), Shields and Candelabra Vest (2015), and Jazz Scramble Jacket (2015).", "The Maasai Collar Vest (2015) is reminiscent of the ornate garments and jewelry of the Maasai people in Africa.", "This piece draws on the idea of embracing her African heritage, which is something seen throughout all of her work.", "Jarrell continues emphasizing African art and culture in Shields and Candelabra Vest (2015) by making the piece from cactus plants turned over to make frames for vibrant African shields.", "For her Jazz Scrabble Jacket (2015), Jarrell brings together notions of jazz and blues music with images from the board game, Scrabble.", "Imitating the crossword aspect of Scrabble, Jarrell intersects the names of important musicians to examine the influence of music in building scenes, styles, power, and history for African American communities.", "Exhibitions \nJarrell's work has appeared in several major exhibitions, including the Brooklyn Museum of Art’s 2014 exhibition Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties and the Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland's 2015 exhibition How to Remain Human.", "Jarrell's work was also featured in the 2015 exhibit The Freedom Principle: Experiments in Art and Music, 1965 to Now at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago (MoCAC).", "In 2019, her work, which primarily focused on revolution-themed clothing, was also featured along with other artists at The Broad in Los Angeles in a special exhibition called “Soul of a Nation”.", "Her garments belong to private collections as well as to a permanent collection in the Brooklyn Museum of Art\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Jae Jarrell at Brooklyn Museum\n\n1935 births\nAfrican-American women artists\nAmerican textile artists\nWomen textile artists\nArtists from Cleveland\nLiving people\n21st-century African-American people\n21st-century African-American women\n20th-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American women" ]

[ "Elaine \"Jae\" Jarrell is an American artist best known for her fashion designs and her involvement with the Black Arts Movement of the 1960s.", "At a young age, Jarrell was influenced by her grandfather's work as a tailor.", "She went on to become 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The African Commune of Bad Relevant Artists was founded in 1968 by Jeff Donaldson, Barbara Jones-Hogu, and Gerald Williams.", "Jarrell wanted to provide positive representation of the African diaspora.", "She wanted to make garments that inspired pride, power, energy, and respect in African American communities.", "Jarrell was raised in the historical neighborhood of Glenville in Cleveland, Ohio.", "She was inspired by her grandfather's legacy.", "She developed her knowledge of clothing fabrics, fibers, and weaves as a result of his work as a tailor.", "She was influenced by the success of her uncle's haberdashery shop.", "She wanted to open her own store because of his achievements in business, as well as the influence of her grandfather and uncle.", "Jarrell is on her way to becoming an artist.", "Jarrell said that he always thought of making clothes in order to have something unique, and later he learned to sew well and make his garments.", "I love vintage because it has secrets of the past that I can unfold.", "Jarrell attended Bowling Green State University before moving to Chicago to attend the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, where she met her husband.", "During her time there, a female co-worker helped her create the name \"Jae\", which she continued to use when producing her art.", "After she shared her secret desire to be a designer and own a shop, the woman suggested that she use the reverse order of her maiden name, Elaine Annette Johnson, as an acronym.", "Jare opened a store near the famous Hyde Park and called it \"Jae of Hyde Park\" as it would be the city in which they would help create AfriCOBRA.", "In an interview, Jarrell credited Chicago for being a forward thinking city and appreciated it for its open-mindedness; without these qualities, she would be unsure as to whether or not AfriCOBRA would have succeeded.", "Their first child was born on January 7, 1968.", "Jarrell moved to New York to escape the social and economic downturn in Chicago after giving birth to her second child.", "The idea of Black pride and Black empowerment that comes from feeling powerful and standing tall is what led to the formation of the Coalition of Black Revolutionary Artists.", "In one section, Donaldson spoke of the kind of art that the members would make, saying that it would fit into one of three categories: definition, images that relate to the past, and images that look into the future.", "The way that the collective was conducted was influenced by the way that this manifesto was written.", "Jarrell and the rest of the collective wanted to use her art to build a positive learning community that promoted Black pride among the community as well as to whoever was lucky enough to experience any art from the collective.", "Jarrell said that they made an effort to raise a consciousness.", "When we put this all together, we thought it was going to be an explosion of positive imagery, and things that gave kids direction, and knowing some of our leaders now portrayed in a fresh way.", "I saw a result of our raising the consciousness, particularly about our history, despite being grouped into the same realm as the Black Panther and other radical Black groups.", "In the same interview, Jarrell talked about how she used history as a reference only when looking at times of African empowerment and avoided using things like segregation as a reference.", "During the interview with the Never the Same Organization in Chicago, Jarrell described her work with AfriCOBRA, which involved making textile designs done on leather or suede that she would then tie-dye, screen print, hand paint, and applique The most famous pieces she did at this time are", "The Revolutionary Suit is a two-piece suit that has Jarrell's signature style from the late 60s.", "The fashion trends of the time were matched by the suit's collarless jacket and a-framed skirt.", "The ensemble has a faux bandolier that stands out against the salt-and-pepper color of the suit.", "Jet magazine wrote a piece called \"Black Revolt Sparks White Fashion Craze\" which criticized white, mainstream fashion for cultural appropriation after reading this piece.", "The magazine accused the fashion world of taking the bandolier, which was meant to be a symbol of the righteous protest against the unfair treatment of African Americans, and attempting to turn it into a trendy accessory.", "Jarrell's suit was called \"Ebony Family\" and was inspired by the Black Family in the movie.", "It is meant to represent the power of strong black families.", "The influence of African art and the use of bright and vivid \"Cool-ade\" colors are emphasized by the family.", "The colors were a play on the bright orange, cherry red, lemon yellow, lime green, and grape purple of the drink.", "Jarrell created her suit to look like a dashiki, a traditional West African men's dress.", "The suit depicts a colorful, Black family, using the forms reminiscent of the African mask to create their faces.", "The piece was inspired by graffiti and concert posters that filled the streets and African American neighborhoods in Chicago.", "Jarrell made the suit a symbol of the message boards of the community by emphasizing images with language.", "There are posters and graffiti that say things like \"Black Princess\" and \"Miss Attitude\" all over the suit.", "One of the tenets of AfriCOBRA is to change yourself in order to create something new.", "She used small pieces and scraps from her store to make a patchwork that looked like bricks.", "There are stripes, polka dots, and plaid in these fabric scraps.", "The graffiti and poster elements that resembled the message boards were incorporated by her.", "They merged their unique styles into a collective aesthetic.", "The group was able to represent unity and strength in their art and their movement, while still letting their individual aspects and styles remain in each of their artworks.", "The group was able to reject the stereotypes of the black family through this unified front.", "Their efforts brought a voice to the community through their art.", "After working with their art family for a long time, the Jarrells decided to step away from the coalition.", "They didn't leave coalition fully behind, the direction of their futures simply differed, and that's what Jarrell emphasized in her art.", "Jarrell is still influenced by the people who were a part of the collective, even though she no longer works with it.", "You can only grow if you have a language, trust, and respect for those who are not in the same place as you are.", "It goes a long way.", "Jarrell has not lost her passion for design, but she has shifted her focus to sculpting and constructing furniture, which was displayed in the How to Remain Human exhibition at the Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland.", "The ornate garments and jewelry of the Maasai people in Africa are reminiscent of the Maasai collar vest.", "The idea of embracing her African heritage is something that is seen throughout her work.", "The piece from cacti turned over to make frames for African shields is one of the highlights of Shields and Candelabra Vest.", "Jarrell brought together notions of jazz and blues music with images from the board game, Scrabble, for her Jazz Scrabble Jacket.", "The influence of music in building scenes, styles, power, and history for African American communities is examined by Jarrell.", "The Brooklyn Museum of Art's exhibition Witness: Art and Civil Rights in the Sixties and the Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland's exhibition How to Remain Human are some of the major exhibitions Exhibitions Jarrell's work has appeared in.", "The Freedom Principle: Experiments in Art and Music, 1965, to Now at the Museum of Contemporary Art Chicago featured Jarrell's work.", "Her work, which focused on revolution-themed clothing, was featured along with other artists at The Broad in Los Angeles in a special exhibition called \"soul of a Nation\".", "Her garments belong to private collections as well as to a permanent collection in the Brooklyn Museum of Art." ]

[ "Jae", "\" Jarrell", "Jae Jarrell", "Wadsworth Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jae", "Jarrell", "Jae", "Jarrell", "Jae", "Jarrell", "Jae", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jae", "Jarrell" ]

[ "Jae", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell", "Jarrell" ]

[ "John Carter Brown III (October 8, 1934 – June 17, 2002) was the director of the U.S. National Gallery of Art from 1969 to 1992 and a leading figure in American intellectual life.", "Under Brown's direction, the National Gallery became one of the leading art museums in the United States, if not the world.", "He was known as a champion of the arts and public access to art at a time of decreased public spending on the humanities.", "Early life\nBrown was born in Providence, Rhode Island, on October 8, 1934, to John Nicholas Brown II and Anne Seddon Kinsolving Brown.", "His family had been prominent since before the American Revolution.", "His ancestors donated the initial endowment for Brown University and served as professors, administrators, and benefactors of the school in its early years.", "His father, John Nicholas Brown II, served as Assistant Secretary of the Navy (AIR) under President Harry S. Truman.", "Brown’s parents, both involved in numerous cultural organizations, encouraged their son’s interest in art.", "Brown was raised in his family's historic home, the Nightingale-Brown House.", "As a boy, he attended the Arizona Desert School near Tucson, Arizona, before completing his secondary education at the Groton School in Massachusetts, where he graduated at the top of his class.", "He spent one year at the Stowe School in England before enrolling at Harvard University.", "He graduated summa cum laude with a major in History and Literature and was president of the Harvard Glee Club.", "Seeking a unique entry point into the world of art and culture, Brown decided to pursue a business degree long before \"arts management\" existed as a common course of study.", "After completing his M.B.A. at Harvard Business School, he spent a year studying with Harvard-trained art historian Bernard Berenson in Florence, Italy.", "He then enrolled at New York University’s Institute of Fine Arts.", "After completing his master's degree, he decided not to complete a Ph.D. in art history.", "National Gallery\nIn 1961, Brown was hired by the National Gallery of Art as an assistant to the Director, John Walker.", "He was soon groomed to be Walker's successor and appointed assistant director in 1964.", "In this capacity he supervised the construction of the museum's East Building, designed by American architect I. M. Pei.", "In 1969, at the age of 34, Brown became director of the National Gallery.", "He would become the longest serving director in the National Gallery's history.", "One of Brown's ambitions as director was to attract larger crowds to the nation's art museum.", "He was known for bringing \"blockbuster\" exhibitions to the museum.", "The National Gallery became a rival of the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for exhibitions and donations.", "During his 23 years as director of the National Gallery, he added over 20,000 works to the collection.", "As many museums and cultural institutions lost public funding, Brown worked with Congress to increase the Gallery's operating budget year after year.", "He inherited a budget of $3 million in 1969 and increased that to $52 million when he retired in 1992.", "During the same period, the Gallery's endowment grew from $34 million to $186 million.", "Through his high-profile leadership of the National Gallery, Brown became one of the leading public intellectuals in American and the champion of American art.", "His contacts in Washington politics and New York society aided him in his work at the museum.", "He also served as a trustee of the Kennedy Center for Performing Arts, a member of the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, and the chairman of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts, a review panel that oversees public art and architecture in the nation's capital.", "In this latter position, he approved the Vietnam Veterans Memorial and an addition to the Corcoran Gallery of Art designed by Frank Gehry, which was never built.", "He opposed the plan to amend Washington's Height Act to allow for taller buildings, saying President Washington's \"vision is unpolluted as yet by the pressures of economic greed.\"", "He also supported the erection of the National World War II Memorial on the National Mall, though he described U. S. Marine Corps's Iwo Jima Memorial as \"kitsch,\" comparing the monument to \"a great piece of Ivory Soap carved.\"", "In 1991, he was awarded the National Medal of Arts.", "Brown retired in 1992, after the National Gallery's 50th anniversary.", "Retirement\nAfter leaving the National Gallery in 1992, Brown became chairman of Ovation, a cable television arts network that furthered his ambition to \"bring the arts into people's living rooms.\"", "He remained involved in many cultural organizations, including the Commission of Fine Arts, American Federation of Arts, the National Academy of Design, the Storm King Art Center, and the World Monuments Fund.", "He continued to serve also as a trustee of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University and as chairman of the jury for the Pritzker Prize, the leading award for architecture.", "In 1993 he was presented with the Honor Award by the National Building Museum at a ceremony in Washington, D.C.", "In 2001, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member and operatic soprano Kathleen Battle.", "Personal life\nIn 1971, Brown married Constance Barber (née Mellon) Byers (1941–1983), a daughter of Richard King Mellon, granddaughter of Richard B. Mellon, and the former wife of William Russell Grace Byers.", "She was also a niece of Paul Mellon, chairman of the National Gallery's Board of Trustees and a major donor.", "They divorced in 1973.", "In 1976, he married Pamela Braga Drexel (1947–2005) in Westminster Abbey, London.", "She was the daughter of B. Rionda Braga, a Cuban who was involved in the sugar business, and was the former wife of John R. Drexel IV (b.", "1945).", "Before their divorce in 1991, they were the parents of two children:\n\n John Carter Brown IV (born 1977)\n Elissa Lucinda Rionda Brown (born 1983).", "In August 2000, Carter was diagnosed with multiple myeloma, a terminal blood cancer, which was treated with an autologous stem cell transplant.", "Brown resumed his normal life until May 2002, when he was rehospitalized.", "He died six weeks later.", "Near the end of his life, he became engaged to marry Anne Hawley of Brookline, Massachusetts, Director of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.", "He had also begun writing a book about his life and his father's life.", "Footnotes\n\nFurther reading\nNeil Harris, Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience.", "Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2013.", "External links\n Dictionary of Art Historians\n National Gallery obituary\n \n\n1934 births\n2002 deaths\nHarvard Business School alumni\nAmerican art historians\nDeaths from multiple myeloma\nNational Gallery of Art\nWriters from Providence, Rhode Island\nJohn Carter Brown III\n20th-century American historians\n20th-century American male writers\nDeaths from cancer in Massachusetts\nAmerican male non-fiction writers" ]

[ "The director of the U.S. National Gallery of Art from 1969 to 1992 was John Carter Brown III.", "If not the world, the National Gallery is one of the leading art museums in the United States.", "At a time when public spending on the humanities was decreasing, he was a champion of the arts and public access to art.", "John Nicholas Brown II and Anne Kinsolving Brown were the parents of early life Brown.", "His family was prominent before the American Revolution.", "In Brown University's early years, his ancestors donated the initial endowment and served as professors, administrators, and benefactors.", "John Nicholas Brown II was an assistant secretary of the Navy.", "Brown's parents were involved in many cultural organizations and encouraged their son's interest in art.", "The Nightingale-Brown House is where Brown was raised.", "He graduated from the top of his class at the Groton School in Massachusetts after attending the Arizona Desert School as a boy.", "He attended the Stowe School in England for a year before going to Harvard University.", "He was president of the Harvard glee club and graduated summa cum laude with a major in History and Literature.", "Seeking a unique entry point into the world of art and culture, Brown decided to pursue a business degree long before \"arts management\" existed as a common course of study.", "He studied with a Harvard-trained art historian in Florence, Italy, after finishing his M.B.A. at Harvard Business School.", "The Institute of Fine Arts is at New York University.", "He decided not to pursue a PhD in art history after completing his master's degree.", "The National Gallery of Art hired Brown as an assistant in 1961.", "He was appointed assistant director in 1964.", "He was in charge of the construction of the museum's East Building.", "Brown became the director of the National Gallery at the age of 34.", "He was the longest serving director in the National Gallery's history.", "Brown wanted to attract larger crowds to the nation's art museum.", "He brought \"blockbuster\" exhibitions to the museum.", "The National Gallery was competing with the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York for donations and exhibitions.", "Over 20,000 works were added to the collection during his time as director of the National Gallery.", "Brown worked with Congress to increase the Gallery's operating budget year after year.", "He increased the budget from $3 million in 1969 to $52 million in 1992.", "The endowment of the Gallery grew from $34 million to $186 million.", "Brown became one of the leading public intellectuals in American and the champion of American art through his high-profile leadership of the National Gallery.", "He was aided in his work at the museum by his contacts in Washington and New York.", "He was a Trustee of the Kennedy Center for Performing Arts, a member of the Committee for the Preservation of the White House, and the chairman of the U.S. Commission of Fine Arts.", "The Vietnam Veterans Memorial and the addition to the Corcoran Gallery of Art were both approved by him.", "The plan to amend Washington's Height Act to allow for taller buildings was opposed by him.", "He was in favor of the erection of the National World War II Memorial on the National Mall.", "He received the National Medal of Arts in 1991.", "After the National Gallery's 50th anniversary, Brown retired.", "After leaving the National Gallery in 1992, Brown became chairman of Ovation, a cable television arts network that furthered his ambition to bring the arts into people's living rooms.", "He was involved in many cultural organizations, including the Commission of Fine Arts, American Federation of Arts, National Academy of Design, Storm King Art Center, and the World Monuments Fund.", "He was a Trustee of the John Carter Brown Library at Brown University as well as chairman of the jury for the Pritzker Prize.", "The National Building Museum presented him with the Honor Award in 1993.", "The Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement was presented to him by Kathleen Battle.", "Brown married a descendant of Richard B. Mellon and the former wife of William Russell Grace Byers.", "She was a niece of a major donor and chairman of the National Gallery's Board of Trustees.", "They divorced in 1973.", "He married Pamela Braga Drexel in 1976.", "She was the daughter of a Cuban who was involved in the sugar business.", "In 1945", "They were the parents of two children before their divorce in 1991.", "Carter was diagnosed with multiple myeloma in 2000 and had an autologous stem cell transplant.", "Brown was rehospitalized in May 2002.", "He died six weeks later.", "At the end of his life, he proposed to Anne Hawley, the Director of the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum.", "He was writing a book about his father's life.", "Neil Harris wrote Capital Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience.", "The University of Chicago Press is located in Chicago, Illinois.", "Dictionary of Art Historians National Gallery obituary 1934 births 2002 deaths Harvard Business School alumni American art historians." ]

[ "John Carter Brown III", "Brown", "Brown", "John Nicholas Brown", "Anne Seddon Kinsolving Brown", "John Nicholas Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "John Walker", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "John R", "John Carter", "Brown", "Brown", "Carter", "Brown", ". Carter", "Brown", "John Carter", "Brown" ]

[ "John Carter Brown", "John Nicholas Brown", "Anne Kinsolving Brown", "Brown", "John Nicholas Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Brown", "Carter", "Brown", ". Carter", "Brown" ]

[ "Rai Bahadur Jaladhar Sen (; 13 March 1860 – 15 March 1939) was a Bengali writer, poet, editor and also a philanthropist, traveler, social worker, educationist and littérateur.", "He was awarded with the title Ray Bahadur (রায় বাহাদুর) by the British Government.", "Education and personal life\nJaladhar Sen was born in the Kumarkhali village of Nadia District (presently known as Kusthia district of Bangladesh) in a Dakshin-Rarhiya Kayastha family.", "His family originally hailed from Deganga , North 24 Parganas District of present-day West Bengal (India).", "His great-grandfather migrated to Kumarkhali to work as a Diwan under the East India Company.", "They were known as \"Degangar Sen\" (Sens of Deganga).", "His father, Sri Haladhar Sen, was an eminent person of the society.", "His father died when Jaladhar was only three years old.", "He appeared in the Minor Examination in 1871 from Goalanda Bengali school and received scholarship.", "In 1878 Jaladhar passed Entrance Examination from Kumarkhali English High School, and got admission to the General Assembly Institution in Calcutta in First Arts (FA) course.", "Though his formal education could not progress further, he continued self study and became an eminent littérateur of Bengal Reinsurance period.", "In 1883 Jaladhar joined Goalanda High School in Rajabari, Faridpur in the post of third teacher with a salary of 25 rupees.", "in 1885 Jaladhar married Smt.", "Sukumary Debi, daughter of Ambia Charan Mitra of Nadia and greta great grand daughter of Raghu Nandan Mitra, Dewan of Maharaja Krishna Chandra of Nadia.", "After a few years Jaladhar suffered the greatest loss in his life.", "During this time his mother, wife and daughter died in a quick succession.", "In 1887 his new born daughter died on the twelfth day of her birth.", "His wife also died in another twelve days.", "Within three months he lost his mother.", "Unable to bear with the grief, Jaladhar left for Himalayas and became a Paribrajak Sadhu (traveler-saint).", "In 1891 he came back from Himalayas and joined as a teacher in Mahishadal Raj School.", "He remarried Smt.", "Haridasi Debi of Datta family of Usti in 1893.", "In 1899 he left teaching job and shifted to Calcutta to explore a new profession - journalism.", "Profession\n\nJaladhar joined বঙ্গবাসী (Bangabasi - a weekly news paper) as an editorial help.", "Then he joined হিতবাদী (Hitabadi - a weekly news paper) as an editor and continued till 1907.", "He left Calcutta for a brief period and worked in the estate of Zamindar of Santosh in Tangail, Bangladesh firstly as a home tutor, and then as manager (দেওয়ান).", "Here he had written his travelogue to Himalayas.", "In 1911 he came back to Calcutta and joined a Government funded Bengali daily সুলভ সমাচার (Sulabh Samachar) as editor.", "In 1913 he joined in মাসিক ভারতবর্ষ (Masik Bharatbarsha - a monthly published bengaly compilation) as editor along with Amulyacharan Bidyabhushan which was published from the house of Gurudas Chattopadhyay in Cornwallis Street, and continued for next 26 years till he breathed his last.", "He was also associated as editor with news papers গ্রামবার্তা প্রকাশিকা (Grambarta Prakashija) and বসুমতী (Basumati).", "Literary creation\nJaladhar Sen wrote about 42 books, including novels, travelogues, social messages, books for children and biographies.", "Story books - নৈবেদ্য (Naibedyo), কাঙালের ঠাকুর (Kangaler Thakur), বড় মানুষ (Baro Manush) etc.", "; Novels - দুঃখিনী (Dukkhini) (1909), অভাগী (Aubhagi) (3 parts, 1915–32), উৎস (Utsa) (1932) etc.", "; Travelogue - প্রবাস-চিত্র (Prabas Chitra) (1899) and হিমালয় (Himalaya) (1900); Children's literature - সীতাদেবী (Sita debi), কিশোর (Kisgore), শিব সীমন্তিনী (Shib Simantini), মায়ের পূজা (Mayer Puja), আফ্রিকায় সিংহ শিকার (Afrikay Singha Shikar), রামচন্দ্র (Ramchandra), আইসক্রিম সন্দেশ (Ice cream Sondesh) etc.", "; and Biography - কাঙাল হরিনাথ (Kangal Harinath) (2 parts, 1913, 1914), are worth to be mentioned.", "Kangal Harinath was the biography of Sri Harinath Majumdar, editor of Grambarta Prakashika, who was his teacher in the Goalanda School, and a philosopher and a guide to Jaladhar Sen.", "He also edited many books.", "His travelogue titled \"হিমালয়\" (Himalaya) was an account of his perilous journey to Himalayas, which appeared in Bengali literary periodical \"ভারতী\" (Bharati) in installments during a span of about two years in 1903-04 while Smt Sarala Debi was the editor.", "It became extremely popular and sensitized Bengali society.", "Later it was published as a book in 1916 from Calcutta.", "This book, later, was included in the list of text books for Calcutta University.", "\"Himalaya\" was one of the pioneering literary works written in Bengali in the genre of travelogue, with an account of travel to the Himalayas, and contemporary to \"Himaranya\" written by Swami Ramananda Bharati describing his experience of travel to Kailsh and Manas Sarovar, published during 1901–02 in the Bengali literary magazine সাহিত্য \"Sahitya\", and followed by several noted Bengali travelogues writers in later years, such as Uma Prasad Mukhopadhyay, Shanku Maharaj etc.", "to popularize travel and expedition to Himalayas in Bengali society and psyche.", "Acquaintances, friends and personalities\n\n Lalan Fakir (Lalan Shah)\nJaladhar's was acquainted with Lalan Shah (or Lalan Fakir) through his mentor Kangal Harinath (Harinath Majumdar).", "In his memoirs he wrote: \n\nKangal Harinath and Phikir Chand Fakir Movement\nHarinath Majumdar alias Kangal Harinath was a close acquaintance to Haladhar Sen, father of Jaladar.", "Harinath had remarkable influence in Jaladhar's life, starting from the moment of his birth, when Harinath attributed the name Jaladhar to him.", "During 1880s, when Harinath was editing and publishing \"Grambarta\" from his residence at Kumarkhali village, many young men were attracted to him and a social group was formed.", "During this time Akshay Kumar Maitreya proposed formation of a performing artists' forum (বাউলের দল) with Jaladhar and other close friends to compose and perform \"Baul\" songs, a form of folk music of Bengal.", "Akshay Kumar Maitreya, Prafulla Chandra Gangopadhyay with his brother Banwarilal and cousin brother Nagendranath, Jaladhar Sen himself and many others under the patronage of Harinath formed this group.", "Collectively they created many Baul songs and used a common pseudonym ফিকির চাঁদ ফকির (Phikir Chand Fakir), used in the last stanza of most of the songs.", "Soon the group became very popular and a devotional movement was observed to be sweeping in many places far and near.", "This group was most probably the first of its kind in Bengal which is known as Band in the present day.", "Some of the early creations of Baul song by this group are noted under: \n\nDwijendralal Ray\nIn the year 1878 Jaladhar appeared in the Entrance examination, and for that purpose he had to travel to Krishna Nagar, the district headquarters, from his village Kumarkhali.", "His elder brother could managed to gather only four rupees for the purpose for his trip.", "Jaladhar had only a \"Dhuti and Chador\" as his dress, did neither have a shirt nor shoes.", "After a short rail journey, he had to walk down to Krishna Nagar from Bogula in the last leg of the journey.", "There on the day of examination he met Dwijendralal Ray, who also appeared the examination in the same year.", "The remarkable event that led to a long and deep friendship between the two was described by jaladhar in his own words in his memoirs: \n\nDwijendralal went to England for higher studies, and after return joined the government service, while Jaladhar continued as a school teacher.", "They met again during 1895–96 in Mahishadol.", "Dwijendralal was posted in Tamluk as the Settlement Officer and Jaladhar was the school teacher of Mahishadol that time.", "In later days when both of them were in Calcutta, in many occasions Dwijwendralal used to say: \n\nIn 1913 Dwijendralal initiated publication of a Literary magazine in Bengali, (Bharat Barsha) as an editor.", "Unfortunately, he died unexpectedly on 17 May 1913, and Jaladhar Sen was appointed as the editor along with Amulya Charan Bidya Bhushan in the first year.", "After a year Amulya Charan left and Upendra Krishna Bandyopadhyay joined as co-editor.", "In the third year Upendra too left.", "Jaladhar continued as the editor of (Masik Bharat Barsha) for twenty two years.", "Swami Vivekananda\nJaladhar Sen mentioned in the memoir আত্মজীবনী ও স্মৃতি—তর্পণ about his chanced meeting with Swami Vivekananda during his wandering days at Himalayas: \n\nRajanikanta Sen\nRajanikanta Sen was very close to Jaladhar Sen. One of such many incidences was cited by Jaladhar Sen himself: The song was \"মায়ের দেওয়া মোটা কাপড় মাথায় তুলে নে রে ভাই\" (Mayer deoa mota kapor mathay tule ne re bhai).", "Surendranath Roy\nWhen Surendranath Roy died, Jaladhar Sen, Editor of Bharatbarsha, wrote to Manindranath, son of Surendranath, a letter of condolence https://independentindian.com/2009/02/23/jaladhar-sen-writes-to-manindranath-at-surendranaths-death-c-nov-dec-1929/\n\nAwards and recognition\nJaladhar Sen was awarded with a title of রায় বাহাদুর (Ray Bahadur) by the British government in 1929 for his contribution to Bengali literature and social reform.", "However, he never suppressed his inclination and support to the Indian patriotic movement.", "He was elected twice as the Vice President of the Bangiya Sahitya Parishad.", "In 1932 Jaladhar Sen was facilitated in a function held in Rammohan Library, presided over by Sarat Chandra Chattopadhyay\n\nBibliography\nSen, Jaladhar (1915).", "(Kabya-Granthabali) vol 1–3.", "Sen, Jaladhar (1916).", "হিমালয় (Himalaya) (Bengali), Gurudas Chattopadhyay & Sons, Calcutta.", "Sen, Jaladhar (1920).", "ষোল আনি (Sholo Aani), Gurudas Chattopadhyay & Sons, Calcutta.", "Sen Jaladhar (1920).", "আত্মজীবনী ও স্মৃতি-তর্পন (Atmo Jibani O Smriti Tarpan), Jiggasa Agencies Ltd. Calcutta 9.", "References\n\nBengali male poets\nBengal Renaissance\nBengali writers\nIndian independence activists from Bengal\n1860 births\n1939 deaths\n19th-century Indian poets\n20th-century Indian poets\n19th-century Indian male writers\n20th-century Indian male writers\n Writers from Kolkata" ]

[ "Rai Bahadur Jaladhar Sen was a Bengali writer, poet, editor, philanthropist, traveler, social worker, educationist and littérateur.", "The title Ray Bahadur was given to him by the British Government.", "Jaladhar Sen was born in the Kumarkhali village of the Nadia District of Bangladesh.", "His family hails from Deganga, North 24 Parganas District of West Bengal, India.", "His great-grandfather was a Diwan under the East India Company.", "They were called \"Degangar Sen\" (Sens of Deganga).", "His father was a well-known person in the society.", "Jaladhar was three years old when his father died.", "He received a scholarship after appearing in the Minor Examination in 1871.", "Jaladhar got admission to the General Assembly Institution in Calcutta in the First Arts (FA) course after passing the Entrance Examination from Kumarkhali English High School.", "He continued studying and became an expert in Bengal Reinsurance period.", "Jaladhar joined Goalanda High School in Rajabari in the post of third teacher with a 25 rupee salary.", "Jaladhar married a woman in 1885.", "The great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great granddaughter of the great", "Jaladhar lost the greatest loss in his life after a few years.", "His mother, wife and daughter all died in a short period of time.", "His daughter died on the twelfth day of her birth.", "His wife died in twelve days.", "He lost his mother in three months.", "Unable to bear with the loss, Jaladhar left for Himalayas.", "He was a teacher in the school when he came back from the Himalayas.", "He was married to a woman.", "Haridasi Debi was from the Datta family of Usti.", "He left his teaching job in 1899 to work in journalism.", "Jaladhar joined the weekly news paper as an editorial help.", "He was an editor for (Hitabadi - a weekly news paper) until 1907.", "He left Calcutta to work as a home tutor and then as a manager in the estate of Zamindar of Santosh in Tangail, Bangladesh.", "He had written about the Himalayas here.", "He joined the Government funded Bengali daily (Sulabh Samachar) as editor in 1911 after coming back to Calcutta.", "He joined in 1913 as editor along with Amulyacharan Bidyabhushan which was published from the house of Gurudas Chattopadhyay in Cornwallis Street.", "He was the editor of two news papers.", "42 books were written by Jaladhar Sen, including novels, travelogues, social messages, books for children and biographies.", "There are story books such as,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "Novels -,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ", "Travelogue - - (Prabas Chitra) and (Himalaya) were published in the 19th century.", "The Biography - (Kangal Harinath) is worth mentioning.", "Sri Harinath Majumdar was a philosopher and a guide to Jaladhar Sen who was his teacher in the Goalanda School.", "Many books were edited by him.", "\"\" (Himalaya) was an account of his perilous journey to Himalayas, which appeared in Bengali literary periodical \"\" (Bharati) in installments during a span of about two years in 1903-04.", "It became very popular in Bengali society.", "It was published as a book in 1916.", "The book was included in Calcutta University's list of text books.", "\"Himalaya\" is a novel written in Bengali about travel to the Himalayas and \"Himaranya\" is a novel written in Bengali about travel to the Himalayas.", "To popularize travel to the Himalayas in Bengali society.", "Lalan Shah (or Lalan Fakir) Jaladhar's was acquainted with Lalan Shah through his mentor.", "He wrote in his memoirs that he was close to the father of Jaladar.", "Harinath had an influence on Jaladhar's life from the moment he was born.", "Many young men were attracted to Harinath when he was editing and publishing \"Grambarta\" from his residence at Kumarkhali village.", "The proposed formation of a performing artists' forum with Jaladhar and other close friends was proposed by Akshay Kumar Maitreya.", "Jaladhar Sen, his brother Banwarilal, cousin brother Nagendranath, and many others formed this group under the patronage of Harinath.", "They used a common pseudonym, , in the last section of most of the Baul songs.", "A devotional movement was observed to be sweeping in many places as the group became very popular.", "The first of its kind in Bengal, this group was known as Band in the present day.", "Some of the early creations of Baul song by this group are noted.", "The elder brother was able to get four rupees for his trip.", "Jaladhar did not have a shirt or shoes.", "He had to walk down to Krishna Nagar after a short train journey.", "He met Dwijendralal Ray, who also appeared the examination in the same year, on the day of the examination.", "The remarkable event that led to a long and deep friendship between the two was described by jaladhar in his own words in his memoirs.", "They met again in the late 19th century.", "Jaladhar was the school teacher of Mahishadol and Dwijendralal was the Settlement Officer.", "Dwijendralal used to say that in 1913 he started publication of a literary magazine in Bengali as an editor.", "He died unexpectedly on 17 May 1913, and Jaladhar Sen was appointed as the editor in the first year.", "Upendra Krishna Bandyopadhyay joined as co-editor after Amulya Charan left.", "Upendra left in the third year.", "Jaladhar was the editor for twenty two years.", "Rajanikanta Sen was very close to Jaladhar Sen, and one of the incidences was mentioned in the memoir.", "Jaladhar Sen wrote a letter to Manindranath, son of Surendranath, when he died.", "He supported the Indian patriotic movement.", "He was elected twice as the Vice President of the Sahitya Parishad.", "In the year 1932, a function was held in the Rammohan Library presided over by Sen, Jaladhar.", "The vol 1–3 is called Kabya-Granthabali.", "Sen, Jaladhar was born in 1916.", "(Bengali), Gurudas Chattopadhyay & Sons, Calcutta.", "Sen, Jaladhar.", "(Sholo Aani) is located in Calcutta.", "Sen Jaladhar was born in 1920.", "- (Atmo Jibani O Smriti Tarpan), Jiggasa Agencies.", "There are references to 19th-century Indian poets and 20th-century Indian male writers." ]

[ "Rai Bahadur Jaladhar Sen", "Jaladhar Sen", "Sri Haladhar Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Sen Rajanikanta", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen Jaladhar" ]

[ "Rai Bahadur Jaladhar Sen", "Jaladhar Sen", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Jaladhar", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen", "Sen Jaladha" ]

[ "Maximilian Osseyevich Steinberg (Russian Максимилиан Осеевич Штейнберг; – 6 December 1946) was a Russian composer of classical music.", "Though once considered the hope of Russian music, Steinberg is far less well known today than his mentor Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov, his rival Igor Stravinsky, or his student protege Dmitri Shostakovich.", "During the early 21st century, however, Steinberg's choral concerto Passion Week was rediscovered and performed for the first time.", "It was instantly lavishly praised as a masterpiece by both lovers and performers of Classical music.", "This has triggered a revival of interest in the life and music of Maximilian Steinberg.", "Life\nSteinberg was born into a Lithuanian Jewish family in Vilnius (then Russian Empire).", "His father, Osey (Hosea) Steinberg, was a leading scholar of Hebrew.", "In 1901 he went to Saint Petersburg, to study biology at the university there.", "He graduated in 1906.", "In the meantime he also started studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.", "He entered Anatoly Lyadov's harmony class, moving on to Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov's harmony class and Alexander Glazunov's counterpoint class.", "His considerable talent in composition soon became clear, encouraged especially by his mentor Rimsky-Korsakov.", "He graduated from the Conservatory in 1908.", "Fellow student Igor Stravinsky resented the apparent favoring of Steinberg by Rimsky-Korsakov over him.", "Nevertheless, Steinberg named Stravinsky as one of his closest school friends when the latter had made a big name in the West, which Stravinsky resented even more.", "Steinberg was considered first as a great hope of Russian music but refused to imitate Stravinsky and other modern composers, instead preferring the 19th-century music of the Mighty Handful.", "Steinberg composed with firm control and brilliant orchestration, noted often about his music.", "In 1908, Steinberg was baptized into the Russian Orthodox Church and married his mentor's daughter, Nadezhda Rimskaya-Korsakova.", "Steinberg's father-in-law died the same year, and Steinberg edited and completed his Principles of Orchestration, which was later published in Paris.", "At the conservatory, Steinberg first became a lecturer, then in 1915, Professor of Composition and Orchestration, the position that Rimsky-Korsakov had held.", "He remained in that post during the October Revolution and subsequent Russian Civil War.", "Composer Dmitri Shostakovich began studying at the Conservatory as a 13-year old boy in 1919 and Steinberg tried to guide him in the traditions of the great Russian composers of the 19thecentury.", "Ultimately, however, Steinberg was disappointed to see Shostakovich \"wasting his talent\" by imitating the styles of Stravinsky and Sergei Prokofiev.", "Between 1921 and 1926, Steinberg composed Passion Week, a Russian Orthodox choral concerto which is now regarded as a masterpiece.", "While writing it, Steinberg transformed the Medieval Znamenny chants used to relate the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ during Holy Week by composing sometimes as many as twelve different harmonies at once.", "Steinberg's decision to write a work of overtly Christian music during the Second Soviet Anti-Religious Campaign was an act that could have had serious consequences for himself and his family.", "Steinberg scholar Oksana Lukonina believes that his decision to compose a work of religious music was motivated in part by the events of 1921.", "The poet Alexander Blok had died after being refused permission to go abroad for medical treatment.", "Also, Steinberg's brother-in-law, Vladimir Rimsky-Korsakov, was arrested and shot by the Soviet secret police.", "Lukonina also sees Steinberg's turn to chant-based choral music as a manifestation of renewed interest in the religious heritage of Russian culture shown by such other artists of the early Soviet period as the painter Mikhail Nesterov and, eventually, the Nobel Prize-winning poet and novelist Boris Pasternak.", "In 1923, midway through the composition of Passion Week''', the Communist Party of the Soviet Union banned the performance of all music with religious undertones.", "Upon receiving the news, Steinberg ruefully confided in his diary that he now had no chance of ever hearing Passion Week performed.", "In the vain hope that choirs in the West might be interested, Steinberg arranged in 1927 for the score to be published by a White emigre firm in Paris.", "The Paris edition appeared under the title, La Semaine de la Passion d’après les vieux chants religieux russes pour choeur mixte a cappella.", "Hoping that Passion Week might have wider appeal than just among the Russian diaspora, Steinberg arranged for the Paris edition to include translations of the sung text from Old Church Slavonic into both Latin and English.", "After the 1920s, however, Steinberg is believed to have never again acted contrary to the Party's wishes.", "Steinberg's subsequent music drew upon world literature for its subject matter.", "The dictates of socialist realism, which began being forced upon Soviet composers in 1932 meant no great changes for Steinberg, as his style was already very similar to the 19th century composers whom Joseph Stalin admired.", "As Stalinism tightened its grip, Steinberg drew also on the folk music of the Soviet Union's ethnic minorities, particularly those from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan.", "He also let himself be inspired more and more by musical and literary folklore.", "Steinberg played an important role in Soviet music life as the teacher of composers Dmitri Shostakovich, Galina Ustvolskaya, Lyubov Streicher, and Yuri Shaporin.", "Steinberg held numerous posts at the Conservatory, among others deputy director 1934–39.", "He retired in 1946.", "Shortly before his death, Steinberg was interviewed by an American musical scholar about his past rivalry with Igor Stravinsky.", "Even though Stravinsky had repeatedly criticized him in the West, Steinberg refused to follow suit.", "In what may have been part of a deliberate effort by the Soviet State to convince Stravinsky to return home, Steinberg expressed only admiration for his former rival's talents mixed with regret that Stravinsky had chosen to become an emigre.", "Steinberg also claimed that Stravinsky's absence from his Motherland was a catastrophic loss for Soviet music and cultural life.", "Maximilian Steinberg died in Leningrad on December 6, 1946.", "Legacy\nSteinberg's first two symphonies have been recorded by Neeme Järvi for Deutsche Grammophon Gesellschaft.", "More recently (2016) his 4th symphony and violin concerto were recorded on Dutton Vocalion.Passion Week, Steinberg's 1926 choral concerto which had been banned by the Soviet Government for being a work of religious music, finally received its world premiere on April 11, 2014, when it was performed at St. Mary's Cathedral in Portland, Oregon by the Orthodox choral ensemble Cappella Romana.", "In preparation for the premiere, Cappella Romana's director, Alexander Lingas, had traveled to St. Petersburg in order to examine Steinberg's diary and manuscripts.", "Lingas' research resulted in a new critical edition of Steinberg's once forgotten work, which was published by Musica Russica.", "Soon after, Cappella Romana made the first ever recording of Passion Week, which was released as both a CD and vinyl record.", "This same critical edition was also used by Clarion Choir, which first performed the work in New York City later in 2014.", "In a review of the concert for The New York Times, James R. Oestrich wrote, \"The work is a treasure.", "Steinberg's style, with its contrapuntal complexities and its enriched harmonies, is slightly advanced over that of Rachmaninoff, excerpts from whose Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom filled out the Clarion program in lovely fashion.", "But Steinberg also achieves some of his finest effects with utmost simplicity, as in the female trio that opens The Wise Thief.\"", "At the end of his article, Oestrich wrote, \"Happily, the Clarion version of the work is being recorded this week, as Cappella Romana’s was in the spring.", "Truly, however belatedly, Steinberg's moment has arrived.\"", "The Clarion Choir's CD recording of Passion Week was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2016, but did not win.", "In the fall of 2016, Clarion Choir and its director, Stephen Fox, gave Passion Week its Russian premiere, with performances in both Moscow and St. Petersburg.", "Partial list of works\n For orchestra\n Symphony No.", "1 in D major, Op.", "3 (1905/06)\n Symphony No.", "2 in B-flat minor, Op.", "8 \"In memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\" (1909)\n Symphony No.", "3 in G minor, Op.", "18 (1928)\n Symphony No.", "4 \"Turksib\" in C major, Op.", "24 (1933)\n Symphony No.", "5 \"Symphonic Rhapsody on Uzbek Themes\", Op.", "31 (1942)\n Variations for Large Orchestra in G major, Op.", "2 (1905)\n Symphonic Prelude \"in memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\", Op.", "7 (1908)\n Fantaisie dramatique, Op.9 (1910)\n Solemn Overture on Revolutionary Songs from 1905-7 and 1917 (1930)\n In Armenia, Capriccio (1940)\n \"Forward!", "\", heroic Uzbek Overture (1943)\n Violin concerto (1946.", "Published 1950.)", "Stage works\n Metamorphosen, Ballet after Ovid, Op.", "10 (1913)\n Till Eulenspiegel, Ballet (1936)\n Incidental music\n Vocal music\n The Water Nymph, Cantata for Soprano, Women's Chorus and Orchestra, Op.", "7 (1907)\n Heaven and Earth for Voice and Orchestra after Byron (1918)\n Four Songs with Orchestra after Rabindranath Tagore, Op.", "14 (1924)\n Songs\n Choruses\n Passion Week, Op.", "13 (1923-1927)\n Chamber music\n String Quartet No.", "1 in A, Op.5 (1907)\n String Quartet No.", "2 in C, Op.", "16 (1925)\n\nThe eleventh of Nikolai Myaskovsky's symphonies (Op.", "34, in B-flat minor) is dedicated to Steinberg.", "(See Myaskovsky's opus list which also contains a transcription, copyright 1930, by the slightly older composer of Steinberg's third symphony for piano four-hands.)", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nSteinberg opus list from van Rijen's site \n\nFurther reading\nWalsh, Stephen.", "Stravinsky: A Creative Spring; Russia and France, 1882-1934.", "New York: A.", "A. Knopf, 1999. .", "Contains many details about the course of the relationship between Stravinsky and Steinberg.''", "(by Nikolay Rimsky-Korsakov, edited by Maximilian Steinberg and translated into English by Edward Agate).", "External links\n\n \n\n1883 births\n1946 deaths\nConverts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism\nRussian composers\nRussian male composers\nRussian music educators\nMusicians from Vilnius\nSaint Petersburg State University alumni\nSaint Petersburg Conservatory alumni\n20th-century Russian male musicians" ]

[ "The Russian composer of classical music was named Maximilian Osseyevich Steinberg.", "Though once considered the hope of Russian music, Steinberg is less well known than his mentor, his rival, or his student.", "The 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "It was praised as a masterpiece by both lovers and performers of Classical music.", "There has been a revival of interest in the life and music of the man.", "There was a Jewish family in the Russian Empire.", "His father was a leading scholar of Hebrew.", "He went to Saint Petersburg in 1901 to study biology.", "He graduated in 1906.", "He began studying at the Saint Petersburg Conservatory.", "He moved on to Alexander Glazunov's counterpoint class and to the harmony class of Anatoly Lyadov.", "His mentor Rimsky-Korsakov encouraged his talent in composition.", "He graduated from the school in 1908.", "He resented the apparent favor of Rimsky-Korsakov over him.", "When the latter made a name for himself in the West, Steinberg named him one of his closest school friends.", "Despite being a great hope of Russian music, Steinberg preferred the 19th-century music of the Mighty Handful.", "Often noted about his music, Steinberg composed with firm control and brilliant orchestra.", "Steinberg married the daughter of his mentor in the Russian Orthodox Church.", "Steinberg edited and completed his Principles of Orchestration after his father-in-law died.", "The position of Professor of Composition and Orchestration was held by Rimsky-Korsakov.", "He was in that post during the Russian Civil War.", "The great Russian composers of the 19th century were the subject of the traditions of the great Russian composers of the 20th century.", "It was disappointing to see that Shostakovich was copying the styles of Sergei Prokofiev and Stravinsky.", "Passion Week, a Russian Orthodox choral symphony which was composed between 1921 and 1926, is now regarded as a masterpiece.", "The Medieval Znamenny chants used to relate the Passion and Death of Jesus Christ during Holy Week were transformed by the author.", "The decision to write a work of Christian music during the Second Soviet Anti-Religious Campaign was an act that could have had serious consequences for himself and his family.", "The events of 1921 may have been a factor in the decision to compose a work of religious music.", "Alexander Blok died after being refused permission to go abroad for medical treatment.", "The brother-in-law of Steinberg was killed by the Soviet secret police.", "There is renewed interest in the religious heritage of Russian culture shown by such other artists of the early Soviet period as the painter Mikhail Nesterov and the poet and novelist Boris Past.", "The Communist Party of the Soviet Union banned the performance of all music with religious themes in 1923.", "As a result of the news, Steinberg had no chance of ever hearingPassion Week performed.", "In 1927, Steinberg arranged for the score to be published by a White emigre firm in Paris, despite the fact that choirs in the West might not be interested.", "The title of the Paris edition was La Semaine de la Passion d'aprs.", "The translation of the Old Church Slavonic text into both Latin and English was arranged for the Paris edition of Passion Week.", "After the 1920s, the Party's wishes are believed to have been fulfilled.", "The subject matter of the music was drawn upon by world literature.", "The dictates of socialist realism, which began being forced upon Soviet composers in 1932, meant no great changes for Steinberg, as his style was already very similar to the 19th century composers whom Joseph Stalin admired.", "The folk music of the Soviet Union's ethnic minorities, particularly those from Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, were drawn to by Steinberg as Stalinism tightened its grip.", "He was inspired more and more by musical and literary folklore.", "In Soviet music life, Steinberg was the teacher of many composers.", "The deputy director for 1934–39 was Steinberg.", "He retired in 1946.", "Before his death, he was interviewed by an American musical scholar.", "Even though he was criticized in the West, he refused to follow suit.", "In what may have been part of a deliberate effort by the Soviet State to convince Stravinsky to return home, Steinberg expressed only admiration for his former rival's talents and regret that he had chosen to become an emigre.", "The loss of Stravinsky's Motherland was a huge blow to the Soviet music and cultural life.", "There was a death in Leningrad on December 6, 1946.", "The first two symphonies have been recorded.", "His 4th symphony and violin concerto were recorded on Dutton Vocalion.Passion Week, which had been banned by the Soviet Government for being a work of religious music, finally received its world premiere on April 11, 2014, when it was performed at St. Mary.", "Alexander Lingas, the director of Cappella Romana, traveled to St. Pete to look at the diary and manuscripts of Steinberg.", "A new critical edition of Steinberg's work was published after Lingas' research.", "The first ever recording ofPassion Week was made by Cappella Romana and was released as a CD and vinyl record.", "The work was performed in New York City later in the year.", "James R. Oestrich wrote a review of the concert for The New York Times.", "The excerpts from the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom filled out the Clarion program in lovely fashion, but the style of Steinberg is slightly advanced over that of Rachmaninoff.", "The female trio that opens The Wise Thief is one of Steinberg's best effects.", "Oestrich wrote at the end of his article that the Clarion version of the work is being recorded this week.", "Steinberg's moment has arrived.", "The CD recording of Passion Week was nominated for aGrammy Award in 2016 but did not win.", "The Russian premiere of Passion Week was given by the choir and its director, Stephen Fox.", "There is a partial list of works.", "1 in D major.", "3 is a symphony.", "2 in B-flat minor.", "\"In memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\" is a symphony.", "3 in G minor.", "The symphony was written in the 19th century.", "\"Turksib\" is in C major.", "The symphony was written in 1933.", "5 \"Symphonic Rhapsody on Uzbek Themes\"", "There are Variations for Large Orchestra in G major.", "\"in memoriam Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov\" is a Symphonic Prelude.", "In Armenia, Capriccio (1940) \"Forward!", "The heroic Uzbek Overture was written in 1943.", "It was published in 1950.", "Ballet after Ovid, Op. is a stage work.", "The water nymph, cantata for Soprano, Women's Chorus and Orchestra was composed by Till Eulenspiegel.", "Heaven and Earth for Voice and Orchestra was written in 1907.", "Songs Choruses Passion Week was written in the 19th century.", "13 is a chamber music string quartet.", "1 in A, Op.5 is a string quartet.", "2 in C.", "The eleventh symphony was written by Nikolai Myaskovsky.", "It is dedicated to Steinberg.", "Myaskovsky's opus list contains a transcription of the third symphony for piano four-hands by the slightly older composer.", "References from van Rijen's site include Walsh, Stephen.", "Russia and France were part of the Creative Spring.", "New York: A.", "A. Knopf was published in 1999.", "There are many details about the relationship between the two men.", "Edward Agate translated it into English.", "Russian male composers are converts to Eastern Orthodoxy from Judaism." ]

[ "Maximilian Osseyevich Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Maximilian Steinberg", "Life Steinberg", ") Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Maximilian Steinberg", "Legacy Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Maximilian Steinberg" ]

[ "Maximilian Osseyevich Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg", "Steinberg" ]

[ "Jason S. McLellan is a structural biologist, professor in the Department of Molecular Biosciences and Robert A. Welch Chair in Chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin who specializes in understanding the structure and function of viral proteins, including those of coronaviruses.", "His research focuses on applying structural information to the rational design of vaccines and other therapies for viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19.", "McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center to design a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which biotechnology company Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine mRNA-1273, the first COVID-19 vaccine candidate to enter phase I clinical trials in the U.S. At least three other vaccines use this modified spike protein: those from Pfizer and BioNTech; Johnson & Johnson and Janssen Pharmaceutica; and Novavax.", "SARS-CoV-2 research \nMcLellan led a team from The University of Texas at Austin and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center that produced the first molecular structure, or 3D atomic scale map, of the novel coronavirus’ spike protein, the protein that allows the virus to attach to and infect host cells.", "The results were published online on February 19, 2020, in Science, one of the world's top academic journals, and was highlighted on the cover of the 13 March 2020 print edition.", "The molecular structure provides a blueprint for scientists to learn to disrupt these processes through developing new treatments or vaccines.", "Aubree Gordon, an associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan who was not a part of the study was quoted by LiveScience as saying: \"It's a very important step forward and may help in the development of a vaccine against SARS-COV-2.\"", "The achievement was also highlighted as an important step towards a vaccine by the director of the National Institutes of Health, Francis Collins, in the NIH Director's Blog.", "McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases’ Vaccine Research Center to design a stabilized version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, called S-2P or 2P, which biotechnology company Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine candidate mRNA-1273, the first COVID-19 vaccine candidate to enter phase I clinical trials in the U.S.", "The UT Austin and NIH teams filed a joint patent application on the mutated spike protein.", "Moderna's vaccine candidate, mRNA-1273, contains the genetic code for the stabilized version of the spike protein.", "When a person is vaccinated with mRNA-1273, their own cells should theoretically produce these modified spike proteins, triggering their immune systems to develop antibodies against the actual coronavirus.", "The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein takes on one shape before entering a cell and another shape after, known as the prefusion and postfusion conformations.", "Antibodies that recognize spike proteins in the prefusion shape are much more effective at preventing infection than antibodies that recognize spike proteins in the postfusion shape.", "McLellan—along with his team members Daniel Wrapp and Nianshuang Wang, plus Barney Graham and Kizzmekia Corbett at NIAID's Vaccine Research Center—engineered the spike protein to stay in its initial shape so it can be recognized.", "This, combined with Moderna's technology that uses messenger RNA to encode information about the virus, allows mRNA-1273 to trigger an immune response in vaccinated subjects.", "The stabilized spike protein developed by McLellan and his colleagues forms the basis of three COVID-19 vaccines that received emergency use authorization in the U.S.", "In May, 2020, he published a new version of the stabilized SARS-CoV-2 spike protein called HexaPro that is currently being used as the basis for a new vaccine, NDV-HXP-S, which is undergoing trials in Brazil, Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam.", "These new vaccines are using a harmless avian virus that causes Newcastle Disease.", "This vaccine has the benefit of being easy to grow in chicken eggs, which are the basis of existing Influenza vaccines and are easier for developing nations to produce.", "McLellan and his team worked with pharmaceutical company Eli Lilly and Company to develop their monoclonal antibody treatment bamlanivimab (LY-CoV555), which received emergency use authorization from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in November 2020.", "In April 2021, the EUA was revoked.", "In a separate but related project, McLellan and Daniel Wrapp worked with colleagues at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center and Ghent University to develop an antibody therapy for COVID-19 based on antibodies produced by a Winter (llama), a llama.", "Initial tests indicate that their antibody blocks viruses that display the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein from infecting cells in culture.", "They reported their findings in Cell on May 5, 2020.", "As of May 2020, the team was preparing to conduct preclinical studies in animals such as hamsters or nonhuman primates, with the hopes of next testing in humans.", "RSV research \nRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a very common, contagious virus that causes infections of the respiratory tract.", "While RSV is the single most common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants, reinfection remains common throughout the lifetime and it is an important pathogen in all age groups.", "McLellan, along with Barney S. Graham and Peter Kwong of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center, spearheaded the development of a protein subunit vaccine against RSV called DS-Cav1.", "When the work began, McLellan was a postdoctoral researcher at VRC working in Graham's and Kwong's labs.", "The antigen of this RSV vaccine, a stabilized version of the virus’ F protein, was developed using structure-based vaccine design.", "Structure-based vaccines are developed through a rational design process that uses information about the atomic structure of vulnerable parts of a pathogen to create a synthetic molecule that the human immune system recognizes as pathogenic and creates potent antibodies against.", "In a phase 1 clinical trial, DS-Cav1 was shown to be safe and to elicit “a robust boost in RSV F-specific antibodies and neutralising activity that was sustained above baseline for at least 44 weeks”, according to a study published in April 2021 in The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.", "A vaccine using a version of this antigen, called GSK3888550A and developed by GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), is currently in phase 3 clinical trials, which began in November 2020.", "Honors and awards\nJason McLellan was one of seven researchers honored with a 2020 Golden Goose Award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science in recognition of his COVID-19 research.", "He was the 2020 recipient of the William Prusoff Memorial Award from the International Society for Antiviral Research, which honors a young scientist who has shown excellence in antiviral research and promise for future contributions to the field.", "Previous honors include the Norman P. Salzman Memorial Award in Virology (2012), the Charles H. Hood Foundation Child Health Research Award (2015), the American Crystallographic Association Etter Early Career Award (2018) and the Viruses Young Investigator in Virology Prize (2019).", "The Academy of Medicine, Engineering & Science of Texas awarded McLellan its 2022 Edith and Peter O'Donnell Award in Medicine.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\nUniversity of Texas at Austin faculty\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nLiving people" ]

[ "A professor at The University of Texas at Austin, McLellan studies the structure and function of viral proteins, including those of coronaviruses.", "His research focuses on applying structural information to the rational design of vaccines and other therapies for viruses.", "McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases to design a stable version of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein, which Moderna used as the basis for the first COVID-19 vaccine.", "McLellan led a team from The University of Texas at Austin and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases that produced the first 3D atomic scale map of the novel coronaviruses spike protein.", "The results were highlighted on the cover of the 13 March 2020 print edition of Science, one of the world's top academic journals, after they were published online on February 19, 2020.", "Scientists can learn to disrupt these processes with the help of the molecular structure.", "According to LiveScience, an associate professor of epidemiology at the University of Michigan, who was not a part of the study, said that it's a very important step forward and may help in the development of a vaccine against SARS-COV-2.", "Francis Collins, the director of the National Institutes of Health, highlighted the achievement as an important step towards a vaccine.", "McLellan and his team collaborated with researchers at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center to design a stable version of the S-2P spike protein, which Moderna used as the basis for the vaccine candidate.", "The UT Austin and NIH teams have filed a patent application.", "Moderna's vaccine candidate contains the genetic code for the stable version of the spikeProtein.", "When a person is exposed to the coronaviruses, their own cells should be able to produce modified spike proteins that will cause their immune systems to attack them.", "The prefusion and postfusion conformations are what the spikeProtein takes on before entering a cell.", "Antibodies that recognize spike in the prefusion shape are more effective at preventing infections than those that recognize spike in the postfusion shape.", "McLellan, along with his team members Daniel Wrapp and Nianshuang Wang, plus Barney Graham and Kizzmekia Corbett at NIAID's Vaccine Research Center, engineered the spikeProtein to stay in its initial shape so it can be recognized.", "Moderna's technology allows for the triggering of an immune response in vaccine recipients.", "The three COVID-19 vaccines that received emergency use authorization in the U.S. are based on the stabilizing spike protein developed by McLellan and his colleagues.", "In May 2020, he published a new version of the stabilizing SARS-CoV-2 spike protein called HexaPro that is currently being used as the basis for a new vaccine, which is undergoing trials in Brazil, Mexico, Thailand and Vietnam.", "The vaccines use a harmless virus that causes a disease.", "The vaccine is easy to grow in chicken eggs, which are the basis of existing Influenza vaccines and are easier for developing nations to produce.", "McLellan and his team worked with Eli Lilly and Company to develop bamlanivimab, which received emergency use authorization from the FDA in November 2020.", "The EUA was revoked in April of 2021.", "McLellan and Wrapp collaborated with colleagues at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center and Ghent University to develop a therapy for COVID-19 based on the antibodies produced by a llama.", "Initial tests show that their antibody blocks the viruses that display the spike.", "On May 5, 2020, they reported their findings in Cell.", "As of May 2020, the team was preparing to conduct studies in animals such as hamsters or nonhuman primates with the hopes of next testing in humans.", "Respiratory syncytial virus is a very common virus that causes respiratory tract infections.", "Reinfection is an important pathogen in all age groups and is the most common cause of respiratory hospitalization in infants.", "Barney S. Graham and Peter Kwong of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases' Vaccine Research Center spearheaded the development of a vaccine against the disease.", "McLellan was a researcher in Graham's and Kwong's labs when the work began.", "The vaccine was designed using a structure-based vaccine design.", "A structure-based vaccine is created through a rational design process that uses information about the atomic structure of vulnerable parts of a pathogen to create a synthetic molecule that the human immune system recognizes as harmful.", "In a phase 1 clinical trial, DS-Cav1 was shown to be safe and to elicit a robust boost in RSV F-specific antibodies and neutralising activity that was sustained above baseline for at least 44 weeks.", "The phase 3 clinical trials of a vaccine that uses a version of this antigen began in November 2020.", "The American Association for the advancement of science gave a Golden Goose Award to seven researchers in recognition of their work.", "The William Prusoff Memorial Award is given to a young scientist who has shown excellence in antiviral research and promise for future contributions to the field.", "The Norman P. Salzman Memorial Award, the Charles H. Hood Foundation Child Health Research Award, and the American Crystallographic Association Etter Early Career Award have all been given.", "The Edith and Peter O'Donnell Award is given by the Academy of Medicine, Engineering and Science of Texas.", "University of Texas at Austin faculty year of birth missing" ]

[ "Jason S", "McLellan", "McLellan", "Jason McLellan" ]

[ "McLellan", "McLellan" ]

[ "Stefan Gates (born 19 September 1967) is a British television presenter, author, broadcaster and live-show performer.", "He has written books about food, cooking and science.", "He has presented over 20 TV series, mostly for the BBC, including Cooking in the Danger Zone about unusual food from the world's more dangerous and difficult places.", "He develops half of these TV series himself, including the CBBC children's food adventure series Gastronuts and Incredible Edibles.", "Gates presented BBC One's Food Factory.", "He wrote and presented the BBC Two series E Numbers: An Edible Adventure, Full On Food and the BBC Four series Feasts.", "Gates has also written and presented two BBC Four documentaries: Calf's Head and Coffee: The Golden Age of English Food on food history, and Can Eating Insects Save the World?", "on entomophagy.", "He appears as a guest on TV and radio programmes including Newsnight, Loose Ends, BBC Breakfast, Sunday Brunch, The Wright Stuff, Iron Chef, Blue Peter, The Alan Titchmarsh Show and This Morning.", "Gates is a panellist on BBC Radio 4's Kitchen Cabinet and has made two radio documentaries.", "He also performs live shows and lectures, many at science and food festivals.", "Early life\nGates was born in London.", "As a child, along with his sister Samantha, was photographed for knitwear patterns and appeared separately in commercials and TV dramas, including Poldark.", "They were the child models on the cover of English rock band Led Zeppelin's album Houses of the Holy (1973).", "Education\nGates was educated at Pembroke College, Oxford, in the 1980s, where he took a degree in English.", "TV career\nAfter leaving Oxford University, Gates spent the first 16 years of his working life in film and TV - the jobs were varied and included: Assistant director, scriptwriter, director and producer, finally ending up in BBC Comedy as a development producer.", "Due to his fascination with unusual foods he started writing about them, and this led to him becoming a presenter and co-writer on the BBC Two series Full on Food in the winter of 2004.", "Cooking in the Danger Zone\nGates presents food programmes including three series of Cooking in the Danger Zone, which has been shown in 25 countries, as well as broadcast globally on BBC World News.", "In each episode of the series he visits a dangerous part of the world such as Afghanistan, Chernobyl, Haiti and Burma where the living is not easy and the food is unusual.", "This has gained him a reputation for travelling to difficult or extreme places and eating unusual or shocking food.", "The series won the Slow Food award for best TV series at the 2008 Slow Food On Film Festival in Bologna and was nominated for the 2009 Guild of Food Writers Food and Travel award.", "Other TV and radio programmes\nGates presents a children's TV series, based on his Gastronaut concept, called gastronauts.", "produced by Objective Productions.", "The series was nominated for the 2009 Guild of Food Writers Broadcast of the Year award.", "He wrote and presented Feasts, broadcast on BBC Four in 2009 – it consists of three episodes filmed in Japan, Mexico and India.", "In 2010 he presented a three-part series on food additives for BBC Two, E Numbers: An Edible Adventure.", "In 2012, he took over the role of presenting of Food Factory on BBC One, after former presenter Jimmy Doherty left the BBC to join Channel 4.", "He also appears regularly on Five's The Wright Stuff and BBC Two's Something for the Weekend the Good Food Channel's Market Kitchen.", "In 2010 he presented a documentary for Radio 4, Stefan Gates' Cover Story, concerning his part in the Led Zeppelin Houses of the Holy photoshoot.", "Writing\nGates writes articles for newspapers and magazines including New Scientist and BBC Food and has written eight books.", "His first children's book Incredible Edibles (2012) won the 2013 Information Book Award.", "His first book was Gastronaut: Adventures in Food for the Romantic, the Foolhardy, and the Brave, winner of the 2005 Gourmand World Cookbook Awards Best Food Literature Book.", "In 2008 a companion to the TV series Cooking in the Danger Zone was published by BBC Books titled In the Danger Zone.", "He has also written 101 Dishes to Eat Before You Die, Stefan Gates On E Numbers, which is a companion to the TV series E Numbers: An Edible Adventure and The Extraordinary Cookbook (Kyle Books 2010).", "TV \nFull On Food BBC Two 2004\nCooking in the Danger Zone series 1-3 BBC Two and BBC Four 2006-08\nFood Uncut UKTV Food 2007 \nGastronuts I BBC One and CBBC 2008-09\nFeasts BBC Four 2009\nGastronuts II BBC One and CBBC 2010\nE Numbers: An Edible Adventure BBC Two 2010\nEcomaths BBC Learning 2012\nIncredible Edibles I CBBC 2012\nCBBC's Olympic Challenge CBBC 2012\nFood Factory BBC One 2012Calf's Head and Coffee: The Golden Age of English Food BBC Four 2012Can Eating Insects Save the World?", "BBC Four Spring 2013Incredible Edibles II CBBC Spring 2013Harvest BBC2 and BBC Learning 2013Ecomaths BBC Learning 2013Food and Drink BBC2 2014Disaster Chefs CBBC 2014Gastrolab BBC Learning 2015The Secrets of Our Favourite Dishes BBC Learning 2015The Wright Stuff Channel 5 2015 – 2018Jeremy Vine Show Channel 5 2018Travel with a Goat Impact 2019Supermarket Secrets Revealed Channel 5 2019\n\n YouTube \nSince 2015 Gates has operated the YouTube channel Gastronaut TV.", "The channel has over 50 videos and over 3,000 subscribers.", "Videos include recipes, science, things to try at home, and clips from his TV series.", "Radio Stefan Gates' Cover Story Radio 4 2010What Would Jesus Eat?", "BBC Radio 4 2011\n\n Books Gastronaut (2005), In The Danger Zone (2008), 101 Dishes to Eat Before You Die (2009), Stefan Gates On E Numbers (2010), The Extraordinary Cookbook (2010), Incredible Edibles (2012), Insects: An Edible Field Guide (2017), Fartology: The Extraordinary Science Behind the Humble Fart (2018), \n\nLive shows\nGates performs \"food stunt shows\", mostly at science festivals such as Cambridge Science Festival, Cheltenham Science Festival, The Big Bang Fair and also at schools, theatres and food festivals including the BBC Good Food Show'' and the Ideal Home Show.", "Personal life\nGates is married to food photographer Georgia Glynn Smith.", "They have two children.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Stefan Gates' web site\n CBBC Gastronuts game\n BBC site for 'Feasts'\n BBC site for the first series of Cooking in the Danger Zone\n BBC site for the second series of Cooking in the Danger Zone\n \n\nLiving people\nAlumni of Pembroke College, Oxford\nEnglish food writers\nEnglish television presenters\n1967 births\nPeople from Cambridge" ]

[ "Gates is a British television presenter, author, broadcaster and live-show performer.", "He wrote books about food, cooking and science.", "He presented Cooking in the Danger Zone, a show about unusual food from the world's more dangerous and difficult places.", "Half of the TV series he develops is for children.", "The Food Factory was presented by Gates.", "He is the author of E Numbers: An Edible Adventure, Full On Food, and Feasts.", "Gates is the author of Calf's Head and Coffee: The Golden Age of English Food on food history and Can Eating Insects Save the World?", "On the internet.", "He is a guest on a number of TV and radio shows, including Newsnight, The Wright Stuff, Blue Peter, The Alan Titchmarsh Show and This Morning.", "Gates has made two radio documentaries.", "He performs at many science and food festivals.", "Gates was born in London.", "As a child, he and his sister were photographed for knitwear patterns and appeared separately in commercials and TV dramas.", "They were the child models on the cover of Houses of the Holy.", "Gates graduated from Oxford's Pembroke College in the 1980s with a degree in English.", "After leaving Oxford University, Gates spent the first 16 years of his working life in film and TV - the jobs were varied and included: assistant director, scriptwriter, director and producer, finally ending up in BBC Comedy as a development producer.", "In the winter of 2004, he became a presenter and co-writer on the series Full on Food, due to his interest in unusual foods.", "Three series of Cooking in the Danger Zone, which has been shown in 25 countries, as well as broadcast globally on BBC World News, can be found on Cooking in the Danger Zone Gates.", "Afghanistan, Chernobyl, Haiti and Burma are some of the dangerous parts of the world where the living is not easy and the food is unusual.", "He has gained a reputation for travelling to difficult or extreme places and eating shocking food.", "At the 2008 Slow Food On Film Festival in Bologna, the series was nominated for a Guild of Food Writers Food and Travel award.", "Gates presents a children's TV series based on his idea of the Gastronaut.", "It was produced by Objective Production.", "The Guild of Food Writers nominated the series.", "Feasts, a show he presented and wrote, was broadcast on the British Broadcasting Corporation's Four channel in 2009.", "In 2010 he presented a three-part series on food Additives.", "He took over the role of presenting Food Factory on the BBC in 2012 after Jimmy left to join Channel 4.", "He is a regular on Five's The Wright Stuff and Something for the Weekend the Good Food Channel's Market Kitchen.", "In 2010 he presented a documentary about his part in the Led Zeppelin Houses of the Holy photoshoot.", "Writing Gates has written eight books.", "The Information Book Award was won by his first children's book.", "The Gourmand World Cookbook Awards Best Food Literature Book was won by his first book.", "In the Danger Zone was a companion to the TV series Cooking in the Danger Zone.", "101 Dishes to Eat Before You Die is one of the books he has written.", "The Full On Food series was on TV from 2004 to 2006 and the Food Uncut series was on TV from 2007 to 2009.", "The Wright Stuff Channel 5, The Four Spring, Food and Drink, Disaster Chefs, and Gastrolab all aired in 2015.", "The channel has over 3000 subscribers.", "There are videos about science, things to try at home, and clips from his TV series.", "What Would Jesus Eat? is a cover story on Radio 4.", "In The Danger Zone, 101 Dishes to Eat Before You Die, The Extraordinary Cookbook, Incredible Edibles, and Fartology are just a few of the books.", "Gates is married to a food photographer.", "They have two children.", "For the first series of Cooking in the Danger Zone and the second series of Cooking in the Danger Zone there are external links." ]

[ "Stefan Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Stefan Gates", "Gates", "Stefan Gates", "Gates", "Stefan Gates", "Stefan Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Stefan Gates" ]

[ "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates", "Gates" ]

[ "Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124 to his death in 1130.", "Although from a humble background, his obvious intellect and outstanding abilities saw him promoted up through the ecclesiastical hierarchy.", "Attached to the Frangipani family of Rome, his election as pope was contested by a rival candidate, Celestine II, and force was used to guarantee his election.", "Honorius's pontificate was concerned with ensuring that the privileges the Roman Catholic Church had obtained through the Concordat of Worms were preserved and, if possible, extended.", "He was the first pope to confirm the election of the Holy Roman emperor.", "Distrustful of the traditional Benedictine order, he favoured new monastic orders, such as the Augustinians and the Cistercians, and sought to exercise more control over the larger monastic centres of Monte Cassino and Cluny Abbey.", "He also approved the new military order of the Knights Templar in 1128.", "Honorius II failed to prevent Roger II of Sicily from extending his power in southern Italy and was unable to stop Louis VI of France from interfering in the affairs of the French church.", "Like his predecessors, he managed the wide-ranging affairs of the church through Papal Legates.", "With his death in 1130, the Church was again thrown into confusion with the election of two rival popes, Innocent II and the antipope Anacletus II.", "Early life\n\nLamberto was of simple rural origins, hailing from Fiagnano in the Casalfiumanese commune, near Imola in present-day Italy.", "Entering into an ecclesiastical career, he soon became archdeacon of Bologna, where his abilities eventually saw him attract the attention of Pope Urban II, who presumably appointed him cardinal priest of an unknown church, in c. 1099, though S. Prassede has been discussed.", "His successor, Pope Paschal II, made Lamberto a Canon of the Lateran before elevating him to the position of cardinal bishop of Ostia in 1117.", "Lamberto was one of the cardinals who accompanied Pope Gelasius II into exile in 1118–19 and was at his bedside when Gelasius died.", "With Gelasius's death at Cluny on 28 January 1119, Cardinal Lamberto and Cardinal Cono (Bishop of Palestrina) conducted the election of a new pope according to the canons.", "Cardinal Lamberto carried out the coronation of Guy de Bourgogne at Vienne on 9 February 1119, and became a close advisor of Pope Callixtus II.", "Accompanying Callixtus throughout France, he assisted Callixtus in his initial dealings with Holy Roman Emperor Henry V. As a well-known opponent of the emperor's right to select bishops in his territories (the Investiture Controversy), Lamberto was a natural choice for papal legate.", "He was sent in 1119 to deal with Henry V and delegated with powers to come to an understanding concerning the right of investiture.", "Forceful and determined, he summoned the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire to attend an assembly at Mainz on 8 September 1122.", "He expected absolute obedience, so much so that it took the mediation of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz to prevent the suspension of Saint Otto of Bamberg for non-attendance.", "The struggle came to a conclusion with the Concordat of Worms in 1122 and the \"Pactum Calixtinum\" that was almost entirely due to Lamberto's efforts was effected on 23 September 1123.", "Pontificate\n\nConclave of 1124\nPressures building within the Curia, together with ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility, would erupt after the death of Callixtus II in 1124.", "The pontificates of Urban II and Paschal II saw an expansion in the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics that strengthened the local Roman influence.", "These cardinals were reluctant to meet with the batch of cardinals recently promoted by Callixtus II, who were mainly French or Burgundian.", "As far as the older cardinals were concerned, these newer cardinals were dangerous innovators, and they were determined to resist their increasing influence.", "The northern cardinals, led by Cardinal Aymeric de Bourgogne (the Papal Chancellor), were equally determined to ensure that the elected pope would be one of their candidates.", "Both groups looked towards the great Roman families for support.", "By 1124, there were two great factions dominating local politics in Rome: the Frangipani family, which controlled the region around the fortified Colosseum and supported the northern cardinals, and the Pierleoni family, which controlled the Tiber Island and the fortress of the Theatre of Marcellus and supported the Italian cardinals.", "With Callixtus II's death on 13 December 1124, both families agreed that the election of the next pope should be in three days time, in accordance with the church canons.", "The Frangipani, led by Leo Frangipani, pushed for the delay in order that they could promote their preferred candidate, Lamberto, but the people were eager to see Saxo de Anagni, the Cardinal-Priest of San Stefano in Celiomonte elected as the next pope.", "Leo, eager to ensure a valid election, approached key members of every Cardinal's entourage, promising each one that he would support their master when the voting for the election was underway.", "On 16 December, all the Cardinals, including Lamberto, assembled in the chapel of the monastery of St. Pancratius attached to the south of the Lateran basilica.", "There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinals unanimously elected as Pope the Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, who took the name Celestine II.", "He had only just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party of Frangipani supporters (in a move pre-arranged with Cardinal Aymeric) burst in, attacked the newly enthroned Celestine, who was wounded, and acclaimed Lamberto as Pope.", "Since Celestine had not been formally consecrated pope, the wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept Lamberto, who in the confusion had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II.", "Rome descended into factional infighting, while Cardinal Aymeric and Leo Frangipani attempted to win over the resistance of Urban, the City Prefect, and the Pierleoni family with bribes and extravagant promises.", "Eventually, Celestine's supporters abandoned him, leaving Honorius the only contender for the papal throne.", "Honorius, unwilling to accept the throne in such a manner, resigned his position before all of the assembled Cardinals, but was immediately and unanimously re-elected and consecrated on 21 December 1124.", "Papacy\n\nRelations with the Holy Roman Empire\n\nHonorius immediately came into conflict with Emperor Henry V over imperial claims in Italy.", "In 1116, Henry had crossed the Alps to lay claim to the Italian territories of Matilda of Tuscany, which she had supposedly left to the papacy on her death.", "Henry had immediately begun appointing imperial vicars throughout the newly acquired province over the objections of both the Tuscan cities and the papacy.", "To maintain papal claims to Tuscany, Honorius appointed Albert, a papal marquis, to rule in the pope's name in opposition to the imperial Margrave of Tuscany, Conrad von Scheiern.", "In addition, Henry V made very little effort to implement the terms of the Concordant of Worms, to Honorius II's irritation.", "Local churches were forced to appeal to Rome to obtain restitution from the imperial bishops who had taken advantage of the Investiture Controversy to obtain property for their own benefit, as the Emperor turned a blind eye.", "The death of Emperor Henry V on 23 May 1125 put an end to these squabbles, but soon Honorius was involved in a new power struggle in the Holy Roman Empire.", "Henry died childless and had nominated his nephew Frederick Hohenstaufen, Duke of Swabia, to succeed him as King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor.", "Of the German princes, the ecclesiastical faction was against any expansion of Hohenstaufen power, and they were determined to ensure that Frederick would not succeed Henry.", "Led by Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz, the archchancellor of the empire, and under the watchful gaze of two papal legates, Cardinals Gherardo and Romano, the clerical and lay nobles of the empire elected Lothair of Supplinburg, Duke of Saxony.", "At Lothair's request, Cardinal Gherardo and two bishops then sent word to Rome to obtain Honorius's confirmation of the election, which he granted.", "This was a coup for Honorius, as such a confirmation had never occurred before, and around July 1126 Honorius invited Lothair to Rome to obtain the imperial title.", "Lothair was keen to keep Honorius on his side, keeping to the terms of the Concordat of Worms by not attending episcopal elections, agreeing that the investiture should only occur after the bishop's consecration, and that the oath of homage be replaced with an oath of fidelity.", "Lothair was unable to visit Rome immediately as Germany was rocked by the rebellion of the Hohenstaufen brothers, with Conrad Hohenstaufen elected anti-king in December 1127, followed by his descent into Italy and his crowning as King of Italy at Monza on 29 July 1128.", "The German bishops, again led by Adalbert of Mainz, excommunicated Conrad, an act that was confirmed by Honorius in a synod held in Rome at Easter (22 April 1128).", "Honorius also sent Cardinal John of Crema to Pisa to hold another synod that excommunicated Archbishop Anselm of Milan, who had crowned Conrad king.", "Conrad found little help in Italy and with Honorius's support, Lothair was able to keep his throne.", "One of the key ecclesiastical advisors of Lothair III was Saint Norbert of Xanten, who travelled to Rome in early 1126 to seek the formal sanction from Honorius to establish a new monastic order, the Premonstratensian Order (also known as the Norbertines), which Honorius agreed to do.", "Concerns in Campania\nOne of Honorius's first tasks in southern Italy was to deal with the barons in the Campania who were molesting farmers and travellers at will with their armed bands.", "In 1125, papal force brought to heel the lords of Ceccano.", "Papal armies took possession of various towns, including Maenza, Roccasecca and Trevi nel Lazio.", "In 1128, Honorius's forces successfully captured the town of Segni, which was also held by a local baron who died during its capture.", "Honorius, however, was most concerned about the former papal stronghold at Fumone, which the nobles, who held it in the pope's name, had decided to keep possession of.", "The town fell in July 1125 after a siege of ten weeks.", "When Honorius took possession of Fumone, he returned it, after taking safeguards, to its rebellious custodians and ordered that the Antipope Gregory VIII be transferred there from his previous lodgings at Monte Cassino.", "With that, Honorius turned his attention to the powerful and independent-minded abbot of Monte Cassino, Oderisio di Sangro.", "Honorius had a long-standing dislike of Oderisio going back to the time when Honorius was cardinal-bishop of Ostia.", "Honorius had asked for permission from the abbot to allow him and his entourage permission to stay in the church of Santa Maria in Pallara, which was a traditional privilege belonging to the bishops of Ostia.", "Oderisio refused, and Honorius never forgot the insult.", "These bad feelings were compounded in 1125, when Oderisio refused a request from Pope Honorius for some financial assistance after he had been enthroned.", "Oderisio also mocked Honorius's peasant background behind his back.", "Using reports that the abbot had been lining his own pockets rather than spending it on his monastery, Honorius publicly denounced Oderisio, calling him a soldier and a thief, not a monk.", "When Atenulf, count of Aquino, brought accusations that Oderisio was aiming for the papacy, Honorius summoned Oderisio to Rome to answer the charges.", "Three times Oderisio refused to answer the summons and so during Lent of 1126, Honorius deposed the abbot.", "Oderisio refused to accept the deposition and continued to act as abbot, forcing Honorius to excommunicate him.", "Oderisio fortified the monastery, as the people of the town of Cassino forcibly entered the monastery, and after an armed struggle forced the monks to declare Oderisio deposed and to elect another abbot in his place.", "The monks elected Niccolo, the dean of the monastery.", "Determined to bring the Benedictines to heel, Honorius insisted that the election of Niccolo was uncanonical, and demanded that Seniorectus, the provost of the monastery at Capua, be elected as abbot, to the fury of the Monte Cassino monks.", "In the meantime, open warfare was being waged between the supporters of Oderisio and Niccolo.", "Eventually, however, Honorius was able to secure not only the resignation of Oderisio, but he also excommunicated Niccolo for good measure.", "He reassured the monks of his intentions, and in September 1127, he personally installed Seniorectus as abbot.", "Honorius also insisted that the monks take an oath of fidelity to the papacy, but they strenuously objected.", "Conflict with Roger II of Sicily\n\nMatters to the south of Monte Cassino soon occupied Honorius's attention.", "In July 1127, William II, Duke of Apulia, died childless, and almost immediately his cousin King Roger II of Sicily sailed to the mainland to occupy the duchies of Apulia and Calabria.", "Roger claimed that William had nominated him his heir, while Honorius stated that William had left his territory to the Holy See.", "Honorius had just suffered a defeat at the hands of a local baron at Arpino in 1127 when Honorius received word that Roger had landed in Italy.", "He rushed to Benevento to prevent the local Normans from reaching an agreement with Roger.", "Roger in the meantime had rapidly overrun the duchy of Apulia and had sent Honorius lavish gifts, asking the Pope to recognise him as the new duke and promising to hand over Troia and Montefusco in exchange.", "Honorius, fearing the expansion of Norman power to the south under one dominating ruler, threatened to excommunicate Roger if he persisted.", "In the meantime, many of the local Norman nobles, fearful of Roger's power, allied themselves with Honorius, as Honorius formally excommunicated Roger in November 1127.", "Roger left his armies threatening Benevento, while he returned to Sicily for reinforcements.", "Honorius in the meantime entered into an alliance with the new Prince of Capua, Robert II.", "On 30 December 1127, Honorius preached a crusade against Roger II after having anointed Robert as Prince of Capua.", "Roger returned in May 1128 and continued to harass papal strongholds while avoiding any direct confrontation with Honorius's forces.", "In July 1128, the two armies came in contact with each other on the banks of the Bradano, but Roger refused to engage, believing that the papal armies would soon fall apart, and soon enough some of the Pope's allies began deserting to Roger.", "Trying to salvage something of the situation, Honorius sent his trusted advisor Cardinal Aymeric together with Cencio II Frangipane to negotiate with Roger secretly.", "Honorius agreed to invest Roger with the duchy of Apulia in exchange for an oath of faith and homage by Roger.", "Honorius travelled to Benevento, and after safeguarding the interests of Robert of Capua, he met Roger on the Pons Major, the bridge which crosses the Sabbato river near Benevento, on 22 August 1128.", "There, he formally invested Roger with the duchy of Apulia and both agreed to a peace between the Kingdom of Sicily and the Papal States.", "Unfortunately, Honorius had just returned to Rome when he was informed that the nobles of Benevento had overthrown and killed the rector (or papal governor) of the city and established a Commune.", "Furious, he declared he would wreak a terrible vengeance on the city, whereupon the residents asked Honorius for forgiveness and to send another governor.", "Honorius sent Cardinal Gherardo as the new rector, and in 1129 visited the city again, asking that the city allow the return of those they had banished during the formation of the Commune.", "They refused, and Honorius asked Roger II of Sicily to punish the city in May 1130, but Honorius died before action was taken.", "Intervention in France\nAside from the Benedictines at Monte Cassino, Honorius was also determined to deal with the monks at Cluny Abbey under their ambitious and worldly abbot, Pons of Melgueil.", "He had just returned from the Levant after being forced out by his monks in 1122.", "In 1125, accompanied by an armed following, Pons took possession of Cluny Abbey, melted down the treasures stored in the monastery, and paid his followers, who continued to terrorise the monks and the villages dependent upon the abbey.", "Honorius, on hearing news of the disorders at Cluny, sent a legate to investigate with orders to excommunicate and denounce Pons and order him to present himself before Honorius.", "Pons eventually obeyed the summons, and was deposed by Honorius in 1126 before being imprisoned in the Septizodium, where he soon died.", "Honorius personally reinvested Peter the Venerable as Abbot of Cluny.", "Honorius soon became involved in the quarrel between King Louis VI of France and the French bishops.", "Stephen of Senlis, the Bishop of Paris, had been heavily influenced by the reforming zeal of Bernard of Clairvaux, and actively sought to remove royal influence in the French church.", "Louis confiscated Stephen's wealth and began harassing him so that he would cease his reforming activities.", "At the same time, Louis also had in his sights Henri Sanglier, the Archbishop of Sens, who had also joined the reformers.", "Charging Henri with simony, Louis attempted to remove another threat from within the French church.", "Bernard of Clairvaux wrote to Honorius asking him to intervene on behalf of both men and support church independence over the claims of royal jurisdiction and interference.", "Royal pressure was also brought to bear on Hildebert of Lavardin, whom Honorius had transferred from the see of Le Mans to become the Archbishop of Tours in 1125.", "In 1126, Louis insisted on filling episcopal vacancies in the See of Tours with his own candidates over Hildebert's objections.", "Hildebert also complained to Honorius about the constant appeals to Rome whenever he made a ruling.", "In response to the king's actions, the French bishops laid an interdict on the diocese of Paris, causing Louis to write to Honorius, who suspended the interdict in 1129.", "Although this incurred the wrath of Bernard of Clairvaux, who wrote to Honorius expressing his disgust, Honorius pressured Stephen of Senlis to become reconciled with King Louis in 1130.", "Henri Sanglier, on the other hand, continued in his role of archbishop without further interference from the king.", "By the end of his pontificate, Honorius had ended the conflict between Louis and his bishops.", "In 1127, Honorius confirmed the acts of the Synod of Nantes, presided over by Archbishop Hildebert of Lavardin, which eradicated certain local abuses in Brittany.", "That same year, Honorius helped Conan III, Duke of Brittany, bring one of his rebellious vassals to heel.", "He also intervened on behalf of the monks of the Lérins Islands who were constantly harassed by Arab pirates, encouraging a crusade to help defend the monks.", "Honorius was also called to intervene in the affairs of Normandy, as Fulk of Anjou and King Henry I of England battled for domination.", "Henry objected to the marriage of Fulk's daughter Sibylla of Anjou to William Clito, the son of the duke of Normandy, on the grounds that they were too closely related by blood, being sixth cousins.", "They refused to divorce, and Honorius was forced to excommunicate Fulk and his son-in-law and to impose an interdict upon their territories.", "Relations with England and Spain\nIn England, the ongoing dispute between the Sees of Canterbury and York over primacy continued unabated.", "On 5 April 1125, Honorius wrote to Thurstan, Archbishop of York, advising him that Honorius planned to settle the issue personally.", "He sent a legate, Cardinal John of Crema, to deal with the question of primacy, as well as other jurisdictional issues between Canterbury and Wales, and between York, Scotland and Norway.", "Honorius wrote to the clergy and nobles of England, directing them to treat his legate as if he were Honorius himself.", "In Honorius's name, John of Crema convened the Synod of Roxburgh in 1125.", "In a letter written to King David I of Scotland, the king was asked to send the bishops of Scotland to the Council, which discussed the claims of the Archbishop of York to have jurisdiction over the church in Scotland.", "Upholding the claims of York, Honorius was unsuccessful in forcing the Scottish bishops to obey Archbishop Thurstan.", "Next, John convened the Synod of Westminster in September 1125, which was attended by both the archbishops of Canterbury and York, together with twenty bishops and forty abbots.", "Although the synod issued rulings on the forbidding of simony and of holding multiple sees at the same time, it did not touch on the vexed question of primacy between Canterbury and York.", "Instead, John summoned the two prelates to travel with him to Rome to discuss the matter in person before Honorius.", "They arrived in late 1125 and were greeted warmly by Honorius, and they remained in Rome until early 1126.", "While there, Honorius ruled that the Bishop of St Andrews was to be subject to the Archbishop of York and in the more contentious issue, he attempted to circumvent his way around the problem by declaring that Thurstan was subject to William de Corbeil, not in his role as Archbishop of Canterbury, but as papal legate for England and Scotland.", "To emphasise this, Honorius decreed that the Archbishop of Canterbury could not ask for any oath of obedience from the Archbishop of York, and in the matter of honorary distinction, it was the Archbishop of Canterbury in his role as Legate that was the most elevated ecclesiastic in the kingdom.", "Urban of Llandaff also travelled to Rome on numerous occasions to meet with Honorius throughout 1128 and 1129, to plead his case that his diocese should not be subject to the see of Canterbury.", "Although he obtained numerous privileges for his see and Honorius always spoke encouragingly to him, Honorius avoided having to make a decision that might alienate the powerful archbishops of Canterbury.", "In Spain, Honorius was deeply suspicious of the ambitions of Diego Gelmírez, the Archbishop of Compostela.", "Although Pope Callixtus II had made him Papal Legate of a number of Spanish provinces, Honorius informed Diego that he had been made aware of Diego's ambitions and subtly advised him to keep his ambition in check.", "Still hoping to be promoted to the office of Legate of Spain, Diego sent envoys to Rome, carrying with them 300 gold Almoravid coins, two hundred and twenty for Honorius and another eighty for the Curia.", "Honorius repeated that his hands were tied, as he had just appointed a cardinal for that post.", "Nevertheless, Honorius was not prepared to completely alienate Diego, and when the Archbishop of Braga nominated a successor to the vacant See of Coimbra, Honorius reprimanded the archbishop for usurping the rights of Diego, who should have been the one to nominate a successor.", "Honorius also demanded that the Archbishop of Braga present himself before Honorius on the second Sunday after Easter in 1129 to answer for his actions.", "Honorius also ensured that Diego should play a leading role in the Synod of Carrión (February 1130), having his legate approach Diego and ask for his assistance during the synod.", "Honorius also wished to promote the ongoing struggle against the Moors in Spain, and to that end he bestowed the city of Tarragona, which had been recently captured from the Moors, to Robert d'Aguiló.", "Robert travelled to Rome to receive the gift from Honorius in 1128.", "Establishment of the Templars and affairs in the East\n\nIn 1119, a new religious order had been established by some French noblemen.", "Called the Knights Templar, they were to protect Christian pilgrims entering the Holy Land and to defend the conquests of the Crusades.", "However, by the pontificate of Honorius II, they had not yet received any official sanction from the papacy.", "To rectify this situation, some members of the order appeared before the Council of Troyes in 1129, where the Council expressed its approval of the order and commissioned Bernard of Clairvaux to draw up the order's rules, which now included vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.", "The order and the rules were subsequently approved by Honorius.", "Honorius, as suzerain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem, re-confirmed the election of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem and established him as the royal patron of the Templars.", "Honorius tried to manage as best he could the rivalries of the different princes and high-ranking ecclesiastics that were destabilising the Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem.", "Long-standing arguments over areas of jurisdiction between the Latin Patriarchs of Antioch and Jerusalem were a constant source of irritation to Honorius.", "Honorius supported the claims of William of Malines, the new Archbishop of Tyre who claimed jurisdiction over some of the sees that had traditionally belonged to Bernard of Valence, the Patriarch of Antioch.", "Bernard refused to give up his claims to the sees, and William travelled to Rome and presented his case before Honorius.", "The pope sent a legate back to Palestine with instructions that Bernard was to acquiesce and that the various bishops were to submit to William of Malines within forty days.", "Bernard managed to resist implementing Honorius's instructions, and soon Honorius was too ill to do anything about it.", "Death of Honorius II\nAfter almost a year of suffering a painful illness, Honorius fell seriously ill in early 1130.", "Cardinal Aymeric and the Frangipani family began planning their next moves, and Honorius was taken to the San Gregorio Magno al Celio monastery, which was located in the territory controlled by the Frangipani.", "Supporters of the Pierleoni family, already preparing to back Pietro Pierleoni on a rumor that Honorius had died, stormed the monastery of the dying Honorius, hoping to force the election of Pietro.", "Only the sight of the still living Honorius in full pontifical robes forced them to disperse.", "Nevertheless, Cardinal Aymeric's plans had not yet reached fruition when Honorius died on the evening of 13 February 1130.", "The cardinals supporting the Frangipani immediately closed the monastery gates and refused to allow anyone inside.", "The next day, and contrary to the usual customs, Honorius was quickly buried without any pomp or ceremony in the monastery, as the hand-picked cardinals got around to electing Gregorio Papareschi, who took the name Pope Innocent II.", "At the same time, the excluded cardinals, most of whom were supporters of the Pierleoni family, elected Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name Anacletus II, throwing the church once again into schism.", "Honorius eventually transferred from the monastery to the Lateran for reburial once Innocent II had been elected.", "He was buried in the south transept next to the body of Callixtus II.", "Legacy\nThe way in which Honorius was elected meant that he became a creature, not only of Cardinal Aymeric, but also of the Frangipani family.", "Aymeric expanded his powerbase further, with Honorius elevating mostly non-Roman candidates to the college of cardinals, while papal legates were now chosen solely within the papal circle.", "Honorius favoured the newer monastic orders, such as the Augustinians, a departure from the policies of the older Gregorian popes who favoured traditional orders such as the Benedictines.", "At the same time, he found himself drawn into the continued chaos of local Roman politics, as the Frangipani enjoyed their influence at the papal court, while the Pierleoni family continually fought against them and against Honorius.", "Their ceaseless infighting, repressed during the pontificate of Calixtus II, broke out again, and Honorius found he did not have the resources to suppress the Pierleoni, nor the authority to rein in the Frangipani.", "Honorius was required to engage in a number of petty wars in Rome, which wasted his time and were in the long haul unsuccessful in restoring order in the streets.", "The continued chaos would be instrumental in the events that saw the resurrection of Republican sentiment in the city and the eventual establishment of the Commune of Rome in the following decade.", "See also\n\nList of popes\nCardinals created by Honorius II\n\nSources\n Bergamo, Mario da (1968) OFM Cist.", "[Luigi Pellegrini], \"La duplice elezione papale del 1130: I precedenti immediati e i protagonisti,\" Contributi dell' Istituto di Storia Medioevale, Raccolta di studi in memoria di Giovanni Soranzo II (Milan), 265–302.", "Catholic Encyclopedia: Honorius II\n \n Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1896) History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV.", "2 second edition, revised (London: George Bell).", "Hüls, Rudolf (1977) Kardinäle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130 (Tübingen) [Bibliothek des Deutschen Historischen Instituts in Rom, Band 48].", "Levillain, Philippe (2002) The Papacy: An Encyclopedia, Vol II: Gaius-Proxies, Routledge\n \n Pandulphus Pisanus (1723) \"Vita Calisti Papae II,\" \"Vita Honorii II,\" Ludovico Antonio Muratori (editor), Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III.", "1 (Milan), pp.", "418–419; 421–422.", "Stroll, Mary (1987) The Jewish Pope (New York: Brill 1987).", "Stroll, Mary (2005) Calixtus II (New York: Brill 2005).", "Thomas, P. C. (2007) A Compact History of the Popes, St Pauls BYB\n\nReferences\n\n1060 births\n1130 deaths\nPeople from the Province of Bologna\nPopes\nItalian popes\nCardinal-bishops of Ostia\n12th-century Italian Roman Catholic bishops\n12th-century popes\nCardinals created by Pope Urban II" ]

[ "Pope Honorius II was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 21 December 1124) to his death in 1130", "He was promoted up through the hierarchy because of his intelligence and abilities.", "His election as pope wascontested by a rival candidate and force was used to guarantee his election.", "The pontificate of Honorius wanted to make sure that the privileges the Roman Catholic Church had obtained through the Concordat of Worms were preserved.", "The pope confirmed the election of the Holy Roman emperor.", "The Augustinians and the Cistercians were preferred by him because of his distrust of the traditional Benedictine order.", "The new military order of the Knights Templar was approved by him.", "Honorius II was unable to stop Louis VI of France from interfering in the affairs of the French church because he was unable to prevent Roger II of Sicily from extending his power in southern Italy.", "Papal Legates was used to manage the affairs of the church.", "The election of two popes, Innocent II and Anacletus II, threw the Church into confusion.", "In present-day Italy, there is a small village called Fiagnano, which is located near Imola.", "He became archdeacon of Bologna, where his abilities eventually saw him attract the attention of Pope Urban II, who appointed him cardinal priest of an unknown church.", "His successor, Pope Paschal II, made him a Canon of the Lateran before elevating him to the position of cardinal bishop.", "When Pope Gelasius II died, one of the cardinals was at his bedside.", "The election of a new pope was conducted according to the canons after the death of Gelasius.", "Guy de Bourgogne was crowned at Vienne on February 9, 1119, and became an advisor to Pope Callixtus II.", "He assisted Callixtus in his dealings with the Holy Roman Emperor Henry V.", "He was sent in 1119 to deal with Henry V and was given powers to understand the right of investiture.", "He summoned the bishops of the Holy Roman Empire to attend an assembly in Mainz.", "It took the mediation of Archbishop Adalbert of Mainz to prevent the suspension of Saint Otto of Bamberg because he was expected to be obedient.", "The struggle came to an end with the Concordat of Worms in 1122 and the \"Pactum Calixtinum\" in 1123.", "After the death of Callixtus II, there would be pressures building within the Curia and ongoing conflicts among the Roman nobility.", "The local Roman influence was strengthened by the expansion of the College of Cardinals of Italian clerics.", "The cardinals who were promoted by Callixtus II were mostly French or Burgundian.", "The older cardinals were concerned that the newer ones were dangerous and were determined to resist their influence.", "The Papal Chancellor, Cardinal Aymeric de Bourgogne, was determined to ensure that the pope would be one of their candidates.", "Both groups looked at the great Roman families.", "The Frangipani family and the Pierleoni family ruled Rome in the 11th century and supported the northern cardinals.", "The election of the next pope should take place in three days, according to the canons of the church.", "The people were eager to see the election of the next pope, but the Frangipani wanted the delay so they could promote their preferred candidate.", "In order to ensure a valid election, Leo approached key members of the Cardinal's inner circle, promising them that he would support their master when the voting began.", "The chapel of the monastery of St. Pancratius is attached to the south of the Lateran basilica.", "There, at the suggestion of Jonathas, the Cardinal-Deacon of Santi Cosma e Damiano, who was a partisan of the Pierleoni family, the Cardinal-Priest of Sant'Anastasia, Theobaldo Boccapecci, was unanimously elected as Pope", "He had just put on the red mantle and the Te Deum was being sung when an armed party of Frangipani supporters burst in and attacked the newly enthroned Celestine, who was wounded.", "The wounded candidate declared himself willing to resign, but the Pierleoni family and their supporters refused to accept him because he had been proclaimed Pope under the name Honorius II.", "Rome descended into factional infighting as Cardinal Aymeric and Leo Frangipani tried to win over the resistance of Urban, the City Prefect, and the Pierleoni family with bribes and extravagant promises.", "Honorius was the only contender for the papal throne after Celestine's supporters abandoned him.", "Honorius, who was unwilling to accept the throne in such a way, resigned his position and was re-elected and consecrated on December 21st.", "The Papacy Relations with the Holy Roman Empire Honorius were in conflict with the Emperor Henry V.", "In 1116, Henry crossed the Alps to lay claim to the Italian territories of Tuscany, which she had supposedly left to the papacy on her death.", "Over the objections of both the Tuscany cities and the papacy, Henry appointed imperial vicars throughout the newly acquired province.", "Albert, a papal marquis, was appointed to rule in the pope's name in opposition to the Margrave of Tuscany.", "Henry V did not bother to implement the terms of the Concordant of Worms to Honorius II.", "The emperor turned a blind eye to the fact that the imperial bishops had taken advantage of the Investiture Controversy to obtain property for their own benefit.", "Honorius was involved in a power struggle in the Holy Roman Empire after the death of Emperor Henry V.", "Frederick Hohenstaufen was nominated by Henry to succeed him as King of the Romans and Holy Roman Emperor.", "The German princes were against any expansion of Hohenstaufen power, and they were determined to prevent Frederick from succeeding Henry.", "Under the watch of two papal legates, the clerical and lay nobles of the empire elected Lothair of Supplinburg, Duke of Saxony.", "Cardinal Gherardo sent word to Rome to get Honorius's confirmation of the election after Lothair requested it.", "This was a coup for Honorius and he invited Lothair to Rome to get the imperial title.", "In order to keep Honorius on his side, Lothair agreed that the investiture should only occur after the bishop's homage, and that the oath of consecration be replaced with an oath of fidelity.", "Conrad Hohenstaufen was elected anti-king of Germany in December 1127, followed by his descent into Italy and his crowning as King of Italy at Monza in July 1128.", "The German bishops, again led by Adalbert of Mainz, excommunicated Conrad, an act that was confirmed by Honorius in a synod held in Rome at Easter.", "Cardinal John of Crema was sent to Pisa by Honorius to hold another synod that excommunicated the archbishop of Milan who had crowned Conrad king.", "With Honorius's help, Lothair was able to keep his throne.", "The Premonstratensian Order, also known as the Norbertines, was established in 1126 by Saint Norbert of Xanten, one of the key ecclesiastical advisors of Lothair III.", "Honorius had to deal with the barons in Campania who were molesting farmers and travellers at will with their armed bands.", "The lords of Ceccano were brought to justice in 1125.", "Maenza, Roccasecca and Trevi nel Lazio were taken over by the Papal armies.", "The town of Segni was captured by Honorius's forces in 1128 and was held by a local baron who died during the capture.", "Honorius was worried about the former papal stronghold at Fumone, which the nobles who held it in the pope's name decided to keep.", "The town fell after being besieged for ten weeks.", "After taking possession of Fumone, Honorius returned it to its rightful owners and ordered that the Antipope Gregory VIII be moved to another location.", "Honorius turned his attention to the powerful and independent minded Abbot of Monte Cassino, Oderisio di Sangro.", "Honorius had a dislike for Oderisio going back to when he was a bishop.", "Honorius asked for permission from the abbot to stay in the church of Santa Maria in Pallara, which was a traditional privilege for the bishop of Ostia.", "Honorius never forgot the insult, and Oderisio refused.", "In 1125, Oderisio refused a request from Pope Honorius for financial assistance after he had been enthroned.", "Honorius's peasant background was mocked by Oderisio.", "Honorius denounced Oderisio as a soldier and a thief, using reports that the abbot had been lining his own pockets rather than spending it on his monastery.", "Honorius summoned Oderisio to Rome to answer the accusations that he was aiming for the papacy.", "Honorius deposed the abbot after three times Oderisio refused to answer the summons.", "Honorius excommunicated Oderisio after he refused to accept the deposition.", "After an armed struggle forced the monks to declare Oderisio deposed and to elected another abbot in his place, the monastery was fortified.", "Niccolo was elected the dean by the monks.", "Honorius wanted Seniorectus, the provost of the monastery at Capua, to be elected as abbot in order to bring the Benedictines to heel.", "The supporters of Oderisio and Niccolo were fighting each other.", "Honorius was able to get the resignation of Oderisio and he also excommunicated Niccolo.", "Seniorectus was installed as abbot after he reassured the monks of his intentions.", "The monks objected when Honorius insisted that they take an oath of fidelity to the papacy.", "Honorius was interested in the conflict with Roger II of Sicily Matters.", "William II, Duke of Apulia, died childless and his cousin King Roger II of Sicily sailed to occupy the duchies of Apulia and Calabria.", "Honorius stated that William had left his territory to the Holy See, while Roger claimed that William had nominated him.", "When Honorius received word that Roger had landed in Italy, he had just suffered a defeat at the hands of a local baron.", "He rushed to Benevento to stop the local Normans from agreeing with Roger.", "Roger had invaded the duchy of Apulia and sent Honorius gifts in order to get the Pope to recognize him as the new duke.", "If Roger persisted, Honorius threatened to excommunicate him.", "The Norman nobles allied themselves with Honorius as he excommunicated Roger in November 1127.", "Roger returned to Sicily for reinforcements after leaving his armies threatening Benevento.", "The Prince of Capua, Robert II, entered into an alliance with Honorius.", "Honorius preached a crusade against Roger II after he anointed Robert as Prince of Capua.", "Roger harassed papal strongholds while avoiding confrontation with Honorius's forces.", "The armies came in contact with each other on the banks of the Bradano, but Roger refused to engage, believing that the papal armies would fall apart, and soon enough some of the Pope's allies began deserting to Roger.", "Cardinal Aymeric was sent by Honorius to negotiate with Roger secretly.", "Honorius agreed to invest Roger with the duchy of Apulia in exchange for an oath of faith and homage by Roger.", "Honorius traveled to Benevento and met Roger on the Pons Major, the bridge which crosses the Sabbato river near Benevento.", "He invested Roger with the duchy of Apulia and they agreed to a peace between Sicily and the Papal States.", "When Honorius returned to Rome, he was told that the nobles of Benevento had overthrown and killed the papal governor of the city.", "The residents asked Honorius for forgiveness and to send another governor after he declared he would wreak a terrible vengeance on the city.", "In 1129, Honorius sent Cardinal Gherardo as the new rector and asked the city to allow the return of those who had been exiled.", "Honorius died before action was taken after he asked Roger II of Sicily to punish the city.", "Honorius was determined to deal with the monks at Cluny Abbey under their ambitious and worldly abbot, Pons of Melgueil.", "He had just returned from the Levant after being forced out by his monks.", "In 1125, Pons took possession of Cluny Abbey, melted down the treasures stored in the monastery, and paid his followers, who continued to terrorise the monks and the villages dependent upon the abbey.", "Honorius sent a legate to investigate with orders to excommunicate Pons and order him to present himself before him.", "Pons was deposed by Honorius in 1126 and died in the Septizodium.", "Peter the Venerable was reinvested by Honorius.", "King Louis VI of France and the French bishops had a fight.", "Stephen of Senlis, the Bishop of Paris, wanted to remove royal influence in the French church and was influenced by the zeal of Bernard of Clairvaux.", "Stephen's wealth was taken by Louis and he began harassing him to stop his activities.", "Louis was also interested in Henri Sanglier, the Archbishop of Sens, who had joined the reformers.", "Louis tried to remove another threat from the French church.", "Honorius was asked to intervene on behalf of both men and support church independence over the claims of royal jurisdiction.", "Hildebert of Lavardin became the Archbishop of Tours in 1125 as a result of royal pressure.", "Hildebert objected to Louis filling the vacancies in the See of Tours with his own candidates.", "Hildebert complained to Honorius about the constant appeals to Rome.", "Honorius suspended the interdict after Louis wrote to him about the king's actions.", "Honorius pressured Stephen of Senlis to reconcile with King Louis in 1130 despite Bernard of Clairvaux writing to Honorius expressing his disgust.", "Henri Sanglier continued in his role as archbishop without being interfered with by the king.", "The conflict between Louis and his bishops was ended by Honorius at the end of his pontificate.", "The acts of the Synod of Nantes were confirmed by Honorius in 1127.", "Honorius helped bring one of the Duke of Brittany's enemies to justice.", "He encouraged a crusade to help the monks of the Lérins Islands who were harassed by Arab pirates.", "King Henry I of England and Fulk of Anjou battled for control of Normandy as Honorius was called to intervene.", "Henry objected to the marriage of Fulk's daughter Sibylla of Anjou to William Clito, the son of the duke of Normandy, on the grounds that they were too closely related by blood.", "Honorius excommunicated Fulk and his son-in-law after they refused to divorce.", "In England, there is a dispute between the Sees of Canterbury and York over primacy.", "On 5 April 1125, Honorius wrote to the Archbishop of York, telling him that he was going to settle the issue personally.", "He sent a legate, Cardinal John of Crema, to deal with the question of primacy, as well as other jurisdictional issues between York, Scotland and Norway.", "Honorius directed the clergy and nobles of England to treat his legate as if he were himself.", "The Synod of Roxburgh was convened in Honorius's name.", "In a letter written to King David I of Scotland, he was asked to send the bishops of Scotland to the Council, which discussed the claims of the Archbishop of York to have jurisdiction over the church in Scotland.", "Honorius was unsuccessful in getting the Scottish bishops to obey the archbishop.", "In September 1125, John convened the Synod of Westminster, which was attended by both the archbishops of Canterbury and York, as well as twenty bishops and forty abbots.", "The question of primacy between Canterbury and York did not come up in the ruling on the forbidding of simony and holding multiple sees at the same time.", "John summoned the two prelates to Rome to discuss the matter with Honorius.", "They were welcomed warmly by Honorius when they arrived in Rome in late 1125.", "Honorius tried to circumvent his way around the problem by declaring that Thurstan was subject to William de Corbeil, not the Archbishop of Canterbury.", "The most elevated ecclesiastic in the kingdom was the role of the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Honorius made it clear that he could not ask for an oath of obedience from the Archbishop of York.", "In 1128 and 1129, Urban of Llandaff traveled to Rome many times to meet with Honorius in order to convince him that his diocese should not be subject to the view of Canterbury.", "Honorius didn't have to make a decision that would hurt the powerful archbishops of Canterbury because he had so many privileges for his see.", "Honorius was suspicious of the ambitions of Diego Gelmrez.", "Honorius advised Diego to keep his ambition in check, even though he had been made Papal Legate of a number of Spanish provinces by Pope Callixtus II.", "Diego sent envoys to Rome, carrying with them 300 gold Almoravid coins, two hundred and twenty for Honorius and another eighty for the Curia, still hoping to be promoted to the office of Legate of Spain.", "Honorius said that his hands were tied because he had just appointed a cardinal for that post.", "Honorius reprimanded the archbishop for taking Diego's rights when he nominated a successor to the See of Coimbra.", "On the second Sunday after Easter in 1129, Honorius demanded that the archbishop present himself before him to answer for his actions.", "Diego should play a leading role in the Synod of Carrin, Honorius ensured, having his legate approach Diego and ask for his assistance during the synod.", "The city of Tarragona was given to Robert d'Aguil because Honorius wanted to promote the ongoing struggle against the Moors in Spain.", "Honorius gave Robert a gift in 1128.", "In 1119, a new religious order was established by some French noblemen.", "They were to protect Christian pilgrims entering the Holy Land and defend the conquests of the Crusades.", "They had not received any official sanction from the papacy by the pontificate of Honorius II.", "Some members of the order appeared before the Council of Troyes in 1129, where the Council expressed its approval of the order and commissioned Bernard of Clairvaux to draw up the order's rules, which included vows of poverty, chastity and obedience.", "Honorius approved the order and rules.", "The election of King Baldwin II of Jerusalem was re-confirmed by Honorius as suzerain of the Kingdom of Jerusalem.", "The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was being destabilised by the rivalries of princes and high-ranking ecclesiastics.", "Long-standing arguments over areas of jurisdiction between the Latin Patriarchs of Jerusalem and Antioch were a constant source of irritation to Honorius.", "The claims of William of Malines, the new Archbishop of Tyre, who claimed jurisdiction over some of the sees that had traditionally belonged to Bernard of Valence, were supported by Honorius.", "William traveled to Rome to present his case before Honorius, after Bernard refused to give up his claims.", "The pope sent a legate back to Palestine with instructions that Bernard was to acquiesce and that the various bishops were to submit to William of Malines within forty days.", "Honorius was too sick to do anything about Bernard resisting implementing his instructions.", "Honorius was seriously ill in early 1130 after almost a year of suffering a painful illness.", "Honorius was taken to the San Gregorio Magno al Celio monastery, which was located in the territory controlled by the Frangipani.", "The supporters of the Pierleoni family went to the monastery of the dying Honorius in order to force the election of Pietro.", "The sight of Honorius in full pontifical robes forced them to leave.", "When Honorius died on the evening of 13 February 1130, the plans of Cardinal Aymeric had not yet come to fruition.", "The Frangipani's cardinals closed the monastery gates and refused to allow anyone in.", "The next day, Honorius was buried without any ceremony in the monastery, as the hand-picked cardinals elected Pope Innocent II.", "Pietro Pierleoni, who took the name Anacletus II, was elected by the excluded cardinals, who were supporters of the Pierleoni family.", "After Innocent II was elected, Honorius moved from the monastery to the Lateran.", "He was buried next to Callixtus II.", "Honorius became a creature, not only of Cardinal Aymeric, but also of the Frangipani family, because of the way in which he was elected.", "Aymeric expanded his power base, with Honorius elevating mostly non-Roman candidates to the college of cardinals.", "The Augustinians and other newer monastic orders were favored by Honorius, a departure from the policies of the older Gregorian popes.", "He was drawn into the continued chaos of local Roman politics, as the Frangipani enjoyed their influence at the papal court, while the Pierleoni family fought against them and against Honorius.", "During the pontificate of Calixtus II, their ceaseless infighting broke out again, and Honorius didn't have the resources to suppress the Pierleoni or rein in the Frangipani.", "Honorius had to engage in a number of wars in Rome, which wasted his time and were unsuccessful in restoring order in the streets.", "The establishment of the Commune of Rome in the following decade was aided by the continued chaos.", "Honorius II Sources created a list of popes.", "Istituto di Storia Medioevale, Raccolta di studi in memoria di Giovanni Soranzo II.", "The History of Rome in the Middle Ages, Volume IV is part of the Catholic Encyclopedia.", "The second edition was revised.", "Hls was the author of Kardinle, Klerus und Kirchen Roms: 1049–1130.", "The Papacy: An Encyclopedia, Vol II: Gaius-Proxies, was written by Philippe Levillain.", "There is a pp. 1 in Milan.", "423–423; 421–422", "The Jewish Pope was written by Stroll, Mary.", "Mary Stroll wrote Calixtus II.", "A Compact History of the Popes, St Paul's BYB references 1060 births and 1130 deaths." ]

[ "Pope Honorius II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Roger II", "Innocent II", "Urban II", "Urban II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Gregory VIII", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Roger II", "William II", "Roger II", "Pope", "Pope", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Conan III", "II", "Honorius", "Baldwin II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "II" ]

[ "Honorius", "Honorius", "Roger II", "Innocent II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Roger II", "Pope", "Robert II", "Pope", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Baldwin II", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius", "Honorius" ]

[ "Wing Commander Frank Arthur Brock (29 June 1884 – 23 April 1918) was a British officer commissioned into the Royal Artillery, the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, the Royal Naval Air Service (RNAS) and finally, when the RNAS merged with the RFC, the Royal Air Force.", "He invented the explosive bullet that destroyed the German Zeppelins and he devised and executed the smoke screen used during the Zeebrugge Raid on 23 April 1918, in the British Royal Navy's attempt to neutralize the key Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge during the First World War.", "Background\nBrock was born in South Norwood, Surrey, the son of Arthur Brock of Haredon, Sutton, Surrey, of the famous C.T.", "Brock & Co. fireworks manufacturers.", "He was educated at Dulwich College where he blew up a stove in his form room.", "Brock joined the family business in 1901 (later becoming a director) where he remained until the outbreak of the First World War.", "He originally joined the Royal Artillery, being commissioned as a temporary lieutenant on 10 October 1914, but within a month was loaned to the Navy, to which he transferred, becoming a temporary sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on 27 October 1914.", "He was promoted to lieutenant on 31 December 1914, becoming a flight lieutenant of the Royal Naval Air Service on 1 January 1915.", "Brock was a member of the Admiralty Board of Invention and Research and founded, organized and commanded the Royal Navy Experimental Station at Stratford.", "Among his many developments were:\n The Dover Flare – used in anti-submarine warfare.", "The Brock Colour Filter\n The Brock Bullet (or Brock Incendiary Bullet or Brock Anti-Zeppelin Bullet) – the first German airship to be shot down was destroyed by this bullet.", "Most British fighter aircraft machine guns used a mixture of Brock bullets, Pomeroy bullets, and Buckingham bullets when attacking zeppelins.", "Working with A. M. Low and the RFC's Experimental Works in Feltham on wireless triggered bombs for the Zeebrugge Raid and the guided rocket.", "By the time the Royal Naval Air Service merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918, Brock had risen to the rank of wing commander, and in January 1918 had been made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 1918 New Year Honours.", "Zeebrugge Raid\nOn the night of 22–23 April 1918, the Zeebrugge Raid began when an armada of British sailors and marines led by the old cruiser, , attacked the Mole at Zeebrugge, Belgium, in order to negate the serious threat to Allied shipping, that was being posed by the port being used by the Imperial German Navy as a base for their U-boats and light shipping.", "Brock brought on board with him a box marked 'Highly Explosive, Do Not Open' which actually contained bottles of vintage port which were drunk by his men.", "For the attack, Brock was in charge of the massive smoke screens that were to cover the approach of the raiding party:\n\n\"Brock's new and improved smokescreen, or \"artificial fog\" as he preferred to call it, was ingenious.", "Essentially, a chemical mixture was injected directly under pressure into the hot exhausts of the motor torpedo boats and other small craft or the hot interior surface of the funnels of destroyers.", "The larger ships each had welded iron contraptions, in the region of ten feet in height, hastily assembled at Chatham.", "These were fed with solid cakes of phosphide of calcium.", "Dropped into a bucket-like container full of water, the resulting smoke and flames roared up a chimney and were dispersed by a windmill arrangement.", "It was more toxic than its predecessor.", "Taking in a lungful was an extremely unpleasant experience.\"", "At Zeebrugge, Brock, anxious to discover the secret of the German system of sound-ranging, begged permission to go ashore, not content to watch the action from an observation ship.", "He joined a storming party on the Mole and was killed in action.", "There is an account of German sailor Hermann Künne being involved in a fight with an English officer.", "Künne attacked a British officer armed with a revolver and a cutlass.", "Künne was similarly armed with a cutlass.", "He slashed his opponent across the neck and grabbed the revolver.", "The British officer, desperately wounded, stabbed Künne as he fell.", "Given that the Victoria Cross citation for Lieutenant Commander Harrison makes no mention of a sword fight, there are those who believe that Brock was the British officer killed by Künne.", "Brock received a mention in despatches from Vice-Admiral Sir Roger Keyes, for his distinguished services on the night of 22–23 April 1918, He is commemorated on the Zeebrugge Memorial, which stands in Zeebrugge Churchyard.", "The Zeebrugge Memorial commemorates Brock, one mechanic from Brock's group, and two other officers of the Royal Navy who died on the mole at Zeebrugge and have no known grave.", "His wife erected a memorial at Brookwood Cemetery, which commemorates him and her sisters two deceased husbands, all three of whom had served in the Royal Navy as officers.", "Henry Major Tomlinson wrote of Wing Commander Brock: \"A first-rate pilot and excellent shot, Commander Brock was a typical English sportsman; and his subsequent death during the operations, for whose success he had been so largely responsible, was a loss of the gravest description to both the Navy and the empire.\"", "Frank Brock in literature\nGunpowder & Glory is the first biography of Frank Brock.", "Co-authored by his grandson Harry Smee and the established writer Henry Macrory, the book was published in 2020 by Casemate UK Ltd and explains the centuries of the Brock family, which began its firework enterprise in the 17th century and from which Frank Brock emerged in 1884.", "Other books in which Brock appears include:\n Memories by Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher, Hodder & Stoughton – London.", "1919\nPyrotechnics - The History and Art of Firework Making by Alan St. Hill Brock A.R.I.B.A Daniel O’Connor – London.", "1922\nThe Blocking of Zeebrugge by Captain Alfred F.B.", "Carpenter V.C., RN, Herbert Jenkins Limited – London.", "1922\nThe Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes – Scapa Flow to the Dover Straits 1916 – 1918 Thornton Butterworth Ltd – London.", "1935\n A History of Fireworks by Alan St. H. Brock A.R.I.B.A.", "George G. Harrap & Co. Ltd – London.", "1949\nZeebrugge – Eleven VCs before breakfast by Barrie Pitt, Cassell Military Paperbacks – London.", "1958\n The Zeebrugge Raid by Philip Warner, William Kimber and Co. Limited – London.", "1978\n Battleground Series - Zeebrugge & Ostend Raids 1918 by Stephen McGreal, Pen & Sword Books Ltd. – Barnsley.", "2007\n The Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids 1918 by Deborah Lake, Pen & Sword Books Ltd. – Barnsley.", "2002\n The Zeebrugge Raid 1918 – 'The Finest Feat of Arms''' by Paul Kendal, Spellmount – The History Press – Gloucestershire.", "2008\n The Flatpack Bombers – The Royal Navy and the Zeppelin Menace by Ian Gardiner, Pen & Sword Books Ltd. – Barnsley.", "2009No Pyrrhic Victories – The 1918 Raids on Zeebrugge and Ostend – A Radical Reappraisal by E.C.", "Coleman, Spellmount – The History Press, Gloucestershire.", "2014Zeebrugge .", "1918 – The Greatest Raid of All'' by Christopher Sandford, Casemate Publishers – Oxford & Philadelphia.", "2018\n\nReferences\n\n1884 births\n1918 deaths\nRoyal Artillery officers\nRoyal Navy officers\nRoyal Air Force officers\nPeople educated at Dulwich College\nBritish military personnel killed in World War I\nBritish Army personnel of World War I\nRoyal Air Force personnel of World War I\nRoyal Navy officers of World War I\nMilitary personnel from Surrey" ]

[ "When the Royal Naval Air Service merged with the Royal Air Force, Wing Commander Frank Arthur Brock was a British officer who had been commissioned into the Royal Artillery, the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve, the Royal Naval Air Service and the Royal Air Force.", "The British Royal Navy's attempt to destroy the key Belgian port of Bruges-Zeebrugge during the First World War was aided by the invention of the bomb that destroyed the German Zeppelins.", "Brock was the son of Arthur Brock of Haredon and the famous C.T.", "Brock & Co. makes fireworks.", "He blew up a stove in his college room.", "Brock was a director of the family business until the outbreak of the First World War.", "He became a sub-lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve on October 27th, 1914, after transferring from the Navy, where he had been a temporary lieutenant.", "He became a flight lieutenant of the Royal Naval Air Service on January 1, 1915.", "Brock was a member of the Admiralty Board of Invention and Research and founded the Royal Navy Experimental Station at Stratford.", "The Dover Flare is used in anti-submarine warfare.", "The first German airship to be shot down was destroyed by the Brock Bullet.", "When attacking zeppelins, most British fighter aircraft machine guns used a mixture of Brock bullets, Pomeroy bullets, and Buckingham bullets.", "Working with A. M. Low and the RFC's Experimental Works in Feltham on wireless triggered bombs for the Zeebrugge Raid and the guided rocket.", "By the time the Royal Naval Air Service merged with the Royal Flying Corps to form the Royal Air Force on 1 April 1918, Brock had risen to the rank of wing commander.", "On the night of 22–23 April 1918, an armada of British sailors and marines led by the old cruiser attacked the Mole at Zeebrugge, Belgium, in order to negate the serious threat to Allied shipping.", "Brock brought on board a box marked 'Highly Explosive, Do Not Open' which contained bottles of vintage port which were drunk by his men.", "\"Brock's new and improved smokescreen, or \"artificial fog\" as he preferred to call it, was ingenious, as he was in charge of the massive smoke screens that were to cover the approach of the raiding party.\"", "The chemical mixture was injected directly into the hot exhausts of the torpedo boats and other small craft or the hot interior surface of the destroyers.", "Each of the larger ships had welded iron contraptions hastily assembled at Chatham.", "Solid cakes of phosphide of calcium were fed to these.", "The smoke and flames roared up a chimney after being dispersed by a windmill arrangement after being dropped into a bucket-like container full of water.", "It was more toxic than its predecessor.", "It was an unpleasant experience to take in a lungful.", "Brock, who was anxious to discover the German system of sound-ranging 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He was killed in action when he joined a storming party.", "There is an account of a fight between an English officer and a German sailor.", "Knne attacked the British officer with a weapon.", "Knne had the same weapon.", "He grabbed the gun and slashed his opponent.", "The British officer stabbed Knne as he fell.", "There are people who believe that Brock was killed by Knne because the Victoria Cross citation for Lieutenant Commander Harrison doesn't mention a sword fight.", "Brock was mentioned in despatches from Vice-Admiral Sir Roger Keyes for his distinguished services on the night of 22–23 April 1918.", "Brock, one mechanic from Brock's group, and two other officers of the Royal Navy who died on the mole at Zeebrugge have no known graves.", "His wife put up a memorial for him and her sisters two husbands who had served in the Royal Navy as officers.", "Wing Commander Brock was a first-rate pilot and excellent shot, and his subsequent death during the operations, for whose success he had been so largely responsible, was a loss of the gravest description to both the Navy and the Navy.", "Gunpowder & Glory is the first biography of Frank Brock.", "The book, co-authored by his grandson Harry Smee and the established writer Henry Macrory, was published in 2020 and explains the history of the Brock family, which began its firework enterprise in the 17th century and from which Frank Brock emerged in 1884.", "Brock has appeared in a number of books, including Memories by the Admiral of the Fleet Lord Fisher.", "The History and Art of Firework Making was written by Alan St. Hill.", "The blocking of Zeebrugge was done by Captain Alfred F.B.", "A person named Carpenter V.C., RN is located in London.", "The Naval Memoirs of Admiral of the Fleet Sir Roger Keyes was published in 1922.", "A History of Fireworks was written in 1935.", "George G. Harrap is based in London.", "Barrie Pitt wrote a book about 11 VCs before breakfast.", "The Zeebrugge Raid was written by Philip Warner.", "The Battleground Series was written by Stephen McGreal.", "The Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids 1918 is a book by Deborah Lake.", "Paul Kendal wrote 'The Finest Feat of Arms' in 2002.", "Ian Gardiner wrote The Flatpack Bombers: The Royal Navy and the Zeppelin Menace.", "E.C. wrote \"No Pyrrhic Victories\" about the 1918 Raids on Zeebrugge and Ostend.", "The History Press is in Gloucestershire.", "There is a new year.", "The greatest raid of all time was written by Christopher Sandford.", "The names of military personnel killed in World War I include Royal Air Force personnel of World War I and Royal Navy officers of World War I." ]

[ "Frank Arthur Brock", "Background Brock", "Arthur Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Frank Brock", "Frank Brock", "Brock", "Frank Brock", "Brock" ]

[ "Frank Arthur Brock", "Brock", "Arthur Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Brock", "Frank Brock", "Brock", "Frank Brock", "Brock" ]

[ "Robert Taylor McCowan (July 28, 1928-Nov. 12, 2003), was an American businessman, President of Ashland Petroleum (1974), Executive Vice Chairman of Ashland, Inc.(1980), Board of Trustees Member of the University of Kentucky from 1981 to 1988, and subsequent Chairman of the Board from 1984 to 1989.", "Early life and education\nMcCowan was born in Carlisle, Kentucky, on July 28, 1928.", "He was the son of William Ray McCowan, Sr. and Susan Margaret Taylor, both Kentucky natives.", "He spent most of his early life in Lexington, Kentucky, where he attended Maxwell Elementary and Morton Junior High schools and graduated from Henry Clay High School in 1946.", "He grew up on Rose Street in Lexington just across from University of Kentucky’s old Stoll Field/McLean Stadium and spent much of his youth on UK's campus.", "His childhood consisted of sneaking into UK's old Alumni Gymnasium to watch the Kentucky Wildcats practice under Coach Adolph Rupp.", "Those experiences sparked a passion for UK athletics that would span his whole life.", "McCowan attended the University of Kentucky between 1946 and 1951, and earned his Bachelor of Business Administration from the UK College of Commerce, now the Gatton College of Business and Economics.", "As a UK student, he was president of the Student Union Board and was awarded membership in Omicron Delta Kappa - a leadership honorary, Beta Gamma Sigma - a commerce scholastic honorary, and Lamp and Cross - honorary given to seniors displaying outstanding leadership.", "As an alumnus, he was elected to a seat at the Directors Table of Beta Gamma Sigma.", "After graduating from the University of Kentucky, he completed the University of Illinois Executive Development Program in 1964.", "He worked for Ashland, Inc. from 1951 to 1988 - rising through the ranks to become the company's vice chairman in 1980.", "Career\nMcCowan's association with Ashland began by chance when he was a student at UK and encountered a recruiter named Jim Hiatt, in the university's old commerce building.", "McCowan, then president of the student union, asked whether there was a problem when he saw his visibly upset.", "Hiatt came to recruit seniors for a company called Ashland Oil, but no one had set up a table for him or lined up interviewees.", "McCowan told Hiatt he could interview him right then and there, and so he did and was hired.", "McCowan joined Ashland, Inc. in 1951 as a sales representative.", "In 1954, he went to Chicago as a division sales manager to create a wholesale market for Ashland's petroleum products in the Midwest.", "In 1959, he returned to Ashland, Kentucky, as a special representative for refinery sales at the company headquarters and was later named assistant manager of the department.", "In 1965, he was selected to serve as executive assistant to Rex Blazer, Ashland's chairman of the board.", "Within a couple of years, McCowan was named vice president and promoted to administrative vice president in 1968.", "Ashland Petroleum Company was formed as a division of the parent company in 1970, in which McCowan served as director in 1971 and president from 1974 to 1979.", "In 1971, he was additionally elected to the Board of Directors at Ashland, Inc.\n\n\"He was a driving force in the growth of the former Ashland Petroleum Company, particularly in the marketing arena,\" said Ashland Chairman and Chief Executive Officer James J. O'Brien.", "\"He was instrumental in shaping and advocating Ashland's views on public policy, including energy policy education.\"", "During that year, he was later elected executive vice chairman of the board at Ashland, Inc. and continued to serve in that capacity until his retirement in 1988.", "As vice chairman, he was responsible for the corporation's public affairs, including federal and state government relations, corporate communications and the Ashland, Inc. Foundation.", "After his retirement, McCowan continued as director emeritus.", "In the latter part of his career, McCowan devoted most of his time to shaping public policy.", "He was well known in the industry for his keen grasp of political, regulatory, and economic issues and for his ability to build consensus.", "During his 37-year career with Ashland, he was member and chairman of the National Petroleum Refiners Association (now American Fuel and Petrochemical Manufacturers); a member/director of the American Petroleum Institute; a member of the 25-Year Club of the Petroleum Industry; and a member/director of the Asphalt Institute.", "Personal life\nHis courage in making tough decisions was attributed to the resilience he showed as a teenager when he was left badly disfigured after a horrible burn accident.", "During High School, he went to a cookout at Herrington Lake with friends, and was involved in a severe burn accident due to a spark from a nearby camp fire when it went into a can of gasoline he was holding.", "The can exploded in his hands, leaving him terribly burned.", "McCowan was only 17 years old at the time of the accident and had to go through an extended period of treatment, including multiple surgeries.", "In spite of the accident, he did not let the experience deter him.", "\"He weathered that like a sailor,\" Bob Bell, former executive of Ashland Oil and long-time friend, said concerning his resolve.", "\"He got a grip on himself.", "It was the first indication I had of his courage and spirit and his general positive, upbeat outlook on life ...", "It was a courageous thing for him to go through.", "He just didn't let it stop him.\"", "McCowan married Nyle Eleanor Yates, whom he met while working at Ashland, Inc. in the early 50's.", "They were married for 48 years until her death.", "They had one son and daughter, and seven grandchildren.", "Appointments\nIn January 1981, Governor John Young Brown Jr. appointed him to the Board of Trustees of the University of Kentucky until 1989, and in June 1984 he was elected chairman of the board of trustees.", "He served as chairman from 1984 through 1988, having been re-appointed to the board by Governor Martha Layne Collins.", "The University of Kentucky awarded him an Honorary Doctor of Laws degree in 1978 and also bestowed its Distinguished Alumnus Award in 1980.", "As UK's Board Chairman, McCowan led the university's effort to hire David Roselle as president following Otis A. Singletary’s retirement.", "He also chaired the board through the NCAA’s investigation and probation of the UK basketball program in the late 1980s.", "\"He was a very good leader,\" Roselle said.", "\"He was proud, never arrogant - strong, never a bully.", "He was everything good and nothing bad.\"", "Vice Chairman of the University Development Council \n Chairman of the Fellows Executive Committee \n Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Midway College\n Chairman of the Kentucky Center on Public Issues \n Director of Cardinal Hill Hospital and the Kentucky Health Care Access Foundation\n Honorary Director of the American Petroleum Institute \n Chairman of the Board of the National Petroleum Refiners Association in 1986 \n Trustee of Kentuckians for Better Transportation\n Trustee of the City of Hope\n\nMemberships\n Member of the Dean's Advisory Council at Gatton College of Business and Economics in the 1980s \n Member of the Sanders–Brown Center on Aging at the University of Kentucky\n Member of the American Railroad Foundation \n Member of the First Bank & Trust Company of Ashland \n Member of the (NAM)\n Member of the 25 Year Club of the Petroleum Industry\n Member of the Kentucky Coal Policy Council and the Kentucky Economic Development Corporation\n\nPhilanthropy\nMcCowan never forgot his connections to the University of Kentucky, and as an Ashland, Inc. executive, urged the company to support the university by bestowing the university's first $1 million corporate gift.", "In 1993, McCowan and his late wife, Nyle, personally donated financially to the UK Sanders–Brown Center on Aging.", "Recognition\n Honorary Doctor of Laws degree by the University of Kentucky in 1978 \n Distinguished Alumni Award in 1978 \n UK Hall of Distinguished Alumni on April 11, 1980 \n In 1988, he was named “Business Citizen of the Year” by Beta Gamma Sigma \n Inducted into the Gatton College Alumni Hall of Fame in 1994\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Kentucky Oral History Project: Interview of Robert T. McCowan|Ashland, Inc. Retirement Video Interview w/ Robert T. McCowan (Part 1)| Ashland, Inc. Retirement Video Interview w/ Robert T. McCowan (Part 2)\n\n1928 births\n2003 deaths\nUniversity of Kentucky alumni\nOmicron Delta Kappa\nBusinesspeople from Kentucky\nPeople from Nicholas County, Kentucky\n20th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "From 1981 to 1988, Robert Taylor McCowan was a member of the University of Kentucky's Board of Trustees, as well as Chairman of the Board from 1984 to 1989.", "He was born in Kentucky on July 28, 1928.", "He was the son of two Kentucky natives.", "He graduated from Henry Clay High School in 1946 and spent most of his early life in Kentucky.", "He spent a lot of his youth on the University of Kentucky's campus, just across from the old Stoll Field/McLean Stadium.", "He sneaked into UK's Alumni Gymnasium to watch the Kentucky Cats practice.", "He had a passion for UK athletics that would last the rest of his life.", "The Gatton College of Business and Economics has a degree in Business Administration from the University of Kentucky.", "As a UK student, he was president of the Student Union Board and was awarded membership in Omicron Delta Kappa, which is a leadership honor.", "He was elected to a seat at the Directors Table.", "He completed the University of Illinois Executive Development Program after graduating from the University of Kentucky.", "He rose through the ranks to become the company's vice chairman in 1980.", "When he was a student at the University of Kentucky, Career McCowan met a man named Jim Hiatt in the university's old commerce building.", "The president of the student union asked if there was a problem when he was upset.", "Hiatt came to recruit seniors for a company, but no one had set up a table for him or lined up interviews.", "Hiatt was hired after McCowan told him he could interview him.", "In 1951, he joined the company as a sales representative.", "He went to Chicago as a division sales manager in 1954.", "He was named assistant manager of the department in 1959 after returning to Kentucky as a special representative for refinery sales.", "In 1965, he was appointed as the executive assistant to the chairman of the board.", "After a couple of years, he was promoted to administrative vice president.", "In 1970, a division of the parent company was formed, in which McCowan served as director in 1971 and president from 1974 to 1979.", "He was elected to the Board of Directors of the company in 1971.", "He was involved in shaping and advocating Ashland's views on public policy.", "He served as the executive vice chairman of the board until his retirement in 1988.", "He was in charge of the corporation's public affairs, including federal and state government relations.", "He continued as director emeritus after his retirement.", "He devoted most of his time to shaping public policy in the last part of his career.", "He was well known in the industry for his ability to build consensus and for his keen grasp of political, regulatory, and economic issues.", "He was a member of the 25-year club of the petroleum industry and a member of the Asphalt Institute.", "His courage in making tough decisions was due to the resilience he showed after a horrible burn accident when he was a teenager.", "He went to a cookout at Herrington Lake with friends and was involved in a severe burn accident when a spark from a nearby camp fire went into a can of gasoline he was holding.", "He was badly burned when the can exploded in his hands.", "At the time of the accident, he was only 17 years old and had to go through an extended period of treatment.", "He didn't let the accident deter him.", "Bob Bell, former executive of Ashland Oil and a long-time friend, said that he weathered that like a sailor.", "He had a grip on himself.", "It was the first sign of his courage and spirit and his positive outlook on life.", "It was a brave thing for him to do.", "He didn't let it stop him.", "The couple met in the early 50's while he was working at the company.", "They were married for 48 years.", "They have one son and daughter.", "In January 1981 Governor John Young Brown Jr. appointed him to the Board of Trustees of the University of Kentucky, and in June 1984 he was elected chairman.", "He was re-appointed to the board by the governor.", "He received a Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Kentucky in 1978.", "David Roselle was hired as the university's president after Otis A. Singletary's retirement.", "In the late 1980s, he chaired the board through the NCAA investigation of the UK basketball program.", "Roselle said that he was a good leader.", "He was proud, never arrogant, and never a bully.", "He was good and not bad.", "The Chairman of the Board of Trustees of Midway College is also the Vice Chairman of the University Development Council.", "The UK Sanders–Brown Center on Aging was personally donated to in 1993 by McCowan and his late wife.", "He received a Doctor of Laws degree from the University of Kentucky in 1978 and was named Business Citizen of the Year in 1988." ]

[ "Robert Taylor McCowan", "McCowan", "William Ray McCowan", "Susan Margaret Taylor", "Robert T", "Robert T", "Robert" ]

[ "Robert Taylor McCn", "McCowan" ]

[ "Christopher William Masuak (born 1959) is a Canadian-born Australian musician, guitarist, songwriter and record producer.", "He joined the punk rock group, Radio Birdman (1976–78, 1995–96, 1997, 2005–07), then the hard rockers, the Hitmen (1978–84, 1989–92), and the Screaming Tribesmen (1984–89).", "Masuak has also been a member of New Christs (1983–84), the Juke Savages (1992–96), the Raouls (1996–97), and Klondike's North 40 (2002–present).", "He has released material as Chris Boy King and as Klondike.", "Radio Birdman were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in July 2007.", "Biography \nChristopher William Masuak, born in Kamloops, British Columbia in Canada, migrated to Australia by 1974 as a teenager.", "His nickname of \"Klondike\" came from his Canadian youth.", "He attended Maroubra Bay High School.", "Masuak was a member of J.K. and the Can Openers in 1974 and then joined the Jackals alongside Rubin Acosta, Archie Archilles, Alf Azzopardi, Johnny Kannis and Steve Willman during 1974 and 1975.", "According to Kannis the Jackals were \"a school band that Chris Masuak and I started while we were in year 10 [with a] Maltese rhythm section.\"", "They played cover versions of material by Aerosmith, Alice Cooper, Blue Oyster Cult, Ted Nugent, Lou Reed and original country rock tracks written by Masuak, including \"Death by the Gun\".", "Kannis remembered that \"Chris' guitar playing was so raw, original and his lead breaks took your head off!\"", "After their third gig Masuak and Kannis met Deniz Tek of punk rockers, Radio Birdman, who jammed with them.", "In late 1976 Masuak joined Radio Birdman replacing Philip \"Pip\" Hoyle on guitar, vocals and piano; fellow members were Warwick Gilbert on bass guitar, Ron Keeley on drums, Tek on guitar and vocals, and Rob Younger on lead vocals.", "They issued their debut four-track extended play, Burn My Eye, in October.", "They followed with their first studio album, Radios Appear, in July 1977.", "They disbanded in June 1978 after recording their second album, Living Eyes in April, which was issued posthumously in early 1981.", "In November 1977, while still members of Radio Birdman, Masuak, Gilbert and Keeley, joined Kannis in Johnny and the Hitmen together with Charlie Georgees on guitar (ex-Hellcats).", "Early in 1978, when Radio Birdman were touring overseas, Kannis formed a new version of Johnny and the Hitmen which disbanded soon after.", "In July 1978, after Radio Birdman had dissolved, Masuak and Kannis revived the Hitmen with new members, Ivor Hay on drums (ex-the Saints) and Phil Sommerville on bass guitar.", "Gilbert rejoined in September, initially on rhythm guitar and took over bass guitar when Summerville left in the following year.", "Greg Falk of The Canberra Times caught a gig by the Hitmen in April 1979, they played \"Hard and fast rock at an incredible volume became the norm for their presentation.\"", "Most of the group's material was written by Masuak or Gilbert.", "They released three singles ahead of their debut self-titled album in July 1981 on WEA Records.", "Earlier Masuak explained that for the album, \"we\nshould just do our best, be ourselves and play on it representing our songs the way they should be represented.\"", "They followed with a second album, It Is What It Is, in November 1982 but early in the next year they went into hiatus.", "Back in 1980 Masuak produced a single, \"Cool in the Tube\", for Surfside 6, a briefly existing punk pop group with the line up of Jolyon Burnett on lead vocals, Catherine Courtenay on bass guitar, Toby Creswell on keyboards, Geoff Datson on guitar, John Hackett on drums, Greg Masuak on guitar and Richard McGregor on guitar.", "He also wrote and produced their next single, \"Can't You See the Sign\", in 1981.", "In June 1983 Masuak teamed up with former Radio Birdman band mate, Younger, in a new line-up of his hard rock group, New Christs, with Mark Kingsmill on drums and Tony Robertson on bass guitar (both from a latter day version of the Hitmen) and Kent Steedman on guitar (also in the Celibate Rifles).", "They supported Iggy Pop on the Australian leg of his international tour.", "New Christs issued a single, \"Like a Curse\", in April 1984 before disbanding in the following month.", "In June Masuak and Kannis reformed the Hitmen with Kingsmill, Robertson and Richard Jakimyszyn on guitar (ex-Lime Spiders, New Christs).", "They recorded a live album, Tora Tora DTK, which was released in November, after they had disbanded.", "Masuak, Kingsmill and Robertson all joined Mick Medew, on lead vocals and guitars, in July 1984, for a new line up of his rock band, the Screaming Tribesmen.", "Masuak had previously produced that group's 1983 single, \"Igloo\".", "By November Kingsmill and Robertson had left and were replaced by Michael Charles on drums and Bob Wackley (aka Bob Hood) on bass guitar (ex-Razar, Grooveyard).", "The group's debut studio album, Bones and Flowers, released in October 1987, was co-produced by Masuak with Alan Thorne (Hoodoo Gurus, The Stems).", "Masuak remained with the group until 1989.", "While a member of the Screaming Tribesmen, Masuak undertook a side project, Chris Boy King and The Kamloops Swing, as a country rock group in 1986, which issued a four-track EP, Klondike, in the following year.", "The Kamloops Swing were Hay, Kannis and Sommerville.", "In 1989 he formed Klondike and the Kamloops Swing which released a six-track EP, Cowboy Angel.", "Helping him out on the EP were fellow Screaming Tribesmen, Wackley on bass guitar and Warwick Fraser on drums.", "Masuak and Kannis reformed the Hitmen as Hitmen D.T.K.", "in April 1989 with Gye Bennetts on drums (ex-Terminal Twist, Johnny Kannis Explosion), Brad Ferguson on bass guitar (ex-Voodoo Lust) and Matt Le Noury on guitar (ex-Vampire Lovers, Flying Tigers).", "They issued a studio album, Moronic Inferno, in November 1991 – co-produced by Masuak and Andy Bradley – and disbanded early in the next year.", "In April 1992 Masuak formed a country rock and R&B group, Juke Savages, with Ferguson on drums and Paul Larsen on bass guitar.", "They released a self-titled CD EP in December.", "Ferguson and Larsen were replaced by Red Porter on bass guitar and Gerard Presland on drums (ex-Hitmen DTK), late in the next year.", "They released their debut studio album, Pagan Rites and Big Juju on the Road to Ascension, in 1994.", "Early in the following year Masuak worked with fellow Radio Birdman members to remaster and remix Radios Appear and Living Eyes for their CD versions.", "Alongside Masuak were Gilbert, Hoyle, Tek and Younger; Tek later recalled \"we just realised it was pretty good to be together we've all stopped being psychotic, and we thought, 'Well, maybe we were a little bit hasty in terminating the association', because the music sounded pretty good, and we enjoyed each others' company.\"", "Radio Birdman reformed in 1996 for the Big Day Out tour and recorded a live album, Ritualism, which appeared in December.", "In December 2005 Radio Birdman recorded a new album, Zeno Beach (26 June 2006), with the line-up of Masuak, Hoyle, Tek and Younger joined by Jim Dickson on bass guitar and Russell Hopkinson on drums (on loan from You Am I).", "The group were inducted into the ARIA Hall of Fame in July 2007.", "They broke up again in 2010.", "Klondike's North 40 released their debut album, The Straight Path, on I-94 Bar Records in November 2007.", "It is a raw, high-powered romp amidst a series of rock and roll genres.", "Paying homage in part to middle eastern ragas, the album is essentially propped up by the truly superb vocals of journeyman soul singer Matt Sulman.", "Masuak continues to impress with finger work reminiscent of his early glory days.", "Bass player Red Porter creates a buoyant, yet maleable bed of groovaliscious solidity upon which the various talents of the band are highlighted.", "Masuak re-joined a new line-up of the Hitmen in December 2007.", "National tours followed, including an appearance at Cherry Rock in Melbourne and an Australian run with Detroit punk rock diva, Niagara, as special guest.", "Masuak re-located to Spain in January 2010 with European tours lined up as guest guitarist with French band the Outside and Brazil-based Simon Chainsaw.", "Before leaving Australia he completed work on his album \"Workhorse\" which was released in 2011 on I-94 Bar Records.", "In 2011, Masuak joined a reformed line-up of the Screaming Tribesmen for Australian shows, playing Brisbane, Melbourne and Sydney.", "The Bones and Flowers line-up toured Europe in 2012, playing Spain's Azkena Festival and four dates in France.", "In December 2013 and January 2014, Masuak played a string of solo band shows around Sydney.", "With a box set released, Radio Birdman reformed in October–November 2014.", "Masuak was omitted from the line-up.", "He described his disappointment, \"There is absolutely no professional or musical impediment or rationale to preclude me from participating in this event.", "Rather, this decision is a result of a last desperate and bullying demand from a singer who's [sic] animosity towards me has spanned decades and whose antipathy towards the band is well documented.\"", "Younger responded, \"Are relations between the two of us simply unsalvageable?", "Yes – but I didn't exclude him from the band.", "He published a statement.", "I can understand why he'd be gutted by it, but my view is it would have been naive of him to think anything would've happened other than what has happened.", "I didn't exclude him from the band even though he thinks that's the case.", "I was offered to participate on the basis that he wasn't in the band.\"", "In April 2016, Masuak released his new solo band CD, \"Brujita\", with his Spanish band The Viveiro Wave Riders on Australian label I-94 Bar Records.", "He followed this with \"Address To The Nation\" in 2019 on the same label.", "Discography\n\nEPs \n Klondike 12\" (by Chris Boy King and the Kamloops Swing) (1987) Rattlesnake RAT1204\n Cowboy Angel (by Klondike and The Kamloops Swing) (1989) Rattlesnake RAT1212\n\nSingles \nLet the Kids Dance/Sweet Jane (by Chris Masuak and Deniz Tek) (1999) Undead 002 (1999)\nAnother Lost Weekend (by Chris Masuak & Los Eternos) (1999) H-Records HR-061 (2013)\nStone Cold Pity/Single White Male 7\" (2014) Pitshark Records RIK049\n\nCDs \n The Straight Path (by Klondike's North 40) (2007) I-94 Bar I94BAR-001\n Workhorse (by Chris \"Klondike\" Masuak and Klondike's North 40) (2011) I-94 Bar I94005\n Bruijita (by Chris Masuak and The Viveiro Wave Riders) (2016) I-94 Bar I94006\n Address To The Nation (by Chris Masuak and The Viveiro Wave Riders) (2019) I-94 Bar I94007\n\nDigital \n Outtakes & Oddities (by Chris Masuak and The Juke Savages) (2020) I-94 Bar Digital\n Cowboy Angel and More (by Chris Masuak) (2020) I-94 Bar Digital\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral\n Note: Archived [on-line] copy has limited functionality.", "Specific\n\nExternal links \n\n2020 Interview - Australian Rock Show Podcast\n\nLiving people\nAustralian punk rock musicians\nCanadian emigrants to Australia\nCanadian punk rock musicians\nMusicians from British Columbia\nPeople from Kamloops\nThe New Christs members\nRadio Birdman members\n1959 births" ]

[ "Christopher William Masuak is a musician, guitarist, and record producer.", "He was a member of the punk rock group Radio Birdman, the hard rockers the Hitmen, and the Screaming Tribesmen.", "Masuak is a member of New Christs, the Juke Savages, the Raouls, and the North 40.", "Chris Boy King and Klondike have been released by him.", "In July 2007, Radio Birdman were in the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "Christopher William Masuak migrated to Australia as a teenager.", "His Canadian youth nickname was \"Klondike\".", "He was a student at Maroubra Bay High School.", "During 1974 and 1975, Masuak was a member of J.K. and the Can Openers, the Jackals, and Steve Willman.", "Chris Masuak and I started the Jackals when we were in year 10 with a Maltese rhythm section.", "They played cover versions of original country rock tracks written by Masuak, including \"Death by the Gun\".", "Chris' guitar playing was so raw, original and his lead breaks took your head off!", "Radio Birdman jammed with Masuak and Kannis after their third gig.", "Masuak joined Radio Birdman in late 1976 to replace Philip \"Pip\" Hoyle on guitar, vocals and piano.", "Burn My Eye was their debut four-track extended play.", "Radios Appear was their first studio album.", "Their second album, Living Eyes in April, was issued posthumously in early 1981.", "While still members of Radio Birdman, Masuak, Gilbert and Keeley joined Kannis in Johnny and the Hitmen with Charlie Georgees on guitar.", "A new version of Johnny and the Hitmen was formed when Radio Birdman toured overseas in 1978.", "The Hitmen were revived in July 1978 with new members, Ivor Hay on drums and Phil Sommerville on bass guitar.", "When Summerville left in the following year, Gilbert took over bass guitar.", "The Hitmen played hard and fast rock at an incredible volume and became the norm for their presentation.", "Masuak or Gilbert wrote most of the group's material.", "Their debut self-titled album was released in July 1981 on WEA Records.", "Masuak said that for the album, \"we should just do our best, be ourselves and play on it representing our songs the way they should be represented.\"", "Their second album, It Is What It Is, was released in November 1982 but they went into hiatus early in the next year.", "Back in 1980 Masuak produced a single, \"Cool in the Tube\", for Surfside 6, a briefly existing punk pop group with the line up of Jolyon Burnett on lead vocals, Catherine Courtenay on bass guitar, Toby Creswell on keyboards, and John on guitar.", "\"Can't You See the Sign\" was written and produced by him.", "In June 1983 Masuak and Younger formed a new band, New Christs, with Mark Kingsmill on drums and Tony Robertson on bass guitar.", "They were on the Australian leg of the tour.", "The single \"Like a Curse\" was issued by New Christs in April 1984.", "The Hitmen were reformed with Kingsmill, Robertson, and Richard Jakimyszyn on guitar.", "The live album, Tora Tora DTK, was released in November.", "In July 1984 Masuak, Kingsmill and Robertson joined Mick Medew in a new band, the Screaming Tribesmen.", "The group's 1983 single was produced by Masuak.", "Kingsmill and Robertson were replaced by Michael Charles on drums and Bob Hood on bass guitar.", "The group's debut studio album, Bones and Flowers, was co-produced by Masuak and Alan Thorne.", "Masuak was with the group until 1989.", "While a member of the Screaming Tribesmen, Masuak undertook a side project, Chris Boy King and The Kamloops Swing, as a country rock group in 1986.", "Hay, Kannis and Sommerville were on the swing.", "The six-track Cowboy Angel was released by Klondike and the Kamloops Swing in 1989.", "The Screaming Tribesmen, as well as Wackley on bass and Fraser on drums, helped him out.", "The Hitmen were reformed as Hitmen D.T.K.", "In April 1989 with Gye Bennetts on drums, Brad Ferguson on bass guitar, and Matt Le Noury on guitar.", "In November 1991 they released a studio album, Moronic Inferno, which was co-produced by Masuak and Andy Bradley.", "In April 1992 Masuak formed a country rock and R&B group, with Ferguson on drums and Paul Larsen on bass guitar.", "They released a CD in December.", "Ferguson and Larsen were replaced by Red Porter on bass guitar and Gerard Presland on drums late in the year.", "They released their first studio album in 1994.", "Radios Appear and Living Eyes were re-mastered and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "\"We just realised it was pretty good to be together, we've all stopped being psychotic, and we thought, 'Well, maybe we were a little bit hasty in ending the association', because of the music'.\"", "Radio Birdman recorded a live album in December of 1996 for the Big Day Out tour.", "In December 2005 Radio Birdman recorded a new album, Zeno Beach, with the line-up of Masuak, Hoyle, Tek and Younger joined by Jim Dickson on bass guitar and Russell Hopkinson on drums.", "In July 2007, the group was in the ARIA Hall of Fame.", "They broke up again in 2010.", "The Straight Path was released by North 40 on I-94 Bar Records.", "There is a lot of rock and roll genres.", "Paying homage to middle eastern ragas, the album is propped up by the vocals of a journeyman soul singer.", "Masuak continues to impress with his finger work.", "The various talents of the band are highlighted by the bed of groovaliscious solidity created by Red Porter.", "In December 2007, Masuak rejoined the Hitmen.", "National tours followed, including an appearance at Cherry Rock in Melbourne and an Australian run with Detroit punk rock diva, Niagara, as special guest.", "Masuak relocated to Spain in January 2010 with European tours lined up as guest guitarist with French band the Outside and Brazil-based Simon Chainsaw.", "His album \"Workhorse\" was released on I-94 Bar Records in 2011.", "Masuak was a member of the reformed Screaming Tribesmen for Australian shows.", "Spain's Azkena Festival and four dates in France were played by the Bones and Flowers line-up.", "Masuak played a number of solo band shows in Australia.", "Radio Birdman reformed after a box set was released.", "Masuak was not in the line-up.", "He said there was no reason why he couldn't participate in the event.", "This decision was made because of a singer who's animosity towards me has spanned decades and whose antipathy towards the band is well documented.", "Younger asked if relations between the two of us were unsalvageable.", "I didn't exclude him from the band.", "He made a statement.", "I think it would have been naive of him to think anything would have happened other than what has happened.", "Even though he thinks that's the case, I didn't exclude him from the band.", "I was offered to participate because he wasn't in the band.", "The Viveiro Wave Riders and Masuak's new solo band CD, \"Brujita\", were released on Australian label I-94 Bar Records.", "\"Address To The Nation\" was on the same label.", "Chris Boy King and the Kamloops Swing had a discography that included Rattlesnake RAT 1204 Cowboy Angel and Let the Kids Dance/Sweet Jane.", "Australian punk rock musicians Canadian emigrants to Australia Canadian punk rock musicians from British Columbia were interviewed on the Australian Rock Show." ]

[ "Christopher William Masuak", "Chris Boy King", "Christopher William Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Masuak", "Chris", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Greg Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Boy", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Boy", "Chris Masuak", "Chris Masuak", "Chris", "Chris Masu", "Chris Masuak", "Chris Masuak", "Chris Masuak" ]

[ "Christopher William Masuak", "Masuak", "Christopher William Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Masuak", "Chris", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Boy", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Masuak", "Chris Boy" ]

[ "Stephen Michael Reich ( ; born October 3, 1936) is an American composer known for his contribution to the development of minimal music in the mid to late 1960s.", "Reich's work is marked by its use of repetitive figures, slow harmonic rhythm, and canons.", "His compositional style reflects his explicit rejection of Western classical traditions, serialism, and indeterminacy, because, unlike these traditions, he sought to create music in which the compositional process was discernible in the music itself.", "Reich describes this concept in his essay, \"Music as a Gradual Process\", by stating, \"I am interested in perceptible processes.", "I want to be able to hear the process happening throughout the sounding music.\"", "To do so, his music employs the technique of phase shifting, in which a phrase is slightly altered over time, in a flow that is clearly perceptible to the listener.", "His innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns, as on the early compositions It's Gonna Rain (1965) and Come Out (1966), and the use of simple, audible processes, as on Pendulum Music (1968) and Four Organs (1970).", "The 1978 recording Music for 18 Musicians would help entrench minimalism as a movement.", "Reich's work took on a darker character in the 1980s with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage, notably Different Trains (1988).", "Reich's style of composition has influenced many contemporary composers and groups, especially in the US.", "Writing in The Guardian, music critic Andrew Clements suggested that Reich is one of \"a handful of living composers who can legitimately claim to have altered the direction of musical history\".", "Early life \n\nReich was born in New York City to the Broadway lyricist June Sillman and Leonard Reich.", "When he was one year old, his parents divorced, and Reich divided his time between New York and California.", "He is the half-brother of writer Jonathan Carroll.", "He was given piano lessons as a child and describes growing up with the \"middle-class favorites\", having no exposure to music written before 1750 or after 1900.", "At the age of 14 he began to study music in earnest, after hearing music from the Baroque period and earlier, as well as music of the 20th century.", "Reich studied drums with Roland Kohloff in order to play jazz.", "While attending Cornell University, he minored in music and graduated in 1957 with a B.A.", "in Philosophy.", "Reich's B.A.", "thesis was on Ludwig Wittgenstein; later he would set texts by that philosopher to music in Proverb (1995) and You Are (variations) (2006).", "For a year following graduation, Reich studied composition privately with Hall Overton before he enrolled at Juilliard to work with William Bergsma and Vincent Persichetti (1958–1961).", "Subsequently, he attended Mills College in Oakland, California, where he studied with Luciano Berio and Darius Milhaud (1961–1963) and earned a master's degree in composition.", "At Mills, Reich composed Melodica for melodica and tape, which appeared in 1986 on the three-LP release Music from Mills.", "Reich worked with the San Francisco Tape Music Center along with Pauline Oliveros, Ramon Sender, Morton Subotnick, Phil Lesh and Terry Riley.", "He was involved with the premiere of Riley's In C and suggested the use of the eighth note pulse, which is now standard in performance of the piece.", "Career\n\n1960s \n\nReich's early forays into composition involved experimentation with twelve-tone composition, but he found the rhythmic aspects of the number twelve more interesting than the pitch aspects.", "Reich also composed film soundtracks for Plastic Haircut (1963), Oh Dem Watermelons (1965), and Thick Pucker (1965), three films by Robert Nelson.", "The soundtrack of Plastic Haircut, composed in 1963, was a short tape collage, possibly Reich's first.", "The Watermelons soundtrack used two 19th-century minstrel tunes as its basis, and used repeated phrasing together in a large five-part canon.", "The music for Thick Pucker arose from street recordings Reich made walking around San Francisco with Nelson, who filmed in black and white 16mm.", "This film no longer survives.", "A fourth film from 1965, about 25 minutes long and tentatively entitled \"Thick Pucker II\", was assembled by Nelson from outtakes of that shoot and more of the raw audio Reich had recorded.", "Nelson was not happy with the resulting film and never showed it.", "Reich was influenced by fellow minimalist Terry Riley, whose work In C combines simple musical patterns, offset in time, to create a slowly shifting, cohesive whole.", "Reich adopted this approach to compose his first major work, It's Gonna Rain.", "Composed in 1965, the piece used a fragment of a sermon about the end of the world given by a black Pentecostal street-preacher known as Brother Walter.", "Reich built on his early tape work, transferring the last three words of the fragment, \"it's gonna rain!", "\", to multiple tape loops which gradually move out of phase with one another.", "The 13-minute Come Out (1966) uses similarly manipulated recordings of a single spoken line given by Daniel Hamm, one of the falsely accused Harlem Six, who was severely injured by police.", "The survivor, who had been beaten, punctured a bruise on his own body to convince police about his beating.", "The spoken line includes the phrase \"to let the bruise's blood come out to show them\".", "Reich rerecorded the fragment \"come out to show them\" on two channels, which are initially played in unison.", "They quickly slip out of sync; gradually the discrepancy widens and becomes a reverberation.", "The two voices then split into four, looped continuously, then eight, and continues splitting until the actual words are unintelligible, leaving the listener with only the speech's rhythmic and tonal patterns.", "Melodica (1966) takes the phase looping idea of his previous works and applies it to instrumental music.", "Steve Reich took a simple melody, which he played on a melodica, then recorded it.", "He then sets the melody to two separate channels, and slowly moves them out of phase, creating an intricate interlocking melody.", "This piece is very similar to Come Out in rhythmic structure, and are an example of how one rhythmic process can be realized in different sounds to create two different pieces of music.", "Reich was inspired to compose this piece from a dream he had on May 22, 1966, and put the piece together in one day.", "Melodica was the last piece Reich composed solely for tape, and he considers it his transition from tape music to instrumental music.", "Reich's first attempt at translating this phasing technique from recorded tape to live performance was the 1967 Piano Phase, for two pianos.", "In Piano Phase the performers repeat a rapid twelve-note melodic figure, initially in unison.", "As one player keeps tempo with robotic precision, the other speeds up very slightly until the two parts line up again, but one sixteenth note apart.", "The second player then resumes the previous tempo.", "This cycle of speeding up and then locking in continues throughout the piece; the cycle comes full circle three times, the second and third cycles using shorter versions of the initial figure.", "Violin Phase, also written in 1967, is built on these same lines.", "Piano Phase and Violin Phase both premiered in a series of concerts given in New York art galleries.", "A similar, lesser known example of this so-called process music is Pendulum Music (1968), which consists of the sound of several microphones swinging over the loudspeakers to which they are attached, producing feedback as they do so.", "\"Pendulum Music\" has never been recorded by Reich himself, but was introduced to rock audiences by Sonic Youth in the late 1990s.", "Reich also tried to create the phasing effect in a piece \"that would need no instrument beyond the human body\".", "He found that the idea of phasing was inappropriate for the simple ways he was experimenting to make sound.", "Instead, he composed Clapping Music (1972), in which the players do not phase in and out with each other, but instead one performer keeps one line of a 12-eighth-note-long (12-quaver-long) phrase and the other performer shifts by one eighth note beat every 12 bars, until both performers are back in unison 144 bars later.", "The 1967 prototype piece Slow Motion Sound was not performed although Chris Hughes performed it 27 years later as Slow Motion Blackbird on his Reich-influenced 1994 album Shift.", "It introduced the idea of slowing down a recorded sound until many times its original length without changing pitch or timbre, which Reich applied to Four Organs (1970), which deals specifically with augmentation.", "The piece has maracas playing a fast eighth note pulse, while the four organs stress certain eighth notes using an 11th chord.", "This work therefore dealt with repetition and subtle rhythmic change.", "In contrast to Reich's typical cyclical structure, Four Organs is unique among his work in using a linear structure—the superficially similar Phase Patterns, also for four organs but without maracas, is (as the name suggests) a cyclical phase piece similar to others composed during the period.", "Four Organs was performed as part of a Boston Symphony Orchestra program, and was Reich's first composition to be performed in a large traditional setting.", "1970s \n\nIn 1970, Reich embarked on a five-week trip to study music in Ghana, during which he learned from the master drummer Gideon Alorwoyie.", "Reich also studied Balinese gamelan in Seattle in 1973 and 1974.", "From his African experience, as well as A. M. Jones's Studies in African Music about the music of the Ewe people, Reich drew inspiration for his 90-minute piece Drumming, which he composed shortly after his return.", "Composed for a nine-piece percussion ensemble with female voices and piccolo, Drumming marked the beginning of a new stage in his career, for around this time he formed his ensemble, Steve Reich and Musicians, and increasingly concentrated on composition and performance with them.", "Steve Reich and Musicians, which was to be the sole ensemble to interpret his works for many years, still remains active with many of its original members.", "After Drumming, Reich moved on from the \"phase shifting\" technique that he had pioneered, and began writing more elaborate pieces.", "He investigated other musical processes such as augmentation (the temporal lengthening of phrases and melodic fragments).", "It was during this period that he wrote works such as Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ (1973) and Six Pianos (1973).", "In 1974, Reich began writing Music for 18 Musicians.", "This piece involved many new ideas, although it also hearkened back to earlier pieces.", "It is based on a cycle of eleven chords introduced at the beginning (called \"Pulses\"), followed by a small section of music based on each chord (\"Sections I-XI\"), and finally a return to the original cycle (\"Pulses\").", "This was Reich's first attempt at writing for larger ensembles.", "The increased number of performers resulted in more scope for psychoacoustic effects, which fascinated Reich, and he noted that he would like to \"explore this idea further\".", "Reich remarked that this one work contained more harmonic movement in the first five minutes than any other work he had written.", "Steve Reich and Musicians made the premier recording of this work on ECM Records.", "Reich explored these ideas further in his frequently recorded pieces Music for a Large Ensemble (1978) and Octet (1979).", "In these two works, Reich experimented with \"the human breath as the measure of musical duration ... the chords played by the trumpets are written to take one comfortable breath to perform\".", "Human voices are part of the musical palette in Music for a Large Ensemble but the wordless vocal parts simply form part of the texture (as they do in Drumming).", "With Octet and his first orchestral piece Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards (also 1979), Reich's music showed the influence of Biblical cantillation, which he had studied in Israel since the summer of 1977.", "After this, the human voice singing a text would play an increasingly important role in Reich's music.", "In 1974 Reich published the book Writings About Music, containing essays on his philosophy, aesthetics, and musical projects written between 1963 and 1974.", "An updated and much more extensive collection, Writings On Music (1965–2000), was published in 2002.", "1980s \n\nReich's work took on a darker character in the 1980s with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage.", "Tehillim (1981), Hebrew for psalms, is the first of Reich's works to draw explicitly on his Jewish background.", "The work is in four parts, and is scored for an ensemble of four women's voices (one high soprano, two lyric sopranos and one alto), piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, two clarinets, six percussion (playing small tuned tambourines without jingles, clapping, maracas, marimba, vibraphone and crotales), two electronic organs, two violins, viola, cello and double bass, with amplified voices, strings, and winds.", "A setting of texts from Psalms 19:2–5 (19:1–4 in Christian translations), 34:13–15 (34:12–14), 18:26–27 (18:25–26), and 150:4–6, Tehillim is a departure from Reich's other work in its formal structure; the setting of texts several lines long rather than the fragments used in previous works makes melody a substantive element.", "Use of formal counterpoint and functional harmony also contrasts with the loosely structured minimalist works written previously.", "Different Trains (1988), for string quartet and tape, uses recorded speech, as in his earlier works, but this time as a melodic rather than a rhythmic element.", "In Different Trains, Reich compares and contrasts his childhood memories of his train journeys between New York and California in 1939–1941 with the very different trains being used to transport contemporaneous European children to their deaths under Nazi rule.", "The Kronos Quartet recording of Different Trains was awarded the Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition in 1990.", "The composition was described by Richard Taruskin as \"the only adequate musical response—one of the few adequate artistic responses in any medium—to the Holocaust\", and he credited the piece with earning Reich a place among the great composers of the 20th century.", "1990s \n\nIn 1993, Reich collaborated with his wife, the video artist Beryl Korot, on an opera, The Cave, which explores the roots of Judaism, Christianity and Islam through the words of Israelis, Palestinians, and Americans, echoed musically by the ensemble.", "The work, for percussion, voices, and strings, is a musical documentary, named for the Cave of Machpelah in Hebron, where a mosque now stands and Abraham is said to have been buried.", "Reich and Korot collaborated on the opera Three Tales, which concerns the Hindenburg disaster, the testing of nuclear weapons on Bikini Atoll, and other more modern concerns, specifically Dolly the sheep, cloning, and the technological singularity.", "Reich used sampling techniques for pieces like Three Tales and City Life from 1994.", "Reich returned to composing purely instrumental works for the concert hall, starting with Triple Quartet in 1998 written for the Kronos Quartet that can either be performed by string quartet and tape, three string quartets or 36-piece string orchestra.", "According to Reich, the piece is influenced by Bartók's and Alfred Schnittke's string quartets, and Michael Gordon's Yo Shakespeare.", "2000s\nThe instrumental series for the concert hall continued with Dance Patterns (2002), Cello Counterpoint (2003), and multiple works centered around variations: You Are (Variations) (2004), Variations for Vibes, Pianos, and Strings (2005), and the Daniel Variations (2006).", "You Are looks back to the vocal writing of Tehillim and The Desert Music while the Daniel Variations, which Reich called \"much darker, not at all what I'm known for\", are partly inspired by the death of Daniel Pearl.", "in 2002 Reich was invited by Walter Fink to the annual Komponistenporträt of the Rheingau Musik Festival, as the 12th composer featured.", "December 2010 Nonesuch Records and Indaba Music held a community remix contest in which over 250 submissions were received, and Steve Reich and Christian Carey judged the finals.", "Reich spoke in a related BBC interview that once he composed a piece he would not alter it again himself; \"When it's done, it's done,\" he said.", "On the other hand, he acknowledged that remixes have an old tradition e.g.", "famous religious music pieces where melodies were further developed into new songs.", "2010s \n\nReich premiered a piece, WTC 9/11, written for String Quartet and Tape (a similar instrumentation to that of Different Trains) in March 2011.", "It was performed by the Kronos Quartet, at Duke University, North Carolina, US.", "On March 5, 2013, the London Sinfonietta, conducted by Brad Lubman, at the Royal Festival Hall in London gave the world premiere of Radio Rewrite for ensemble with 11 players, inspired by the music of Radiohead.", "The programme also included Double Sextet for ensemble with 12 players, Clapping Music, for two people and four hands featuring Reich himself alongside percussionist Colin Currie, Electric Counterpoint, with electric guitar by Mats Bergström accompanied by a layered soundtrack, as well as two of Reich's small ensemble pieces, one for acoustic instruments, the other for electric instruments and tape.", "Music for Ensemble and Orchestra was premiered on November 4, 2018 by the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Susanna Mälkki at Walt Disney Concert Hall, marking Reich's return to writing for orchestra after an interval of more than thirty years.", "Awards\nIn 2005, Reich was awarded the Edward MacDowell Medal.", "Reich was awarded with the Praemium Imperiale Award in Music in October 2006.", "On January 25, 2007, Reich was named 2007 recipient of the Polar Music Prize with jazz saxophonist Sonny Rollins.", "On April 20, 2009, Reich was awarded the 2009 Pulitzer Prize for Music, recognizing Double Sextet, first performed in Richmond March 26, 2008.", "The citation called it \"a major work that displays an ability to channel an initial burst of energy into a large-scale musical event, built with masterful control and consistently intriguing to the ear\".", "In May 2011 Steve Reich received an honorary doctorate from the New England Conservatory of Music.", "In 2012, Steve Reich received the Gold Medal in Music by the American Academy of Arts and Letters.", "In 2013 Reich received the US$400,000 BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in contemporary music for bringing a new conception of music, based on the use of realist elements from the realm of daily life and others drawn from the traditional music of Africa and Asia.", "In September 2014, Reich was awarded the \"Leone d'Oro\" (Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement in Music) from the Venice Biennale.", "In March 2016, Reich was awarded an Honorary Doctorate by the Royal College of Music in London.", "Influence \nThe American composer and critic Kyle Gann has said that Reich \"may ... be considered, by general acclamation, America's greatest living composer\".", "Reich's style of composition has influenced many other composers and musical groups, including John Adams, the progressive rock band King Crimson, the new-age guitarist Michael Hedges, the art-pop and electronic musician Brian Eno, the experimental art/music group the Residents, the electronic group Underworld, the composers associated with the Bang on a Can festival (including David Lang, Michael Gordon, and Julia Wolfe), and numerous indie rock musicians including songwriters Sufjan Stevens and Matthew Healy of the 1975, and instrumental ensembles Tortoise, The Mercury Program, and Godspeed You!", "Black Emperor (who titled an unreleased song \"Steve Reich\").", "John Adams commented, \"He didn't reinvent the wheel so much as he showed us a new way to ride.\"", "He has also influenced visual artists such as Bruce Nauman, and many notable choreographers have made dances to his music, Eliot Feld, Jiří Kylián, Douglas Lee and Jerome Robbins among others; he has expressed particular admiration of Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker's work set to his pieces.", "In featuring a sample of Reich's Electric Counterpoint (1987) in the 1990 track Little Fluffy Clouds the British ambient techno act the Orb exposed a new generation of listeners to his music.", "In 1999 the album Reich Remixed featured \"re-mixes\" of a number of Reich's works by various electronic dance-music producers, such as DJ Spooky, Kurtis Mantronik, Ken Ishii, and Coldcut among others.", "Reich's Cello Counterpoint (2003) was the inspiration for a series of commissions for solo cello with pre-recorded cellos made by Ashley Bathgate in 2017 including new works by Emily Cooley and Alex Weiser.", "Reich often cites Pérotin, J. S. Bach, Debussy, Bartók, and Stravinsky as composers whom he admires and who greatly influenced him when he was young.", "Jazz is a major part of the formation of Reich's musical style, and two of the earliest influences on his work were vocalists Ella Fitzgerald and Alfred Deller, whose emphasis on the artistic capabilities of the voice alone with little vibrato or other alteration was an inspiration to his earliest works.", "John Coltrane's style, which Reich has described as \"playing a lot of notes to very few harmonies\", also had an impact; of particular interest was the album Africa/Brass, which \"was basically a half-an-hour in E\".", "Reich's influence from jazz includes its roots, also, from the West African music he studied in his readings and visit to Ghana.", "Other important influences are Kenny Clarke and Miles Davis, and visual artist friends such as Sol LeWitt and Richard Serra.", "Reich has also stated that he admires the music of the band Radiohead, which led to his composition Radio Rewrite.", "1979)\n Octet (1979) – withdrawn in favor of the 1983 revision for slightly larger ensemble, Eight Lines\n Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards for orchestra (1979)\n Tehillim for voices and ensemble (1981)\n Vermont Counterpoint for amplified flute and tape (1982)\n The Desert Music for chorus and orchestra or voices and ensemble (1983, text by William Carlos Williams)\n Sextet for percussion and keyboards (1984, rev.", "Steve Reich and Musicians (Two recordings: Deutsche Grammophon and Nonesuch) So Percussion (Cantaloupe)\n Music for 18 Musicians.", "Steve Reich and Musicians (Two recordings: ECM and Nonesuch), Grand Valley State University New Music Ensemble (Innova), Ensemble Modern (RCA).", "Octet/Music for a Large Ensemble/Violin Phase.", "Steve Reich and Musicians (ECM)\n Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards/Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ/ Six Pianos.", "San Francisco Symphony Orchestra, Edo de Waart, Steve Reich & Musicians (Deutsche Grammophon)\n Tehillim/The Desert Music.", "Alarm Will Sound and OSSIA, Alan Pierson (Cantaloupe)\n Different Trains/Electric Counterpoint.", "Kronos Quartet, Pat Metheny (Nonesuch)\n You Are (Variations)/Cello Counterpoint.", "Los Angeles Master Chorale, Grant Gershon, Maya Beiser (Nonesuch)\n Steve Reich: Works 1965–1995.", "Various performers (Nonesuch).", "Daniel Variations, with Variations for Vibes, Pianos and Strings.", "London Sinfonietta, Grant Gershon, Alan Pierson (Nonesuch)\n Double Sextet/2×5, Eighth Blackbird and Bang on a Can (Nonesuch)\n Piano Phase, transcribed for guitar, Alexandre Gérard (Catapult)\n Reich Remixed, Nonesuch – 79552-2; 1999\n Phase to Face, a film documentary about Steve Reich by Eric Darmon & Franck Mallet (EuroArts) DVD\n Radio Rewrite, Alarm Will Sound, Jonny Greenwood, Vicky Chow (Nonesuch)\n Pulse – Quartet, International Contemporary Ensemble, Colin Currie Group (Nonesuch)\n\n Books \n \n \n \n\n See also \n Minimal music\n Steve Reich and Musicians\n\nReferences\n\n Further reading \n D. J. Hoek.", "Steve Reich: A Bio-Bibliography.", "Greenwood Press, 2002.", "Potter, Keith (2000).", "Four Musical Minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich, Philip Glass.", "Music in the Twentieth Century series.", "Cambridge, UK; New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.", "K. Robert Schwarz.", "Minimalists.", "Phaidon Press, 1996.", "Walter Zimmermann, Desert Plants – Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 (originally published in 1976 by A.R.C., Vancouver).", "The 2020 edition includes a CD featuring the original interview recordings with Larry Austin, Robert Ashley, Jim Burton, John Cage, Philip Corner, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass, Joan La Barbara, Garrett List, Alvin Lucier, John McGuire, Charles Morrow, J.", "B. Floyd (on Conlon Nancarrow), Pauline Oliveros, Charlemagne Palestine, Ben Johnston (on Harry Partch), Steve Reich, David Rosenboom, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, James Tenney, Christian Wolff, and La Monte Young.", "External links \n\n \n London Steve Reich Ensemble (official)\n \n Music and the Holocaust – Different Trains\nSteve Reich oral histories at Oral History of American Music\n\nInterviews\n A Steve Reich Interview with Christopher Abbot\n Two interviews with Steve Reich by Bruce Duffie (October 1985 and November 1995)\n \n \n A Steve Reich Interview with Marc Weidenbaum, 1999\n \"Drumming\" – Interview & analysis, selected as one of the NPR 100 most important musical works of the 20th century.", "Celebrating Steve Reich.", "\", by Alex Ross, The New Yorker''.", "Steve Reich & Sonny Rollins winners of the Polar Music Prize for 2007 Press release of Polar Prize announcement\n\n \n20th-century classical composers\n21st-century classical composers\nPostmodern composers\nMinimalist composers\nAmerican opera composers\nAmerican male classical composers\nAmerican classical composers\nJewish American classical composers\nJewish American artists\nNonesuch Records artists\nGrammy Award winners\nECM Records artists\nDeutsche Grammophon artists\nPeople from New York City\nPulitzer Prize for Music winners\nRecipients of the Praemium Imperiale\nMembers of the American Academy of Arts and Letters\nJuilliard School alumni\nCornell University alumni\n1936 births\nLiving people\nPupils of Darius Milhaud\nPupils of Vincent Persichetti\n21st-century American composers\nMale opera composers\n20th-century American composers\nSub Rosa Records artists\nJewish classical composers" ]

[ "Stephen Michael Reich is an American composer known for his contribution to the development of minimal music in the mid to late 1960s.", "Reich's work is marked by its use of repetitive figures.", "Unlike Western classical traditions, he sought to create music in which the process of composition was visible in the music itself.", "Reich describes this concept in his essay, \" Music as a Gradual Process\".", "I want to be able to hear the process happening.", "His music uses the technique of phase shifting, in which a phrase is slightly altered over time, in a flow that is clearly perceptible to the listener.", "His innovations include using tape loops to create phasing patterns, as on the early compositions It's Gonna Rain and Come Out, and the use of simple, audible processes.", "The 1978 recording Music for 18 Musicians helped promote the movement of minimalists.", "Reich's work took on a darker character in the 1980s with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage.", "Many contemporary composers and groups in the US have been influenced by Reich's style of composition.", "Andrew Clements wrote in The Guardian that Reich is one of a few living composers who can claim to have altered the direction of musical history.", "Reich was born in New York City to June and Leonard Reich.", "Reich split his time between New York and California when he was one year old.", "He is the half-brother of a writer.", "Growing up with the \"middle-class favorites\", he had no exposure to music written before 1750 or after 1900.", "He began to study music at the age of 14 after hearing music from the Baroque period and the 20th century.", "Reich wanted to play jazz on the drums.", "He minored in music at Cornell University and graduated with a B.A. in 1957.", "In philosophy.", "Reich had a B.A.", "He set texts by the philosopher to music in Proverb (1995) and You Are (variations) 2006).", "Reich studied composition privately with Hall Overton for a year after graduation and then went to work with William Bergsma andVincent Persichetti.", "He attended Mills College in Oakland, California, where he obtained a master's degree in composition.", "On the three-LP release Music from Mills, Reich composed Melodica for melodica and tape.", "Reich worked at the San Francisco Tape Music Center.", "He was involved with the premiere of Riley's In C and suggested the use of the eighth note pulse, which is now standard in performance of the piece.", "Reich's early compositions involved experimentation with twelve-tone composition, but he found the rhythmic aspects of the number twelve more interesting than the pitch aspects.", "Reich also composed music for three Robert Nelson films.", "The soundtrack of Plastic Haircut may be Reich's first.", "The Watermelons soundtrack used two 19th-century minstrel tunes as its basis, and used repeated phrasing together in a large five-part canon.", "Reich and Nelson filmed black and white 16mm street recordings in San Francisco.", "The film is no longer alive.", "A fourth film from 1965, about 25 minutes long, was assembled by Nelson from outtakes of that shoot and more of the raw audio Reich had recorded.", "Nelson never showed the film because he was not happy with it.", "Terry Riley's work In C combines simple musical patterns, offset in time, to create a slowly shifting, cohesive whole.", "Reich's first major work was It's Gonna Rain.", "The piece was composed in 1965, and used a fragment of a sermon about the end of the world given by a black Pentecostal street-preacher known as Brother Walter.", "Reich used his early tape work to transfer the last three words of the fragment, \"it's gonna rain!\"", "Multiple tape loops move out of phase with one another.", "The Come Out uses the same recordings of a single spoken line as did the Harlem Six, who were wrongly accused.", "A bruise on the survivor's body was used to convince police that he had been beaten.", "The phrase \"to let the bruise's blood come out to show them\" is included in the spoken line.", "Reich re recorded the fragment to 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The discrepancy widens as they slip out of sync.", "The two voices split into four, looped continuously, then eight, and continue to split until the actual words are unintelligible, leaving the listener with only the speech's rhythmic and tonal patterns.", "The phase looping idea of his previous works is applied to instrumental music.", "Steve Reich recorded a simple melody that he played on a melodica.", "After setting the melody to two separate channels, he slowly moves them out of phase, creating an intricate interlocking melody.", "Come Out is an example of how one rhythmic process can be realized in different sounds to create two different pieces of music.", "Reich was inspired to compose this piece from a dream he had on May 22, 1966, and put the piece together in one day.", "Reich considers the last piece he composed for tape to be his transition from tape music to instrumental music.", "The first attempt to translate this technique from recorded tape to live performance was in 1967.", "The performers repeat a rapid twelve-note melodic figure.", "The two parts line up again, but one sixteenth note apart, as one player keeps pace with robotic precision.", "The second player goes back to the previous pace.", "This cycle of speeding up and then locking 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110 888-739-5110", "The same lines are used in Violin Phase.", "In New York art galleries, Piano Phase and Violin Phase were presented.", "Pendulum Music is a lesser known example of process music, which consists of the sound of several microphones swinging over the loudspeakers to which they are attached, producing feedback as they do so.", "Sonic Youth introduced Reich's \"Pendulum Music\" to rock audiences in the late 1990s.", "Reich tried to create a piece that didn't need an instrument beyond the human body.", "The idea of phasing was inappropriate for the way he was experimenting with sound.", "Instead, he composed Clapping Music, in which the players do not phase in and out with each other, but instead one performer keeps one line of a 12-eighth-note-long (12-quaver-long) phrase and the other performer shifts by one eighth note beat every 12 bars", "Slow Motion Sound was not performed in 1967, but Chris Hughes performed it 27 years later as Slow Motion Blackbird on his 1994 album Shift.", "Reich applied the idea of slowing down a recorded sound until many times its original length without changing pitch or timbre to Four Organs, which deals specifically with augmentation.", "The piece has maracas playing a fast eighth note, while the four organs stress certain eighth notes using an 11th chord.", "Repetition and subtle rhythmic change were dealt with in this work.", "Four Organs is different from Reich's typical structure in that it uses a linear structure and is similar to others composed during the period.", "Reich's first composition to be performed in a large traditional setting was Four Organs, which was performed as part of a Boston Symphony Orchestra program.", "Reich learned from the master drummer Gideon Alorwoyie during a five-week trip to study music in Ghana in 1970.", "Reich studied gamelan in Seattle in the 70's and 80's.", "Reich drew inspiration for his piece Drumming from his African experience and A. M. Jones's Studies in African Music about the music of the Ewe people.", "Drumming's composition for a nine-piece percussion ensemble with female voices and piccolo marked the beginning of a new stage in his career, for around this time he formed his ensemble, Steve Reich and Musicians, and increasingly concentrated on composition and performance with them.", "Steve Reich and Musicians, which was to be the sole ensemble to interpret his works for many years, still remains active with many of its original members.", "Reich began writing more elaborate pieces after moving on from the \"phase shifting\" technique that he had pioneered.", "The temporal lengthening of phrases and melodic fragments were investigated by him.", "Music for Mallet Instruments, Voices and Organ, and Six Pianos were written during this time.", "Music for 18 Musicians was written by Reich in 1974.", "Many new ideas were involved in this piece.", "A small section of music based on each of the eleven chords is followed by a return to the original cycle of \"Pulses\".", "This was Reich's first attempt at writing.", "Reich was fascinated by the psychoacoustic effects of the increased number of performers, and he would like to explore this idea further.", "Reich said that the work contained more movement in the first five minutes than any other work he had written.", "The premier recording of this work was made by Steve Reich and Musicians.", "Music for a Large ensemble and Octet were both recorded by Reich.", "Reich used the human breath as a measure of musical duration, and the trumpets were written to take one comfortable breath to perform.", "Human voices are part of the musical palette in Music for a Large ensemble but the wordless vocal parts simply form part of the texture.", "Reich's music showed the influence of biblical cantillation, which he had studied in Israel since the summer of 1977.", "The human voice singing a text is an important part of Reich's music.", "Writings About Music was published in 1974 and contains essays on Reich's philosophy, aesthetic and musical projects.", "Writings On Music was published in 2002.", "The 1980s Reich's work took on a darker character with the introduction of historical themes as well as themes from his Jewish heritage.", "Reich's works draw explicitly on his Jewish background in Tehillim (1981).", "Four women's voices are scored for an ensemble of piccolo, flute, oboe, English horn, two clarinets and six percussion.", "The setting of texts is a departure from Reich's other work.", "The use of formal counterpoint and functional harmony is different from the minimalist works written before.", "In his earlier works, recorded speech is used, but in Different Trains (1988) it is a melodic element.", "Reich compares and contrasts his childhood memories of his train journeys between New York and California in 1939–1941 with the very different trains being used to transport European children to their deaths under Nazi rule.", "Different Trains was the winner of the Best Classical Contemporary Composition award in 1990.", "The piece earned Reich a place among the great composers of the 20th century because it was described by Richard Taruskin as the only adequate musical response to the Holocaust.", "In 1993, Reich collaborated with his wife, the video artist Beryl Korot, on an opera, The Cave, which explores the roots of Judaism, Christianity and Islam through the words of Israelis, Palestinians, and Americans, echoed musically by the ensemble.", "The musical documentary is named for the Cave of Machpelah, where a mosque now stands and Abraham is said to have been buried.", "The opera Three Tales concerns the Hindenburg disaster, the testing of nuclear weapons on Bikini Atoll, and Dolly the sheep, as well as other modern concerns.", "Reich used sampling techniques for some of his work.", "Reich began to compose instrumental works for the concert hall in 1998 with Triple Quartet, which can be performed by string quartet and tape, three string quartets or 36-piece string orchestra.", "The piece is based on Bartk's and Alfred Schnittke's string quartets and Michael Gordon's Yo Shakespeare.", "You Are (Variations) 2004, Variations for Vibes, Pianos, and Strings 2005, and the Daniel Variations 2006 were part of the instrumental series for the concert hall.", "Reich said that the Daniel Variations are partly inspired by the death of Daniel Pearl and that You Are looks back at the vocal writing of Tehillim and The Desert Music.", "Reich was invited by Walter Fink to the annual festival as the 12th composer.", "In December of 2010, Nonesuch Records and Indaba Music held a community remix contest in which over 250 submissions were received, and Steve Reich and Christian Carey judged the finals.", "Reich said in a related interview that once he composed a piece he would not alter it again himself.", "He acknowledged that there was an old tradition of remixes.", "New songs were developed into famous religious music pieces.", "Reich's piece, WTC 9/11, was written for String Quartet and Tape, a similar instrument to that of Different Trains, in March 2011.", "It was performed at Duke University.", "The world premiere of Radio Rewrite for ensemble with 11 players was conducted by Brad Lubman at the Royal Festival Hall in London.", "Double Sextet for ensemble with 12 players, Clapping Music, for two people and four hands featuring Reich himself alongside percussionist Colin Currie, Electric Counterpoint, with electric guitar by Mats Bergstrm, as well as two of Reich's, were included in the programme.", "Reich's return to writing for orchestra after more than thirty years was marked by the premiere of Music for Ensemble and Orchestra by the Los Angeles Philharmonic under Susanna Mlkki.", "The Edward MacDowell medal was awarded to Reich in 2005.", "The Praemium Imperiale Award in Music was given to Reich.", "Reich was named the winner of the Polar Music Prize on January 25, 2007.", "The Pulitzer Prize for Music was awarded to Reich on April 20, 2009.", "It was described as a major work that shows an ability to channel an initial burst of energy into a large-scale musical event, built with masterful control and consistently intriguing to the ear.", "Steve Reich received an honor from the New England Conservatory of Music.", "The American Academy of Arts and Letters gave the gold medal to Steve Reich.", "Reich received the US$400,000BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award in contemporary music for bringing a new conception of music, based on the use of realist elements from the realm of daily life and others drawn from the traditional music of Africa and Asia.", "Reich received the \"Leone d'Oro\" (Golden Lion for Lifetime Achievement in Music) from the Venice Biennale.", "Reich was honoured by the Royal College of Music in London.", "Reich may be considered, by general acclamation, America's greatest living composer.", "John Adams, the progressive rock band King Crimson, the new-age guitarist Michael Hedges, the experimental art/music group the Residents, and the electronic group Underworld have all been influenced by Reich's style of composition.", "The song \"Steve Reich\" was titled by Black Emperor.", "John Adams said that he showed us a new way to ride.", "Many notable choreographers have made dances to his music, and he has expressed particular admiration for Anne Teresa De Keersmaeker's work.", "The Orb exposed a new generation to Reich's music when they featured a sample of Electric Counterpoint in their 1990 track Little Fluffy Clouds.", "DJ Spooky, Ken Ishii, and Coldcut were some of the electronic dance-music producers who reworked Reich's works.", "The inspiration for a series of commissions for solo cello with pre-recorded cellos was Reich's Cello Counterpoint.", "Pérotin, J. S.Bach, Debussy, and Bartk are composers Reich admires and who influenced him when he was young.", "Jazz is a major part of the formation of Reich's musical style, and two of the earliest influences on his work were vocalists Alfred Deller andElla Fitzgerald, whose emphasis on the artistic capabilities of the voice alone with little vibrato or other alterations was an inspiration to his earliest works.", "The album Africa/Brass, which \"was basically a half-an-hour in E\", had an impact on John Coltrane's style.", "Reich's influence from jazz comes from the West African music he studied in his readings.", "The visual artist friends of Richard Serra and Sol LeWitt are important influences.", "Reich's composition Radio Rewrite was inspired by the music of the band Radiohead.", "In favor of the 1983 revision for slightly larger ensemble, Eight Lines Variations for Winds, Strings and Keyboards for orchestra, Tehillim for voices and ensemble, Vermont Counterpoint for amplified flute and tape, and The Desert Music for chorus and orchestra or voices and ensemble were withdrawn.", "There are two recordings of Steve Reich and Musicians.", "Steve Reich and Musicians and the Grand Valley State University New Music ensemble.", "Music for a large ensemble.", "Variations for winds, strings, keyboards, music for mallet instruments, voices and Organ are written by Steve Reich and Musicians.", "Steve Reich, Edo de Waart, and the Musicians of the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra performed Tehillim/The Desert Music.", "Different trains/electric counterpoint and alarm will sound.", "You Are (Variations)/Cello Counterpoint is a song by the Kronos Quartet.", "Grant Gershon and Maya Beiser are part of the Los Angeles Master Chorale.", "Various performers.", "Daniel Variations have Variations for Pianos and Strings.", "Double Sextet/25 is transcribed for guitar by Alexandre Gérard.", "Steve Reich is a bio-bibliographer.", "The Greenwood Press was published in 2002.", "There was a person named Potter in 2000.", "Four musical minimalists: La Monte Young, Terry Riley, Steve Reich and Philip Glass.", "There is music in the Twentieth Century series.", "New York, New York: Cambridge University Press.", "The man is K. Robert Schwarz.", "They are minimalists.", "Phaidon Press was published in 1996.", "Desert Plants - Conversations with 23 American Musicians, Berlin: Beginner Press in cooperation with Mode Records, 2020 was originally published in 1976 by A.R.C.", "The 2020 edition includes the original interview recordings with Larry Austin, Robert Ashley, Jim Burton, John Cage, Philip Corner, Morton Feldman, Philip Glass and Joan La Barbara.", "Steve Reich, Frederic Rzewski, Richard Teitelbaum, James Tenney, Christian Wolff, and La Monte Young are all related to B. Floyd.", "Steve Reich Interviews with Bruce Duffie and Christopher Abbot can be found at the Oral History of American Music Interviews.", "It is a celebration of Steve Reich.", "Alex Ross is a writer for The New Yorker.", "The announcement of the winners of the Polar Music Prize was made by Steve Reich." ]

[ "Stephen Michael Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Leonard Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Stevens", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich" ]

[ "Stephen Michael Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Leonard Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich", "Steve Reich" ]

[ "Nathan Paul Feinsinger (September 20, 1902 – November 3, 1983) was a professor of law at the University of Wisconsin Law School.", "He mediated and arbitrated a number of strikes, and served as general counsel to the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board and associate general counsel to the National War Labor Board (WLB).", "Feinsinger is best known for his mediation efforts in the 1944 telephone operators strike, the 1947 pineapple workers strike, the 1952 steel strike, and the 1966 New York City transit worker strike.", "Early life\nFeinsinger was born in Brooklyn, New York, in 1902 but grew up in Buffalo.", "He graduated from the University of Michigan with a bachelor's degree in 1924 and a law degree in 1926.", "After post-graduate study at Columbia Law School in New York City, he joined the faculty at the University of Wisconsin School of Law in 1929.", "During his academic career, he was also a visiting professor of law at numerous other law schools throughout the nation.", "Government service\nFeinsinger was appointed general counsel to the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board in 1937.", "He served for two years, during which time he was on leave from the University of Wisconsin.", "In 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Feinsinger associate general counsel of the War Labor Board.", "He was promoted to Director of National Disputes in 1943, overseeing labor problems of a national nature, and was appointed to be a representative of the public on the board in 1945.", "During his tenure on the War Labor Board, Feinsinger helped settle a number of important strikes.", "In November 1944, he settled a national strike by telephone switchboard operators belonging to the National Federation of Telephone Workers which had shut down telephone service in Washington, D.C., Detroit and other large cities.", "Feinsinger told the union leaders that they were defying the government of the United States and \"no union has done that yet and succeeded.\"", "On November 24, telephone workers in Dayton ended their walk-out and the nationwide strike collapsed.", "President Roosevelt specifically praised Feinsinger for his role in ending the dispute.", "President Harry S. Truman appointed Feinsinger to a presidential fact-finding board on December 31, 1945, along with Utah Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger I. McDonough and Missouri Supreme Court Chief Justice James M. Douglas, to investigate an ongoing labor dispute in the steel industry in which 700,000 steelworkers threatened to strike.", "Although the Feinsinger panel was unable to avert the strike, the fact-finding report helped lead to an eventual settlement of the strike.", "After a general strike by maritime workers on the West Coast began in early September 1946, President Truman named Feinsinger as the federal government's chief mediator.", "The War Labor Board had cut wage increases won through collective bargaining nearly in half, but Feinsinger was able to negotiate an end to the strike which convinced the WLB to restore the cuts.", "The pineapple strike\nFeinsinger played a critical role in settling a pineapple strike by Hawaiian workers which began on July 11, 1947.", "Although the strike only lasted five days, the workers were represented by the relatively militant International Longshore and Warehouse Union—which threatened to close all ports in Hawaii in support of the sugar workers.", "A lengthy strike would have broken the fragile Hawaiian economy, which was heavily dependent on large shipments of food, fuel and other supplies in order to sustain the large military and civilian defense presence on the island.", "As Feinsinger himself noted:\nThis is the toughest case I ever worked on.", "There was danger that if the strike was not settled this week it would have gone on for months and dragged sugar and the waterfront down with it.", "Feinsinger was rushed to Hawaii by a military aircraft and entered into three days of nearly non-stop negotiations.", "The strike ended on terms favorable to the union on July 16.", "A grateful Hawaii territorial legislature proclaimed the day the strike ended \"Nathan P. Feinsinger Day.\"", "Feinsinger left federal service in 1948.", "In February 1950, he was involved in an automobile accident in Wisconsin that claimed two lives.", "The accident shattered his hip, and he required extensive surgery and rehabilitation.", "But he resumed a heavy schedule of lecturing and teaching by the end of the year.", "The steel strike\nPresident Truman named Feinsinger chairman of the Wage Stabilization Board on August 15, 1951, succeeding George W. Taylor.", "The board was part of a massive federal wage and price stabilization effort designed to support defense production and mobilization during the Korean War.", "Feinsinger faced an immediate wage crisis as unionized steelworkers threatened to strike in order to win wage and productivity increases.", "Feinsinger convinced United Steelworkers of America president Philip Murray to call off a strike set for January 1, 1952, in favor of a 90-day voluntary cooling-off and fact-finding period.", "Feinsinger was forced to turn over the wage case to the president for resolution, but continued to work feverishly toward a solution.", "At 6:30 a.m. on March 20, 1952, Feinsinger collapsed and lapsed into unconsciousness after 15 and a half hours of uninterrupted negotiations.", "Despite several additional proposed solutions, neither the employers nor the union agreed to a new contract.", "The steelworkers set their strike to begin on April 9.", "But at 10:30 p.m. on the evening of April 8, 1952, President Truman invoked his powers as commander-in-chief and seized the steel mills.", "On June 2, in a landmark decision, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer, 343 U.S. 579, that the president lacked the authority to seize the steel mills.", "The steelworkers struck the next day to win their wage increase.", "The strike lasted 55 days, and ended on July 24 on essentially the same terms the union had proposed four months earlier.", "New York City transit strike\nOne of his last major roles as a mediator occurred during the 1966 New York City transit strike.", "Feinsinger was appointed chairman of a three-member mediation panel by Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. and Mayor-elect John Lindsay.", "Although the city won an injunction against the strike and jailed the union's 61-year-old ailing president, Mike Quill, Feinsinger quickly led both sides into a rapid series of give-and-take bargaining sessions which ended the bitter wintertime strike after just 13 days.", "Retirement, death and endowment\nThroughout his life, Feinsinger mediated strikes and labor disputes in many industries, including steel, automobile manufacturing, maritime trades, meat-packing, airlines and transit industries.", "In the 1960s, Feinsinger was named an impartial arbitrator by General Motors and the United Auto Workers.", "In 1967, Feinsinger founded the Center for Teaching and Research in Disputes Settlement at the University of Wisconsin.", "He retired from teaching in 1973.", "Feinsinger suffered a stroke in May 1982.", "He died from complications related to the stroke on Wednesday, November 3, 1983, in Glenwood Springs, Colorado.", "He was survived by his estranged wife, Bettie, and his three children\n\nThe Nathan P. Feinsinger Professor of Law chair at the University of Wisconsin Law School was endowed in his name.", "Notes\n\nReferences\nAaron, Benjamin.", "\"Memories of Nathan P. Feinsinger (Former Professor at Univ.", "of Wisconsin School of Law).\"", "Wisconsin Law Review.", "1984:2 (1984).", "Beechert, Edward D. Working in Hawaii: A Labor History.", "Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1985.", "Bernstein, Barton J.", "\"The Truman Administration and the Steel Strike of 1946.\"", "Journal of American History.", "52:4 (March 1966).", "\"Dave Thompson: Islands Activist, 1946-1958.\"", "The Dispatcher.", "October 2006.", "Davies, Lawrence E. \"AFL Ends Strike on Pacific Coast.\"", "New York Times.", "September 13, 1946.", "Davies, Lawrence E. \"Way Paved to End Coast Ship Strike.\"", "New York Times.", "November 13, 1946.", "\"End Phone Strike, WLB Orders Union.\"", "United Press International.", "November 22, 1944.", "\"Famed Mediator Dies.\"", "Associated Press.", "November 2, 1983.", "Fleming, Robben W. \"Memorial to Professor Nathan P.", "Feinsinger.\"", "Wisconsin Law Review.", "1984:2 (1984).", "Fleming, Robben W. \"Professor Nathan P.", "Feinsinger.\"", "Wisconsin Law Review.", "1973:4 (1973).", "\"Hawaii Strike Talks Fail.\"", "New York Times.", "July 14, 1947.", "Hove, Arthur.", "\"Prof. Nathan Feinsinger: Man in the Middle.\"", "Wisconsin Alumnus.", "67:6 (March 1966).", "Loftus, Joseph A.", "\"Telephone Strike Suddenly Ended By Union Chiefs.\"", "New York Times.", "November 24, 1944.", "Loftus, Joseph A.", "\"Wage Board Votes 18.8c Rise In Steel As Industry Balks.\"", "New York Times.", "March 21, 1952.", "Marcus, Maeva.", "Truman and the Steel Seizure Case: The Limits of Presidential Power.", "New York: Columbia University Press, 1977.", "Marmo, Michael.", "More Profile Than Courage: The New York City Transit Strike of 1966.", "Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 1990.", "Najita, Joyce Matsumoto.", "The 1947 Hawaiian Pineapple Strike.", "Honolulu: Industrial Relations Center, University of Hawaii, 1958.", "\"Phone Strike Talk Here Ends Quickly.\"", "New York Times.", "November 24, 1944.", "\"Pineapple Strike Called in Hawaii.\"", "Associated Press.", "July 12, 1947.", "\"Pineapple Workers End Hawaii Strike.\"", "Associated Press.", "July 17, 1947.", "\"Wage Board Faces Change in Leaders.\"", "New York Times.", "August 19, 1951.", "\"Wage Increase Ends Phone Strike Threat.\"", "Associated Press.", "December 5, 1944.", "Waggoner, Walter H. \"Nathan P. Feinsinger, 81, Dead.\"", "New York Times.", "November 4, 1983.", "\"War Effort Peril.\"", "Associated Press.", "November 23, 1944.", "Whitney, Robert F. \"President Names Steel Fact Board, Asks Price Study.\"", "New York Times.", "January 1, 1946.", "\"WLB Demands End of Phone Strike.\"", "Associated Press.", "November 21, 1944.", "1902 births\n1983 deaths\nAmerican legal scholars\nUniversity of Wisconsin Law School faculty\nColumbia Law School alumni\nUniversity of Michigan Law School alumni\nPeople from Brooklyn\nLawyers from Buffalo, New York\nLawyers from Madison, Wisconsin\n20th-century American lawyers" ]

[ "Nathan Paul Feinsinger was a professor of law at the University of Wisconsin.", "He was general counsel to the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board and associate general counsel to the National War Labor Board.", "Feinsinger is best known for his mediation efforts in the 1944 telephone operators strike, the 1947 pineapple workers strike, the 1952 steel strike, and the 1966 New York City transit worker strike.", "Feinsinger was born in New York but grew up in Buffalo.", "He graduated from the University of Michigan with a bachelor's degree in 1924 and a law degree in 1926.", "He joined the faculty at the University of Wisconsin School of Law in 1929 after graduating from Columbia Law School in New York City.", "He was a visiting professor of law at many other law schools during his academic career.", "Feinsinger was appointed general counsel to the Wisconsin Labor Relations Board in 1937.", "He was on leave from the University of Wisconsin when he served for two years.", "Feinsinger was appointed associate general counsel of the War Labor Board.", "He was appointed to be a representative of the public on the board in 1945, after being promoted to Director of National Disputes in 1943.", "Feinsinger was a member of the War Labor Board.", "The National Federation of Telephone Workers went on strike in 1944 and shut down telephone service in Washington, D.C., Detroit and other large cities.", "\"No union has done that yet and succeeded\", Feinsinger told the union leaders.", "The nationwide strike collapsed after telephone workers in Dayton ended their walk-out.", "President Roosevelt praised Feinsinger for ending the dispute.", "Truman appointed Feinsinger to a presidential fact-finding board on December 31, 1945, along with Utah Supreme Court Chief Justice Roger I.", "The Feinsinger panel was unable to avert the strike, but the fact- finding report helped lead to an eventual settlement.", "Feinsinger was named the federal government's chief mediator after a general strike by maritime workers on the West Coast began.", "Wage increases won through collective bargaining were cut by the War Labor Board, but Feinsinger was able to negotiate an end to the strike which convinced theWLB to restore the cuts.", "Feinsinger was involved in the settlement of the pineapple strike by Hawaiian workers.", "Although the strike only lasted five days, the workers were represented by the International Longshore and Warehouse Union, which threatened to close all ports in Hawaii in support of the sugar workers.", "A lengthy strike would have broken the fragile Hawaiian economy, which was heavily dependent on large shipments of food, fuel and other supplies in order to sustain the large military and civilian defense presence on the island.", "This is the toughest case I have ever worked on.", "If the strike hadn't been settled this week, it would have dragged sugar and the waterfront down with it.", "Feinsinger was rushed to Hawaii by a military aircraft and was in negotiations for three days.", "The strike ended favorably for the union on July 16.", "\"Nathan P. Feinsinger Day\" was proclaimed by the Hawaii territorial legislature.", "Feinsinger left federal service in 1948.", "Two people were killed in an automobile accident in Wisconsin in February 1950.", "He had extensive surgery after his hip was shattered in the accident.", "He resumed lecturing and teaching by the end of the year.", "Feinsinger was named chairman of the Wage Stabilization Board on August 15, 1951, after George W. Taylor.", "During the Korean War, the board was part of a massive federal wage and price stabilization effort.", "Feinsinger was faced with an immediate wage crisis as unionized steelworkers threatened to strike in order to win wage and productivity increases.", "Feinsinger persuaded United Steelworkers of America president Philip Murray to call off a strike in favor of a 90-day cooling-off period.", "Feinsinger had to give the wage case to the president for resolution, but continued to work on a solution.", "After 15 and a half hours of negotiations, Feinsinger fell into unconsciousness at 6:30 a.m. on March 20, 1952.", "The employers and the union did not agree to a new contract.", "The steelworkers will go on strike on April 9.", "President Truman took control of the steel mills at 10:30 pm on April 8, 1952.", "The United States Supreme Court ruled on June 2 that the president did not have the authority to seize the steel mills.", "The steelworkers went on strike to win their wage increase.", "The strike ended on the same terms the union had proposed four months earlier.", "The 1966 New York City transit strike was one of his last major roles as a mediator.", "The mediation panel was chaired by Feinsinger.", "Although the city won an injunction against the strike and jailed the union's 61-year-old ailing president, Feinsinger quickly led both sides into a rapid series of give-and-take bargaining sessions which ended the bitter wintertime strike after just 13 days.", "Feinsinger mediated strikes and labor disputes in many industries, including steel, automobile manufacturing, maritime trades, meat-packing, airlines and transit industries.", "Feinsinger was named an impartial arbiter by General GM and the U.A.W. in the 1960s.", "The Center for Teaching and Research in Disputes Settlement was founded in 1967.", "He stopped teaching in 1973.", "Feinsinger had a stroke in 1982.", "He died from a stroke on November 3, 1983, in Colorado.", "The Nathan P. Feinsinger Professor of Law chair at the University of Wisconsin Law School was endowed in his name.", "The notes have references to Benjamin.", "Nathan P. Feinsinger was a professor at the University.", "The Wisconsin School of Law.", "There is a law review in Wisconsin.", "1984:2 was released in 1984.", "Edward D. Beechert wrote Working in Hawaii: A Labor History.", "The University of Hawaii Press was published in 1985.", "Bernstein, Barton J.", "The Truman Administration was involved in the Steel Strike of 1946.", "There is a journal of American history.", "In March 1966 it was 52:4.", "Dave Thompson was an Islands Activist.", "The person who dispatches.", "October 2006", "The strike ended on the Pacific Coast.", "The New York Times.", "September 13, 1946", "Lawrence E. Davies spoke about the end of the coast ship strike.", "The New York Times.", "November 13, 1946", "\"WLB Orders Union\"", "The United Press International.", "November 22, 1944.", "\"Famed Mediator dies.\"", "The Associated Press.", "November 2, 1983.", "The memorial was to Professor Nathan P.", "Feinsinger.", "There is a law review in Wisconsin.", "1984:2 was released in 1984.", "\"Professor Nathan P.\"", "Feinsinger.", "There is a law review in Wisconsin.", "The film was released in 1973.", "\"Hawaii Strike Talks Fail.\"", "The New York Times.", "July 14, 1947.", "Arthur, Hove.", "Man in the Middle is a book by Prof. Nathan Feinsinger.", "Wisconsin alumni.", "67:6 took place in March 1966.", "Joseph A. Loftus.", "The telephone strike ended by the union chiefs.", "The New York Times.", "November 24, 1944.", "Joseph A. Loftus.", "The wage board voted to raise the price of steel.", "The New York Times.", "March 21, 1952", "Marcus and Maeva.", "The Limits of Presidential Power is about Truman and the Steel Seizure Case.", "Columbia University Press was published in 1977.", "Marmo, Michael.", "There was a New York City transit strike in 1966.", "The State University of New York Press was published in 1990.", "Joyce Matsumoto.", "The Hawaiian Pineapple Strike took place in 1947.", "The University of Hawaii has an Industrial Relations Center.", "The phone strike talk ends quickly.", "The New York Times.", "November 24, 1944.", "There was a pineapple strike in Hawaii.", "The Associated Press.", "July 12, 1947", "The pineapple workers ended their strike.", "The Associated Press.", "July 17, 1947.", "The wage board faces change.", "The New York Times.", "August 19, 1951.", "Wage increase ends phone strike threat.", "The Associated Press.", "December 5, 1944.", "\"Nathan P. Feinsinger was dead.\"", "The New York Times.", "November 4, 1983.", "\"War Effort Peril.\"", "The Associated Press.", "November 23, 1944.", "The president named a steel fact board and asked for a price study.", "The New York Times.", "January 1, 1946", "WLB demands an end to the phone strike.", "The Associated Press.", "November 21, 1944.", "The University of Wisconsin Law School has faculty from Columbia Law School and the University of Michigan Law School." ]

[ "Nathan Paul Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger" ]

[ "Nathan Paul Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger", "Nathan P", "\" Feinsinger", "Nathan Feinsinger", "Nathan P", ". Feinsinger" ]

[ "Alfred Stock (July 16, 1876 – August 12, 1946) was a German inorganic chemist.", "He did pioneering research on the hydrides of boron and silicon, coordination chemistry, mercury, and mercury poisoning.", "The German Chemical Society's Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize is named after him.", "Life\nStock was born in Danzig (Gdańsk) and educated at the Friedrich-Werder grammar school in Berlin.", "In 1894 he began studies in chemistry at the Friedrich Wilhelm-University in Berlin.", "After finishing his dissertation about the quantitative separation of arsenic and antimony in the works of Emil Fischer he got his doctoral degree.", "In 1899 he worked with the French chemist and toxicologist Henri Moissan in Paris for one year.", "He was given the task of synthesizing still unknown compounds of boron and silicon.", "Five years later he became professor at the University of Breslau.", "In 1916 he succeeded Richard Willstätter as director at the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry in Berlin.", "After a severe mercury poisoning he became the director of the Chemistry Department at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1936.", "In 1932 he was a visiting professor at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York for four months.", "A member of the NSDAP (National Socialist German Workers' Party) since 1933, Stock was anti-Semitic.", "From February 6, 1936, to May 7, 1938 Stock was the president of the German Chemical Society.", "Bombs in the Second World War damaged the house of Stock.", "In September 1943 he and his wife moved to Bad Warmbrunn in Silesia, but the flow of refugees forced them to move again towards west in February 1945.", "They found accommodation in Aken (near Dessau).", "After the war in 1946, Stock endeavoured to revitalize German chemistry by lectures and memoirs.", "He was renowned for his pioneering research on boron hydrides.", "Research on the hydrides of boron and silicon\nIn 1909 Stock began studying the boron hydrides—the boron hydrogen chemical compounds with general formula BxHy—at Breslau.", "Due to their extreme reactivity and flammability in air, boron hydrides could not be purified until his development of methods for separation using high-vacuum manifolds around 1912.", "He performed similar work on the hydrides of silicon.", "The hydrides of boron and silicon represented the first family of binary compounds to approach the richness of hydrocarbons in terms of structural diversity.", "Not only did the boron hydrides exhibit challenging properties, their structures were also unusual.", "Elucidation of the structures and the associated bonding models dramatically expanded the scope of inorganic chemistry.", "Boron hydrides such as diborane later developed into a range of reagents for organic synthesis as well as a source of diverse ligands and building blocks for researchers.", "With Henri Moissan, Stock discovered silicon boride.", "Research in other areas of inorganic chemistry\nIn 1921, Stock first prepared metallic beryllium by electrolyzing a fused mixture of sodium and beryllium fluorides.", "This method made beryllium available for industrial use, such as in special alloys and glasses and for making windows in X-ray tubes.", "He was also influential in coordination chemistry.", "The term \"ligand\" (from ligare Latin, to bind) was first used by Stock in 1916.", "H. Irving and R.J.P.", "Williams adopted the term in a paper published in 1948.", "Monodentate, bidentate, tridentate characterized the number of ligands attached to a metal.", "Given the introduction of ligand concept, he was also able to further derive the idea of bite angle and other aspects of chelation.", "The \"Stock system,\" first published in 1919, was a system of nomenclature on binary compounds.", "In his own words, he considered the system to be \"simple, clear, immediately intelligible, capable of the most general application.\"", "In 1924, a German commission recommended Stock system to be adopted with some accommodations.", "FeCl2, which would have been named iron(2)-chloride according to Stock's original idea, became iron(II) chloride in the revised proposal.", "In 1934 Stock agreed to the use of Roman numerals but preferred keeping the hyphen and dropping the parentheses.", "Although this suggestion has not been followed, the Stock system remains in use worldwide.", "Interests in mercury and mercury poisoning\nStock published over 50 papers on different aspects of mercury and mercury poisoning.", "He also introduced sensitive tests and devised improved laboratory techniques for dealing with mercury which minimized poisoning risk, possibly initiated by his chronic mercury poisoning in 1923, due to his use of liquid mercury in some novel laboratory apparatus he invented.", "He became more vocal on protesting the mercury usage after realizing the toxicity of its organic derivatives.", "German dentists abandoned his warning in 1928 against copper amalgam usage.", "Nevertheless, a paper from Fleischmann, in which removal of mercury in amalgam-related illness had led to complete recovery, supported his idea.", "(Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift 1928, No.", "8).", "A committee was founded in Berlin to investigate cases of possible mercury intoxication and hence the term micromercurialism was first used.", "Retirement and death\nAfter retirement in 1936, Stock moved from Karlsruhe to Berlin.", "He died in Aken, a small town near Dessau, in August 1946 at the age of 70.", "Posthumous recognition\nIn recognition of his contributions to the field of inorganic chemistry, the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker) created in 1950 the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize.", "The prize, consisting of a gold medal and money, is awarded every other year for \"an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of inorganic chemistry.\"", "Publications\n Praktikum der quantitativen anorganischen Analyse.", "Berlin 1909, (6.", "Auflage, München 1979).", "Ultrastrukturchemie.", "Berlin 1920.", "Hydrides of boron and silicon.", "Ithaca(USA) 1933, (Neuausgabe Ithaca(UAS) 1957).", "Die Gefährlichkeit des Quecksilbers und der Amalgam-Zahnfüllungen.", "Berlin 1928.", "Das Atom In: Angewandte Chemie Band 37, Nr.", "6, 1924, , , S. 65–67.", "Inventions and discoveries\n the tension thermometer\n the Stock high vacuum apparatus - an apparatus made of glass which allows work with highly combustible and poisonous substances to be undertaken in high vacuum.", "the principles of the chemistry of metal-chelate complexes\n Stock nomenclature or the Stock system - the system of naming the oxidation state of an atom in a compound\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n List of recipients of the Alfred-Stock-Gedächtnispreis\n\n1876 births\n1946 deaths\n20th-century German chemists\nUniversity of Breslau faculty\nKarlsruhe Institute of Technology faculty\nScientists from Gdańsk" ]

[ "Alfred Stock was a German chemist.", "He pioneered research on mercury poisoning, coordination chemistry, and the hydride of boron and Silicon.", "The Alfred-Stock Memorial Prize is given by the German Chemical Society.", "Life Stock was educated at the Friedrich-Werder school in Berlin.", "He began his studies in chemistry in 1894.", "He got his degree after finishing his thesis about the separation of arsenic and antimony.", "He worked with a French chemist in Paris in 1899.", "He was given the task of making new compounds.", "He was a professor at the University of Breslau for five years.", "He succeeded Richard Willsttter as director in 1916.", "He was the director of the Chemistry Department at the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe from 1926 to 1936 after a severe mercury poisoning.", "He was a professor at Cornell University for four months in 1932.", "Stock was a member of the National Socialist German Workers' Party.", "Stock was the president of the German Chemical Society from February 6, 1936 to May 7, 1938.", "Stock's house was damaged during the Second World War.", "The flow of refugees forced him and his wife to move back towards the west in February 1945.", "Aken is near Dessau.", "German chemistry was rejuvenated by lectures and memoirs after the war.", "He was a pioneer in the field of boron hydride research.", "Stock began studying the boron hydrides at Breslau in 1909.", "He developed methods for separation using high-vacuum manifolds around 1912 due to their reactivity and flammability.", "He did similar work on the hydride of Silicon.", "The first family of compounds to approach the richness of hydrocarbons were the hydrides of boron and Silicon.", "The structures of the boron hydrides were unusual.", "The scope of chemistry was greatly expanded by thelucidation of the structures and associated bonding models.", "Boron hydrides such as diborane later developed into a range of reagents for organic synthesis as well as a source of diverse ligands and building blocks for researchers.", "Stock discovered a substance called Silicon Boride.", "Stock began research in other areas of chemistry in 1921.", "It was possible to make windows in X-ray tubes using this method.", "He was influential in coordination chemistry.", "Stock used the term \"ligand\" in 1916.", "H. Irving and R.J.P.", "The term was adopted by Williams in 1948.", "The number of ligands attached to a metal was characterized by Monodentate, bidentate, and tridentate.", "He was able to derive the idea of bite angle after the introduction of the ligand concept.", "The first publication of the \"Stock system\" was in 1919.", "He considered the system to be simple, clear, immediately intelligible and capable of the most general application.", "The Stock system was recommended by a German commission in 1924.", "According to Stock's original idea, FeCl2 would have been named iron(2)-chloride.", "Stock agreed to the use of Roman numerals in 1934, but preferred keeping the hyphen and dropping the parentheses.", "The Stock system is still used worldwide despite the suggestion not being followed.", "Stock published over 50 papers on different aspects of mercury and mercury poisoning.", "Improved laboratory techniques for dealing with mercury were invented due to his use of liquid mercury in some novel laboratory apparatus he invented.", "He realized the toxicity of mercury's organic derivatives.", "German dentists stopped issuing warnings against copper amalgam usage in the 1920s.", "Fleischmann's paper on mercury removal in amalgam-related illness supported his idea.", "The German Medizinische wochenschrift was published in 1928.", "8).", "The term micromercurialism was first used when a committee was formed in Berlin to investigate cases of mercury intoxication.", "Stock moved to Berlin after retirement in 1936.", "He died in Aken, a small town near Dessau, at the age of 70.", "The German Chemical Society created the Alfred Stock Memorial Prize to recognize his contributions to the field of chemistry.", "Every other year, a gold medal and money is given for an outstanding independent scientific experimental investigation in the field of chemistry.", "There are publications about the quantitativen anorganischen Analyse.", "Berlin 1909 was the year.", "Mnchen 1979", "Ultrastrukturchemie.", "Berlin 1920.", "There are hydrrides of boron and Silicon.", "Ithaca, USA, was founded in 1933.", "The Gefhrlichkeit des Quecksilbers and the Amalgam-Zahnfllungen.", "Berlin in 1928.", "The band is called Angewandte Chemie Band 37.", "6, 1924, S. 65–67.", "Inventions and discoveries include the Stock high vacuum apparatus, an apparatus made of glass which allows work with highly combustible and poisonous substances to be undertaken in high vacuum.", "The Stock system is the system of naming the oxidation state of an atom in a compound." ]

[ "Alfred Stock", "Stock", "Life Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock" ]

[ "Alfred Stock", "Stock", "Life Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock", "Stock" ]

[ "Tereska Torrès (born Tereska Szwarc; 3 September 192020 September 2012) was a French writer known for the 1950 book Women's Barracks, the first \"original paperback bestseller.\"", "In 2008 historians credited the republished book as the first pulp fiction book published in America to candidly address lesbian relationships, although Torrès did not agree with this analysis.", "Life\nTorrès was born Tereska Szwarc to the Jewish Polish sculptor Marek Szwarc and his wife Guina Pinkus in Paris.", "Her paternal uncle Samuel Schwarz was a noted historian of the Jewish diaspora and crypto-Judaism.", "Torrès fled her native country in 1940 via Lisbon to England when France surrendered to Nazi Germany after the Battle of France while her father—serving in the Polish Armed Forces in the West—was evacuated from La Rochelle by the British Home Fleet.", "Her family was able to escape because they received visas signed by Portuguese vice-consul Manuel Vieira Braga (following instructions from Aristides de Sousa Mendes) in Bayonne, France, in June 1940.", "It is possible the efforts and intervention of Samuel Schwarz, who resided in Portugal, helped secure the transit visas.", "At the age of 19, Torrès enlisted in the Corps des Volontaires françaises of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces, and worked as a secretary in de Gaulle's London headquarters.", "In October 1944 when she was five months pregnant, her first husband 20-year-old Georges Torrès—stepson of prewar French-Jewish Prime Minister Léon Blum—died while fighting with the 2nd Free French Armoured Division in Lorraine.", "In 1947 Torrès accompanied American novelist Meyer Levin while he filmed the documentary Lo Tafhidunu (The Illegals) about Jewish refugees who fled Poland after the Holocaust and tried to reach Palestine.", "Her diary about her experiences on this journey from Poland's destroyed cities through the displaced persons camps in Western Europe to Israel and her imprisonment there by British forces has so far only been published in German, under the title Unerschrocken (Unafraid).", "In 1948 Torrès married Meyer Levin in Paris.", "He urged her to publish the diary she wrote while serving in the Free French Forces.", "In 1950 Torrès published the book Women's Barracks in the United States.", "A fictional account of her wartime experiences, it \"quickly became the first paperback original bestseller,\" selling over two million copies in its first five years.", "In total, four million copies of the book were sold in the United States, and it was translated into 13 different languages.", "In 1952, the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials used Women's Barracks as an example of how paperback books promoted moral degeneracy.", "When New York-based The Feminist Press republished the book in 2003, it was acclaimed as having inspired a whole new genre of lesbian and feminist literature in the United States.", "Torrès was credited with writing the first book to candidly address lesbian relationships in America.", "However, she felt the book was innocent and that her publishers had exploited her.", "Torrès did not allow Women's Barracks to be published in France during her lifetime because she felt readers might come away thinking Free French Forces acted frivolously in London.", "A revised edition was finally released in 2002.", "Instead her wartime diary was published as Une Française Libre (A Free Frenchwoman).", "In 1963 Torrès accompanied Levin to Ethiopia where he filmed \"the Fellashas\", the first documentary about the life of Beta Israel Jews in Ambover.", "Torrès wrote 14 additional books, which Levin often translated into English.", "Her still-unpublished diary notebooks are preserved by Boston University as part of Levin's papers.", "Torrès died on 20 September 2012 in Paris.", "She was one of the last surviving members of the Volontaires françaises, the women's army corps of the Free French Forces.", "Works \n Le Sable et l'Écume (\"Sand and Foam\") – 1945 by Gallimard, using the pen name George Achard.", "Her first novel started when she was 17 years old and finished during the war.", "Women's Barracks – 1950 by Fawcett's Gold Medal; the first lesbian pulp novel.", "A modified French version of the book was released in 2011 under the title Jeunes Femmes en Uniforme.", "Not Yet – 1957\n The Dangerous Games – 1957\n The Golden Cage – 1959\n By Cécile – 1963, about a woman who steals her husband's mistress.", "The Converts – 1970 by Knopf (New York); an account of her childhood and youth, and her parents' secret conversion to Catholicism in 1919.", "Released in French in 2002 under the title Le Choix (\"The Choice\").", "Les Poupées de Cendre – 1972 by Éditions du Seuil and Éditions Phébus; a novel set in Israel.", "Les Maisons Hantées de Meyer Levin – 1974 by Éditions Phébus (Paris); about her husband's 30-year-long obsession with a play he wrote based on The Diary of Anne Frank.", "Une Française Libre – 2000 by Phebus (London); a diary of her war years.", "Mission Secrète – 2012, about her efforts to help Ethiopian Jews emigrate to Israel.", "Legacy \nIn 2019 a public garden called jardin Tereska Torrès-Levin (Tereska Torrès-Levin Garden) was dedicated to her memory in Paris.", "This memorial park is situated in the central 8th arrondissement of Paris on Rue Laure Diebold between the Champs-Élysées and Parc Monceau.", "Torres is named by literary scholar Yvonne Keller as one of a small group of writers whose work formed the subgenre of \"pro-lesbian\" pulp fiction; others include Ann Bannon, Sloane Britain, Paula Christian, Joan Ellis, March Hastings, Marjorie Lee, Della Martin, Rea Michaels, Claire Morgan, Vin Packer, Randy Salem, Artemis Smith, Valerie Taylor, and Shirley Verel.", "References\n\nExternal links \n Women's Barracks at The Feminist Press\n \n Daily Telegraph obituary\n Tereska Torres at AJPN (French)\n\n1920 births\n2012 deaths\n20th-century French women writers\n20th-century French Jews\nFrench soldiers\nWomen in war in France\nFrench women novelists\n20th-century French novelists\nWriters from Paris\nFrench people of Polish-Jewish descent\nFrench women in World War II\nPulp fiction writers\nFrench expatriates in the United Kingdom" ]

[ "The first \"original paperback bestseller\" was written by Tereska Torrs.", "Torrs did not agree with the historians who said the book was the first to address lesbian relationships in America.", "Life Torrs was born to the Szwarc family in Paris.", "Samuel Schwarz was a noted historian of the Jewish diaspora.", "After the Battle of France, France surrendered to Nazi Germany and Torrs' father was evacuated from La Rochelle by the British Home Fleet.", "The family was able to escape because they received visas from the Portuguese vice-consul in June 1940.", "The transit visas may have been secured due to the efforts of Samuel Schwarz, who resided in Portugal.", "At the age of 19, Torrs joined the Corps des Volontaires franaises of Charles de Gaulle's Free French Forces, and later worked as a secretary in de Gaulle's London headquarters.", "In October 1944, when she was five months pregnant, her first husband, 20-year-old Georges Torrs, died while fighting with the 2nd Free French Armoured Division.", "The Illegals is a documentary about Jewish refugees who fled Poland after the Holocaust and tried to reach Palestine.", "Her diary about her experiences on this journey from Poland's destroyed cities through the displaced persons camps in Western Europe to Israel and her imprisonment there by British forces has so far only been published in German, under the title Unerschrocken (Unafraid).", "Meyer and Torrs were married in Paris in 1948.", "She was in the Free French forces and wrote a diary.", "The book Women's Barracks was published in the United States.", "It quickly became the first paperback original bestseller, selling over two million copies in its first five years.", "Four million copies of the book were sold in the United States, and it was translated into 13 different languages.", "In 1952, the House Select Committee on Current Pornographic Materials used Women's Barracks as an example of how paperback books promoted moral degeneracy.", "The Feminist Press re-released the book in 2003 and it was hailed as having inspired a whole new genre of lesbian and feminist literature in the United States.", "The first book to address lesbian relationships in America was written by Torrs.", "She thought the book was innocent and that her publishers exploited her.", "Torrs didn't allow Women's Barracks to be published in France because she thought readers would think Free French Forces acted frivolously in London.", "The revised edition was released in 2002.", "Une Fran Libreaise was the name of her wartime diary.", "The first documentary about the life of Israel Jews in Ambover was filmed in Ethiopia in 1963.", "Fourteen additional books were written by Torrs, which were often translated into English.", "Her diary notebooks are in Boston University's archives.", "The death of Torrs occurred in Paris.", "She was a member of the women's army corps of the Free French Forces.", "The pen name George Achard was used for works Le Sable et l'cume.", "She finished her first novel when she was 17 years old.", "Women's Barracks was the first lesbian pulp novel.", "The French version of the book was called Jeunes Femmes en Uniforme.", "The Golden Cage is about a woman who stole her husband's mistress.", "The Converts is an account of her childhood and youth, as well as her parents' secret conversion to Catholicism in 1919.", "The film was released in 2002 in French.", "The novel is set in Israel.", "Her husband's 30-year-long obsession with a play he wrote based on The Diary of Anne Frank is the subject of Les Maisons Hantées de Meyer Levin.", "A diary of her war years was published in 2000.", "Mission Secrte is about her efforts to help Jews emigrate to Israel.", "The Jardin Tereska Torrs-Levin was dedicated to her in Paris in 2019.", "There is a memorial park on Rue Laure Diebold in the central 8th arrondissement of Paris.", "Yvonne Keller, a literary scholar, says that Torres is one of a small group of writers whose work formed the subgenre of \"pro-lesbian\" pulp fiction.", "Women's Barracks at The Feminist Press has links to other websites." ]

[ "Tereska Torrès", "Tereska Szwarc", "Torrès", "Life Torrès", "Tereska Szwarc", "Torrès", "Georges Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Torrès", "Tereska" ]

[ "Tereska Torrs" ]

[ "Edward Gibbon Wakefield (20 March 179616 May 1862) is considered a key figure in the establishment of the colonies of South Australia and New Zealand (where he later served as a member of parliament).", "He also had significant interests in British North America, being involved in the drafting of Lord Durham's Report and being a member of the Parliament of the Province of Canada for a short time.", "He was best known for his colonisation scheme, sometimes referred to as the Wakefield scheme, which aimed to populate the new colony South Australia with a workable combination of labourers, tradespeople, artisans and capital.", "The scheme was to be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would thereby support the other classes of emigrants.", "Despite being imprisoned for three years in 1827 for kidnapping a fifteen-year-old girl in Britain, he enjoyed a distinguished political career.", "Early life\nWakefield was born in London in 1796, the eldest son of Edward Wakefield (1774–1854), a distinguished surveyor and land agent, and Susanna Crush (1767–1816).", "His grandmother, Priscilla Wakefield (1751–1832), was a popular author for the young, and one of the introducers of savings banks.", "He was the brother of: Catherine Gurney Wakefield (1793–1873) (who was the mother of Charles Torlesse (1825–1866)); Daniel Bell Wakefield (1798–1858); Arthur Wakefield (1799–1843); William Hayward Wakefield (1801–1848); John Howard Wakefield (1803–1862); Felix Wakefield (1807–1875); Priscilla Susannah Wakefield (1809–1887); Percy Wakefield (1810–1832); and an unnamed child born in 1813.", "Wakefield was educated at Westminster School in London, and Edinburgh.", "He served as a King's Messenger, carrying diplomatic mail all about Europe during the later stages of the Napoleonic Wars, both before and after the decisive Battle of Waterloo.", "In 1816, he eloped with a Miss Eliza Pattle and they were subsequently married in Edinburgh.", "It appears to have been a love match, but the fact that she was a wealthy heiress probably played a part, with Edward receiving a marriage settlement of £70,000 (almost US$7m in 2018 dollars), with the prospect of more when Eliza turned twenty-one.", "The married couple, accompanied by the bride's mother and various servants, moved to Genoa, Italy, where Wakefield was again employed in a diplomatic capacity.", "Here his first child, Susan Priscilla Wakefield, known as Nina, was born in 1817.", "The household returned to London in 1820 and a second child, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, was born.", "Four days later Eliza died, and Edward resigned his post.", "The two children were brought up by their aunt, Wakefield's older sister, Catherine.", "Nina was suffering from tuberculosis, and Wakefield took his daughter to Lisbon in Portugal in the hope of recovery.", "He employed a young peasant girl, Leocadia de Oliveira, whom he later fostered, to help care for Nina, and after Nina's death in 1835, sent Leocadia on to Wellington, New Zealand, where she met John Taine and had 13 children.", "Although wealthy by contemporary standards, Wakefield was not satisfied.", "He wished to acquire an estate and enter Parliament, for which he lacked sufficient capital.", "He almost managed to wed another wealthy heiress in 1826 when he abducted 15-year-old Ellen Turner, after luring her from school with a false message about her mother's health.", "Wakefield was brought to trial for the case known as the Shrigley abduction in 1827 and, along with his brother William, sentenced to three years in Newgate prison; the marriage, which had not been consummated, was dissolved by a special act of parliament.", "He then attempted to overturn his father-in-law's will and gain control of the remainder of Eliza's estate.", "Wakefield emerged from this endeavour unsuccessful and with a reputation tarnished by suspicions that he had resorted to forgery and perjury to strengthen his case.", "He turned his attention while in prison to colonial subjects, and considered the main causes of the slow progress of the Australian colonies in the enormous size of the landed estates, the reckless manner in which land was given away, the absence of all systematic effort at colonisation, and the consequent discouragement of immigration and dearth of labour.", "He proposed to remedy this state of things by the sale of land in small quantities at a sufficient price, and the employment of the proceeds as a fund for promoting immigration.", "These views were expressed in his Letter from Sydney (1829), published while he was still in prison, but often quoted as if written on the spot.", "After his release Wakefield briefly turned his attention to social questions at home, and produced a tract on the Punishment of Death, with a graphic picture of the condemned sermon in Newgate, and another on the rural districts, with an equally powerful exhibition of the degraded condition of the agricultural labourer.", "He soon, however, became entirely engrossed with colonial affairs.", "South Australia \n\nIn 1831, having impressed John Stuart Mill, Robert Torrens and other leading economists with the value of his ideas, Wakefield became involved in various schemes to promote the colonisation of South Australia.", "He believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by overpopulation, and he saw emigration to the colonies as a useful safety valve.", "He set out to design a colonisation scheme with a workable combination of labourers, artisans and capital.", "The scheme was to be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would thereby support the other classes of emigrants.", "It took several attempts before the Province of South Australia established.", "Although initially, Wakefield was a driving force, he found that as it came closer to fruition, he was allowed less and less influence, until he was frozen out almost completely, whereupon he took offence and severed his connections with the scheme.", "Nonetheless, in 1839 John Hill named the Wakefield River, a river north of Adelaide in South Australia after Wakefield, which later led to the naming of Port Wakefield.", "Wakefield Street, Adelaide, was also named after him by the street-naming committee.", "America\nHowever, he did not lose interest in colonisation as a tool for social engineering.", "In 1833 he published anonymously England and America, a work primarily intended to develop his own colonial theory, which is done in the appendix entitled \"The Art of Colonization.\"", "The body of the work contains many new ideas, some of them reaching apparently extreme conclusions.", "It contains the distinct proposal that the transport of letters should be wholly free, and the prediction that, under given circumstances, the Americans would raise \"cheaper corn than has ever yet been raised\".", "New Zealand Association \nSoon, a new project was under way, the New Zealand Association.", "In 1837 the Colonial Office gave the New Zealand Association a charter to promote settlement in New Zealand.", "However, they attached conditions that were unacceptable to the members of the Association.", "After considerable discussion, interest in the project waned.", "Wakefield was undoubtedly one of the most influential voices in the Association, but he discovered another interest, Canada.", "Canada (first time)\n\nThe 1837 Rebellion in Lower Canada had been suppressed, but the colony was in turmoil.", "The Government of Lord Melbourne wanted to send John George Lambton, Lord Durham to settle the disputes.", "He and Wakefield had been working together closely on the New Zealand scheme, and he was a convert to Wakefield's colonial theories; the report embodied Wakefield's ideas, and he surreptitiously leaked it to The Times, to prevent the government from tampering with it.", "Durham was only prepared to accept the task if Wakefield accompanied him as Commissioner of Crown Lands.", "However, they both knew that Wakefield would be completely unacceptable to the British government, so Durham planned to announce the appointment only after he had reached Canada.", "Wakefield and his son, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, sailed secretly for Canada in 1838, but before they arrived word had leaked out, and the appointment was forbidden by London.", "Despite this, Durham retained him as an unofficial representative, advisor and negotiator, giving him effectively the same powers he would have had if he been appointed.", "Between them they successfully defused the situation and brought about the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "Since Durham was ill for much of his time in Canada, a great deal of the credit for the success of his mission belongs to his advisers, Wakefield and Charles Buller.", "Clearly Wakefield had become a capable negotiator.", "Shortly afterwards political manoeuvring in London made Durham's position untenable, he resigned and they all returned to Britain.", "Here Durham went into seclusion while he wrote and then presented to Parliament a report on his administration.", "Although their names are not mentioned it seems likely that report was written cooperatively by the three men, Durham, Buller and Wakefield.", "Eventually this report, and its conclusions, became a blueprint for development of British Colonial policy.", "The New Zealand Company\nThe defunct New Zealand Association reformed itself as the New Zealand Company in June 1838.", "By the end of the year they had purchased a ship, the Tory.", "Early in 1839 they discovered that although they now complied with the conditions the government had laid down for the old New Zealand Association, it was not prepared to honour its promises.", "Furthermore, it was actively considering making New Zealand a British Colony in which case land sales would become a government monopoly.", "At a meeting in March 1839, Wakefield was invited to become the director of the New Zealand Company.", "His philosophy was the same as when he planned his elopements: \"Possess yourself of the Soil and you are Secure.\"", "It was decided that the Tory would sail for New Zealand as soon as possible.", "His brother William was appointed the leader of the expedition with his son Jerningham as his nominal secretary.", "They had some difficulty finding a suitable captain for the Tory, but then found Edward Main Chaffers who had been sailing master on HMS Beagle during Fitzroy's circumnavigation.", "Dr. Ernst Dieffenbach was appointed as scientific officer, and Charles Heaphy as a draughtsman.", "The Tory left London on 5 May and called at Plymouth to complete the fitting out.", "Fearing a last-minute attempt by the government to prevent her sailing, Wakefield hastened down to Plymouth and advised their immediate departure.", "The Tory finally quit English shores on 12 May 1839 and reached New Zealand 96 days later.", "Wakefield did not sail with the colonists, and many years were to pass before he saw New Zealand.", "He may have recognised that he did not have the patience, the skills or the talents needed on a frontier.", "His talents lay in visualising dramatic plans and grandiose schemes, ignoring the details, and then persuading other people to get involved.", "He was a salesman, a propagandist and a politician, secretly inspiring and guiding many parliamentary committees on colonial subjects, especially on the abolition of penal transportation.", "By the end of 1839, he had dispatched eight more ships to New Zealand, before he even knew of the success of the Tory expedition led by his brother William.", "He then recruited another brother, Arthur, to lead another expedition, this time to settle in the Nelson area at the top of the South Island.", "Charles Torlesse, the 16-year-old son of his elder sister Catherine, and Rev.", "Charles Martin Torlesse, rector of Stoke-by-Nayland in Suffolk, sailed with Arthur as a trainee surveyor.", "By now William's daughter, Emily, and his ward, Leocadia, were already in New Zealand.", "Two more of his brothers also went to New Zealand later, along with numerous nieces and nephews.", "Canada (second time)\n\nWhile active with the New Zealand Company, Wakefield had maintained his interest in Canadian affairs.", "He was involved with the North American Colonial Association of Ireland (NACAI).", "At his instigation, the NACAI were trying to purchase a large estate just outside Montreal where they wanted to establish another colonial settlement.", "Wakefield pushed the scheme with his usual energy; apparently, the government did not object in principle, but they strenuously objected to Wakefield having any part of it.", "However, trusted or not by the politicians, Wakefield was involved in the scheme.", "The NACAI sent him back to Canada as their representative; he arrived in Montreal in January 1842 and stayed in Canada for about a year.", "At this stage, Canada was still coming to terms with the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "There were serious differences between the French and English Canadians, with the English Canadians holding the political clout.", "Wakefield skilfully manipulated these differences; it was fairly easy for him to get the support of the French Canadians.", "By the end of that year he had got himself elected to the Canadian Parliament.", "Having been elected, he immediately returned to Britain.", "He returned to Canada in 1843 and spent some months there.", "In the parliamentary session of 1843 he initially aligned himself with the French-Canadian group, but part-way through the session he left them and supported the Governor on an important vote.", "However, when he heard of his brother Arthur's death at the Wairau Affray, he immediately quit Canada and never returned.", "This appears to be the end of his involvement with Canadian affairs, apart from being paid about £20,000 by the NACAI for his work in Canada.", "Later life\nWakefield returned to England in early 1844 to find the New Zealand Company under serious attack from the Colonial Office.", "He threw himself into the campaign to save his project.", "In August 1844 he had a stroke, followed in later months by several other minor strokes, and he had to retire.", "There is also a possibility that his mental health was not too sound in the succeeding months.", "His son Jerningham returned from New Zealand about this time and cared for him.", "In August 1845 he went to France to recuperate and to give himself a break from New Zealand affairs.", "It did not serve his purpose and he returned to London two months later in a semi-invalid state.", "During his convalescence he wrote his book A View of the Art of Colonization, in the form of letters between a \"Statesman\" and a \"Colonist\".", "By January 1846 Wakefield was back to his scheming.", "By now Gladstone was Colonial Secretary.", "Wakefield approached him early in the New Year with a fairly radical plan that both the Government and the New Zealand Company should withdraw from New Zealand affairs and the colony should become self-governing.", "While it might have been a good idea, Wakefield wanted it accepted immediately, and became at first heated and then distressed when some months later, it was still being considered.", "In August 1846, he had another, potentially fatal stroke.", "His friend, Charles Buller took up the negotiations.", "In May 1847 the British Government agreed to take over the debts of the New Zealand Company and to buy out their interests in the Colony.", "The directors readily accepted the offer.", "Wakefield found he was powerless and unable to influence the decision, which did not please him.", "Without notice, his youngest brother Felix Wakefield, who had been in Tasmania since the early 1830s, reappeared in England accompanied by eight of his children, having abandoned his wife and youngest child in Australia.", "Felix had no money and no prospects and was unable to provide for his family.", "Wakefield found him somewhere to live and farmed out the children among relatives, but it was another year before his health was strong enough to take over the role of surrogate father, Felix being apparently unable to do anything for his family.", "Meanwhile, Wakefield was getting involved in a new scheme.", "He was working with John Robert Godley to promote a new settlement in New Zealand, this one to be sponsored by the Church of England.", "This plan matured to become the Canterbury Settlement.", "The first ship sailed from England in December 1849 with Godley in command of the expedition.", "Jerningham Wakefield also sailed with them, his health and finances ruined by his dissipated lifestyle in London.", "The first immigrant ships bound for Canterbury sailed from Plymouth in September 1850, and others followed.", "In the same year, Wakefield co-founded the Colonial Reform Society with Charles Adderley, a landowner and member of parliament for North Staffordshire.", "Felix was causing problems back in Britain and causing Wakefield a great deal of grief.", "Felix decided that settlement in New Zealand was the solution to all his problems.", "Wakefield reluctantly sponsored his passage to Canterbury, where Felix was allocated (40 hectares) of land near Sumner.", "He and six of his children arrived in Lyttelton in November 1851.", "A short time later one of the other settlers described him as \"the worst man we have in Canterbury\".", "During 1851 and 1852 Wakefield continued to work for the Canterbury Association and also worked towards making New Zealand a self-governing colony.", "The New Zealand Constitution Act was passed on 30 June 1852.", "There was general satisfaction among New Zealanders about this, although they were less happy to discover that the new government was to be saddled with the remaining debts of the defunct New Zealand Company.", "Wakefield now decided that he had achieved everything he could in England; it was time to see the colony he felt he had created.", "He sailed from Plymouth in September 1852, knowing he would never return.", "His sister Catherine and her son Charley came to see him off.", "Then, at the last minute, his father appeared.", "Edward Wakefield was now 78 years old; he and Wakefield had not spoken since the Ellen Turner abduction 26 years before.", "They were reconciled, and the elder Edward died two years later.", "Wakefield's niece, Alice Mary Wakefield, who had cared for him since his 1846 stroke, continued to look after him until his death in Wellington in 1862.", "Wakefield in New Zealand\n\nThe ship arrived at Port Lyttelton on 2 February 1853.", "Wakefield had travelled with Henry Sewell who had been deputy chairman and full-time manager of the Canterbury Association.", "It seems likely that he expected to be welcomed as a founding father of the colony; to be feted and immediately asked to assume the leadership of colony.", "However, colonisation had inevitably changed the perspectives of the people of Canterbury.", "Many of them felt they had been let down and cheated by the Association, and the two arrivals were firmly linked in their minds with the broken promises and disappointments of the Association.", "James Edward FitzGerald, who was one of the leaders of Canterbury, and who was elected as Superintendent of the Canterbury Province a few months later (in July 1853), declined to meet with Wakefield for some days and certainly was unwilling to relinquish control to someone he probably saw as a tainted politician from London.", "Within a very short time Wakefield was completely disenchanted with Canterbury.", "He claimed the citizens were far too parochial in their outlook; they were far more concerned with domestic issues rather than national politics.", "Clearly they were not worthy of Edward Gibbon Wakefield and after only one month he left Canterbury and sailed for Wellington.", "There was enough political ferment in Wellington to satisfy even Wakefield.", "Governor George Grey had just proclaimed self-government for New Zealand, but it was a watered down version, significantly less \"self-government\" than was described in the New Zealand Constitution Act of the year before.", "In his own way George Grey was every bit as unscrupulous as Wakefield, and he had very firm ideas on what was good for New Zealand.", "They were not necessarily bad ideas, but they were different from Wakefield's.", "It seems likely that even before they met both men knew they would clash.", "When they arrived in Wellington, Wakefield declined to go ashore until he knew he was going to be properly received by the Governor.", "Grey promptly left town.", "Sewell went ashore and met with various dignitaries including Daniel Bell Wakefield, another of the brothers who had been in Wellington for some years practising law and was Attorney General of the Province.", "He also managed to get an address of welcome for Wakefield, written by Isaac Featherston and signed by many of the citizens.", "Wakefield went on the attack almost as soon as he landed.", "He took issue with George Grey on his policy on land sales.", "Grey was in favour of selling land very cheaply to encourage the flow of settlers.", "Wakefield wanted to keep the price of land high so that the growth of the colony could be financed by land sales; it was a fundamental tenet of his colonial theory.", "He and Sewell applied for an injunction to prevent the Commissioner of Crown Lands selling any further lands under Governor Grey's regulations.", "The Crown Commissioner was Wakefield's second cousin, Francis Dillon Bell, early New Zealand really was a Wakefield family business.", "Within a month of arriving in Wellington, Wakefield began a campaign in London to have him recalled not knowing he had already applied to leave the colony.", "Meanwhile, Grey was in control.", "He responded to the attacks on him by questioning Wakefield's integrity, always an easy target.", "Particularly he focussed on the generous fees that had been paid to Wakefield as a Director of the New Zealand Company at a time when it was reneging on its debts in New Zealand.", "This served to remind the people of Wellington just how badly they had been let down by the company and how angry they felt about it.", "Wakefield managed to clear himself of the actual charges, but a great deal of dirt was thrown around.", "Member of Parliament\n\nElections for the Wellington Provincial Council and General Assembly, the national parliament, were held in August 1853.", "Wakefield stood for the Hutt electorate, and to the surprise of some, and the disappointment of others, he was elected to both the Provincial Council and the General Assembly.", "The first sitting of the Provincial Assembly was in October 1853.", "Wakefield was not only the senior member but also clearly the most experienced politically.", "However, the Assembly was controlled by the Constitutional Party led by Dr. Isaac Featherston and they had been heavily involved in the recent criticism of his integrity.", "Working in opposition, Wakefield probably made certain that the Provincial Assembly became a working democracy rather than a Constitutional Party oligarchy.", "His wide knowledge of parliamentary law and custom made certain that the body of the assembly could not be ignored by the ruling party.", "Early in 1854 the town of Wellington held a Founder's Festival.", "Three hundred people attended including sixty Māori and all the Wakefields.", "The principal toast of the evening was to: \"The original founders of the Colony and Mr. Edward Gibbon Wakefield.\"", "Whatever the vicissitudes of the last few months, it confirmed Wakefield as one of the leading political figures of colony, possibly the only one with stature to take on Governor Grey.", "Responsible Government conflict\nGrey was gone and Colonel Robert Wynyard was acting as Governor.", "Wynyard opened the 1st New Zealand Parliament on 27 May 1854.", "Wakefield and James Fitzgerald each immediately began manoeuvering for positions of influence, with Wakefield moving a motion for Parliament to appoint its own responsible governments (Ministers of the Crown).", "Wakefield took a position supporting Wynyard, while FitzGerald took an opposite tack.", "The dispute over responsible government dragged on.", "As a compromise, on 7 June, Wynyard appointed James FitzGerald to the Executive Council.", "Wakefield was not asked to form a part of the ministry.", "By July 1854 FitzGerald was in serious conflict with Wynyard; FitzGerald's Executive Council (cabinet) resigned on 2 August 1854.", "Wakefield was summoned to form a government; he refused to do so.", "He said instead that he would advise Wynyard, so long as he acted on his advice alone.", "In effect, he sought to turn Wynyard into his own puppet.", "He did not have a majority of supporters in the house, and the assembly was paralysed.", "Wynyard prorogued parliament on 17 August, but he had to recall it again by the end of the month when he needed money to run the country.", "The new ministry, headed by Thomas Forsaith, composed mainly of Wakefield's supporters and it was soon clear that he was the de facto head of the ministry.", "However, they failed to survive an early vote of no confidence, and New Zealand's second government collapsed on 2 September 1854.", "In the remaining two weeks of the Assembly's life they managed to pass some useful legislation before they were dismissed and new elections called.", "Wakefield held two election meetings for his constituents in the Hutt Valley, which were well received.", "A third meeting was scheduled but never happened.", "On the night of 5 December 1855, Wakefield fell ill with rheumatic fever and neuralgia.", "He retired to his house in Wellington.", "He retired from the Hutt seat on 15 September 1855 and retired from all political activity, making no more public appearances.", "He lived for another seven years, but his political life was over.", "Legacy\nHe is mentioned and criticised in Chapter 33 of Karl Marx's Das Kapital (Volume 1) and similarly in Henry George's How to Help the Unemployed.", "By the turn of the twenty-first century, the direct descendants of the Wakefield family left in New Zealand were William Wakefield Lawrence Clague resident in Kapiti, and descendants of Edward's sister Catherine Gurney Wakefield who married Charles Torlesse.", "A great-great-nephew of William and Edward Gibbon Wakefield, William Clague, is the great-great-grandson of John Howard Wakefield, one of the original brothers.", "John Howard Wakefield spent most of his life in India, ending his days back in England unlike his two better-known siblings.", "Some Wellington Councillors have called for Wakefield monuments to be removed.", "The Wakefield River, a river north of Adelaide, was named after Wakefield in 1839.", "This later led to the naming of Port Wakefield, and Wakefield Street, Adelaide, was also named after him by the street-naming committee.", "Bibliography\nHow to Help the Unemployed, by Henry George in The North American Review, Volume 158, Issue 447, February 1894.", "Adventure in New Zealand by Edward Jerningham Wakefield, John Murray, 1845\nAn Account of the Settlements of the New Zealand Company by The Hon HW Petre, Smith, Elder and Co, 1842.", "A View of the Art of Colonization by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, 1849.", "The Modern Theory of Colonisation last chapter in Karl Marx's Capital, Vol I focused on Wakefield's theory.", "Facts Relating to the Punishment of Death in the Metropolis by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, James Ridgway, 1831.", "Notes\n\nFurther reading\n \n Ashby, Abby and Audrey Jones.", "The Shrigley Abduction by 2003\n Burns, Patricia.", "Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company (Heinemann Reed, 2002) \n\n Fairburn, Miles (1990): \n Fardy, Bernard D. William Epps Cormack, Newfoundland Pioneer 1985 page 46–48 section describing The Wakefield Scheme.", "Foster, Bernard John (1966):The Wakefield Myth in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand\n\n Garnett, Richard.", "Edward Gibbon Wakefield: The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand (Longmans, Green & Company, 1898).", "online\n Hamilton, Reg.", "Colony : strange origins of one of the earliest modern democracies (2010) online\n Hastings, W. K. \"The Wakefield colonisation plan and constitutional development in South Australia, Canada and New Zealand.\"", "Journal of Legal History 11.2 (1990): 279–299.", "Henning, Jon \"New Zealand: An Antipodean Exception to Master and Servant Rules,\" New Zealand Journal of History (2007) 41#1 pp 62–82\n Johnston, H.J.M.", "(1976): \n Kondo, Takahiro.", "Edward Gibbon Wakefield on Colonial Government and Patronage (Annals of the Society for the History of Economic Thought (Keizaigakushi Gakkai Nempo), 1989).", "online \n Langley, Michael.", "\"Wakefield and South Australia.\"", "History Today (Oct 1969), Vol.", "19 Issue 10, pp 704–712; online.", "Mills, Richard Charles.", "The colonization of Australia (1829–42): the Wakefield experiment in empire building (1915).", "online\n Morrell, William Parker (1966):\"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon\" in the 1966 Encyclopaedia of New Zealand\n Olssen, Erik.", "\"Mr. Wakefield and New Zealand as an Experiment in Post-Enlightenment Experimental Practice,\" New Zealand Journal of History (1997) 31#2 pp 197–218.", "Stuart, Peter Alan.", "Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career, 1853-4 (Victoria University Press, 1971).", "|-\n\n1796 births\n1862 deaths\nBurials at Bolton Street Cemetery\nPeople of the British Empire\nClassical economists\nImmigration to New Zealand\nMembers of the Wellington Provincial Council\nMembers of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada from Canada East\nMembers of the New Zealand House of Representatives\nNew Zealand MPs for Hutt Valley electorates\nCivil servants from London\nEnglish emigrants to New Zealand\nEdward Gibbon\n19th-century New Zealand politicians\nAdvocates of colonization\nCriminals from London" ]

[ "A key figure in the establishment of the colonies of South Australia and New Zealand was Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who later served as a member of parliament.", "He was involved in the drafting of Lord Durham's Report and was a member of the Parliament of the Province of Canada.", "He was best known for his plan to colonise South Australia with a combination of labourers, artisans and capital.", "The scheme would be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would support the other classes of emigrants.", "He enjoyed a distinguished political career despite being imprisoned for three years for kidnapping a fifteen-year-old girl in Britain.", "The oldest son of Edward and Susanna Crush was born in London in 1796.", "One of the introducers of savings banks was his grandmother, who was a popular author for the young.", "He was the brother of several people, including the mother of Charles Torlesse.", "He was educated in London and Edinburgh.", "Before and after the Battle of Waterloo, he was a King's Messenger, carrying diplomatic mail all about Europe.", "He and Miss Pattle were married in Edinburgh in 1816.", "It appears to have been a love match, but the fact that she was a wealthy heiress probably played a part, with Edward receiving a marriage settlement of almost 7 million dollars.", "The married couple, accompanied by the bride's mother and various servants, moved to Genoa, Italy, where Wakefield was again employed in a diplomatic capacity.", "The first child of his was born here.", "A second child, Edward Jerningham Wakefield, was born after the household returned to London.", "Edward resigned his post four days after the death of Eliza.", "Catherine brought up the two children.", "Wakefield took his daughter to Lisbon in Portugal in the hope that she would recover from her illness.", "After Nina's death in 1835, he sent a young peasant girl to Wellington, New Zealand, where she met John Taine and had 13 children.", "Although wealthy, he wasn't satisfied.", "He didn't have enough capital to enter Parliament and acquire an estate.", "He had a chance to wed another wealthy heiress in the year 1824 when he kidnapped Ellen Turner.", "The marriage of Wakefield and his brother William was dissolved by a special act of parliament after they were sentenced to three years in Newgate prison for the Shrigley abduction.", "He tried to overturn his father-in-law's will and take control of the rest of the estate.", "He had a reputation that was ruined by suspicions that he had used forgery and perjury to strengthen his case.", "The main causes of the slow progress of the Australian colonies in the enormous size of the landed estates, the reckless manner in which land was given away, and the absence of all systematic effort at colonisation were all considered by him while in prison.", "The sale of land in small quantities at a sufficient price and the employment of the proceeds as a fund for promoting immigration is what he proposed to remedy this state of things.", "While he was in prison, he published a Letter from Sydney, which was often quoted as if it were written on the spot.", "After his release, he briefly turned his attention to social questions at home, and produced a tract on the Punishment of Death, with a graphic picture of the condemned sermon in Newgate, and another on the rural districts, with an equally powerful exhibition of the degraded condition of the agricultural labourer", "He quickly became engrossed in colonial affairs.", "After impressing John Stuart Mill, Robert Torrens and other leading economists with the value of his ideas, Wakefield became involved in various schemes to promote the colonisation of South Australia.", "emigration to the colonies was seen as a useful safety valve because he believed that many of the social problems in Britain were caused by overpopulation.", "He wanted to design a scheme with a combination of labourers, artisans and capital.", "The scheme would be financed by the sale of land to the capitalists who would support the other classes of emigrants.", "It took a long time before the Province of South Australia was established.", "Although initially, he was a driving force, he found that as it came closer to fruition, he was allowed less and less influence, until he severed his connections with the scheme.", "In the 19th century, John Hill named a river in South Australia after another, which eventually led to the name of Port Wakefield.", "The street was named after him.", "He was interested in colonisation as a tool for social engineering.", "He published a work called England and America, which was intended to develop his own colonial theory, in the appendix of \"The Art of Colonization.\"", "There are many new ideas in the body of the work.", "There is a proposal that the transport of letters should be completely free, and a prediction that the Americans would raise more corn than has ever been raised.", "The new project was called the New Zealand Association.", "The New Zealand Association was given a charter to promote settlement in New Zealand.", "They attached conditions that were not acceptable to the members of the Association.", "The project waned after a lot of discussion.", "One of the most influential voices in the Association was also one of the most interested in Canada.", "The Rebellion in Lower Canada was suppressed, but the colony was in turmoil.", "John George Lambton, Lord Durham would be sent to settle the disputes.", "He leaked the report to The Times to prevent the government from tampering with it, because he was a convert to the idea of colonial rule.", "If he accompanied him as Commissioner of Crown Lands, Durham would accept the task.", "Durham was going to announce the appointment after he reached Canada because he knew that the British government wouldn't like him.", "Before they arrived in Canada, word had leaked out and the appointment was forbidden by London.", "Durham retained him as an unofficial representative, advisor and negotiator, giving him the same powers he would have had if he had been appointed.", "They brought about the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "Since Durham was ill for a lot of his time in Canada, a lot of the credit for the success of his mission goes to his advisers, Wakefield and Charles Buller.", "It's clear that Wakefield has become a capable negotiator.", "After political maneuvering in London made Durham's position intolerable, he resigned and they all returned to Britain.", "Durham went into seclusion and presented a report on his administration to Parliament.", "Although their names are not mentioned, it seems likely that the report was written by the three men.", "The report became a guide for the development of British colonial policy.", "The New Zealand Association reformed as the New Zealand Company in June.", "They purchased a ship at the end of the year.", "The old New Zealand Association was not able to fulfill its promises because the government was not prepared to do so.", "It was considering making New Zealand a British Colony if land sales became a government monopoly.", "He was invited to become the director of the New Zealand Company at a meeting in March.", "\"Possess yourself of the soil and you are secure\" was the same philosophy he had when he planned his elopements.", "The decision was made to sail for New Zealand as soon as possible.", "William was the leader of the expedition and his son was his nominal secretary.", "They had a hard time finding a suitable captain for the Tory, but they found Edward Main Chaffers who was the master of the ship.", "Dr. Dieffenbach was appointed as a scientific officer.", "On May 5, the Tories left London and went toPlymouth to complete the fitting out.", "Fearing a last-minute attempt by the government to prevent her sailing, Wakefield advised them to immediately leave.", "The Tory left England on 12 May 1839 and reached New Zealand 96 days later.", "Many years passed before he saw New Zealand, as he did not sail with the colonists.", "He may have realized that he didn't have the skills or patience needed on a frontier.", "His talents lie in convincing other people to get involved and in visualising grandiose plans.", "He was a salesman, a propagandist and a politician who was secretly inspiring and guiding many parliamentary committees on colonial subjects.", "He sent eight more ships to New Zealand before he knew of the success of the Tory expedition.", "Arthur was recruited by his brother to lead another expedition to the top of the South Island.", "Charles is the son of Catherine.", "Arthur sailed with Charles Martin Torlesse, the rector ofStoke-by-Nayland in Suffolk.", "William's daughter, Emily, and his ward were already in New Zealand.", "Two more of his brothers went to New Zealand with him.", "While with the New Zealand Company, he had an interest in Canadian affairs.", "He was a member of the North American Colonial Association of Ireland.", "The NACAI tried to purchase a large estate just outside of Montreal where they wanted to establish another colonial settlement.", "The government did not object in principle, but they objected to Wakefield having any part in the scheme.", "Wakefield was involved in the scheme even though he was not trusted by the politicians.", "He was sent back to Canada by the NACAI and stayed in Canada for about a year.", "Canada is still coming to terms with the union of Upper and Lower Canada.", "The political clout of the English Canadians was different from that of the French Canadians.", "It was easy for him to get the support of the French Canadians.", "He was elected to the Canadian Parliament by the end of the year.", "He returned to Britain after being elected.", "He spent time in Canada in 1843.", "He initially aligned himself with the French-Canadian group, but later supported the Governor on an important vote.", "He quit Canada when he heard of his brother's death.", "This appears to be the end of his involvement with Canadian affairs, apart from being paid thousands of dollars for his work in Canada.", "The New Zealand Company was attacked by the Colonial Office in early 1844.", "He was involved in the campaign to save his project.", "He had to retire after he had a stroke in August 1844.", "It is possible that his mental health was not as good as it could have been.", "Jerningham came back from New Zealand and cared for his father.", "He went to France in 1845 to recuperate and take a break from New Zealand affairs.", "He returned to London in a semi-invalid state after it didn't serve his purpose.", "A View of the Art of Colonization was written in the form of letters between a \"Statesman\" and a \"Colonist\".", "By January 1847, he was back to scheming.", "The Colonial Secretary was Gladstone.", "The Government and the New Zealand Company should withdraw from New Zealand affairs and the colony should become self-governing according to a radical plan presented to him early in the New Year.", "It might have been a good idea, but when it was still being considered, Wakefield became distressed and heated, and wanted it accepted immediately.", "He had a stroke in August.", "Charles Buller was his friend.", "The New Zealand Company's debts were taken over by the British Government in May 1847.", "The directors accepted the offer.", "He wasn't able to influence the decision, which didn't please him.", "After abandoning his wife and youngest child in Australia, Felix Wakefield reappeared in England with eight of his children.", "Felix was unable to provide for his family because he had no money.", "It was another year before Felix was able to take over the role of surrogate father for his family, as he was unable to do anything for them.", "A new scheme was being worked on by Wakefield.", "He was working with John Robert Godley to promote a new settlement in New Zealand that would be sponsored by the Church of England.", "The plan became the Canterbury Settlement.", "Godley was in charge of the expedition when the first ship sailed from England in December 1849.", "His health and finances were ruined by his dissipated lifestyle in London.", "In September 1850, the first immigrant ships sailed fromPlymouth.", "The Colonial Reform Society was founded by Charles Adderley, a member of parliament for North Staffordshire.", "Felix caused problems back in Britain and caused a lot of grief.", "Settlement in New Zealand was the solution to Felix's problems.", "Felix was allocated 40 hectares of land near Sumner when he was sponsored by Wakefield.", "In November of 1851, he arrived with six of his children.", "One of the other settlers described him as the worst man in the area.", "Wakefield worked towards making New Zealand a self-governing colony in the 19th century.", "On June 30, 1852, the New Zealand Constitution Act was passed.", "Despite the fact that the new government was going to owe the New Zealand Company's remaining debts, there was general satisfaction among New Zealanders.", "He decided it was time to see the colony he created after achieving everything he could in England.", "He sailed fromPlymouth in September of 1852.", "Catherine and her son came to see him off.", "His father appeared at the last minute.", "The Ellen Turner abduction took place 26 years ago, and the two men hadn't spoken since.", "The elder Edward died two years after they reconciled.", "Alice Mary Wakefield cared for him until his death in Wellington in 1862.", "The ship arrived in New Zealand in February of 1854.", "Henry Sewell was the full-time manager of the Canterbury Association.", "He probably expected to be welcomed as a founding father of the colony and then asked to assume the leadership of the colony.", "The perspectives of the people of Canterbury were changed by colonisation.", "Many of them felt cheated and let down by the Association, and the two arrivals were linked to the broken promises and disappointments of the Association.", "James Edward FitzGerald, who was one of the leaders of Canterbury, and who was elected as Supt of the Canterbury Province a few months later, declined to meet with Wakefield for some days and certainly was unwilling to relinquish control to someone he probably saw as a corrupt politician from London.", "Within a short period of time, Wakefield was no longer a fan of Canterbury.", "He claimed that the citizens were too parochial in their outlook and focused on domestic issues rather than national politics.", "They were not worthy of the man who sailed for Wellington after just one month.", "There was a lot of political ferment in Wellington.", "Governor George Grey had just proclaimed self-government for New Zealand, but it was a watered down version, much less self-government than was described in the New Zealand Constitution Act of the year before.", "George Grey had a lot of ideas about what was good for New Zealand.", "They were not bad ideas, but they were different from the others.", "It is likely that both men knew they would clash before they met.", "When they arrived in Wellington, Wakefield refused to leave until he knew he was going to be received well by the Governor.", "Grey left the town.", "One of the brothers who had been in Wellington for some years was the Attorney General of the Province.", "He was able to get an address of welcome for Wakefield that was signed by many of the citizens.", "As soon as he landed, he went on the attack.", "George Grey had a policy on land sales.", "Grey wanted to encourage the flow of settlers by selling land cheaply.", "He wanted to keep the price of land high so that the growth of the colony could be financed by land sales.", "They applied for an injunction to stop the Commissioner of Crown Lands from selling any more lands.", "Early New Zealand was a family business of the Crown Commissioner.", "Within a month of arriving in Wellington, Wakefield began a campaign in London to have him remember not knowing he had applied to leave the colony.", "Grey was in control.", "He questioned Wakefield's integrity, an easy target, after the attacks on him.", "He focused on the generous fees that had been paid to Wakefield as a Director of the New Zealand Company at a time when it was reneging on its debts in New Zealand.", "The people of Wellington were reminded how much they had been let down by the company.", "A lot of dirt was thrown around, but Wakefield was able to clear himself of the charges.", "Member of Parliament elections for the Wellington Provincial Council and General Assembly took place in August of 1854.", "To the surprise of some, and the disappointment of others, he was elected to both the Provincial Council and the General Assembly.", "The first sitting of the Provincial Assembly took place in October of 1854.", "The senior member was also the most experienced.", "The Assembly was controlled by the Constitutional Party and they were heavily involved in the recent criticism of his integrity.", "Working in opposition, he made certain that the Provincial Assembly became a working democracy.", "The body of the assembly could not be ignored by the ruling party because of his knowledge of parliamentary law and custom.", "The town of Wellington held a festival in 1854.", "Sixty Mori attended the event.", "The main toast of the evening was to the founding fathers of the Colony.", "Whatever the vicissitudes of the last few months, it confirmed that Wakefield is one of the leading political figures of colony, and the only one with stature to take on Governor Grey.", "Grey was gone and Colonel Robert Wynyard was acting Governor.", "The 1st New Zealand Parliament was opened by Wynyard.", "James Fitzgerald moved a motion for Parliament to appoint its own responsible governments, while Wakefield moved a motion for positions of influence.", "Wynyard was supported by Wakefield, while FitzGerald was against it.", "There was a dispute over responsible government.", "James FitzGerald was appointed to the Executive Council by Wynyard.", "He wasn't asked to form a part of the ministry.", "FitzGerald's Executive Council resigned on August 2, 1854, after a serious conflict with Wynyard.", "He refused to form a government.", "He said he would advise Wynyard if he acted on his advice alone.", "He wanted to turn Wynyard into his own puppet.", "He didn't have a lot of supporters in the house.", "Wynyard had to recall parliament again at the end of the month when he needed money to run the country.", "Thomas Forsaith was the head of the new ministry and it was clear that he was the leader.", "New Zealand's second government collapsed on 2 September 1854 after they failed to survive an early vote of no confidence.", "They passed some useful legislation in the last two weeks of the Assembly's life, before they were dismissed and new elections were called.", "He held two election meetings for his people in the valley.", "The third meeting never happened.", "On the night of December 5, 1854, Wakefield was stricken with rheumatic fever and neuralgia.", "He retired to Wellington.", "He retired from all political activity on September 15, 1854.", "His political life was over after seven years.", "Karl Marx's Das Kapital (Volume 1) and Henry George's How to Help the Unemployed both mention Legacy.", "The direct descendants of the Wakefield family left in New Zealand by the turn of the twenty-first century were William Wakefield Lawrence Clague and his descendants.", "William Clague is the great-great-grandson of John Howard Wakefield, one of the original brothers.", "John Howard Wakefield lived in India for most of his life, unlike his siblings who lived in England.", "Some Wellington Councillors want the monuments to be removed.", "The river was named after the man in the 19th century.", "The street was named after him by the street-naming committee.", "How to Help the Unemployed was written by Henry George in The North American Review.", "An Account of the Settlements of the New Zealand Company was written by The Hon HW Petre, Smith, Elder and Co.", "A View of the Art of Colonization was written in 1849.", "Karl Marx's Capital, Vol I focused on the Modern Theory of Colonisation.", "There are facts relating to the punishment of death in the metropolis.", "There are notes further reading.", "The abduction took place in 2003 by Burns.", "Fatal Success: A History of the New Zealand Company was written by Heinemann Reed.", "Foster, Bernard John, wrote a book about the myth of the Wakefield.", "The Colonization of South Australia and New Zealand was written by Edward Gibbons.", "There is an online Hamilton.", "The strange origins of one of the earliest modern democracies can be found online.", "The Journal of Legal History was published in 1990.", "New Zealand: An Antipodean Exception to Master and Servant Rules was published in the New Zealand Journal of History.", "Kondo, Takahiro.", "The Annals of the Society for the History of Economic Thought was written by Edward Gibbon Wakefield.", "Langley, Michael.", "Wakefield and South Australia.", "The October 1969 issue of History Today.", "The online edition of 19 Issue 10.", "Richard Charles Mills.", "The colonization of Australia took place in the 19th century.", "\"Wakefield, Edward Gibbon\" is an article in the 1966 New Zealand Olssen.", "The New Zealand Journal of History said that Mr. Wakefield and New Zealand were an experiment in post-enlightenment experimental practice.", "Stuart and Peter Alan.", "Edward Gibbon Wakefield in New Zealand: His Political Career was published in 1971 by Victoria University Press.", "The British Empire Classical economists Immigration to New Zealand Members of the Wellington Provincial Council Members of the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada East Members of the New Zealand House of Representatives" ]

[ "Edward Gibbon Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Wakefield", "Priscilla Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Arthur Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Felix Wakefield", "Susannah Wakefield", "Percy Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Jerningham", "Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Jerningham", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Main", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Felix Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "James Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "William Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Jerningham", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Edward Gbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gib", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon" ]

[ "Edward Gibbon Wakefield", "Edward", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Edward Jerningham", "Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Main", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Felix Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward", "Wakefield", "James Edward", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "William Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbons", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Wakefield", "Edward Gib", "Wakefield", "Edward Gibbon", "Wakefield" ]

[ "Justin Kyle Smoak (born December 5, 1986) is an American professional baseball first baseman who is currently a free agent.", "He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Texas Rangers, Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, and San Francisco Giants and in Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB) for the Yomiuri Giants.", "Smoak played baseball for Stratford High School and the University of South Carolina.", "He was the 11th overall selection in the 2008 MLB draft by the Texas Rangers.", "He made his MLB debut with the Rangers in 2010, and was traded to the Seattle Mariners that season.", "He was claimed by the Blue Jays off waivers in 2014, and played for them until 2019.", "He was an All Star in 2017, and was fifth in the American League that season with 38 home runs.", "High school\nSmoak graduated from Stratford High School in 2005, after four years of high school baseball.", "It wasn't until his junior year that scouts began to notice his talent, as they were originally there to scout his teammate and friend, Matt Wieters.", "He was named by American Baseball Coaches Association, Baseball America, and Collegiate Baseball as a 2005 high school All-American.", "He was also one of 36 high school players in the nation to play in the 2005 high school All-American baseball game, named South Carolina AAAA Player of the Year in 2004 and 2005, named co-Mr.", "Baseball for 2005 in South Carolina (alongside Gamecock teammate Reese Havens), made the 2004 and 2005 South Carolina AAAA All-State team, and a member of the 2005 South Carolina AAAA state championship team while with the Stratford Knights.", "He was initially drafted by the Oakland Athletics as a 16th-round pick in 2005 upon graduation, but instead attended the University of South Carolina.", "College\nSmoak went on to play college baseball for the South Carolina Gamecocks for three years.", "After batting .303 with 17 home runs and 63 RBIs, Smoak earned Freshman All-American honors.", "He followed up with a .315 batting average, 22 home runs, and 72 RBIs in his sophomore year, good enough to be tabbed as a third-team All-American.", "For his junior year, Smoak batted .383, with 23 home runs and 72 RBIs.", "Smoak was a semi-finalist for the Golden Spikes Award in 2007 and 2008.", "Smoak is South Carolina's all-time home run king with 62, having broken Hank Small's record of 48, which stood for over 30 years.", "He is also South Carolina's career leader in RBIs and walks.", "Cape Cod League and Team USA\nIn the summer of 2006, Smoak played for the Cotuit Kettleers in the Cape Cod Baseball League.", "He led all hitters with 11 home runs, a .565 slugging percentage, and 21 extra-base hits, en route to the MVP award.", "In the summer of 2007, Smoak was a representative for Team USA.", "During the 2007 Pan American Games, Smoak struggled, hitting .190 for the tournament.", "He won a silver medal there, when his team lost to Cuba in the finals.", "Later, he competed with Team USA again in the 2007 World Port Tournament.", "However, he didn't fare much better, as he finished with a .208 average, though he did lead the tournament with three doubles.", "In all, Smoak hit .223 and had a .380 slugging percentage for Team USA over the summer.", "In 2009, Smoak again represented his country in the IBAF Baseball World Cup.", "Smoak hit nine home runs and drove in 22 runs, and was named to the 2009 IBAF World Cup All-Tournament Team along with fellow Team USA players Terry Tiffee and Jon Weber.", "He was also named the 2009 Baseball World Cup's Most Valuable Player.", "He won the USA Baseball Richard W. \"Dick\" Case Player of the Year Award in 2009.", "Professional career\n\nDraft\nSmoak was the 11th overall selection in the 2008 MLB draft by the Texas Rangers.", "USA Today opined that \"getting Smoak at No.", "11 may be the best-value pick of the first round.\"", "Several scouting reports wrote that Smoak's biggest strength was his ability to hit for both power and average on both sides of the plate.", "Some scouts compared Smoak to fellow switch hitters Mark Teixeira and Chipper Jones.", "Smoak's defense was described by mlb.com as follows: \"He's got an average arm, but it's good enough for first base...", "He's not bad around the base with good hands....", "The lack of footspeed and heavy lower half provide very limited range.\"", "Baseball America wrote that, as a first baseman, Smoak had \"Gold Glove-caliber actions and soft hands\", as well as \"advanced footwork and instincts at first base\", though they wrote that he had merely adequate arm strength.", "As to his running speed, mlb.com wrote: \"He's below average, with heavy legs.", "He's a bit stiff and knock-kneed.\"", "Texas Rangers\n\nSmoak did not sign a professional contract until 15 minutes before MLB's deadline for teams to sign draft picks, with Texas general manager Jon Daniels saying: \"This is a day we would have liked to have seen happen two months ago, but we think 10 or 15 years from now that will be irrelevant.\"", "The Rangers gave Smoak a $3.5 million signing bonus and assigned him to one of their Class-A affiliates, the Clinton LumberKings.", "Smoak began play in the 2009 season for the Class AA Frisco RoughRiders.", "He was promoted on July 8, 2009, to the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks.", "Smoak entered 2010 ranked among the best prospects in baseball.", "Smoak was called up by the Rangers on April 22, 2010, and made his MLB debut the following evening in a game against the Detroit Tigers.", "He recorded his first MLB hit on April 26, against the Tigers.", "Smoak set a franchise record by drawing at least one walk in each of his first four games.", "Smoak got his first MLB home run against the White Sox on April 29 off Gavin Floyd, and hit his first MLB home run while batting right-handed on May 3, against Oakland off Jerry Blevins.", "On June 13, playing in Milwaukee, Smoak became the first player in Rangers history to strike out five times in a nine-inning game.", "In 2010 for Texas, he batted .209/.316/.353.", "Seattle Mariners\n\nOn July 9, 2010, Smoak was traded to the Seattle Mariners with prospects Blake Beavan, Josh Lueke, and Matt Lawson, for Cliff Lee and Mark Lowe.", "Smoak was sent down to Triple-A Tacoma on July 31.", "He returned to the Mariners on September 18 and batted .340 with three home runs in the final 14 games of his rookie season.", "Former Seattle SuperSonics announcer Kevin Calabro gave him the nickname \"The Freak From Goose Creek\".", "In 2010, he batted .239/.287/.407 for Seattle, with five home runs and 14 RBIs.", "In 2011, Smoak appeared in 123 games and hit .234/.323/.396 with 15 home runs and 55 RBIs.", "On July 23, 2012, Smoak was optioned to Triple-A Tacoma, after his batting average dropped down to .189 in the middle of a 1-for-25 slump.", "A few weeks later he was brought back up to the Mariners due to an injury to first baseman Mike Carp.", "In 2012, he batted .217/.290/.364 with 19 home runs and 51 RBI in 132 games played.", "Smoak hit 20 home runs in 131 games played during the 2013 campaign.", "In 2014, his final season in Seattle, Smoak batted .202/.275/.339 with seven home runs and 30 RBIs in 80 games.", "Toronto Blue Jays\nOn October 28, 2014, the Toronto Blue Jays claimed Smoak off of waivers.", "On December 2, Smoak was non-tendered by the Blue Jays, making him a free agent.", "One day later, they re-signed him to a one-year, $1 million contract for the 2015 season.", "He made his debut with Toronto on Opening Day, as a defensive replacement for Edwin Encarnación.", "On April 22, 2015, Smoak set the all-time record for most plate appearances without hitting a triple to open a career.", "He extended the record to 2,317 plate appearances, before hitting his first career triple on June 12, against the Boston Red Sox.", "In a game at Yankee Stadium on August 8, Smoak hit his first career grand slam, and also became the first Blue Jay to hit a grand slam against the Yankees at their home field.", "He split time at first base for most of the 2015 season with Chris Colabello.", "In 132 games, Smoak batted .226 with 18 home runs and a career-high 59 RBIs.", "From 2010-15, his defense was below-average for a major league first baseman, as measured by UZR (Ultimate Zone Rating) and DRS (Defensive Runs Saved).", "Smoak signed a one-year, $3.9 million contract for the 2016 season with the Blue Jays on December 2, 2015.", "He changed his uniform number from 13 back to 14, which he had vacated for David Price.", "On April 5, 2016, he stole his first base in 433 games.", "On May 3, Smoak hit a game-tying solo home run in the bottom of the ninth inning, and in the tenth inning, hit a walk-off two-run home run to defeat the Texas Rangers 3–1.", "On July 16, Smoak signed a two-year, $8.25 million extension with the Blue Jays that included a $6 million option for a third year, with a $250,000 buyout.", "He had an 0-for-29 slump with runners in scoring position, one at bat short of the team's all-time record for the longest hitless streak with runners in scoring position.", "Smoak played in 126 games for the Blue Jays in 2016, and hit .217/.314/.391 with 14 home runs and 34 RBIs.", "He struck out 112 times in 341 plate appearances; his 32.8% strikeout rate was the 6th-highest in major league baseball for players with at least 330 plate appearances.", "He was included on the team's Wild Card and Division Series rosters, but was left off the Championship Series roster.", "On October 15, Smoak was added to Toronto's ALCS roster after Devon Travis was removed due to injury.", "In 2017, Smoak was the American League starting first baseman for the 2017 Major League Baseball All-Star Game.", "At the time, Smoak had a .303 batting average and 22 home runs, both of which were career highs.", "On August 25, Smoak hit his 35th home run of the season, and broke José Cruz Jr.'s franchise record for home runs in a single season by a switch-hitter.", "Smoak ended the 2017 season batting .270 with 128 strikeouts in 560 at bats, and as the Blue Jays' leader in both home runs (38) and RBIs (90), while seeing the highest percentage of curveballs of all MLB hitters (16.6%).", "Smoak struggled to match his 2017 offensive numbers the following season.", "On August 20, 2018, Smoak cleared revocable waivers ahead of the August 31 trade deadline, fueling speculation that he was about to be moved.", "By the end of the season, Smoak batted .242 with 156 strikeouts in 505 at bats, and was tied for first on the team in home runs (25) and led the team in RBIs (77) and OBP (.350).", "He struck out in 26.3% of his at bats, the 8th-highest rate in the American League.", "Milwaukee Brewers\nOn December 19, 2019, Smoak signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Milwaukee Brewers.", "Smoak was designated for assignment by the Brewers on September 3, 2020.", "To that point, he had hit .186/.262/.381 with five home runs over 126 plate appearances.", "He was released on September 7.", "San Francisco Giants\nOn September 9, 2020, Smoak signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants.", "Smoak was selected to the active roster the next day.", "After going hitless in six at-bats, the Giants designated Smoak for assignment on September 21.", "On September 23, Smoak was released.", "Yomiuri Giants\nOn January 7, 2021, Smoak signed with the Yomiuri Giants of Nippon Professional Baseball (NPB).", "On June 18, 2021, Smoak decided to leave the Giants and Japan in order to return to the United States to be with his family.", "In 34 games with Yomiuri, Smoak batted .272/.336/.482 with 7 home runs and 14 RBI.", "Personal life\nIn November 2010, Smoak married his high school sweetheart, Kristin Bevacqua.", "They have two daughters, Sutton and Berkleigh In April 2011, Smoak's father, with whom he had been very close, died of cancer.", "See also\n\n List of Toronto Blue Jays home run leaders\n List of Toronto Blue Jays team records\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Career statistics - NPB.jp\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\nAll-American college baseball players\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Canada\nAmerican League All-Stars\nArizona League Rangers players\nBaseball players at the 2007 Pan American Games\nBaseball players from South Carolina\nClinton LumberKings players\nCotuit Kettleers players\nFrisco RoughRiders players\nMajor League Baseball first basemen\nMedalists at the 2007 Pan American Games\nMilwaukee Brewers players\nOklahoma City RedHawks players\nPan American Games medalists in baseball\nPan American Games silver medalists for the United States\nPeople from Goose Creek, South Carolina\nPeoria Javelinas players\nSan Francisco Giants players\nSeattle Mariners players\nSouth Carolina Gamecocks baseball players\nSportspeople from Charleston, South Carolina\nSurprise Rafters players\nTacoma Rainiers players\nTexas Rangers players\nToronto Blue Jays players\nUnited States national baseball team players\nYomiuri Giants players" ]

[ "The American professional baseball first baseman is currently a free agent.", "He played in Major League Baseball for the Texas Rangers, Seattle Mariners, Toronto Blue Jays, Milwaukee Brewers, and San Francisco Giants.", "Smoak was a baseball player at the University of South Carolina.", "The Texas Rangers selected him in the 11th round of the 2008 MLB draft.", "After making his MLB debut with the Rangers, he was traded to the SeattleMariners.", "He was on waivers when he was claimed by the Blue Jays.", "He was fifth in the American League in home runs that season with 38.", "Smoak graduated from high school in 2005 after four years of baseball.", "It wasn't until his junior year that scouts began to notice his talent, as they were originally there to scout his teammate and friend.", "The American Baseball Coaches Association, Baseball America, and Collegiate Baseball named him a 2005 high school All-American.", "He was one of 36 high school players in the nation to play in the 2005 high school All-American baseball game.", "Reese Havens was a member of the 2005 South CarolinaAAAA state championship team and made the 2004 and 2005 South CarolinaAAAA All-State team.", "He attended the University of South Carolina after being drafted by the Oakland A's as a 16th-round pick.", "Smoak played baseball for the South Carolina Gamecocks for three years.", "Smoak earned Freshman All-American honors after batting.303 with 17 home runs.", "He had a.315 batting average, 22 home runs, and 72 runs scored in his sophomore year, good enough for him to be a third-team All-American.", "Smoak was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smoak was a semi-finalist for the Golden Spikes Award.", "Hank Small's record of 48 home runs stood for over 30 years, but Smoak has broken it with 62.", "He is South Carolina's career leader in walks.", "In the summer of 2006 Smoak played for the Cotuit Kettleers in the Cape Cod Baseball League.", "He led all hitters with 21 extra-base hits and 11 home runs.", "Smoak was a member of Team USA in the summer of 2007.", "Smoak was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He won a silver medal when his team lost in the finals.", "He was a member of Team USA in the World Port Tournament.", "He finished with a.208 average, though he did lead the tournament with three doubles.", "Smoak hit.223 and had a.380 slugging percentage for Team USA in the summer.", "Smoak was a part of the IBAF Baseball World Cup in 2009.", "Along with fellow Team USA players Terry Tiffee and Jon Weber, Smoak was named to the IBAF World Cup All-Tournament Team.", "He was named the Most Valuable Player of the Baseball World Cup.", "The USA Baseball Richard W. \"Dick\" Case Player of the Year Award was won by him.", "Smoak was the 11th overall selection in the 2008 MLB draft by the Texas Rangers.", "\"getting Smoak at No.\" was the opinion of USA Today.", "The pick of the first round may be 11.", "Smoak's biggest strength was his ability to hit for both power and average on both sides of the plate, according to several scouting reports.", "Smoak was compared to other switch hitters.", "He's got an average arm, but it's good enough for first base.", "He has good hands around the base.", "Very limited range is provided by the lack of footspeed and heavy lower half.", "Baseball America wrote that, as a first baseman, Smoak had \"Gold Glove-caliber actions and soft hands\", as well as \"advanced footwork and instincts at first base\", though they wrote that he had merely adequate arm strength.", "His running speed is below average with heavy legs.", "He's a bit stiff.", "Texas Rangers Smoak did not sign a professional contract until 15 minutes before the deadline for teams to sign draft picks, with Texas general manager Jon Daniels saying: \"This is a day we would have liked to have seen happen two months ago, but we think 10 or 15 years from now.\"", "Smoak was given a $3.5 million signing bonus by the Rangers and assigned to their Class-A affiliates, the Clinton LumberKings.", "Smoak was a member of the Class AA Frisco RoughRiders.", "On July 8, 2009, he was promoted to the Triple-A Oklahoma City RedHawks.", "Smoak was one of the best prospects in baseball.", "On April 22, 2010, Smoak made his MLB debut after being called up by the Rangers.", "He recorded his first hit in the MLB.", "Smoak was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On April 29th, Smoak hit his first home run in the MLB when he hit a home run against the White Sox, and on May 3rd, he hit his first home run in the MLB when he hit a home run against the Oakland A's.", "On June 13, Smoak became the first player in Rangers history to strike out five times in a game.", "He hit.209/.316/.353 in 2010 for Texas.", "On July 9, 2010, Smoak was traded to the Seattle Mariners with five other people.", "On July 31, Smoak was sent to Triple-A Tacoma.", "He hit.340 with three home runs in the final 14 games of his first season in the league.", "Kevin Calabro gave him a nickname.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smoak hit.235/.323/.396 with 15 home runs and 55 runs scored in 123 games in 2011.", "On July 23, 2012 Smoak was optioned to Triple-A Tacoma, after his batting average dropped down to.189 in the middle of a 1-for-25 slump.", "Due to an injury to first baseman Mike Carp, he was brought back up to the Mariners a few weeks later.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Smoak hit 20 home runs in 131 games.", "In his final season in Seattle, Smoak hit seven home runs and drove in 30 runs.", "The Toronto Blue Jays claimed Smoak off of waivers.", "On December 2, Smoak became a free agent after being non-tendered by the Blue Jays.", "He was re-signed to a one-year, $1 million contract.", "He joined Toronto on opening day as a replacement for Encarnacin.", "On April 22, 2015, Smoak set the all-time record for most plate appearances without hitting a triple.", "He hit his first career triple in a game against Boston on June 12.", "On August 8, Smoak became the first Blue Jay to hit a grand slam against the Yankees when he did it at Yankee Stadium.", "He split time at first base with Chris Colabello.", "Smoak was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His defense was below average for a major league first baseman from 2010 to 2015.", "On December 2, 2015, Smoak signed a one-year, $3.9 million contract with the Blue Jays.", "He changed his uniform number from 13 to 14.", "He stole his first base on April 5, 2016", "On May 3, Smoak hit a game-tying solo home run in the bottom of the ninth, and in the tenth, he hit a walk-off two-run home run to defeat the Texas Rangers.", "On July 16, Smoak signed a two-year, $8.25 million extension with the Blue Jays that included a $6 million option for a third year, with a $250,000 buyout.", "He had an 0-for-29 slump with runners in scoring position, one at bat short of the team's all-time record for the longest hitless streak with runners in scoring position.", "Smoak played 126 games for the Blue Jays in 2016 and hit 14 home runs and drove in 34 runs.", "His strikeout rate was the 6th-highest in major league baseball for players with at least 330 plate appearances.", "He was included on the Wild Card and Division Series rosters, but not on the Championship Series roster.", "On October 15, Smoak was added to Toronto's ALCS roster.", "Smoak started at first base for the American League in the All-Star Game.", "Smoak had a.303 batting average and 22 home runs, both of which were career highs.", "On August 25, Smoak hit his 35th home run of the season, breaking José Cruz Jr.'s franchise record for home runs in a single season by a switch-hitter.", "While batting.270 with 128 strikeouts in 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932 888-276-5932", "Smoak had a hard time matching his offensive numbers from the previous season.", "Smoak cleared waivers ahead of the August 31 trade deadline, fueling speculation that he was about to be moved.", "Smoak was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He struck out in 26.3% of his at bats, the 8th-highest rate in the American League.", "Smoak signed a one-year, $5 million contract with the Milwaukee Brewers.", "The Brewers designated Smoak for assignment on September 3, 2020.", "He had hit.186/.262/.381 with five home runs over 126 plate appearances.", "He was released on September 7.", "Smoak signed a minor league contract with the San Francisco Giants.", "Smoak was added to the active roster the next day.", "Smoak was designated for assignment by the Giants on September 21 after going hitless in six at-bats.", "Smoak was released on September 23.", "Smoak signed with the Yomiuri Giants on January 7, 2021.", "Smoak decided to leave the Giants and Japan in order to be with his family in the United States.", "Smoak hit.272/.336/.482 with 7 home runs in 34 games.", "Smoak married his high school sweetheart in November 2010.", "Smoak's father died of cancer in April of 2011.", "Home run leaders List of Toronto Blue Jays team records References External links Career statistics - NPB.jp 1986 births Living people All-American college baseball players American expatriate baseball players in Canada American League All-Stars Arizona League Rangers Baseball players at the 2007 Pan American" ]

[ "Justin Kyle Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak" ]

[ "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak", "Smoak" ]

[ "Robert Swan Mueller III (; born August 7, 1944) is an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) from 2001 to 2013.", "A graduate of Princeton University and New York University, Mueller served as a Marine Corps officer during the Vietnam War, receiving a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart.", "He subsequently attended the University of Virginia School of Law.", "Mueller is a registered Republican in Washington, D.C., and was appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions by presidents George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, George W. Bush, and Barack Obama.", "Mueller has served both in government and private practice.", "He was an assistant United States attorney, a United States attorney, United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division, a homicide prosecutor in Washington, D.C., acting United States deputy attorney general, partner at D.C. law firm WilmerHale and director of the FBI.", "On May 17, 2017, Mueller was appointed by Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein as special counsel overseeing an investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and related matters.", "He submitted his report to Attorney General William Barr on March 22, 2019.", "On April 18, the Department of Justice released it.", "On May 29, he resigned his post and the Office of the Special Counsel was closed.", "Early life and education \nMueller was born on August 7, 1944, at Doctors Hospital in the New York City borough of Manhattan, the first child of Alice C. Truesdale (1920–2007) and Robert Swan Mueller Jr. (1916–2007).", "He has four younger sisters: Susan, Sandra, Joan, and Patricia.", "His father was an executive with DuPont who had served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters during World War II.", "His father majored in psychology at Princeton University and played varsity lacrosse, both of which he followed (see below).", "Mueller is of German, English, and Scottish descent.", "His paternal great-grandfather, Gustave A. Mueller, was a prominent doctor in Pittsburgh, whose own father, August C. E. Müller, had immigrated to the United States in 1855 from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia (a historical territory whose area included land now part of Poland and the north-eastern edge of Germany).", "On his mother's side, he is a great-grandson of the railroad executive William Truesdale.", "Mueller grew up in Princeton, New Jersey, where he attended Princeton Country Day School, now known as Princeton Day School.", "After he completed eighth grade, his family moved to Philadelphia while Mueller himself went on to attend St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire for high school, where he was captain of the soccer, hockey, and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the school's top athlete in 1962.", "A lacrosse teammate and classmate at St. Paul's School was future Massachusetts Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry.", "After graduating from St. Paul's, Mueller entered Princeton University, where he continued to play lacrosse, receiving a Bachelor of Arts in politics in 1966 after completing a senior thesis titled \"Acceptance of Jurisdiction in the South West Africa Cases.\"", "Mueller was a member of University Cottage Club while he was a student at Princeton.", "Mueller earned a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University in 1967.", "In 1968, Mueller joined the United States Marine Corps.", "After his military service, he enrolled at the University of Virginia School of Law where he served on the Virginia Law Review and graduated in 1973.", "United States Marine Corps service \n\nMueller has cited the combat death of his Princeton lacrosse teammate David Spencer Hackett in the Vietnam War as an influence on his decision to pursue military service.", "Of his classmate, Mueller has said, \"One of the reasons I went into the Marine Corps was because we lost a very good friend, a Marine in Vietnam, who was a year ahead of me at Princeton.", "There were a number of us who felt we should follow his example and at least go into the service.", "And it flows from there.\"", "Hackett was a Marine Corps first lieutenant in the infantry and was killed in 1967 in Quảng Trị Province by small arms fire.", "After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal, Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968, attending training at Parris Island, Officer Candidate School, Army Ranger School, and Army jump school.", "Of these, he said later that he considered Ranger School the most valuable because he felt \"more than anything teaches you about how you react with no sleep and nothing to eat.\"", "In the summer of 1968, he was sent to South Vietnam, where he served as a rifle platoon leader as a second lieutenant with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division.", "On December 11, 1968, during an engagement in Operation Scotland II, he earned the Bronze Star with \"V\" device for combat valor for rescuing a wounded Marine under enemy fire during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties.", "In April 1969, he received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh, recovered, and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969.", "For his service in and during the Vietnam War, his military decorations and awards include: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat \"V\", Purple Heart Medal, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medals with Combat \"V\", Combat Action Ribbon, National Defense Service Medal, Vietnam Service Medal with four service stars, Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross, Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal, and Parachutist Badge.", "After recuperating at a field hospital near Da Nang, Mueller became aide-de-camp to 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, then–Major General William K. Jones, where he \"significantly contributed to the rapport\" Jones had with other officers, according to one report.", "Mueller had originally considered making the Marines his career, but he explained later that he found non-combat life in the Corps to be unexciting.", "After returning from South Vietnam, Mueller was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall, before leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain.", "Reflecting on his service in the Vietnam War, Mueller said, \"I consider myself exceptionally lucky to have made it out of Vietnam.", "There were many—many—who did not.", "And perhaps because I did survive Vietnam, I have always felt compelled to contribute.\"", "In 2009, he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments, he was still \"most proud the Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines.\"", "Career\n\nPrivate practice and Department of Justice \n\nAfter receiving his Juris Doctor in 1973 from the University of Virginia School of Law, Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976.", "He then served for 12 years in United States Attorney offices.", "He first worked in the office of the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California in San Francisco, where he rose to be chief of the criminal division, and in 1982, he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts as an Assistant United States Attorney, where he investigated and prosecuted major financial fraud, terrorism and public corruption cases, as well as narcotics conspiracies and international money launderers.", "After serving as a partner at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow, Mueller returned to government service.", "In 1989, he served in the United States Department of Justice as an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and as acting Deputy Attorney General.", "James Baker, with whom he worked on national security matters, said he had \"an appreciation for the Constitution and the rule of law\".", "In 1990, he became the United States Assistant Attorney General in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division.", "During his tenure, he oversaw prosecutions including that of Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, the Pan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie bombing) case, and of the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti.", "In 1991, he declared the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International (BCCI) since 1986 in more-than-usual media exposure.", "Also in 1991, he was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers.", "In 1993, Mueller became a partner at Boston's Hale and Dorr, specializing in white-collar crime litigation.", "He returned to public service in 1995 as senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorney's Office.", "In 1998, Mueller was named U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California and held that position until 2001.", "Federal Bureau of Investigation \nPresident George W. Bush nominated Mueller for the position of FBI director on July 5, 2001.", "He and two other candidates, Washington lawyer George J. Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb, were up for the job, but Mueller, described at the time as a conservative Republican, was always considered the front-runner.", "Terwilliger and Webb both pulled out from consideration around mid-June, while confirmation hearings for Mueller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were quickly set for July 30, only three days before his prostate cancer surgery.", "The Senate unanimously confirmed Mueller as FBI director on August 2, 2001, voting 98–0 in favor of his appointment.", "He had previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) for several months before officially becoming the FBI director on September 4, 2001, one week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon.", "On February 11, 2003, one month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, Mueller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.", "Mueller informed the American public that \"[s]even countries designated as state sponsors of terrorism—Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea—remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans.", "As Director Tenet has pointed out, Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction, willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community.", "Our particular concern is that Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material.\"", "Highlighting this worry in February 2003, FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to Mueller in which she warned that \"the bureau will [not] be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq\" and encouraged Mueller to \"share [her concerns] with the President and Attorney General.\"", "On March 10, 2004, while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery, James Comey, the then deputy attorney general, received a call from Ashcroft's wife informing him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about to visit Ashcroft to convince him to renew a program of warrantless wiretapping under the Terrorist Surveillance Program which the DOJ ruled unconstitutional.", "Ashcroft refused to sign, as he had previously agreed, but the following day the White House renewed the program anyway.", "Mueller and Comey then threatened to resign.", "On March 12, 2004, after private, individual meetings with Mueller and Comey at the White House, the president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of Mueller, Ashcroft, and Comey.", "He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2004.", "As director, Mueller also barred FBI personnel from participating in enhanced interrogations with the CIA.", "At a dinner, Mueller defended an attorney (Thomas Wilner) who had been attacked for his role in defending Kuwaiti detainees.", "Mueller stood up, raised his glass, and said, \"I toast Tom Wilner.", "He's doing what an American should.\"", "However, the White House pushed back, encouraging more vigorous methods of pursuing and interrogating terror suspects.", "When Bush confronted Mueller to ask him to round up more terrorists in the U.S., Mueller responded, saying, \"If they [suspects] don't commit a crime, it would be difficult to identify and isolate\" them.", "Vice President Dick Cheney objected by saying, \"That's just not good enough.", "We're hearing this too much from the FBI.\"", "In May 2011, President Barack Obama asked Mueller to continue at the helm of the FBI for two additional years beyond his normal 10-year term, which would have expired on September 4, 2011.", "The Senate approved this request 100–0 on July 27, 2011.", "On September 4, 2013, Mueller was replaced by James Comey.", "In June 2013, Mueller defended NSA surveillance programs in testimony before a House Judiciary Committee hearing.", "He said that surveillance programs could have \"derailed\" the September 11 attacks.", "Congressman John Conyers disagreed: \"I am not persuaded that that makes it OK to collect every call.\"", "Mueller also testified that the government's surveillance programs complied \"in full with U.S. law and with basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution\".", "He said that \"We are taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for these disclosures.\"", "On June 19, 2017, in the case of Arar v. Ashcroft, Mueller, along with Ashcroft and former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W. Ziglar and others, was shielded from civil liability by the Supreme Court for post-9/11 detention of Muslims under policies then brought into place.", "Return to private sector \n\nAfter leaving the FBI in 2013, Mueller served a one-year term as consulting professor and the Arthur and Frank Payne distinguished lecturer at Stanford University, where he focused on issues related to cybersecurity.", "In addition to his speaking and teaching roles, Mueller also joined the law firm WilmerHale as a partner in its Washington office in 2014.", "Among other roles at the firm, he oversaw the independent investigation into the NFL's conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his fiancée.", "In January 2016, he was appointed as Settlement Master in the U.S. consumer litigation over the Volkswagen emissions scandal; as of May 11, 2017, the scandal has resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements.", "On October 19, 2016, Mueller began an external review of \"security, personnel, and management processes and practices\" at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton after Harold T. Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency.", "On April 6, 2017, he was appointed as Special Master for disbursement of $850million and $125million for automakers and consumers, respectively, affected by rupture-prone Takata airbags.", "Mueller received the 2016 Thayer Award for public service from the United States Military Academy.", "In June 2017, he received the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions from the nonprofit Intelligence and National Security Alliance.", "In October 2019, it was announced that Mueller, along with James L. Quarles and Aaron Zebley, would return to WilmerHale to resume private practice.", "On July 11, 2020, Mueller wrote an op-ed on The Washington Post stating that Roger Stone “remains a convicted felon, and rightly so” after the President of the United States granted Roger Stone clemency and defended his investigation.", "Special Counsel for the Department of Justice \n\nOn May 16, 2017, Mueller met with President Trump as a courtesy to provide perspectives on the FBI and input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director.", "This meeting was initially widely reported to have been an interview to serve again as the FBI Director.", "President Trump broached resuming the position in their meeting; however, Mueller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits, and Mueller lacked interest in resuming the position.", "The next day, Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein appointed Mueller to serve as special counsel for the United States Department of Justice.", "In this capacity, Mueller oversaw the investigation into \"any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation\".", "Mueller's appointment to oversee the investigation immediately garnered widespread support from both Democrats and Republicans in Congress.", "Newt Gingrich, former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives and prominent conservative political commentator, stated via Twitter that \"Robert Mueller is a superb choice to be special counsel.", "His reputation is impeccable for honesty and integrity.\"", "Senator Charles Schumer (D-NY) said, \"Former Director Mueller is exactly the right kind of individual for this job.", "I now have significantly greater confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead.\"", "Senator Rob Portman (R-OH) stated, \"former FBI dir.", "Mueller is well qualified to oversee this probe\".", "Some, however, pointed out an alleged conflict of interest.", "\"The federal code could not be clearer—Mueller is compromised by his apparent conflict of interest in being close with James Comey,\" Rep. Trent Franks (R-AZ), who first called for Mueller to step down over the summer, said in a statement to Fox News.", "\"The appearance of a conflict is enough to put Mueller in violation of the code.", "… All of the revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger.\"", "Upon his appointment as special counsel, Mueller and two colleagues (former FBI agent Aaron Zebley and former assistant special prosecutor on the Watergate Special Prosecution Force James L. Quarles III) resigned from WilmerHale.", "On May 23, 2017, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts announced they had declared Mueller ethically able to function as special counsel.", "The spokesperson for the special counsel, Peter Carr, told NBC News that Mueller has taken an active role in managing the inquiry.", "In an interview with the Associated Press, Rosenstein said he would recuse himself from supervision of Mueller if he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey.", "On June 14, 2017, The Washington Post reported that Mueller's office is also investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice, in reference to the Russian probe.", "The report was questioned by Trump's legal team attorney Jay Sekulow, who said on June 18 on NBC's Meet the Press, \"The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction, period.\"", "Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign, the transition, and the White House, the President's son-in-law, Jared Kushner, was also reportedly under scrutiny by Mueller.", "Also in June, Trump allegedly ordered the firing of Robert Mueller, but backed down when then-White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit.", "During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference on July 21, 2017, former CIA director John Brennan reaffirmed his support for Mueller and called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Mueller.", "He also said it was \"the obligation of some executive-branch officials to refuse to carry out some of these orders that, again, are inconsistent with what this country is all about\".", "After Peter Strzok, an investigator for Mueller, was removed from the investigation for alleged partiality, Senator Mark Warner, the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence in a speech on December 20, 2017, before the Senate warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired Mueller.", "On June 22, 2018, Warner hosted a fundraising party for 100 guests and was quoted there saying, \"If you get me one more glass of wine, I'll tell you stuff only Bob Mueller and I know.", "If you think you've seen wild stuff so far, buckle up.", "It's going to be a wild couple of months.\"", "On October 30, 2017, Mueller filed charges against former Trump campaign chairman Paul Manafort and campaign co-chairman Rick Gates.", "The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money, violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) as being an unregistered agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading FARA statements, and conspiracy against the United States.", "On December 1, 2017, Mueller reached a plea agreement with former national security adviser Michael Flynn, who pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak.", "As part of Flynn's negotiations, his son, Michael G. Flynn, was not expected to be charged, and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trump's team directed him to make contact with the Russians.", "On February 16, 2018, Mueller indicted 13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Democratic nominee Hillary Clinton and later President-elect Donald Trump.", "On February 20, 2018, Mueller charged attorney Alex van der Zwaan with making false statements in the Russia probe.", "On May 20, 2018, Trump criticized Mueller, tweeting \"the World's most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia & me so now they are looking at the rest of the World!\"", "Mueller started investigating the August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr. and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.", "The emissary offered help to the Trump presidential campaign.", "Mueller was also investigating the Trump campaign's possible ties to Turkey, Qatar, Israel, and China.", "On December 18, 2018, The Washington Post published an article concerning a report prepared for the U.S. Senate which stated that Russian disinformation teams had targeted Mueller.", "On March 22, 2019, Mueller concluded his investigation and submitted the Special Counsel's final report to Attorney General William Barr.", "A senior Department of Justice official said that the report did not recommend any new indictments.", "On March 24, Attorney General Barr submitted a summary of findings to the United States Congress.", "He stated in his letter, \"The Special Counsel's investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it conspired or coordinated with Russian in its efforts to influence the 2016 U.S. presidential election.\"", "Mueller's report also reportedly did not take a stance on whether or not Trump committed obstruction of justice; Barr quoted Mueller as saying \"while this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him.\"", "On April 18, 2019, the Department of Justice released Report on the Investigation into Russian Interference in the 2016 Presidential Election, the special counsel's final report and its conclusions.", "On May 29, 2019, Mueller announced that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down, and he spoke publicly about the report for the first time.", "Saying \"The report is my testimony,\" he indicated he would have nothing to say that was not already in the report.", "On the subject of obstruction of justice, he said, \"under long-standing Department [of Justice] policy, a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office.\"", "He repeated his official conclusion that the report neither accused nor exonerated the president while adding that any potential wrongdoing by a president must be addressed by a \"process other than the criminal justice system.\"", "Mueller reasserted the involvement of Russian operatives in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media.", "Referring to those actions, he declared that \"there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in our election.", "That allegation deserves the attention of every American.\"", "Robert Mueller was initially scheduled to publicly testify before two House committees on July 17, 2019, with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions, but the hearing was postponed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions.", "His verbal testimony was expected to help inform the public—Democrats believe most Americans have not read the report—and to help Democratic leadership finally decide whether or not to impeach the President.", "In particular, the Democrats aimed to highlight what they consider to be the worst examples of Trump's conduct.", "Representative Jamie Raskin from Maryland said he would use visual aids, such as posters, to help people understand the implications of the Mueller report.", "Republicans, on the other hand, planned to question Mueller on the origins of this investigation.", "On July 24, 2019, Mueller attended both congressional committee hearings and was questioned by members of Congress.", "His testimony followed the guidelines he had stated would be appropriate regarding his report.", "In fact, many of his responses were one-word replies.", "He said he was \"not familiar\" with Fusion GPS, the opposition research firm that commissioned the Steele dossier.", "He rejected claims that his investigation was a \"witch hunt\" or that it totally exonerated the President.", "He declined to answer questions outside of the scope of his investigation, but reiterated his concern about foreign interference with American elections.", "He noted that it continues, that he expects it to expand to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians, and that he considers it a great threat to the United States.", "According to the Nielsen Company, total viewership for the Mueller hearing fell just shy of 13million, significantly lower than other hearings involving the Trump administration, such as Supreme Court nominee Brett Kavanaugh's (20.4million), former FBI director James Comey's (19.5million), and former Trump attorney Michael Cohen's (15.8million).", "Reasons for this comparatively low television rating include the fact that the hearing occurred in July, vacation time for many Americans, and months after the release of the Mueller report.", "Fox News Channel enjoyed the top rating, with 3.03million views.", "Subsequently, Mueller's words were distorted and misinterpreted to both defend and condemn the President.", "Mueller's testimony was criticized by some as uncharacteristically confusing.", "In late September 2019, it was reported Trump may have lied to Mueller about his knowledge of his campaign's contacts with WikiLeaks, citing the grand jury redactions in the Mueller report.", "Political scientists William G. Howell and Terry M. Moe described Mueller's decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump – despite \"compiling a mountain of incriminating evidence\" – as something that \"will surely go down as one of the strangest – and most consequential – moves in modern legal history.\"", "They added, \"in refusing to draw legal conclusions from his evidence, Mueller simply didn't do his job... because he didn't, he failed to carry out his duty to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trump's lawless behavior, and he failed to draw a bright line that would keep future presidents within legal bounds.\"", "The University of Virginia Law School announced in June 2021 that in the coming fall Mueller would participate in a six-session course called \"The Mueller Report and the Role of the Special Counsel,\" along with three of his colleagues from the investigation.", "Personal life \nMueller met his future wife, Ann Cabell Standish, at a high school party when they were 17.", "Standish attended Miss Porter's School in Farmington, Connecticut, and Sarah Lawrence College, before working as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities.", "In September 1966, they married at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Sewickley, Pennsylvania.", "They have two daughters and three grandchildren.", "One of their daughters was born with spina bifida.", "In 2001, Mueller's Senate confirmation hearings to head the FBI were delayed several months while he underwent treatment for prostate cancer.", "He was diagnosed in the fall of 2000, postponing being sworn in as FBI director until he received a good prognosis from his physician.", "Although raised Presbyterian, he became an Episcopalian later in life.", "Mueller and William Barr—the attorney general who supervised the late stage of Mueller's special counsel investigation—have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends.", "Mueller attended the weddings of two of Barr's daughters, and their wives attend Bible study together.", "Military awards\nMueller received the following military awards and decorations:\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n\n Profile at the Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n1944 births\n20th-century American lawyers\n21st-century American lawyers\nAmerican Episcopalians\nAmerican people of English descent\nAmerican people of German descent\nAmerican people of Scottish descent\nAssistant United States Attorneys\nDirectors of the Federal Bureau of Investigation\nIdentity theft victims\nLawyers from New York City\nLiving people\nMembers of the 2017 Special Counsel investigation team\nMilitary personnel from New York City\nNew York (state) Republicans\nNew York University alumni\nPeople from Manhattan\nPeople from Philadelphia\nPrinceton University alumni\nRecipients of the Gallantry Cross (Vietnam)\nSpecial prosecutors\nSt. Paul's School (New Hampshire) alumni\nUnited States Assistant Attorneys General for the Criminal Division\nUnited States Attorneys for the Northern District of California\nUnited States Marine Corps officers\nUnited States Marine Corps personnel of the Vietnam War\nUniversity of Virginia School of Law alumni\nWilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr partners" ]

[ "Robert Swan Muller III was an American lawyer and government official who served as the sixth director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation.", "During the Vietnam War, he received a Bronze Star for heroism and a Purple Heart.", "He went to the University of Virginia School of Law.", "George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton, and George W. Bush all appointed and reappointed to Senate-confirmed positions.", "He has worked in both government and private practice.", "He was an assistant United States attorney, a United States attorney, a United States assistant attorney general for the Criminal Division, a homicide prosecutor in Washington, D.C., and an acting United States deputy attorney general.", "The investigation into allegations of Russian interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election and related matters was assigned to the special counsel on May 17, 2017, by the deputy attorney general.", "He submitted his report to the Attorney General.", "The Department of Justice released it on April 18.", "The Office of the Special Counsel was closed after he resigned.", "The first child of Alice C. Truesdale and Robert Swan Mueller Jr. was born on August 7, 1944, at Doctors Hospital in New York City.", "He has four sisters.", "During World War II, his father served as a Navy officer in the Atlantic and Mediterranean theaters.", "He followed in his father's footsteps by majoring in psychology and playing lacrosse.", "He is of German, English, and Scottish descent.", "His father, August C. E. Mller, came to the United States from the Province of Pomerania in the Kingdom of Prussia in the 19th century.", "He is a descendant of the railroad executive William Truesdale.", "When he was a child, he attended the Country Day School in New Jersey.", "After finishing eighth grade, his family moved to Philadelphia while he attended St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire, where he was captain of the soccer, hockey, and lacrosse teams and won the Gordon Medal as the school's top athlete.", "John Kerry was a lacrosse teammate and classmate at St. Paul's School.", "After graduating from St. Paul's, he continued to play lacrosse and received a Bachelor of Arts in politics from Princeton University.", "He was a member of the University Cottage Club when he was a student.", "In 1967, he received a Master of Arts in international relations from New York University.", "The United States Marine Corps was founded in 1968.", "He graduated from the University of Virginia School of Law in 1973.", "The combat death of his lacrosse teammate in the Vietnam War influenced his decision to join the Marines.", "One of the reasons I joined the Marines was because I lost a good friend in Vietnam, who was a year ahead of me.", "Many of us felt we should follow his example and go into the service.", "It flows from there.", "The first lieutenant in the infantry was killed by small arms fire in 1967.", "After waiting a year so a knee injury could heal,Mueller was accepted for officer training in the United States Marine Corps in 1968.", "He said Ranger School was the most valuable because it taught him how to react with no sleep and nothing to eat.", "He was sent to South Vietnam in the summer of 1968 as a rifle platoon leader with Second Platoon, H Company, 2nd Battalion, 4th Marines, 3rd Marine Division.", "On December 11, 1968, he earned the Bronze Star with \"V\" device for combat bravery for saving a wounded Marine during an ambush in which he saw half of his platoon become casualties.", "He received an enemy gunshot wound in the thigh in April 1969 and returned to lead his platoon until June 1969.", "His military decorations and awards include the Bronze Star medal with Combat \"V\", the Purple Heart medal, two Navy and Marine Corps Commendation medals with Combat \"V\", the National Defense Service medal, and the Vietnam Service medal.", "According to one report, after recovering from his wounds at a field hospital near Da Nang, he became aide-de-camp to the 3rd Marine Division's commanding general, Major General William K. Jones.", "After considering making the Marines his career, he decided that non-combat life in the Corps was boring.", "After leaving active-duty service in August 1970 at the rank of captain, he was briefly stationed at Henderson Hall.", "He said that he was lucky to have made it out of Vietnam.", "There were many who did not.", "I have always felt compelled to contribute because I survived Vietnam.", "In 2009, he told a writer that despite his other accomplishments, he was still \"most proud Marine Corps deemed me worthy of leading other Marines.\"", "After graduating from the University of Virginia School of Law with a Juris Doctor in 1973,Mueller worked as a litigator at the firm Pillsbury, Madison and Sutro in San Francisco until 1976.", "He worked in the United States Attorney offices for 12 years.", "In 1982, he moved to Boston to work in the office of the U.S. Attorney for Massachusetts.", "After working at the Boston law firm of Hill and Barlow, he returned to government service.", "He was an assistant to Attorney General Dick Thornburgh and acting deputy attorney general in 1989.", "James Baker, who worked on national security matters, said he had an appreciation for the rule of law.", "He was in charge of the United States Department of Justice Criminal Division in 1990.", "He oversaw the prosecutions of Panamanian leader Noriega, the Pan Am Flight 103 case, and the Gambino crime family boss John Gotti.", "In 1991, he said the government had been investigating the Bank of Credit and Commerce International since 1986.", "He was elected a fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers in 1991.", "In 1993, he became a partner at Boston's Hale and Dorr, specializing in white-collar crime litigation.", "He returned to public service in 1995 as a senior litigator in the homicide section of the District of Columbia United States Attorney's Office.", "In 1998 he was named the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation had a new director on July 5, 2001.", "He and two other candidates, Washington lawyer George J. Terwilliger III and veteran Chicago prosecutor and white-collar crime defense lawyer Dan Webb, were up for the job, but they were always considered the front-runner.", "Confirmation hearings for Robert Muller before the Senate Judiciary Committee were set for July 30, three days before his cancer surgery, while Terwilliger and Webb pulled out of consideration around mid-June.", "The Senate voted 98–0 in favor of his appointment as FBI director.", "One week before the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, he became the FBI director, having previously served as acting deputy attorney general of the United States Department of Justice.", "One month before the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq, FBI Director Robert Muller gave testimony to the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence.", "Iran, Iraq, Syria, Sudan, Libya, Cuba, and North Korea remain active in the United States and continue to support terrorist groups that have targeted Americans.", "Secretary Powell presented evidence last week that Baghdad has failed to disarm its weapons of mass destruction, willfully attempting to evade and deceive the international community.", "Saddam Hussein may supply terrorists with biological, chemical or radiological material.", "In February 2003 the FBI Special Agent Coleen Rowley wrote an open letter to the bureau's director in which she warned that \"the bureau will not be able to stem the flood of terrorism that will likely head our way in the wake of an attack on Iraq.\"", "On March 10, 2004, while United States Attorney General John Ashcroft was at the George Washington University Hospital for gallbladder surgery, James Comey, the then deputy attorney general, received a call from Ashcroft's wife telling him that White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card and White House Counsel Alberto Gonzales were about", "The White House renewed the program after Ashcroft refused to sign.", "The two men threatened to resign.", "The president supported changing the program to satisfy the concerns of the three men after private meetings with them at the White House.", "He was a member of the Ranger Hall of Fame.", "FBI personnel were not allowed to participate in enhanced interrogations with the CIA.", "Thomas Wilner, an attorney, was attacked for his role in defending Kuwait prisoners.", "After raising his glass, he said, \"I toast Tom Wilner.\"", "He is doing what an American should.", "The White House encouraged more vigorous methods of interrogating terror suspects.", "\"If they don't commit a crime, it would be difficult to identify and isolate them,\" saidMueller when Bush asked him to round up more terrorists in the U.S.", "\"That's just not good enough,\" said Vice President Dick Cheney.", "We're hearing too much from the FBI.", "The 10-year term of the FBI's director, Robert Muller, would have expired on September 4, 2011, if President Barack Obama had not asked him to continue for two more years.", "The request was approved by the Senate.", "On September 4, the FBI director replaced the special counsel.", "In June of last year,Mueller testified before the House Judiciary Committee.", "He said that the September 11 attacks could have been prevented.", "John Conyers said that he was not convinced that it was ok to collect every call.", "The government's programs complied with U.S. law and basic rights guaranteed under the Constitution, according to testimony by Muller.", "He said that they were taking all necessary steps to hold Edward Snowden responsible for the disclosures.", "The Supreme Court shielded former Immigration and Naturalization Services Commissioner James W. Ziglar and others from civil liability in the case of Arar v. Ashcroft.", "After leaving the FBI, he went back to work in the private sector as a consultant and lecturer.", "He joined the law firm as a partner in its Washington office in 2014.", "He oversaw the independent investigation into the NFL's conduct surrounding the video that appeared to show Ray Rice hitting his fiancée.", "The Volkswagen emissions scandal resulted in $11.2billion in customer settlements, and he was appointed as the Settlement Master in the U.S.", "After Harold T. Martin III was indicted for massive data theft from the National Security Agency,Mueller began an external review of \"security, personnel, and management processes and practices\" at government contractor Booz Allen Hamilton.", "He was appointed as the Special Master for the disbursement of $850 million and $125 million for Takata victims.", "The United States Military Academy gives the Thayer Award for public service.", "The Intelligence and National Security Alliance gave him the Baker Award for intelligence and national security contributions.", "In October, it was announced that they would return to private practice.", "The Washington Post reported on July 11, 2020 that Roger Stone remains a convicted felon after the President of the United States granted him clemency.", "On May 16, 2017, the Special Counsel for the Department of Justice met with the President to give input on considerations for hiring a new FBI Director.", "The meeting was thought to be an interview to become the FBI Director.", "In their meeting, President Trump broached the issue of resuming the position, but Muller was ineligible to return as FBI Director due to statutory term limits.", "The United States Department of Justice's special counsel was appointed by the deputy attorney general the next day.", "\"Any links and/or coordination between the Russian government and individuals associated with the campaign of President Donald Trump, and any matters that arose or may arise directly from the investigation\" was the scope of the investigation.", "Democrats and Republicans in Congress supported the appointment of Muller to oversee the investigation.", "Newt Gingrich, a prominent conservative political commentator and former Republican Speaker of the House of Representatives, stated that Robert Muller is a superb choice to be special counsel.", "His reputation is good for honesty and integrity.", "Schumer said that the former Director was the right kind of person for the job.", "I have more confidence that the investigation will follow the facts wherever they lead.", "Senator Rob Portman stated that he was a former FBI dir.", "He is well qualified to oversee this probe.", "Some pointed out a conflict of interest.", "Trent Franks said in a statement to Fox News that \"the federal code could not be clearer.\" Franks first called for the removal of the special counsel over the summer.", "The appearance of a conflict is enough to violate the code.", "The revelations in recent weeks make the case stronger.", "After his appointment as special counsel, he and two colleagues resigned from WilmerHale.", "On May 23, the U.S. Department of Justice ethics experts declared that the special counsel was able to do his job.", "Peter Carr, the special counsel's spokesman, told NBC News that the inquiry has been managed by the special counsel.", "If he were to become a subject in the investigation due to his role in the dismissal of James Comey, the deputy attorney general said he would not supervise the investigation.", "The Washington Post reported on June 14, 2017, that the office of the special counsel is investigating Trump personally for possible obstruction of justice.", "The report was questioned by Trump's legal team attorney Jay Sekulow, who said on June 18 on NBC's Meet the Press, \"The President is not and has not been under investigation for obstruction, period.\"", "Due to the central role of the Trump family in the campaign, the transition, and the White House, the President's son-in-law was also under scrutiny.", "The White House Counsel Don McGahn threatened to quit after Trump ordered the firing of Robert Muller.", "During a discussion about national security at the Aspen security conference in July of last year, former CIA director John Brennan called for members of Congress to resist if Trump fires Muller.", "Some executive-branch officials have an obligation to refuse to carry out some of the orders that are inconsistent with what this country is all about.", "Mark Warner, the Ranking Member of the United States Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, warned of a constitutional crisis if the President fired the Special Counsel, after Peter Strzok was removed from the investigation.", "Warner said \"If you get me one more glass of wine, I'll tell you everything you need to know\" at a party he hosted for 100 guests.", "Buckle up if you think you've seen wild stuff so far.", "It's going to be a crazy couple of months.", "The charges were filed against the two co-chairman of the campaign.", "The 12 charges include conspiracy to launder money, violations of the 1938 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA) as being an agent of a foreign principal, false and misleading FARA statements, and conspiracy against the United States.", "Flynn pleaded guilty to giving false testimony to the FBI about his contacts with Russian ambassador Sergey Kislyak.", "As part of Flynn's negotiations, his son, Michael G. Flynn, was not expected to be charged, and Flynn was prepared to testify that high-level officials on Trump's team directed him to make contact with the Russians.", "13 Russian individuals and 3 Russian companies were indicted for attempting to trick Americans into consuming Russian propaganda that targeted Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.", "Alex van der Zwaan was charged with making false statements in the Russia probe.", "The World's most expensive Witch Hunt has found nothing on Russia, so now they are looking at the rest of the world.", "The August 2016 meeting between Donald Trump Jr. and an emissary for the crown princes of Saudi Arabia is being investigated.", "The Trump campaign was helped by the emissary.", "The Trump campaign was being investigated for possible ties to Turkey, Israel, and China.", "According to an article published by The Washington Post, the report prepared for the U.S. Senate stated that Russian teams had targeted the special counsel.", "Attorney General William Barr received the final report from the Special Counsel on March 22, 2019.", "The report did not recommend any new indictments, according to a senior Department of Justice official.", "The United States Congress received a summary of findings from Attorney General Barr.", "According to his letter, the Special Counsel's investigation did not find that the Trump campaign or anyone associated with it colluded with the Russians to influence the election.", "\"While this report does not conclude that the President committed a crime, it also does not exonerate him,\" Barr quoted the report as saying.", "The final report of the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election was released by the Department of Justice.", "After announcing that he was retiring as special counsel and that the office would be shut down, he spoke publicly about the report for the first time.", "He said he would have nothing to say that wasn't already in the report.", "He said that under Department of Justice policy, a president cannot be charged with a crime while he is in office.", "He said that any potential wrongdoing by the president must be addressed by a process other than the criminal justice system.", "Russian operatives were involved in the 2016 Democratic National Committee email leak and their parallel efforts to influence American public opinion using social media.", "He said there were multiple, systematic efforts to interfere in the election.", "Every American should pay attention to that allegation.", "The public testimony of Robert Muller was originally scheduled to take place on July 17 with two hours for lawmakers to ask questions, but the hearing was changed to July 24 with a third hour added for questions.", "It was expected that his testimony would inform the public and help Democratic leadership decide whether or not to impeach the President.", "The Democrats wanted to highlight the worst examples of Trump's conduct.", "Posters would be used to help people understand the implications of the report.", "Republicans planned to question the origins of the investigation.", "Muller was questioned by members of Congress on July 24, 2019.", "The guidelines he had stated would be appropriate were followed in his testimony.", "Many of his responses were one-word replies.", "He wasn't familiar with the firm that commissioned the Steele dossier.", "He rejected the idea that his investigation was a witch hunt.", "He refused to answer questions that were outside of the scope of his investigation.", "He considers it a great threat to the United States because he expects it to include other foreign governments as well as the Russians.", "The total number of people who watched the hearing fell just shy of 13 million, which is less than other hearings involving the Trump administration, such as the Supreme Court nominee and former FBI director.", "The low television rating is due to the fact that the hearing occurred in July, vacation time for many Americans, and months after the release of the Muller report.", "Fox News Channel had a top rating of 3.03 million views.", "To both defend and condemn the President,Mueller's words were distorted and misinterpreted.", "The testimony was uncharacteristically confusing.", "According to the grand jury redactions in the report, Trump may have lied about his knowledge of his campaign's contacts with WikiLeaks.", "The decision not to take a position on obstruction of justice for Trump was described by political scientists as one of the strangest and most consequential moves in the investigation.", "He failed to tell the American people what his investigation actually revealed about Trump's behavior because he didn't draw legal conclusions from his evidence.", "In the fall of 2021, the University of Virginia Law School will offer a six-session course called \"The Muller Report and the Role of the Special Counsel,\" which will include three of his colleagues from the investigation.", "At a high school party, he met his future wife, Ann Cabell Standish.", "After graduating from Miss Porter's School, she worked as a special-education teacher for children with learning disabilities.", "They tied the knot at St. Stephen's Episcopal Church in Sewickley, Pennsylvania, in 1966.", "They have five children, two daughters and three grandsons.", "One of their daughters has spina bifida.", "Senate confirmation hearings for the head of the FBI were delayed in 2001 while he underwent treatment for cancer.", "He had to delay being sworn in as FBI director until he received good news from his doctor.", "He became an Episcopalian after being raised Presbyterian.", "They have known each other since the 1980s and have been described as good friends.", "The wives of two of Barr's daughters attend Bible study with their husbands.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation and staff 1944 births 20th-century American lawyers 21st-century American lawyers American Episcopalians American people of English descent American people of German descent American people of Scottish descent Assistant United" ]

[ "Robert Swan Mueller III", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Swan", "Mueller", "Mueller", ". Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Bob Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller" ]

[ "Robert Swan Muller", "Robert Swan", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Muller", "Robert Muller", "Tom WilnerMueller", "Robert Muller", "Mueller", "Mueller", "Robert Muller", "Robert Muller", "Robert Muller", "Mueller" ]

[ "Kublai (; also spelled Qubilai or Kübilai; ; ; 23 September  1215 – 18 February 1294), also known by his temple name as Emperor Shizu of Yuan, was the fifth khagan-emperor of the Mongol Empire, reigning from 1260 to 1294, although after the division of the empire this was a nominal position.", "He also founded the Yuan dynasty of China in 1271, and ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294.", "Kublai was the fourth son of Tolui (his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki) and a grandson of Genghis Khan.", "He was almost 12 years of age when Genghis Khan died and had succeeded his older brother Möngke as Khagan in 1260, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Böke in the Toluid Civil War lasting until 1264.", "This episode marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the empire.", "Kublai's real power was limited to the Yuan Empire, even though as Khagan he still had influence in the Ilkhanate and, to a significantly lesser degree, in the Golden Horde.", "If one considers the Mongol Empire at that time as a whole, his realm reached from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to what is now Afghanistan.", "In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day China, Mongolia, Korea, and some adjacent areas; he also amassed influence in the Middle East and Europe as a Khagan.", "He assumed the role of Emperor of China.", "By 1279, the Mongol conquest of the Song dynasty was completed and Kublai became the first non-Han emperor to unite all of China proper.", "The imperial portrait of Kublai was part of an album of the portraits of Yuan emperors and empresses, now in the collection of the National Palace Museum in Taipei.", "White, the color of the imperial costume of Kublai, was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty.", "Early years\nKublai Khan was the fourth son of Tolui, and his second son with Sorghaghtani Beki.", "As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse, whom Kublai later honored highly.", "On his way home after the Mongol conquest of Khwarezmia, Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons Möngke and Kublai after their first hunt in 1224 near the Ili River.", "Kublai was nine years old and with his eldest brother killed a rabbit and an antelope.", "After his grandfather smeared fat from killed animals onto Kublai's middle finger in accordance with a Mongol tradition, he said \"The words of this boy Kublai are full of wisdom, heed them well – heed them all of you.\"", "The elderly Khagan (Mongol emperor) Genghis Khan would die three years after this event in 1227, when Kublai was 12.", "Kublai's father Tolui would serve as regent for two years until Genghis' successor, Kublai's third uncle Ogedei, was enthroned as Khagan in 1229.", "After the Mongol conquest of the Jin dynasty, in 1236, Ogedei gave Hebei (attached with 80,000 households) to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232.", "Kublai received an estate of his own, which included 10,000 households.", "Because he was inexperienced, Kublai allowed local officials free rein.", "Corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation caused large numbers of Chinese peasants to flee, which led to a decline in tax revenues.", "Kublai quickly came to his appanage in Hebei and ordered reforms.", "Sorghaghtani Beki sent new officials to help him and tax laws were revised.", "Thanks to those efforts, many of the people who fled returned.", "The most prominent, and arguably most influential, component of Kublai Khan's early life was his study and a strong attraction to contemporary Chinese culture.", "Kublai invited Haiyun, the leading Buddhist monk in North China, to his ordo in Mongolia.", "When he met Haiyun in Karakorum in 1242, Kublai asked him about the philosophy of Buddhism.", "Haiyun named Kublai's son, who was born in 1243, Zhenjin (Chinese: True Gold).", "Haiyun also introduced Kublai to the formerly Daoist (Taoist), and at the time Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong.", "Liu was a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician, and he became Kublai's advisor when Haiyun returned to his temple in modern Beijing.", "Kublai soon added the Shanxi scholar Zhao Bi to his entourage.", "Kublai employed people of other nationalities as well, for he was keen to balance local and imperial interests, Mongol and Turkic.", "Victory in northern China\n\nIn 1251, Kublai's eldest brother Möngke became Khan of the Mongol Empire, and Khwarizmian Mahmud Yalavach and Kublai were sent to China.", "Kublai received the viceroyalty over northern China and moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia.", "During his years as viceroy, Kublai managed his territory well, boosted the agricultural output of Henan, and increased social welfare spendings after receiving Xi'an.", "These acts received great acclaim from ethnic Han warlords and were essential to the founding of the Yuan dynasty.", "In 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never highly valued by his Chinese associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his presumptuous attitude toward the throne.", "Möngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach, which met with resistance from Chinese Confucian-trained officials.", "In 1253, Kublai was ordered to attack Yunnan and he tried to ask the Dali Kingdom to submit.", "The ruling Gao family resisted and killed Mongol envoys.", "The Mongols divided their forces into three.", "One wing rode eastward into the Sichuan basin.", "The second column under Subutai's son Uryankhadai took a difficult route into the mountains of western Sichuan.", "Kublai went south over the grasslands and met up with the first column.", "While Uryankhadai travelled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the slaying of his ambassadors.", "The Dali emperor Duan Xingzhi (段興智) himself defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of Yunnan.", "Duan Xingzhi, the last king of Dali, was appointed by Möngke Khan as the first tusi or local ruler; Duan accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.", "After Kublai's departure, unrest broke out among certain factions.", "In 1255 and 1256, Duan Xingzhi was presented at court, where he offered Möngke Khan maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered.", "Duan then led a considerable army to serve as guides and vanguards for the Mongolian army.", "By the end of 1256, Uryankhadai had completely pacified Yunnan.", "Kublai was attracted by the abilities of Tibetan monks as healers.", "In 1253 he made Drogön Chögyal Phagpa of the Sakya school, a member of his entourage.", "Phagpa bestowed on Kublai and his wife, Chabi (Chabui), an empowerment (initiation ritual).", "Kublai appointed Lian Xixian of the Kingdom of Qocho (1231–1280) the head of his pacification commission in 1254.", "Some officials, who were jealous of Kublai's success, said that he was getting above himself and dreaming of having his own empire by competing with Möngke's capital Karakorum.", "Möngke Khan sent two tax inspectors, Alamdar (Ariq Böke's close friend and governor in North China) and Liu Taiping, to audit Kublai's officials in 1257.", "They found fault, listed 142 breaches of regulations, accused Chinese officials and executed some of them, and Kublai's new pacification commission was abolished.", "Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives and then appealed in person to Möngke, who publicly forgave his younger brother and reconciled with him.", "The Daoists had obtained their wealth and status by seizing Buddhist temples.", "Möngke repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.", "Kublai called a conference of Daoist and Buddhist leaders in early 1258.", "At the conference, the Daoist claim was officially refuted, and Kublai forcibly converted 237 Daoist temples to Buddhism and destroyed all copies of the Daoist texts.", "Kublai Khan and the Yuan dynasty clearly favored Buddhism, while his counterparts in the Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate later converted to Islam at various times in history – Berke of the Golden Horde being the only Muslim during Kublai's era (his successor did not convert to Islam).", "In 1258, Möngke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack on Sichuan.", "As he was suffering from gout, Kublai was allowed to stay home, but he moved to assist Möngke anyway.", "Before Kublai arrived in 1259, word reached him that Möngke had died.", "Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother secret and continued the attack on Wuhan, near the Yangtze.", "While Kublai's force besieged Wuchang, Uryankhadai joined him.", "The Song minister Jia Sidao secretly approached Kublai to propose terms.", "He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk, in exchange for Mongol agreement to the Yangtze as the frontier between the states.", "Kublai declined at first but later reached a peace agreement with Jia Sidao.", "Enthronement and civil war\n\nKublai received a message from his wife that his younger brother Ariq Böke had been raising troops, so he returned north to the Mongolian plains.", "Before he reached Mongolia, he learned that Ariq Böke had held a kurultai (Mongol great council) at the capital Karakorum, which had named him Great Khan with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants.", "Kublai and the fourth brother, the Il-Khan Hulagu, opposed this.", "Kublai's Chinese staff encouraged Kublai to ascend the throne, and almost all the senior princes in North China and Manchuria supported his candidacy.", "Upon returning to his own territories, Kublai summoned his own kurultai.", "Fewer members of the royal family supported Kublai's claims to the title, though the small number of attendees included representatives of all the Borjigin lines except that of Jochi.", "This kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan, on April 15, 1260, despite Ariq Böke's apparently legal claim to become khan.", "This led to warfare between Kublai and Ariq Böke, which resulted in the destruction of the Mongolian capital at Karakorum.", "In Shaanxi and Sichuan, Möngke's army supported Ariq Böke.", "Kublai dispatched Lian Xixian to Shaanxi and Sichuan, where they executed Ariq Böke's civil administrator Liu Taiping and won over several wavering generals.", "To secure the southern front, Kublai attempted a diplomatic resolution and sent envoys to Hangzhou, but Jia broke his promise and arrested them.", "Kublai sent Abishqa as new khan to the Chagatai Khanate.", "Ariq Böke captured Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men, and he had his own man, Alghu, crowned khan of Chagatai's territory.", "In the first armed clash between Ariq Böke and Kublai, Ariq Böke lost and his commander Alamdar was killed at the battle.", "In revenge, Ariq Böke had Abishqa executed.", "Kublai cut off supplies of food to Karakorum with the support of his cousin Kadan, son of Ögedei Khan.", "Karakorum quickly fell to Kublai's large army, but following Kublai's departure it was temporarily re-taken by Ariq Böke in 1261.", "Yizhou governor Li Tan revolted against Mongol rule in February 1262, and Kublai ordered his Chancellor Shi Tianze and Shi Shu to attack Li Tan.", "The two armies crushed Li Tan's revolt in just a few months and Li Tan was executed.", "These armies also executed Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law, who had been appointed the Chief Administrator of the Central Secretariat (Zhongshu Sheng) early in Kublai's reign and became one of Kublai's most trusted Han Chinese officials.", "The incident instilled in Kublai a distrust of ethnic Hans.", "After becoming emperor, Kublai banned granting the titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords.", "Chagatayid Khan Alghu, who had been appointed by Ariq Böke, declared his allegiance to Kublai and defeated a punitive expedition sent by Ariq Böke in 1262.", "The Ilkhan Hulagu also sided with Kublai and criticized Ariq Böke.", "Ariq Böke surrendered to Kublai at Xanadu on August 21, 1264.", "The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged Kublai's victory and rule in Mongolia.", "When Kublai summoned them to a new kurultai, Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his illegal position from Kublai in return.", "Despite tensions between them, both Hulagu and Berke, khan of the Golden Horde, at first accepted Kublai's invitation.", "However, they soon declined to attend the kurultai.", "Kublai pardoned Ariq Böke, although he executed Ariq Böke's chief supporters.", "Reign\n\nGreat Khan of the Mongols\n\nThe mysterious deaths of three Jochid princes in Hulagu's service, the Siege of Baghdad (1258), and unequal distribution of war spoils strained the Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde.", "In 1262, Hulagu's complete purge of the Jochid troops and support for Kublai in his conflict with Ariq Böke brought open war with the Golden Horde.", "Kublai reinforced Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols in order to stabilize the political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire.", "When Hulagu died on February 8, 1264, Berke marched to cross near Tbilisi to conquer the Ilkhanate but died on the way.", "Within a few months of these deaths, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died.", "In the new official version of his family's history, Kublai refused to write Berke's name as the khan of the Golden Horde because of Berke's support for Ariq Böke and wars with Hulagu; however, Jochi's family was fully recognized as legitimate family members.", "Kublai Khan named Abaqa as the new Ilkhan (obedient khan) and nominated Batu's grandson Mentemu for the throne of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.", "The Kublaids in the east retained suzerainty over the Ilkhans until the end of their regime.", "Kublai also sent his protege Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq to overthrow the court of the Oirat Orghana, the empress of the Chagatai Khanate, who put her young son Mubarak Shah on the throne in 1265, without Kublai's permission after her husband's death.", "Prince Kaidu of the House of Ögedei declined to personally attend the court of Kublai.", "Kublai instigated Baraq to attack Kaidu.", "Baraq began to expand his realm northward; he seized power in 1266 and fought Kaidu and the Golden Horde.", "He also pushed out Great Khan's overseer from the Tarim Basin.", "When Kaidu and Mentemu together defeated Kublai, Baraq joined an alliance with the House of Ögedei and the Golden Horde against Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west.", "Meanwhile, Mentemu avoided any direct military expedition against Kublai's realm.", "The Golden Horde promised Kublai their assistance to defeat Kaidu whom Mentemu called the rebel.", "This was apparently due to the conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu over the agreement they made at the Talas kurultai.", "The armies of Mongol Persia defeated Baraq's invading forces in 1269.", "When Baraq died the next year, Kaidu took control of the Chagatai Khanate and recovered his alliance with Mentemu.", "Meanwhile, Kublai tried to stabilize his control over the Korean Peninsula by mobilizing another Mongol invasion after he enthroned Wonjong of Goryeo (r. 1260–1274) in 1259 on Ganghwado.", "Kublai also forced two rulers of the Golden Horde and the Ilkhanate to call a truce with each other in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the Caucasus.", "In 1260, Kublai sent one of his advisors, Hao Ching, to the court of Emperor Lizong of Song to say that if Lizong submitted to Kublai and surrender his dynasty, he would be granted some autonomy.", "Emperor Lizong refused to meet Kublai's demands and imprisoned Hao Ching and when Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back.", "Kublai called two Iraqi siege engineers from the Ilkhanate in order to destroy the fortresses of Song China.", "After the fall of Xiangyang in 1273, Kublai's commanders, Aju and Liu Zheng, proposed a final campaign against the Song Dynasty, and Kublai made Bayan of the Baarin the supreme commander.", "Kublai ordered Möngke Temür to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for his conquest of China.", "The census took place in all parts of the Golden Horde, including Smolensk and Vitebsk in 1274–75.", "The Khans also sent Nogai Khan to the Balkans to strengthen Mongol influence there.", "Kublai renamed the Mongol regime in China Dai Yuan in 1271, and sought to sinicize his image as Emperor of China in order to win control of millions of Han Chinese people.", "When he moved his headquarters to Khanbaliq, also called Dadu, at modern-day Beijing, there was an uprising in the old capital Karakorum that he barely contained.", "Kublai's actions were condemned by traditionalists and his critics still accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture.", "They sent a message to him: \"The old customs of our Empire are not those of the Han Chinese laws ... What will happen to the old customs?\"", "Kaidu attracted the other elites of Mongol Khanates, declaring himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.", "Defections from Kublai's Dynasty swelled the Ögedeids' forces.", "The Song imperial family surrendered to the Yuan in 1276, making the Mongols the first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China.", "Three years later, Yuan marines crushed the last of the Song loyalists.", "The Song Empress Dowager and her grandson, Emperor Gong of Song, were then settled in Khanbaliq where they were given tax-free property, and Kublai's wife Chabi took a personal interest in their well-being.", "However, Kublai later had Emperor Gong sent away to become a monk to Zhangye.", "Kublai succeeded in building a powerful empire, created an academy, offices, trade ports and canals and sponsored science and the arts.", "The record of the Mongols lists 20,166 public schools created during Kublai's reign.", "Having achieved real or nominal dominion over much of Eurasia, and having successfully conquered China, Kublai was in a position to look beyond China.", "However, Kublai's costly invasions of Vietnam (1258), Sakhalin (1264), Burma (1277), Champa (1282), and Vietnam again (1285) secured only the vassal status of those countries.", "Mongol invasions of Japan (1274 and 1281), the third invasion of Vietnam (1287–8), and the invasion of Java (1293) failed.", "At the same time, Kublai's nephew Ilkhan Abagha tried to form a grand alliance of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the Mamluks in Syria and North Africa that constantly invaded the Mongol dominions.", "Abagha and Kublai focused mostly on foreign alliances, and opened trade routes.", "Khagan Kublai dined with a large court every day, and met with many ambassadors and foreign merchants.", "Kublai's son Nomukhan and his generals occupied Almaliq from 1266 to 1276.", "In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Möngke's son Shiregi rebelled, kidnapped Kublai's two sons and his general Antong and handed them over to Kaidu and Möngke Temür.", "The latter was still allied with Kaidu who fashioned an alliance with him in 1269, although Möngke Temür had promised Kublai his military support to protect Kublai from the Ögedeids.", "Kublai's armies suppressed the rebellion and strengthened the Yuan garrisons in Mongolia and the Ili River basin.", "However, Kaidu took control over Almaliq.", "In 1279–80, Kublai decreed death for those who performed slaughtering of cattle according to the legal codes of Islam (dhabihah) or Judaism (kashrut), which offended Mongolian custom.", "When Tekuder seized the throne of the Ilkhanate in 1282, attempting to make peace with the Mamluks, Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai.", "After the assassination of Ahmad Fanakati and execution of his sons, Kublai confirmed Arghun's coronation and awarded his commander in chief Buqa the title of chancellor.", "Kublai's niece, Kelmish, who married a Khongirad general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Kublai's sons Nomuqan and Kokhchu returned.", "Three leaders of the Jochids, Tode Mongke, Köchü, and Nogai, agreed to release two princes.", "The court of the Golden Horde returned the princes as a peace overture to the Yuan Dynasty in 1282 and induced Kaidu to release Kublai's general.", "Konchi, khan of the White Horde, established friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate, and as a reward received luxury gifts and grain from Kublai.", "Despite political disagreement between contending branches of the family over the office of Khagan, the economic and commercial system continued.", "Emperor of the Yuan dynasty \n\nKublai Khan considered China his main base, realizing within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan that he needed to concentrate on governing there.", "From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influences of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty.", "Kublai heavily relied on his Chinese advisers until about 1276.", "He had many Han Chinese advisers, such as Liu Bingzhong and Xu Heng, and employed many Buddhist Uyghurs, some of whom were resident commissioners running Chinese districts.", "Kublai also appointed the Sakya lama Drogön Chögyal Phagpa (\"the Phags pa Lama\") his Imperial Preceptor, giving him power over all the empire's Buddhist monks.", "In 1270, after the Phags pa Lama created the 'Phags-pa script, he was promoted to imperial preceptor.", "Kublai established the Supreme Control Commission under the Phags pa Lama to administer affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks.", "During Phagspa's absence in Tibet, the Tibetan monk Sangha rose to high office and had the office renamed the Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.", "In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer.", "However, their corruption later embittered Kublai, and he later relied wholly on younger Mongol aristocrats.", "Antong of the Jalairs and Bayan of the Baarin served as grand councillors from 1265, and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the censorate.", "Borokhula's descendant, Ochicher, headed a kheshig (Mongolian imperial guard) and the palace provision commission.", "In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (1271), Kublai officially created the Yuan dynasty and proclaimed the capital as Dadu (, known as Khanbaliq or Daidu to the Mongols, at modern-day Beijing) the following year.", "His summer capital was in Shangdu (, also called Xanadu, near what today is Dolon Nor).", "To unify China, Kublai began a massive offensive against the remnants of the Southern Song in 1274 and finally destroyed the Song in 1279, unifying the country at last at the Battle of Yamen where the last Song Emperor Zhao Bing committed suicide by jumping into the sea and ending the Song dynasty.", "Most of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, also translated as the \"Branch Secretariat\", each with a governor and vice-governor.", "This included China proper, Manchuria, Mongolia, and a special Zhendong branch Secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.", "The Central Region () was separate from the rest, consisting of much of present-day North China.", "It was considered the most important region of the dynasty and was directly governed by the Zhongshu Sheng at Dadu.", "Tibet was governed by another top-level administrative department called the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.", "Kublai promoted economic growth by rebuilding the Grand Canal, repairing public buildings, and extending highways.", "However, his domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash increasingly frequently with traditional Chinese economic and social culture.", "Kublai decreed that partner merchants of the Mongols should be subject to taxes in 1262 and set up the Office of Market Taxes to supervise them in 1268.", "After the Mongol conquest of the Song, the Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean.", "In 1286, maritime trade was put under the Office of Market Taxes.", "The main source of revenue of the government was the monopoly of salt production.", "The Mongol administration had issued paper currencies from 1227 on.", "In August 1260, Kublai created the first unified paper currency called Jiaochao; bills were circulated throughout the Yuan domain with no expiration date.", "To guard against devaluation, the currency was convertible with silver and gold, and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency.", "In 1273, Kublai issued a new series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song, although eventually a lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned this move into an economic disaster.", "It was required to pay only in the form of paper money.", "To ensure its use, Kublai's government confiscated gold and silver from private citizens and foreign merchants, but traders received government-issued notes in exchange.", "Kublai Khan is considered to be the first fiat money maker.", "The paper bills made collecting taxes and administering the empire much easier and reduced the cost of transporting coins.", "In 1287, Kublai's minister Sangha created a new currency, Zhiyuan Chao, to deal with a budget shortfall.", "It was non-convertible and denominated in copper cash.", "Later Gaykhatu of the Ilkhanate attempted to adopt the system in Iran and the Middle East, which was a complete failure, and shortly afterwards he was assassinated.", "桑哥 Sangha was a Tibetan.", "A rich merchant from the Madurai Sultanate, Abu Ali (in Chinese, 孛哈里 Bèihālǐ or 布哈爾 Bùhār), was associated closely with its royal family.", "After falling out with them, he moved to Yuan China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father held the title of 채송년 Chaesongnyeon during the reign of Chungnyeol of Goryeo according to the Dongguk Tonggam, Goryeosa and Liu Mengyan's Zhōng'ānjí (中俺集).", "Kublai encouraged Asian arts and demonstrated religious tolerance.", "Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed Zhang Liushan as the patriarch of the Daoist Xuánjiào (玄教, \"Mysterious Order\").", "Under Zhang's advice, Daoist temples were put under the Academy of Scholarly Worthies.", "Several Europeans visited the empire, notably Marco Polo in the 1270s, who may have seen the summer capital Shangdu.", "During the Southern Song, the descendant of Confucius at Qufu, Duke Yansheng Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in the north appointed Kong Duanyou's brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qufu as Duke Yansheng.", "From that time up until the Yuan dynasty, there were two Duke Yanshengs, once in the north in Qufu and the other in the south at Quzhou.", "An invitation to come back to Qufu was extended to the southern Duke Yansheng Kong Zhu by the Yuan dynasty Emperor Kublai Khan.", "The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu rejected the invitation, so the northern branch of the family kept the title of Duke Yansheng.", "The southern branch still remained in Quzhou where they lived to this day.", "Confucius's descendants in Quzhou alone number 30,000.", "Scientific developments and relations with minorities\n\nThirty Muslims served as high officials in the court of Kublai Khan.", "Eight of the dynasty's twelve administrative districts had Muslim governors appointed by Kublai Khan.", "Among the Muslim governors was Sayyid Ajjal Shams al-Din Omar, who became administrator of Yunnan.", "He was a well learned man in the Confucian and Daoist traditions and is believed to have propagated Islam in China.", "Other administrators were Nasr al-Din (Yunnan) and Mahmud Yalavach (mayor of the Yuan capitol).", "Kublai Khan patronized Muslim scholars and scientists, and Muslim astronomers contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.", "Astronomers such as Jamal ad-Din introduced 7 new instruments and concepts that allowed the correction of the Chinese calendar.", "Muslim cartographers made accurate maps of all the nations along the Silk Road and greatly influenced the knowledge of Yuan dynasty rulers and merchants.", "Muslim physicians organized hospitals and had their own institutes of Medicine in Beijing and Shangdu.", "In Beijing was the renown Guang Hui Si \"Department of extensive mercy\", where Hui medicine and surgery were taught.", "Avicenna's works were also published in China during that period.", "Muslim mathematicians introduced Euclidean Geometry, Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals in China.", "Kublai brought siege engineers Ismail and Al al-Din to China, and together they invented the \"Muslim trebuchet\" (or Huihui Pao), which was utilized by Kublai Khan during the Battle of Xiangyang.", "Continuation of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices\nYuan Emperors like Kublai Khan forbade practices such as butchering according to Jewish (kashrut) or Muslim (dhabihah) legal codes and other restrictive decrees continued.", "Circumcision was also strictly forbidden.", "Warfare and foreign relations\n\nAlthough Kublai restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard, at first entirely Chinese in composition but later strengthened with Kipchak, Alan (Asud), and Russian units.", "Once his own kheshig was organized in 1263, Kublai put three of the original kheshigs under the charge of the descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants, Borokhula, Boorchu, and Muqali.", "Kublai began the practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign jarligs (decrees), a practice that spread to all other Mongol khanates.", "Mongol and Chinese units were organized using the same decimal organization that Genghis Khan used.", "The Mongols eagerly adopted new artillery and technologies.", "Kublai and his generals adopted an elaborate, moderate style of military campaigns in South China.", "Effective assimilation of Chinese naval techniques allowed the Yuan army to quickly conquer the Song.", "Tibet and Xinjiang\nIn 1285 the Drikung Kagyu sect revolted, attacking Sakya monasteries.", "The Chagatayid khan, Duwa, helped the rebels, laying siege to Gaochang and defeating Kublai's garrisons in the Tarim Basin.", "Kaidu destroyed an army at Beshbalik and occupied the city the following year.", "Many Uyghurs abandoned Kashgar for safer bases back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty.", "After Kublai's grandson Buqa-Temür crushed the resistance of the Drikung Kagyu, killing 10,000 Tibetans in 1291, Tibet was fully pacified.", "Annexation of Goryeo\n\nKublai Khan invaded Goryeo (the state on the Korean Peninsula) and made it a tributary vassal state in 1260.", "After another Mongol intervention in 1273, Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan.", "Goryeo became a Mongol military base, and several myriarchy commands were established there.", "The court of the Goryeo supplied Korean troops and an ocean-going naval force for the Mongol campaigns.", "Further naval expansion\n\nDespite the opposition of some of his Confucian-trained advisers, Kublai decided to invade Japan, Burma, Vietnam, and Java, following the suggestions of some of his Mongol officials.", "He also attempted to subjugate peripheral lands such as Sakhalin, where its indigenous people eventually submitted to the Mongols by 1308, after Kublai's death.", "These costly invasions and conquests and the introduction of paper currency caused inflation.", "From 1273 to 1276, war against the Song Dynasty and Japan made the issue of paper currency expand from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding.", "Invasions of Japan\n\nWithin Kublai's court his most trusted governors and advisers appointed by meritocracy with the essence of multiculturalism were Mongols, Semu, Koreans, Hui and Chinese people.", "Because the Wokou extended support to the crumbling Song dynasty, Kublai Khan initiated invasions of Japan.", "Kublai Khan twice attempted to invade Japan.", "It is believed that both attempts were partly thwarted by bad weather or a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels, and his fleets were destroyed.", "The first attempt took place in 1274, with a fleet of 900 ships.", "The second invasion occurred in 1281 when Mongols sent two separate forces: 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships, each close to long.", "The fleet was hastily assembled and ill-equipped to cope with maritime conditions.", "In November, they sailed into the treacherous waters that separate Korea and Japan by .", "The Mongols easily took over Tsushima Island about halfway across the strait and then Iki Island closer to Kyushu.", "The Korean fleet reached Hakata Bay on June 23, 1281 and landed its troops and animals, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen.", "Mongolian landing forces were subsequently defeated at the Battle of Akasaka and the Battle of Torikai-Gata.", "Takezaki Suenaga's samurai attacked the Mongolian army and fought them, as reinforcements led by Shiraishi Michiyasu arrived and defeated the Mongolians, who suffered around 3500 dead.", "The samurai warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat but the Mongols held their formation.", "The Mongols fought as a united force, not as individuals, and bombarded the samurai with exploding missiles and showered them with arrows.", "Eventually, the remaining Japanese withdrew from the coastal zone inland to a fortress.", "The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese into an area about which they lacked reliable intelligence.", "In a number of individual skirmishes, known collectively as the Kōan Campaign (弘安の役) or the \"Second Battle of Hakata Bay\", the Mongol forces were driven back to their ships by the Samurai.", "The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was easily able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.", "Maritime archaeologist Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that discovered the wreckage of the second invasion fleet off the western coast of Takashima District, Shiga.", "His team's findings strongly indicate that Kublai rushed to invade Japan and attempted to construct his enormous fleet in one year, a task that should have taken up to five years.", "This forced the Chinese to use any available ships, including river boats.", "Most importantly, the Chinese, under Kublai's control, built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both of the invasions.", "Hayashida theorizes that, had Kublai used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels to prevent capsizing, his navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan and might have conquered it as intended.", "In October 2011, a wreck, possibly one of Kublai's invasion craft, was found off the coast of Nagasaki.", "David Nicolle wrote in The Mongol Warlords, \"Huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, while the myth of Mongol invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia.\"", "He also wrote that Kublai was determined to mount a third invasion, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and to his and Mongol prestige of the first two defeats, and only his death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt.", "Invasions of Vietnam\n\nKublai Khan invaded Đại Việt (now Vietnam) three times, each repelled by the ruling Trần dynasty.", "The ancestors of the Trần clan originated from the province of Fujian and migrated to Đại Việt under Trần Kinh 陳京 (Chén Jīng), where their mixed-blooded descendants later established the Trần dynasty and came to rule Đại Việt; despite many intermarriages between the Trần and several royal members of the Lý dynasty alongside members of their royal court as in the case of Trần Lý and Trần Thừa, some of the mixed-blood descendants of the clan could still speak Chinese, as evidenced when a Yuan dynasty envoy had a meeting with the Chinese-speaking Trần prince Trần Quốc Tuấn (later Supreme Commander Trần Hưng Đạo) in 1282.", "The first incursion was in 1257, but the Trần dynasty was able to repel the invasion and ultimately re-established the peace treaty between the Mongols and Đại Việt in the twelfth lunar month of 1257.", "When Kublai became the Great Khan in 1260, the Trần dynasty sent tribute every three years and received a darughachi.", "However, their kings soon declined to attend the Mongol court in person.", "The Great Khan sent his envoys to order the Trần king to open his land to allow the Yuan army to pass through to invade the kingdom of Champa, but the Đại Việt court refused.", "Kublai sent another envoy to the Đại Việt to demand that the Trần king surrender his land and his kingship.", "The Trần king assembled all his citizens, allowing all to vote on whether to surrender to the Yuan or to stand and fight for their homeland.", "The vote was a unanimous decision to stand and fight the invaders.", "After his first failure, Kublai wanted to install Nhân Tông's brother Trần Ích Tắc – who had defected to the Mongols – as king of Annam (Đại Việt?", "), but hardship in the Yuan's supply base in Hunan and Kaidu's invasion forced Kublai to abandon his plans.", "The second Mongol invasion of Đại Việt began late in 1284, when the Mongol Yuan forces under the command of Toghan, the prince of Kublai Khan, crossed the border and quickly occupied Thăng Long (now Hanoi) in January 1285, after the victorious battle of Omar in Vạn Kiếp (north east of Hanoi).", "At the same time Sogetu, second in command of the Yuan army, moved from Champa northward and rapidly marched to Nghe An in the north central region of Vietnam, where the army of the Trần dynasty under general Trần Kien was defeated and surrendered to him.", "However, the Trần king and the commander-in-chief Trần Hưng Đạo changed their tactics from defence to attack and struck against the Mongols.", "In April, General Trần Quang Khải defeated Sogetu in Chương Dương and the Trần king won a battle in Tây Kết, where Sogetu died.", "Soon after, general Trần Nhật Duật also won a battle in Hàm Tử (now Hưng Yên) and Toghan was defeated by General Trần Hưng Đạo.", "Thus Kublai failed in his first attempt to invade Đại Việt.", "Toghan hid himself inside a bronze pipe to avoid being killed by the Đại Việt archers; this act brought humiliation upon the Mongol Empire and Toghan himself.", "The third Mongol invasion began in 1287.", "It was better organized than the previous effort; a large fleet and plentiful stocks of food were used.", "The Mongol Yuan forces, under the command of Toghan, moved to Vạn Kiếp from the north west and met the infantry and cavalry of Kublai's Kipchak commander Omar (coming by another way along the Red River) and quickly won the battle.", "The naval fleet rapidly attained victory in Vân Đồn near Hạ Long Bay.", "However, the Đại Việt General Trần Khánh Dư managed to intercept and captured the heavy, fully stocked cargo ships, filled with food and supplies for Toghan's army.", "As a result, the Mongolian army in Thăng Long suffered an acute shortage of food.", "With no news about the supply fleet, Toghan ordered his army to retreat to Vạn Kiếp.", "The Đại Việt army began their general offensive and recaptured a number of locations occupied by the Mongols.", "Groups of Đại Việt infantry were ordered to attack the Mongols in Vạn Kiếp.", "Toghan had to split his army into two and retreated in 1288.", "In early April 1288 the naval fleet, led by Omar and escorted by infantry, fled home along the Bạch Đằng river.", "As bridges and roads were destroyed and attacks were launched by Đại Việt troops, the Mongols reached Bạch Đằng without an infantry escort.", "Đại Việt's small flotilla engaged in battle and pretended to retreat.", "The Mongols eagerly pursued the Đại Việt troops only to fall into their pre-arranged battlefield.", "Thousands of small Đại Việt boats quickly appeared from both banks, launched a fierce attack that broke the Mongols' combat formation.", "The Mongols, meeting such a sudden and strong attack, in panic tried to withdraw to the sea.", "The Mongols' boats were halted, and many were damaged and sank.", "At that time, a number of fire rafts quickly rushed toward the Mongols, who were frightened and jumped down to reach the banks where they were dealt a heavy blow by an army led by the Trần king and Trần Hưng Đạo.", "The Mongol naval fleet was totally destroyed and Omar was captured.", "At the same time, Đại Việt's army continuously attacked and smashed to pieces Toghan's army on its withdrawal through Lạng Sơn.", "Toghan risked his life to take a shortcut through thick forest in order to flee home.", "The crown prince was banished to Yangzhou for life by his father, Kublai Khan.", "Nevertheless, the Trần king accepted Kublai Khan's supremacy as the Great Khan in order to avoid more conflicts.", "In 1292, Temür Khan, Kublai Khan's successor, returned all detained envoys and settled for a tributary relationship with the Trần king, which continued to the end of the Yuan dynasty.", "Southeast Asia and South Seas\n\nThree expeditions against Burma, in 1277, 1283, and 1287, brought the Mongol forces to the Irrawaddy Delta, whereupon they captured Bagan, the capital of the Pagan Kingdom and established their government.", "Kublai had to be content with establishing a formal suzerainty, but Pagan finally became a tributary state, sending tributes to the Yuan court until the Mongols were expelled from China in the 1360s.", "Mongol interests in these areas were commercial and tributary relationships.", "Kublai Khan maintained close relations with Siam, in particular with prince Mangrai of Chiangmai and king Ram Khamheng of Sukhothai.", "In fact, Kublai encouraged them to attack the Khmers after the Thais were being pushed southwards from Nanchao.", "This happened after king Jayavarman VIII of the Khmer Empire refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.", "Jayavarman VIII was so insistent on not having to pay tribute to Kublai that he had Mongol envoys imprisoned.", "These attacks from the Siamese eventually weakened the Khmer Empire.", "The Mongols then decided to venture south into Cambodia in 1283 by land from Champa.", "They were able to conquer Cambodia by 1284.", "Cambodia effectively became a vassal state by 1285 when Jayavarman VIII was finally forced to pay tribute to Kublai.", "During the last years of his reign, Kublai launched a naval punitive expedition of 20–30,000 men against Singhasari on Java (1293), but the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw by Majapahit after considerable losses of more than 3000 troops.", "Nevertheless, by 1294, the year that Kublai died, the Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Chiang Mai had become vassal states of the Yuan dynasty.", "Europe\n\nUnder Kublai, direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established, made possible by Mongol control of the central Asian trade routes and facilitated by the presence of efficient postal services.", "In the beginning of the 13th century, Europeans and Central Asians – merchants, travelers, and missionaries of different orders – made their way to China.", "The presence of Mongol power allowed large numbers of Chinese, intent on warfare or trade, to travel to other parts of the Mongol Empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and Mesopotamia.", "Africa\nIn the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu through its trade with medieval China had acquired enough of a reputation in Asia to attract the attention of Kublai Khan.", "According to Marco Polo, the Mongol Emperor sent an envoy to Mogadishu to spy out the Sultanate but the delegation was captured and imprisoned.", "Kublai Khan then sent another envoy to treat for the release of the earlier Mongol delegation sent to Africa.", "Capital city\n\nAfter Kublai Khan was proclaimed Khagan at his residence in Xanadu on May 5, 1260, he began to organize the country.", "Zhang Wenqian, a central government official, was sent by Kublai in 1260 to Daming where unrest had been reported in the local population.", "A friend of Zhang's, Guo Shoujing, accompanied him on this mission.", "Guo was interested in engineering, was an expert astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he understood that good astronomical observations depended on expertly made instruments.", "Guo began to construct astronomical instruments, including water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres that represented the celestial globe.", "Turkestani architect Ikhtiyar al-Din, also known as \"Igder\", designed the buildings of the city of the Khagan, Khanbaliq (Chinese Dadu).", "Kublai also employed foreign artists to build his new capital; one of them, a Newar named Araniko, built the White Stupa that was the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu.", "Zhang advised Kublai that Guo was a leading expert in hydraulic engineering.", "Kublai knew the importance of water management for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control, and he asked Guo to look at these aspects in the area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River.", "To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, Guo found the Baifu spring in Mount Shen and had a channel built to move water to Dadu.", "He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made.", "This pleased Kublai and Guo was asked to undertake similar projects in other parts of the country.", "In 1264 he was asked to go to Gansu to repair the damage that had been caused to the irrigation systems by the years of war during the Mongol advance through the region.", "Guo travelled extensively along with his friend Zhang taking notes of the work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system and to make improvements to its efficiency.", "He sent his report directly to Kublai Khan.", "Nayan's rebellion\nDuring the conquest of the Jin, Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large appanages in Manchuria.", "Their descendants strongly supported Kublai's coronation in 1260, but the younger generation desired more independence.", "Kublai enforced Ögedei Khan's regulations that the Mongol noblemen could appoint overseers and the Great Khan's special officials, in their appanages, but otherwise respected appanage rights.", "Kublai's son Manggala established direct control over Chang'an and Shanxi in 1272.", "In 1274, Kublai appointed Lian Xixian to investigate abuses of power by Mongol appanage holders in Manchuria.", "The region called Lia-tung was immediately brought under the Khagan's control, in 1284, eliminating autonomy of the Mongol nobles there.", "Threatened by the advance of Kublai's bureaucratization, Nayan, a fourth-generation descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers, either Temüge or Belgutei, instigated a revolt in 1287.", "(More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.)", "Nayan tried to join forces with Kublai's competitor Kaidu in Central Asia.", "Manchuria's native Jurchens and Water Tatars, who had suffered a famine, supported Nayan.", "Virtually all the fraternal lines under Hadaan, a descendant of Hachiun, and Shihtur, a grandson of Qasar, joined Nayan's rebellion, and because Nayan was a popular prince, Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan's son Khulgen, and the family of Khuden, a younger brother of Güyük Khan, contributed troops for this rebellion.", "The rebellion was crippled by early detection and timid leadership.", "Kublai sent Bayan to keep Nayan and Kaidu apart by occupying Karakorum, while Kublai led another army against the rebels in Manchuria.", "Kublai's commander Oz Temür's Mongol force attacked Nayan's 60,000 inexperienced soldiers on June 14, while Chinese and Alan guards under Li Ting protected Kublai.", "The army of Chungnyeol of Goryeo assisted Kublai in battle.", "After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment and attacked Nayan's camp that night.", "Kublai's force pursued Nayan, who was eventually captured and executed without bloodshed, by being smothered under felt carpets, a traditional way of executing princes.", "Meanwhile, the rebel prince Shikqtur invaded the Chinese district of Liaoning but was defeated within a month.", "Kaidu withdrew westward to avoid a battle.", "However, Kaidu defeated a major Yuan army in the Khangai Mountains and briefly occupied Karakorum in 1289.", "Kaidu had ridden away before Kublai could mobilize a larger army.", "Widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters continued until 1289; these were ruthlessly repressed.", "The rebel princes' troops were taken from them and redistributed among the imperial family.", "Kublai harshly punished the darughachi appointed by the rebels in Mongolia and Manchuria.", "This rebellion forced Kublai to approve the creation of the Liaoyang Branch Secretariat on December 4, 1287, while rewarding loyal fraternal princes.", "Later years\n\nKublai Khan dispatched his grandson Gammala to Burkhan Khaldun in 1291 to ensure his claim to Ikh Khorig, where Genghis was buried, a sacred place strongly protected by the Kublaids.", "Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kublai's rival Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years.", "From 1293 on, Kublai's army cleared Kaidu's forces from the Central Siberian Plateau.", "After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers, and he issued instructions through one of his other queens, Nambui.", "Only two of Kublai's daughters are known by name; he may have had others.", "Unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day, Kublai's wives and daughters were an almost invisible presence.", "Kublai's original choice of successor was his son Zhenjin, who became the head of the Zhongshu Sheng and actively administered the dynasty according to Confucian fashion.", "Nomukhan, after returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent, but he was banished to the north.", "An official proposed that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin in 1285, a suggestion that angered Kublai, who refused to see Zhenjin.", "Zhenjin died soon afterwards in 1286, eight years before his father.", "Kublai regretted this and remained very close to his wife, Bairam (also known as Kokejin).", "Kublai became increasingly despondent after the deaths of his favorite wife and his chosen heir Zhenjin.", "The failure of the military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan also haunted him.", "Kublai turned to food and drink for comfort, became grossly overweight, and suffered gout and diabetes.", "The emperor overindulged in alcohol and the traditional meat-rich Mongol diet, which may have contributed to his gout.", "Kublai sank into depression due to the loss of his family, his poor health and advancing age.", "Kublai tried every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, and remedies and medicines, but to no avail.", "At the end of 1293, the emperor refused to participate in the traditional New Years' ceremony.", "Before his death, Kublai passed the seal of Crown Prince to Zhenjin's son Temür, who would become the next Khagan of the Mongol Empire and the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty.", "Seeking an old companion to comfort him in his final illness, the palace staff could choose only Bayan, more than 30 years his junior.", "Kublai weakened steadily, and on February 18, 1294, he died at the age of 78.", "Two days later, the funeral cortège took his body to the burial place of the khans in Mongolia.", "Family\n\nWives and sons \n\nKublai first married Tegulen but she died very early.", "Then he married Chabi of the Khongirad, who was his most beloved empress.", "After Chabi's death in 1281, Kublai married Chabi's young cousin, Nambui, presumably in accordance with Chabi's wish.", "Principal wives (first and second ordos):\n\n Tegülün Khatun (died before 1260) — daughter of Tuolian, grandson of Alchi Noyan (Anchen) from Khongirad\n Empress Chabi (b.", "1227, m. 1239, d. 1281) — daughter of Alchi Noyan (Anchen) from Khongirad\n Dorji (b. c. 1240, d. 1263) — the director of the Secretariat and head of the Bureau of Military Affairs from 1261, but was sickly and died young.", "1324) — Commander of Hexi Corridor\n Kököchü (fl.", "1313) — Prince of Ning (宁王)\n A lady\n Qutluq Temür (fl.", "1324)\n Asujin Khatun — probably from Asud tribe\nQutlugh Kelmysh Beki married the king Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became empress of the Goryeo.", "Daughters \n\n A daughter — Buddhist nun, buried in Tanzhe Temple\n Grand Princess of Zhao, Yuelie (赵国大長公主) — married to Ay Buqa, Prince of Zhao (趙王)\n Princess Ulujin (吾魯真公主) — married to Buqa from Ikires clan\n Grand Princess of Lu, Öljei (鲁国长公主) — married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan, Prince of Lu\n Grand Princess of Lu, Nangiajin (鲁国大长公主) — married to Ulujin Küregen from Khongirad clan, Prince of Lu, then after his death in 1278, to his brother Temür and after his death in 1290 to Manzitai, his brother.", "Poetry\n\nKublai was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry, though most of his works haven't survived.", "Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the Selection of Yuan Poetry (元詩選), titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'.", "It was translated into Mongolian by the Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan in the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar.", "It is said that once in spring Kublai Khan went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the Summer Palace in western Khanbaliq (Beijing) and on his way back ascended Longevity Hill (Tumen Nast Uul in Mongolian), where he was filled with inspiration and wrote this poem.", "This is translated:\n\nLegacy\n\nKublai's seizure of power in 1260 pushed the Mongol Empire into a new direction.", "Despite his controversial election, which accelerated the disunity of the Mongols, Kublai's willingness to formalize the Mongol realm's symbiotic relation with China brought the Mongol Empire to international attention.", "Kublai and his predecessors' conquests were largely responsible for re-creating a unified, militarily powerful China.", "The Mongol rule of Tibet, Manchuria, and the Mongolian steppe from a capital at modern Beijing were the precedents for the Qing dynasty's Inner Asian Empire.", "In popular culture\n Kublai and Shangdu or Xanadu are the subject of various later artworks, including the English Romantic Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"Kubla Khan\", in which Coleridge makes Xanadu a symbol of mystery and splendor (written in October 1797 while under the influence of opium).", "In the 1938 film The Adventures of Marco Polo, George Barbier plays the role of Kublai Khan.", "Kabli Khan, a 1963 Indian Hindi-language musical action film by K. Amarnath which stars Ajit Khan in the titular role, presents a fictionalized narrative of a ruler seemingly based on Kublai Khan.", "Kublai Khan is referenced in the Rush song \"Xanadu\", on their 1977 album A Farewell To Kings.", "Kublai Khan is portrayed by Ying Ruocheng in the 1982 miniseries Marco Polo.", "Kublai Khan is a character played by Martin Miller in the serial Marco Polo in the first series of British sci-fi show ‘’Doctor Who’’.", "Kublai Khan named a heavy metal band formed in Texas, since 2009.", "Check disambiguation.", "Kublai Khan is portrayed by Kim Myeong-Kuk in the 2012 Korean television series God of War.", "Kublai Khan is portrayed by Hu Jun in the 2013 Chinese television series The Legend of Kublai Khan.", "Kublai Khan plays a significant role in the 2014 Netflix production Marco Polo, in which he is depicted by Benedict Wong.", "The Government of Mongolia celebrated Kublai Khan's 800th birthday on 15 September 2015 to honour and value his contribution to Mongolian history and promote research works related to Mongolian history.", "Kublai Khan plays a role in Jin Yong's work The Return of the Condor Heroes.", "Kublai Khan is also mentioned in the game Ghost of Tsushima as the cousin of the main villain Khotun Khan\n Kublai Khan is featured as a leader in the game Civilization VI, with players having the option to use him to lead either Mongolia or China.", "See also \n Division of the Mongol Empire\n History of Beijing\n Kaidu–Kublai war\n List of emperors of the Yuan dynasty\n List of Mongol rulers\n List of rulers of China\n Temür Khan\n Toluid Civil War\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nSources \n\n \n \n Chan, Hok-Lam.", "1997.", "\"A Recipe to Qubilai Qa'an on Governance: The Case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih\".", "Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 7 (2).", "Cambridge University Press: 257–83. .\n\nFurther reading\n Lanchester, John, \"The Invention of Money: How the heresies of two bankers became the basis of our modern economy\", The New Yorker, 5 & 12 August 2019, pp.", "28–31.", "\"One of the things that astonished Marco Polo most [in China] was paper money, introduced by Kublai [Khan] in 1260.\"", "(p.", "28.)", "\"The Second Karmapa, Karma Pakshi: Tibetan Mahasiddha\" by Charles Manson (forthcoming August 2022).", "Karma Pakshi was a spiritual advisor to Kublai Khan.", "External links \n Inflation under Kublai\n Relics of the Kamikaze (Archaeological Institute of America)\n\n \n1215 births\n1294 deaths\nYuan dynasty emperors\nGreat Khans of the Mongol Empire\n13th-century Mongol rulers\n13th-century Chinese monarchs\nHistory of China\nKerait people\nFounding monarchs\nMongolian Buddhist monarchs" ]

[ "His temple name was Emperor Shizu of Yuan and he was the fifth khagan-emperor of the empire.", "He ruled as the first Yuan emperor until his death in 1294.", "He was the grandson of Genghis Khan and the second son of Sorghaghtani Beki.", "He was almost 12 years old when Genghis Khan died and succeeded his older brother Mngke as Khagan, but had to defeat his younger brother Ariq Bke in the Civil War.", "The beginning of the empire was marked by this episode.", "Even though he still had influence in the Golden Horde, his real power was limited to the Yuan Empire.", "The empire spanned from the Pacific Ocean to the Black Sea, from Siberia to Afghanistan.", "In 1271, Kublai established the Yuan dynasty, which ruled over present-day China, Mongolia, Korea, and some adjacent areas, as well as the Middle East and Europe.", "He was the Emperor of China.", "The first non-Han emperor to unite all of China proper was Kublai, who conquered the Song dynasty in 1279.", "The National Palace Museum in Taipei has a collection of portraits of emperors and empresses.", "White was the imperial color of the Yuan dynasty.", "Sorghaghtani Beki was the second son of Kublai Khan.", "As his grandfather Genghis Khan advised, Sorghaghtani chose a Buddhist Tangut woman as her son's nurse.", "Genghis Khan performed a ceremony on his grandsons after they hunted for the first time near the Ili River.", "Kublai and his brother killed two animals when they were nine years old.", "After his grandfather smeared fat from dead animals onto his son's middle finger, he said that the words of the boy were full of wisdom.", "Three years after this event, the elderly Genghis Khan would die.", "The regent for two years was Kublai's father, who was the third uncle of Genghis.", "After the Jin dynasty was conquered by the Mongols in 1236, Ogedei gave Hebei to the family of Tolui, who died in 1232.", "His own estate included 10,000 households.", "Local officials were free to rein in him because he was inexperienced.", "A decline in tax revenues was caused by corruption amongst his officials and aggressive taxation.", "He came to his appanage and ordered reforms.", "Tax laws were revised after Sorghaghtani Beki sent new officials.", "Many people who fled returned thanks to those efforts.", "A strong attraction to contemporary Chinese culture was the most influential component of the early life of Kublai Khan.", "The leading Buddhist monk in North China was invited to the ordo.", "He asked the man about the philosophy of Buddhism.", "The son of Kublai was named Zhenjin.", "At the time a Buddhist monk, Liu Bingzhong, was introduced to Kublai.", "When Haiyun returned to his temple in Beijing, he found an advisor in the form of a painter, calligrapher, poet, and mathematician.", "The scholar Zhao Bi was added to the team.", "He wanted to balance local and imperial interests, so he employed people of other nationalities.", "Mngke became the Khan of the Mongol Empire in 1251, and Khwarizmian was sent to China.", "He moved his ordo to central Inner Mongolia after receiving the viceroyalty over northern China.", "After receiving Xi'an, the viceroy increased social welfare spendings and boosted the agricultural output of his territory.", "The founding of the Yuan dynasty was dependent on these acts.", "In 1252, Kublai criticized Mahmud Yalavach, who was never valued by his Chinese associates, over his cavalier execution of suspects during a judicial review, and Zhao Bi attacked him for his arrogant attitude toward the throne.", "Mngke dismissed Mahmud Yalavach because of resistance from Chinese Confucian-trained officials.", "The Dali Kingdom was ordered to submit in 1253.", "The Mongol envoys were killed by the ruling Gao family.", "The forces of the Mongols were divided into three.", "One wing went eastward.", "The second column was led by Subutai's son Uryankhadai.", "The first column was 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526 888-738-5526", "While Uryankhadai traveled along the lakeside from the north, Kublai took the capital city of Dali and spared the residents despite the deaths of his ambassadors.", "The Dalai Lama defected to the Mongols, who used his troops to conquer the rest of the country.", "Mngke Khan appointed the last king of Dali to be the first tusi or local ruler, and he accepted the stationing of a pacification commissioner there.", "There was unrest among certain groups after Kublai's departure.", "Mngke Khan maps of Yunnan and counsels about the vanquishing of the tribes who had not yet surrendered were offered in 1255 and 1256.", "Duan was the leader of a large army that served as guides and vanguards.", "By the end of 1256, Uryankhadai had taken control of Yunnan.", "Tibetan monks have the ability to heal.", "In 1253 he made a member of his staff.", "The empowerment was bestowed on the couple, Chabi and Kublai.", "The head of the commission was appointed in 1254.", "The officials who were jealous of Kublai's success said that he was dreaming of having his own empire and competing with Mngke's capital.", "Mngke Khan sent two tax inspectors to audit the officials in 1257.", "The new pacification commission was abolished after they found fault, accused Chinese officials and executed some of them.", "Mngke publicly forgiven his younger brother and reconciled with him after Kublai sent a two-man embassy with his wives.", "The Daoists obtained their wealth and status by taking over Buddhist temples.", "Mngke repeatedly demanded that the Daoists cease their denigration of Buddhism and ordered Kublai to end the clerical strife between the Daoists and Buddhists in his territory.", "A conference of Buddhist and Daoist leaders was held in the early 1258's.", "At the conference, the claim of the Daoist was officially rejected and the temples were converted to Buddhism.", "The Chagatai Khanate, the Golden Horde, and the Ilkhanate converted to Islam at various times in history, but Berke of the Golden Horde was the only Muslim during the time of the Yuan dynasty.", "Mngke put Kublai in command of the Eastern Army and summoned him to assist with an attack.", "Even though he was suffering from gout, Mngke was allowed to stay at his house.", "Word came to him that Mngke had died before he arrived.", "Kublai decided to keep the death of his brother a secret.", "Uryankhadai joined the force that besieged Wuchang.", "The Song minister secretly approached Kublai to propose terms.", "He offered an annual tribute of 200,000 taels of silver and 200,000 bolts of silk in exchange for agreeing to the frontier between the states.", "After initially declining, Kublai reached a peace agreement with Jia Sidao.", "He returned north to the plains after receiving a message from his wife that his brother had been raising troops.", "He learned that Ariq Bke held a kurultai at the capital Karakorum, which named him Great Khan, with the support of most of Genghis Khan's descendants.", "The fourth brother, the Il-Khan Hulagu, opposed this.", "Most of the senior princes in North China and Manchuria supported Kublai's candidacy for the throne.", "After returning to his own territories, he summoned his own kurultai.", "The number of members of the royal family who supported the title was less than the number of people who attended.", "Despite Ariq Bke's legal claim to become khan, this kurultai proclaimed Kublai Great Khan on April 15, 1260", "The destruction of the Mongolian capital at Karakorum was the result of warfare between Ariq Bke and Kublai.", "Mngke's army supported Ariq Bke.", "They executed the civil administrator of Ariq Bke and won over several generals.", "The southern front was secured by a diplomatic resolution, but the envoys were arrested after Jia broke his promise.", "Abishqa was sent to the Chagatai Khanate.", "Abishqa, two other princes, and 100 men were captured by Ariq Bke and he had his own man, Alghu, crowned khan of Chagatai's territory.", "The commander of Ariq Bke, Alamdar, was killed at the battle.", "Abishqa was executed in revenge by Ariq Bke.", "Kadan, son of gedei Khan, supported his cousin in cutting off supplies of food.", "Ariq Bke temporarily regained control of Karakorum in 1261 after it fell to Kublai's large army.", "Li Tan revolted against the rule of the Mongols in February of 1262.", "Li Tan was executed after the two armies crushed his revolt.", "Wang Wentong, Li Tan's father-in-law and one of the most trusted Han Chinese officials, was executed by these armies.", "The distrust of ethnic Hans was instilled by the incident.", "The titles of and tithes to Han Chinese warlords were banned by the emperor after he became emperor.", "Chagatayid Khan Alghu, who was appointed by Ariq Bke, declared his loyalty to Kublai and defeated the expedition sent by Ariq Bke in 1262.", "The Ilkhan Hulagu criticized Ariq Bke.", "On August 21, 1264, Ariq Bke surrendered to Kublai.", "The rulers of the western khanates acknowledged the victory of Kublai.", "Alghu Khan demanded recognition of his position in return for being summoned to a new kurultai.", "Both Hulagu and Berke, khan of the Golden Horde, at first accepted the invitation.", "They didn't want to go to the kurultai.", "Although he executed Ariq Bke's supporters, Kublai pardoned him.", "The Ilkhanate's relations with the Golden Horde were hurt by the deaths of three Jochid princes in the Siege of Baghdad.", "The Golden Horde fought an open war in 1262 after Hulagu's purge of the Jochid troops.", "The political crises in the western regions of the Mongol Empire were brought about by the reinforcement of Hulagu with 30,000 young Mongols.", "Berke died on the way to conquer the Ilkhanate after Hulagu died.", "In a few months, Alghu Khan of the Chagatai Khanate also died.", "Berke's support for Ariq Bke and the wars with Hulagu made him ineligible to be the khan of the Golden Horde in the new official version of his family's history.", "Abaqa was named the new Ilkhan and Mentemu was nominated for the throne of Sarai, the capital of the Golden Horde.", "The suzerainty over the Ilkhans was retained by the Kublaids.", "The Oirat Orghana, the empress of the Chagatai Khanate, put her son Mubarak Shah on the throne in 1265 without the permission of the ruler.", "Prince Kaidu of the House of gedei did not attend the court.", "Kaidu was attacked by Baraq.", "The Golden Horde and Kaidu were defeated by Baraq in 1266.", "The Tarim Basin's overseer was pushed out by him.", "The House of gedei and the Golden Horde joined forces with Kaidu and Mentemu to defeat Kublai in the east and Abagha in the west.", "Mentemu avoided a military expedition against the realm.", "Mentemu called the rebel after the Golden Horde promised to defeat him.", "The conflict between Kaidu and Mentemu was the reason for this.", "In 1269, Baraq's invading forces were defeated by the armies of Mongol Persia.", "Kaidu regained his alliance with Mentemu after Baraq died.", "After he defeated Wonjong of Goryeo in 1259 on Ganghwado, Kublai tried to unify his control over the Korean Peninsula.", "The Ilkhanate and the Golden Horde called a truce in 1270 despite the Golden Horde's interests in the Middle East and the Caucasus.", "In 1260, the court of Emperor Lizong of Song was told that if he surrendered his dynasty, he would be granted some freedom.", "When Kublai sent a delegation to release Hao Ching, Emperor Lizong sent them back because he refused to meet his demands.", "The fortresses of Song China were to be destroyed by two Iraqi siege engineers.", "Bayan of the Baarin was made the supreme commander after the fall of the Song Dynasty.", "Mngke was ordered to revise the second census of the Golden Horde to provide resources and men for the conquest of China.", "The Golden Horde had a census in 1274–75.", "The Khans sent Nogai Khan to strengthen their influence in the Balkans.", "In order to gain control of millions of Han Chinese people, the Mongol regime was renamed in China Dai Yuan in 1271.", "There was an uprising in the old capital of Karakorum when he moved his headquarters to Khanbaliq.", "Critics accused him of being too closely tied to Han Chinese culture despite the fact that he was condemned for his actions.", "The old customs of the Empire are not the same as the Han Chinese laws.", "Kaidu declared himself to be a legitimate heir to the throne instead of Kublai, who had turned away from the ways of Genghis Khan.", "The gedeids' forces were swelled by defections from the Dynasty.", "The first non-Han Chinese peoples to conquer all of China were the Mongols after the Song imperial family surrendered.", "The last of the Song loyalists were crushed by the marines three years later.", "The emperor's wife, Chabi, took a personal interest in the well-being of the emperor's family after they were given tax-free property.", "The Emperor was sent away to become a monk.", "A powerful empire, an academy, offices, trade ports and canals, and sponsorship of science and the arts were all created by Kublai.", "The record of the Mongols shows 20,166 public schools.", "Having conquered China and achieved real or nominal dominion over a large part of Europe, Kublai was in a position to look beyond that country.", "The vassal status of those countries was secured by the invasions of Vietnam and Sakhalin.", "The invasions of Japan, Vietnam, and Java failed.", "The nephew of Kublai tried to form a grand alliance of the dominions of the Mongols and the Western European powers to defeat the Mamluks in Syria and North Africa.", "Both Abagha and Kublai opened trade routes.", "A large court with many ambassadors and foreign merchants allowed for a lot of meetings.", "Nomukhan and his generals occupied the area from 1266 to 1276.", "In 1277, a group of Genghisid princes under Mngke's son Shiregi rebelled and kidnapped the two sons and their general.", "In 1269, Kaidu formed an alliance with the latter in order to protect him from the gedeids.", "The rebellion was suppressed and the Yuan garrisons were strengthened.", "Kaidu took over.", "The death penalty was imposed on those who slaughtered cattle according to the legal codes of Islam or Judaism.", "Abaqa's old Mongols under prince Arghun appealed to Kublai when the throne of the Ilkhanate was seized in 1282.", "After the assassination of Ahmad Fanakati and the execution of his sons, Kublai awarded his commander in chief Buqa the title of chancellor.", "Kelmish, who married a Khongirad general of the Golden Horde, was powerful enough to have Nomuqan and Kokhchu return.", "The Jochids agreed to release two princes.", "The princes were returned to the Golden Horde as a peace overture to the Yuan Dynasty in 1282.", "Konchi, khan of the White Horde, received luxury gifts and grain as a reward for establishing friendly relations with the Yuan and the Ilkhanate.", "The economic and commercial system continued despite disagreements between branches of the family.", "Within a decade of his enthronement as Great Khan, the Emperor of the Yuan dynasty realized that he needed to concentrate on governing China.", "From the beginning of his reign, he adopted Chinese political and cultural models and worked to minimize the influence of regional lords, who had held immense power before and during the Song Dynasty.", "Kublai relied on his Chinese advisers most of the time.", "He employed many Buddhist Uyghurs and had many Han Chinese advisers.", "The empire's Buddhist monks were given power over by the Imperial Preceptor.", "He was promoted to imperial preceptor after the creation of the 'Phags-pa script'.", "The Supreme Control Commission was established to administer the affairs of Tibetan and Chinese monks.", "The Commission for Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs was renamed after the Tibetan monk Sangha rose to high office.", "In 1286, Sangha became the dynasty's chief fiscal officer.", "Their corruption eventually embittered Kublai, and he relied on younger Mongols.", "Bayan of the Baarin and Oz-temur of the Arulad headed the censorate.", "The palace provision commission was headed by Ochicher's descendant.", "The capital of the Yuan dynasty, known as Dadu, was proclaimed the following year after the eighth year of Zhiyuan.", "His summer capital was in Xanadu.", "The last Song emperor, Zhao Bing, committed suicide at the Battle of Yamen, ending the Song dynasty, after he was destroyed by the remnants of the Southern Song in 1274.", "Most of the Yuan domains were administered as provinces, each with a governor and vice-governor.", "There was a special Zhendong branch secretariat that extended into the Korean Peninsula.", "Much of present-day North China was part of the Central Region.", "The most important part of the dynasty was ruled by the Zhongshu Sheng at Dadu.", "Tibet was governed by the Bureau of Buddhist and Tibetan Affairs.", "The Grand Canal was rebuilt, public buildings were repaired, and highways were extended.", "His domestic policy included some aspects of the old Mongol living traditions, and as his reign continued, these traditions would clash with traditional Chinese economic and social culture.", "The Office of Market Taxes should be set up in 1268.", "The Muslim, Uighur and Chinese merchants expanded their operations to the South China Sea and the Indian Ocean after the conquest of the Song.", "The Office of Market Taxes took over maritime trade in 1286.", "Salt production was the main source of revenue for the government.", "The paper currency was issued by the Mongol administration.", "The first unified paper currency was created in August 1260 and had no expiration date.", "The currency was convertible with silver and gold and the government accepted tax payments in paper currency.", "A lack of fiscal discipline and inflation turned a series of state sponsored bills to finance his conquest of the Song into an economic disaster.", "It had to pay with paper money.", "Private citizens and foreign merchants were given gold and silver in exchange for government-issued notes.", "Kublai Khan is thought to be the first money maker.", "The cost of transporting coins was reduced because of the paper bills.", "A new currency was created to deal with a budget shortfall.", "It was denominated in copper cash and non-convertible.", "Gaykhatu was assassinated after trying to adopt the system in Iran and the Middle East.", "He was a Tibetan.", "Abu Ali, a rich merchant from the Madurai Sultanate, was associated with the royal family.", "After falling out with them, he moved to Yuan China and received a Korean woman as his wife and a job from the Mongol Emperor, the woman was formerly Sangha's wife and her father held the title of Chaesongnyeon during the reign of Chungnyeol of", "Asian arts and religious tolerance were encouraged by Kublai.", "Despite his anti-Daoist edicts, Kublai respected the Daoist master and appointed a new leader.", "The Academy of Scholarly Worthies was put in charge of the Daoist temples.", "Marco Polo may have seen the summer capital of the empire in the 1270s.", "During the Southern Song, Kong Duanyou fled south with the Song Emperor to Quzhou, while the newly established Jin dynasty appointed his brother Kong Duancao who remained in Qu.", "The Dukes of Qufu and Quzhou were once in the north and south, respectively.", "The Duke of Qufu was invited to come back to Qufu by the emperor.", "The title was taken away from the southern branch after Kong Zhu turned down the invitation.", "The southern branch lived in Quzhou.", "There are 30,000 descendants of Confucius in Quzhou.", "Thirty Muslims were high officials in the court of Kublai Khan.", "Muslim governors were appointed to eight of the dynasty's administrative districts.", "The administrator of Yunnan was a Muslim.", "He is thought to have spread Islam in China through his knowledge of the Confucian and Daoist traditions.", "The other administrators were Nasr al-Din and Mahmud Yalavach.", "Muslim astronomy contributed to the construction of the observatory in Shaanxi.", "The correction of the Chinese calendar was made possible by 7 new instruments and concepts.", "The knowledge of rulers and merchants along the Silk Road was greatly influenced by accurate maps made by Muslims.", "Muslim physicians had their own hospitals in Beijing and Shangdu.", "The \"Department of extensive mercy\" in Beijing was where medicine and surgery were taught.", "Avicenna's works were published in China.", "Spherical trigonometry and Arabic numerals were introduced in China by Muslim mathematicians.", "The \"Muslim trebuchet\" was invented by the siege engineers Ismail and Al al-Din after they arrived in China.", "Continuation of the restriction upon some Abrahamic ritual practices, such as butchering according to Jewish or Muslim legal codes, continued.", "The practice of circumcision was forbidden.", "When he restricted the functions of the kheshig, he created a new imperial bodyguard that was Chinese in composition but later strengthened with Russian units.", "The descendants of Genghis Khan's assistants were put in charge of three of the original kheshigs.", "The practice of having the four great aristocrats in his kheshig sign jarligs spread to all the other khanates.", "The units of the Mongol and Chinese were the same as those of Genghis Khan.", "New technologies were adopted by the Mongols.", "The military campaigns in South China were elaborate and moderate.", "The Yuan army quickly conquered the Song thanks to effective Chinese naval techniques.", "The Drikung Kagyu sect revolted in 1285, attacking monasteries.", "The Chagatayid khan, Duwa, helped the rebels defeat the garrisons in the Tarim Basin.", "Kaidu occupied the city after destroying an army.", "Back in the eastern part of the Yuan dynasty, many Uyghurs abandoned Kashgar for safer bases.", "Tibet was pacified after Buqa-Temr crushed the resistance of the Drikung Kagyu.", "Goryeo, the state on the Korean Peninsula, became a vassal state in 1260.", "Goryeo came under even tighter control of the Yuan after another Mongol intervention.", "Several myriarchy commands were established at Goryeo.", "Korean troops and a naval force were supplied by the Goryeo court.", "Some of his Confucian-trained advisers were against the invasion of Japan, but he decided to go ahead with it.", "He tried to take over peripheral lands such as Sakhalin, where the indigenous people submitted to the Mongols by 1308.", "The introduction of paper currency caused inflation.", "The issue of paper currency grew from 110,000 ding to 1,420,000 ding during the war against the Song Dynasty and Japan.", "Mongols, Semu, Koreans, and Chinese people were the most trusted governors and advisers of Kublai's court during the invasions of Japan.", "The invasions of Japan were initiated because of the support given to the Song dynasty.", "The man tried to invade Japan twice.", "His fleets were destroyed due to a flaw in the design of ships that were based on river boats without keels.", "The first attempt took place in 1274 with a fleet of 900 ships.", "The first invasion took place in 1281 when 900 ships containing 40,000 Korean, Chinese, and Mongol troops were sent from Masan, while a force of 100,000 sailed from southern China in 3,500 ships.", "The hastily assembled fleet was ill-equipped to deal with maritime conditions.", "They sailed into the waters that separate Korea and Japan in November.", "Tsushima Island is halfway across the strait and Iki Island is closer to Kyushu.", "The Korean fleet landed its troops and animals in Hakata Bay in June of 1281, but the ships from China were nowhere to be seen.", "At the Battle of Akasaka, the landing forces were defeated.", "The samurai of Takezaki Suenaga attacked the army of the mongolians and fought them as reinforcements arrived and defeated them.", "The samurai warriors, following their custom, rode out against the Mongol forces for individual combat.", "The samurai were bombarded with missiles and arrows by the Mongols as they fought as a united force.", "The Japanese left the coastal zone to a fortress.", "The Mongol forces did not chase the fleeing Japanese because they lacked reliable intelligence.", "The Kan Campaign, also known as the Second Battle of Hakata Bay, was a series of skirmishes in which the Samurai drove the Mongol forces back to their ships.", "The Japanese army was heavily outnumbered, but had fortified the coastal line with two-meter high walls, and was able to repulse the Mongolian forces that were launched against it.", "Kenzo Hayashida led the investigation that led to the discovery of the second invasion fleet.", "According to his team's findings, the task of constructing his enormous fleet should have taken up to five years.", "The Chinese were forced to use any available ships.", "The Chinese built many ships quickly in order to contribute to the fleets in both invasions.", "Hayashida theorizes that the navy might have survived the journey to and from Japan if it had used standard, well-constructed ocean-going ships with curved keels.", "There was a wreck off the coast of Nagasaki in October of 2011.", "The myth of invincibility had been shattered throughout eastern Asia, and huge losses had also been suffered in terms of casualties and sheer expense, according to David Nicolle.", "His death and the unanimous agreement of his advisers not to invade prevented a third attempt, despite the horrendous cost to the economy and the prestige of the first two defeats.", "Three invasions of Vietnam were repelled by the Trn dynasty.", "The descendants of the ancestors of the Trn clan migrated to i Vit under the name of Trn Kinh, where they established the dynasty.", "The peace treaty between the Mongols and i Vit was re-established in the twelfth lunar month of 1257 after the first incursion in 1257.", "The Great Khan became the Great Khan in 1260 and the Trn dynasty paid tribute to him every three years.", "The kings did not attend the court in person.", "The i Vit court refused to allow the Yuan army to pass through to invade the kingdom of Champa, even though the Great Khan sent his envoys to order the king to open his land.", "One of the envoys sent to the i vit demanded that the king give up his land.", "All of the king's citizens were allowed to vote on whether or not to fight for their homeland.", "The unanimous decision was to fight the invaders.", "He wanted to install Nhn Tng's brother, who had defected to the Mongols, as king of Annam.", "hardship in the Yuan's supply base in Hunan and Kaidu's invasion forced him to abandon his plans.", "After the victorious battle of Thng Long in January 1285, the second invasion of i vit began, when the Mongol Yuan forces under the command of Toghan, the prince of Kublai Khan, crossed the border and quickly occupied Thng Long.", "The army of the Trn dynasty was defeated and surrendered to Sogetu in the north central region of Vietnam after he moved northward from Champa.", "The commander-in-chief of the Trn king and the king changed their tactics to attack the Mongols.", "The battle in Ty Kt where Sogetu died took place in April.", "General Nht Dut won a battle in Hm T and Toghan was defeated by General Hng o.", "The first attempt to invade i vit failed.", "Toghan hid himself inside a bronze pipe in order to avoid being killed by the i Vit archers.", "The third invasion began in 1287.", "A large fleet of food was used, which was better organized than the previous effort.", "After moving to Vn Kip from the north west, the Mongol Yuan forces met the infantry and cavalry of the other side of the Red River and quickly won the battle.", "The naval fleet won in Vn n near H Long Bay.", "The heavy, fully stocked cargo ships were captured by the i Vit General Trn Khnh D.", "There was a shortage of food in Thng Long.", "The army was ordered to retreat to Vn Kip with no news about the supply fleet.", "The i Vit army started their general offensive and were able to take back some of the occupied locations.", "Vn Kip was ordered to be attacked by groups of i vit infantry.", "The army was split into two and retreated in 1288.", "The naval fleet fled home along the Bch ng river in April of 1288.", "Bch ng was reached by the Mongols without an infantry escort as bridges and roads were destroyed.", "The small flotilla pretended to retreat after engaging in battle.", "The i Vit troops fell into their pre-arranged battlefield as the Mongols eagerly pursued them.", "Thousands of small i Vit boats quickly appeared from both banks, launched a fierce attack that broke the Mongols' combat formation.", "In panic, the Mongols tried to withdraw to the sea.", "Many of the Mongols' boats were damaged and sank.", "At that time, a number of fire rafts quickly rushed toward the Mongols, who were frightened and jumped down to reach the banks where they were dealt a heavy blow by an army led by the Trn king and Trn Hng o.", "The naval fleet was destroyed.", "On its withdrawal through Lng Sn, i Vit's army continuously attacked and smashed to pieces Toghan's army.", "In order to flee home, Toghan risked his life by taking a shortcut through a thick forest.", "The crown prince was exiled for life by his father.", "The Great Khan was accepted by the king in order to avoid more conflicts.", "After the end of the Yuan dynasty, the successor to Kublai Khan settled for a relationship with the Trn king.", "The Irrawaddy Delta was brought to the attention of the Southeast Asia and South Seas Three expeditions in 1277., 1283 and 1287.", "In order to establish a formal suzerainty, Kublai had to give tribute to the Yuan court until the Mongols were expelled from China in the 1360s.", "The interests in these areas were commercial.", "There were close relations with the king of Siam, Ram Khamheng.", "They were encouraged to attack the Khmers after the Thais were pushed southward.", "The king of the Khmer Empire refused to pay tribute to the Mongols.", "The envoys of the Mongols were imprisoned because of Jayavarman VIII's insistence on not paying tribute to Kublai.", "The Khmer Empire was weakened by these attacks.", "The Mongols decided to go south into Cambodia in 1283.", "Cambodia was conquered by 1284.", "By 1285, Cambodia had become a vassal state.", "After losing more than 3000 troops, the invading Mongol forces were forced to withdraw from Singhasari on Java.", "The Thai kingdoms of Sukhothai and Chiang Mai became vassal states of the Yuan dynasty in the year that Kublai died.", "Direct contact between East Asia and Europe was established thanks to the control of the central Asian trade routes and the presence of efficient postal services.", "Europeans and Central Asians traveled to China in the 13th century.", "The power of the Mongol Empire allowed large numbers of Chinese to travel to other parts of the empire, all the way to Rus, Persia, and Mesopotamia.", "In the 13th century, the Sultanate of Mogadishu gained a reputation in Asia due to its trade with China.", "According to Marco Polo, the Mongol Emperor sent a delegation to spy on the Sultanate but they were captured and imprisoned.", "The other envoy was sent to treat for the release of the earlier delegation.", "On May 5, 1260, he began to organize the country after being proclaimed Khagan at his residence in Xanadu.", "In 1260, a central government official was sent to Daming, where unrest had been reported in the local population.", "A friend of Zhang's was with him on this mission.", "He was an astronomer and skilled instrument maker, and he was interested in engineering and astronomy.", "Water clocks for accurate timing and armillary spheres were some of the instruments that Guo began to build.", "The architect \"Igder\" designed the buildings of the city of the Chinese Dadu.", "The White Stupa, the largest structure in Khanbaliq/Dadu, was built by a Newar named Araniko, who was a foreign artist.", "He was a leading expert in the field.", "The area between Dadu (now Beijing) and the Yellow River is important for irrigation, transport of grain, and flood control.", "To provide Dadu with a new supply of water, the Baifu spring in Mount Shen was found and a channel was built to move water to Dadu.", "He proposed connecting the water supply across different river basins, built new canals with sluices to control the water level, and achieved great success with the improvements he made.", "They were asked to do similar projects in other parts of the country.", "He was asked to go to Gansu in 1264 to repair the damage done to the irrigation systems by the years of war.", "The work needed to be done to unblock damaged parts of the system was one of the things that Guo and his friend took notes on.", "He sent his report to his boss.", "Genghis Khan's younger brothers received large appanages during the conquest of the Jin.", "The younger generation wanted more independence than their descendants did.", "The Great Khan's special officials and overseers could be appointed in accordance with gedei Khan's regulations.", "The direct control over Chang'an and Shanxi was established in 1272.", "Abuses of power by appanage holders in Manchuria were investigated by Lian Xixian.", "The region called Lia-tung was taken over by the Khagan in 1284.", "The revolt in 1287 was instigated by a descendant of one of Genghis Khan's brothers.", "More than one prince named Nayan existed and their identity is confused.", "In Central Asia, Nayan tried to join forces with Kaidu.", "The Jurchens and Water Tatars of Manchuria had suffered a famine.", "Hadaan, a descendant of Hachiun, and Shihtur, a grandson of Qasar, joined the rebellion, as did Ebugen, a grandson of Genghis Khan.", "Early detection and timid leadership crippled the rebellion.", "Bayan was sent to keep Kaidu and Nayan apart, while another army led the fight against the rebels in Manchuria.", "On June 14, a force of 60,000 inexperienced soldiers were attacked by a force of Oz Temr's Mongols.", "The army of Chungnyeol of Goryeo was involved in the battle.", "After a hard fight, Nayan's troops withdrew behind their carts, and Li Ting began bombardment.", "A traditional way of executing princes is by being smothered under felt carpets.", "The prince Shikqtur invaded the Chinese district of Liaoning but was defeated within a month.", "Kaidu left to avoid a battle.", "Kaidu defeated a major army in the Khangai Mountains in 1289.", "Kaidu rode away before the larger army could mobilize.", "Widespread but uncoordinated uprisings of Nayan's supporters were MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE", "The prince's troops were taken from them and given to the imperial family.", "The darughachi appointed by the rebels was punished harshly.", "The creation of the Liaoyang Branch secretariat was forced on Kublai by this rebellion.", "The sacred place where Genghis was buried was protected by the Kublaids and was the subject of a claim by the grandson of Kublai Khan.", "Bayan was in control of Karakorum and was re-establishing control over surrounding areas in 1293, so Kaidu did not attempt any large-scale military action for the next three years.", "From 1293 on, Kaidu's forces were cleared.", "After his wife Chabi died in 1281, Kublai began to withdraw from direct contact with his advisers and issued instructions through one of his queens, Nambui.", "He may have had more than two daughters, but only two are known by name.", "Kublai's wives and daughters were almost invisible, unlike the formidable women of his grandfather's day.", "Zhenjin became the leader of the dynasty according to Confucian fashion and was the original choice of successor.", "After returning from captivity in the Golden Horde, Nomukhan expressed resentment that Zhenjin had been made heir apparent.", "In 1285, an official suggested that Kublai should abdicate in favor of Zhenjin, a proposal that angered him.", "Zhenjin died eight years before his father.", "He was very close to his wife, Bairam, also known as Kokejin.", "After the deaths of his wife and heir, Kublai became depressed.", "He was haunted by the failed military campaigns in Vietnam and Japan.", "He became grossly overweight and suffered from gout and diabetes after turning to food and drink for comfort.", "The emperor drank and ate too much, which may have contributed to his gout.", "He was depressed due to the loss of his family, poor health and advanced age.", "Every medical treatment available, from Korean shamans to Vietnamese doctors, was unsuccessful.", "The emperor refused to participate in the New Years' ceremony at the end of 1293.", "The seal of the crown prince was passed on to the son of Zhenjin, who would become the second ruler of the Yuan dynasty.", "Bayan, more than 30 years his junior, was the palace staff's choice to comfort him in his final illness.", "He died at the age of 78 on February 18th.", "The funeral cortge took his body to the khans' burial place two days later.", "The family wives and sons married Tegulen before she died.", "He married Chabi of the Khongirad, who was his most beloved empress.", "The marriage of Chabi's cousin, Nambui, was in accordance with Chabi's wishes.", "Tegln Khatun was the daughter of Tuolian and the grandson of Alchi Noyan.", "The director of the Bureau of Military Affairs was the daughter of Alchi Noyan.", "Commander of Hexi Corridor Kkch.", "The Prince of Ning is a lady.", "Qutlugh Kelmysh Beki married the king Chungnyeol of Goryeo and became empress.", "The daughter of a Buddhist nun is buried in the Tanzhe Temple Grand Princess of Zhao.", "Most of Poetry Kublai's works haven't survived, but he was a prolific writer of Chinese poetry.", "Only one Chinese poem written by him is included in the selection, titled 'Inspiration recorded while enjoying the ascent to Spring Mountain'.", "The Inner Mongolian scholar B.Buyan translated it into the same style as classical Mongolian poetry and it was then transcribed into Cyrillic by Ya.Ganbaatar.", "It is said that when he was in Beijing in the spring, he went to worship at a Buddhist temple at the Summer Palace and on his way back wrote a poem on Longevity Hill.", "The Mongol Empire was pushed into a new direction by Legacy Kublai's seizure of power.", "Despite his controversial election, which accelerated the disunity of the Mongols, Kublai's willingness to formalize the Mongol realm's symbiotic relation with China brought the Mongol Empire to international attention.", "The re-creating of a unified, militarily powerful China was largely due to the conquests of Kublai and his predecessors.", "The rule of Tibet, Manchuria, and theMongolian steppe from a capital at modern Beijing were precedents for the Inner Asian Empire.", "Xanadu is the subject of a number of later artworks, including the English Romantic Samuel Taylor Coleridge's poem \"Kubla Khan\", which makes Xanadu a symbol of mystery and splendor.", "George Barbier played the role of Kublai Khan in the film The Adventures of Marco Polo.", "A fictionalized narrative of a ruler seemingly based on Kublai Khan is presented in a musical action film.", "Rush's song \"Xanadu\" is referenced in the album A Farewell To Kings.", "The Marco Polo miniseries features a depiction of Kublai Khan.", "Martin Miller played the character of Kublai Khan in the first series of Doctor Who.", "A heavy metal band was formed in Texas.", "You can check disambiguation.", "Kim Myeong-Kuk played the character of Kublai Khan in the 2012 Korean television series God of War.", "The Legend of Kublai Khan was a Chinese television series that starred Hu Jun.", "In the film Marco Polo, Benedict Wong portrays Kublai Khan, who plays a significant role.", "On September 15, 2015, the Government of Mongolia celebrated the 800th birthday of Kublai Khan to honor and value his contribution to the history of the country.", "The Return of the Condor Heroes was written by Jin Yong.", "The cousin of the main villain in the game Ghost of Tsushima is featured as a leader in the game Civilization VI, with players having the option to use him to lead either Mongolia or China.", "There is a list of rulers of China, as well as a list of emperors of the Yuan dynasty.", "1997.", "The case of Chang Te-hui and Li Chih is a recipe for Qubilai Qa'an on governance.", "The Royal Asiatic Society has a journal.", "Lanchester wrote \"The Invention of Money: How the heresies of two bankers became the basis of our modern economy\" in The New Yorker.", "28–31.", "Marco Polo was surprised by the introduction of paper money in China.", "There is ap.", "28.", "Charles Manson will release \"The Second Karmapa, Karma Pakshi: Tibetan Mahasiddha\" in August 2022.", "Pakshi was a spiritual advisor to Khan.", "1215 births and 1294 deaths were the result of inflation under the relics of the Kamikaze." ]

[ "Kublai", "Kublai", "Genghis Khan", "Genghis Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan Alghu", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Great Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Great Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khanbla", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan" ]

[ "Genghis Khan", "Genghis Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Il Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan Alghu", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Great Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Great Khan", "Khan", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Poetry Kublai", "Legacy Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Kublai", "Khan", "Khan" ]

[ "Egbert Benson (June 21, 1746 – August 24, 1833) was a slave owner, lawyer, jurist, politician, and one of the Founding Fathers of the United States who represented New York State in the Continental Congress, Annapolis Convention, and the United States House of Representatives.", "He served as a member of the New York constitutional convention in 1788 which ratified the United States Constitution.", "He also served as the first attorney general of New York, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court, and as the chief United States circuit judge of the United States circuit court for the second circuit.", "Education and career\n\nBenson's ancestor, Dirck Benson, who settled in New Amsterdam in 1649, was the founder of the Benson family in America.", "Egbert Benson was born in New York City in the Province of New York, the son of Robert Benson (1715–1762) and Catherine (Van Borsum) Benson (1718–1794).", "The Benson family was one of the earliest Dutch families to have settled in Manhattan.", "In a letter written to Arthur D. Benson, Egbert Benson lived at the corner of Puntine and Fulton streets in the home of William Puntine.", "His home was one of the centers of cultural life in New York City.", "Benson lived with his maternal grandmother, a widow who lived on Borad Street, at the corner of Beaver, during the early part of his life.", "Benson was taught in Dutch, and he learned his catechism in that language.", "Upon reaching a suitable age, Benson attended the Collegiate School, a school of repute, and prepared himself for college.", "During this time, he was guided and assisted by Reverend Doctor Barclay, rector of Trinity Church.", "He was privately educated, then attended King's College (now Columbia University), graduating in 1765.", "He read law, was admitted to the bar and moved to Red Hook in Dutchess County, New York.", "He practiced law both there and in New York City.", "Benson was also honored by Harvard University and Dartmouth College.", "A relative of Benson's was Benjamin Benson, a Revolutionary War soldier and member of the committee of correspondence.", "He signed one of the Articles of Association, or \"Association Test\", which was preliminary to the Declaration of Independence, at Haverstraw, New York, in May 1775.", "Egbert Benson was the brother of Lieutenant Colonel Robert Benson and Captain Henry Benson, who commanded an armed vessel in the Revolution.", "Benson owned slaves; in the 1790 census, he was recorded as having one slave, and in the 1800 census, two slaves.", "Despite his personal ownership of slaves, he was involved in the anti-slavery New York Manumission Society.", "Political and judicial service\n\nTowards the start of the American Revolutionary War, Benson approved the course of the Sons of Liberty and gave up, in a measure, his professional prospects then brightly opening and devoted himself to his country: these exertions showed the man's value of this step to both his native state and the cause he aided.", "He aided the Sons of Liberty, who were in Dutchess County where Benson, as a part of his first efforts, gave proper directions to the political meetings.", "When the British occupied New York City in 1776, Benson remained in Dutchess County for several years.", "From 1777 to 1781, Benson served as a member of the New York State Assembly and drafted every important bill passed there in during the Revolution.", "He was also a representative in the Second Continental Congress from 1780, and drew bills organizing the executive department of the United States.", "The county made him the president of their committee of safety and in 1777 sent him to the revolutionary New York State Assembly.", "When the first state government was organized, Benson was appointed the first New York attorney general and served until 1788.", "He was elected to the Assembly annually until 1781 and again in 1788.", "New York sent Benson as a delegate to the Continental Congress in 1784.", "Although he was reappointed in 1785, he did not attend sessions.", "In 1786, he was named by the Legislature to accompany Alexander Hamilton as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, which issued a call for the United States Constitutional Convention held the following year.", "He returned to the Congress in 1787 and 1788, and in 1788 attended the New York state convention that ratified the United States Constitution.", "When the new federal government was established, Benson was elected from New York's 3rd congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 1st and 2nd United States Congresses, serving from March 4, 1789, to March 3, 1793.", "In 1794, Benson was appointed a justice of the New York Supreme Court, a position he held until 1801.", "Benson was part of the three-man commission that decided the location of the St. Croix River in 1798.", "He was nominated by President John Adams on February 18, 1801, to the United States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit, to the new chief judge seat authorized by .", "He was confirmed by the United States Senate on February 20, 1801, and received his commission the same day.", "His service terminated on July 1, 1802, due to abolition of the court.", "Later life\n\nBenson returned to the private practice of law in New York City in 1802.", "He joined other civic leaders to found the New-York Historical Society and served as its first president from 1804 to 1816.", "He was the author of several books, including Vindication of the Captors of Major Andre, defending the three American Patriots who captured the spy Major John André, which led to the discovery of the plot to surrender West Point to the British by Benedict Arnold.", "In 1812, Benson was again elected from New York's 2nd congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress as a Federalist but served only five months before he resigned on August 2, 1813.", "In December 1813, Benson was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.", "Benson's writings include A Biographical Sketch of Gouverneur Morris (published in November 1816), and Brief Remarks on the 'Wife' of Washington Irving (published in 1819).", "Benson also wrote and published in the New York American a series of able and highly interesting articles, in condemnation of what he regarded as the absurd and anti-Christian practice of calling the first day of the week the Sabbath.", "Benson married late in life, on May 17, 1820, to Maria Conover (1796–1867).", "He died on August 24, 1833, in Jamaica, Queens, and is buried in the Prospect Cemetery there.", "His grave has been designated by a historical marker.", "Descendants and legacy\n\nEgbert's oldest brother was clerk of the New York State Senate, Robert Benson (1739–1823), father of his namesake, Egbert Benson.", "According to manuscripts and notes found in the Arthur D. Benson manuscript collection at Queens Library, Benson's name was engraved on a bronze tablet on the Butterick Building on 6th Avenue and Spring Street in New York City; this tablet was placed there by the Greenwich Village Historical Society.", "Hevelyn D. Benson, great-grandnephew of Egbert Benson, sent Jerome D. Greene, director of Harvard's Trancentanery, seven photostats concerning Egbert Benson.", "Hevelyn Benson was also a member of the New York Historical Society, founded in 1804 by his ancestor, Egbert Benson.", "Benson also included a photostat of an article in The Eagle from September 16, 1935, which designated Egbert Benson as the man behind the Constitution.", "The state historical marker for Benson's grave was applied to Senator Thomas C. Desmond, a trustee of the New York State Historical Society, by Hevelyn Benson.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Guide to the Arthur D. Benson Genealogical Notes and Correspondence Concerning Egbert Benson and the Benson Family 1938 Control, manuscript collection finding aid, Archives at Queens Library\n\n Neither Separate Nor Equal: Congress in the 1790s\n \n\n1746 births\n1833 deaths\n18th-century American politicians\n18th-century American judges\nAmerican people of Dutch descent\nColumbia College (New York) alumni\nContinental Congressmen from New York (state)\nFederalist Party members of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)\nJudges of the United States circuit courts\nMembers of the American Antiquarian Society\nMembers of the New York State Assembly\nNew York (state) Federalists\nNew York State Attorneys General\nNew York Supreme Court Justices\nPoliticians from New York City\nPeople of colonial New York\nUnited States federal judges appointed by John Adams\nUnited States federal judges admitted to the practice of law by reading law\nLawyers from New York City\nMembers of the New York Manumission Society\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from New York (state)" ]

[ "One of the founding fathers of the United States, Egbert Benson, was a slave owner, lawyer, politician, and also represented New York State in the Continental Congress and the United States House of Representatives.", "He was a member of the New York constitutional convention which approved the United States Constitution.", "He was the first attorney general of New York, chief justice of the New York Supreme Court, and the chief United States circuit judge for the second circuit.", "The founder of the Benson family in America, who settled in New Amsterdam in 1649, had an education and career.", "Robert and Catherine (Van Borsum) Benson had a son named Egbert, who was born in New York City.", "One of the earliest Dutch families to have settled in Manhattan was the Benson family.", "The home of William Puntine was located at the corner of Fulton and Puntine streets.", "The center of cultural life in New York City was his home.", "During the early part of his life, he lived with his maternal grandmother on Borad Street.", "He learned his catechism in the Dutch language.", "The Collegiate School, a school of repute, prepared him for college after he reached a suitable age.", "He was guided and assisted by a reverend.", "He graduated from King's College in 1755.", "He was admitted to the bar and moved to Red Hook in New York.", "He practiced law in New York.", "Harvard University and Dartmouth College honored him.", "Benjamin Benson was a Revolutionary War soldier and member of the committee of correspondence.", "At Haverstraw, New York, in May 1775, he signed one of the Articles of Association, which was preliminary to the Declaration of Independence.", "Egbert was the brother of Robert and Henry, who commanded an armed vessel in the Revolution.", "In the 1790 census, he was recorded as having one slave and two slaves in the 1800 census.", "He was involved in the anti-slavery society despite owning slaves.", "After approving the course of the Sons of Liberty and giving up, his professional prospects then brightly opening and devoted himself to his country, these exertions showed the man's value of this step to both his native.", "He helped the Sons of Liberty, who were in Dutchess County, where he gave proper directions to the political meetings.", "The British occupied New York City in the 17th century.", "During the Revolution, Benson drafted every important bill that was passed in the New York State Assembly.", "He was a member of the Second Continental Congress from 1780 and drew bills for the executive department of the United States.", "He was sent to the New York State Assembly after being made the president of the committee of safety.", "The first New York attorney general was appointed when the state government was formed.", "He was elected to the Assembly multiple times.", "New York sent a delegate to the Continental Congress.", "He did not attend any sessions after he was reappointed.", "In 1786, he was named by the Legislature to accompany Alexander Hamilton as a delegate to the Annapolis Convention, which issued a call for the United States Constitutional Convention the following year.", "The New York state convention that ratified the United States Constitution was attended by him.", "The United States House of Representatives of the 1st and 2nd United States Congresses were held from March 4, 1789 to March 3, 1793.", "He held the position of justice of the New York Supreme Court until 1802.", "The location of the St. Croix River was decided in 1798 by a three-man commission.", "He was nominated by President John Adams to the United States Circuit Court for the Second Circuit.", "He received his commission the same day after he was confirmed by the United States Senate.", "The court was abolished on July 1, 1802.", "In 1802, he returned to the private practice of law in New York City.", "He was the first president of the New-York Historical Society.", "He was the author of several books, including Vindication of the Captors of Major Andre, which was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "In 1812, he was re-elected from New York's 2nd congressional district to the United States House of Representatives of the 13th United States Congress, but resigned five months later.", "In December of 1813, he was elected a member of the American Antiquarian Society.", "A biographical sketch of Gouverneur Morris was published in November 1816, while Brief Remarks on the 'Wife' of Washington Irving was published in 1819.", "He wrote and published in the New York American a series of articles that criticized the practice of calling the first day of the week the Sabbath.", "On May 17, 1820, Benson married Maria Conover.", "He died in Jamaica, Queens, and is buried in the Prospect Cemetery.", "His grave has been marked by a historical marker.", "The oldest brother of Egbert was the clerk of the New York State Senate.", "The Butterick Building on 6th Avenue and Spring Street in New York City was the location of a bronze tablet engraved with Arthur D. Benson's name, according to manuscripts and notes found in the Queens Library.", "Hevelyn D. Benson was the great-grandnephew of Egbert Benson.", "Hevelyn was a member of the New York Historical Society.", "A photostat of an article in The Eagle from September 16, 1935 named Egbert Benson as the man behind the Constitution.", "The New York State Historical Society applied a historical marker to Senator Thomas C. Desmond's grave.", "There are External links to the Arthur D. Benson genealogy notes and correspondence." ]

[ "Egbert Benson", "Benson", "Dirck Benson", "Benson", "Egbert Benson", "Robert Benson", "Benson", "Benson", ". Benson", "Egbert Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benjamin Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Robert Benson", "Henry Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", "Robert Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", ". Benson", "Benson", ". Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benson" ]

[ "Egbert Benson", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benjamin Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Benson", "Egbert", ". Benson", ". Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", "Egbert", "Benson", ". Benson" ]

[ "J.P. Dayasiri Padma Kumara Jayasekara (born 12 June 1969) is a Sri Lankan politician who is presently serving as a Member of Parliament of the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka, and is the General Secretary of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party (SLFP).", "Moreover, he is the District Leader of the SLFP for the Kurunegala District and Organizer for the Paduwasnuwara Electorate, which is the center of the once historic Paduwasnuwera Kingdom.", "He is a Member of Parliament from the Kurunegala District of the North Western Province of Sri Lanka.", "Dayasiri Jayasekara is known as an advocate of progressive socio-economic policy.", "He was a Chief Minister of North Western Province, and a former Minister for Sport in Sri Lanka.", "Personal life\n\nBorn in Paduwasnuwara, the ancient capital of the Paduwasnuwara Kingdom; (one of four Kingdoms in the Kurunegala District, the other three Kingdoms being Kurunegala, Yapahuwa and Dambadeniya) into a family of seven.", "His father J.P. Vinsant Jayasekara a businessman, and W.D.Siriyawathie a teacher.", "Dayasiri is married to Jayawanthi Panibharatha, and the couple has two children, Kaveen Jayasekara and Gihansi Jayasekara.", "Jayawanthi is the daughter of popular dancer Panibharatha.", "Jayawanthi's sister, Upuli is married to popular dancer and choreographer Channa Wijewardena.", "Dayasiri was educated initially at the Hettipola Primary School from 1974 to 1979.", "On completion of his primary education he entered Harischandra College in Negombo and in 1980 entered Mayurapada Central College in Narammala until he completed his Advanced Level examination in 1988.", "At Mayurapada Central College, Dayasiri excelled in number of sporting activities such as athletics and cricket.", "Furthermore, he ended his schooling career as the Head Prefect.", "Completion of his Advanced Level paved the pathway to enter the Law Faculty at the University of Colombo, Sri Lanka where he graduated in 1994 with the Degree in Bachelor of Laws (LLB).", "During his time at the University of Colombo he was an active sportsman with colors in athletics where he was placed first in discuss throwing, a classy ruggerite, winner of the inter university Kabadi team and Captain of the Law Faculty Cricket Team.", "Furthermore, he was active in forming a university singing band, a model and a television actor.", "The law student, Dayasiri, was the founding leader of the Law Student Partnership Association in 1988.", "This was a decisive step during this period considering that Sri Lanka had experienced a period of absolute darkness and riots with youth unrest across the country.", "On graduation he enrolled at the Colombo Law College and was sworn in as an Attorney-at-Law in 1997.", "Furthermore, he also completed a number of programmes in Government Financial Management in Australia and Conflict Resolution in Switzerland.", "Early politics\nIn 1997 Dayasiri entered the mainstream of politics by contesting the local government election under the SLFP where he received the highest number of preferential votes, and entered the Paduwasnuwera Local Authority as a Local Government Member.", "In 1998 he was appointed as the General Secretary of the SLFP Youth Wing where he initiated the ‘Sarasamu Lanka’ programme to attract more youth to join the party.", "In addition to the above, Dayasiri was a Coordinating Secretary to the Ministry of Justice and International Trade from 1994 to 2000 for Prof. G.L.", "Peiris.", "In 2000 he was also appointed as the Chairman of the Mineral Sands Corporation and from 2001 to 2004 as the Chairman of Lanka Phosphate, whilst he was the Private Secretary to Prof. G.L.", "Peiris then Minister of Investment Promotion of Sri Lanka.", "Politics\nDayasiri commenced his political journey as a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.", "In 2001 he joined the United National Party (UNP) and was a candidate at the General Election held the same year.", "In 2004, he was appointed the organiser for the Katugampola electorate and received 52,457 preference votes at the General Election.", "In 2005, he was appointed as the organiser for Paduvasnuwara and continued to work with the residents of his electorate to uplift their living standards.", "In the 2010 General Election, he received 132,600 preference votes which was the highest votes received by any candidate in the Kurunegala District.", "On 24 July 2013, he resigned from the UNP and joined the United People's Freedom Alliance (UPFA) to contest the Provincial Council Elections.", "He broke the record of former president Chandrika Kumaratunge of most votes in provincial council election in Sri Lanka and elected as the chief Minister of the province on 21 September 2013.", "He is the 6th chief minister of North Western Province.", "Controversy\n\nRift with the UNP leadership\nDayasiri was a very vocal member of the UNP that was critical of the way the party was run by its leader Ranil Wickremasinghe, who he branded as a \"dictator\" in 2010.", "Along with fellow party reformist Sajith Premadasa, Dayasiri was one of the key party members of the United National Party who fought for a change in the party leadership.", "In 2012, it was widely speculated in the media that Dayasiri was about to join the government.", "He was quick to reject these allegation as baseless and accused Ranil Wickramasinghe of pressurising him to leave the party.", "As a result of his continuous criticism of the party leadership, Dayasiri was informed to be present before the party disciplinary committee.", "In a hard-hitting speech made in parliament on 24 July 2013, Dayasiri was critical of the UNP and its leadership and conveyed his willingness to join the government to contest the Provincial Council elections.", "As a singer\nHis elder brother Kithsiri Jayasekara is a well known senior artist in Sri Lankan music industry.", "But, Dayasiri was too much concerned towards politics than singing career.", "He rose to prominence with reality show Mega Star telecasted on Swarnavahini in 2010.", "He won runner up award, but highly praised by the judges and fans.", "His first solo song Sansare was released on 2012.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Parliamentary profile\n\n1969 births\n21st-century Sri Lankan male singers\nLiving people\nMembers of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nMembers of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nMembers of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nMembers of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka\nPeople from Kurunegala District\nSri Lanka Freedom Party politicians\nUnited National Party politicians" ]

[ "J.P. Dayasiri Padma Kumara Jayasekara is the General Secretary of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.", "The center of the once historic Paduwasnuwera Kingdom is where he is the District Leader of the SLFP for the Kurunegala District.", "He is a Member of Parliament from the North Western Province.", "Dayasiri Jayasekara is an advocate of progressive socio-economic policy.", "He was the Chief Minister of the North Western Province.", "One of the four Kingdoms in the Kurunegala District is the ancient capital of the Paduwasnuwara Kingdom.", "His parents were J.P. Vinsant Jayasekara, a businessman, and W.D. 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Dayasiri is married to Jayawanthi Panibharatha and they have two children.", "Panibharatha is a popular dancer.", "Upuli is married to Channa.", "From 1974 to 1979 Dayasiri attended the Hettipola Primary School.", "He entered Harischandra College in Negombo and Mayurapada Central College in Narammala after completing his primary education.", "Dayasiri excelled in many sporting activities at Mayurapada Central College.", "He ended his education career as the Head Prefect.", "After completing his Advanced Level, he was able to enter the Law Faculty at the University ofSriLanka with a degree in Bachelor of Laws.", "He was the captain of the Law Faculty Cricket Team and the winner of the inter university kabaddi team during his time at the University of Colombo.", "He formed a university singing band, a model and a television actor.", "Dayasiri was the founding leader of the Law Student Partnership Association.", "This was a decisive step because of the riots that took place in Sri Lanka.", "He was sworn in as an Attorney-at-Law in 1997.", "He completed a number of programmes in Conflict Resolution in Switzerland and Government Financial Management in Australia.", "Dayasiri entered the mainstream of politics in 1997 when he was elected to the Paduwasnuwera Local Authority after receiving the highest number of preferential votes in the local government election.", "He was appointed as the general secretary of the youth wing of the party in 1998.", "Dayasiri was a Secretary to the Ministry of Justice and International Trade from 1994 to 2000 for Prof. G.L.", "Peiris.", "He was the Private Secretary to Prof. G.L. from 2001 to 2004 and from 2000 to 2000 he was the Chairman of the Mineral Sands Corporation.", "Peiris was the Minister of Investment promotion.", "Dayasiri was a member of the Sri Lanka Freedom Party.", "He was a candidate in the 2001 General Election for the UNP.", "He received more than 50,000 preference votes at the General Election in 2004, after he was appointed the organiser for the electorate.", "In 2005, he was appointed as the organiser for Paduvasnuwara and continued to work with the residents of his electorate to improve their living standards.", "The highest votes received by any candidate in the Kurunegala District were received by him in the 2010 General Election.", "He joined the United People's Freedom Alliance to contest the Provincial Council Elections after he resigned from the UNP.", "He was elected as the chief Minister of the province on 21 September, breaking the record of the former president who had the most votes in the provincial council election.", "He is the 6th chief minister.", "Dayasiri was a very vocal member of the UNP that was critical of the way the party was run by its leader, who he branded as a \"dictator\" in 2010.", "Dayasiri was one of the key party members who fought for a change in the party leadership.", "The media speculated in 2012 that Dayasiri would join the government.", "He accused Ranil of trying to get him to leave the party.", "Dayasiri was informed to be present before the committee because of his criticism of the leadership.", "Dayasiri conveyed his willingness to join the government to contest the Provincial Council elections after making a speech in parliament in which he was critical of the UNP and its leadership.", "His elder brother Kithsiri Jayasekara is a well known senior artist in Sri Lankan music industry.", "Dayasiri was too focused on politics to focus on his singing career.", "He became well-known with the reality show Mega Star.", "He was highly praised by the judges and fans.", "His first solo song was called Sansare.", "References External links Parliamentary profile 1969 births 21st-century Sri Lankan male singers Living people Members of the 13th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members of the 14th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members of the 15th Parliament of Sri Lanka Members of the 16th Parliament of Sri Lanka" ]

[ ". Dayasiri Padma Kumara Jayasekara", "Dayasiri Jayasekara", ". Vinsant Jayasekara", "Dayasiri", "Jayasekara", "Jayasekara", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Jayasekara" ]

[ ". Dayasiri Padma Kumara Jayasekara", "Dayasiri Jayasekara", ". Vinsant Jayasekara", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Dayasiri", "Jayasekara" ]

[ "Alexander Toth (June 25, 1928 – May 27, 2006) was an American cartoonist active from the 1940s through the 1980s.", "Toth's work began in the American comic book industry, but he is also known for his animation designs for Hanna-Barbera throughout the 1960s and 1970s.", "His work included Super Friends, Fantastic Four, Space Ghost, Sealab 2020, The Herculoids and Birdman.", "Toth's work has been resurrected in the late-night, adult-themed spin-offs on Cartoon Network’s late night sister channel Adult Swim: Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Sealab 2021 and Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law.", "He was inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1990.", "Biography\n\nEarly life and career\nAlex Toth was born in 1928 to immigrants from Hungary, who were part of the Slovak minority in Hungary.", "His father was Sandor Toth, a musician, his mother was Mary Elizabeth.", "Toth's talent was noticed early, and a teacher from his poster class in junior high school urged him to devote himself to art.", "Enrolling in the School of Industrial Art, Toth studied illustration.", "He began his career when he sold his first freelance art at the age of 15, subsequently illustrating true stories for Heroic magazine through a comic book packager named Steve Douglas.", "Although he initially aimed to do newspaper strips (\"It was my dream to do what Caniff, Raymond, and Foster had done\"), he found the industry \"dying\" and instead moved into comic books.", "After graduating from the School of Industrial Art in 1947, Toth was hired by Sheldon Mayer at National/DC Comics.", "Green Lantern #28 (Oct.–Nov.", "1947) was one of the first comics he drew for the company.", "He drew four issues of All Star Comics including issues #38 and #41 in which the Black Canary first met the Justice Society of America and then joined the team.", "A canine sidekick for Green Lantern named Streak was introduced in Green Lantern #30 (Feb.–March 1948) and the dog proved so popular that he became the featured character on several covers of the series starting with #34.", "He worked at DC for five years, drawing the Golden Age versions of the Flash, Doctor Mid-Nite, and the Atom.", "In addition to superheroes, Toth drew Western comics for DC including All-Star Western.", "He was assigned to the \"Johnny Thunder\" feature in All-Star Western because editor Julius Schwartz considered him to be \"my best artist at the time.\"", "Toth and writer Robert Kanigher co-created Rex the Wonder Dog in 1952.", "For a brief time in 1950, Toth was able to realize his dream of working on newspaper comic strips by ghost illustrating Casey Ruggles with Warren Tufts.", "In 1952 Toth ended his contract with DC Comics and moved to California.", "It is during that time that he worked on crime, war and romance comics for Standard Comics.", "In 1954, Toth was drafted into the U.S. Army and stationed in Tokyo, Japan.", "While in Japan, he wrote and drew his own weekly adventure strip, Jon Fury, for the base paper, Depot Diary.", "Animation and later career\n\nReturning to the United States in 1956, Toth settled in the Los Angeles area and worked primarily for Dell Comics until 1960.", "In that year, Toth became art director for the Space Angel animated science fiction show.", "This led to his being hired by Hanna-Barbera, where he created the character Space Ghost for the animated series of the same name.", "His other creations include The Herculoids, Birdman and the Galaxy Trio, and Dino Boy in the Lost Valley.", "He worked as a storyboard and design artist until 1968 and then again in 1973 when he was assigned to Australia for five months to produce the TV series Super Friends.", "He continued to work in comic books, contributing to Warren Publishing's magazines Eerie, Creepy and The Rook.", "For DC Comics, he drew the first issue of The Witching Hour (February–March 1969) and introduced the series' three witches.", "Toth illustrated the comic book tie-in to the Hot Wheels animated series based on the toy line.", "His collaboration with writer Bob Haney on the four page story \"Dirty Job\" in Our Army at War #241 (Feb. 1972), has been described as a \"true masterpiece\".", "Toth worked with writer/editor Archie Goodwin on the story \"Burma Sky\" in Our Fighting Forces #146 (Dec. 1973–Jan.", "1974) and Goodwin praised Toth's art in a 1998 interview: \"To me, having Alex Toth do any kind of airplane story, it's a joy for me.", "If I see a chance to do something like that, I will.", "He did a really fabulous job on it.\"", "The two men crafted a Batman story for Detective Comics #442 (Aug.-Sept. 1974) as well.", "Toth and E. Nelson Bridwell produced a framing sequence for the Super Friends feature in Limited Collectors' Edition #C-41 (Dec 1975–Jan.", "1976).", "Toth's final work for DC was the cover for Batman Black and White #4 (Sept. 1996).", "Death\nToth died at his drawing table on May 27, 2006, four weeks shy of his 78th birthday.", "Personal life\nAlex Toth was the father of four children, sons Eric and Damon and daughters Dana and Carrie.", "His marriage to Christina Schraber Hyde ended in divorce in 1968, and his second wife, Guyla Avery, died in 1985.", "Legacy\nToth did much of his comics work outside superhero comics, concentrating instead on such subjects as hot rod racing, romance, horror, and action-adventure.", "His work on Disney's Zorro has been reprinted in trade paperback form several times.", "Also, there are two volumes of The Alex Toth Reader, published by Pure Imagination, which focuses on his work for Standard Comics and Western Publishing.", "Brian Bolland has cited Toth as one of his idols.", "Journalist Tom Spurgeon wrote that Toth possessed \"an almost transcendent understanding of the power of art as a visual story component\", and called him \"one of the handful of people who could seriously enter into Greatest Comic Book Artist of All-Time discussions\" and \"a giant of 20th-century cartoon design\".", "Toth was known for his exhaustive study of other artists and his outspoken analysis of comics art past and present.", "For example, in a 2001 interview he criticized the trend of fully painted comics, saying \"It could be comics if those who know how to paint also knew how to tell a story!", "Who knew what pacing was, and didn't just jam a lot of pretty pictures together into a page, pages, and call it a story, continuity!", "It ain't!\"", "Toth lamented what he saw as a lack of awareness on the part of younger artists of their predecessors, as well as a feeling that the innocent fun of comics' past was being lost in the pursuit of pointless nihilism and mature content.", "In the 1990s and 2000s, he contributed to the magazines Comic Book Artist and Alter Ego, writing the columns \"Before I Forget\" and \"Who Cares?", "I Do!", "\", respectively.", "In 2006, James Counts and Billy Ingram compiled personal anecdotes, hundreds of unseen sketches from famous Alex Toth comic and animated works combined with correspondence with friend and comics dealer John Hitchcock in the book Dear John: The Alex Toth Doodle Book (Octopus Press).", "Launched at ComicCon 2006, the first printing sold out within weeks of first publication.", "Film director Michael Almereyda said Toth was a formative influence on his youth, and credits Toth's long interest in Nikola Tesla as the catalyst for Almereyda's biographical drama Tesla:\n\nAwards and recognition\n Inkpot Award from the San Diego Comic Con, 1981\n Inducted into the comic book industry's Jack Kirby Hall of Fame in 1990.", "2 #171 (1983) \n Hot Wheels #1–5 (1970) \n House of Mystery #109, 120, 149, 182, 184, 187, 190, 194 (1961–1971) \n House of Secrets #48, 63–67, 83, 123 (1961–1974) \n Jimmy Wakely #1–15 (1949–1952) \n Limited Collectors' Edition #C-41 (Super Friends) (1975) \n My Greatest Adventure #58, 60–61, 77, 81, 85 (1961–1964) \n Mystery in Space #1, 7 (1951–1952) \n Our Army at War #235, 241, 254 (1971–1973) \n Our Fighting Forces #134, 146 (1971–1973) \n Plop!", "and Alien Comix #1 (1977)\n Vampirella #90, 108, 110 (1980–1982)\n Warren Presents #3 (1979)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Alex Toth edited by Manuel Auad, Kitchen Sink Press, 1995, \n Toth: One for the Road edited by Manuel Auad, Auad, 2000, \n The Toth Reader Pure Imagination, 1995, \n The Alex Toth Reader vol." ]

[ "Alexander Toth was an American cartoonist active from the 1940s through the 1980s.", "Toth's work began in the American comic book industry, but he was also known for his animation designs for Hanna-Barbera throughout the 1960s and 1970s.", "He worked on Super Friends, Fantastic Four, Space Ghost, Sealab 2020, The Herculoids and Birdman.", "Adult Swim: Space Ghost Coast to Coast, Sealab 2021, and Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law are all spin-offs of Toth's work.", "He was a member of the Jack Kirby Hall of Fame.", "Alex Toth was born to immigrants from Hungary who were part of the Slovak minority in Hungary.", "His parents were Sandor Toth and Mary Elizabeth.", "A teacher from his poster class urged Toth to devote himself to art because of his talent.", "Enrolling in the School of Industrial Art, Toth studied illustration.", "He began his career as a comic book packager after selling his first art at the age of 15.", "It was his dream to do newspaper strips like Caniff, Raymond, and Foster, but he found the industrydying and moved into comic books.", "In 1947, Toth graduated from the School of Industrial Art and was hired by National/DC Comics.", "Green Lantern #28 runs from October to November.", "One of the first comics he drew was for the company.", "The Black Canary joined the team after meeting the Justice Society of America in the first issue of All Star Comics.", "Green Lantern's sidekick, a dog named Streak, became so popular that he was featured on several covers of the series.", "He worked at DC for five years and drew the Golden Age versions of the Flash, Doctor Mid-Nite, and the Atom.", "Western comics were drawn by Toth for DC.", "The editor of All-Star Western thought he was the best artist at the time.", "Rex the Wonder Dog was created by Toth and Robert Kanigher.", "For a brief time in 1950, Toth was able to realize his dream of working on newspaper comic strips.", "In 1952 Toth ended his contract with DC Comics and moved to California.", "He worked on crime, war and romance comics for Standard Comics.", "After being drafted into the U.S. Army, Toth was stationed in Tokyo, Japan.", "While in Japan, he wrote and drew his own weekly strip, Jon Fury.", "After returning to the United States in 1956, Toth settled in the Los Angeles area and worked for Dell Comics until 1960.", "The Space Angel animated science fiction show was created by Toth.", "The character Space Ghost was created by him for the animated series of the same name.", "His creations include The Herculoids, Birdman and the galaxy trio.", "After working as a storyboard and design artist, he was assigned to produce Super Friends in Australia for five months in 1973.", "He continued to work in comic books.", "The first issue of The Witching Hour was drawn by him for DC Comics.", "The Hot Wheels animated series was based on the toy line.", "The four page story \"Dirty Job\" in Our Army at War # 241 was described as a \"true masterpiece\".", "The story \"Burma Sky\" was written and edited by Archie Goodwin.", "It's a joy for me to see Alex Toth do any kind of airplane story.", "I will do that if there is a chance.", "He did a great job.", "The Batman story was written by the two men.", "The framing sequence for the Super Friends feature was produced by Toth and E. Nelson Bridwell.", "The year 1976.", "The cover of Batman Black and White was created by Toth.", "Death Toth died four weeks shy of his 78th birthday.", "The father of four children was Alex Toth.", "His marriage to Christina Hyde ended in divorce in 1968, and his second wife died in 1985.", "Outside of superhero comics, Legacy Toth did a lot of his work on hot rod racing, romance, horror, and action-adventure.", "Several times his work on Disney's Zorro has been re-released in trade paperback form.", "Pure Imagination published two volumes of The Alex Toth Reader, which focused on his work for Standard Comics and Western Publishing.", "One of Brian Bolland's idols is Toth.", "Tom Spurgeon wrote that Toth was one of the few people who could seriously enter into the discussion of the greatest comic book artist of all time.", "Toth was known for his analysis of comics art past and present.", "In 2001, he criticized the trend of fully painted comics, saying \"It could be comics if those who know how to paint also know how to tell a story!\"", "Who knew what pacing was, and didn't just jam a lot of pretty pictures together into a page, pages, and call it a story, continuity!", "It ain't!", "Toth felt that the innocent fun of comics' past was being lost in the pursuit of pointless nihilism and mature content, as well as a lack of awareness on the part of younger artists of their predecessors.", "He wrote two columns for Alter Ego and Comic Book Artist in the 1990s and 2000s.", "I do!", "Both, respectively.", "Hundreds of unseen sketches from famous Alex Toth comic and animated works were included in the book Dear John: The Alex Toth Doodle Book.", "The first printing sold out in weeks.", "Film director Michael Almereyda said Toth was a formative influence on his youth, and credits Toth's long interest in Nikola Tesla as the catalyst for Almereyda's biographical dramaTesla: Awards and recognition Inkpot Award from the San Diego Comic Con, 1981 In", "House of Secrets # 48, 63–67, 83, 123, and Jimmy Wakely #1–15 are part of the Hot Wheels brand.", "Alien Comix #1 was published in 1977 and Vampirella #90 was published in 1982." ]

[ "Alexander Toth", "Toth", "Alex To", "Sandor Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Alex To", "Toth", "Toth", "Alex To", "Toth", "Alex To", "Toth", "Alex Toth" ]

[ "Alexander Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Alex Toth", "Sandor Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Alex To", "Alex Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Toth", "Alex To" ]

[ "Rabiu Ibrahim (born 15 March 1991) is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for Slovak club Slovan Bratislava as an attacking midfielder.", "Club career\n\nSporting\nIbrahim was born in Kano.", "In summer 2007, he signed for Sporting CP for €450,000, in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club Gateway FC.", "Shortly afterwards, it was reported that Premier League sides Chelsea, Liverpool, Manchester United, and Arsenal were interested in signing him, but nothing came of it.", "In late 2007, Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and, in March of the following year, he was featured by InsideFutbol.com in an article on young African footballers including Emmanuel Adebayor, Mario Balotelli and Mikel John Obi.", "In January 2009, he appeared in Goal.com's list of 10 African Players to Watch, and The Times' Football's Top 50 Rising Stars.", "With Sporting, Ibrahim participated in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament, with the Portuguese eventually winning the trophy.", "In the competition, in which he was eventually voted as the best player, he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system; one year later, he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament.", "In October 2009, Ibrahim twice rejected Sporting's offer of a professional contract, and was at that time sent on loan to Real S.C. in the third division.", "In January 2010 he drew interest from Scottish Premier League's Celtic, but the deal never materialised due to undisclosed reasons believed to involve work permit issues.", "In 2010, Ibrahim left Sporting as a free agent.", "Subsequently, Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium, but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues.", "In December, shortly after Damien Comolli was appointed director of football at Anfield, the player was again linked to Liverpool.", "PSV\nIn January 2011, Ibrahim went on trial with Eerste Divisie club Telstar through an investment group.", "After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and later being described as one of the best players in the match by the team's coach, he was quickly offered a contract, pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association.", "However, Telstar could not afford to sign Ibrahim even with the help of private investors.", "Subsequently, he went on trial with PSV, scoring twice in a 2–0 win against their reserves in a practice match – the first team's coach, Fred Rutten, said: \"Ibrahim is fast, technically skilled, physically strong and has a good sense of field position, there is something in that boy\"; on 11 March 2011, he agreed to a deal at the Eredivisie side.", "In December 2011, Ibrahim's agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to terminate the player's contract, because of limited first-team action.", "Celtic\nOn 18 January 2012, Celtic announced that, after a successful trial period, they had agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal, pending a work permit application which was granted five days later.", "He revealed that he turned down a move to clubs in England and Germany to join the Glasgow team, believing it could help him restore his reputation.", "Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012, coming on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone: his cross gave Gary Hooper the chance to score, but he was offside.", "Kilmarnock\nOn 2 January 2013, Kilmarnock manager Kenny Shiels confirmed that Ibrahim had signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer.", "The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona, whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the player's career and that he would attempt to 'get inside his head' to help him find his form.", "Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing, coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United.", "He finished his first season with only six appearances.", "On 19 October 2013, Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of a league fixture against Ross County and was taken to the nearby University Hospital Crosshouse.", "The following January, both he and his compatriot Reuben Gabriel were released.", "International career\nIbrahim was a member of the Nigerian under-17 team in the 2007 FIFA World Cup in South Korea, scoring in the first match against France as the nation went on to win the competition.", "Before the tournament, he had been dubbed \"the new Jay-Jay Okocha\", and helped the side win that year's Africa U-17 Cup of Nations held in Togo, scoring twice against Eritrea in the group stage (8–0).", "Aged 16, he was included in the senior squad by German coach Berti Vogts for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations, with his under-17 teammate Haruna Lukman.", "However, a groin injury prevented him from participating in the tournament.", "In 2009, Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda, netting against Ivory Coast and South Africa, with the national team securing a place in that year's FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches, scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16 loss; in addition to his six goals in the youth levels, he also provided many assists.", "In the following years, Ibrahim continued to be closely watched by the Nigerian senior coaches, with Samson Siasia claiming in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the country's attacking midfield problems.", "Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the 2013 Africa Cup of Nations, but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi.", "Ibrahim earned his first full cap on 13 June 2015, playing for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad in Kaduna for the 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifiers.", "Personal life\nIbrahim is a practising Muslim.", "Club statistics\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nPSV\nKNVB Cup: 2011–12\n\nCeltic\nScottish Cup: 2012–13\n\nAS Trenčín\nFortuna Liga: 2014–15, 2015–16\nSlovnaft Cup: 2014–15, 2015–16\n\nSlovan Bratislava\nFortuna Liga: 2018–19, 2019–20, 2019–20\nSlovnaft Cup: 2019–20, 2020–21\n\nInternational\nNigeria\nFIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007\nAfrican U-17 Championship: 2007\nAfrican Youth Championship bronze medal: 2009\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nAS Trenčín official profile \n\n1991 births\nLiving people\nNigerian Muslims\nSportspeople from Kano\nNigerian footballers\nAssociation football midfielders\nGateway United F.C.", "players\nSegunda Divisão players\nSporting CP footballers\nReal S.C. players\nEredivisie players\nPSV Eindhoven players\nScottish Premier League players\nScottish Professional Football League players\nCeltic F.C.", "players\nKilmarnock F.C.", "players\nSlovak Super Liga players\nAS Trenčín players\nŠK Slovan Bratislava players\nBelgian First Division A players\nK.A.A.", "Gent players\nNigeria youth international footballers\nNigeria under-20 international footballers\nNigeria international footballers\nNigerian expatriate footballers\nExpatriate footballers in Portugal\nExpatriate footballers in the Netherlands\nExpatriate footballers in Scotland\nExpatriate footballers in Slovakia\nExpatriate footballers in Belgium\nNigerian expatriate sportspeople in Portugal\nNigerian expatriate sportspeople in the Netherlands\nNigerian expatriate sportspeople in Scotland\nNigerian expatriate sportspeople in Slovakia\nNigerian expatriate sportspeople in Belgium" ]

[ "There is a Nigerian professional footballer who plays for a Slovak club.", "The club career of Ibrahim was born in Kano.", "He joined the club for 450,000 in a joint ownership agreement with his previous club.", "It was reported that several English teams were interested in signing him, but nothing came of it.", "In late 2007, Ibrahim was included by World Soccer in its 50 Most Exciting Teen Footballers list and in March of the following year, he was featured by Inside Futbol.com in an article on young African footballers.", "He was included in Goal.com's list of 10 African Players to Watch and The Times' Football's Top 50Rising Stars.", "The Portuguese won the trophy in the 2008 Bellinzona Under-19 International Tournament.", "In the competition in which he was voted the best player, he was deployed as a classic number 10 in a 4–2–3–1 system, and one year later, he again led the Lisbon team to the final stage of the same tournament.", "Ibrahim was sent on loan to Real S.C. in the third division after twice rejecting the offer of a professional contract.", "In January 2010 he drew interest from Celtic, but the deal never came to fruition due to work permit issues.", "Ibrahim was a free agent in 2010.", "The Dutch side VVV-Venlo tried to sign him in partnership with a United Kingdom-based consortium, but the negotiations broke down due to financial issues.", "The player was again linked to the club in December after the appointment of a new director of football.", "Ibrahim went on trial with Telstar in January 2011.", "After performing well in a friendly against PSV Eindhoven and being described as one of the best players in the match by the team's coach, he was quickly offered a contract, pending a valid work permit from the Royal Dutch Football Association.", "Telstar couldn't afford to sign Ibrahim with the help of private investors.", "The first team's coach, Fred Rutten, said that Ibrahim is fast, technically skilled, physically strong and has a good sense of field position after he went on trial with PSV.", "Ibrahim's agent reached a mutual agreement with PSV to end the player's contract because of limited first-team action.", "After a successful trial period, Celtic agreed terms to sign Ibrahim on a three and-a-half-year deal, pending a work permit application which was granted five days later.", "He turned down a move to England and Germany to join the Glasgow team because he thought it would help restore his reputation.", "Ibrahim made his debut on 3 May 2012 when he came on as a 74th-minute substitute in a 1–0 home win against St Johnstone.", "Ibrahim signed a two-year contract with the club on a free transfer.", "The 21-year-old decided to move to Rugby Park in search of regular first-team football; he also stated that his choice was due to his new team having a similar style to that of FC Barcelona, whilst Shiels said that the move was good for the player's career.", "Ibrahim made his debut for the East Ayrshire team two weeks after signing, coming on as a substitute for Paul Heffernan in a goalless draw against Dundee United.", "He had six appearances in his first season.", "Ibrahim collapsed in the first half of the game against Ross County and was taken to the University Hospital Crosshouse.", "Both of them were released in January.", "Ibrahim was a member of the Nigerian team that won the World Cup in South Korea in 2007, scoring in the first match against France.", "He was dubbed \"the new Jay-Jay Okocha\" after scoring twice in the group stage of the Africa U17 Cup of Nations.", "He was included in the senior squad for the 2008 Africa Cup of Nations with his under 17 teammate.", "He was unable to participate in the tournament because of a groin injury.", "In 2009, Ibrahim helped Nigeria to win bronze in the African Youth Championship in Rwanda, with the national team securing a place in that year's FIFA U-20 World Cup where he appeared in three matches, scoring against Germany in the 2–3 round-of-16.", "In the following years, Ibrahim continued to be watched by the Nigerian senior coaches, who claimed in the media in April 2010 that he was one of only two players who could solve the country's attacking midfield problems.", "Siasia was appointed in November 2010 and the player was called up to his first camp ahead of the Africa Cup of Nations, but the manager in charge was now Stephen Keshi.", "On 13 June 2015, Ibrahim played for 32 minutes in a 2–0 home win over Chad for the Africa Cup of Nations qualification.", "Ibrahim is a Muslim.", "The club's statistics include the Celtic Scottish Cup, AS Trenn Fortuna Liga, and the Slovnaft Cup.", "Scottish Professional Football League players Celtic F.C.", "The players are from Kilmarnock F.C.", "Slovak Super League players AS Trenn, K Slovan Bratislava, Belgian First Division A players, and K.A.A.", "Nigerian expatriates play football in the Netherlands, Scotland, Slovakia, and Portugal." ]

[ "Rabiu Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim" ]

[ "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim", "Ibrahim" ]

[ "Timo Maas (born July 27, 1969, Bückeburg, West Germany) is a German DJ/producer and remixer whose career in electronic music spans well over 30 years.", "His remix of Azzido Da Bass's single \"Dooms Night\" helped launch his career in 2000.", "In its wake, he also released Music for the Maases Volume 1, a mix album consisting of many of his previous tracks and remixes.", "After another mix album called Connected for Paul Oakenfold's imprint Perfecto, Maas released his own debut studio album Loud in 2002.", "The album was produced by German dance music producer Martin Buttrich (also known for his work with Loco Dice), and featured guest appearances from Kelis, Neneh Cherry and Placebo's Brian Molko.", "In a career spanning over 30 years, Maas has been collaborated with and remixed many artists such as Paul McCartney, Depeche Mode, Fatboy Slim, Garbage, Jamiroquai, Madonna, Moby, Moloko, Muse, Roger Sanchez and Tori Amos.", "In 2016, Maas and his producing partner James Teej, received a Grammy nomination (the second in Maas's career) for their work on Paul McCartney & Wings' track \"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five\".", "In 2008, Maas launched his own record label called Rockets & Ponies releasing productions from artists such as Wolfgang Haffner, Ricardo Villalobos, Maetrik, Nightmares On Wax and Addison Groove.", "In addition to his productions, Maas has been a longtime DJ, having been a resident at the legendary Ibiza nightclub DC10 for over 15 years and having also played in clubs such as Ushuaia, The End, Twilo, Tresor, Tunnel and many more.", "Career\n\nEarly years (1982–1998)\nMaas bought his first set of turntables at the age of 17, and played his very first DJ set in 1982 at a party in his friend's home.", "The beginning of his career consisted mostly of gigs around Germany playing \"Top 40\" records with the occasional techno record sneaked in, but it was to be another 6 years from his debut DJ performance before he would perform his first official all-techno set.", "In 1992, Maas was introduced to the early German rave scene, and he went on to DJ at many different rave events both in Germany and elsewhere, earning a name in the electronic underground scene.", "Maas' first record, \"The Final XS\", was released in 1995.", "His second record release was a collaboration with another producer, Gary D, \"Die Herdplatte\", which was a bigger success than his first.", "Gary D also gained Maas a residency at Hamburg's famous club, The Tunnel, between 1994 and 1996.", "Through his British contact Leon Alexander, Maas played at the Bristol club Lakota and held a residency there for three years.", "Maas also began to release records through record labels such as Hope Recordings, both under his own name and the alias, Orinoko, arguably the biggest record of which was titled 'Mama Konda'.", "The track received wide support from DJs including Sasha, Carl Cox and Morales and reached top 20 in both UK and US charts.", "Maas has also recorded under many aliases such as Mad Dogs among others together with his manager and friend Leon Alexander.", "In 2000, Maas began a residency alongside Deep Dish at the New York City club, Twilo.", "\"Doom's Night\", Loud and Pictures (1999–2005)\nA turning point in Maas's career was remixing Azzido Da Bass's 1999 single \"Doom's Night\".", "Co-remixed with Martin Buttrich in a 3-hour session after Azzido Da Bass rejected their first attempt, it reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart and sold over half a million copies worldwide.", "Following that, Maas decided to release a compilation CD containing only tracks produced or remixed by him, titled Music for the Maases, and having the remix of \"Doom's Night\" as its opening track.", "The compilation also features a remix for Muse's \"Sunburn\" and has said to have been put together with the American audiences in mind.", "In 2001, Maas and Buttrich started working on Maas's debut album, which saw its release in 2002 on Paul Oakenfold's label Perfecto, and was titled Loud.", "It was generally well-received, averaging at 71 (out of 100) on Metacritic.", "The first track, \"Help Me\", features vocals by Kelis and also contains a sample of the title music from The Day the Earth Stood Still, composed by Bernard Hermann.", "The album features other guest performers such as MC Chickaboo, Martin Bettinghaus, and Finley Quaye.", "The 10th track on the album, \"To Get Down\", has been used it several film soundtracks and other mediums such as the 2003 remake of The Italian Job, Riders (now known as Steal) in 2002, a Budweiser beer commercial and the FIFA 2003 video game.", "Maas has described his debut album as forward-thinking, bridging the gap between electronic and mainstream music: \"It's not just about bringing dance music to a wider audience.", "I see the whole thing as something very open-minded.", "You hope alternative rock and dance can come together, and I think it's going to be really good\"\n\nMaas and Buttrich continued to do remix work, most notably remixing Tori Amos' track \"Don't Make Me Come to Vegas\", off her 2003 album Scarlet's Walk.", "The track was nominated for the 2004 Grammy Awards in the non-classical remixed recording category.", "The same year, Maas also remixed the Depeche Mode track \"Enjoy the Silence\".", "In 2005, Maas released his second studio album, titled Pictures on Warner Bros's sub-label Hope Recordings.", "It was co-produced with Martin Buttrich over a two-year period in their studio in Hannover.", "The album featured many artist collaborations such as Kelis, Neneh Cherry and the Placebo lead singer Brian Molko.", "Balance compilation, residency at DC10 and Lifer (2005–2013)\nOver the coming years after their 2005 LP Pictures, Timo Maas and Martin Buttrich continued to work together on various projects, but ultimately the pair's musical direction went amicably in different directions.", "Maas met his next production partner Santos in 2007 at a gig in Rome.", "Together they formed a new alias called Mutant Clan, under which they proceeded to release several releases, as well as put together a double CD compilation for the acclaimed Balance Mix Series in 2010.", "The pair worked on sourcing the tracks, recording special edits and track-listing for four months.", "The same year, Maas also started his label, originally in partnership with Santos, called 'Rockets & Ponies\", which received support from the likes of Ricardo Villalobos, Carl Cox and Tiesto.", "2013 saw the release of Timo's third artist album, titled Lifer, on his Rockets & Ponies imprint.", "True to Maas's manner, it featured cameos from different artists such as Katie Cruel, James Lavelle of Unkle and a return by Maas's longtime friend Brian Molko.", "For Lavelle, this was the only vocal outside of Unkle that he had ever done.", "On working with Katie Cruel, Maas claimed to have been touched by the soul and emotion of her voice.", "Of the album and working Santos, Maas has said: \"I really like working with Santos, as we both inspire each other a lot and we are trying to push boundaries on a constant basis.", "The album 'Lifer' is one of the results of this vibe.\"", "Over the next few years, Timo proceeded to release more singles.", "Following the release of his track \"Dancing for My Pleasure\" on the Canadian electronic music label My Favorite Robot, Timo proceeded to do a mix for their compilation series titled ‘Crossing Wires 002’ containing mostly unreleased material from other producers., The release was followed by a North-American tour by the same name in 2014.", "The same year, Timo was commissioned to do a remix for Morcheeba’s \"Make Believer\" followed by a collaborative remix work on Róisín Murphy’s \"Jealousy\" with one-third of My Favorite Robot, James Teej, in 2015.", "Maas and Teej continued their collaborative partnership with a release on Crosstown Rebels' sub-label Rebellion called ‘Thingzz’.", "Aside from his release-work, Timo has also been a resident at the legendary Ibiza nightclub DC10 (nightclub), having played his first show there in 2001.", "Maas has said that it is the only club in the world where he can be himself and express his vision and he has called it the most original and unique experience one can have when going to the island.", "\"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five\" (2016–present)\nIn 2009 Maas and his agent, David Levy, had a listening session in Ibiza playing each other different tracks that they liked.", "Timo heard the original Paul McCartney and Wings track played to him by Levy and expressed his wish to get the stems for the track.", "David Levy, through his connections to McCartney's management, delivered the studio session, complete with all the stems, to Maas.", "Over the proceeding few months, Maas tried working on the stems with different people after a while the project went back on the shelf.", "It was only a few years later when Maas played the unfinished work to his good friend and My Favorite Robot label head James Teej that the pair felt they could do something with it.", "The duo spent a week listening to different parts and working intensely on the track until it was finished.", "The track was sent to McCartney's team from whom it got the approval for release.", "What followed was a marketing strategy generated by Maas's management that saw the vinyl being released as an unknown white label with only Paul McCartney's face stamped on it on the Phonica Records website.", "The vinyl-run was limited and sold out in a few hours, having its prices soar to upwards $400 on eBay and other websites and going #1 on Phonica Records’ website.", "There was some speculation whether the vinyl was officially sanctioned by McCartney himself, but it eventually got conclusive proof on its origins.", "The story of its overnight success got quickly picked up by major publications such as i-D, Billboard, NME, Rolling Stone Germany, and Clash Magazine.", "The track was positively received and played by many industry heavyweights such as Pete Tong, Annie Mac, Seth Troxler and Damian Lazarus.", "The inspiration behind the remix was to come up with a modern take of a classic song with respect to the original, with more emphasis on the bass and reinforcing McCartney's blues-inspired vocals.", "The record got its official release on Virgin in June 2016, followed by a remix package featuring versions from Paul Woolford, Kerri Chandler and Tim Green.", "The official video features clips of McCartney performing the original track in the 1970s, as well as two young dancers performing an intricate choreography interpreting the lyrics and theme of the song.", "The video was directed by London-based Can Evgin and choreographer by Aaron Sillis, noted for his work with FKA Twigs and MIA.", "In December 2016, it was announced that Maas's and Teej's remix had been nominated at the 59th Grammy Awards in the best remix category.", "Influences\n\nMaas has cited early '80s music with a lot of funk, soul and disco as well as Jean Michel Jarre and his albums Oxygène, Equinoxe, and Magnetic Fields as early influences on him.", "He has also claimed to be influenced by James Lavelle and is a fan of old-school rock such as Led Zeppelin and Dire Straits as well as newer rock musicians such as Lenny Kravitz.", "Discography\n\nAlbums\nLoud (2002) – UK #41\nPictures (2005)\nLifer (2013)\n\nCompilations and DJ mixes\nDJ Mix Vol.2 (Perfecto CDr)\nXFade Master Mix Vol.", "4: Hope Recordings (1999)\nMusic for the Maases (2000)\nConnected – Perfecto Presents… Timo Maas (2001)\nMusic for the Maases 2 (2003)\nDon't Look Back (2005)\nBorn to Funk (2005)\nReturn of the Legend (2009)\nBalance 17 (2010)\n\nSingles\n\"The Final XS\" (1995)\n\"Die Herdplatte\" (1995)\n\"M.A.A.S.M.E.L.L.O.W.\"", "(1998)\n\"Twin Town\" (1999)\n\"Ubik\" (2000) – Timo Maas/Martin Bettinghaus, UK #33\n\"Der Schieber\" (2000) – UK #50\n\"Connected\" (2001)\n\"Killin' Me\" (2001)\n\"To Get Down\" (2001) – UK #14\n\"Shifter\" featuring MC Chickaboo (2002) – UK #38\n\"Help Me\" featuring Kelis (2002) – UK #65\n\"Unite\" (2003)\n\"First Day\" feat.", "Another of his tracks, \"Unite\", appears in the FIFA 2004 soundtrack.", "A remix of the \"Neighbourhood\" screen music is credited to him on the video game The Sims 2: Nightlife, whilst the video game Wipeout Fusion uses the song \"Old School Vibes\" from the album Loud.", "Burnout Revenge used the General Midi remix of \"First Day\" for the game's EA Trax.", "See also\nList of number-one dance hits (United States)\nList of artists who reached number one on the US Dance chart\n\nReferences\n\n \n\nGerman electronic musicians\nGerman house musicians\nBreakbeat musicians\nRemixers\nClub DJs\nMusicians from Hanover\nLiving people\n1969 births\nGerman people of Dutch descent\nElectronic dance music DJs" ]

[ "His career in electronic music spans over 30 years and he is a German DJ.", "The \"Dooms Night\" 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Music for the Maases Volume 1 is a mix album consisting of many of his previous tracks.", "His debut studio album Loud was released in 2002 after another mix album called Connected for Paul Oakenfold's Perfecto.", "The album was produced by German dance music producer Martin Buttrich, who is also known for his work with Loco Dice.", "Over the course of 30 years, Maas has collaborated with and remixed many artists, including Paul McCartney, Fatboy Slim, Garbage, Jamiroquai, Madonna, and many more.", "The track \"Nineteen Hundred and Eighty-Five\" was written by Paul McCartney and was nominated for a gramophone.", "Wolfgang Haffner, Maetrik, and Nightmares On Wax were some of the artists whose productions were released on the label in 2008.", "He has been a DJ for over 15 years at the legendary Ibiza nightclub DC10 and has also played in clubs such as Ushuaia and The End.", "At the age of 17, Maas bought his first set of turntables and played his first DJ set at a party in his friend's home.", "The beginning of his career was mostly playing \"Top 40\" records with the occasional techno record sneaked in, but it was another 6 years from his debut DJ performance before he would perform his first official all-techno set.", "In 1992, Maas was introduced to the early German rave scene, and he went on to DJ at many different rave events both in Germany and elsewhere, earning a name in the electronic underground scene.", "\"The Final XS\" was released in 1995.", "His second record release was a collaboration with Gary D, \"Die Herdplatte\", which was a bigger success than his first.", "Gary D had a residency at The Tunnel from 1994 to 1996.", "He played at the Bristol club for three years through his British contact Leon Alexander.", "The biggest record of which was titled 'Mama Konda', which was released under the name Orinoko, was also released under his own name.", "The track received a lot of support from DJs and reached the top 20 in both the UK and US charts.", "In addition to his manager and friend Leon Alexander, Maas has also recorded under many different names.", "In 2000 Maas began a residency at the New York City club.", "\"Doom's Night\", Loud and Pictures was a turning point in the career of Maas.", "After Azzido Da Bass rejected their first attempt, co-remixed with Martin Buttrich, it reached #8 on the UK Singles Chart and sold over half a million copies worldwide.", "Music for the Maases is a CD containing only tracks produced or remixed by him, and the opening track is a remake of \"Doom's Night\".", "The remixed version of Muse's \"Sunburn\" was put together with the American audience in mind.", "The debut album of Maas, titled Loud, was released in 2002 on Paul Oakenfold's label Perfecto.", "It averaged at 71 on Metacritic.", "A sample of the title music from The Day the Earth Stood Still can be found in the first track, \"Help Me\".", "The album has guest performers such as MC Chickaboo and Martin Bettinghaus.", "The 10th track on the album, \"To Get Down\", has been used in beer commercials, a video game and a remake of The Italian Job.", "\"It's not just about bringing dance music to a wider audience, it's about bridging the gap between electronic and mainstream music.\"", "I think the whole thing is open-minded.", "You hope alternative rock and dance can come together, and I think it's going to be really good.", "The track was nominated in the non-classical category.", "The track \"Enjoy the Silence\" was also reworked by Maas.", "Pictures on Warner Bros's sub-label Hope Recordings was Maas' second studio album.", "It was co-produced with Martin Buttrich.", "The album featured many artist collaborations.", "After their 2005 album Pictures, Martin Buttrich and Timo Maas continued to work together on various projects, but ultimately the pair's musical direction went in different directions.", "At a gig in Rome, Maas met his next production partner.", "They formed a new group called Mutant Clan, under which they proceeded to release several releases, as well as put together a double CD compilation for the Balance Mix Series in 2010.", "They recorded special edits and track-listing for four months.", "The same year, Maas also started his label, originally in partnership with Santos, called 'Rockets & Ponies', which received support from the likes of Carl Cox and Tiesto.", "His third artist album, titled Lifer, was released in 2013.", "It featured appearances from different artists, such as James Lavelle of Unkle, and a return by Brian Molko.", "This was the only vocal that Lavelle had done outside of Unkle.", "He claimed to have been touched by the soul and emotion of her voice.", "\"I really like working with Santos, as we both inspire each other a lot and we are trying to push boundaries on a constant basis.\"", "One of the results of this vibe is the album 'Lifer'.", "More singles were released by Timo over the next few years.", "Following the release of his track \"Dancing for My Pleasure\" on the Canadian electronic music label My Favorite Robot, Timo proceeded to do a mix for their compilation series titled \"Crossing Wires 002.\" The release was followed by a North-American tour.", "In 2015, Risn Murphy's \"Jealousy\" and one-third of My Favorite Robot's \"Make Believer\" were both reworked by Timo.", "Crosstown Rebels' sub-label Rebellion has a release by Maas and Teej.", "A resident at the legendary Ibiza nightclub DC10 since 2001, Timo has played his first show there in 2001.", "It's the only club in the world where he can be himself and express his vision, and it's the most original and unique experience one can have when going to the island.", "In 2009, Maas and his agent, David Levy, had a listening session in Ibiza playing different tracks that they liked.", "The original Paul McCartney and Wings track was played to him by Levy and he wanted to get the stems for the track.", "The studio session was delivered by David Levy through his connections to McCartney's management.", "After a while the project went back on the shelf, Maas tried working on the stems with different people.", "After playing the unfinished work to his friend and label head James Teej, they felt they could do something with it.", "They spent a week listening to different parts and working on the track until it was finished.", "The track was approved for release by McCartney's team.", "What followed was a marketing strategy that saw the vinyl being released as an unknown white label with only Paul McCartney's face stamped on it.", "The vinyl-run was limited and sold out in a few hours, with its prices going to upwards of $400 on eBay and other websites.", "There was some debate as to whether the vinyl was approved by McCartney or not.", "The story of its overnight success was picked up by a number of publications.", "The track was played by many industry notables such as Pete Tong, Annie Mac, and Damian Lazarus.", "A modern take of a classic song with more emphasis on the bass and reinforcing McCartney's blues-inspired vocals was the inspiration behind the new version.", "The record was released on Virgin in June of 2016 followed by a package featuring versions from Paul Woolford and Tim Green.", "The official video features clips of McCartney performing the original track in the 1970s, as well as two young dancers interpreting the lyrics and theme of the song.", "The video was directed and choreographed by London-based Can Evgin.", "In December of 2016 it was announced that Maas's and Teej's remix had been nominated for a grammy.", "Early '80s music with a lot of funky, soul and disco as well as Jean-Michel Jarre's albums and Magnetic Fields were some of the early influences on Maas.", "He is a fan of both old-school and newer rock musicians and claims to be influenced by James Lavelle.", "Discography albums Loud, Lifer, and DJ mixes can be found in the UK.", "Music for the Maases 2 was released in 2003 and Don't Look Back was released in 2005, Return of the Legend was released in 2005 and Balance 17 was released in 2010.", "\"Twin Town\" (2000), \"Ubik\" (2000), \"To Get Down\" (2001), \"Connected\" (2001), \"Killin' Me\" (2001), and \"Shifter\" (2001) are all from the UK.", "\"Unite\" is one of his tracks in the soundtrack.", "A remake of the \"Neighbourhood\" screen music is credited to him on the video game The Sims 2: Nightlife.", "The General Midi version of \"First Day\" was used in the game.", "There is a list of number-one dance hits in the United States." ]

[ "Timo Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Timo", "Timo", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas" ]

[ "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas", "Timo", "Timo", "Timo", "Maas", "Maas", "Maas" ]

[ "Gene \"Geno\" Raynard Atkins Jr. (born March 28, 1988) is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent.", "He played college football at Georgia, and was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round of the 2010 NFL Draft.", "Atkins has twice been selected as a first-team All-Pro, once been selected as a second-team All-Pro and is an eight-time Pro Bowler.", "Early years\nAtkins was born in Pembroke Pines, Florida on March 28, 1988.", "He attended St. Thomas Aquinas in Fort Lauderdale and helped his high school football team to be the Class 5A runners-up in both 2004 and 2005.", "As a junior at St. Thomas Aquinas in 2004, Atkins had 70 tackles (12 resulted in lost yardage), one interception, and four fumble recoveries.", "In 2005, during his senior season, he had 117 tackles, 7.5 sacks, four forced fumbles, and two fumble recoveries.", "Following the season, he was named first-team all-county by the Sun-Sentinel and Miami Herald, first-team Class 5A in the state of Florida and was also named Florida Class 5A Defensive Player of the Year.", "Coming out of high school, he was rated as the 24th best defensive end in the nation by Rivals.com and 41st best by Scout.com.", "In track & field, Atkins was one of the state's top performers in the throwing events.", "In the discus, he got a PR of 48.35 meters at the 2006 FHSAA 3A Region 4, placing 2nd in the finals.", "At the 2006 FHSAA 3A-4A Outdoor State Finals, he tied for 1st place in the shot put event, recording a top-throw of 18.01 meters.", "College career\nAtkins enrolled in the University of Georgia, where he played for coach Mark Richt's Georgia Bulldogs football team from 2006 to 2009.", "He played as a true freshman, recording nine tackles and 0.5 sacks in 11 games.", "In 2007, Atkins saw significant playing time as a backup behind Kade Weston and Jeff Owens.", "On September 21, Owens said of Atkins's impact, \"Geno is doing a heck of a job.", "He's contributing a lot to the defense.", "He's leading the defensive line in tackles for loss and I think we're tied in tackles.\"", "As of September 29, despite being a backup, Atkins was fourth in the Southeastern Conference (SEC) with six tackles for losses along with a sack.", "On October 6, Atkins was named the starter over Weston and in only his second game led the team in tackles against Vanderbilt.", "He became the first defensive tackle to lead the team in tackles in a game since Jason Ferguson did so in 1995 and the first defensive lineman since David Pollack in 2003.", "Following a game against Kentucky in which he had five tackles, he was named SEC defensive player of the week for the week of November 17.", "Following, his sophomore season Atkins was named First-team All-SEC, and was the only player for Georgia other than running back Knowshon Moreno to be named to the team.", "During the press conference for Hawaii's quarterback Colt Brennan before the Sugar Bowl, Atkins asked for an autograph and took a photo with Brennan.", "Fellow Georgia defensive lineman Marcus Howard said of Atkins's antics during the press conference, \"He was like acting like a groupie.", "All of us gave him grief for that.\"", "Despite getting Brennan's autograph before the game, Atkins sacked him in the fourth quarter, forcing him out of the game.", "Two games into the 2008 season, Atkins already had eight tackles and nine quarterback hurries.", "After the defense as a whole sacked Heisman Trophy winner Tim Tebow of Florida six times, Atkins said, \"I think we rattled Tim Tebow and the offense.", "We wanted to pressure him.", "No one really works that well under pressure, not even the greatest quarterbacks.", "You put a little pressure on them, they're bound to flinch.\"", "On November 14 against Auburn, Atkins came in on offense and was the lead blocker for Matthew Stafford on a quarterback sneak.", "In the Capital One Bowl on January 2, 2009, against Michigan State, Atkins had one tackle and two quarterback hurries.", "In 2009, Atkins was listed at No.", "5 on Rivals.com′s preseason defensive tackle power ranking.", "He was also named to the 2009 Outland Trophy watch list.", "In his three years after his freshman season, Atkins racked up 33 sacks, including 15 as a sophomore and 10.5 as a senior.", "Professional career\n\n2010\nThe Cincinnati Bengals selected Atkins in the fourth round (120th overall) of the 2010 NFL Draft.", "He was the 12th defensive tackle selected in 2010.", "On July 16, 2010, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Atkins to a four-year, US$3.20 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $472,450.", "Throughout training camp, he competed against Jonathan Fanene and Pat Sims for the job as the backup defensive tackle.", "Head coach Marvin Lewis named Atkins the fourth defensive tackle on the depth chart to start the regular season, behind Domata Peko, Tank Johnson, and Pat Sims.", "He made his professional regular season debut during the Cincinnati Bengals' season-opening 38–24 loss at the New England Patriots.", "The following week, he had one assisted tackle and made his first career sack with teammate Michael Johnson in the Bengals' 15–10 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.", "Atkins and Johnson sacked Joe Flacco for a four-yard loss in the fourth quarter.", "On November 14, 2010, Atkins recorded a season-high three combined tackles and a half a sack during a 23–17 loss at the Indianapolis Colts.", "In Week 14, Atkins earned his first career start during a 23–7 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers.", "The following week, Atkins collected two combined tackles and made his first career solo sack on quarterback Colt McCoy in their 19–17 win against the Cleveland Browns.", "He finished his rookie season with 16 combined tackles (ten solo), three sacks, and a pass deflection in 16 games and one start.", "2011\nAtkins competed for the job as the starting defensive tackle against Tank Johnson in training camp.", "He received the opportunity after Pat Sims missed training camp and the majority of the preseason after sustaining a knee injury.", "Defensive coordinator Mike Zimmer decided to name Atkins and Domata Peko the starting defensive tackles after the Bengals opted to release Tank Johnson on August 16, 2011.", "He started the Cincinnati Bengals' season-opener at the Cleveland Browns and collected five combined tackles and broke up a pass in their 27–17 victory.", "On November 20, 2011, Atkins recorded a season-high six combined tackles and a sack in the Bengals' 31–24 loss at the Baltimore Ravens.", "Atkins finished his second season with a total of 47 combined tackles (26 solo), 7.5 sacks, two pass deflections, and two forced fumbles in 16 games and 15 starts.", "He led the Bengals with 7.5 sacks and tied Oakland Raiders' Tommy Kelly for the most sacks by a defensive tackle in 2011.", "Atkins was selected to the 2012 Pro Bowl as an alternate.", "He was officially named to his first Pro Bowl after New England Patriots' Vince Wilfork was unable to participate due to his appearance in Super Bowl XLVI.", "The Cincinnati Bengals received a wildcard berth after finishing third in the AFC North with a 9–7 record.", "On January 7, 2012, Atkins started his first career playoff game and made four combined tackles and a sack on quarterback Matt Schaub as the Bengals lost 31–10 to the Houston Texans in the AFC Wildcard game.", "2012\nHe returned as the starting defensive tackle alongside Domata Peko to start the season.", "In Week 4, he recorded three solo tackles and sacked quarterback Blaine Gabbert during a 27–10 victory at the Jacksonville Jaguars.", "This marked his first career multi-sack game.", "On November 18, 2012, Atkins collected a season-high six solo tackles, deflected a pass, a sack, and forced two fumbles in the Bengals' 28–6 win at the Kansas City Chiefs.", "On December 23, 2012, Atkins tied his season-high of six combined tackles, forced a fumble, and sacked Pittsburgh Steelers' quarterback Ben Roethlisberger twice in their 13–10 victory.", "On December 26, 2012, it was announced that Atkins was voted to the 2013 Pro Bowl and received the second most votes of any defensive tackle in 2012.", "His 12.5 sacks ranked 15th in most single season sacks in NFL history.", "Atkins was also a defensive player of the year candidate and received the highest overall grade of any defensive tackle in 2012 from Pro Football Focus.", "2013\nOn September 2, 2013, the Cincinnati Bengals signed Atkins to a five-year, $53.32 million contract that includes a $15 million signing bonus.", "On September 29, 2013, Atkins recorded three combined tackles and a season-high 1.5 sacks during a 17–6 loss at the Cleveland Browns.", "In Week 6, he made a season-high six combined and a half a sack in the Bengals' 27–24 victory at the Buffalo Bills.", "On October 31, 2013, Atkins recorded two solo tackles and a sack in the Bengals' 22–20 overtime loss at the Miami Dolphins on Thursday Night Football.", "He left in the second quarter after sustaining an injury to his leg.", "On November 1, 2013, the Bengals placed him on injured reserve for the remainder of the season after it was discovered he would have to undergo surgery to repair his torn ACL.", "He finished the season with 20 combined tackles (nine solo) and six pass deflections in nine games and nine starts.", "2014\nAssistant coach Paul Guenther was hired to replace Mike Zimmer at defensive coordinator after he departed to accept the head coaching position with the Minnesota Vikings.", "Guenther retained Atkins and Peko as the starters at defensive tackle to begin the regular season.", "In Week 9, he recorded a season-high six combined tackles and deflected a pass during a 33–23 victory over the Jacksonville Jaguars.", "On November 23, 2014, Atkins made two solo tackles and recorded his first career safety on running back Alfred Blue as the Bengals defeated the Houston Texans 22–13.", "Atkins finished the season with 34 combined tackles (20 solo), three sacks, a pass deflection, and a safety in 16 games and 16 starts.", "He was voted as an alternate for the 2015 Pro Bowl.", "On January 16, 2015, it was announced that Atkins would replace Detroit Lions' defensive tackle Ndamukong Suh in the Pro Bowl due to an injury.", "2015\nIn Week 11, Atkins recorded a season-high four solo tackles and a sack during a 34–31 loss at the Arizona Cardinals.", "On December 20, 2015, he collected four solo tackles and made a season-high two sacks on San Francisco 49ers' quarterback Colin Kaepernick in their 24–14 victory.", "He finished the season with 42 combined tackles (31 solo) and a career-high 11 sacks in 16 games and 16 starts.", "On December 20, 2015, the NFL announced that Atkins had been voted to the 2016 Pro Bowl for the second consecutive year.", "He was selected as a player captain along with Devonta Freeman, Aaron Donald, and Odell Beckham Jr.", "The Cincinnati Bengals finished first in the AFC North with a 12–4 record and secured home field advantage.", "On January 9, 2016, Atkins recorded three solo tackles and sacked quarterback Ben Roethlisberger in the Bengals' 18–16 AFC Wildcard loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers.", "Atkins was ranked 29th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.", "2016\nHead coach Marvin Lewis named Atkins and Domata Peko the starting defensive tackles for the sixth consecutive season.", "On December 15, 2016, he collected a season-high six combined tackles and sacked quarterback Robert Griffin III three times in the Bengals' 33–10 victory at the Cleveland Browns.", "He finished the season with 32 combined tackles (21 solo) and nine sacks in 16 games and 16 starts.", "On December 20, 2016, it was announced that Atkins was voted to the 2017 Pro Bowl, along with teammate A. J.", "Green.", "He was ranked 68th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.", "Pro Football Focus gave Atkins the sixth highest overall grade of all qualifying interior defensive linemen in 2016.", "2017\nAtkins was named the starting defensive tackle, along with Pat Sims who replaced Domata Peko after he departed for the Denver Broncos in free agency.", "He started the Cincinnati Bengals' season-opener against the Baltimore Ravens and recorded a career-high seven combined tackles and sacked Joe Flacco during a 20–0 loss.", "The next week, Atkins collected five combined tackles and a season-high two sacks on quarterback Deshaun Watson during a 13–9 loss to the Houston Texans.", "On December 17, 2017, he made four combined tackles and tied his season-high of two sacks in the Bengals' 34–7 loss at the Minnesota Vikings.", "On December 19, 2017, Atkins was named to his sixth Pro Bowl.", "He finished his eighth season in with 46 combined tackles (29 solo) and nine sacks in 16 games and 16 starts.", "Atkins played in 64 consecutive games and started 60 from 2014 to 2017.", "Pro Football Focus gave Atkins an overall grade of 91.5, ranking him second with the highest overall grade among interior defensive linemen in 2017.", "Atkins was ranked 63rd on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.", "2018\nOn August 28, 2018, Atkins signed a four-year, $65.3 million contract extension with the Bengals through the 2022 season.", "After recording a sack in the season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts, he sacked Joe Flacco twice the next week against the Baltimore Ravens on September 13.", "In week 15 against the Oakland Raiders, Atkins sacked Derek Carr three times in a 30–16 win.", "2019\n\nIn week 3 against the Buffalo Bills, Atkins recorded his first sack of the season on Josh Allen in the 21–17 loss.", "In week 7 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Atkins sacked Gardner Minshew II twice in the 27–17 loss.", "2020\nOn December 16, 2020, Atkins was placed on injured reserve after undergoing shoulder surgery, an injury he had since training camp.", "He finished the season with only one tackle through eight games.", "NFL career statistics\n\nPersonal life\nAtkins married his college sweetheart, Kristen Merritt, on June 25, 2016, at the St. Regis hotel in Buckhead, Atlanta.", "During his freshman year at the University of Georgia, Atkins learned he suffers from Sickle cell trait.", "Geno is the son of former New Orleans Saints and Miami Dolphins safety Gene Atkins.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Cincinnati Bengals profile\n Georgia profile\n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football defensive tackles\nCincinnati Bengals players\nGeorgia Bulldogs football players\nAmerican Conference Pro Bowl players\nUnconferenced Pro Bowl players\nPlayers of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida\nAfrican-American players of American football\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "Gene \"Geno\" Raynard Atkins Jr. is an American football defensive tackle who is a free agent.", "He was drafted by the Cincinnati Bengals in the fourth round of the 2010 NFL draft.", "He has twice been selected as a first-team All-Pro, once been selected as a second-team All-Pro and is an eight-time Pro Bowler.", "On March 28, 1988, Atkins was born in Florida.", "He helped his high school football team to be Class 5A runners-up in both 2004 and 2005.", "In 2004, he had 70 tackles, 12 of which resulted in lost yards, and one interception.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was named first-team all-county by the Sun-Sentinel and Miami Herald, first-team Class 5A in the state of Florida, and was also named Florida Class 5A Defensive Player of the Year.", "He was rated as the 24th best defensive end in the nation by Rivals.com and the 41st best by Scout.com after graduating from high school.", "In the throwing events, he was one of the top performers.", "He placed 2nd in the finals of the FHSAA 3A Region 4 in the discus with a PR of 48.35 meters.", "He tied for 1st place in the shot put event at the 2006 FHSAA 3A-4A Outdoor State Finals.", "During his time at Georgia, he played for coach Mark Richt's football team from 2006 to 2009.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 2007, he saw a lot of playing time behind Kade Weston and Jeff Owens.", "\"Geno is doing a heck of a job,\" Owens said on September 21.", "He's helping the defense.", "I think we're tied in tackles because he's leading the defensive line in tackles for loss.", "As of September 29, he was fourth in the SEC with six tackles for losses and a sack.", "In his second game as a starter, Atkins led the team in tackles.", "He became the first defensive tackle to lead the team in tackles in a game since 1995 and the first defensive lineman since 2003", "He was named the SEC defensive player of the week for the week of November 17 after he had five tackles against Kentucky.", "After his sophomore season, he was named First-team All-SEC, and was the only player for Georgia other than running back Knowshon Moreno to be named to the team.", "During the press conference for Hawaii's quarterback Colt Brennan before the Sugar Bowl, Atkins asked for an autograph and took a photo with Brennan.", "Marcus Howard said that he was acting like a groupie when he was at the press conference.", "We all gave him grief for that.", "Brennan was forced out of the game in the fourth quarter despite getting his autograph before the game.", "In the first two games of the season, he had eight tackles and nine quarterback hurries.", "After the defense sacked Tim Tebow six times, I think we rattled him and the offense.", "We wanted to put pressure on him.", "The greatest quarterbacks don't work that well under pressure.", "They're bound to flinch if you put a little pressure on them.", "The lead blocker for Matthew Stafford on a quarterback sneak was Atkins, who came in on November 14 against auburn.", "In the Capital One Bowl on January 2, 2009, he had one tackle and two quarterback hurries.", "In 2009, he was listed at No.", "Rivals.com has a preseason defensive tackle power ranking.", "He was on the Outland Trophy watch list.", "In his three years after his freshman season, he racked up 33 sacks, including 15 as a sophomore and ten as a senior.", "Atkins was selected in the fourth round of the 2010 NFL draft.", "He was selected as a defensive tackle.", "A signing bonus of $472,450 was included in the four-year, US$3.20 million contract signed by the Cincinnati Bengal on July 16, 2010.", "He was competing against Jonathan Fanene and Pat Sims for the backup defensive tackle job.", "The fourth defensive tackle on the depth chart was named by Marvin Lewis.", "He made his professional regular season debut for the Cincinnati Bengals.", "He made his first career sack with teammate Michael Johnson in the Cincinnati's 15–10 victory over the Baltimore Ravens.", "Joe Flacco was sacked for a four-yard loss in the fourth quarter.", "During a 23–17 loss at the Indianapolis Colts on November 14, 2010, Atkins recorded a season-high three tackles and a half sack.", "In the 14th week of the season, he started for the first time in his career.", "In the next week, he collected two combined tackles and made his first career solo sack on the Cleveland quarterback in their 19–17 win.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The defensive tackle job was up for grabs in training camp.", "Pat Sims missed training camp and the majority of the preseason after sustaining a knee injury.", "The starting defensive tackles were named after the Bengals decided to part ways with Tank Johnson on August 16, 2011.", "He collected five combined tackles and broke up a pass in Cincinnati's 27–17 victory over Cleveland.", "In the Cincinnati's 31– 24 loss to the Baltimore Ravens on November 20, 2011, Atkins recorded a season-high six combined tackles and a sack.", "He finished his second season with a total of 47 combined tackles (26 solo), 7.5 sacks, two pass deflections, and two forced turnovers in 16 games and 15 starts.", "He had 7.5 sacks and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "As an alternate, he was selected to the Pro Bowl.", "Vince Wilfork was unable to participate in the Pro Bowl due to his Super Bowl appearance, so he was officially named to his first Pro Bowl.", "The Cincinnati Bengals received a wild card after finishing third in the AFC North with a 9–7 record.", "On January 7, 2012 he made four tackles and a sack in the playoffs for the first time in his career, but the Cincinnati Bengals lost 31–10 to the Houston Texans.", "He was the starting defensive tackle for the 2012 season.", "During the fourth week of the season, he recorded three solo tackles and sacked the quarterback in a 27–10 victory.", "This was his first multi-sack game.", "In the Cincinnati's 28–6 win at the Kansas City Chiefs on November 18, 2012 Atkins had a season-high six solo tackles, a sack, and forced two turnovers.", "In the team's 13–10 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 23, 2012 Atkins tied his season-high of six combined tackles, forced a fumbled ball, and sacked Ben Roethlisberger twice.", "On December 26, 2012 it was announced that Atkins was voted to the Pro Bowl and received the second most votes of any defensive tackle.", "His 12.5 sacks ranked 15th in the history of the NFL.", "Pro Football Focus gave Atkins the highest overall grade of any defensive tackle in 2012 and he was also a defensive player of the year candidate.", "The Cincinnati Bengals signed defensive tackle Geno Atkins to a five-year, $53.32 million contract that included a 15 million signing bonus.", "In a 17–6 loss at the Cleveland Browns, Atkins recorded three combined tackles and a season-high 1.5 sacks.", "He had a season-high six combined and a half sacks in the win over the Bills.", "In the Cincinnati's 22–20 overtime loss at the Miami Dolphins on Thursday Night Football, Atkins recorded two solo tackles and a sack.", "He injured his leg in the second quarter.", "He was placed on injured reserve by theBengals on November 1, 2013, after it was discovered that he would have to have surgery to repair his torn knee.", "He finished the season with 20 combined tackles, nine solo, and six pass deflections, in nine games and nine starts.", "After Mike Zimmer left to become the head coach of the Minnesota Vikings, Paul Guenther was hired to replace him.", "The defensive tackles for the regular season were retained by Guenther.", "He recorded a season-high six combined tackles in the Week 9 victory over Jacksonville.", "On November 23, 2014, Atkins made two solo tackles and recorded his first career safety as the Cincinnati Bengals defeated the Houston Texans 22–13.", "He finished the season with 34 combined tackles (20 solo), three sacks, a pass deflection, and a safety in 16 games and 16 starts.", "He was an alternate for the Pro Bowl.", "On January 16, 2015, it was announced that the Detroit Lions' defensive tackle would not be able to play in the Pro Bowl due to an injury.", "In Week 11 of the season, he recorded four solo tackles and a sack in a 34–31 loss to Arizona.", "On December 20, 2015, he collected four solo tackles and made a season-high two sacks in their victory over the San Francisco 49ers.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On December 20, 2015, the NFL announced that Atkins had been voted to the Pro Bowl for the second year in a row.", "He was one of five players to be selected as a player captain.", "The Cincinnati Bengal secured home field advantage after finishing first in the division with a 12–4 record.", "In the playoffs, on January 9, 2016, Atkins recorded three solo tackles and sacked quarterback Ben Roethlisberger.", "The top 100 players of the year were ranked.", "The defensive tackles for the sixth year in a row were named by Marvin Lewis.", "He had a season-high six combined tackles and three sacks in the Cincinnati's 33–10 victory over the Cleveland Browns.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "On December 20, 2016 it was announced that Atkins and A. J were going to the Pro Bowl.", "Green.", "He was ranked by his peers on the top 100 players of the year.", "The sixth highest overall grade for interior defensive linemen was given to Atkins by Pro Football Focus.", "Pat Sims replaced Domata Peko after he left for the Denver Broncos in free agency.", "He recorded a career-high seven combined tackles and sacked Joe Flacco in a 20–0 loss to the Baltimore Ravens.", "During a 13–9 loss to the Houston Texans, Atkins recorded five combined tackles and a season-high two sacks.", "He made four combined tackles and tied his season-high of two sacks in the Minnesota Vikings game on December 17, savesay savesay savesay made four combined tackles and tied his season-high of two sacks in the Minnesota Vikings game on December 17, savesay savesay made four combined tackles and tied his season-high", "He was named to his sixth Pro Bowl on December 19th.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Over the course of four years, he played in 64 games and started 60.", "The highest overall grade among interior defensive linemen was given to Atkins by Pro Football Focus.", "The top 100 players of the year were ranked.", "The Cincinnati Bengal signed a four-year contract extension on August 28, 2018, worth $65.3 million.", "After recording a sack in the season-opener against the Indianapolis Colts, he sacked Joe Flacco twice the next week against the Baltimore Ravens.", "In the 15th week of the season against the Oakland Raiders, Atkins sacked Carr three times.", "In the 21–17 loss to the Buffalo Bills, Atkins recorded his first sack of the season on Josh Allen.", "In the 7th week of the season against the Jacksonville Jags, Atkins sacked Minshew II twice.", "On December 16, 2020, he was placed on injured reserve after having shoulder surgery.", "Through eight games, he had only one tackle.", "He married his college sweetheart on June 25, 2016 at the St. Regis hotel in Atlanta.", "During his freshman year at the University of Georgia, he was diagnosed with a genetic condition.", "Gene was a safety for the New Orleans Saints and Miami Dolphins.", "Georgia profile 1988 births Living people American football defensive tackles Cincinnati Bengal players American Conference Pro Bowl players Unconferenced Pro Bowl players Players of American football from Fort Lauderdale, Florida African-American players of American football 21st-century African-American sports people" ]

[ "Geno", "\" Raynard Atkins Jr", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Geno", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Geno", "Gene Atkins" ]

[ "Geno", "\" Raynard Atkins Jr", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Geno", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins", "Atkins" ]

[ "Ammar Al-Baluchi (, ; also transliterated as Amar Al-Balochi, born Ali Abdul Aziz Ali) is a Pakistani citizen in U.S. custody at Guantanamo Bay detention camp.", "Charges against him include \"facilitating the 9/11 attackers, acting as a courier for Osama bin Laden and plotting to crash a plane packed with explosives into the U.S. consulate in Karachi.\"", "A member of the same al-Baluchi clan as Khalid Sheikh Muhammad (KSM) and Ramzi Yousef, U.S. officials state that he was a \"key Lieutenant\" of his uncle KSM who assisted KSM in the execution of the September 11 attacks, and that he told investigators that he had sought help in al-Qaeda's efforts to develop biological weapons to use against its enemies.", "He reportedly married and then divorced Aafia Siddiqui, the Pakistani scientist convicted of shooting at US soldiers and incarcerated in the United States.", "In 2018, the United Nations called for his immediate release from arbitrary detention.", "Early life\nAmmar al-Baluchi was born in Kuwait City, Kuwait, and is the maternal nephew of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed (organizer of the 9/11 attacks) and cousin of Ramzi Yousef, the organizer of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.", "The extended family of al-Baluchi is ethnically Baluchi and originally from Balochistan.", "The family patriarch and his brother were lay Deobandi preachers.", "They moved the family to Kuwait in the 1960s.", "Baluchi grew up in Kuwait but spent most of teenage years in Iranian Baluchistan, but is a citizen of Pakistan.", "Trained as a computer technician, he dressed in Western clothes and \"introduced himself as a businessman\", but had been \"groomed ... since boyhood\" by his cousins and uncles \"to join their clandestine war,\" according to journalist Debra Scroggins.", "According to a U.S. government biography, his \"chief mentor\" was his cousin and 1993 World Trade Center bombing orchestrator Ramzi Yousef, \"who taught him in the early 1990s in Iran about the importance of war against the West.\"", "He is fluent in English and worked at Mohammed's honey-processing company in Karachi for a while before being hired in 1998 as a computer technician for Modern Electronics Corporation in Dubai.", "According to some evidence given at the Combatant Status Review Tribunal, he was \"very open-minded and western-oriented\", while his ex-wife told investigators he was \"a very strict Muslim\" who opposed his wife's leaving the home.", "Career in jihad\n\nPreparation for 9/11 \nAccording to a U.S. government biography, Baluchi \"volunteered his services\" to uncle KSM in 1997.", "According to U.S. officials, the majority of money that came to the Saudi hijackers for the September 11 attacks was transferred through Baluchi and Mustafa al-Hawsawi.", "The 9/11 Commission reported that he \"helped them with plane tickets, traveler's checks, and hotel reservations\", and \"taught them about everyday aspects of life in the West, such as purchasing clothes and ordering food\".", "In his defence, Baluchi claims that he often helped people in Dubai with such things to supplement his income, and he had no way of knowing whether any of them were criminals.", "On 10 October 1998, Baluchi used his passport to open a bank account with the Emirates Bank International, using the name \"Ali\" based on his nasab Ibn Abdulaziz Ali and listing his employer's address with PO box 16958, Jebel Ali, Dubai.", "He was then introduced to Marwan al-Shehhi by his uncle, and Shehhi allegedly asked him to help transfer money from Shehhi's company in Dubai to his company in the United States, ostensibly to help avoid banking fees if he transferred the money himself.", "In January 2000, an order using Shehhi's credit card had a Boeing 747-400 flight simulator program, a Boeing 767 flight deck video, and some flight attendant literature and flight manuals shipped to Baluchi's work address.", "Baluchi then shipped them to his uncle to pass onto Shehhi.", "On 18 April, Baluchi sent a wire transfer of $5,000 to Adel Rafeea, the administrator of the Islamic Center of San Diego, from the Wall Street Exchange Centre in Dubai, using his PO Box, passport and listing his phone number as 0506745651.", "Rafeaa later claimed that Nawaf al-Hazmi had asked him to accept the money on his behalf.", "Tracing the calls made to Baluchi's phone number, authorities discovered that he had received 16 calls from 28 to 30 June from a pre-paid Voicestream mobile purchased in Manhattan on 4 June.", "The phone was deactivated on 11 July, and authorities allege it belonged to Atta, while Baluchi insisted that he only ever spoke with Shehhi, who had hired him.", "Around this time, Baluchi complained to Mohammed that he couldn't do all this additional work himself, and his uncle told him that Mustafa al-Hawsawi would co-ordinate with him to act as an assistant.", "On 29 June, a man named \"Isam Mansur\" wired $5,000 to the Western Union at 1440 Broadway in New York, where Shehhi picked it up.", "This is alleged to have been Baluchi, since two later direct payments into Shehhi's Sun Trust account from the Exchange Center, a $10,000 payment to Shehhi on 18 July from \"Isam Mansur\" and a $9,500 5 August payment from \"Isam Mansour\", gave Baluchi's PO Box number.", "On 8 August, Baluchi opened a bank account at Dubai Islamic Bank, using his name, passport and phone number.", "A $20,000 payment from Baluchi's bank account to Shehhi's Sun Trust account on 29 August gave a phone number one digit different from the one given by Isam Mansour on 5 August.", "A $70,000 payment was made to Shehhi's account by \"Hani (Fawaz Trading)\" on 17 September from the same exchange centre.", "Hani gave a telephone number one digit removed from the one Baluchi used on the transfer from his bank account on 29 August.", "In September, Hani Hanjour went to Dubai, where Baluchi gave him $3,000 to open a new bank account, and later deposited $5,000 in the account which Hanjour later accessed from ATMs in the United States.", "When Ahmed al-Ghamdi went to Dubai, Baluchi helped him purchase a cell phone.", "It is believed nine of the hijackers met with him in Dubai and received various levels of aid.", "The 9/11 Commission Report stated that he \"relied on the unremarkable nature of his transactions, which were essentially invisible amid the billions of dollars flowing daily across the globe.\"", "On 27 August 2001, Baluchi applied for a visa to travel to the United States for a week after his employer announced the closing of their Dubai branch, and the government had sent notices informing the employees their work permits had been rescinded and they had to leave the country.", "He was declined since he appeared to be an economic immigrant, and instead moved back home to Pakistan a few days before the attacks.", "Post-9-11 \nMoving back in with his parents in Karachi, Pakistan, Baluchi saw his uncle several times when he came to visit.", "According to a short biography written by the United States government's Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), after the Taliban was initially driven from power after the 9/11 attack, al-Balouchi assisted KSM in organizing the movement of al-Qaeda operatives and their families to safehouses in Pakistan.", "According to US government information, KSM had Balouchi be the \"communications intermediary\" between al-Qaeda and \"shoe bombers\" Richard Reid and Saajid Badat.", "In early 2002 Balouchi helped his uncle \"prepare operatives\" for travel from Pakistan to the United States, \"ostensibly to carry out attacks\".", "Another plan was to hijack airliners and crash them into London's Heathrow airport, but \n This plan was set aside in order to focus on a plan to bomb the US Consulate and other Western targets in Karachi.", "He also worked with his uncle to prepare Majid Khan and others for travel to the United States to conduct terrorist operations.", "Balouchi reportedly sent Majid Khan to Thailand in late 2002 to deliver $50,000 to finance a plan by Jemaah Islamiya leader Hambali (Riduan Isamuddin) to attack US and Israeli targets in Southeast Asia.", "He later told investigators he helped his uncle arrange travel visas for people, but didn't know whether any of them were militants or not.", "In August 2002, the FBI questioned Abdul Samad Din Mohammed, the brother-in-law of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed.", "He reported that Baluchi was often in the company of his uncle, and would pick people up from the airport.", "His uncle KSM was arrested in Rawalpindi on March 1, 2003.", "Baluchi spent the next two months with Walid bin 'Attash.", "According to US reports, following his uncle's arrest Baluchi took charge of some of the new attacks being planned.", "Marriage \nBaluchi also married Aafia Siddiqui.", "She was accused of being an al-Qaeda member and in February 2010 was convicted of assaulting with a deadly weapon and attempting to kill U.S. soldiers and FBI agents who were seeking to interrogate her while she was in custody, claimed to be married to Baluchi.", "The marriage was confirmed by Pakistani and US intelligence, a defense psychologist, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's family.", "(Siddiqui's family denies she was married to Baluchi.)", "According to the FBI, after her arrest, Aafia Siddiqui told them that after she learned she was wanted by the US government she had gone into hiding around late March 2003 with the al-Baluchi clan.", "Divorced at the time, she stated she married Baluchi out of religious piety, since she \"could not live in the same house with an unmarried male\" (namely Baluchi) she married him.", "Their marriage was held in Hub Chowki outside of Karachi in the inner courtyard of Balouchi's house, with female al-Baluchi family members present.", "Siddiqui describes Balouchi as very kind to her, \"a good man who is wrongly accused\".", "(Siddiqui later repudiated all statements given to the FBI.)", "The marriage lasted only a couple of months.", "According to one of KSM's uncles, Mohammed Hussein, Baluchi became alienated with Aafia's \"liberal way of life\".", "Aafia told the FBI that Baluchi divorced her after he was arrested.", "Capture and treatment in US custody\n\nSiddiqui was arrested April 29, 2003 in Karachi along with al-Attash.", "After his arrest al-Baluchi was kept in CIA custody at undisclosed locations until 6 September 2006 when he was transferred to Guantanamo Bay Prison in Cuba.", "In December 2005, Human Rights Watch listed him as a \"ghost detainee\" held in the CIA prison system.", "During al-Baluchi's secret detention, he was tortured by the CIA using many so-called \"enhanced interrogation techniques\".", "Officials reported: \"al-Baluchi was tortured and forcibly dunked into a tub filled with ice water.", "CIA interrogators forcibly kept his head under water while he struggled to breathe and beat him repeatedly with a truncheon-like object hitting him and smashing his head against a wall.\"", "Baluchi had a copy of a letter to Osama bin Laden from Saudi scholars in his pocket, a computer disk containing a draft of a letter to bin Laden, two images of the September 11 attacks, and a perfume bottle containing low-concentration cyanide used to bleach and perfume clothes.", "Baluchi was also accused of discussing the possibility of exporting explosives to the United States through textile companies, but claims to have no knowledge of what conversation is being referenced.", "The arrests led to the arrests of Jawad al-Bashar and Farzand Shah.", "On 7 November 2003, a detainee was interrogated and said that Mohamed Atta and Ramzi bin al-Shibh spoke briefly in August 2000 about a \"Losh\" who had asked Atta if he could travel to the United States to help with any potential plots, having already asked Mohammed three months earlier.", "Authorities allege this is a reference to Baluchi.", "Other plots to attack civilian targets\nAccording to US investigators, Baluchi told them that al-Qaeda had set up a biological weapons lab and he asked Aafia Siddiqui (who has a biology degree from MIT) advice on how long it would take to develop such weapons and whether the man in charge was capable of developing the weapons.", "Siddiqui replied that she \"was willing to participate in a biological weapons (BW) project if al-Qaida tasked her to do so\".", "Another plot involving Bauchi alleged by US investigators involved Heathrow airport.", "According to Balochi's file, he told interrogators that he became aware of a plan to attack Heathrow airport in January 2003 and had intended to seek help from a more senior al-Qaida operative, Walid bin Attash, to carry it out.", "An \"analyst note\" in the files notes that the plot called for \"crashing numerous airplanes into Heathrow, with a secondary explosion immediately outside of the airport as a diversion\".", "It collapsed after KSM was arrested in March 2003.", "Guantanamo Bay\nOn 6 September 2006, Baluchi was transferred from a black site location to Guantanamo Bay detention camp.", "He was given the Internment Serial Number 10018 and is currently detained at a top-secret site at the Guantanamo base that allegedly houses approximately 15 \"high-value\" prisoners.", "Its location and the conditions inside are withheld from public knowledge and there are suspected grave human rights concerns regarding its conditions.", "Al-Baluchi's attorney James G. Connell, III visited him there in August 2013 under an order issued by the military commission.", "Combatant Status Review Tribunal \n\nUS District Court Justice Joyce Hens Green ruled that the Combatant Status Review Tribunals were unconstitutional.", "Nevertheless, the Department of Defense scheduled Tribunals for the 14 high-value captives who were transferred from covert CIA custody, on 6 September 2006, for early winter of 2007.", "The Summary of Evidence memo for Baluchi's Combatant Status Review Tribunal was drafted on 8 February 2007.", "Baluchi cooperated with his tribunal.", "Although he was not able to call Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Saifullah Paracha or Ramzi bin al-Shibh to testify about his lack of connection to al-Qaeda, he was permitted to have his legal representative field statements they had made.", "He chose to put forward the statements by Mohammed and bin al-Shibh as evidence, but not the statement by Paracha.", "Baluchi requested statements be garnered from Modern Electronics Corporation personnel, including Samir Sharin, Mohammed Mayer, Asraf Mayer, Ammar al-Tesqui and Sayed Tesqui that would testify he had no connections to militant forces, and that his employee records would show that he left several days before the attacks because his work permit had expired when MEC closed its Dubai branch.", "The tribunal judge ruled that although Baluchi's leaving Dubai a few days prior to the attacks was among the reasons for his capture, it was not relevant to seek records from his employer.", "Since the tribunal did not locate the individuals, Baluchi submit two statements he had written himself as what he believed his co-workers would say, and what he believed his Israeli roommates would say.", "In his defence, Baluchi argued that he often acted as a \"businessman\" to supplement his income, and thus his signature, telephone number and similar details were easily obtained in Dubai.", "He admitted dealing with Marwan al-Shehhi, but said that \"when [he] approached me, he never declared himself as 'hijacker Marwan al Shehhi'.", "He approached me the same way he approached other individuals and companies in the U.S., a man wanting to do business\".", "First military commission\n\nIn February 2008, Baluchi was committed to a joint trial, charged with conspiracy, attacking civilians and civilian objects, causing serious bodily injury, murder, destruction of property, hijacking, terrorism and providing material support for terrorism.", "Al Baluchi, Walid Bin Attash, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed chose to serve as their own attorney.", "They requested laptops, and internet access, in order to prepare their defences.", "In October 2008 Ralph Kohlmann ruled that the men be provided with the computers, but not the internet access.", "Al Baluchi's request said he was a Microsoft Certified software engineer.", "On 8 December 2008, Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wished to plead guilty; however, the plea would be delayed until after mental competency hearings for Hawsawi and bin al-Shibh.", "Mohammed said, \"We want everyone to plead together.\"", "January 2009 Executive Order to Close Guantanamo\n\nOn 22 January 2009, United States President Barack Obama issued Executive Order 13492, ordering a halt to the Guantanamo military commission as part of the overall closure of Guantanamo Bay Detention Camp.", "On 21 April 2009, United States Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell cited \"Ali Abd al-Azeez Ali\" as an example of the kind of captive United States President Barack Obama might free in the United States when he closes the camp in January 2010, because he didn't know what else to do with him.", "Second military commission\n\nIn October 2011, in an operation called the \"baseline review,\" the prison seized all legal materials belonging to \"high-value detainees,\" starting with Abd al-Rahim al-Nashiri.", "The prison also announced that it would change its previous policy and begin reviewing legal mail for its content.", "In response, the Chief Defense Counsel (United States) ordered the attorneys under his supervision to stop sending privileged communications to Guantanamo prisoners.", "Under the Chief Defense Counsel (United States) policy, Al-Baluchi could not receive mail from his attorneys until November 2013.", "On 4 April 2012, the Department of Defense referred Guantanamo military commission charges against al Baluchi and four other men for participation in the conspiracy leading up to the September 11 attacks.", "On 5 May 2012, Military Judge James Pohl arraigned al Baluchi, and appointed attorneys to represent him.", "Hearing of 17 September 2019, considers the admissibility of clean team evidence\n\nDuring a preliminary hearing, held on 17 September 2019, the prosecution released a transcript from a conversation al-Baluchi had with another captive, when they were in two nearby recreation yards.", "It had not been known, until the release of this transcript, that the recreation yards contained hidden listening devices.", "According to an article by Carol Rosenberg, published in The New York Times, Camp Seven had at least two recreation yards.", "Captives got a whole recreation yard to themselves, during their outdoor recreation time.", "But they could hear other captives in nearby yards, and could communicate with them, by yelling.", "Prosecutors claimed the transcript's discussion of a confession al Baluchi was considering, drafted for him by fellow captive Ramzi bin al-Shibh, was evidence of al Baluchi's guilt.", "His defense attorney's argued that his willingness to consider a confession was an after effect of his years of torture.", "The purpose of the hearing was to help a new judge, W. Shane Cohen, make a decision as to whether confessions given to the \"clean team\" were still compromised by al Baluchi's torture.", "Zero Dark Thirty\n\nA fictionalized account of al-Baluchi's interrogation at black sites is depicted in the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty.", "The character Ammar is portrayed by Reda Kateb.", "Al-Baluchi has complained that the United States has provided more information to the filmmakers Kathryn Bigelow and Mark Boal about al-Baluchi's treatment in CIA custody than it has to Baluchi's own attorneys.", "The CIA acknowledged that the character Ammar is based on al-Baluchi.", "In the film, CIA interrogator Dan Fuller and other characters repeatedly describe Ammar as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's nephew.", "Fuller also references the arrest of Ammar and describes his role as the financial facilitator in the 9/11 attacks.", "\"The first 25 minutes of the movie are largely taken up with torture: Ammar is strung up, beaten, water boarded and kept awake for 96 hours straight.\"", "References\n\nCitations\n\nBooks and journal articles\n\nExternal links\n\"Al Qaeda Agent's 9/11 Role Comes Into Focus\", L.A. Times, May 21, 2006.", "Pentagon charges 6 in 9-11 attacks\n'Clean team' interrogated 9-11 suspects\n\n1977 births\nLiving people\nBaloch people\nPeople from Kuwait City\nPeople from Karachi\nKuwaiti al-Qaeda members\nPakistani al-Qaeda members\nDetainees of the Guantanamo Bay detention camp\nKuwaiti extrajudicial prisoners of the United States\nPakistani extrajudicial prisoners of the United States\nPeople associated with the September 11 attacks\nKuwaiti expatriates in Pakistan\nPakistani expatriates in the United Arab Emirates\nKuwaiti people of Pakistani descent\nKuwaiti people of Yemeni descent\nPakistani people of Yemeni descent\nYemeni people of Pakistani descent" ]

[ "Ammar Al-Baluchi is a Pakistan citizen who is in the custody of the U.S.", "He is accused of \"facilitating the 9/11 attackers, acting as a courier for Osama bin Laden and plot to crash a plane packed with explosives into the U.S. consulate in Karachi.\"", "According to U.S. officials, he was a key lieutenant in the execution of Khalid Sheikh Muhammad and Ramzi Yousef.", "The scientist convicted of shooting at US soldiers and imprisoned in the United States was married to him.", "The United Nations called for his immediate release.", "Ammar al-Baluchi is the maternal nephew of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed and cousin of Ramzi Yousef, who were involved in the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.", "The family of al-Baluchi is from the Baluch ethnic group.", "The family matriarch and her brother were preachers.", "The family moved to Kuwait in the 1960s.", "Baluchi is a citizen of Pakistan but spent most of his teenage years in Iran.", "He dressed in Western clothes and introduced himself as a businessman, but had been \"groomed\" by his cousins and uncles to join their war.", "His \"chief mentor\" was his cousin and 1993 World Trade Center bombing orchestrator Ramzi Yousef, who taught him about the importance of war against the West.", "He worked at Mohammed's honey-processing company in Karachi for a while before being hired in 1998 as a computer technician for Modern Electronics Corporation.", "According to some evidence given at the Combatant Status Review Tribunal, he was very open minded and western oriented, while his ex-wife told investigators he was a very strict Muslim who opposed his wife's leaving the home.", "According to a U.S. government biography, Baluchi \"volunteered his services\" to uncle KSM in 1997.", "According to U.S. officials, the majority of money that came to the Saudi hijackers was transferred through Baluchi and Mustafa al-Hawsawi.", "He helped them with plane tickets, traveler's checks, and hotel reservations, as well as teaching them about everyday aspects of life in the West, according to the 9/11 Commission.", "Baluchi claims that he helped people in the city with things to supplement their income, but he had no way of knowing if they were criminals.", "Baluchi used his passport to open a bank account under the name \"Ali\" and listed his employer's address as PO box 16958, Jebel Ali, Dubai.", "He was introduced to Marwan al-Shehhi by his uncle, who asked him to help transfer money from Shehhi's company to his company in the United States in order to avoid banking fees.", "An order using Shehhi's credit card had a flight simulation program, a flight deck video, and some flight attendant literature shipped to Baluchi's work address.", "Baluchi shipped them to his uncle.", "Baluchi sent a wire transfer of $5,000 to the administrator of the Islamic Center of San Diego using his PO Box, passport and phone number.", "According to Rafeaa, Nawaf al-Hazmi asked him to accept the money on his behalf.", "Baluch received 16 calls from a pre-paid Voicestream mobile purchased in Manhattan on June 4th, 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Baluchi insisted that he only ever spoke with Shehhi, who hired him, after the phone was turned off.", "Baluchi told Mohammed that he couldn't do all of the additional work himself, and his uncle told him that he would co-ordinate with him to act as an assistant.", "Shehhi picked it up after a man named \"Isam Mansur\" wired $5,000 to the Western Union.", "There were two payments into Shehhi's Sun Trust account from the Exchange Center, a $10,000 payment from \"Isam Mansur\" and a $9,500 payment from \"Isam Mansour\".", "Baluchi opened a bank account using his name, passport and phone number.", "A $20,000 payment from Baluchi's bank account to Shehhi's Sun Trust account on 29 August gave a phone number one digit different from the one given by Isam Mansour.", "Shehhi's account was paid $70,000 from the same exchange centre.", "On August 29th, Hani gave a telephone number one digit removed from the one Baluchi used on the transfer from his bank account.", "Baluchi gave Hani Hanjour $3,000 to open a new bank account, and later deposited $5,000 in the account which Hanjour later accessed from ATMs in the United States.", "Baluchi helped al-Ghamdi purchase a cell phone.", "INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "The 9/11 Commission Report stated that he \"lied on the unremarkable nature of his transactions, which were essentially invisible amid the billions of dollars flowing daily across the globe.\"", "Baluchi applied for a visa to travel to the United States for a week after his employer announced the closing of their branch and the government sent notices to employees that their work permits had been revoked.", "He moved back to Pakistan a few days before the attacks because he appeared to be an economic immigrant.", "Baluchi saw his uncle several times when he came to visit after moving back in with his parents.", "According to a biography written by the CIA, after the Taliban was driven from power, al-Balouchi helped organize the movement of al-Qaeda operatives and their families to safehouses in Pakistan.", "According to US government information, KSM had a role in the communication between al-Qaeda and \"shoe bomber\" Saajid Badat.", "In 2002 he helped his uncle prepare operatives for travel from Pakistan to the United States to carry out attacks.", "The plan to hijack airliners and crash them into London's Heathrow airport was set aside in order to focus on a plan to bomb the US Consulate and other Western targets in Pakistan.", "He and his uncle prepared Majid Khan and others for travel to the United States to conduct terrorist operations.", "A plan by Jemaah Islamiyya to attack US and Israeli targets in Southeast Asia was financed by the sending of Majid Khan to Thailand.", "He told investigators that he helped his uncle arrange travel visas for people but didn't know if they were militant or not.", "The brother-in-law of Khalid Sheikh Mohammed was questioned by the FBI.", "He said that Baluchi and his uncle would pick up people from the airport.", "His uncle was arrested in March of 2003", "Baluchi was with Walid bin 'Attash for two months.", "Baluchi took charge of some of the new attacks being planned after his uncle's arrest.", "Aafia was married to Baluchi.", "She was accused of being an al-Qaeda member and in February 2010 was convicted of assault with a deadly weapon and attempting to kill U.S. soldiers and FBI agents who were trying to question her while she was in custody.", "The marriage was confirmed by Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's family.", "The family of Siddiqui denies she was married to Baluchi.", "After her arrest, Aafia told the FBI that she went into hiding with the al-Baluchi clan after learning she was wanted by the US government.", "She married Baluchi because she couldn't live in the same house with an unmarried man.", "Female al-Baluchi family members were present at their wedding in the inner courtyard of the house.", "She describes him as a good man who is wrongly accused.", "Siddiqui repudiated all statements given to the FBI.", "The marriage lasted a few months.", "Mohammed Hussein, one of KSM's uncles, said that Baluchi became \"irritated\" with Aafia's \"liberal way of life\".", "Baluchi divorced Aafia after he was arrested.", "Siddiqui and al-Attash were captured and treated in the US.", "After his arrest, al-Baluchi was kept in CIA custody at undisclosed locations until he was transferred to the Gitmo Bay Prison in Cuba.", "According to Human Rights Watch, he was held in the CIA prison system.", "Many so-called \"enhanced interrogation techniques\" were used by the CIA to torture al-Baluchi.", "Al-Baluchi was forcibly dunked into a tub filled with ice water after he was tortured.", "CIA interrogators forcibly kept his head under water while he struggled to breathe and beat him repeatedly with a truncheon-like object hitting him and smashing his head against a wall.", "A copy of a letter to Osama bin Laden from Saudi scholars, a computer disk with a draft of a letter to bin Laden, and a perfume bottle with low-concentration cyanide were all in Baluchi's possession.", "Baluchi is accused of discussing the possibility of exporting explosives to the United States through textile companies, but he claims to have no knowledge of what is being said.", "The arrested were Jawad al-Bashar and Farzand Shah.", "On 7 November 2003 a prisoner said that Ramzi bin al-Shibh had asked Mohammed if he could travel to the US to help with any potential plots, just three months before.", "This is a reference to Baluchi.", "According to US investigators, Baluchi told them that al-Qaeda had set up a biological weapons lab and he asked Aafia Siddiqui, who has a biology degree from MIT, how long it would take to develop such weapons.", "She was willing to participate in a biological weapons project if al- Qaeda asked her to do so.", "Bauchi is alleged to have been involved in another plot.", "According to his file, he told interrogators that he was aware of a plan to attack the airport in January 2003 and that he wanted to get help from a more senior al- Qaeda figure.", "An \"analyst note\" in the files notes that the plot called for \"crashing numerous airplanes into Heathrow, with a secondary explosion immediately outside of the airport as a diversion\".", "It collapsed after the arrest of KSM.", "Baluchi was transferred from a black site location to a detention camp.", "He was given the number 10018 and is currently being held at a secret site at the Gitmo base.", "There are suspicions of grave human rights concerns regarding the conditions inside.", "The military commission ordered James G. Connell, III to visit Al-Baluchi.", "The Combatant Status Review Tribunals were ruled unconstitutional by the US District Court.", "The Department of Defense scheduled Tribunals for the 14 high-value captives who were transferred from covert CIA custody.", "The Combatant Status Review Tribunal's Summary of Evidence memo was drafted in February of 2007.", "Baluchi cooperated with the tribunal.", "Although he wasn't able to testify about his lack of connection to al-Qaeda, he was allowed to have statements from his legal representatives.", "The statements by Mohammed and bin al-Shibh were put forward as evidence, but not the statement by Paracha.", "Baluchi wanted Modern Electronics Corporation personnel to testify that he had no connections to militant forces, and that his employee records would show that he left several days before.", "It was not relevant to seek records from Baluchi's employer because he was captured because of his departure a few days prior to the attacks.", "Since the tribunal did not locate the individuals, Baluchi submitted two statements he had written himself, which he believed his co-workers would say.", "Baluchi argued that his signature, telephone number, and similar details were easy to obtain in the Middle East because he acted as a \"businessman\" to supplement his income.", "He admitted dealing with Marwan al-Shehhi, but denied that he was a hijacker.", "He approached me the same way he approached other individuals and companies in the U.S., a man wanting to do business.", "Baluchi was charged with conspiracy, attacking civilians and civilian objects, causing serious bodily injury, murder, destruction of property, hijacking, terrorism and providing material support for terrorism.", "They chose to serve as their own attorneys.", "In order to prepare their defences, they requested laptops and internet access.", "The internet access was not provided to the men in October 2008.", "He said he was a Microsoft Certified software engineer.", "Khalid Sheikh Mohammed told the judge that he and the other four indictees wanted to plead guilty, but the plea would be delayed until after mental competency hearings for two of them.", "Mohammed wants everyone to plead together.", "On January 22, 2009, the United States President Barack Obama issued an Executive Order that halted the military commission at the military base in Cuba.", "The kind of captive United States President Barack Obama might free in the United States when he closes the camp in January 2010 was cited by United States Senate minority leaderMitch McConnell.", "The second military commission took place in October of 2011.", "The prison said it would change its policy and begin reviewing legal mail.", "The Chief Defense Counsel ordered the attorneys to stop sending privileged communications to the prisoners.", "The Chief Defense Counsel policy prevented Al-Baluchi from receiving mail from his attorneys until November.", "The Department of Defense referred charges against al Baluchi and four other men for their involvement in the conspiracy leading up to the September 11 attacks.", "Attorneys were appointed to represent al Baluchi after he was indicted by a military judge.", "The prosecution released a transcript from a conversation al-Baluchi had with another captive, when they were in two nearby recreation yards.", "There were hidden listening devices in the recreation yards.", "The New York Times reported that Camp Seven had at least two recreation yards.", "During their outdoor recreation time, captives have a whole recreation yard to themselves.", "They could communicate with other captives by yelling.", "The transcript's discussion of a confession al Baluchi was considering, drafted for him by fellow captive Ramzi bin al-Shibh, was evidence of his guilt according to prosecutors.", "His defense attorney argued that his willingness to consider a confession was a result of his years of torture.", "The purpose of the hearing was to help the new judge make a decision as to whether the confessions given to the \"clean team\" were still compromised by al Baluchi's torture.", "In the 2012 film Zero Dark Thirty, a fictionalized account of al-Baluchi's interrogation at black sites is depicted.", "Reda Kateb portrays the character Ammar.", "The United States has provided more information to the filmmakers about al-Baluchi's treatment in CIA custody than it has to Baluchi's own attorneys.", "The character Ammar is based on al-Baluchi, according to the CIA.", "The characters in the film describe Ammar as Khalid Sheikh Mohammed's nephew.", "Ammar was arrested for his role in the 9/11 attacks.", "Ammar is strung up, beaten, water boarded and kept awake for 96 hours in the first 25 minutes of the movie.", "The article \"Al Qaeda Agent's 9/11 Role Comes Into Focus\" was published in the L.A. Times.", "People from Kuwait City, Baloch people, and al-Qaeda members are accused by the Pentagon of being involved in the 9-11 attacks." ]

[ "Ammar Al", "Ammar al", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar" ]

[ "Ammar Al", "Ammar al", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar", "Ammar" ]

[ "Paoli Dam (born 1980) is an Indian actress who started her career with the Bengali television serial Jibon Niye Khela (2003).", "She then worked in Bengali television serials such as Tithir Atithi and Sonar Harin; the former ran for six years on ETV Bangla.", "Dam spent her childhood in Kolkata, earning a postgraduate degree in chemistry from Rajabazar Science College.", "Initially, she wanted to become a chemical researcher or a pilot.", "Her debut Bengali film—Teen Yaari Katha, directed by Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha—began in 2004, but was not released until 2012.", "Dam's first film release was Agnipariksha, directed by Ravi Kinagi.", "Between 2006 and 2009, she appeared in five Bengali films, coming into prominence with the 2009 Kaalbela, directed by Goutam Ghose.", "In 2011, she received international recognition for her role in the Bengali film Chatrak.", "The film was screened at the Cannes film festival and also at film festivals in Toronto and the U.K.", "In 2012, Dam made her Bollywood debut in Hate Story and also appeared in Vikram Bhatt's Ankur Arora Murder Case, directed by Sohail Tatari.", "She won the Viewers' Choice Award for Best Actress for her performance in Natoker Moto at the Hyderabad Bengali Film Festival in 2016.", "Early life and education\nDam was born in Kolkata, West Bengal to a Bengali family, which is originally from Faridpur (now in Bangladesh).", "Her father and mother are Amol and Papiya Dam respectively.", "She also has a brother, Mainak.", "Dam attended Loreto School in Bowbazar, before passing her Higher Secondary Examination.", "She was a good student, winning scholarships.", "Dam was admitted to Vidyasagar College, affiliated with the University of Calcutta, graduating with a degree in chemistry.", "She earned a postgraduate degree in chemistry from the Rajabazar Science College Campus of the University of Calcutta.", "She learnt classical dance and was also interested in theater from an early age, but she never aspired to become an actor.", "Career\n\nTelevision career \nDam began her acting career in Bengali television serials.", "In 2003, she appeared in Jibon Niye Khela, for Zee Bangla and later in the ETV Bangla serial Tithir Atithi, directed by Jishu Dasgupta; the latter ran for six years.", "The actress also appeared in Tarpor Chand Uthlo, Sonar Harin and Jaya.", "Dam has said that she has learned a great deal from Bengali television, and it groomed her for a film career.", "Bengali film career\n\n2006–2008\nDam's debut Bengali film Teen Yaari Katha, (directed by Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha), began in 2004, but was not released until 2012.", "Her first film release was Agnipariksha (2006).", "The film was directed by Ravi Kinagi and produced by Debendra Kuchar; Dam played a supporting role.", "The actress next appeared in Tulkalam (2007), directed by Haranath Chakraborty and produced by Pijush Saha.", "Mithun Chakraborty and Rachana Banerjee played the lead male and female characters, respectively.", "Dam's third Bengali film release was I Love You, in which she had a supporting role as the heroine's friend.", "In 2008 the actress appeared in the Bengali film Hochheta Ki, a comedy of errors directed by Basu Chatterjee, in which Dam played a Bengali housewife.", "2009–2011 \nIn 2009 Dam appeared in seven Bengali films, and came into focus with the success of Kaalbela (directed by Goutam Ghose).", "Based on a Bengali novel by Samaresh Majumdar, the film's background was the Naxalite movement of the 1980s.", "Dam played Madhabilata, the girlfriend of a young Naxalite leader, and her performance was praised.", "In its review, The Times of India appreciated: \"Pauli, who plays Madhabilata with such integrity that the pain in her eyes and the romance in her voice charms viewers to believe that she has it in her to lend her face to everything that Madhabilita has epitomised\".", "In an interview, Dam said the film was a \"turning point\" in her career: \"Everybody needs a platform Kalbela gave me the platform.", "I had to prove myself\".", "Her other six films released that year were Hochchheta ki, directed by Basu Chatterjee; Jamai Raja, directed by Swapan Saha; Box No.", "1313; Mallick Bari; Shob Charitro Kalponik, directed by Rituparno Ghosh and Tinmurti.", "In 2010, Dam appeared in eleven Bengali films, including Tara (directed by Bratya Basu), Takhan Teish (directed by Atanu Ghosh), Moner Manush (directed by Goutam Ghose), Kagojer Bou (directed by Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay) and Banshiwala (directed by Anjan Das); five of the eleven are unreleased.", "Moner Manush was Dam's second film with Ghose; in this film she played Komli, a Baul.", "In its review, The Times of India found Dam making \"sincere efforts in portraying the role of Kamli\".", "The actress later said in an interview that she learned a great deal from working with Ghose.", "In 2011, Dam appeared in Chatrak, directed by the Sri Lankan Vimukthi Jayasundara.", "The actress played Paoli, a Bengali girl, and the film triggered controversy in India when an explicit unstimulated no-body-double sex scene with Dam and Anubrata Basu was leaked on the Internet.", "2012–present \nIn 2012, Dam's first Hindi film Hate Story was released; she also appeared in three Bengali films: Bedroom (directed by Mainak Bhaumik), Elar Char Adhyay (directed by Bappaditya Bandyopadhyay) and Teen Yaari Katha (the actress' first film appearance, directed by Sudeshna Roy and Abhijit Guha).", "Bedrooms story line revolved around the lives of Kolkata urban couples; Dam played Priyanka, a bored and irritable housewife.", "Elar Char Adhyay was based on Rabindranath Tagore's literary work Char Adhyay, and was set in British Raj India during the 1940s.", "Dam played Ela, teacher of a group fighting for Indian independence.", "Her acting was praised; The Indian Express found Dam's characterization of Ela \"wonderful\" and The Times of India wrote: \"Those who thought Paoli's \"Hate Story\" outing was all about being bold will be pleasantly surprised by her sheer maturity in reinterpreting boldness in the context of an era long left behind\".", "In Teen Yaari Katha, the actress played a supporting role.", "Dam also appeared in Mainak Bhaumik's Family Album.", "The film, also starring Swastika Mukherjee, deals with an MMS scandal.", "In 2014, Dam acted in Chaya Manush.", "In the film, directed by Arindam De, she played Trisha, a journalist.", "Later that year, Dam acted in Obhishopto Nighty (cursed nighty), directed by Birsa Dasgupta.", "Dam played the character of Miss Monica, a Bengali bar singer of the 1980s in the comedy-romantic film.", "Dam said that she was initially reluctant to accept the role, but later realised that it was a \"love story\".", "Her next releases were the drama film Sada Canvas and the romantic comedy Hercules, directed by Abhijit Guha and Sudeshna Roy.", "Dam described her character in Hercules, Minu, as \"practical, grounded and not driven by emotions\".", "Her first 2015 release was Anjan Das' Ajana Batash, in which she played Deepa, who works in an ad agency in Kolkata, \"lost in depression amongst all the affluence\".", "Dam's upcoming films include Debesh Chattopadhyay's Natoker Moto - Like a Play which, according to Dam, was a \"fictional biopic of a famous actress of the Bengali stage during the 1970s\", Auroni Taukhon by Saurav Chakraborty, which is a love story set against the background of communal riots, and Swarup Ghosh's rom-com Tobuo Aparichito.", "Bollywood career \n\nIn 2012, Dam made her Bollywood debut in Hate Story, directed by Vivek Agnihotri and produced by Vikram Bhatt.", "The film had female protagonists; Dam played Kavyah Krishna, a sex worker.", "In the film, she and her friend Vicky pull off a caper against one of India's biggest business tycoons.", "Dam's performance in this film received a lukewarm response.", "The Times of India in its review:\nPaoli Dam doesn't disappoint one bit on the latter aspect, she is not bad in terms of her acting abilities either.", "She doesn't incite the pathos that one could fervently feel for her character's plight.", "But though her act is not accomplished, she manages to pull off her role quite well.", "After the film's commercial success, producer Vikram Bhatt planned a sequel, in which Dam was replaced by Surveen Chawla.", "After Hate Story, Dam appeared in Vikram Bhatt's next film Ankur Arora Murder Case.", "The film, directed by Sohail Tatari, is based on the true story of a young boy who died in an operating room due to medical negligence.", "Dam plays a lawyer fighting for justice.", "In an interview, she described her role: \"It's something very real and close to life and it's a de-glamourised role.", "It's something that I really enjoyed playing\".", "After attending a special screening of the film in Mumbai, Indian film critic and journalist Taran Adarsh called Dam and said that she should work more in Bollywood.", "Dam performed an item number in the 2014 comedy-horror film Gang of Ghosts, directed by Satish Kaushik.", "Dam is scheduled to appear in the Hindi film Yaara Silly Silly, directed by Subhash Sehgal.", ", she will also appear in Ashuu Trikha's thriller Jee Jaan Se (with Kay Kay Menon and Raveena Tandon) as a homemaker whose life is shattered after the death of her husband.", "According to a 25 April 2013 article in The Times of India, after working in two Vikram Bhatt films, Dam has been offered a third (also a thriller).", "Other films \nIn 2012, Dam began working on the Konkani film Baga Beach, directed by Laxmikant Shetgaonkar.", "The actress said in an interview: \"I like working in different kinds of films.", "I met Laxmikant Shetgaonkar at the Cannes film festival in 2011 and later heard his script for Baga Beach and liked it.", "I thought it would be a very unique experience working in a Konkani film.", "And I thought 15 to 20 days of commitment to a film is not much to give\".", "Work\n\nFilmography \n\nActor\n\nTelevision\n\nWeb series\n\nPlayback singer\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \n \n\n1980 births\nLiving people\nActresses from Kolkata\nBengali people\nActresses in Bengali cinema\nActresses in Hindi cinema\nIndian film actresses\nIndian television actresses\nIndian soap opera actresses\n21st-century Indian actresses\nBengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners\nVidyasagar College alumni\nUniversity of Calcutta alumni\n20th-century Indian actresses" ]

[ "The Indian actress started her career with a Bengali television serial.", "Tithir Atithi and Sonar Harin were both serials that she ran for six years on ETV Bangla.", "Dam earned a postgraduate degree in chemistry from Rajabazar Science College.", "She wanted to become 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Teen Yaari Katha was directed by Sudeshna Roy and was released in 2012", "Dam's first film was directed by Ravi Kinagi.", "She appeared in five Bengali films between 2006 and 2009, the last of which was directed by Goutam Ghose.", "She received international recognition for her role in the Bengali film.", "At film festivals in Toronto and the U.K., the film was shown.", "In 2012 Dam made her Bollywood debut in Hate Story, directed by Sohail Tatari.", "She won the Viewers' Choice Award for her performance in Natoker Moto.", "Dam was born in Kolkata, West Bengal to a Bengali family originally from Bangladesh.", "Her parents are Amol and Papiya Dam.", "Mainak is her brother.", "She passed her Higher Secondary Examination after attending a school in Bowbazar.", "She won scholarships and was a good student.", "Dam graduated from the University of Calcutta with a degree in chemistry.", "She obtained a postgraduate degree in chemistry from the University of Calcutta.", "She was interested in theater from an early age, but she never wanted to be an actor.", "Dam began her acting career in Bengali television serials.", "She appeared in both Tithir Atithi and Jibon Niye Khela, which ran for six years.", "The actress appeared in a number of films.", "Dam said that she was groomed for a film career because she learned a lot from Bengali television.", "Teen Yaari Katha, Dam's debut Bengali film, began in 2004, but was not released until 2012.", "Her first film was a comedy.", "Dam played a supporting role in the film.", "The actress next appeared in a movie.", "The lead male and female characters were played by two people.", "I Love You was Dam's third Bengali film and she had a supporting role.", "Dam played a Bengali housewife in the 2008 Bengali film Hochheta Ki, a comedy of errors.", "Dam appeared in seven Bengali films in 2009, and came into focus with the success of Kaalbela.", "The film's background was the Naxal movement of the 1980s.", "Dam played the girlfriend of a young Naxal leader and her performance was praised.", "The Times of India said that Pauli, who plays Madhabilita, has it in her to lend her face to everything that Madhabilita has done.", "The film was a turning point in Dam's career, she said in an interview.", "I had to prove myself.", "Hochchheta ki, directed by Basu Chatterjee, was one of her six films that year.", "Shob Charitro Kalponik was directed by Tinmurti.", "Dam appeared in eleven Bengali films in 2010, including Tara, Takhan Teish, Moner Manush, Kagojer Bou, and Ban.", "Dam's second film with Ghose was Moner Man; she played Komli, a Baul.", "Dam made \"sincere efforts in portraying the role of Kamli\" in The Times of India's review.", "The actress said in an interview that she learned a lot from working with Ghose.", "The film Dam was directed by the Sri Sri.", "An explicit no-body-double sex scene with Dam and Anubrata Basu was leaked on the Internet and triggered controversy in India.", "Hate Story was Dam's first Hindi film and she also appeared in three Bengali films.", "Dam played a housewife in the Bedrooms story line.", "British Raj India was where Elar Char Adhyay was set during the 1940s.", "The teacher of the group fighting for Indian independence was played by Dam.", "The Indian Express found Dam's portrayal of Ela wonderful and The Times of India wrote that those who thought Paoli's \"Hate Story\" outing was all about being bold will be pleasantly surprised by her maturity.", "The actress played a supporting role.", "Dam was in Mainak Bhaumik's family album.", "The film deals with a scandal.", "Dam acted in a movie.", "She played a journalist in the film.", "Dam acted in a cursed nighty.", "The character of Miss Monica was played by Dam.", "Dam was initially reluctant to accept the role, but later realized that it was a love story.", "Her next films were the drama Sada Canvas and the romantic comedy Hercules.", "Dam said her character in Hercules, Minu was grounded and not driven by emotions.", "Her first release of the year was Anjan Das' Ajana Batash, in which she played Deepa, who was lost in depression amongst all the affluence.", "Dam's upcoming films include Debesh Chattopadhyay's Natoker Moto - Like a Play which, according to Dam, was a \"fictional biopic of a famous actress of the Bengali stage during the 1970s\".", "Dam made her Bollywood debut in Hate Story.", "Dam played a sex worker in the film.", "In the film, she and her friend pull off a caper against one of India's biggest business tycoons.", "The response to Dam's performance waslukewarm.", "The Times of India said that Paoli Dam is not bad in terms of her acting abilities.", "She doesn't make the pathos that one could feel for her character's plight.", "She manages to pull off her role despite her act not being accomplished.", "The sequel was planned after the film's commercial success.", "After Hate Story, Dam appeared in a film.", "The true story of a young boy who died in an operating room due to medical carelessness is the basis of the film.", "Dam is fighting for justice.", "She described her role as a de-glamourised one in an interview.", "It's something that I enjoyed playing.", "After attending a special screening of the film in Mumbai, Indian film critic and journalist Taran Adarsh called Dam and said that she should work more in Bollywood.", "In the film Gang of Ghosts, Dam performed an item number.", "Dam is going to appear in a Hindi film.", "She will play a homemaker who lost her life after the death of her husband in Ashuu Trikha's film.", "According to an article in The Times of India, after working in two films, Dam has been offered a third.", "In 2012 Dam began working on the Konkani film Baga Beach.", "The actress likes working in different kinds of films.", "I heard the script for Baga Beach at the film festival and liked it.", "It would be a unique experience working in a Konkani film.", "I didn't think 15 to 20 days of commitment to a film was much to give.", "Work Filmography actor Television Web series Playback singer References External links 1980 births Living people Actresses from Kolkata Bengali people Actresses in Bengali cinema Indian film actresses Indian television actresses Indian soap opera actresses 21st-century Indian actresses Bengal Film Journalists' Association Award winners" ]

[ "Paoli Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Paoli", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Paoli", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam" ]

[ "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", ". Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Paoli", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Paoli", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam", "Dam" ]

[ "Frank Woodley (born Frank Wood; 29 February 1968) is an Australian comedian, author, and musician who is best known for his work alongside Colin Lane as part of the comedic duo, Lano and Woodley.", "The two performed together for almost 20 years in live shows, a television series and an album of comedic songs, before deciding to pursue individual careers in 2006.", "They announced their reformation in November 2017.", "Personal life\nWoodley was born Frank Wood, the youngest of seven children.", "He grew up in suburban Melbourne, where his family ran a milk bar in Glen Waverley.", "He adopted the stage name Frank Woodley—drawn from a childhood nickname—when he began performing as part of the comedy duo Lano and Woodley in 1993, and in 2000 had his name changed by deed poll to avoid confusion.", "Frank is married and they have a son and a daughter, and live in Melbourne's inner north.", "Career\n\nLano and Woodley\n\nWoodley performed with fellow comedian Colin Lane as part of the duo Lano and Woodley for a period of almost 20 years.", "The two met through theatresports in the mid-1980s and first performed together at an open mike night at the Prince Patrick Hotel in Collingwood, Victoria in 1987 along with their friend Scott Casley, calling themselves the Found Objects.", "Over the next six years, the trio performed in venues throughout Australia and at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe.", "They became semi-regulars on ABC TV's The Big Gig, a show known for boosting the careers of new comedy acts, had their own commercial radio show for six months and were part of the short-lived Seven Network sketch show The Comedy Sale.", "When in 1992 Casley moved away to Alice Springs, Woodley and Lane decided to continue as a duo, drawing their name from childhood nicknames.", "As Lano and Woodley, the two adopt humorous onstage personas, with Woodley playing a \"goofy innocent\" who is frequently bullied by Lane's pompous, controlling character.", "Their first show as a comedy duo, \"Fence\", debuted in 1993.", "It toured throughout Australia, winning the Moosehead Award at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival for best act and was eventually taken to the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in 1994, where it won the prestigious Perrier Comedy Award.", "Subsequent live productions have included \"Curtains\", \"Glitzy\", \"Slick\", \"Bruiser\", \"The Island\" and their 2006 farewell show, \"Goodbye\".", "In 2000, they co-hosted the televised Melbourne Comedy Gala.", "Woodley and Lane have created two television shows together.", "The Adventures of Lano and Woodley, which premiered on the ABC in 1997, was a comedy series which featured the duo living together in a fictional suburban Melbourne flat and frequently getting into trouble.", "It aired for two seasons, becoming the first Australian show to be sold to the BBC and airing in 38 other countries.", "Although they were offered the opportunity to make the series in England, the pair decided to remain in Australia because they did not want to live in London.", "In 2004 their live show, The Island, was filmed as a TV special and aired on The Comedy Channel.", "The duo have also released an album, Lano & Woodley Sing Songs, and a novel, Housemeeting.", "In 2006, after close to 20 years of working together, Woodley and Lane decided to part ways.", "Woodley stated that the split was due to a desire to pursue new challenges.", "\"We just got to the stage where we felt we had to make a decision,\" he says.", "\"Either we were going to spend the next 20 years doing this, this'd be our career, our lives forever.", "And that wouldn't have been a terrible thing.", "Or we could go, 'Let's have a bit more variety in our lives'.\"", "In one final tour, the duo travelled through 37 Australian cities with their farewell show, \"Goodbye\".", "In 2018, the duo reprised their roles as Lano and Woodley for a show titled FLY, which won the 2018 Melbourne Comedy Festival People’s Choice Award.", "Solo work\n\nWoodley made his solo debut in 2003 at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival with \"The Happy Dickwit\", a show about \"a whole lot of unrelated ideas\".", "He has since performed a number of solo stand-up shows, and in 2008 debuted a one-man play entitled \"Possessed\".", "Directed by Kate Denborough and featuring music from Paul Mac, \"Possessed\" is the story of Louie, a lonely recluse who falls in love with, and becomes possessed by, the ghost of a 19th-century shipwreck victim.", "Woodley says that the show came out of the desire to do a big solo show and his interest in doing a romantic comedy: \"So I was thinking that maybe I could do a solo romantic comedy where I fell in love with myself.", "Although it was just a stupid joke initially, I started thinking about having a ghost possess me and then I fall in love with the ghost.", "I have to help free her from the curse she's under.\"", "The show has toured both nationally and internationally, and draws inspiration from Buster Keaton, Charlie Chaplin, Don Adams, Peter Sellers, Jerry Lewis and Laurel and Hardy.", "Woodley played a television vet named \"Frank Woodley\" in the twelfth episode of the 1998 Australia television series The Games.", "Woodley has made regular guest appearances on Australian television, including Spicks and Specks, Good News Week, Thank God You're Here, The Sideshow, Big Question, Rove Live, Australia's Brainiest Comedian & Show Me the Movie!.", "In 2008, he appeared in a series of television advertisements for Metlink promoting public transport in Melbourne, in particular buses.", "In 2007, Woodley performed in the stage show The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), a 97-minute production which encompasses 37 Shakespearian plays.", "From 2008 to 2009, Woodley cohosted a classic Aussie comedy block on The Comedy Channel called Aussie Gold every Saturday night.", "In 2012, Woodley had a small role in Australian comedy film, Kath & Kimderella.", "In 2015, he co-starred as the dogcatcher in Oddball.", "Aside from being a comedian, Woodley is also a children's author and is writing a series of children's books called \"Kizmet\".", "In 2020, Woodley participated in the first season of the Amazon Prime comedy competition series \"LOL: Last One Laughing\", going on to win the grand prize.", "Woodley\nA new television project entitled Woodley screened during 2012.", "It is a half-hour visual comedy about a largely innocent-seeming man who is caught up in real-world problems.", "The series follows his attempts to bond with his daughter and his estranged wife (Justine Clarke), though this proves difficult for the accident-prone Woodley, as she tries to move forward with her life with her new partner Greg.", "The show was announced with a number of other projects in a $1.2 million funding from the Victorian government.", "The show premiered on Wednesday 22 February at 8.00pm on ABC1.", "The show is built around an extensive use of visual (often slapstick) humour, rather than dialogue, although this is also used sparingly.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1968 births\nLiving people\nAustralian male comedians" ]

[ "Frank Woodley is an Australian comedian, author, and musician who is best known for his work alongside Colin Lane as part of the comedy duo, Lano and Woodley.", "After performing together for almost 20 years in live shows, a television series and an album of comedy songs, the two decided to pursue their own careers.", "Their reformation was announced in November of last year.", "Frank Wood was the youngest of seven children.", "His family ran a milk bar in Glen Waverley when he was a child.", "He changed his name in 2000 to avoid confusion, and adopted the stage name Frank Woodley when he began performing as part of the comedy duo Lano and Woodley.", "Frank and his family live in the inner north of the city.", "Colin Lane was a part of the duo Lano and Woodley for almost 20 years.", "The two met through theatre sports in the 1980's and first performed together at an open night at the Prince Patrick Hotel in Victoria in 1987.", "The trio performed in venues throughout Australia and at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe over the next six years.", "They became semi-regulars on ABC TV's The Big Gig, a show known for boosting the careers of new comedy acts, had their own commercial radio show for six months, and were part of the short-lived Seven Network sketch show The Comedy Sale.", "In 1992 when Casley moved to Alice Springs, Woodley and Lane decided to continue as a duo, drawing their name from childhood nicknames.", "As Lano and Woodley, the two adopt humorous onstage personas, with Woodley playing a \"goofy innocent\" who is frequently bullied by Lane's controlling character.", "\"Fence\" was their first show as a comedy duo.", "It won the best act award at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival and went on to win the Perrier Comedy Award at the Edinburgh Festival.", "Subsequent live productions include \"Curtains\", \"Glitzy\", \"Slick\", \"Bruiser\", and their 2006 farewell show, \"Goodbye\".", "They hosted a Comedy Gala in 2000.", "Two television shows were created by Lane and Woodley.", "The ABC aired a comedy series about two people living together in a fictional suburb and getting into trouble.", "It was the first Australian show to be sold and aired in 38 other countries.", "They decided to stay in Australia because they didn't want to live in London.", "The Comedy Channel aired their live show, The Island, in 2004.", "An album, Lano & Woodley Sing Songs, and a novel, Housemeeting, have been released by the duo.", "After 20 years of working together, Woodley and Lane decided to part ways.", "The split was due to a desire to do new things.", "He says that they just got to the stage where they had to make a decision.", "If we were going to spend the next 20 years doing this, this would be our career and our lives forever.", "That wouldn't have been a bad thing.", "We could say, \"Let's have a bit more variety in our lives\".", "The duo traveled through 37 Australian cities for their farewell show.", "The duo reprised their roles as Lano and Woodley for a show titled FLY, which won the People's Choice Award.", "\"The Happy Dickwit\", a show about a whole lot of unrelated ideas, was the solo debut of Woodley.", "He performed a one-man play entitled \"Possessed\" in 2008 and has since performed a number of solo stand-up shows.", "\"Possessed\" was directed by Kate Denborough and features music from Paul Mac.", "The desire to do a big solo show and his interest in doing a romantic comedy led to the creation of the show.", "I fell in love with the ghost after I thought about having a ghost possess me.", "She's under a curse and I have to help her out.", "The show has toured both nationally and internationally.", "The twelfth episode of The Games featured a television vet named Frank Woodley.", "Spicks and Specks, Good News Week, Thank God You're Here, The Sideshow, Big Question, Rove Live, Australia's Brainiest Comedian and Show Me the Movie! have all been guest appearances on Australian television.", "He appeared in a series of television advertisements for Metlink in 2008 to promote public transport.", "The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) is a 97-minute production which includes 37 Shakespearian plays.", "The Comedy Channel broadcasted a classic Aussie comedy block called Aussie Gold from 2008 to 2009.", "In 2012 she had a small role in Kath & Kimderella.", "He played the dogcatcher in Oddball.", "A children's author and a comedian, Shatner is also writing a series of children's books called \"Kizmet\".", "She won the grand prize in the first season of the Amazon Prime comedy competition series \"LOL: Last One Laughing\" in 2020.", "During 2012 there was a new television project called Woodley.", "It is a half-hour visual comedy about a largely innocent-seeming man who is caught up in real-world problems.", "The series follows his attempts to bond with his daughter and his estranged wife, though this proves difficult for the accident prone Woodley, as she tries to move forward with her life with her new partner.", "A number of other projects were funded by the Victorian government.", "The premiere of the show was on ABC1.", "The show uses a lot of slapstick humour, but also uses a lot of dialogue.", "1969 births Living people Australian male comedians" ]

[ "Frank Woodley", "Frank Wood", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank Wood", "Frank Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley" ]

[ "Frank Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank Wood", "Frank Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Woodley", "Frank Woodleyder", "Woodley" ]

[ "Carlos Marighella (; 5 December 1911 – 4 November 1969) was a Brazilian politician, writer and guerrilla fighter of Marxist–Leninist orientation, accused of engaging in \"terrorist acts\" against the Brazilian military dictatorship.", "Marighella's most famous contribution to revolutionary struggle literature was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla.", "Biography\n\nMarighella was born in Salvador, Bahia, to Italian immigrant Augusto Marighella and Afro-Brazilian Maria Rita do Nascimento.", "His father was a blue-collar worker originally from Emilia, while his mother was a descendant of African slaves, brought from Sudan (Hausa blacks).", "He spent his young life at a house in Rua do Desterro, at the Baixa do Sapateiro neighbourhood, where he would graduate from primary and secondary education.", "In 1934, he left the Polytechnic School of Bahia, where he was pursuing a degree in civil engineering, in order to become an active member of the Brazilian Communist Party (PCB).", "He then moved to Rio de Janeiro to work in the restructuring of PCB.", "Arrests\nMarighella was first arrested in 1932, after he wrote an offensive poem about the administration of Bahia intervener Juracy Magalhães.", "On 1 May 1936, during the Getúlio Vargas time in presidency, he was once again arrested for subversion.", "He was arrested again by the political police led by Filinto Müller.", "He remained in jail for a year.", "He was released by \"macedada\" (the measure which freed political prisoners without pressing charges against them).", "After his release, he once again entered clandestinity, along with all members of PCB.", "He was recaptured in 1939.", "He was not released until 1945, when an amnesty during the democratization process of the country benefited all political prisoners.", "The following year, Marighella was elected constituent federal deputy by the Bahian branch of PCB, but he lost his office in 1948 under the new proscription of the party.", "Back in clandestinity, he occupied several offices in the leadership of the party.", "Invited by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Marighella visited China between 1953 and 1954 in order to learn more about the Chinese Communist Revolution.", "In May 1964, after the military coup, he was shot and arrested by agents of the Department of Social and Political Order (Departamento de Ordem Política e Social - DOPS), the political police, at a movie theater in Rio.", "He was released in the following year by a court order.", "Writing, founding the Ação Libertadora Nacional\nIn 1966, he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, opting for the armed struggle against the military dictatorship.", "Later that year, he renounced his office in the national leadership of PCB.", "In August 1967, he participated at the 1st Conference of Latin American Solidarity in Havana, contradicting what party had determined.", "In Havana, he wrote Some Questions About the Guerrillas in Brazil, dedicated to the memory of Che Guevara and made public by Jornal do Brasil on 5 September 1968.", "That same year he was expelled from PCB, and founded the Ação Libertadora Nacional (ALN) in February 1968.", "In September 1969, ALN members kidnapped the U.S. ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick in a coordinated move with the Revolutionary Movement 8th October (Movimento Revolucionário 8 de Outubro – MR-8).", "The group was responsible for several executions as well.", "Death\n\nAfter a series of successful robberies and kidnappings, the police force was determined to eliminate him.", "He was shot by police at an ambush at 8pm on 4 November 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca, São Paulo.", "This ambush was organized by police deputy Sérgio Paranhos Fleury, known for his work inside DOPS.", "Marighella was buried at Cemitério Público da Quinta dos Lázaros, a cemetery in Salvador, Bahia.", "His tombstone was designed by architect Oscar Niemeyer, and is the only grave monument designed by the architect.", "It bears a quote from Marighella: \"I didn't have time to be afraid\" (Não tive tempo para ter medo).", "Legacy\nMarighella's most famous contribution to revolutionary struggle literature was the Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla, consisting of advice on how to disrupt and overthrow a military regime as part of a Marxist revolution.", "Written shortly before his death in late 1969 in São Paulo, Minimanual was first published in North America by the Berkeley Tribe in Berkeley, California in July 1970 in an English edition.", "Marighella also wrote For the Liberation of Brazil.", "The theories laid out in both books have greatly influenced contemporary ideological activism.", "His ideas of revolution were complementary to Che Guevara's, who proposed guerrilla activity in the countryside, Marighella's theories on urban guerrilla warfare contemplated cities as a key point of support for the peasants' armed revolt.", "As an advocate of urban guerrilla warfare as means to assist a larger scale rural uprising, Marighella's work was the latest tome in the small library of guerrilla literature in the 20th century.", "In popular culture\nIn the 2019 drama Marighella, Marighella was portrayed by Seu Jorge; the film was accomplished actor Wagner Moura's directorial debut.", "The movie was exhibited at international film festivals, but Brazil's Agência Nacional do Cinema (National Agency of Cinema) barred it from distribution in Brazil, citing \"subversive elements\"; it finally appeared on Brazilian screens in November, 2021.", "References\n\nExternal links\n \"Pattern of Terror\", Time, 24 August 1970\n Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla by Carlos Marighella\n \"Estratégia para matar o terror\", Veja, 12 November 1969\n\n1911 births\n1969 deaths\nBrazilian people of Italian descent\nBrazilian revolutionaries\nPeople from Salvador, Bahia\nBrazilian people of African descent\nRevolution theorists\nBrazilian guerrillas\nBrazilian communists\nBrazilian rebels\nAnti-revisionists\nUrban guerrilla warfare theorists\nGuerrillas killed in action\nPeople shot dead by law enforcement officers in Brazil\nBrazilian Communist Party politicians\nFar-left politics in Brazil\nTerrorism in Brazil\nDead and missing in the fight against the military dictatorship in Brazil (1964–1985)" ]

[ "Carlos Marighella was accused of engaging in \"terrorist acts\" against the Brazilian military dictatorship.", "The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla is Marighella's most famous contribution to revolutionary struggle literature.", "Augusto Marighella and Maria Rita do Nascimento were Marighella's parents.", "His mother was a descendant of African slaves brought from Sudan and his father was a blue-collar worker.", "He graduated from primary and secondary education at a house in Rua do Desterro.", "In order to become an active member of the Brazilian Communist Party, he left the Polytechnic School of Bahia in 1934, where he was pursuing a degree in civil engineering.", "He moved to Rio to work on the restructuring of PCB.", "In 1932, Marighella was arrested after he wrote an offensive poem about the Juracy Magalhes.", "He was arrested for subversion again on 1 May 1936.", "He was arrested again by the political police.", "He was in jail for a year.", "macedada is a measure which freed political prisoners without pressing charges against them.", "Along with all members of PCB, he entered clandestinity after his release.", "He was captured in 1939.", "During the democratization process of the country he was not released until 1945.", "Marighella lost his office in 1948 due to the new proscription of the party.", "He was in the leadership of the party.", "Marighella was invited by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China to visit China in order to learn more about the Chinese Communist Revolution.", "In May 1964, after the military coup, he was shot and arrested by agents of the Department of Social and Political Order (Departamento de Ordem Poltica e Social - DOPS), the political police, at a movie theater in Rio.", "He was released by a court order.", "In 1966 he wrote The Brazilian Crisis, which was about the armed struggle against the military dictatorship.", "He gave up his office in the national leadership of the PCB.", "The 1st Conference of Latin American Solidarity was held in Havana in August 1967.", "Some Questions About the Guerrillas in Brazil, dedicated to the memory of Che Guevara, was published by Jornal do Brasil on 5 September 1968.", "The Ao Libertadora Nacional was founded in February 1968 after he was expelled from PCB.", "In 1969 ALN members kidnapped the U.S. ambassador Charles Burke Elbrick.", "Several executions were carried out by the group.", "The police force was determined to eliminate him after a series of successful robberies and kidnappings.", "He was shot by police at an ambush at 8pm on 4 November 1969 at 800 Alameda Casa Branca.", "The police deputy known for his work inside DOPS organized this ambush.", "Marighella was buried at a cemetery.", "The only grave monument designed by the architect was his tombstone.", "\"I didn't have time to be afraid\" is a quote from Marighella.", "The Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla is Legacy Marighella's most famous contribution to revolutionary struggle literature.", "Minimanual was first published in North America by the Berkeley Tribe in Berkeley, California in July 1970 in an English edition.", "For the Liberation of Brazil was written by Marighella.", "The theories laid out in both books have influenced ideological activism.", "His ideas of revolution were similar to those of Che Guevara and Marighella thought cities as a key point of support for the peasants' armed revolt.", "Marighella's work was the latest tome in the small library of guerrilla literature in the 20th century, as an advocate of urban guerrilla warfare as means to assist a larger scale rural uprising.", "In the drama Marighella, Seu Jorge portrayed Marighella, and the film was directorial debut of Wagner Moura.", "The movie was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "\"Estratégia para matar o terror\" is a Minimanual of the Urban Guerrilla written by Carlos Marighella." ]

[ "Carlos Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Augusto Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Carlos Marighella" ]

[ "Carlos Marighella", "Augusto Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Marighella", "Legacy Marighella", "Marighella" ]

[ "Isabel de Villena (Valencia, Crown of Aragon, 1430-1490) was the illegitimate child of Enrique de Villena an unknown noblewoman who rose to become the abbess of the Real Monasterio de la Trinidad of Valencia.", "As the first major female writer of a work done in the Valencian language, she composed a number of religious treaties.", "Her most famous work was her Vita Christi (Christ's Life).", "She was also a proto-feminist who tried to change the negative image of women at the time through her writing.", "Life\nBorn Elionor de Villena in 1430 Isabel was the illegitimate child of Enrique de Villena, an aristocrat and writer who was related to the royal line of Castile and Aragon, and an unknown noblewoman.", "She was raised by Queen Maria of Castile of Valencia from the time she was four.", "She lived in the court of Alfonso V of Aragon (the Magnanimous) and was educated there until 1445 when she became a nun in the Monastery of la Trinidad.", "She was fifteen years old.", "This monastery, La Trinitat, was founded by Queen Maria de Luna, who was also the chief benefactor.", "Isabel was elected abbess of the convent in 1462 and took charge in 1463.", "According to Rosanna Cantavella, a scholar who has extensively studied Sor Isabel, there was a rumor that there had to be divine intervention from the Archangel Michael that allowed Isabel to be elected as abbess, simply because it would have been very difficult for her to be elected on her own because she was an illegitimate child.", "Illegitimate children were not usually eligible for such positions, but Isabel was elected anyway.", "Sor Isabel was a capable abbess who carried out economic policies in order to improve the convent she presided over.", "Sor Isabel dedicated her entire life to the convent and to her writing before dying in 1490 at the age of 60.", "It is believed that she died during an outbreak of plague.", "Writing\n\n\tSor Isabel had a career not only as an abbess but also as a writer.", "Her most popular work is her Vita Christi.", "Widely considered to be a response to the misogynistic book Spill o Llibre de les dones (“The Mirror or Book of Women”) by Jaume Roig (link!)", "in 1459, Vita Christi embodied the feminist beliefs held by Sor Isabel.", "Jaume Roig was the physician to both Queen Maria and La Trinitat.", "He and Isabel likely knew each other.", "Sor Isabel's book was likely her expression of her dissatisfaction toward the image of women that her male contemporaries created and encouraged in their work.", "Vita Christi, translated as “Christ’s Life,” was a work of devotional literature focusing primarily on drawing readers to identify with Christ's experiences and suffering.", "This kind of literature was popular from the thirteenth through the sixteenth centuries in Western Europe.", "While they were primarily written in Latin, there were also a number that were circulated in the vernacular—the local language—which was the option that Isabel decided to use.", "She wrote in Valencian and Catalan.", "Sor Isabel decided to write a version of Christ's life in the vernacular for the nuns of her convent.", "It was published after her death in 1490 and was printed in 1497 by her niece, Queen Isabella I of Castile.", "The part of Isabel de Villena's Vita Christi that differs the most from other Vitae Christi written around the same time was that it focused equally—if not more—on the women in Christ's life, including his mother Mary and Mary Magdalene.", "Vita Christi opens with the Nativity of Mary and ends with her Assumption.", "The Visitation of the angels to the Virgin Mary and her sister Elizabeth is extended in Isabel's work, which sets it apart from other male authors who wrote works on Christ's life.", "Mary also has conversations with allegorical representations of Diligence and Charity, echoing the popular philosophical rhetoric of authors such as Boethius in his Consolation of Philosophy.", "Jesus is only the focus for about 4,000 lines out of 37,500, where the actions of the women around him, primarily his mother Mary, fill many more.", "Isabel places the female characters in more important positions than she does Christ himself.", "Lesley K. Twomey, another scholar who has extensively studied Isabel de Villena, notes how, unlike other female authors of the time, Sor Isabel did not humble herself or reference her unworthiness.", "Rather, her tone was more authoritative and confident.", "This is another sign of the feminist ideals Sor Isabel held and expressed in her writing.", "Unlike the male writers in her time, she regarded women very highly.", "As Montserrat Piera, yet another scholar on Sor Isabel notes, this belief was expressed in Sor Isabel's writing through the vindication of the generally vilified female characters Eve and Mary Magdalene, as well as through the character of Jesus himself.", "This is seen by scholars as a direct response to Jaume Roig's writing through the mouthpiece of Jesus Christ.", "Modern Interest\n\nIsabel de Villena's writing was relatively obscure until recently, primarily because of the language in which it was written and her gender.", "Sor Isabel wrote in Valencian, which was not studied as much by Hispanic scholars in earlier years.", "However, due to the increase in feminist studies, her work has been rediscovered and studied much more.", "Now, her most famous work, Vita Christi, is being considered one of the most remarkable early feminist writings.", "She has been compared to another proto-feminist writer of the early modern period, Christine de Pizan.", "By examining women writers such as Isabel de Villena and Christine de Pizan, scholars have come to the conclusion that writing was a way for women to break the silence imposed upon them by men, even though it was discouraged greatly.", "More research is currently being done on Sor Isabel's other writings, which have not all lasted through the past six centuries.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nBarnett, David.", "\"The Voice of the Virgin: Accessible Authority in the Visitation Episode of Isabel De Villena's Vita Christi.\"", "La corónica 35.1 (2006): 23-45.", "Cantavella, Rosanna.", "\"Intellectual, Contemplative, Administrator: Isabel De Villena and the Vindication of Women.\"", "A Companion to Spanish Women's Studies.", "By Xon De.", "Ros and Geraldine Hazbun.", "Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Tamesis, 2011.", "97-107.", "Hauf, Albert G. D'Eiximenis a sor Isabel de Villena.", "Barcelona / València.", "IIFV / PAM.", "1990.", "S. 323-397.", "Piera, Montserrat.", "\"Writing, Auctoritas and Canon Formation in Sor Isabel De Villena's Vita Christi.\"", "La corónica 32.1 (2003): 105-18.", "Twomey, Lesley K. \"Sor Isabel De Villena, Her Vita Christi and an Example of Gendered Immaculist Writing in the Fifteenth Century.\"", "La corónica 32.1 (2003): 89-103.", "Twomey, Lesley K. The Fabric of Marian Devotion in Isabel De Villena's Vita Christi.", "Woodbridge, Suffolk: Tamesis, 2013.", "External links\n Webpage devoted to Isabel de Villena at LletrA (UOC), Catalan Literature Online \n Online version of a printed copy of Vita Christi \n\nWriters from the Valencian Community\nMedieval Catalan-language writers\nPeople from Valencia\n1430 births\n1490 deaths\nIsabel\n15th-century people from the Kingdom of Aragon" ]

[ "The illegitimate child of an unknown noblewoman who rose to become the abbess of the RealMonasterio de la Trinidad of Valencia was Isabel de Villena.", "She was the first major female writer of a work in the Valencian language.", "Her most famous work was called Christ's Life.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Isabel was an illegitimate child of Elionor de Villena and an unknown noblewoman who was related to the royal line of Castile and Aragon.", "She was raised by the queen when she was four.", "She became a nun in the Monastery of la Trinidad in 1445 after living in the court of Alfonso V of Aragon.", "She was fifteen years old.", "Queen Maria de Luna was the main benefactor of the monastery.", "Isabel took charge of the convent in 1463.", "According to a scholar who has studied Sor Isabel, there was a rumor that the Archangel Michael had to intervene because it would have been very difficult for her to be elected as abbess.", "Isabel was elected even though she was illegitimate.", "Sor Isabel carried out economic policies in order to improve the convent she presided over.", "Sor Isabel spent her entire life in the convent and died at the age of 60.", "She is thought to have died during a plague outbreak.", "Writing Sor Isabel had a career as both a writer and an abbess.", "Her work is called Vita Christi.", "The book is a response to the misogynistic book The Mirror or Book of Women by Jaume Roig.", "The feminist beliefs held by Sor Isabel were embodied by Vita Christi.", "Queen Maria and La Trinitat had a physician named Jaume Roig.", "They probably knew each other.", "Sor Isabel's book was an expression of her unhappiness with the image of women that her male peers created and encouraged in their work.", "\"Christ's Life\" was a work of devotional literature that focused on drawing readers to identify with Christ's experiences and suffering.", "From the 13th to the 16th century, this kind of literature was popular in Western Europe.", "Isabel decided to use the option that was available in the local language, which was the number that was circulating in the local language.", "She wrote in both Valencian and Catalan.", "A version of Christ's life was written for the nuns by Sor Isabel.", "After her death in 1490, it was printed by her niece.", "The part of Isabel de Villena's Vita Christi that differed the most from other Vitae Christi written around the same time was that it focused equally on the women in Christ's life, including his mother Mary and Mary Magdalene.", "The Nativity of Mary is followed by the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary.", "Isabel's work is different from other male authors who wrote works on Christ's life because it extends the visitation of the angels to the Virgin Mary and her sister Elizabeth.", "Mary has conversations with representations of Diligence and Charity that are similar to those of Boethius in his Consolation of Philosophy.", "Jesus is the focus for about 4,000 lines out of 37,500, where the actions of the women around him, primarily his mother Mary, fill many more.", "Isabel puts the female characters in more important positions than she does Christ himself.", "One of the scholars who has studied Isabel de Villena notes that she did not reference her unworthiness or humble herself, unlike other female authors of the time.", "Her tone was more confident and authoritative.", "Sor Isabel held feminist ideals and expressed them in her writing.", "She was very fond of women in her time.", "This belief was expressed in Sor Isabel's writing through the vilified female characters Eve and Mary Magdalene, as well as through the character of Jesus himself.", "Jaume Roig's writing through the mouth of Jesus Christ is seen by scholars as a direct response to this.", "Modern Interest Isabel de Villena's writing was not well known until recently due to the language in which it was written and her gender.", "Hispanic scholars were less interested in Sor Isabel's writings in Valencian.", "Her work has been rediscovered due to the increase in feminist studies.", "One of the most remarkable early feminist writings is her most famous work, Vita Christi.", "Christine de Pizan was a feminist writer of the early modern period.", "By examining women writers such as Isabel de Villena and Christine de Pizan, scholars have come to the conclusion that writing was a way for women to break the silence imposed upon them by men.", "Sor Isabel's other writings have not all lasted through the past six centuries.", "The notes have the name Barnett, David.", "The Voice of the Virgin is accessible authority in Isabel De Villena's Vita Christi.", "La cornica 35.1 was published in 2006", "Cantavella, Rosanna.", "Administrator: Isabel De Villena and the Vindication of Women.", "There is a companion to Spanish Women's Studies.", "By Xon De.", "The Hazbuns are Ros and Geraldine.", "There is a book in Suffolk, UK.", "97-107.", "Albert G. D'Eiximenis a sor Isabel de Villena.", "Barcelona and Valncia.", "There is a vehicle called the IIFV or the PAM.", "1990.", "S. 327-377.", "Piera is in Montserrat.", "Auctoritas and Canon Formation were written by Sor Isabel De Villena.", "La cornica 32.1 was published in 2003", "\"Sor Isabel De Villena, Her Vita Christi and an example of Gendered Immaculist Writing in the Fifteenth Century\" was written by Twomey.", "La cornica 32.1 was published in 2003", "The fabric of Marian devotion was written by Isabel De Villena.", "There is a book in Woodbridge, Suffolk.", "There are external links to the website devoted to Isabel de Villena at LletrA." ]

[ "Isabel de Villena", "Enrique de Villena", "Elionor de Villena", "Isabel", "Enrique de Villena", "Maria de", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabella I", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Christine de", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Christine de", "Isabel", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel De", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel de", "Villena" ]

[ "Isabel de Villena", "Isabel", "Maria de", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Isabel", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Isabel", "Christine de", "Isabel de", "Villena", "Christine de", "Isabel", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel de", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel De", "Isabel De", "Villena", "Isabel de", "Villena" ]

[ "Ikechukwu Somtochukwu Diogu (born September 11, 1983) is a Nigerian-American professional basketball player for Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League.", "Family and early life\nDiogu's parents, natives of Nigeria, moved to the U.S. in 1980 to pursue further education.", "They later moved from Buffalo, New York, where he was born, to Garland, Texas.", "Ike attended Austin Academy, then enrolled at Garland High School.", "Diogu is a member of the Igbo ethnic group.", "College career\nDiogu stands at 6 foot 9 inches (2.06 m) tall which is considered slightly undersized for an NBA power forward, but he makes up for his lack of height with his muscle, girth and 7'4\" wingspan.", "Diogu attended Arizona State University, where he excelled on the team under head coach Rob Evans.", "He garnered several honors, both in the Pac-10 Conference and nationally.", "He won Pac-10 Freshman of the Year, and then Pac-10 Player of the Year in his final season with ASU, as a junior.", "Many speculated that Diogu would enter the draft after playing his third season with Arizona State.", "On June 21, 2005, he made the decision to enter the NBA draft.", "On January 15, 2022, Diogu's number 5 jersey was retired by the Sun Devils.", "He was the first consensus All-American in program history.", "Professional career\nDiogu was selected 9th overall in the first round of the 2005 NBA draft by the Golden State Warriors.", "On December 23, 2005, he recorded a professional career-best 27 points on 13–15 shooting, surpassing his previous best by 12 points.", "On January 17, 2007, Diogu, whom Larry Bird called the \"gem\" of the deal, was traded to the Indiana Pacers along with teammates Mike Dunleavy, Jr., Troy Murphy, and Keith McLeod for Stephen Jackson, Al Harrington, Šarūnas Jasikevičius, and Josh Powell.", "On June 26, 2008 (draft night), Diogu was traded by Indiana to the Portland Trail Blazers along with the draft rights to Jerryd Bayless in exchange for Jarrett Jack, Josh McRoberts and the draft rights to Brandon Rush to the Indiana Pacers.", "Diogu was traded to the Sacramento Kings for the Chicago Bulls' Michael Ruffin on February 18, 2009.", "Diogu signed with the New Orleans Hornets on July 29, 2009, but never appeared in a game for the team.", "He signed with the Detroit Pistons on September 27, 2010, becoming a member of their preseason roster.", "On October 20, 2010, Diogu was waived by the Pistons.", "The Los Angeles Clippers signed Diogu as a free agent on December 22, 2010.", "On February 8, 2011, Diogu scored a season-high 18 points against the Orlando Magic.", "Diogu joined the San Antonio Spurs on January 3, 2012.", "One week later, the Spurs waived him.", "During the 2012 CBA Playoffs, the Xinjiang Flying Tigers signed Diogu for the rest of the 2012 CBA Playoffs.", "Diogu was a replacement for Gani Lawal during this time.", "He later signed with Capitanes de Arecibo of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.", "On October 1, 2012, Diogu signed with the Phoenix Suns.", "He was then waived on October 24, 2012.", "In the fall of 2012, Diogu signed with the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association.", "After the season in China, he joined the Leones de Ponce in Puerto Rico.", "On September 27, 2013, Diogu signed with the New York Knicks.", "However, he was waived on October 25.", "On December 12, 2013, he was acquired by the Bakersfield Jam.", "On February 3, 2014, Diogu was named to the Prospects All-Star roster for the 2014 NBA D-League All-Star Game.", "On April 25, 2014, he was named the 2014 NBA D-League Impact Player of the Year.", "On April 29, 2014, Diogu re-joined the Leones de Ponce of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.", "This year Diogu helped the Lions to win the championship over the Capitanes of Arecibo.", "On July 5, 2014, Diogu signed with the Dongguan Leopards of China for the 2014–15 CBA season.", "In October 2015, Diogu signed with Guangdong Southern Tigers for the 2015–16 CBA season.", "In November 2016, Diogu signed with the Jiangsu Monkey King for the purpose of replacing DeJuan Blair.", "In January 2018, Diogu signed with the Sichuan Blue Whales for the purpose of replacing Jamaal Franklin.", "In August 2019, Diogu joined the Shimane Susanoo Magic of the Japanese B.League.", "In February 2021, joined to Chemidor B.C.", "of Iranian Basketball Super League.", "On January 16, 2022, he has signed with Zamalek of the Egyptian Basketball Super League.", "On February 12, Diogu made his debut scoring 8 points and 4 rebounds against Burgos in the semifinal of the 2022 FIBA Intercontinental Cup.", "National team career\nDiogu has played with the senior men's Nigeria national basketball team.", "He has competed at two Summer Olympiads: the 2012 and 2016.", "He was named MVP of the 2017 FIBA Afrobasket tournament after averaging 22 points, 8.7 rebounds." ]

[ "The Nigerian-American basketball player is a member of the Egyptian Basketball Super League.", "The family moved to the U.S. in 1980 to pursue further education.", "They moved from Buffalo, New York, where he was born, to Garland, Texas.", "After attending Austin Academy, he attended Garland High School.", "He is a member of the ethnic group.", "College career Diogu stands at 6 foot 9 inches (2.06 m) tall, which is slightly undersized for an NBA power forward, but he makes up for his lack of height with his muscle, girth and 7'4\" wingspan.", "He excelled on the team under Rob Evans at Arizona State University.", "He received several honors in the conference.", "He won Freshman of the Year and Player of the Year in his final season at Arizona State.", "It was thought that Diogu would enter the draft after three seasons with Arizona State.", "He entered the NBA draft on June 21, 2005.", "The number 5 jersey was retired by the SunDevils.", "He was the first consensus All-American.", "The Golden State Warriors selected Diogu in the first round of the 2005 NBA draft.", "He recorded a career-best 27 points on 13–15 shooting on December 23, 2005, beating his previous best by 12 points.", "On January 17, 2007, Larry Bird called the \"gem\" of the deal, when he was traded to the Indiana Pacers along with teammates Mike Dunleavy, Jr., Troy Murphy, and arnas Jasikeviius.", "The Indiana Pacers traded the draft rights to Brandon Rush and Jerryd Bayless to the Portland Trail blazers in exchange for Jarrett Jack, Josh McRoberts and the draft rights to Jerryd Bayless.", "On February 18, 2009, the Chicago Bulls traded Diogu to the Sacramento Kings.", "The New Orleans Hornets signed Diogu on July 29, 2009, but he never appeared in a game.", "He joined the Detroit Pistons as a member of their preseason roster.", "The Pistons nixed Diogu on October 20, 2010.", "On December 22, 2010, the Los Angeles Clippers signed Diogu.", "On February 8, 2011, Diogu scored a season-high 18 points.", "On January 3, 2012 Diogu joined the Spurs.", "The Spurs parted ways with him one week later.", "Diogu was signed by the Flying Tigers for the rest of the playoffs.", "Gani Lawal was replaced by Diogu.", "He signed with the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.", "On October 1, 2012 Diogu joined the Phoenix Suns.", "On October 24, 2012 he was waived.", "In the fall of 2012 Diogu joined the Guangdong Southern Tigers of the Chinese Basketball Association.", "He joined the Leones de Ponce in Puerto Rico after the season in China.", "The New York Knicks have a new player.", "He was let go on October 25.", "He was acquired by the Bakersfield Jam.", "On February 3, 2014, Diogu was named to the Prospects All-Star roster for the NBA D-League All-Star Game.", "He was named the NBA D-League Impact Player of the Year.", "On April 29, Diogu rejoined the Leones de Ponce.", "The Lions won the title over the Capitanes of Arecibo.", "On July 5, Diogu signed with the Leopards of China.", "In October 2015, Diogu joined Guangdong Southern Tigers.", "In November of 2016 Diogu signed with the Monkey King to replace DeJuan Blair.", "In January of last year, Diogu signed with the Blue Whales to replace Jamaal Franklin.", "The Shimane Susanoo Magic of the Japanese B.League had a new member in August of 2019.", "In February of 2021, I joined Chemidor B.C.", "There is a basketball league in Iran.", "He signed with the Egyptian Basketball Super League on January 16, 2022.", "On February 12th, Diogu made his debut in the semifinals of the FIBA Intercontinental Cup, scoring 8 points and 4 rebound.", "The senior men's Nigeria national basketball team has had a player named Diogu.", "In 2012 and 2016 he competed at Summer Olympiads.", "He was named the Most Valuable Player of the Afrobasket tournament." ]

[ "Ikechukwu Somtochukwu Diogu", "Ike", "Diogu", "Diogu", "Diogu" ]

[ "Diogu", "Diogu", "Diogu", "Diogu", "Diogu", "Diogu" ]

[ "Alf Cranner (25 October 1936 – 3 March 2020) was a major Norwegian folk singer, lyricist and painter, considered by many to be the pioneer of the Norwegian folk music wave of the 1960s.", "The citation for the award of Evert Taube Memorial Fund Grant 1994, to Cranner states: «Det är motiverat att anse honom som sin tids fader för den norska viskonsten» (It is motivated by the regard of him as the father of the Norwegian folk music genre).", "He is known for several popular folk music interpretations and beautiful folk tunes, including these: Å, den som var en løvetann with lyrics by another great Norwegian folk singer and lyricist Alf Prøysen (1914–1970), Bare skrap and Den skamløse gamle damen with lyrics by Klaus Hagerup and Sjømannsvise with the text of Harald Sverdrup.", "Among Cranner folk songs with his own lyrics is Båt til lyst and Hambo i fellesferien two of the best known.", "The folk song Din tanke er fri, is Cranner translation of the German Die Gedanken sind frei.", "Background and works\n\nAlf Cranner was born in Oslo, and studied painting at Statens Kunst- og Håndverksskole (National Arts and Crafts School), where he also taught music and drawing until he retired in 1998.", "Cranner received violin lessons as a child (by among others his grandfather Ingvald Cranner), and began playing guitar as a 13-year-old.", "He had diverse musical interests.", "Cranner played classical guitar and hung out in jazz circles.", "In 1961 he became a member of the club Visens venner (friends of folk song).", "Here he met with among others the Swedish folk singer Olle Adolphson, which was a great influence when he determined the future career.", "Here he also began his work with Norwegian folk songs, which came to characterize his repertoire until the mid-1970s.", "Rolv Wesenlund, who was then head of the recording label Philips, offered Cranner a record contract in 1963, and the following year came the LP Fiine antiquiteter.", "It consists of 18 Norwegian folk songs, adapted and performed by Cranner accompanied on guitar only.", "In 1964 he became acquainted with Alf Prøysen, a relationship that was crucial for Cranner's further development.", "Prøysen wrote several lyrics that Cranner put melody to, including Å, den som var en løvetann.", "At the same time he met the composer Geirr Tveitt, a meeting that resulted in the LP Både le og gråte (1964), where Cranner composed tunes to poems by Jakob Sande.", "This was in a time when a variety of other Nordic folk singers like Cornelis Vreeswijk, Alf Hambe and Birgitte Grimstad released their first LP recordings.", "There was evolving a good environment for a young folk singer and multi talented artist to flourish.", "In 1966 Cranner went on a tour with the poet Harald Sverdrup organized by Den Norske Bokklubben.", "A recording of the concert in the University Hall at the University of Oslo resulted in a release of the LP Vers og viiiiiiser.", "In 1967 Cranner published what is likely to be his most important album in the 60's, Rosemalt sound.", "Here he collaborated with composer and musician Alfred Janson, and combined the folk song tradition with jazz.", "In the years to come up to 1970, many other Norwegian folk singers also debuted, including Lillebjørn Nilsen, Lars Klevstrand, Åse Kleveland, Finn Kalvik, Ole Paus and Øystein Sunde.", "This was called the Norwegian Visebølgen (the Norwegian folk music wave) where Cranner was one of the leading figures.", "In the 1970s, he began a collaboration with author and causeur Odd Børretzen, and they released two LP's together with footage from the concerts.", "Cranner went into this decade as a mature folk artist, both as composer and lyricist.", "He received a Spellemannsprisen 1974 in the class folk songs for the album Trykt i år and Spellemannsprisen 1977 in the class folk songs for the album Vindkast.", "In the 1980s, he collaborated again with jazz musicians, including Egil Kapstad and the band Lava.", "In 2003, came the compilation album 50 beste fra 40 år.", "His latest releases are Som en rose (2004), in which he has translated and interpreted the Scottish author Robert Burns, with a dazzling lineup amongst them Knut Reiersrud and Arild Andersen, and I går, i dag, i morgen (2006), which is a live recording from the anniversary concert at the Concert Hall, in connection with the celebration of his 70th.", "birthday.", "Alf Cranner has also written music for theater including in collaboration with Klaus Hagerup, and to Romeo og Julie under the direction of Kjetil Bang-Hansen put up on Det Norske Teatret and to the films Jentespranget from 1972 and Faneflukt from 1973.", "In 2001, he published the book Jordbundet og himmelvendt, which is a biography of his grandfather, the inventor Christian Holberg Gran Olsen.", "In 2007 he released the Alf Cranner's visebok: I Adrians hus – sangpoesi og viser.", "Alf Cranner has been a resident of Kragerø since the 1960s.", "Awards and honors \n Spellemannprisen 1974 in the class folk songs for the album Trykt i år\n Spellemannprisen 1977 in the class folk songs for the album Vindkast\n Gammleng-prisen in the class folk songs 1984\n Work of the Year (lyrics) from NOPA, for the album Hvis ikke nå – når da (1989)\n Kardemomme grant in (1993)\n Evert Taube's Memorial Fund grant (1994)\n Alf Prøysen's Honorary Award i (1998)\n Telemark County's Culture Prize (1999)\n Kragerø Kommunes Kulturpris (2000)\n Kongens fortjenstmedalje i gull (2010)\n\nDiscography\nFiine antiquiteter (1964)\nBåde le og gråte (1964)\nVers og viiiiiiser (1966) with Harald Sverdrup\nRosemalt Sound (1967)\nAlmuens opera (1970)\nOdd Børretzen og Alf Cranner i levende live på Sandvika kino en kald desemberdag i 1973 (1974) with Odd Børretzen\nTrykt i år (1974)\nVindkast (1977)\nHva er det de vil?", "Live from ABC-Teateret (1980) with Odd Børretzen\nDin tanke er fri (1985)\nSanger om fravær og nærvær (1989)\n48 viser (1992)\nKafé Kaos (1995)\n50 beste fra 40 år (2003)\nSom en rose (2004)\nI går, i dag, i morgen (2006)\n\nSee also\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Alf Cranner's Website\n Alf Cranner at NRK Forfatter\n Alf Cranner at Rockheim\n \n\nNorwegian folk singers\nNorwegian non-fiction writers\nRecipients of the King's Medal of Merit in gold\nSpellemannprisen winners\nMusicians from Oslo\n1936 births\n2020 deaths\nArtists from Oslo\nPeople from Kragerø" ]

[ "The pioneer of the Norwegian folk music wave of the 1960s is considered to be Alf Cranner, a major Norwegian folk singer, lyricist and painter.", "Cranner states in the citation that the award of Evert Taube Memorial Fund Grant 1994 was motivated by the regard of fader.", "He is known for several popular folk music interpretations and beautiful folk tunes, including, den som var en lvetann with lyrics by another great Norwegian folk singer and lyricist.", "Two of the best known Cranner folk songs are Bt til lyst and Hambo i fellesferien.", "Cranner translation of the German Die Gedanken is the folk song Din tanke er fri.", "After graduating from the National Arts and Crafts School, where he also taught music and drawing, he retired in 1998.", "Cranner began playing guitar at the age of 13 and received violin lessons as a child.", "He had many musical interests.", "Cranner was a classical guitar player.", "He joined the club Visens venner in 1961.", "He was influenced by the Swedish folk singer Olle Adolphson, who he met here.", "He began his work with Norwegian folk songs here.", "Cranner was offered a record contract by Wesenlund in 1963, and the following year the album Fiine antiquiteter was released.", "Cranner accompanied on guitar only performed 18 Norwegian folk songs.", "A relationship that was crucial for Cranner's further development was formed in 1964.", "Cranner put melody to several lyrics, including, den som var en lvetann.", "He met the composer Geirr Tveitt at the same time he met the poet Jakob Sande.", "This was a time when a lot of other Nordic folk singers released their first recordings.", "A good environment for a young folk singer and multi talented artist was evolving.", "Cranner and Sverdrup went on a tour together in 1966.", "A recording of the concert in the University Hall resulted in a release of the album.", "Cranner's most important album in the 60's, Rosemalt, was published in 1967.", "He collaborated with Alfred Janson to combine the folk song tradition with jazz.", "Lillebjrn Nilsen, se Kleveland, Finn Kalvik, Ole Paus, and ystein Sunde all made their debut in 1970.", "Cranner was one of the leading figures in the Norwegian folk music wave.", "In the 70s, he began a collaboration with author and causeur Odd Brretzen, and they released twoLP's together with footage from the concerts.", "Cranner was both a composer and a lyricist in this decade.", "The class folk songs for the album Trykt i r and the class folk songs for the album Vindkast were received by him.", "He collaborated with jazz musicians in the 1980s, including Egil Kapstad and the band Lava.", "50 beste fra 40 r was released in 2003", "His most recent releases are Som en rose, in which he has translated and interpreted the Scottish author Robert Burns, and I gr, i dag, i morgen, which is a live recording.", "Birthday.", "In addition to writing music for theater, he has also written music for films such as Jentespranget from 1972 and Faneflukt.", "The biography of his grandfather, the inventor Christian Holberg Gran Olsen, was published in 2001.", "The visebok: I Adrians hus was released in 2007.", "Cranner has lived in Krager since the 1960s.", "The class folk songs for the album Trykt i r Spellemannprisen were honored with awards.", "Live from ABC-Teateret in 1980 with Odd Brretzen din tanke." ]

[ "Alf Cranner", "Alf Prøysen", "Alf Cranner", "Ingvald Cranner", "Alf", "Alf", "Alfred Janson", "Alf", "Cranner", "Alf", "Alf", "Cranner" ]

[ "Alf Cranner", "Cranner", "Cranner", "Cranner", "Alfred Janson", "Cranner", "Cranner" ]