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Institute for Public Sector Transformation IPST - Digital Sustainability Lab DSL 19

[ "Douglas Niles (born December 1, 1954, in Brookfield, Wisconsin) is a fantasy author and game designer.", "Niles was one of the creators of the Dragonlance world and the author of the first three Forgotten Realms novels, the Star Frontiers space opera setting and the Top Secret S/I espionage role-playing game.", "Early life and education\nNiles was born in Brookfield, Wisconsin, a suburb of Milwaukee, and his family moved to Nashotah, a small town to the north, when he was twelve years old.", "Niles developed an interest in heroic fantasy, as well as wargaming, and began writing short stories and making short films in high school.", "Niles attended the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh, where he majored in speech and minored in English.", "While there, he met Chris Schroeder, whom he married three years later.", "After graduation, Niles began teaching Speech and English at Clinton (Wis.) High School, about 30 miles away from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin.", "“One day, one of my students came up and said she had a note to get out of class that afternoon because she was going to be interviewed by People magazine.", "Her name was Heidi Gygax.", "I asked her why People wanted to interview her, and she told me that her father had invented the Dungeons & Dragons game.", "Well, I had heard of D&D, but didn’t know that the designer lived so close to me.", "The next day, Heidi brought me a copy of the original D&D Basic Set, and two days later, I got some friends together and played my first game.", "I was the DM.”\n\nCareer\nA few years later, one of the players in Niles' D&D campaign went to work for Dragon magazine.", "According to Niles, “One day, he told me that TSR was hiring editors, and I applied for a job.", "I took the editing test, which consisted of a 14 page manuscript I was supposed to mark up.", "I only found three things to change.", ". . and flunked the test.", "But TSR was also hiring game designers, and so, armed with a half-written novel and some notes from my campaign, I applied for a design job.", "I went through five interviews, and gradually convinced them that I could do the job.” Niles was hired by TSR in January 1982, as a game designer.", "“For the first few weeks I reviewed and critiqued outside submissions, and I wasn’t too good at it.", "I kept pestering my boss, Al Hammack, for a design assignment, and finally he gave me an old brief for a novice-level module, Cult of the Reptile God, and told me to write it.", "I completed it in four weeks, and it was published.", "I don’t know whether they liked it because it was good, or because I did it in only four weeks.” Niles worked on more than just D&D for TSR, “In the summer of 1982, I designed my first game, the Knight Hawks rules for the Star Frontiers game, with much help from my editor, Steve Winter.”\n\nNiles produced several modules for the D&D game, including X3 Curse of Xanathon, B5 Horror on the Hill, CM1 Test of the Warlords, and H1 Bloodstone Pass, and Dragonlance modules DL2 Dragons of Flame, DL6 Dragons of Ice, DL9 Dragons of Deceit, and DL11 Dragons of Glory.", "Niles is the designer of 1985's World War II: European Theatre of Operations, a grand strategic game.", "Niles worked on the Battlesystem Supplement, Star Frontiers modules SF4 Mission to Alcazzar and SFKH1 Dramune Run, Indiana Jones module IJ2 Raiders of the Lost Ark, the World War II Game, the Sirocco Strategy Game (with Zeb Cook), and the Endless Quest books EQ #26 Tarzan and the Well of Slaves and Super EQ #3 Escape From Castle Quarras for TSR.", "Tracy Hickman had gotten Harold Johnson, Jeff Grubb, Carl Smith, and Larry Elmore in on the idea of Dragonlance before Margaret Weis and Niles joined them.", "Niles authored the rulebook Dungeoneer's Survival Guide (1986).", "Niles had been working on a trilogy of Celtic-themed novels for TSR, Ltd., which were modified to become the first Forgotten Realms books, beginning with Darkwalker on Moonshae (1987).", "Niles also co-authored The City of Greyhawk boxed set with Carl Sargent, for which he designed the 96-page booklet Greyhawk: Gem of the Flanaess.", "Niles and Paul Lidberg designed the board game A Line in the Sand (1991), which depicted the first US-Iraq War; it was one of the projects originating from TSR West, and was published the day the US bombing began thanks to Flint Dille's ability to convince the president of the company to make things move fast.", "Niles has written numerous novels, mainly for the Dragonlance series.", "Niles is one of the most prolific Dragonlance authors, and in addition to Wizard's Conclave, his Dragonlance titles include The Icewall Trilogy (The Messenger, The Golden Orb, Winterheim), Emperor of Ansalon, The Dragons, The Puppet King, Fistandantilus Reborn, Flint the King (with Mary Kirchoff), and The Last Thane.", "He contributed nine novels to the Forgotten Realms line, including the Moonshae trilogy and two further trilogies in the Forgotten Realms.", "He has won both the H.G.", "Wells award and the Origins award for his work in developing adventure games.", "In 1990, he left TSR to write fantasy fiction.", "Niles has written two World War II alternate history novels, Fox on the Rhine and Fox at the Front (co-authored with Michael Dobson).", "Released in hardcover by Forge, a division of TOR, \"Fox\" has been both a main selection of the Military Book Club and a Featured selection of the Science Fiction Book Club.", "Niles and Dobson also later wrote the World War II alternate history novel MacArthur's War.", "Niles has created two fantasy worlds in books published by Ace Fantasy.", "The Watershed Trilogy (A Breach in the Watershed, Darkenheight, The War of Three Waters) was completed in the late 1990s, and it features a continent divided by mountains into three distinct basins: watersheds of pure, normal water; of magical liquid (Aura); and of vile, poisonous Darkblood.", "Circle at Center, Worldfall, and The Goddess Worldweaver form the Seven Circles Trilogy, which details a cosmos in which historical characters from Earth can be drawn into the realms of magic, through sorcery both deadly and erotic.", "Niles has designed dozens of games for TSR, Inc. and SPI, including award-winning boardgames based on Tom Clancy's novels The Hunt for Red October and Red Storm Rising, and has also created numerous historical military boardgames, including the massive games European Theatre of Operations and Pacific Theatre of Operations.", "Personal life\nNiles resides in Delavan, in the Wisconsin countryside, with his wife Christine and his son David.", "His daughter, Allison, served overseas as part of Operation Iraqi Freedom.", "His hobbies include hiking, bicycling, playing the guitar, and spending time with his friends and family.", "Bibliography\n\nNonfiction \n• A Noble Cause: American Battlefield Victories in Vietnam ( 2015 )\n\nNovels\n Horror on the Hill (1983)\n Tarzan and the Well of Slaves (1985)\n Winds of Change (1992)\n The Rod of Seven Parts (1996)\n The Odyssey of Gilthanas (1999) (with Steve Miller)\n War of the Worlds: New Millennium (2005)\n MacArthur's War: A Novel of the Invasion of Japan (2007) (with Michael Dobson)\n Top Secret/S.I.", "Administrators Guide Orion (1987) Game Design\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n\n1954 births\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American novelists\n21st-century American male writers\n21st-century American novelists\nAmerican fantasy writers\nAmerican male novelists\nDungeons & Dragons game designers\nLiving people\nPeople from Delavan, Wisconsin\nRole-playing game designers" ]

[ "Douglas Niles was born on December 1, 1954.", "One of the creators of the Dragonlance world and the author of the first three novels was Niles.", "When Niles was twelve years old, his family moved to Nashotah, a small town to the north, from a suburb of Milwaukee.", "Niles began making short films and writing stories when he was in high school.", "Niles majored in speech and minored in English at the University of Wisconsin at Oshkosh.", "Chris was married to him three years later.", "Clinton ( Wis.) High School is about 30 miles away from Lake Geneva, Wisconsin, and Niles began teaching Speech and English there after graduation.", "One of my students came up and said she had a note to leave class because she was going to be interviewed by People magazine.", "There was a woman with that name.", "I asked her why people wanted to interview her, and she said that her father had invented the game.", "I did not know that the designer lived so close to me.", "Two days later, I got some friends together and played my first game after I received a copy of the original D&D Basic Set.", "One of the players in Niles' D&D campaign went to work for Dragon magazine.", "Niles said that he applied for a job after he was told that TSR was hiring editors.", "The 14 page manuscript I was supposed to mark up was part of the editing test.", "There are three things that I found to change.", "And failed the test.", "I applied for a game design job with a half-written novel and some notes from my campaign, because TSR was also hiring game designers.", "Niles was hired by TSR in January 1982 as a game designer after going through five interviews.", "I wasn't good at it for the first few weeks.", "I kept pestering my boss, Al Hammack, for a design assignment, and finally he gave me an old brief for a novice-level module.", "It was published in four weeks.", "I don't know if they liked it because it was good, or because I did it in only four weeks.", "Niles was the designer of World War II: European Theatre of Operations.", "The Battlesystem Supplement, Star Frontiers modules SF4 Mission to Alcazzar and SFKH1 Dramune Run, Indiana Jones module IJ2 Raiders of the Lost Ark, the World War II Game, and the Sirocco Strategy Game were all worked on by Niles.", "Before Margaret Weis and Niles joined them, Tracy Hickman had gotten Harold Johnson, Jeff Grubb, Carl Smith, and Larry Elmore to join her on the idea of Dragonlance.", "The survival guide was written by Niles.", "Darkwalker on Moonshae was the first book in a trilogy of Celtic-themed novels that were modified to become the first books in the Forgotten Realms.", "Niles designed the 96-page booklet Greyhawk: Gem of the Flanaess for The City of Greyhawk boxed set.", "The first US-Iraq War was depicted in the board game A Line in the Sand, which was published on the day the US bombing began.", "The Dragonlance series has been written by Niles.", "In addition to Wizard's Conclave, Niles has written The Icewall Trilogy, Emperor of Ansalon, The Dragons, and The Puppet King.", "The Moonshae trilogy was one of the nine novels he contributed to the Forgotten Realms line.", "The H.G. has been won by him.", "The Origins award was given to him for his work in developing adventure games.", "He wrote fantasy fiction in 1990.", "Niles has written two alternate history novels, Fox on the Rhine and Fox at the Front.", "\"Fox\" is a main selection of the Military Book Club and a featured selection of the Science Fiction Book Club.", "The World War II alternate history novel was written by Niles and Dobson.", "Two fantasy worlds have been created by Niles.", "The Watershed trilogy was completed in the late 1990s and consists of three basins, one for pure water, one for magical liquid and one for vile.", "There is a universe in which historical characters from Earth can be drawn into the realm of magic, both deadly and erotic.", "Niles has designed dozens of games, including award-winning board games based on Tom Clancy's novels The Hunt for Red October and Red Storm Rising, as well as massive games European Theatre of Operations and Pacific Theatre.", "Niles lives in the Wisconsin countryside with his wife and son.", "His daughter, Allison, served in Iraq.", "Spending time with his friends and family is one of his hobbies.", "A Noble Cause: American Battlefield Victories in Vietnam was published in 2015.", "There are links to 20th-century American male writers, 21st-century American male writers, and 21st-century American novelists." ]

[ "Douglas Niles", "Niles", "” Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles" ]

[ "Douglas Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles", "Niles" ]

[ "Devereux Emmet (December 11, 1861 – December 30, 1934) was a pioneering American golf course architect who, according to one source, designed more than 150 courses worldwide.", "Early life\nDevereux Emmet was born in Pelham, New York, on December 11, 1861, one of eight children of William Jenkins Emmet and Julia Colt Pierson.", "He was the great-grandson of Thomas Addis Emmet.", "College and marriage\nEmmet graduated from Columbia University in 1883; in 1889 he married Ella B. Smith in an elaborate wedding at her home in New York City.", "Miss Smith, born in 1858, was the daughter of Judge J. Lawrence Smith and a niece of Alexander Turney Stewart.", "Ella's sister Elizabeth \"Bessie\" Springs Smith was the wife of architect Stanford White.", "The couple had two children, Richard Smith Emmet (born October 1889) and Devereux Emmet, Jr. (born January 1897).", "Golf course design career\nOn a vacation in England he spent time with his friend, Charles B. Macdonald, who was measuring British golf courses in preparation for the design of the National Golf Links of America.", "Emmet's first design was Island Golf Links, a predecessor of Garden City Golf Club.", "A friend of his remarked: \n\nIn 1924 he hired Alfred H. Tull as a design associate, and in 1929 made him a partner in the firm of Emmet, Emmet and Tull.", "The Tull-Emmet partnership continued until Emmet's death in 1934.", "Amateur golf\nEmmet was a talented amateur golfer.", "He made the quarter-finals of the 1904 British Amateur and won the Bahamas Amateur at the age of 66.", "In 1916, after he won the father-son tournament at Sleepy Hollow Country Club with Devereux Emmet, Jr., the United States Golf Association instituted the so-called architects rule that barred golf course architects from competing as amateurs in tournaments.", "Death and legacy\nDevereux Emmet died in Garden City, New York, on December 30, 1934.", "Courses designed\n\nEmmet designed many of his courses in an era of wooden-shafted clubs.", "Because the holes are often short by current standards many of his designs have since been reworked.", "Note: Dates indicate when the course opened.", "Note: This is a partial list, portions of which were taken from WorldGolf.", "The Green Meadow Golf Club was an offshoot of The Apawamis Club and formed in 1917 directly adjacent to Apawamis but with frontage on North Street.", "In fact, in 1927 the two clubs considered consolidating." ]

[ "According to one source, Devereux Emmet designed more than 150 courses around the world.", "One of the eight children of William and Julia Colt was born in New York on December 11, 1861.", "He was the great-grandson of a man.", "In 1889, after graduating from Columbia University, Emmet marriedElla B. Smith at her home in New York City.", "Miss Smith was the daughter of Judge J. Lawrence Smith and a niece of Alexander Turney Stewart.", "The wife of the architect was Elizabeth \"Bessie\" Springs Smith.", "The couple had two children.", "During his vacation in England, he spent time with his friend, Charles B. Macdonald, who was measuring British golf courses in preparation for the design of the National Golf Links of America.", "Island Golf Links is a predecessor of Garden City Golf Club.", "He hired Alfred H. Tull as a design associate in 1924 and made him a partner in the firm in 1929.", "The Tull-Emmet partnership ended in 1934.", "Emmet was an amateur golfer.", "He won the Bahamas Amateur at the age of 66 and made the quarter-finals of the 1904 British Amateur.", "The architects rule was instituted by the United States Golf Association after he won the father-son tournament.", "On December 30, 1934, Devereux Emmet died in Garden City, New York.", "Many of Emmet's courses were designed in the era of wooden-shafted clubs.", "Many of his designs have been reworked because the holes are short.", "Dates show when the course opened.", "This partial list was taken from WorldGolf.", "The Green Meadow Golf Club was formed in 1917 and is located on North Street.", "The two clubs considered consolidation in 1927." ]

[ "Devereux Emmet", "Devereux Emmet", "William Jenkins Emmet", "Thomas Addis Emmet", "Emmet", "Richard Smith Emmet", "Devereux Emmet", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Devereux", "Emmet", "Devereux", "Emmet", "Emmet" ]

[ "Devereux Emmet", "EmmetElla B", "Emmet", "Emmet", "Devereux", "Emmet", "Emmet" ]

[ "Lawrence Gilman Roberts (December 21, 1937 – December 26, 2018) was an American engineer who received the Draper Prize in 2001 \"for the development of the Internet\", and the Principe de Asturias Award in 2002.", "As a program manager and later office director at the Advanced Research Projects Agency, Roberts and his team created the ARPANET using packet switching techniques invented by British computer scientist Donald Davies and American Paul Baran.", "The ARPANET, which was built by the Massachusetts-based company Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN), was a predecessor to the modern Internet.", "He asked Leonard Kleinrock to apply mathematical models to simulate the performance of the network.", "Roberts later served as CEO of the commercial packet-switching network Telenet.", "Early life and education\nRoberts, who was known as Larry, was born and raised in Westport, Connecticut.", "He was the son of Elizabeth (Gilman) and Elliott John Roberts, both of whom had doctorates in chemistry.", "It is said that during his youth, he built a Tesla coil, assembled a television, and designed a telephone network built from transistors for his parents' Girl Scout camp.", "Roberts attended the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he received his bachelor's degree (1959), master's degree (1960), and Ph.D. (1963), all in electrical engineering.", "His Ph.D. thesis \"Machine Perception of Three-Dimensional Solids\" was in the field of computer vision.", "Career\n\nMIT \nAfter receiving his PhD, Roberts continued to work at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory.", "Having read the seminal 1961 paper of the \"Intergalactic Computer Network\" by J. C. R. Licklider, Roberts developed a research interest in time-sharing using computer networks.", "ARPA \nIn 1967, although at first reluctant, he was recruited by Robert Taylor in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) to become the program manager for the ARPANET.", "He asked Frank Westervelt to explore the initial design questions for a network.", "Roberts prepared a proposal that all host computers would connect to one another directly.", "Taylor and Wesley Clark disagreed with this design and Clark suggested the use of dedicated computers to create a message switching network, which were later called Interface Message Processors.", "At the Symposium on Operating System Principles that year, Roberts presented the plan based on Clark's message switching proposal.", "There he met a member of Donald Davies's team (Roger Scantlebury) who presented their research on packet switching and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.", "Roberts applied Davies's concepts of packet switching for the ARPANET, and sought input from Paul Baran.", "Roberts' plan for the ARPANET was the first wide area packet-switching network with distributed control, similar to Donald Davies' 1965 design.", "ARPA issued a request for quotation (RFQ) to build the system, which was awarded to Bolt, Beranek and Newman (BBN).", "Significant aspects of the networks's operation including routing, flow control, software design and network control were developed by the BBN IMP team, which included Bob Kahn.", "Roberts managed its implementation and contracted with Leonard Kleinrock in 1968 to carry out mathematical modelling of the packet-switched network's performance.", "Roberts engaged Howard Frank to consult on the topological design of the network.", "Frank made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs in a scaled-up network.", "When Robert Taylor was sent to Vietnam in 1969 and then resigned, Roberts became director of the IPTO.", "In 1970, he proposed to NPL's Donald Davies that the two organizations connect their networks via a satellite link.", "This original proposal proved infeasible, but in 1971 Peter Kirstein agreed to connect his research group at University College London (UCL) instead, which was later interconnected with the NPL network.", "Roberts proposed in 1973 that it would be possible to use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium shared by multiple satellite earth stations within the beam's footprint.", "This was implemented later by Bob Kahn, and resulted in SATNET.", "The Purdy Polynomial hash algorithm was developed for the ARPANET to protect passwords in 1971 at the request of Roberts.", "Roberts approached AT&T in the early 1970s about taking over the ARPANET to offer a public packet switched service but they declined.", "Telenet \nIn 1973, Roberts left ARPA to join BBN's effort to commercialize the nascent packet-switching technology in the form of Telenet, the first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States.", "He served as its CEO from 1973 to 1980.", "Roberts joined the international effort to standardize a protocol for packet switching based on virtual circuits shortly before it was finalized.", "Telenet converted to the X.25 protocol, which was adopted by PTTs across North America and Europe for public data networks in the mid-late 1970s.", "Roberts promoted this approach over the datagram approach in TCP/IP being pursued by ARPA, which he described as \"oversold\" in 1978.", "Later career \nIn 1983 he joined DHL Corporation as President.", "At the time, he predicted bandwidths would go down driven by voice compression technology.", "He was CEO of NetExpress, an Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) equipment company, from 1983 to 1993.", "Roberts was president of ATM Systems from 1993 to 1998.", "He was chairman and CTO of Caspian Networks, but left in early 2004; Caspian ceased operation in late 2006.\n\n, Roberts was the founder and chairman of Anagran Inc. Anagran continues work in the same area as Caspian: IP flow management with improved quality of service for the Internet.", "Since September 2012, he was CEO of Netmax in Redwood City, California.", "Personal life\nRoberts married and divorced four times.", "At the time of his death, his partner was physician Tedde Rinker.", "Roberts died at his California home from a heart attack on December 26, 2018.", "Awards and honors\n IEEE Harry H. Goode Memorial Award (1976 ), \"In recognition of his contributions to the architectural design of computer-communication systems, his leadership in creating a fertile research environment leading to advances in computer and satellite communications techniques, his role in the establishment of standard international communication protocols and procedures, and his accomplishments in development and demonstration of packet switching technology and the ensuing networks which grew out of this work.\"", "Member, National Academy of Engineering (1978)\nL.M.", "Ericsson Prize (1982) in Sweden\n Computer Design Hall of Fame Award (1982)\n IEEE W. Wallace McDowell Award (1990), \"For architecting packet switching technology and bringing it into practical use by means of the ARPA network.\"", "Association for Computing Machinery SIGCOMM Award (1998), for \"visionary contributions and advanced technology development of computer communication networks\".", "IEEE Internet Award (2000) For \"early, preeminent contributions in conceiving, analyzing and demonstrating packet-switching networks, the foundation technology of the Internet.\"", "International Engineering Consortium Fellow Award (2001)\n National Academy of Engineering Charles Stark Draper Prize (2001), \"for the development of the Internet\" \n Principe de Asturias Award 2002 in Spain \"for designing and implementing a system that is changing the world by providing previously unthought of opportunities for social and scientific progress.\"", "NEC C&C Award (2005) in Japan \"For Contributions to Establishing the Foundation of Today's Internet Technology through ... the Design and Development of ARPANET and Other Early Computer Networks that were Part of the Initial Internet.\"", "In 2012, Roberts was inducted into the Internet Hall of Fame by the Internet Society.", "See also\nHistory of the Internet\nInternet pioneers\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Larry Roberts, \"The ARPANET and Computer Networks\", Computer History Museum, 1986\n Personal website\n Oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts.", "Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.", "Roberts directed the Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO) during 1968–1973 and was later chief operating officer of Network Express.", "The interview focuses on IPTO and the Advanced Research Projects Agency.", "Much of Roberts's description of the work of ARPA and IPTO is set within the context of his interactions with Congress on budget matters.", "Topics include J. C. R. Licklider, Ivan Sutherland, Stephen J. Lukasik, Wesley Clark, ARPA and IPTO support of research in computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence, the ARPANET, the involvement of universities with ARPA and IPTO.", "Oral history interview with Robert E. Kahn.", "Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota.", "Kahn discusses the work of various DARPA and IPTO personnel including J. C. R. Licklider, Vinton Cerf, and Larry Roberts\n Lawrence G. Roberts's profile on Internet Evolution, \"the macrosite for news, analysis, & opinion about the future of the internet.\"", "\"Obituary: Lawrence Roberts, Who Helped Design Internet’s Precursor, Dies at 81\", Katie Hafner, New York Times, December 30, 2018.", "1937 births\n2018 deaths\nPeople from Westport, Connecticut\nMIT School of Engineering alumni\nInternet pioneers\nDraper Prize winners\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Engineering\nMIT Lincoln Laboratory people\nAmerican people of English descent" ]

[ "Lawrence Gilman Roberts was an American engineer who received the Draper Prize in 2001 for the development of the Internet.", "The ARPANET was created by Roberts and his team as a program manager and later office director at the Advanced Research Projects Agency.", "The ARPANET was built by Bolt Beranek and Newman.", "Leonard Kleinrock was asked to model the performance of the network.", "Roberts was the CEO of Telenet.", "Roberts was born and raised in Connecticut.", "He was the son of two people who had doctorates in chemistry.", "It is said that when he was a child, he built a transformer, built a television, and designed a telephone network from transistors.", "Roberts received his bachelor's degree, master's degree, and PhD in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.", "His thesis was in the field of computer vision.", "Roberts continued to work at the MIT Lincoln Laboratory after receiving his PhD.", "Roberts became interested in time-sharing using computer networks after reading the \"Intergalactic Computer Network\" paper.", "He was recruited by Robert Taylor in the ARPA Information Processing Techniques Office to become the program manager for the ARPANET.", "Frank was asked to look at the initial design questions.", "Roberts proposed that all host computers connect to one another.", "The use of dedicated computers to create a message switch network was suggested by Taylor and Clark.", "Roberts presented the plan at the Symposium on Operating System Principles.", "He met a member of Donald Davies's team who presented their research on packet switching and suggested it for use in the ARPANET.", "Davies's concepts of packet switch were applied by Roberts to the ARPANET.", "The first wide area packet-switching network with distributed control was designed by Roberts.", "Bolt, Beranek and Newman were awarded the contract to build the system.", "Significant aspects of the networks's operation, including flow control, software design and network control, were developed by theBBN IMP team.", "Leonard Kleinrock was contracted by Roberts to carry out mathematical modelling of the packet-switched network's performance.", "Howard Frank was engaged by Roberts to design the network.", "Frank made recommendations to increase throughput and reduce costs.", "Roberts became director of the IPTO when Robert Taylor resigned after being sent to Vietnam.", "He proposed that the two organizations use a satellite link.", "Peter Kirstein agreed to connect his research group at University College London instead of the original proposal because it was more feasible.", "Roberts proposed in 1973 that it would be possible to use a satellite's 64 kilobit/second link as a medium shared by multiple satellite earth stations within the beam's footprint.", "The SATNET was implemented later by Bob Kahn.", "At the request of Roberts, the ARPANET developed the Purdy Polynomial hashes to protect passwords.", "Roberts tried to get AT&T to take over the ARPANET to offer a public switched service.", "The first FCC-licensed public data network in the United States was Telenet, which was launched in 1973.", "He was the CEO from 1973 to 1980.", "Shortly before it was finalized, Roberts joined the international effort to standardize a protocol for packet switch based on virtual circuits.", "The X.25 protocol was adopted by public data networks across North America and Europe in the late 1970s.", "Roberts promoted this approach over the datagram approach that was being pursued by ARPA in 1978.", "He joined the company as President in 1983.", "He predicted that voice compression technology would cause bandwidths to go down.", "He was the CEO of NetExpress from 1983 to 1993.", "From 1993 to 1998 Roberts was the president of ATM Systems.", "Roberts was the founder and chairman of Anagran.", "He was the CEO of Netmax.", "Roberts had four marriages and four divorces.", "Tedde Rinker was his partner at the time of his death.", "Roberts died from a heart attack.", "In recognition of his contributions to the architectural design of computer-communication systems, his leadership in creating a fertile research environment leading to advances in computer and satellite communications techniques, his role in the establishment of standard international communication protocols and", "Member of the National Academy of Engineering.", "The Computer Design Hall of Fame Award was given by the Ericsson Prize.", "The Association for Computing Machinery award was for \"visionary contributions and advanced technology development of computer communication networks\".", "The foundation technology of the Internet is packet-switching networks.", "The International Engineering Consortium Fellow Award (2001) was given by the National Academy of Engineering for the development of the Internet.", "The design and development of ARPANET and other early computer networks were part of the initial internet.", "Roberts was a member of the Internet Hall of Fame.", "The Computer History Museum has an oral history interview with Lawrence G. Roberts.", "The Charles Babbage Institute is located at the University of Minnesota.", "Roberts was chief operating officer of Network Express after directing the Information Processing Techniques Office.", "The Advanced Research Projects Agency is the focus of the interview.", "Much of Roberts's description of the work of ARPA and IPTO is set within the context of his interactions with Congress.", "The topics include computer science, computer networks, and artificial intelligence.", "Robert E. Kahn had an oral history interview.", "The Charles Babbage Institute is located at the University of Minnesota.", "J. C. R. Licklider, Vinton Cerf, and Lawrence G. Roberts are mentioned in the article.", "The New York Times reported on the death of Lawrence Roberts.", "Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering MIT Lincoln Laboratory people American people of English descent were born in 1937." ]

[ "Lawrence Gilman Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Elliott John Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Larry Roberts", "Lawrence G", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Larry Roberts", "Lawrence G", "Roberts", "Lawrence Roberts" ]

[ "Lawrence Gilman Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Lawrence G", ". Roberts", "Roberts", "Roberts", "Lawrence G", ". Roberts", "Lawrence Roberts" ]

[ "Lieutenant-General Sir Joseph Thackwell (1 February 1781 – 8 April 1859) was a British Army officer.", "He served with the 15th Hussars in the Peninsular War at the Battle of Sahagún in 1808 and the Battle of Vitoria in 1813, and he lost his left arm at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.", "He commanded the regiment from 1820 to 1832.", "He then served in India, commanding the cavalry in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–89, and at the Battle of Sobraon in the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–46, and at the Battle of Chillianwala and Battle of Gujrat in the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848–9.", "He also commanded the 3rd The King's Own Dragoons, was colonel of the 16th Lancers, and was appointed Inspector-general of cavalry.", "Early life \nThackwell was the fourth son of John Thackwell, JP, of Rye Court and Moreton Court, Birtsmorton Court in Worcestershire (died 1808).", "He was commissioned as cornet in the Worcester Fencible Cavalry in 1798, was promoted to lieutenant in September 1799, and served in Ireland until the regiment was disbanded in 1800.", "15th Hussars \nIn April 1800, he purchased a commission in the 15th Light Dragoons, and became lieutenant in June 1801.", "He was placed on half-pay in 1802 after the Peace of Amiens but was brought back to the regiment on its augmentation in April 1804.", "The regiment was converted into hussars in 1806, and Thackwell became captain in April 1807.", "The 15th Hussars formed part of Lord Paget's hussar brigade in 1807, and was sent to the Peninsula in 1808.", "It played the principal part in the Battle of Sahagún on 21 December 1808, and to cover the retreat of General Sir John Moore's army to Corunna.", "After some years of service back in England, the regiment was sent back to the Peninsula in 1813.", "It formed part of the hussar brigade attached to General Graham's corps.", "At the passage of the river Esla on 31 May 1813, Thackwell commanded the leading squadron which surprised a French cavalry picket and took thirty prisoners.", "He took part in the Battle of Vitoria on 21 June 1813 and in the subsequent pursuit, in the Battle of the Pyrenees at the end of July 1813, and in the Siege of Pamplona.", "He was also present at the battles of Orthez, Tarbes, and Toulouse.", "On 1 March 1814, after passing the river Adour, Thackwell was in command of the leading squadron of his regiment, and had a creditable encounter with the French light cavalry, on account of which he was recommended (unsuccessfully) for a brevet majority by Sir Stapleton Cotton.", "He was awarded the Peninsular Medal with two clasps.", "He served with the 15th Hussars in the campaign of 1815, in General Colquhoun Grant's brigade, which was on the right of the line at the Battle of Waterloo.", "He wrote of his experiences at Waterloo.", "After several engagements with the French cavalry at Waterloo, the regiment suffered severely in charging a square of infantry towards the end of the day.", "Thackwell had two horses shot under him and was wounded in his left arm, which was amputated the next day.", "He was promoted to the rank of major at Waterloo, and he was made brevet lieutenant-colonel on 21 June 1817.", "The regiment charged the crowd at the Peterloo massacre on 16 August 1819, at St Peter's Field in Manchester.", "He took command of the regiment in June 1820.", "After serving nearly 32 years in the regiment, and nearly 12 as its commander, he was placed on half-pay on 16 March 1832, exchanging with Lord Brudenell.", "He was made a Knight of the Royal Guelphic Order (KH) in February 1834.", "India \nThackwell became a colonel in the army in January 1837, and in May 1837, by exchange, he took command of the 3rd The King's Own Dragoons, travelling with his new regiment to India and arriving in Calcutta in November 1837.", "He became local major-general and was placed in command of the cavalry of the Army of the Indus in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–39.", "He was present at the Siege of Ghazni, and he commanded the second column of the part of the army which returned to India from Kabul in the autumn of 1839.", "He was made a Commander of the Order of the Bath (CB) in July 1838, and advanced to KCB in December 1839.", "He commanded the cavalry division of Sir Hugh Gough's army in the short campaign against the Marathas of Gwalior at the end of 1843, and was mentioned in Gough's despatch after the Battle of Maharajpur.", "In the First Anglo-Sikh War he was again in command of the cavalry at the Battle of Sobraon on 10 February 1846.", "He led the cavalry in file over the entrenchments on the right of the line, doing work (as Gough said) usually left to infantry and artillery.", "He was promoted major-general on in November 1846.", "When the Second Anglo-Sikh War, Thackwell he was appointed to the command of the third division of infantry; but on the death of Brigadier Cureton in the Battle of Ramnagar on 22 November 1848, he was transferred to the cavalry division.", "After Ramnagar, the Sikhs crossed to the right bank of the Chenab.", "To enable his own army to follow them, Gough sent a force of about eight thousand men under Thackwell to pass the river higher up, and help to dislodge the Sikhs from their position by moving on their left flank and rear.", "Thackwell found the nearer fords impracticable, but crossed at Wazirabad, and encamped on the morning of 3 December near Sadulapur.", "He had orders not to attack until he was joined by an additional brigade; but he was himself attacked towards midday by about half the Sikh army.", "The Sikhs drove the British pickets out of three villages and some large plantations of sugar-cane, and so secured for themselves a strong position.", "They kept up a heavy fire of artillery until sunset, and attempted to turn the British flanks, but there was very little fighting at close quarters.", "In the course of the afternoon Thackwell received authority to attack if he thought proper; but as the enemy was strongly posted, he deemed it safer to wait till next morning.", "By morning the Sikhs had disappeared, and it is doubtful whether they had any other object in their attack than that of gaining time for a retreat.", "Gough expressed his 'warm approval' of Thackwell's conduct, but there are some signs of dissatisfaction in his dispatch of 5 December.", "Thackwell also commanded the cavalry at the Battle of Chillianwala on 13 January 1849, split into two brigades, one on each flank, and Thackwell actually directed only the left brigade.", "The right brigade, commanded by Brigadier Pope, found itself in deep trouble, and the 14th Light Dragoons routed.", "At the Battle of Gujrat on 21 February 1849, Thackwell, was also on the left, and kept in check the enemy's cavalry when it tried to turn that flank.", "After the battle was won he led a vigorous pursuit till nightfall.", "In his despatch of 26 February 1849 Gough said: ‘I am also greatly indebted to this tried and gallant officer for his valuable assistance and untiring exertions throughout the present and previous operations as second in command with this force.’\n\nThackwell received the thanks of parliament for the third time, and was advanced to GCB on 5 June 1849.", "Based on his diaries and correspondences, his memoir, The Military Memoirs of Lieut.-General Sir Joseph Thackwell was published in 1908, edited by British Army colonel and military historian, H.C. Wylly.", "Today, his portrait by Thomas Haington Wilson is at National Army Museum, London.", "Later life \nIn November 1849, Thackwell he was given the colonelcy of the 16th Lancers.", "He was Inspector-general of cavalry from April 1854 to February 1855, and was promoted to lieutenant-general in June 1854.", "Lord Hastings suggested him for a baronetcy in 1856, but the Prime Minister Lord Palmerston demurred.", "He had married, on 29 July 1825, Maria Audriah Roche, eldest daughter of Francis Roche of Rochemount, County Cork (an uncle of Edmond Roche, 1st Baron Fermoy).", "They had four sons and three daughters.", "He bought Aghada Hall in County Cork in 1853, and died there in April 1859.", "His four sons became officers in the British Army.", "His second son, Major-General William de Wilton Roche Thackwell (1834–1910), served in the Crimean War and in Egypt in 1882.", "His third son, Osbert Dabitôt Thackwell (1837–1858), was lieutenant in the 15th Bengal Native Infantry when that regiment mutinied at Nasirabad on 28 May 1857.", "He had been commissioned as ensign on 25 June 1855, and became lieutenant on 23 November 1856.", "He was appointed interpreter to the 83rd Foot, was in several engagements with the mutineers, and distinguished himself in the defence of Nimach.", "He was present at the Siege of Lucknow, and, while walking in the streets after its capture, he was killed in the street by some of the sepoys on 20 March 1858.", "His fourth son, Francis John Roche Thackwell, served in the Royal Irish Lancers, and died in India in 1869 from wounds inflicted by a tiger.", "His nephew Joseph Edwin Thackwell, CB (1813–1900) also served in the British Army, serving as Aide-de-Camp to his uncle when commanding the Meerut Division in India in 1852–53; he also served in the Crimean War, and also became a lieutenant general.", "Works\n\nReferences \n8.", "Obituary, British Newspaper Archives, 12 April 1859, Cheltenham, Gloucestershire, England\n\n1781 births\n1859 deaths\nBritish Army generals\n15th The King's Hussars officers\n16th The Queen's Lancers officers\nPeople from Worcestershire\nBritish Army personnel of the Peninsular War\nBritish Army personnel of the Napoleonic Wars\nBritish amputees\nBritish military personnel of the First Anglo-Afghan War\nBritish military personnel of the First Anglo-Sikh War\nBritish military personnel of the Second Anglo-Sikh War\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath\nRecipients of the Waterloo Medal\nRecipients of the Army Gold Cross\n3rd The King's Own Hussars officers" ]

[ "Sir Joseph Thackwell was a British Army officer.", "He lost his left arm at the Battle of Waterloo after serving with the 15th Hussars in the Peninsular War.", "He was the commanding officer from 1820 to 1832.", "In India, he commanded the cavalry in the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–89, the Battle of Sobraon in the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845–46, and the Battle of Gujrat in the Second Anglo-Afghan War.", "He commanded the 3rd The King's Own Dragoons and was appointed Inspector-general of cavalry.", "The fourth son of John Thackwell, JP, was Thackwell.", "He was promoted to lieutenant in September 1799 and served in Ireland until the regiment was abolished in 1800.", "He became a lieutenant in June 1801 after purchasing a commission in the 15th Hussars.", "He was placed on half-pay in 1802 after the Peace of Amiens but was brought back to the unit in April 1804.", "Thackwell became captain of the hussars in April 1807.", "The 15th Hussars were part of Lord Paget's hussar brigade.", "It was used to cover the retreat of General Sir John Moore's army in the Battle of Sahagn.", "After a few years of service in England, the regiment was sent back to the Peninsula.", "It was part of the hussar brigade.", "Thackwell commanded the leading squadron which surprised the French cavalry picket and took thirty prisoners.", "He took part in the Battle of the Pyrenees at the end of July 1813, and in the Siege of Pamplona in the summer of 1813.", "He was at the battles of Orthez, Tarbes, and Toulouse.", "On 1 March 1814, after passing the river Adour, Thackwell was in command of the leading squadron of his regiment, and had a creditable encounter with the French light cavalry, on account of which he was recommended (unsuccessfully) for a brevet majority by Sir", "He received the Peninsular medal with two clasps.", "He was a member of the 15th Hussars, who were on the right of the line at the Battle of Waterloo.", "He wrote about his experiences at Waterloo.", "After several engagements with the French cavalry at Waterloo, the regiment suffered a lot in charging a square of infantry towards the end of the day.", "Thackwell had two horses shot under him and his left arm was severed the next day.", "He was made brevet lieutenant-colonel on June 21, 1817, after being promoted to the rank of major at Waterloo.", "The Peterloo massacre took place at St Peter's Field in Manchester on August 16, 1819.", "In June 1820, he took command of the unit.", "He was placed on half-pay by Lord Brudenell after 32 years in the army and 12 years as its commander.", "He was made a Knight in February of 1834.", "In January of 1836, India Thackwell became a colonel in the army, and in May of 1836, he took command of the 3rd The King's Own Dragoons, travelling to India and arriving in Calcutta.", "In the First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838–39, he was placed in command of the cavalry of the Army of the Indus.", "He commanded the second column of the army which returned to India from Afghanistan in the autumn of 1839.", "He was made a Commander of the Order of the Bath in July of 1838.", "He commanded the cavalry division of Sir Hugh Gough's army in the short campaign against the Marathas of Gwalior at the end of 1843.", "He commanded the cavalry at the Battle of Sobraon in the First Anglo-Sikh War.", "He led the cavalry in file over the entrenchments on the right of the line.", "He was promoted to major-general.", "When the Second Anglo-Sikh War began, Thackwell was appointed to the command of the third division of infantry, but he was transferred to the cavalry division after the death of Brigadier Cureton.", "The Sikhs went to the right bank of the Chenab.", "To enable his own army to follow them, Gough sent a force of about eight thousand men under Thackwell to pass the river higher up, and help to remove the Sikhs from their position by moving on their left flank and rear.", "On the morning of 3 December, Thackwell crossed at Wazirabad and camped near Sadulapur.", "He was ordered not to attack until he was joined by an additional brigade, but he was attacked by half the Sikh army at midday.", "The British pickets were driven out of three villages and some large plantations of sugar-cane by the Sikhs.", "There was very little fighting at close quarters as they tried to turn the British flanks.", "Thackwell was given the authority to attack if he thought proper, but he decided to wait until next morning because the enemy was strong.", "The Sikhs had gained time for a retreat, and it is doubtful if they had any other objects in their attack.", "There are some signs of unhappiness in his dispatch of 5 December, but he expressed his warm approval of Thackwell's conduct.", "Thackwell commanded the cavalry at the Battle of Chillianwala on January 13, 1849, split into two brigades, one on each flank, and he directed the left brigade.", "The 14th Light Dragoons routed the right brigade, commanded by Brigadier Pope.", "Thackwell was on the left at the Battle of Gujrat and kept an eye on the enemy's cavalry.", "He pursued after the battle was over.", "Thackwell received the thanks of parliament for the third time.", "The Military Memoirs of Lieut.-General Sir Joseph Thackwell was edited by a British Army colonel and military historian.", "His portrait is at the National Army Museum.", "Thackwell was given the colonelcy of the 16th Lancers in 1849.", "He was promoted to lieutenant-general in June 1854.", "The Prime Minister Lord Palmerston demurred when Lord Hastings suggested him for a baronetcy.", "On July 29, 1824, he married Maria Audriah Roche, eldest daughter of Francis Roche, an uncle of 1st Baron Fermoy.", "They had seven children, four sons and three daughters.", "He bought Aghada Hall in County Cork in the 19th century.", "His four sons joined the army.", "Major-General William Thackwell was the second son of his father.", "His third son, Osbert Dabitt Thackwell, was a lieutenant in the 15th Bengal Native Infantry.", "He became a lieutenant on November 23, 1856.", "He was an interpreter for the 83rd Foot and was involved in several engagements with the mutineers.", "While walking in the streets after the capture of Lucknow, he was killed by some of the sepoys.", "His fourth son, Francis John Thackwell, died from wounds inflicted by a tiger in India in 1869.", "He served in the British Army as an aide-de-camp to his uncle when he was commanding the Meerut Division in India, and later became a lieutenant general.", "References 8.", "British Army generals 15th The King's Hussars officers 16th The Queen's Lancers officers died in the Peninsular War." ]

[ "Sir Joseph Thackwell", "Thackwell", "John Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Joseph Thackwell", "Roche Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Roche Thackwell", "Joseph Edwin", "Thackwell" ]

[ "Sir Joseph Thackwell", "John Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Joseph Thackwell", "Thackwell", "William Thackwell", "Thackwell", "Thackwell" ]

[ "Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar a.k.a.", "Vaidyanatha Iyer (28 August 1896 – 16 October 1974) was a Carnatic music singer from Palakkad (state of Kerala, India).", "Known by his village name Chembai, or simply as Bhagavatar, he was born to Anantha Bhagavatar and Parvati Ammal in 1896, into a Tamil Brahmin family in Perakkool Madom (Parvati Ammal's birth home), adjacent to Lokanarkavu near Vatakara on Janmashtami day.", "He lived here until he was five years old.", "The family later shifted to Palakkad.", "Chembai was noted for his powerful voice and majestic style of singing.", "His first public performance was in 1904, when he was nine.", "A recipient of several titles and honours (including the Madras Music Academy's Sangeetha Kalanidhi in 1951), he was known for his encouragement of upcoming musicians and ability to spot new talent.", "He was responsible for popularising compositions like Rakshamam Saranagatam and Pavana Guru, among others.", "The music critic 'Aeolus' described him as \"the musician who has meant the most to Carnatic Music in the first fifty years of the 20th century.\"", "His prominent disciples include Chembai Narayana Bhagavathar, Mangu Thampuran, Guruvayur Ponnammal, T. V. Gopalakrishnan, V. V. Subramaniam, P. Leela, K. G. Jayan, K. G. Vijayan, K. J. Yesudas, Kudumaru Venkataraman and Babu Parameswaran, among others.", "He also mentored many young accompanists, including Palghat Mani Iyer, Lalgudi Jayaraman, M. S. Gopalakrishnan, T. N. Krishnan, Palani Subramaniam Pillai and L. Subramaniam.", "Memorial music festivals have been held in his honour annually since his death in 1974, the most important being the annually celebrated Chembai Sangeetholsavam.", "Early life\n\nThe family's connection with classical music spans five centuries.", "Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar's father, Anantha Bhagavatar, was a violinist and singer from Chembai, near Palakkad, to whom a local Maharaja awarded the title \"Ghana Chakratanam\", indicating his mastery of a special closed-mouth style of singing tanam.", "At age 3, Chembai began to learn Carnatic music from his father in the customary guru-sishya tradition, and also began violin and flute training in 1912.", "Chembai is also one of 12 names of Sirkazhi, the birthplace of saint Gnanasambandar 7th century CE in TN.", "Singing career\nSome of the noteworthy early events that helped shape Chembai's career include his arangetram (debut concert) in Ottapalam in 1904, performances at Vaikom and Guruvayur in 1907, his year with Kaliakudi Natesa Sastry (1909) and the accolades he received from Palghat Anantharama Bhagavatar (1911).", "Between 1913 and 1927, he performed at many different music festivals and sabhas, notably including the Madras Music Academy and the often forgotten Jagannatha Bhakta Sabha.", "Release of recordings\nChembai has many phonograph recordings to his credit, recorded from 1932 to 1946.", "Those were the days before the advent of the concert microphone, and a singer was entirely dependent on the timbre and reach of his voice for a successful concert.", "Chembai was blessed with a voice of great depth.", "Further, the perception that Chembai's repertoire of songs was limited is highly incorrect.", "The number of different compositions he recorded is in the hundreds (let alone the total number he performed in concerts and on radio during his career).", "Lalita Dasar Kritis (1945)\nChembai's old friend, T. G. Krishna Iyer, from Tripunithura, had settled in Madras (now Chennai) and offered a house to Chembai on Palace Road near Santhome.", "He had composed some 155 kritis in Telugu, Malayalam, Tamil and Sanskrit under the mudra 'Lalita dasar' and requested Chembai to popularise them.", "Chembai set the kritis to classical music and got them published under the name Lalita Dasar Keertanaigal.", "He made it a practice to sing these kritis in most of his concerts.", "He also released a record containing selected kritis from Lalita Dasar's kritis like Evariki Telusunamma (Dhanyasi), Ennil Kaninda (Shankarabharanam), Pavana Guru (Hamsanandi), Varijadala Lochani (Arabhi), among others.", "Performing ability and style\nChembai had a vigorous, strong, vibrant, ringing and resonant voice.", "He would sing in a clear, open-throated style that requires high levels of physical and mental endurance to pull off, yet, he did so in a seemingly effortless manner.", "He had a wonderful sense of accurate kala pramana (time measure).", "He could do a niraval and swaraprastara from any given point, which bespoke of mental alertness in a concert.", "His empathy for his accompanists and disciples was noteworthy and he would go to great lengths to encourage them.", "Other stalwarts have admired the strengths in Chembai's singing.", "For instance, upon witnessing that Chembai was able to sing three major concerts in a single day, Sangeetha Kalanidhi G. N. Balasubramaniam is said to have remarked \"These are not ordinary men.", "These are the Asuras of the music field.", "If I sing one concert, I need to rest the whole of next day\".", "Legendary percussionist Pudukkottai Dakshinamurthy Pillai would call him \"Laya Brahma\" for his impeccable grasp of tala and laya.", "Sangeetha Kalanidhi K. V. Narayanaswamy has also remarked on Chembai's ability to hold notes aligned perfectly to sruti for extended intervals of time.", "Disciples\nChembai had many students, including K. J. Yesudas and many noted musicians like Sangeetha Kalanidhi T. V. Gopalakrishnan, P. Leela, and the Jaya-Vijaya twins, Kudumaru Venkataraman and others.", "Death\nChembai died suddenly on 16 October 1974, aged 78, of a cardiac arrest.", "Shortly before that, he performed his last concert at Poozhikkunnu Sreekrishna temple in Ottapalam (the venue of his first concert), and concluded the concert with his favourite song \"Karuna Cheivan Endu Thamasam Krishna\" (Why is there so much delay in conferring your mercy, Krishna?).", "He was talking to his disciple Olappamanna Vasudevan Namboothiripad when he suddenly collapsed and died.", "His nephew said he had always spoken about an easy death, and had attained it.", "He was cremated in his birth village.", "He was survived by his wife and daughter, both of them who died later.", "The Govt.", "Musical College in Palakkad was renamed as 'Chembai Memorial Govt' Musical College' in his memory.", "Awards and titles\n\nChembai received several awards and titles during his career, most notably including:\n\n \"Gayana Gandharva\" (a title bestowed by Kalki Krishnamurthy in 1940)\n Sangeetha Kalanidhi (1951; highest accolade in Carnatic music)\n Sangeet Natak Akademi Award (1958)\n Sangeetha Kalasikhamani (1964; by The Fine Arts Society, Chennai)\n Padma Bhushan (1973) – The Padma Bhushan is a national award bestowed by the President of India on select musicians and other eminent people.", "Chembai was selected to receive the award in 1973 from the then president V. V. Giri.", "The Department of Posts, Govt of India released a special issue stamp in Chembai's birth centenary year (1996).", "Music festivals\n\nChembai had been conducting a music festival in his native village from 1924 onwards.", "This was continued by his family and now by Chembai Sreenivasan and Chembai Suresh (C. A. Subramanian).", "The concert, called Chembai Ekadasi Music Festival, is held annually in February–March.", "Chembai also held a music festival on Guruvayur Ekadasi Day (mid-November) at Guruvayur every year.", "This festival, now called Chembai Sangeetholsavam in his honour, is officially conducted by the Guruvayur Devaswom Board.", "Guruvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram\nThe Sri Guvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram, awarded by Sree Krishna Temple, Guruvayur, is instituted in Chembai's memory of the late Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavathar.", "This award, comprising a cash prize of INR 50,001, a gold locket of Sree Guruvayurappan, a citation and ponnadai, is usually presented during the annual Chembai Music Festival.", "The recipients of the Chembai puraskaram include:\nSaxophonist Kadri Gopalnath (2013)\nCarnatic musician Trichur V. Ramachandran\nVeena maestro A. Ananthapadmanabhan (2011)\nCarnatic musician K. G. Jayan (2010)\nCarnatic vocalist Parassala Ponnammal (2009)\nMridangam maestro Mavelikkara Velukkutty Nair (2008)\nCarnatic vocalist M. Balamuralikrishna (2007)\nViolin maestro M. S. Gopalakrishnan (2006)\nCarnatic musician and mridangam maestro T V Gopalakrishnan (2005)\n\nSee also\nCarnatic music\nList of Carnatic singers\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nhttp://chembai.com\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20060610105948/http://chembaismruthi.org/\nhttps://web.archive.org/web/20070104210611/http://www.cmana.org/cmana/articles/gmcm.htm\n accompanied by Chowdiah on the violin and Palghat Mani Iyer on the Mridangam\n\n \nMale Carnatic singers\nCarnatic instrumentalists\nRecipients of the Padma Bhushan in arts\nRecipients of the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award\nSangeetha Kalanidhi recipients\n1896 births\n1974 deaths\nPeople from Palakkad district\nSingers from Kerala\n20th-century Indian male classical singers" ]

[ "Chembai vaidyanatha Bhagavatar a.k.a.", "On August 28, 1896, Vaidyanatha Iyer was born in Palakkad, India.", "He was born to Anantha Bhagavatar and Parvati Ammal in 1896, into a Tamil Brahmin family in Perakkool Madom.", "He was five years old when he lived here.", "The family moved to Palakkad.", "Chembai's voice and style of singing were noted.", "His first public performance was when he was nine years old.", "He was known for his ability to spot new talent and his encouragement of upcoming musicians.", "Rakshamam Saranagatam was one of the compositions he popularised.", "He was described as the musician who meant the most to music in the first fifty years of the 20th century by the music critic 'Aeolus'.", "His disciples include Chembai Narayana Bhagavathar, Mangu Thampuran, Guruvayur Ponnammal.", "He was a mentor to many young accompanists.", "The Chembai Sangeetholsavam is the most important of the memorial music festivals held in his honor.", "The family DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "Anantha Bhagavatar, the father of Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar, was a violinist and singer from Chembai, near Palakkad, which is where a local Maharaja awarded the title \"Ghana Chakratanam\", indicating his mastery of a special closed-mouth style of singing tanam", "At age 3, Chembai began to learn music from his father in the guru-sishya tradition, and also began violin and flute training in 1912.", "Sirkazhi is the birthplace of saint Gnanasambandar, one of the 12 names.", "The early events that helped shape Chembai's career include his arangetram in Ottapalam in 1904.", "He performed at many different music festivals and sabhas between 1913 and 1927, including the Madras Music Academy and the often forgotten Jagannatha Bhakta Sabha.", "The release of recordings has many recordings toTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkiaTrademarkia", "Before the concert microphone, a singer was dependent on his voice's timbre and reach for a successful concert.", "Chembai had a great voice.", "The perception that Chembai's songs were limited is incorrect.", "The number of different compositions he recorded is in the hundreds, and the total number he performed in concerts and on radio during his career is also in the hundreds.", "Chembai was offered a house on Palace Road by her old friend, T. G. Krishna Iyer.", "He composed 155 kritis in various languages under the mudra 'Lalita dasar' and requested Chembai to popularise them.", "The kritis were published under the name Lalita Dasar Keertanaigal.", "In most of his concerts, he made it a practice to sing these kritis.", "He released a record with some of the kritis from Lalita Dasar.", "Chembai had a strong, vibrant, ringing voice.", "He would sing in a clear, open-throated style that requires high levels of physical and mental endurance to pull off, yet he did so in a seemingly effortless manner.", "He had a good sense of time.", "In a concert, he could do a niraval and swaraprastara from any point.", "He would go to great lengths to encourage his disciples and his empathy for them was noteworthy.", "The strengths in Chembai's singing have been admired by other stalwarts.", "Chembai was able to sing three major concerts in a single day, and it was said to have been remarked that these are not ordinary men.", "There are Asuras in the music field.", "I need to rest the whole of next day if I sing one concert.", "He would be called \"Laya Brahma\" for his mastery of tala and laya.", "Chembai's ability to hold notes aligned perfectly to sruti for extended intervals of time has been remarked on by K. V. Narayanaswamy.", "K. J. Yesudas was one of the students of Disciples Chembai.", "Death Chembai died of a cardiac arrest at the age of 78.", "He performed his last concert at the temple where his first concert was held, and concluded it with his favourite song.", "He collapsed and died while talking to Olappamanna.", "His nephew said that he had attained an easy death.", "He was buried in his village.", "His wife and daughter both died later.", "The government.", "Musical College in Palakkad was renamed in his memory.", "Chembai received several awards and titles during his career.", "The president of the time, V. V. Giri, selected Chembai to receive the award.", "A special issue stamp was released by the Department of Posts.", "Music festivals were held in Chembai's native village from 1924 onwards.", "His family and Chembai Sreenivasan and Chembai Suresh continued this.", "The Chembai Ekadasi Music Festival is held in February and March.", "Every year, Chembai held a music festival at Guruvayur.", "The festival is conducted by the Guruvayur Devaswom Board.", "The Sri Guvayurappan Chembai Puraskaram was instituted in Chembai's memory.", "The award consists of a cash prize of 50,001, a gold locket of Sree Guruvayurappan, and a citation.", "The recipients include a saxophonist, a veena maestro, and a vocalist." ]

[ "Chembai Vaidyanatha Bhagavatar", "Chembai", "Chembai", "Chembai", "Chembai" ]

[ "Chembai vaidyanatha Bhagavatar", "Chembai", "Chembai", "Chembai" ]

[ "Frederica (\"Freddy\") Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna (October 3, 1906 – October 6, 2004) was an American ethnologist, anthropologist, and archaeologist influential for her work on Paleoindian and Alaska Native art and archaeology in the American northwest and Alaska.", "She founded and chaired the anthropology department at Bryn Mawr College from 1938 to 1972 and served as vice-president of the Society for American Archaeology (SAA) from 1949 to 1950 and as president of the American Anthropological Association (AAA) from 1966 to 1967. de Laguna's honors include Bryn Mawr College's Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching in 1972; her election into the National Academy of Sciences as the first woman, with former classmate Margaret Mead, in 1975; the Distinguished Service Award from the AAA in 1986; a potlatch from the people of Yakutat in 1996; and the Lucy Wharton Drexel Medal from the University of Pennsylvania in 1999.", "Early life and education\nDe Laguna was born to Theodore Lopez de Leo de Laguna and Grace Mead (Andrus) de Laguna, philosophy professors at Bryn Mawr College, on October 3, 1906 in Ann Arbor, Michigan.", "She was home-schooled by her parents until age 9 due to frequent illness.", "She joined her parents and younger brother Wallace on two sabbaticals during her adolescence: Cambridge and Oxford, England in 1914–1915 and France in 1921–1922.", "De Laguna attended Bryn Mawr College on a scholarship from 1923 to 1927, graduating summa cum laude with a degree in politics and economics.", "Although she was awarded the college's European fellowship, she deferred for a year to study anthropology at Columbia University under Franz Boas, Gladys Reichard, and Ruth Benedict.", "In 1928, de Laguna traveled to England, France, and Spain, where she gained fieldwork experience under George Grant MacCurdy; \"attended lectures on prehistoric art by Abbe Breuil, and received guidance from Paul Rivet and Marcelin Boule.\"", "In June, 1929, de Laguna sailed to Greenland as Therkel Mathiassen's assistant on the country's \"first scientific archaeological excavation.\"", "Staying a total of six months, the excavation convinced her of a future in anthropology and later became the subject of Voyage to Greenland: A Personal Initiation into Anthropology (1997).", "De Laguna received her PhD in anthropology from Columbia University in 1933.", "Career\n\nDe Laguna's first funded expedition was to Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, Alaska, in 1930 after Kaj Birket-Smith fell ill and was unable to continue with de Laguna as his research assistant.", "De Laguna instead secured funding from the University of Pennsylvania Museum and brought her brother Wallace, who was a geologist, as an assistant.", "The following year, the museum hired de Laguna to catalog their Eskimo collections and again financed two excavations to Cook Inlet in 1931 and 1932.", "She co-led an archaeological and ethnological expedition of Prince William Sound in 1933 with Birket-Smith; the trip became the basis for \"The Eyak Indians of the Copper River Delta, Alaska\" (1938).", "De Laguna next explored the lower Yukon Valley and Tanana River in 1935 and published two works because of it: Travels Among the Dena (1994) and Tales from the Dena (1997).", "Bryn Mawr College hired de Laguna as a sociology lecturer in 1938 \"to teach the first ever anthropology course.\"", "She kept this position until 1942 when she took a leave of absence to serve in the naval reserve as a lieutenant commander of Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service (WAVES).", "She taught naval history and codes and ciphers to women midshipmen at Smith College until the war's end in 1945.", "She resumed her professorial duties at Bryn Mawr College and then returned to the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska in the 1950s, leading to her \"comprehensive three-volume monograph...considered [to be] the authoritative work on the Yakutat Tlingit.\"", "Although retired in 1975, de Laguna remained active in her profession through a trip to Upernavik, Greenland (resulting in the completion of George Thornton Emmons' The Tlingit Indians [1991]), volunteer work for the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska, and the establishment of the Frederica de Laguna Northern Books Press.", "De Laguna also worked as an Associate Soil Conservationist in 1935 and 1936 on the Pima Indian Reservation, Arizona; as a teacher at an archaeological field school in 1941 under the sponsorship of Bryn Mawr College and the Museum of Northern Arizona; and as a visiting professor at the University of Pennsylvania from 1947 to 1949 and from 1972 to 1976 and at the University of California, Berkeley from 1959 to 1960 and from 1972 to 1973.", "Over 5,000 objects collected during her anthropological career are housed in the collections of the Penn Museum.", "Selected works\n 1930, The thousand march: Adventures of an American boy with the Garibaldi.", "Boston: Little, Brown.", "OCLC 3940490\n 1937, The arrow points to murder.", "Garden City, NJ: Crime Club, Inc. OCLC 1720968\n 1938, Fog on the mountain.", "Homer, AK: Kachemak Country Publications.", "OCLC 32748448\n 1972, Under Mount Saint Elias: The history and culture of the Yakutat Tlingit: Part one, pdf.", "Smithsonian contributions to anthropology, v. 7.", "Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.", "OCLC 603795\n 1977, Voyage to Greenland: A personal initiation in anthropology.", "New York: Norton.", "OCLC 2646088\n 1991, with George Thornton Emmons, The Tlingit Indians.", "New York: American Museum of Natural History.", "OCLC 23463915\n 1994, with Norman Reynolds and Dale DeArmond, Tales from the Dena: Indian stories from the Tanana, Koyukuk, and Yukon rivers.", "Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.", "OCLC 31518221\n 1997, Travels among the Dena: Exploring Alaska's Yukon valley.", "Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press.", "OCLC 42772476\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \"Frederica de Laguna Collection\" from Alaska State Library\n \"Frederica de Laguna collection\" from Bryn Mawr College\n Frederica de Laguna Northern Books \n \"Papers of Frederica de Laguna\" from National Anthropological Archives: part 1 and part 2\n Video interview with de Laguna from George A. Smathers Libraries\n\n1906 births\n2004 deaths\nAmerican anthropologists\nAmerican women anthropologists\nAmerican ethnologists\nWomen ethnologists\nAmerican expatriates in France\nAmerican expatriates in the United Kingdom\nBryn Mawr College alumni\nBryn Mawr College faculty\nColumbia University alumni\nMembers of the United States National Academy of Sciences\nPeople from Ann Arbor, Michigan\nFemale United States Navy officers\n20th-century American women scientists\nAmerican women archaeologists\n20th-century women writers\nUniversity of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology\nAmerican mystery writers\nAmerican crime fiction writers\nWAVES personnel\n20th-century American archaeologists\n20th-century anthropologists\nAmerican women academics\nHistorians from Michigan\n21st-century American women\nMilitary personnel from Michigan" ]

[ "Frederica \"Freddy\" Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna was an American ethnologist, anthropologist, and archaeologist who was influential for her work on Paleoindian and Alaska Native art and archaeology in the American northwest and Alaska.", "From 1949 to 1950, she was vice-president of the Society for American Archaeology, and from 1966 to 1967, she was president of the American Anthropological Association.", "On October 3, 1906 in Ann arbor, Michigan, Theodore Lopez de LEO de LAGUNA and GRACE MEAD (Andrus) de LAGUNA were born to their parents.", "She was home-schooled until she was 9 years old.", "During her adolescence, she joined her parents and brother on sabbaticals in England and France.", "He graduated summa cum laude from the college in 1927 with a degree in politics and economics.", "She deferred for a year to study anthropology at Columbia University because she was awarded the college's European fellowship.", "She traveled to England, France, and Spain in the 1920s, where she gained fieldwork experience under George Grant MacCurdy.", "In June of 1929, de Laguna was the assistant on the country's first scientific archaeological excavation.", "Staying a total of six months, the excavation convinced her of a future in anthropology and later became the subject of a book.", "She received her PhD in anthropology from Columbia University in 1933.", "The first funded expedition was to Prince William Sound and Cook Inlet, Alaska, in 1930, after Kaj Birket-Smith fell ill and was unable to continue with de Laguna as his research assistant.", "Wallace was brought as an assistant by De Laguna because she secured funding from the University of Pennsylvania Museum.", "The museum financed two excavations to Cook Inlet in 1931 and 1932 after hiring de Laguna to catalog their Eskimo collections.", "She co-led an archaeological and ethnographic expedition of Prince William Sound with Birket-Smith in 1933.", "The lower Yukon Valley and Tanana River were explored by De Laguna in 1935 and he published two works because of it.", "The first ever anthropology course was taught by de Laguna.", "She took a leave of absence in 1942 to serve in the naval reserve as a lieutenant commander of Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service.", "She taught naval history and codes and ciphers to women at Smith College.", "After returning to the Northern Tlingit region of Alaska in the 1950s, she wrote a comprehensive three-volume monograph, considered to be the authoritative work on the Yakutat Tlingit.", "After retiring in 1975, de Laguna remained active in her profession, volunteering for the U.S. Forest Service in Alaska and completing George Thornton Emmons' The Tlingit Indians.", "In 1935 and 1936, he was an associate soil conserver on the Pima Indian Reservation, Arizona, and in 1941 he was a teacher at an archaeological field school under the sponsorship of the Museum of Northern Arizona.", "There are over 5,000 objects in the Penn Museum.", "The thousand march: adventures of an American boy with a Garibaldi was written in 1930.", "Boston: Little, Brown.", "The arrow points to murder.", "The Crime Club is in Garden City, NJ.", "Kachemak Country Publications is in Homer, AK.", "The history and culture of the Yakutat Tlingit: Part one is available in PDF.", "The contributions to anthropology were made by the Smithsonian.", "Washington, D.C.", "A personal initiation in anthropology.", "New York.", "George Thornton Emmons is from The Tlingit Indians.", "The American Museum of Natural History is in New York.", "Tales from the Dena: Indian stories from the Tanana, Koyukuk, and Yukon rivers was written by Norman Reynolds and Dale DeArmond.", "The University of Washington Press is in Seattle.", "Travels among the Dena: Exploring Alaska's Yukon valley was published in 1997.", "The University of Washington Press is in Seattle.", "There are External links to the \"Frederica de Laguna Collection\" from the Alaska State Library and the \"Papers of Frederica de Laguna\" from the National Anthropological Archives." ]

[ "Frederica ( Freddy ) Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "Theodore Lopez de Leo de Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Lagunaaridi", "de Laguna", "Laguna", "Frederic", "de Laguna", "de Laguna" ]

[ "Frederica \"", "Annis Lopez de Leo de Laguna", "Theodore Lopez de LE", "de LAG", "de Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "De Laguna", "de Laguna", "de Laguna", "Frederic", "Laguna" ]

[ "Corneliu (Cornel) Coposu () (20 May 1914 – 11 November 1995) was a Christian Democratic and liberal conservative Romanian politician, the founder of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (), the founder of the Romanian Democratic Convention (), and a political detainee during the communist regime.", "His political mentor was Iuliu Maniu (1873–1953), the founder of the National Peasant Party (PNȚ), the most important political organization from the interwar period.", "He studied law and worked as a journalist.", "Biography\n\nEarly life\nCorneliu Coposu was born in Bobota, Sălaj County, at that time in Austria-Hungary (now in Romania), to the Romanian Greek-Catholic archpriest Valentin Coposu (17 November 1886 – 28 July 1941) and his wife Aurelia Coposu (née Anceanu, herself the daughter of Romanian Greek-Catholic archpriest Iuliu Anceanu).", "Corneliu had four sisters: Cornelia (1911–1988), Doina (1922–1990), Flavia Bălescu (b.", "1924), and Rodica (b.", "1932).", "He too was a devout member of the church and joined the Romanian National Party (PNR), a group dominated by Greek-Catholic politicians – Gheorghe Pop de Băsești was an acquaintance of the Coposu family, and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod was a relative on Corneliu Coposu's mother's side.", "After studying Law and Economy at the University of Cluj (1930–1934), he engaged in local politics with the PNR's direct successor, the National Peasants' Party (PNŢ), and worked as a journalist; he wrote for România Nouă, edited by Zaharia Boilă, Mesajul (Zalău), Unirea (Blaj).", "He became the private secretary of Iuliu Maniu, the leader of the PNR and PNŢ, who had been a leading actor factor in Transylvania's union with Romania (1918), and as head of the Transylvania Directory Council.", "Coposu wrote in detail about this experience in his ”secret diary”, discovered after the collapse of communism and published in 2014.", "World War II\nAccused of propaganda against the National Rebirth Front (Frontul Renașterii Naționale), Coposu was sent into forced domicile in Bobota.", "After the Second Vienna Award of August 1940, when Romania was forced to cede Northern Transylvania to Hungary, Coposu moved to Bucharest.", "He became the political secretary of Maniu, the leader of the clandestine opposition to Marshal Ion Antonescu, and the leader of the anti-Nazi resistance in Romania.", "Maniu was contacted by representatives of the British authorities, and Coposu was one of his trusted assistants; the group maintained contacts between the Romanian politicians who were negotiating the country's exit from the alliance with the Axis Powers, in order to join the anti-Nazi Alliance (USA, UK, USSR) (an alternative kept by the Antonescu government).", "In his ”secret diary”, Coposu explained the role of Iuliu Maniu as the main organizer of the coup d'état against Antonescu.", "In 1945, after the royal coup against the Antonescu regime, Coposu became deputy secretary of the PNŢ and, after the reintegration of Northern Transylvania, the party's delegate to the leadership of provisional administrative bodies.", "He was also active in organizing the party as the main opposition to the Communist Party and the Petru Groza cabinet before the 1946 general election.", "Communist persecution\n\nThe communist regime established and controlled by the Soviets, arrested him on 14 July 1947, together with all the leadership of the National Peasants' Party, after some of the party leadership had allegedly tried to flee the country in a plane landed at Tămădău (see Tămădău Affair).", "His mentor, Iuliu Maniu, the leader NPP, the most important political organization in Romania, received a life sentence in a show trial.", "Maniu died in 1953, in the infamous Sighet Prison, but his death certificate was released only eight years later.", "Coposu was imprisoned without trial for nine years, as all charges brought against him were dismissed due to lack of evidence.", "Coposu later attested that his imprisonment, imposed by Soviet officials overseeing the Securitate, was among those causing a stir in the higher echelons of the Communist Party.", "Belu Zilber, a Communist who was purged together with Lucreţiu Pătrăşcanu, later told him that prominent party politician Ana Pauker had unsuccessfully opposed the move in front of Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej.", "In 1956, Coposu was sentenced to life imprisonment for \"betrayal of the working class\" and \"crime against social reforms\".", "In April 1964, he was freed after 15 years of detention and 2 years of forced residence in Rubla (Brăila County), having spent, in all, 17 years of incarceration in 17 notorious detention and hard labor facilities associated with the communist regime, including Sighet Prison, Gherla Prison, Jilava, Râmnicu Sărat Prison, Pitești Prison, and the Danube–Black Sea Canal (where he was imprisoned with his friend and collaborator Șerban Ghica).", "Coposu later testified having been impressed by the deep scars collectivization had left in the country, as well as by the resilience of the Rubla deportees (see Bărăgan deportations) — \"They traded in vegetables they had grown themselves while locals could not be convinced that these could actually grow on the Bărăgan\".", "In the 1990s, during debates over the overall number of victims of the Communist regime between 1947 and 1964, Coposu spoke of 282,000 arrests and 190,000 deaths in custody.", "After his release, Coposu started work as an unskilled worker on various construction sites (given his status as a former prisoner, he was denied employment in any other field), and was subject to Securitate surveillance and regular interrogation.", "After the collapse of communism, Tudor Călin Zarojanu published large excerpts from the huge Securitate file on Corneliu Coposu, kept for decades by the secret communist political police \n\nHis wife Arlette was also prosecuted in 1950 during a rigged espionage trial, and died in 1966, soon after her release, from an illness contracted in prison.", "Coposu managed to keep contact with PNȚ sympathisers, and re-established the party as a clandestine group during the 1980s, while imposing its affiliation to Christian Democracy and the Christian Democrat International.", "Post-communism\nOn 22 December 1989, (during the Romanian Revolution), he and prominent members of the party issued a manifesto that confirmed the PNŢ's entry into legality, under the name Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PNȚ-CD).", "For the rest of his life, Coposu was the main voice of the opposition to the National Salvation Front (from 1992, the Democratic National Salvation Front).", "Present at his party's headquarters, he was targeted by during the January 1990 Mineriad (the first of the Mineriads) on 28 January 1990.", "The Prime Minister Petre Roman addressed the angry mob who wanted to lynch Coposu and the other leaders of the democratic opposition, pretending to mediate the conflict.", "In an attempt to create a resemblance between how the dictator Ceaușescu exited the armored vehicle before his trial and Coposu's flight, under the pretext of protecting Coposu from the angry crowd, Roman commissioned an armored vehicle to drive him to the headquarters of the Romanian National Television where Roman promised Coposu that he could make a statement which would be aired later that day.", "The statement was recorded but it did not air.", "No copy of the recording was ever found in the archives.", "Coposu successfully grouped various organizations into the Romanian Democratic Convention (CDR), of which he was the leader between 1991 and 1993.", "He was elected to the Senate of Romania in the 1992 general election.", "In 1995, the government of France granted him the Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honneur during a ceremony in Bucharest.", "Regarding Emil Constantinescu's election as the CDR's candidate for the presidential office in 1992, Coposu stated: \"The candidate was elected in an absolutely democratic manner.", "The appointment of the candidate of the Democratic Convention for the position of president of the country was made according to the most authentic democratic rules.", "All five candidates had the moral stature and prestige to honor the highest magistracy of the country.", "We, the Democratic Convention, wish the only candidate, elected by the vote of the 67 major presidential electors, to succeed in the elections and to achieve his first goal, which is the eradication of communism in Romania.\"", "Death \n\nHe died in Bucharest while undergoing treatment for lung cancer.", "Some 100,000 people attended his funeral three days later.", "He was buried in the Catholic section of Bellu cemetery.", "One of the main thoroughfares in the capital now bears his name.", "A bust of Coposu now stands next to Kretzulescu Church, in Revolution Square.", "In a 2006 poll conducted by Romanian Television to identify the \"greatest Romanians of all time\", Coposu came in 39th.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n \"Distrugerea ţărănimii\" (\"The Destruction of the Peasant Class\"), in Jurnalul Naţional\nAdrian Cioroianu, Pe umerii lui Marx.", "O introducere în istoria comunismului românesc (\"On the Shoulders of Marx.", "An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism\"), Editura Curtea Veche, Bucharest, 2005\n Coposu, Corneliu (1991), Dialoguri cu Vartan Arachelian, Colecția Caractere, București: Editura Anastasia;\n Corneliu Coposu, File dintr-un jurnal interzis.", "1936-1947, 1953, 1967-1983, ediție îngrijită de Doina Alexandru (București: Editura Vremea, 2014), ;\n Cristian Fulger, Tudor Călin Zarojanu (editori), Seniorul Corneliu Coposu (București: Humanitas, 2014), ;\nDennis Deletant, Ceausescu and the Securitate: Coercion and Dissent in Romania, 1965–1989, M.E.", "Sharpe, Armonk, New York, 1995\n Gabriela Gheorghe, Adelina Huminic, \"Istoria mineriadelor din anii 1990–1991\" (\"The History of the 1990–1991 Mineriads\"), in Sfera Politicii\nRobert Levy, Ana Pauker: The Rise and Fall of a Jewish Communist, University of California Press, Berkeley, 2001;\n Mărturisiri.", "Corneliu Coposu în dialog cu Vartan Arachelian, ediția a 3-a (București: Fundația Academia Civică, 2014) [prima ediție, 1991];\nNicolae Prelipceanu's interview with Corneliu Coposu, in Agora, IV/4, October–December 1991, pp." ]

[ "The founder of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party, and a political prisoner during the communist regime, was a Christian Democratic and liberal conservative.", "The founder of the National Peasant Party, Iuliu Maniu, was his political mentor.", "He worked as a journalist.", "The Greek-Catholic archpriest Valentin Coposu and his wife Aurelia Coposu were born in Bobota, Slaj County, Austria-Hungary, in 1886.", "Flavia Blescu was one of the four sisters.", "Rodica was born in 1924.", "The year 1932.", "He was a member of the church and joined the PNR, a group that was dominated by Greek-Catholic politicians.", "He worked as a journalist and was involved in local politics with the PNR's successor, the National Peasants' Party.", "He became the private secretary of Iuliu Maniu, the leader of the PNR and PN, who had been a leading actor in Transylvania's union with Romania.", "After the collapse of communism, Coposu found a secret diary and wrote about his experience.", "Coposu was sent to Bobota after being accused of propaganda against the National Front.", "After the Second Vienna Award of August 1940, Coposu moved to Bucharest.", "He was the leader of the anti-Nazi resistance in Romania and the political secretary of Maniu.", "Maniu was contacted by representatives of the British authorities, and Coposu was one of his trusted assistants; the group maintained contacts between the politicians who were negotiating the country's exit from the alliance with the Axis Powers, in order to join the anti-Nazi Alliance.", "Coposu explained the role of Iuliu Maniu in the coup d'état.", "Coposu was the party's delegate to the leadership of the provisional administrative bodies after the reunification of Northern Transylvania.", "The Communist Party was the main opposition to the Petru Groza cabinet before the 1946 general election.", "After some of the leadership of the National Peasants' Party tried to flee the country in a plane, the communist regime arrested him on July 14, 1947.", "Iuliu Maniu, the leader of the most important political organization in Romania, received a life sentence in a show trial.", "The death certificate for Maniu was released eight years after he died.", "All charges against Coposu were dismissed due to lack of evidence, as he was imprisoned without trial for nine years.", "Coposu later said that his imprisonment, imposed by Soviet officials overseeing the Securitate, was among those causing a stir in the higher levels of the Communist Party.", "A Communist who was purged with Lucreiu Ptrcanu later told him that a prominent party politician had opposed the move.", "Coposu was sentenced to life imprisonment for betraying the working class.", "In April 1964, he was freed after 15 years of imprisonment and 2 years of forced residence in Rubla, having spent 17 years of imprisonment in hard labor facilities associated with the communist regime.", "Coposu testified that he was impressed by the scars collectivization had left in the country, as well as by the resilience of the Rubla deportees.", "During debates over the number of victims of the Communist regime between 1947 and 1964, Coposu spoke of 282,000 arrests and 190,000 deaths in custody.", "Coposu was denied employment in any other field and was subject to regular interrogation after he was released from prison.", "After the collapse of communism, Tudor Clin Zarojanu published large excerpts from the huge Securitate file on Corneliu Coposu, kept for decades by the secret communist political police His wife Arlette was also prosecuted in 1950 during a rigged espionage trial, and died in 1966.", "Coposu established its affiliation to Christian Democracy and the Christian Democrat International while keeping in touch with the PN sympathizers.", "The Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party (PN-CD) was established under the name of the Christian Democratic National Peasants' Party after the post-communism period.", "Coposu was the main voice of the opposition to the National Salvation Front for the rest of his life.", "He was present at his party's headquarters when he was targeted.", "The mob that wanted to lynch Coposu and the other leaders of the democratic opposition were addressed by the Prime Minister Petre Roman.", "Roman commissioned an armored vehicle to drive him to the headquarters of the Romanian National Television so that he could be protected from the angry crowd.", "The statement was recorded but not aired.", "The archives did not have a copy of the recording.", "Coposu was the leader of the Romanian Democratic Convention from 1991 to 1993.", "He was elected to the Senate in 1992.", "He was granted the Grand Officier de la Légion d'Honneur by the government of France in 1995.", "Coposu stated that the CDR's candidate for the presidential office in 1992 was elected in an absolutely democratic manner.", "The candidate for the position of president of the country was appointed according to the most authentic democratic rules.", "The five candidates had the moral stature and prestige to honor the highest magistracy of the country.", "To succeed in the elections and to achieve his first goal, which is the eradication of communism in Romania, we, the Democratic Convention, wish the only candidate, elected by the vote of the 67 major presidential electors.", "He died while being treated for lung cancer.", "100,000 people attended his funeral.", "He was buried in the Catholic section.", "One of the main thoroughfares in the capital has his name on it.", "There is a bust of Coposu in Revolution Square.", "Coposu came in 39th in a 2006 poll to find the greatest Romanians of all time.", "The Destruction of the Peasant Class was written in Jurnalul Naional Adrian Cioroianu, Pe umerii lui Marx.", "On the Shoulders of Marx is a novel.", "\"An Incursion into the History of Romanian Communism\" was written by Editura Curtea Veche.", "The ediie ngrijit de Doina Alexandru was published in 1967.", "\"Istoria mineriadelor din anii 1990–1991\" is the History of the 1990–1991 Mineriads.", "Vartan Arachelian's dialog, ediia a 3-a (Bucureti: Fundaia Academia Civic, 2014)." ]

[ "Corneliu (", ") Coposu", "Corneliu Coposu", "Valentin Coposu", "Aurelia Coposu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposuescu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu" ]

[ "Valentin Coposu", "Aurelia Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Corneliu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposu", "Coposuoi" ]

[ "Jackson Wang (; ; born 28 March 1994) is a Hong Kong rapper, singer, fashion designer and dancer based in China.", "He is the founder of record label Team Wang, and is the creative director and lead designer for fashion brand Team Wang Design.", "He is active in mainland China as a solo artist and television host.", "He is a member of the South Korean boy group Got7, and also a member of the Chinese hip hop group Panthepack.", "Born and raised in Hong Kong, Wang was a sabre fencer for Hong Kong's fencing team.", "He was ranked eleventh in the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics, and won first place at the Asian Junior and Cadet Fencing Championships in 2011.", "After passing a music audition, he moved to Seoul, South Korea in July 2011 to pursue a career in K-pop.", "In January 2014, after over two years of training, Wang debuted as a member of Got7 with the single \"Girls Girls Girls\".", "Life and career\n\n1994–2016: Early life and debut with Got7 \n\nWang was born in Kowloon Tong, British Hong Kong, on 28 March 1994, and grew up in Sha Tin District, New Territories.", "His father, Wang Ruiji, is a former member of China's national fencing team and an Asian Games gold medalist.", "His mother, Sophia Chow, is a former acrobatics gymnast from Shanghai.", "His maternal grandfather, Zhou Yongchang, was a pioneer of ultrasound diagnostic medicine of mainland China.", "Under the guidance of his father and other professional coaches, Wang started his fencing training at the age of ten.", "He went on to win multiple awards as part of the Hong Kong national fencing team, including first place at the Asian Junior and Cadet Fencing Championship in 2011.", "He attended the American International School Hong Kong.", "In 2010, while playing basketball at his school, Wang was noted by a representative of South Korean talent agency JYP Entertainment and invited to participate in the global auditions in Kowloon, which he passed in December 2010, five or six months later, ranking first place among 2,000 applicants.", "He was offered a scholarship to Stanford University for fencing, but turned it down after passing his audition.", "In July 2011, Wang moved to Seoul, South Korea for his K-pop training.", "He made an appearance on the reality survival program Win: Who Is Next two years later, which aired on Mnet on 6 September 2013.", "The program was a competition between YG Entertainment trainees (who later debuted as members of Winner and iKon), and JYP trainees.", "Wang appeared alongside fellow trainees Mark, Yugyeom, and BamBam, who were then selected as members of Got7.", "After two and a half years of training, Wang was selected as one of the final members of JYP Entertainment's new boy group Got7 and debuted with the single \"Girls Girls Girls\", released on 16 January 2014, from the group's first EP Got It?.", "In 2014, Wang joined his first variety show, SBS' Roommate, as a member in its second season.", "Wang's individual popularity rose after he appeared on the series, and he was later awarded the Newcomer Award at the 2014 SBS Entertainment Awards.", "He subsequently appeared on several other Korean variety shows such as Star King, Law of the Jungle, Happy Together, Radio Star, Problematic Men, Our Neighborhood Arts and Physical Education, Saturday Night Live Korea, A Look At Myself, and others.", "On 12 May 2015, Wang was appointed as a new MC for SBS' music show Inkigayo, following the departure of ZE:A's Kwanghee.", "In December 2015, Wang made his Chinese television debut as one of the presenters (alongside He Jiong) on the Chinese version of the show Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, called Go Fridge, which was well received.", "He also wrote the lyrics, composed and arranged the theme song for the show in seasons 2 and 3.", "In March 2016, Wang was appointed as MC for Fresh Sunday, a show on Hunan TV.", "Later in 2016, he starred in the show Fighting Man alongside Jam Hsiao, Wang Kai, Jing Boran, Bai Jingting, and Yang Shuo.", "On 29 April 2016, Got7 held their first concert in Seoul, where Wang performed his self-composed songs \"I Love It\" and \"WOLO (We Only Live Once)\" with his group members Yugyeom and BamBam.", "In November 2017, prior to the release of Got7 second Japanese extended play \"Turn Up\", Wang dropped out of all group activities in Japan due to health concerns and conflicting schedules.", "In December 2016 Wang's first solo commercial for Midea was released in China.", "2017–2020: Early musical releases and Mirrors \nOn 26 June 2017, JYP Entertainment announced the release of Wang's first solo album in China, as well as the establishment of a dedicated management team, named Team Wang, for his activities in the country.", "Wang also established Snake or the Rabbit, which is a distribution company based in the United States, as partnership with Team Wang.", "His first single, an English track titled \"Papillon\", was released on 26 August and debuted at No.", "1 on Billboard's China V Chart on the week of 16 September; moreover, on 30 August, he released \"Novoland: The Castle in the Sky\" (), the theme song for iOS game Novoland: The Castle in the Sky 3D, breaking away from hip-hop and making a first try with melodious and classical music.", "After establishing his own studio in China, Wang began endorsing beverages, clothing brands and electronics, which include Pepsi, Snow Beer, VIVO X21, Adidas, Douyin Application, Lenovo in China, and Hogan in Hong Kong.", "Wang attended the 2017 MTV Europe Music Awards as an Ambassador of Great China on 12 November.", "On 13 November, he was appointed as Alibaba Group Tmall Global's Chief Wonderful Goods Officer.", "On 30 November, he released his second solo single, \"Okay\": similar to \"Papillon\", he wrote the lyrics, and composed and arranged the song together with Boytoy.", "On 9 February 2018, Wang was appointed as envoy of Hong Kong Tourism.", "On 20 April, he released his third self-written single, \"Dawn of Us\", an English song once again composed and arranged in collaboration with Boytoy.", "While \"Papillon\" dealt with the theme of self-struggle and \"Okay\" described self-love, the track exhorts to appreciate the present and live with enthusiasm.", "The duo paired up again for \"Fendiman\", a collaboration with Fendi China.", "\"Papillon\" was included in B2 Music and Vibe Asian hip hop and rap compilation album Urban Asia Vol.", "1, which was released worldwide on 9 May.", "Wang also featured in one of the four exclusive tracks, \"Can't Breathe\" by Eddie Supa, together with Stan Sono.", "On 14 May, his solo track \"X\" for Snow Beer superX was released.", "On 22 October 2018, Wang signed with Canxing Culture to enter the international market.", "On 6 November 2018, Wang released a single, \"Different Game\", featuring Gucci Mane.", "On 18 December, Madame Tussauds Hong Kong announced the creation of Wang's wax figure, which was unveiled on 30 July.", "On 14 January 2019, he was appointed as the new ambassador of Fendi China.", "On 23 March 2019, Wang held a birthday party titled \"328 Journey Festival\" at the Beijing Olympics Sports Center.", "The 5,000 tickets were sold out in 98 seconds.", "On 12 June 2019, Wang was featured on the song \"Rumble\" from the album Diaspora by GoldLink and Lil Nei.", "Then he collaborated with Qin Fen, and released the single \"Another\" on 19 June 2019.", "On 20 July, Fendi launched its first ever velvet collection called \"Fendi X Jackson Wang Capsule Collection\".", "The limited edition collection, for which Jackson designed clothes, shoes and accessories, sold out immediately after the launch.", "It was then released worldwide on 26 July.", "On 12 September 2019, Wang held a listening session of his first album Mirrors for the press: the digital record, which expresses the emotions of the contemporary youth and incorporates elements of China's traditional culture, was produced in China, South Korea, and the United States.", "Wang supervised the whole process, from the initial creation to the packaging, and was personally involved in arrangements, lyrics writing, and music video shooting.", "The album's first single, \"Bullet to the Heart\", was released on 24 September with a music video directed by Daniel Cloud Campos, and tells the obstacles and hardships experienced in pursuing something.", "The album's second single was \"Dway!", "\", published on 22 October with its music video.", "In conjunction with the release of Mirrors on 25 October, the singer and artist Da Yan created an interactive video installation space titled Bullet to the Heart: 0328 at the LOVE LOVE LOVE Art of Love Exhibition at Shum Yip Upperhills Tower 1 in Shenzhen from 24 October to 3 November.", "On 11 October 2019, leading up to the release of Mirrors, Wang was featured in three tracks from 88rising's album Head in the Clouds II: \"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Walking\", and \"I Love You 3000 II\".", "On 12 December 2019, he was featured on the song \"Face Power\" from the album Mr.", "Enjoy Da Money, a solo album by Higher Brothers' KnowKnow.", "On 24 January 2020, Wang appeared on the stage of CCTV New Year's Gala for the first time and performed \"The Beginning of Youth\".", "On 20 March, Wang released a new self-written single, \"100 Ways\", mixing western and Chinese culture.", "The single became the first song by a Chinese and K-pop solo artist to debut on Mediabase's U.S. Top 40 radio chart.", "It entered the chart in May, ranking 39th, and maintained its spot with a steady rise, ranking #24 on 19 July.", "On 7 July, he launched his fashion brand Team Wang Design, for which he served as the designer and creative director, after three years of development.", "The first collection titled \"The Original\" was presented with a pop-up store in Shanghai on 18 July, and made available in China and North America through pop-up stores.", "He went on to release a limited capsule collection with StockX in September.", "On 4 September, Wang released the EDM single \"Pretty Please\", a collaboration with Swedish duo Galantis.", "Wang was behind the whole planning and editing of the music video, which pays homage to Hong Kong's love movies from the 90s, and directed it with Conglin.", "On 5 September, it was announced that Wang had invested in esports organization Victory Five.", "The same month, a collaboration project between Team Wang and the Monet exhibition in Shanghai was announced, in which Wang gave his own interpretation of the painting \"Impression, Sunrise\".", "The new painting, mixing Paris architecture with Shanghai's, was displayed in a concept space unveiled on 17 September and printed on a limited Team Wang collection consisting of t-shirt, jacket and vest, which was released on 31 October.", "In December, Team Wang Design expanded into the lifestyle sector.", "In 2020, he ranked 41st on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list.", "He is the fastest Chinese artist to reach 10 million views on Vevo.", "2021–present: Departure from JYPE and solo activities \nHe left JYP Entertainment on 19 January 2021, along with other Got7 members after their exclusive contracts expired.", "Since then, Team Wang currently operates his international activities.", "There had been reports alleging Wang has also partnered with Sublime Artist Agency, which the latter later confirmed on 22 January.", "On March 26, he released his new English single, \"LMLY\", along with a self-directed 90s Hong Kong movie inspired music video.", "Wang made his U.S. late-night television debut with the single on April 21, performing it live on The Late Late Show With James Corden.", "In 2021, Jackson ranked in the top 10 on Forbes China Celebrity 100 list.", "On July 29, another English single, \"Drive You Home\", was released in collaboration with Internet Money.", "The self-directed and self-written cinematic music video features Wang acting himself in a reversed timeline plot.", "In August 2021, Wang announced hip hop group Panthepack under his label Team Wang, consisting of himself as one of the members, along with rapper Ice, J.Sheon, and Karencici.", "Their single \"Buzz\" was released on August 28, 2021, followed by their 10-track debut album, The Pack, in September 2021.", "Personal life \nBecause of his work in the entertainment industry in China, Korea and the rest of the world, Jackson is proficient in a number of languages; he can fluently speak and understand Mandarin, Cantonese, Korean and English.", "In August 2019, Wang uploaded a photo of the Chinese flag and declared himself as \"one of 1.4 billion guardians of the Chinese flag\" on his official Weibo account, after a Chinese flag was removed and tossed into the Victoria Harbour during the 2019-20 Hong Kong protests.", "In a January 2020 interview with Forbes, Wang introduced himself as \"Jackson Wang from China\" and stated: \"My goal is just to put my name out on the table just to let everybody to get to know me.", "I want to ... let people know that Chinese kids are working on good music too.\"", "In March 2021, Wang terminated his working relationship with Adidas, after their previously made public statement regarding alleged forced labour in the cotton-producing region of Xinjiang resurfaced.", "Discography\n\n Mirrors (2019)\n\nFilmography\n\nTelevision series\n\nVariety shows\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nForbes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Jackson Wang on Vevo\n Jackson on JYP Publishing\n\n1994 births\nLiving people\nGot7 members\n21st-century Hong Kong singers\nFencers at the 2010 Summer Youth Olympics\nSportspeople of Chinese descent\nMale actors of Chinese descent\nHong Kong expatriates in South Korea\nHong Kong male film actors\nHong Kong male singers\nHong Kong male television actors\nHong Kong male rappers\nHong Kong male sabre fencers\nHong Kong television presenters\nJYP Entertainment artists\nK-pop singers\nChinese K-pop singers\nKorean-language singers of China\nKorean-language singers of Hong Kong\nWeekly Idol members" ]

[ "Jackson Wang is a Hong Kong rapper, singer, fashion designer and dancer.", "He is the founder of record label Team Wang, as well as the creative director and lead designer of fashion brand Team Wang Design.", "He is an artist and a television host in mainland China.", "He is a member of the South Korean boy group Got7, as well as a member of the Chinese hip hop group Panthepack.", "Wang was a member of Hong Kong's fencing team.", "He won first place at the Asian Junior and Cadet Fencing Championships in 2011.", "He moved to South Korea in July of 2011 to pursue a career in K-pop.", "Wang made her debut as a member of Got7 with the single \" Girls Girls Girls\".", "Early life and debut with Got7 Wang was born in British Hong Kong on March 28, 1994 and grew up in Sha Tin District, New Territories.", "His father was a member of the Chinese national fencing team and an Asian Games gold medal winner.", "His mother is a former gymnast.", "Zhou Yongchang was a pioneer of diagnostic medicine in mainland China.", "Wang began his fencing training at the age of ten under the guidance of his father and other professional coaches.", "He won multiple awards as a member of the Hong Kong national fencing team, including first place at the Asian Junior and Cadet Fencing Championship in 2011.", "He was a student at the American International School Hong Kong.", "In 2010, while playing basketball at his school, Wang was noted by a representative of South Korean talent agency JYP Entertainment and invited to participate in the global auditions in Kowloon, which he passed in December 2010, ranking first among 2,000 applicants.", "He was offered a scholarship to the university, but turned it down.", "In July of 2011, Wang moved to South Korea for his K-pop training.", "He appeared on Win: Who Is Next two years later on Mnet.", "The program was a competition between two groups of people.", "Mark, Yugyeom, and BamBam were selected as members of Got7.", "After two and a half years of training, Wang was selected as one of the final members of JYP Entertainment's new boy group Got7.", "Wang was a member of the second season of Roommate.", "Wang was awarded the Newcomer Award at the SBS Entertainment Awards after he appeared on the series.", "He appeared on a number of Korean variety shows such as Star King, Law of the Jungle, Happy Together, Radio Star, Problematic Men, Our Neighborhood Arts and Physical Education, and others.", "Following the departure of ZE:A's Kwanghee, Wang was appointed as a new MC for the show.", "The Chinese version of the show Please Take Care of My Refrigerator, which Wang presented, was well received.", "He composed and arranged the theme song for the show.", "Wang was appointed as MC for Fresh Sunday in March of 2016", "He was in the show Fighting Man with Jam Hsiao, Wang Kai, Jing Boran, Bai Jingting, and Yang Shuo.", "Wang performed his self-composed songs \"I Love It\" and \"WOLO (We Only Live Once)\" with his group members at Got7's first concert in Korea.", "Wang dropped out of all group activities in Japan prior to the release of Got7 second Japanese extended play \"Turn Up\" due to health concerns.", "Wang's first commercial for Midea was released in China.", "JYP Entertainment announced the release of Wang's first solo album in China, as well as the establishment of a dedicated management team, named Team Wang, for his activities in the country.", "Team Wang and Wang established Snake or the Rabbit, a distribution company based in the United States.", "His first single, an English track titled \"Papillon\", was released on August 26th.", "His song \"Novoland: The Castle in the Sky\" broke away from hip-hop and was released on 30 August.", "Wang began endorsing beverages, clothing brands and electronics after establishing his own studio in China.", "Wang was an Ambassador of Great China at the MTV Europe Music Awards.", "He was appointed as the Chief Wonderful Goods Officer of Tmall Global on 13 November.", "He wrote the lyrics and arranged the song with Boytoy for his second solo single, \"Okay\".", "Wang was appointed as envoy of Hong Kong Tourism.", "On 20 April, he released his third self-written single, \"Dawn of Us\", an English song once again composed and arranged in collaboration with Boytoy.", "The track exhorts to appreciate the present and live with enthusiasm while dealing with the theme of self-love.", "\"Fendiman\" is a collaboration with Fendi China.", "\"Papillon\" was included in a hip hop and rap album.", "It was released worldwide on 9 May.", "One of the four exclusive tracks, \"Can't Breathe\", features Wang and Stan Sono.", "\"X\" for Snow Beer superX was released on May 14.", "Wang signed with Canxing Culture to enter the international market.", "\"Different Game\" was released by Wang on 6 November.", "On December 18th, Madame Tussauds Hong Kong announced the creation of Wang's wax figure.", "He was appointed as the new ambassador of China.", "Wang held a birthday party at the Beijing Olympics Sports Center.", "The tickets sold out in 98 seconds.", "Wang was featured on the song \"Rumble\" from the album Diaspora.", "The single \"Another\" was released on June 19th.", "\"Fendi X Jackson Wang Capsule Collection\" was launched on 20 July.", "Jackson designed clothes, shoes and accessories for a limited edition collection that sold out quickly.", "It was released all over the world on July 26.", "The digital record, which expresses the emotions of the contemporary youth and incorporates elements of China's traditional culture, was produced in China, South Korea, and the United States.", "Wang was in charge of the whole process from the initial creation to the packaging, and was involved in arrangements, lyrics writing, and music video shooting.", "The album's first single, \"Bullet to the Heart\", was released on 24 September with a music video directed by Daniel Cloud Campos.", "\"Dway!\" was the album's second single.", "The music video was published on October 22.", "In conjunction with the release of Mirrors on 25 October, the singer and artist Da Yan created an interactive video installation space titled Bullet to the Heart: 0328 at the LOVE LOVE Art of Love exhibition at Shum Upperhills Tower 1 in Shenzhen from 24 October to 3 November.", "\"Tequila Sunrise\", \"Walking\", and \"I Love You 3000 II\" are three tracks from 88rising's album Head in the Clouds II, which was released on 11 October 2019.", "The song \"Face Power\" is from the album Mr.", "Da Money is a solo album by Higher Brothers' KnowKnow.", "Wang performed \"The Beginning of Youth\" at the New Year's Gala for the first time.", "Wang released a new single, \" 100 Ways\", mixing western and Chinese culture.", "It was the first song by a Chinese and K-pop solo artist to appear on the U.S. Top 40 radio chart.", "It entered the chart in May and stayed there until July, when it was ranked #24.", "He launched his fashion brand Team Wang Design on July 7th after three years of development.", "The first collection of \"The Original\" was made available in China and North America through pop-up stores.", "He released a limited capsule collection with StockX in September.", "Wang collaborated with Swedish duo Galantis on the single \"Pretty Please\" on 4 September.", "The music video pays homage to Hong Kong's love movies from the 90s and was directed by Conglin.", "On September 5th, it was announced that Wang had invested in Victory Five.", "Wang gave his own interpretation of the painting \"Impression, Sunrise\" as part of a collaboration project between Team Wang and the Monet exhibition in Shanghai.", "The new painting, mixing Paris architecture with Shanghai's, was displayed in a concept space unveiled on 17 September and printed on a limited Team Wang collection consisting of t-shirt, jacket and vest, which was released on 31 October.", "Team Wang Design expanded into the lifestyle sector in December.", "He was ranked 41st on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2020.", "He is the fastest Chinese artist to reach 10 million views.", "He left JYP Entertainment on January 19, 2021, along with other Got7 members, after their exclusive contracts expired.", "Team Wang is currently operating his international activities.", "The Sublime Artist Agency later confirmed that Wang has partnerships with them.", "On March 26, he released his new English single, \"Lmly\", along with a self-directed 90s Hong Kong movie inspired music video.", "Wang performed his single on The Late Late Show With James Corden on April 21.", "Jackson was ranked in the top 10 on the Forbes China Celebrity 100 list.", "\"Drive You Home\" was released by Internet Money.", "Wang is acting in a reversed timelines plot in the self-directed and self-written cinematic music video.", "Wang formed a hip hop group called Panthepack, consisting of himself, Ice, J.Sheon, and Karencici, under his label Team Wang.", "Their debut album, The Pack, was released in September 2021.", "Jackson is proficient in a number of languages because of his work in the entertainment industry in China, Korea and the rest of the world.", "After a Chinese flag was removed and thrown into the Victoria Harbour during the Hong Kong protests, Wang uploaded a photo of the Chinese flag to his official Weibo account.", "In a January 2020 interview with Forbes, Wang introduced himself as \"Jackson Wang from China\" and stated that his goal was to let everyone know him.", "I want people to know that Chinese kids are making good music.", "Wang ended his working relationship with Adidas in March of 2021.", "Discography Mirrors is a television series and Variety shows Awards and nominations." ]

[ "Jackson Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang Ruiji", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang Kai", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson Wang", "Wang", "Jackson Wang" ]

[ "Jackson Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang Kai", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Team Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson", "Wang", "Wang", "Jackson Wang", "Wang" ]

[ "Gary Zukav (born October 17, 1942) is an American spiritual teacher and the author of four consecutive New York Times Best Sellers.", "Beginning in 1998, he appeared more than 30 times on The Oprah Winfrey Show to discuss transformation in human consciousness concepts presented in his book The Seat of the Soul.", "His first book, The Dancing Wu Li Masters (1979), won a U.S. National Book Award.", "Life\nGary Zukav was born in Port Arthur, Texas, the elder of two children of Morris Luis \"Morey\" and Lorene (née Weinberg) Zukav.", "His father owned a jewelry store in Pittsburg, Kansas, and his mother was a housewife who raised him and his younger sister.", "Gary spent his early childhood in San Antonio and Houston.", "His family moved to Pittsburg, Kansas in 1952, while he was in fourth grade.", "In 1960, he graduated from Pittsburg High School as valedictorian.", "During that time he became an Eagle Scout, Governor of Kansas Boy's State, President of the Student Council, and Kansas State Debate championship team member twice.", "In 1959, Gary received a scholarship to Harvard and matriculated high school in 1960.", "In his junior year at Harvard he left to motorcycle in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East before returning the following year.", "In 1964, he was deeply moved by the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Philadelphia, Mississippi, and worked as a summer volunteer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in Jackson, Mississippi, under the direction of Charles Evers, brother of the slain Medgar Evers.", "In 1965, he graduated from Harvard.", "That same year he enlisted in the U.S. Army and entered U.S. Army Infantry Officer Candidate School.", "He was commissioned as 2nd Lieutenant in 1966.", "He volunteered for the U.S. Army Special Forces (Green Berets), completed Parachute Training (Fort Benning, Georgia), U.S. Army Special Warfare School (Fort Bragg, North Carolina), and served as an A Detachment Executive Officer in Okinawa and Vietnam, participating in Top Secret operations in Vietnam and Laos.", "He left Vietnam after the Tet Offensive of January 1968 and was discharged from the U.S. Army in 1968 as 1st Lieutenant.", "Zukav returned to the U.S. in 1970 and moved to San Francisco, California.", "He recounts this period as an emotionally volatile time of sexual addiction, motorcycles, anger and drug-abuse.", "This continued until 1975 when an unexpected introduction to quantum physics by his roommate, Jack Sarfatti, who took him to the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory initiated changes in his experience.", "This led to his first book, Dancing Wu Li Masters, written with extensive help from Jack Sarfatti and other physicists he met through Sarfatti, as described in David Kaiser's book How the Hippies Saved Physics.", "He later described this book as his \"first gift to Life\".", "In 1987 he moved to Mount Shasta, California, where he lived in a cabin as a self-described \"secular monk\" and spent extensive time in the surrounding wilderness.", "In 1993 he met Linda Francis.", "They co-founded the Seat of the Soul Institute in 1998 and moved to Ashland, Oregon, in 2000.", "Writing career\nChristopher Lehmann-Haupt reviewed The Dancing Wu Li Masters in The New York Times March 28, 1979.", "He called it a book that manages to explain relativity and a lot more without resorting to a single bit of mathematics (except for asking you to grasp the not-too-onerous concept that the velocity of light, a constant 186,000 miles per second, is a product of its frequency and wavelength).", "After all, Mr. Zukav writes, \"The fact is that physics is not mathematics.", "Physics, in essence, is simple wonder at the way things are and a divine (some call it compulsive) interest in how that is so.", "Mathematics is the tool of physics, stripped of mathematics, physics becomes pure enchantment.\"", "The review also acclaimed Zukav as one of those rare gifted teachers who makes you feel as if you're ahead of the lesson, jumping happily to conclusions he hasn't yet seen (though of course he has).", "And when he does arrive at those conclusions, he often states them in the words of their original discoverers, which suddenly seem as simple as \"Pat the Bunny\" and flatter you into thinking you could have understood them in their original context on your own.", "The drama built into Mr. Zukav's presentation is considerable.", "It begins with his introduction of an Oriental dimension.", "The Chinese name for \"physics\", \"wu li\", also means (depending upon how it is pronounced) \"patterns of organic energy\", \"my way\", \"nonsense\", \"I clutch my ideas\" and \"enlightenment\".", "These six meanings, not only become the title of the book's six sections – for instance, \"Nonsense\" is the heading of the one on Einstein's ideas, which is divided into chapters called \"Beginner's Mind\", \"Special Nonsense\", and \"General Nonsense\" – they also serve to shape the leitmotif of Mr. Zukav's discussion that relates modern physics to Oriental religion.", "Dancing Wu Li Masters was also reviewed by the scientific community.", "Robert H. March, Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin, wrote in Physics Today in August 1979, \"Dealing with general relativity [Zukav] manages to convey the profound mental shift required to reduce physics to geometry.", "This is a neat trick, considering that he addresses an audience familiar with neither physics nor non-Euclidian geometry.\"", "Martin Gardner, mathematician and science writer for Scientific American, wrote in a book review: \"Zukav is such a skillful expositor, with such an amiable style, that it is hard to imagine a layman who would not find this book enjoyable and informative.\"", "David Bohm, renowned quantum physicist, wrote a personal endorsement provided to the book's publisher Harper Collins: \"Recommended highly for those who want to understand the essential significance of modern physics, and for those who are concerned with its implications for possible transformation of human consciousness.\"", "Zukav's next book, The Seat of the Soul, published in 1989, was a No.", "1 New York Times Best Seller for 31 weeks and remained on the list for three years.", "In an interview by Jeffrey Mishlove, for the popular Public Television series Thinking Allowed, Zukav summarized the concepts presented in The Seat of the Soul.", "My objective was not to make the soul legitimate in terms of science.", "The soul is legitimate, period.", "It doesn't need validation.", "At least that was my perception and so I wrote The Seat of the Soul to share the things that were most important to me.", "The Dancing Wu Li Masters was designed to open the mind and The Seat of the Soul, is a book designed to open the heart.", "And this is often the sequence that many people encounter as they move into an expanded awareness of who they are and why they are here.", "Our evolution, until very recently, has been as five sensory humans evolving through the exploration of physical reality.", "That is the same thing as the pursuit of external power.", "Now we have crossed the threshold, we're in new territory, a brand new domain.", "We are now becoming multi sensory.", "That means we are no longer confined to the five senses.", "Now I use these terms because the five senses together form a single sensory system and the object of that sensory system is physical reality.", "That's what it is designed to detect.", "As we become multi sensory, we move beyond the limitations of the five senses and we now are evolving to a different mechanism in the exploration of physical reality.", "We are evolving through responsible choice of and with the assistance and guidance of non physical guides and teachers.", "We are spiritual beings, we have always been spiritual beings and we will always be spiritual beings.", "The difference is that now we are becoming aware of ourselves as spiritual beings and that is making all the difference.", "In 1998 Zukav began an ongoing conversation with Oprah Winfrey, appearing on her television show 35 times – more than any other guest.", "Oprah, who keeps a copy of The Seat of the Soul at her bedside, proclaimed: \"The Seat of the Soul is my favorite book of all time, except for the Bible.\"", "Her favorite quote from The Seat of the Soul: \"Every action, thought, and feeling is motivated by an intention, and that intention is a cause that exists as one with an effect....", "In this most profound way, we are held responsible for every action, thought, and feeling, which is to say, for our every intention.\"", "Zukav's third book, Soul Stories (2000), provides examples of people creating authentic power.", "Thoughts from the Seat of the Soul: Meditations for Souls in Progress (2001) offered daily quotes for meditation.", "The principles in The Seat of the Soul were elaborated in The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness (2002), The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003) and Self-Empowerment Journal: A Companion to The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003) co-authored with Zukav's wife and spiritual partner Linda Francis.", "Soul to Soul: Communications from the Heart (2007) answered questions about love, fear, choice, responsibility and intuition.", "Spiritual Partnership: The Journey to Authentic Power (2010) provided guidelines for individuals engaged in relationship for the purpose of spiritual development.", "In 1999 Zukav and Linda Francis co-founded the Seat of the Soul Institute.", "Its mission is to assist people across the world to create meaning and purpose, creativity and health, joy and love.", "It offers programs and tools to develop emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, trust, and spiritual partnerships.", "Events and programs include an annual five-day intensive Journey to the Soul immersion retreat, and co-sponsored lectures and workshops.", "Teachings\nZukav introduces the concept of the alignment of personality with soul as the creation of \"authentic power\".", "He asserts that a transformation of humanity is underway from a species that is limited to the perceptions of the five senses, evolves by surviving, and survives by pursuing \"external power\", which he defines as the ability to manipulate and control, into a species that is not limited to the perceptions of the five senses, evolves by growing spiritually, and grows spiritually by creating authentic power.", "He further asserts that this transformation brings with it the new potential of authentic power and that the pursuit of external power is henceforth counter-productive to our evolution and produces only violence and destruction.", "According to Zukav, creating authentic power is a highly personal endeavor that requires the development of emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, and trust in the Universe, which he describes as \"alive, wise, and compassionate\".", "He asserts that each individual can create authentic power only for himself or herself.", "He defines intention as a \"quality of consciousness that infuses an action\", i.e., the reason or motivation for the action, and choice of intention as the \"fundamental creative act\" that each individual performs continually, whether unconsciously or consciously.", "Creating authentic power requires consciously choosing intentions that create consequences for which the chooser is willing to assume responsibility (responsible choice), which requires emotional awareness, and which intuition can assist.", "Zukav distinguishes the \"Old Male\" (five-sensory, protector, provider) and the \"Old Female\" (five-sensory, child bearer, homemaker) who join in marriage in order to enhance probabilities of survival and comfort from the emerging \"New Male\" (multi sensory, intuitive, emotionally aware) and the \"New Female\" (multi sensory, capable in all chosen endeavors) who join in a new kind of relationship in order to create authentic power and assist each other in creating authentic power.", "He calls this relationship \"spiritual partnership\" and defines it as \"partnership between equals for the purpose of spiritual growth\".", "According to Zukav, \"spiritual growth now requires relationships of substance and depth\" and only spiritual partnerships are able to support all multi sensory individuals (not only couples) in creating authentic power.", "Zukav posits the \"Universal Human\" as the ultimate potential of the emerging multi sensory humanity – a human who is \"beyond nation, religion, race, sex, and economic status; a Citizen of the Universe whose allegiance is to Life first and all else second\".", "Publications \n Universal Human: Creating Authentic Power and the New Consciousness (2021).", "Atria Books. .", "Spiritual Partnership (2010).", "New York: Harper One. .", "Soul to Soul (2007) \n Self-Empowerment Journal: A Companion to The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003), co-author Linda Francis.", "The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice (2003), co-author Linda Francis.", "– New York Times best seller\n Thoughts from the Heart of the Soul: Meditations for Emotional Awareness (2002), co-author Linda Francis.", "The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness (2002), co-author Linda Francis.", "– New York Times best seller\n Thoughts from the Seat of the Soul (2001) \n Soul Stories (2000).", "The Seat of the Soul (1989).", "– number 1 New York Times best seller 31 times and staying on that list for close to 3 years\n The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics (1979).", "– winner of the American National Book Award for Science\n Una sedia per l'anima,Milano ed Corbaccio,1996\n\n6 million copies of Zukav's books are in print and translations exist in 24 languages.", "Related work \nZukav is a member of, participates in or advises the following: Club of Budapest, World Business Academy, Native American Earth Ambassadors, CoCreate with the Earth Foundation, EarthSave, and the Intuition Network, Earth Day 1990, the chair of the Government and Politics Strategy Group for the Campaign for the Earth.", "Honors \n World Business Academy Pathfinder Award for Contribution to the Ongoing Evolution of Knowledge and Consciousness within the Global Business Community.", "American Journal of Psychotherapy and Albert Einstein College of Medicine Einstein Award in Recognition of Outstanding Contributions to the Psychosocial Growth of Humanity.", "St. Christopher Foundation Christopher Award for \"Lighting One Candle Instead of Cursing the Darkness\".", "Zukav was honored with the Award for Clear Telling of Deep Wisdom by the New York Open Center in 2001 for his book, Seat of the Soul, and for his co-founding of Genesis: The Foundation for the Universal Human.", "Named to Oprah's SuperSoul100 list of visionaries and influential leaders in 2016.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n \nInterview with Gary Zukav by Jeffrey Mishlove (later than 1989)\nGary Zukav, columnist, profile at The Huffington Post\n Gary Zukav at Library of Congress Authorities — with 24 catalog records\n \n\n1942 births\nUnited States Army personnel of the Vietnam War\nMembers of the United States Army Special Forces\nUnited States Army officers\nLiving people\nNew Thought writers\nNew Age writers\nNew Age spiritual leaders\nAmerican spiritual writers\nAmerican spiritual teachers\nHarvard University alumni\nWriters from Ashland, Oregon\nPeople from Pittsburg, Kansas\nSonoma State University alumni\nNational Book Award winners\nNautilus Book Award winners\nPeople from Mount Shasta, California\nQuantum mysticism advocates\nMilitary personnel from California\nMilitary personnel from Oregon" ]

[ "Gary Zukav is an American spiritual teacher and the author of four New York Times Best Sellers.", "He appeared on The Oprah Winfrey Show more than 30 times in 1998 to discuss his book The Seat of the Soul.", "His first book was a National Book Award winner.", "Gary Zukav was born in Port Arthur, Texas, the elder of two children of Morris Luis \" Morey\" and Lorene.", "His mother was a housewife and his father owned a jewelry store.", "Gary grew up in San Antonio and Houston.", "He was in fourth grade when his family moved to Pittsburg, Kansas.", "He was the valedictorian of Pittsburg High School in 1960.", "He became an Eagle Scout, Governor of Kansas Boy's State, President of the Student Council, and a member of the Kansas State Debate team.", "Gary attended Harvard and graduated from high school in 1960.", "He left to motorcycle in Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East in his junior year at Harvard.", "He worked as a summer volunteer for the NAACP in Jackson, Mississippi, under the direction of Charles Evers, brother of the slain, after he was moved by the murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner in Philadelphia, Mississippi.", "In 1965, he graduated from Harvard.", "He entered the U.S. Army Infantry Officer Candidate School that year.", "In 1966 he was commissioned as a 2nd Lieutenant.", "He was a member of the U.S. Army Special Forces, completed Parachute Training, and served as an A Detachment Executive Officer.", "He was discharged from the U.S. Army in 1968 after leaving Vietnam.", "He moved to San Francisco in 1970 after returning to the U.S.", "He describes this period as a time of sexual addiction, motorcycles, anger and drug abuse.", "In 1975, an introduction to quantum physics by his roommate, Jack Sarfatti, caused a change in his experience.", "According to David Kaiser's book How the Hippies Saved Physics, Dancing Wu Li Masters was written with help from Jack Sarfatti and other physicists.", "He described this book as his first gift to life.", "In 1987 he moved to Mount Shasta, California, where he lived in a cabin as a monk and spent a lot of time in the wilderness.", "He met Linda Francis in 1993.", "They moved to Oregon in 2000 after co-founding the Seat of the Soul Institute.", "Christopher Lehmann-Haupt wrote a review of The Dancing Wu Li Masters in The New York Times.", "He called it a book that manages to explain relativity and a lot more without resorting to a single bit of mathematics, except for asking you to grasp the not-too-onerous concept that the velocity of light, a constant 186,000 miles per second, is a product of its frequency and", "The fact is that physics is not mathematics.", "A divine interest in how things are and simple wonder at the way things are are what physics is all about.", "The tool of physics is mathematics.", "The review said that Zukav is one of the rare gifted teachers who makes you feel as if you're ahead of the lesson, jumping happily to conclusions he hasn't yet seen.", "He flatters you into thinking you could have understood them in their original context when he states them in the words of their original discoverers.", "There is a lot of drama built into Mr. Zukav's presentation.", "His introduction of an Oriental dimensions begins it.", "\"My way\", \"nonsense\", \"I clutch my ideas\" and \"enlightenment\" are some of the meanings of the Chinese name for physics.", "\"Nonsense\" is the heading of the one on Einstein's ideas, which is divided into chapters called \"Beginner's Mind\", \"Special Nonsense\", and \"General Nonsense\".", "The scientific community reviewed Dancing Wu Li Masters.", "The mental shift required to reduce physics to geometry is explained by the work of Robert H. March, Professor of Physics at the University of Wisconsin.", "He addresses an audience that is not familiar with physics or non-Euclidian geometry.", "\"Zukav is such a skillful expositor, with such an amiable style, that it is hard to imagine a layman who would not find this book enjoyable and informative,\" wrote Martin Gardner, mathematician and science writer for Scientific American.", "\"Recommended highly for those who want to understand the essential significance of modern physics, and for those who are concerned with its implications for possible transformation of human consciousness,\" wrote David Bohm, renowned quantum physicist, in a personal endorsement provided to the book's publisher.", "The Seat of the Soul was published in 1989.", "The New York Times had a best seller for 31 weeks.", "The seat of the soul was summarized by Zukav in an interview for Thinking Allowed.", "My goal was not to make the soul legitimate.", "The soul is legitimate.", "It does not need validation.", "The things that were most important to me were the things I wrote about in The Seat of the Soul.", "The seat of the soul is a book designed to open the heart.", "Many people move into an expanded awareness of who they are and why they are here when they encounter this sequence.", "Five sensory humans have evolved through exploration of physical reality.", "The pursuit of external power is the same thing.", "We are in a brand new domain after crossing the threshold.", "We are becoming more multi sensory.", "We are no longer limited to the five senses.", "The five senses form a single sensory system and the object of that system is physical reality.", "It is designed to detect that.", "We are evolving to a different mechanism in the exploration of physical reality as we become multi sensory.", "We are evolving with the help and guidance of non physical guides and teachers.", "We are spiritual beings, we have always been spiritual beings.", "The difference is that we are becoming aware of ourselves as spiritual beings and that is making all the difference.", "In 1998 Zukav appeared on Oprah Winfrey's television show 35 times, more than any other guest.", "The Seat of the Soul is Oprah's favorite book of all time, except for the Bible.", "Every action, thought, and feeling is motivated by an intention, and that intention is a cause that exists as one with an effect.", "We are held responsible for every action, thought, and feeling, which is to say, for our every intention, in this most profound way.", "There are examples of people creating authentic power in Zukav's third book.", "Daily quotes for meditation were offered in Thoughts from the Seat of the Soul.", "The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice, The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness, and Self-Empowerment Journal: A Companion to The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice were all co-authored by Zukav's wife.", "Communications from the Heart answered questions about love, fear, choice, responsibility and intuition.", "Guidelines for individuals engaged in relationship for the purpose of spiritual development were provided in Spiritual Partnership: The Journey to Authentic Power.", "The Seat of the Soul Institute was founded in 1999 by Zukav and Linda Francis.", "To assist people across the world to create meaning and purpose, creativity and health, joy and love is its mission.", "Emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, trust, and spiritual partnerships are some of the programs and tools it offers.", "An annual five-day intensive Journey to the Soul retreat is one of the events and programs.", "The alignment of personality with soul is the creation of \"authentic power\".", "He asserts that a transformation of humanity is underway from a species that is limited to the perception of the five senses, evolving by surviving, and surviving by pursuing \"external power\", which he defines as the ability to manipulate and control, into a species that is not limited to the perception of", "The pursuit of external power is counter-productive to our evolution and produces only violence and destruction according to him.", "Creating authentic power is a highly personal endeavor that requires the development of emotional awareness, responsible choice, intuition, and trust in the Universe, which he describes as \"attractive, wise, and compassionate\".", "Each person can create authentic power for himself or herself.", "He defines intention as a quality of consciousness that gives rise to an action, the reason or motivation for the action, and the choice of intention as the \"fundamental creative act\" that each individual performs continually.", "Creating authentic power requires consciously choosing intentions that create consequences for which the chooser is willing to assume responsibility, which requires emotional awareness, and which intuition can assist.", "The \"Old Male\" and the \"Old Female\" who join in marriage in order to enhance probabilities of survival and comfort from the emerging \"New Male\" are differentiated by Zukav.", "He calls it a partnership between equals for the purpose of spiritual growth.", "\"Spiritual growth now requires relationships of substance and depth and only spiritual partnerships are able to support all multi sensory individuals in creating authentic power,\" says Zukav.", "The ultimate potential of the emerging multi sensory humanity is a human who is beyond nation, religion, race, sex, and economic status; a Citizen of the Universe whose allegiance is to Life first and all else second.", "Universal Human: Creating Authentic Power and the New Consciousness is a publication.", "Atria books.", "There is a spiritual partnership.", "New York:Harper One.", "Linda Francis co-authored The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice.", "Linda Francis co-authored The Mind of the Soul: Responsible Choice.", "Linda Francis is the co-author of Thoughts from the Heart of the Soul: Meditations for Emotional Awareness.", "Linda Francis co-authored The Heart of the Soul: Emotional Awareness.", "The New York Times has a best seller.", "The seat of the soul was written in 1989.", "The Dancing Wu Li Masters: An Overview of the New Physics was the number 1 New York Times best seller 31 times.", "6 million copies of Zukav's books are in print and translations exist in 24 languages.", "The chair of the Government and Politics Strategy Group for the Campaign is one of the things that Zukav is a member of.", "The World Business Academy has an award for contribution to the ongoing evolution of knowledge and consciousness.", "The Albert Einstein College of Medicine presented the American Journal of Psychotherapy with an Einstein Award.", "The Christopher Award was given for lighting one candle instead of curing the darkness.", "The New York Open Center gave Zukav an Award for ClearTelling of Deep Wisdom in 2001 for his book, Seat of the Soul, and for his co-founding of Genesis: The Foundation for the Universal Human.", "Oprah has a list of visionaries and influential leaders.", "The Library of Congress has 24 catalog records of the births of United States Army personnel of the Vietnam War." ]

[ "Gary Zukav", "Life Gary Zukav", "Gary", "Gary", "Zukav", "Zukav", "Zukav", "Zukav", "Gary Zuka", "Gary Zuka", "Gary Zukav" ]

[ "Gary Zukav", "Gary Zukav", "Gary", "Gary", "Zukav", "Zukav", "Zukav", "Zukav" ]

[ "Daniel Ken Holtzclaw (born December 10, 1986) is an American former Oklahoma City Police Department patrol officer who was convicted in December 2015 of multiple counts of rape, sexual battery, forcible oral sodomy, and other sexual charges.", "Holtzclaw was convicted of eighteen counts involving eight different women.", "According to the police investigators, Holtzclaw abused his position as an officer by running background checks to find information that could be used to coerce victims into sex.", "During the trial, the defense questioned the victims' credibility during cross-examination, bringing up their criminal records.", "Of the thirteen women who accused Holtzclaw, several had criminal histories such as drug arrests, and all of them were African American.", "The prosecution argued that victims were deliberately chosen by Holtzclaw for these reasons.", "Holtzclaw pleaded not guilty to all charges.", "On December 10, 2015, he was convicted on 18 of 36 charges, and on January 21, 2016, he was sentenced to 263 years in prison.", "Jason Flom (a founding Board Member of the Innocence Project), right-wing commentator Michelle Malkin and others have supported Holtzclaw's claims of innocence.", "On August 1, 2019, Holtzclaw was denied an appeal by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals, which upheld both his convictions and prison sentence.", "The defense petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States on the basis that merging seventeen cases together \"strains credulity\".", "On March 9, 2020, the Supreme Court refused the petition.", "Early life\nDaniel Holtzclaw was born December 10, 1986, in the U.S. territory Guam, to Eric Holtzclaw and to a Japanese mother Kumiko Holtzclaw.", "His father is a lieutenant with the Enid Police Department, approximately north of Oklahoma City.", "Holtzclaw graduated from Enid High School in 2005.", "While there he played football as a linebacker, setting a school record for 25 tackles in a game.", "He played linebacker at Eastern Michigan University, where he graduated with a degree in criminal justice in 2010.", "After graduating, Holtzclaw unsuccessfully attempted to get drafted into the NFL.", "Following that, he joined the Oklahoma City Police Department.", "Criminal charges and conviction\n\nCharges\nHoltzclaw was accused of sexually assaulting multiple African American women over the period between December 2013 and June 2014, targeting those from a poorer, majority black portion of the city.", "According to the police investigators, Holtzclaw ran background checks on women with outstanding warrants or other criminal records, and methodically targeted those victims.", "The offense that led to Holtzclaw's arrest happened around 2:00 a.m. on June 18, 2014, after Holtzclaw had already completed his shift on the northeast side of Oklahoma City and was driving to his residence in his assigned police vehicle.", "During that time, police said, Holtzclaw made a traffic stop without reporting to police dispatch, running a records check on the driver, or revealing that he logged off of his patrol car computer.", "The driver was Jannie Ligons, a 57-year-old woman who was passing through the impoverished area that police said Holtzclaw was targeting.", "Unlike other women that police said he had accosted, she was not poor and had no police record.", "Ligons said that before forcing her to perform oral sex on him, Holtzclaw made her lift her shirt and pull down her pants.", "She testified that she had begged him to stop and was afraid for her life.", "Ligons promptly filed a police report.", "When Holtzclaw reported to the OKCPD Springlake Division station the following afternoon for his daily 4 p.m. to 2 a.m. shift, he was pulled aside and driven to the department's Sex Crimes Unit by detectives Kim Davis and Rocky Gregory for questioning.", "After being Mirandized, Holtzclaw underwent a two-hour interrogation during which he denied all accusations of misconduct during the Ligons stop earlier that morning, and buccal swabs were taken for DNA comparison.", "At the conclusion of the interrogation, the two detectives told Holtzclaw that they believed that he was being untruthful based both on previous evidence and on statements made by Kerri Hunt, his 25-year-old cohabiting girlfriend, that countered claims Holtzclaw had made to the detectives.", "While he was released after the interrogation, Holtzclaw's commission and entry cards, uniform shirt and pants, badges, firearms (handgun and shotgun), radio, and keys to his assigned police vehicle were seized, and he was placed on indefinite paid administrative leave.", "After further investigation eventually turned up a dozen additional complainants, Holtzclaw was arrested two months later on August 21, 2014, and originally charged with 16 (and eventually 36) counts of sexual abuse offenses including rape in the first and second degrees, sexual battery, procuring lewd exhibition, stalking, and forcible oral sodomy.", "While reviewing Ligons' case, the two sex-crimes detectives remembered a previous report of forced oral sex committed by a police officer.", "Looking back through police records, the detectives found the report of a woman who said she was stopped in May 2014 and driven to an isolated area by an officer who forced her to perform oral sex.", "No action had been taken at the time of her report, but when the detectives contacted the woman, she showed them the route that the officer had taken on the night of the attack, and it matched Holtzclaw's GPS route that evening.", "The detectives then reviewed Holtzclaw's automatically recorded history of running names through the department's two databases, looking specifically for people who had been checked out multiple times, and they contacted those women.", "In the initial investigation, six women were willing to come forward to testify, and the GPS device on Holtzclaw's patrol car put him at the scene of the alleged incidents.", "Police records showed that he had called in for a warrant check on all of them.", "Their investigation covered a six-month period, beginning with the first woman who was willing to come forward, a woman whom Holtzclaw arrested for drug possession in December 2013 and then forced oral sodomy from while she was handcuffed to a hospital bed.", "Accusations of sexual assault and rape\n\nEventually, the police investigation brought together 13 women who were willing to testify; published reports did not include information on any possible further women who were not willing to testify.", "The earliest incident discovered was from December 20, 2013, where a woman said she had been arrested for drug possession, was hospitalized, and was forced to give oral sex while she was handcuffed to her hospital bed.", "She said that he again made sexual advances to her on several occasions after she was released from jail.", "The woman said that she was led to believe that she would be released if she performed oral sex on Holtzclaw.", "\"I didn't think that no one would believe me,\" she testified at a pretrial hearing.", "\"I feel like all police will work together.\"", "Jury selection\nThe final jury was an all-white jury which consisted of eight men and four women.", "Three black men were selected to the first pool of 24 potential jurors but were eventually rejected.", "The president of the Oklahoma City chapter of the NAACP expressed disappointment in the lack of minority jurors.", "Trial\nHoltzclaw, who had been on paid administrative leave since he was charged in August 2014, was fired in January 2015 and his trial began on November 2, 2015.", "He faced 36 charges, including sexual battery, assault, forcible oral sodomy, and stalking, and pled not guilty to all charges.", "In court, prosecutors produced DNA evidence that was found on a triangle-shaped spot on the inside of Holtzclaw's uniform close to the zipper.", "After the hearing, his family made a statement that \"The facts are that there is no DNA linking him to any of these women as far as was presented in the hearing.\"", "According to The New York Times, however, the DNA did match one of the victims, then aged 17.", "The DNA that was found was skin DNA; Holtzclaw's DNA was not found in the same area of clothing where the 17-year-old accuser's skin DNA was found.", "Holtzclaw's defense attorney explained the presence of the skin cells as \"secondary transfer\" whereby Holtzclaw's hands had possibly come into contact with the woman's skin cells when he searched her purse and later transferred them to the zipper area of his pants.", "During the trial, Holtzclaw did not contest that he encountered the women, but he maintained his innocence.", "The defense concentrated on the accusers' lifestyles and called just one witness, a former girlfriend of Holtzclaw's who testified he never exhibited sexually aggressive or inappropriate behavior around her.", "On December 10, 2015, he was convicted on 18 of the charges, with the jury recommending that he serve 263 years in prison.", "Charges included first-degree rape, sexual battery, indecent exposure, stalking, forcible oral sodomy and burglary.", "He also faced second-degree rape by instrumentation and sexual battery charges.", "Claiming that evidence was withheld from the defense, Holtzclaw's attorney requested a new trial on January 20, 2016.", "The request was denied by the judge immediately.", "A statement released by Oklahoma City Police Chief Bill Citty reads, in part: \"We are satisfied with the jury's decision and firmly believe justice was served.\"", "Soon after his sentencing, all of Holtzclaw's information was removed from the Oklahoma Department of Corrections (ODOC) website.", "The website shows data on a criminal's offense(s), mug shots, and jail location.", "When asked where Holtzclaw is currently located, ODOC spokesperson Terri Watkins replied, \"We are not going to comment, it is a matter of security.\"", "It was later confirmed that he was being held under an alias in an undisclosed Oklahoma state prison.", "As of April 2020, the ODOC database lists Holtzclaw as being housed at the Lexington Assessment and Reception Center in Lexington, Oklahoma.", "In a 2016 interview Holtzclaw reasserted his innocence.", "Appeal process \n\nIn a unanimous opinion on August 1, 2019, the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals denied Holtzclaw's appeal.", "The ruling, written by Judge Dana Kuehn, rejected the appellant attorneys' claims of insufficient evidence and of improper procedure for bundling all 36 charges together.", "The opinion denigrated allegations of a \"circus atmosphere,\" noting that the jury returned not guilty verdicts on half of the charges.", "In his concurrence, Presiding Judge David B. Lewis referred to Holtzclaw as a \"sexual predator.\"", "In their public condemnation of the ruling, Holtzclaw's family and supporters called Lewis' description a \"vicious and false assertion.\"", "On March 9, 2020, Holtzclaw's petition for a writ of certiorari was denied by the Supreme Court of the United States.", "Media coverage\nAccording to The Atlantic, mainstream media gave Holtzclaw's trial for serial sexual attacks and rapes \"relatively little\" attention, although Black Lives Matter activists raised the matter in social media and helped bring attention to the ongoing judicial process.", "The Guardian reported that local activists were surprised that advocates from national women's groups, who had attended rape trials in the past, were absent from the courtroom at the start of the trial.", "Racial justice activists who had been very vocal about recent police-involved shootings were also accused of being largely absent from involvement in the Holtzclaw case.", "In the absence of national attention, two Oklahoma City women, Grace Franklin and Candace Liger, formed the group OKC Artists for Justice to bring attention to the case.", "They said that they began to organize when Holtzclaw's bail was reduced from $5 million to $500,000 because it was so \"insulting and infuriating\", that they \"wanted to stand up and say 'No.", "This is not OK. You cannot let a man who attacked and raped 13 women, per the charges, go home and have Christmas dinner with his family while those women are still in fear.'\"", "Franklin said that they reached out to many national groups but received little response.", "She said, \"It kind of fuels the feeling of separation between black feminists and so-called white feminists.", "Why aren't there more women out here of all shades, of all backgrounds for these women?", "Why are we doing this alone?\"", "An article in Cosmopolitan said that the media consistently ignores the violence perpetrated against black women and girls as compared to the coverage given to white women and girls.", "The article concluded:\nMainstream media failed these women.", "The lack of coverage thwarted a national conversation about sexual violence as a distinct form of police brutality.", "The stories of these women need to serve as an important intervention in conversations about anti-black state violence, rape culture, and the vulnerability of sex workers, ex-offenders, and current and recovering drug addicts to state and state-sanctioned violence.", "This verdict and Holtzclaw's forthcoming sentencing are entry points for a more thoughtful, humane, and transformative national dialogue about police brutality and sexual violence.", "With or without mainstream media coverage, we need to continue talking about this trial and everything it represents.", "Holtzclaw's case was part of an Associated Press report in a yearlong examination of sexual assaults by police.", "The report found that approximately 1,000 police officers lost their licenses for sex crimes during a six-year period.", "Reporting in the case indicates that this may be an undercount due to inconsistencies in how different jurisdictions deal with and report problem officers.", "In February 2016, website SB Nation published a lengthy profile of Holtzclaw that focused on his college football career.", "The piece was immediately criticized as being apologetic and sympathetic to Holtzclaw; it was pulled within hours of publication.", "SB Nation subsequently suspended and later permanently shut down its long-form journalism program and cut ties with the freelance author responsible.", "Conservative columnist Michelle Malkin has written about the case and has repeatedly argued that she believes Holtzclaw is innocent, saying that the forensic evidence backs his version of events, not the accusers' versions, and that the investigators chose not to perform several tests she characterized as routine.", "Malkin debuted her first and second episodes of CRTV.com's Daniel in the Den on December 12, 2016, in Enid.", "Malkin released her film about the case, entitled Railroaded: Surviving Wrongful Convictions in 2017.", "Jason Flom, a founding Board Member of the Innocence Project, dedicated an episode of his Wrongful Conviction podcast to interviews with Holtzclaw, his sister and a biologist who claims to have detected errors with the prosecution of the case.", "References\n\n1986 births\nLiving people\n2014 crimes in the United States\n2014 in Oklahoma\n21st-century American criminals\nAfrican-American–Asian-American relations\nAmerican male criminals\nAmerican people convicted of rape\nAmerican people convicted of sexual assault\nAmerican police officers convicted of crimes\nAmerican prisoners and detainees\nAmerican rapists\nCrime in Oklahoma\nCriminals from Oklahoma\nEastern Michigan Eagles football players\nEnid High School alumni\nHistory of Oklahoma City\nIncidents of violence against women\nPolice misconduct in the United States\nPrisoners and detainees of Oklahoma\nRacially motivated violence against African Americans\nRapes in the United States\nSexual assaults in the United States\nStalking\nViolence against women in the United States" ]

[ "A former Oklahoma City Police Department patrol officer was convicted of multiple counts of rape, sexual battery, forcible oral sodomy, and other sexual charges in December 2015.", "A jury found him guilty of 18 counts involving eight different women.", "According to the police investigators, Holtzclaw abused his position as an officer by running background checks to find information that could be used to force victims into sex.", "During the trial, the defense brought up the victims' criminal records.", "All but one of the thirteen women who accused Holtzclaw were African American.", "The prosecution said victims were chosen for these reasons.", "The man pleaded not guilty to all charges.", "On December 10, 2015, he was convicted on 18 of 36 charges, and on January 21, 2016 he was sentenced to 263 years in prison.", "The right-wing commentator and founding Board Member of the Innocence Project have supported the claims of innocence.", "The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals upheld his convictions and prison sentence on August 1, 2019.", "The defense petitioned the Supreme Court of the United States because of the merging of seventeen cases.", "The petition was refused by the Supreme Court.", "Daniel was born in the U.S. territory of Guam on December 10, 1986.", "His father is a police officer.", "In 2005, he graduated from high school.", "He set a school record for the most tackles in a game while playing football.", "He graduated from Eastern Michigan University with a degree in criminal justice.", "He tried to get drafted into the NFL.", "He joined the Oklahoma City Police Department.", "Holtzclaw was accused of sexually abusing multiple African American women over a period of two years, targeting them from a poorer, majority black part of the city.", "According to the police investigators, Holtzclaw ran background checks on women with outstanding warrants and then targeted them.", "The offense that led to Holtzclaw's arrest happened after he had finished his shift on the northeast side of Oklahoma City and was driving to his residence in his assigned police vehicle.", "Police said that during that time, he made a traffic stop without reporting to police dispatch, ran a records check on the driver, or revealed that he was on his patrol car computer.", "The driver was Jannie Ligons, a 57-year-old woman who police said was being targeted.", "She was not poor and had no police record.", "Ligons said that before forcing her to perform oral sex on him, he made her lift her shirt and pull down her pants.", "She testified that she was afraid for her life and begged him to stop.", "Ligons filed a police report.", "He was pulled aside and taken to the department's Sex Crimes Unit to be questioned.", "After being Mirandized, he was subjected to a two-hour interrogation in which he denied all accusations of wrongdoing during the Ligons stop earlier that morning.", "The two detectives believed that he was lying when they told him that he was being untruthful based on previous evidence and statements made by his girlfriend.", "After he was released from jail, his commission, entry cards, badges, firearms, radio, and keys to his police vehicle were seized, and he was placed on paid administrative leave.", "After further investigation turned up a dozen additional accusers, Holtzclaw was arrested two months later and charged with 36 counts of sexual abuse offenses, including rape in the first and second degrees, sexual battery, procuring lewd exhibition, stalking, and for.", "Two sex-crimes detectives remembered a previous report of forced oral sex committed by a police officer while reviewing Ligons' case.", "The report of a woman who said she was forced to perform oral sex by an officer was found in police records.", "No action had been taken at the time of her report, but when the detectives contacted the woman, she showed them the route that the officer had taken on the night of the attack.", "The detectives looked for people in the department's two databases who had been checked out multiple times and contacted them.", "In the initial investigation, six women were willing to come forward to testify, and the gps device on his patrol car put him at the scene of the alleged incidents.", "He called the police for a warrant check on all of them.", "The investigation began with the first woman who was willing to come forward, a woman who was arrested for drug possession in December and then forced oral sodomy from while she was handcuffed to a hospital bed.", "13 women who were willing to testify were included in the police investigation, but no further women were included in the published reports.", "A woman who said she had been arrested for drug possession, was hospitalized, and forced to give oral sex while she was handcuffed to her hospital bed was the earliest incident discovered.", "He made sexual advances to her after she was released from jail.", "The woman said that she was led to believe that she would be released if she had sex with him.", "She testified that she didn't think no one would believe her.", "I think all police will work together.", "The all-white jury consisted of eight men and four women.", "The three black men who were selected to the first pool of potential jurors were eventually rejected.", "The lack of minority jurors was expressed by the president of the Oklahoma City chapter of the NAACP.", "The trial of Holtzclaw, who had been on paid administrative leave since he was charged, began on November 2, 2015, but he was fired in January 2015.", "He pled not guilty to all charges, including sexual battery, assault, forcible oral sodomy, and stalking.", "There was evidence that was found on a triangle-shaped spot on the inside of Holtzclaw's uniform.", "His family made a statement after the hearing that there was no evidence linking him to any of the women.", "According to The New York Times, one of the victims was 17 years old.", "The 17-year-old accuser's skin DNA was found in a different area of clothing than that of Holtzclaw.", "The defense attorney explained that the skin cells could have come into contact with the woman's skin cells when he searched her purse and then moved them to his pants.", "He maintained his innocence despite not contesting that he encountered the women.", "The accusers' lifestyles were the focus of the defense and only one witness, a former girlfriend of Holtzclaw's who testified he never exhibited sexually aggressive or inappropriate behavior around her, was called.", "The jury recommended that he serve 263 years in prison after he was convicted on 18 of the charges.", "There were charges of rape, sexual battery, indecent exposure, stalking and forcible oral sodomy.", "He was charged with second-degree rape by instrumentation and sexual battery.", "The defense's attorney requested a new trial because evidence was not given to them.", "The judge denied the request.", "\"We are satisfied with the jury's decision and firmly believe justice was served,\" reads a statement released by Oklahoma City Police Chief Bill Citty.", "After his sentencing, all of his information was removed from the Oklahoma Department of Correction's website.", "Data on a criminal's offense, mug shots, and jail location can be found on the website.", "\"We are not going to comment, it is a matter of security,\" Watkins said when asked where Holtzclaw is currently located.", "He was being held in an Oklahoma state prison under a different name.", "The O DOC database shows that he is housed at the Lexington Assessment and Reception Center in Oklahoma.", "In a 2016 interview, he said he was innocent.", "The Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals denied Holtzclaw's appeal.", "The ruling was written by Judge Dana Kuehn and rejected the attorneys' claims of insufficient evidence and improper procedure.", "The opinion stated that the jury returned not guilty verdicts on half of the charges.", "The judge referred to the man as a sexual predator.", "The family and supporters of Holtzclaw called Lewis' description \"vicious and false\" in their condemnation of the ruling.", "The Supreme Court of the United States denied the petition for a writ of certiorari on March 9, 2020.", "Black Lives Matter activists raised the matter in social media and helped bring attention to the ongoing judicial process, despite mainstream media giving the trial for serial sexual attacks and rapes relatively little attention.", "Local activists were surprised that advocates from national women's groups who had attended rape trials in the past were not present at the start of the trial.", "The activists who were vocal about police-involved shootings were accused of being largely absent from the case.", "The group OKC Artists for Justice was formed by two Oklahoma City women to bring attention to the case.", "When their bail was reduced from $5 million to $500,000, they wanted to stand up and say no.", "You can't allow a man who attacked and raped 13 women to go home and have Christmas dinner with his family while the women are still afraid.", "Franklin said that they didn't get a lot of response from many national groups.", "She said that it fuels the feeling of separation between black and white feminists.", "Why aren't there more women from all walks of life here?", "Why are we doing this alone?", "The media ignores violence against black women and girls as compared to the coverage given to white women and girls, according to an article.", "Mainstream media failed these women.", "The lack of coverage prevented a national discussion about sexual violence as a form of police brutality.", "Sex workers, ex- offenders, and current and recovering drug users are vulnerable to state and state-sanctioned violence, and the stories of these women need to serve as an important intervention.", "Entry points for a more thoughtful, humane, andtransformational national dialogue about police brutality and sexual violence can be found in this verdict.", "With or without mainstream media coverage, we need to keep talking about the trial.", "A yearlong examination of sexual assaults by police was part of an Associated Press report.", "Police officers lost their licenses for sex crimes over a six-year period.", "This may be an undercount due to inconsistencies in how different jurisdictions deal with and report problem officers, according to the reporting in the case.", "In February of 2016 a lengthy profile of Holtzclaw was published on the website.", "The piece was criticized for being apologetic and sympathetic to Holtzclaw.", "After suspending and shutting down its long-form journalism program, SB Nation cut ties with the author responsible.", "Malkin has argued that the forensic evidence backs his version of events, not the accusers' versions, and that the investigators chose not to perform several tests she characterized as routine.", "The first and second episodes of Daniel in the Den were aired on December 12, 2016 on CRTV.com.", "The film Railroaded: Surviving Wrongful Convictions was released in 2017.", "The Wrongful Conviction episode was dedicated to interviews with Holtzclaw, his sister and a Biologist who claims to have detected errors with the prosecution of the case.", "In Oklahoma, there are 21st-century American criminals African-American–Asian-American relations American male criminals who have been convicted of rape and American police officers who have been convicted of crimes." ]

[ "Daniel Ken Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Daniel Holtzclaw", "Eric Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw" ]

[ "Holtzclaw", "Daniel", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw", "Holtzclaw" ]

[ "Joseph Russell Knowland (August 5, 1873 – February 1, 1966) was an American politician and newspaper publisher.", "He served as a member of the United States House of Representatives from California and was owner, editor and publisher of the Oakland Tribune.", "He was the father of United States Senator William F. Knowland.", "Early life\nKnowland was born in Alameda, California on August 5, 1873, the son of Joseph Knowland (1833–1912) and Hannah Bailey Russell (1832–1921).", "His siblings included two sisters, Sadie (1864–1905) and Lucille (1870–1926), and a brother, Hollis, who died in infancy.", "Knowland attended Alameda Park Street Primary School and Hopkins Academy, and graduated from the University of the Pacific in 1895.", "Start of career\nAfter college, Knowland joined his father's wholesale lumber and shipping business.", "His business career proved successful, and ventures in which Knowland participated included: Gardiner Mill Company (president); Kennedy Mine & Milling Company (director); Alameda National Bank (director); and Union Savings Bank of Oakland (director).", "He was also active in several fraternal and civic organizations, to include the Freemasons, Shriners, Elks, Modern Woodmen of America, Native Sons of the Golden West, and California Landmarks League.", "Knowland's memberships also included the California Centennials Council, California Historical Society, California Chamber of Commerce, California State Automobile Association, Oakland Chamber of Commerce, Oakland Community Chest, Mills College Board of Trustees, Oakland National Horse Show, and Athens Athletic Club.", "Political career\n\nCalifornia Assembly\nKnowland joined the Alameda Good Government Club in early 1895.", "In 1896, he was appointed to the Alameda Library Board of Trustees.", "In 1898, he was a successful Republican candidate for the California State Assembly.", "He was reelected in 1900, and served from 1899 to 1903.", "During his Assembly career, Knowland chaired the Assembly committee that investigated the corruption in the San Francisco police.", "His efforts resulted in passage of a law prohibiting the human trafficking of Chinese women.", "California Senate\nIn 1902, Knowland was elected to the California State Senate.", "He served until resigning in order to take the seat in the United States House of Representatives to which he had been elected in 1904.", "During Knowland's Senate term, he was chairman of the body's committee on banking.", "Member of Congress\nIn 1904, Knowland was elected to Congress in a special election, filling the vacancy caused by the resignation of Victor H. Metcalf.", "He was reelected to five full terms and served from September 24, 1904 to March 3, 1915.", "His district included the U.S. Army's Benicia Arsenal and the U.S.", "Naval Shipyard at Mare Island, so Knowland had a keen interest in the military.", "As a congressman, he worked to obtain approval for construction of Navy capital ships in California and for a two-ocean fleet.", "In addition, Knowland advocated for American ships to use the Panama Canal toll free.", "Knowland sought to succeed George C. Perkins in the U.S. Senate.", "In 1914, he won the Republican primary over Samuel M. Shortridge.", "However, he was unsuccessful in the general election, a three-way race with Francis J. Heney of the Progressive Party and the winner, James D. Phelan, Democrat.", "The Oakland Tribune\nKnowland became owner, editor, president and publisher of The Oakland Tribune on 3 November 1915.", "He wrote, \"It is perfectly understood that what it [the Tribune] does, rather than what it promises, will determine the true measure of its worth; and with this understanding, the Tribune, under its new control, girds to its work.\"", "Many years and court battles with Hermina Peralta Dargie (widow of owner William E. Dargie) passed before Knowland had full control of the Tribune.", "Knowland built the Tribune Tower, a city landmark at 13th and Franklin Streets.", "He had a great interest in restoring the California Missions.", "This had begun in 1903, with Mission San Antonio De Padua.", "He was a historical advisor during the 1927 California State Park Survey.", "In 1932, Knowland went to Washington and persuaded President Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to advance $62 million for the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.", "He created, with Bruno Albert Forsterer and Joseph Blum, the Franklin Investment Company in 1936 (later the Franklin Credit Union).", "In 1937, he attained the status of 33rd Degree Mason, Ancient Accepted Scottish Rite.", "Knowland was a member of the Finance Committee of the Golden Gate International Exposition of 1939-1940.", "In 1941, he authored California: A Landmark History.", "He was the political mentor of Earl Warren; from assistant Oakland City Attorney to Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.", "Knowland served on the California State Park Commission from 1934 to 1960 and was chairman from 1938 to 1960.", "He was appointed by Governor Earl Warren as chairman of the California Centennial Commission from 1948 to 1950.", "Knowland was honored on September 9, 1951 by the City of Oakland and the State of California, with Joseph Knowland State Arboretum and Park in Oakland.", "He served as chairman of the Oakland Centennial in 1952, and the Alameda County Centennial in 1953.", "Knowland was proud of the political career of his son, United States Senator William F. Knowland from 1945 to 1959, who served as Senate Majority Leader from 1953 to 1955 and Senate Minority Leader from 1955 to 1959.", "The only mistake that he felt that his son made was his 1958 run and defeat for Governor of California.", "He attended his first Republican National Convention in 1904.", "He attended the GOP conventions as a delegate or newspaperman until 1964.", "Oakland became a one-newspaper city on September 1, 1950, when William Randolph Hearst closed his Oakland Post-Enquirer.", "The Oakland Tribune's radio station KLX began operation in 1921 and would be on the air until its sale in 1959.", "Personal life\nKnowland met Elinor (Ellie) J. Fife (1873–1908) of Tacoma, Washington while they were students at University of the Pacific.", "Ellie was the daughter of Tacoma businessman W. H. Fife.", "Knowland and Ellie were married on April 2, 1894 in Tacoma.", "Three children were born to this union: Elinor Knowland Lion (1895–1978); Joseph Russell \"Russ\" Knowland, Jr. (1901–1961); and US Senator William F. Knowland (1908–1974).", "Shortly after the birth of William F. Knowland, Ellie Knowland died.", "Knowland, a young widower with children, met Emelyn S. West (1884–1950) of West Lynne, Virginia.", "On September 28, 1909 they were wed in Chicago, Illinois.", "Emelyn Knowland was a loving stepmother and active in her husband's social and political life.", "Emelyn died July 14, 1950, during the California Centennial.", "Knowland's third wife, Clarice E. \"Cookie\" Cook (1902–1979), was an officer of the Native Daughters of the Golden West.", "Knowland and Cook were married on April 6, 1952 in Stockton, California.", "A shared interest in California history made a happy marriage for Knowland's twilight years.", "Knowland remained active in his old age and came each day to the Tribune.", "Death\nOn February 1, 1966, Joseph Russell Knowland died at 4:25 p.m. in his 25 Seaview Avenue residence in Piedmont.", "His wife Clarice with granddaughters, Emelyn K. Jewett and Josephine L. Church, were at his bedside.", "On February 2, 1966, the Tribune's headline was \"Joseph R. Knowland Dead\".", "Joseph R. Knowland was praised by Republicans and Democrats.", "California Governor Edmund G. Pat Brown said, \"Knowland, strongly believed in California...the State he loved so well.\"", "The public funeral of J.R. Knowland was held at the First Methodist Church and the private family service at Mountain View Cemetery Chapel in Oakland.", "He was cremated at Mountain View Cemetery Crematory and is inurned with his third wife, Clarice, in Serenity Section, Tier N-4, Number 3 at the Chapel of Memories columbarium in Oakland, California.", "Fraternal organizations\n\n Native Sons of the Golden West\n Masons\n Shriners\n Knights Templar\n Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles of the Mystic Shrine\n Bohemian Club\n Pacific Union Club\n Benevolent & Protective Order of Elks—Oakland # 171\n Athens Athletic Club\n Athenian Nile Club\n California Historical Society\n Oakland and Alameda County Pioneers\n Claremont Country Club\n Associated Press\n California Press Association's Newspaper Hall of Fame\n\nBoard memberships\n\n American Trust Company\n Marchant Calculating Machine Company\n Oakland Title Insurance and Guaranty Company\n California State Automobile Association\n American Automobile Association\n Associated Press\n California State Park Commission\n California State Chamber of Commerce\n\nReferences\n\nSources\n California Blue Book.", "Sacramento: State Printing Office, 1909.", "Gothberg, John A.", "\"The Local Influence of Joseph R. Knowland's Oakland Tribune\".", "Minneapolis Journalism Quarterly - 45, (Autumn 1968):487-95.", "Knowland, Joseph R. California: A Landmark History.", "Oakland: Tribune Press, 1941.", "Wyatt, Daniel E. Joseph R. Knowland: The Political Years 1899-1915.", "San Francisco, D.Wyatt, 1982.", "Joseph R. Knowland Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.", "External links\n\n \n Knowland Family at Political Graveyard\n “Selections from Oakland Tribune Archives,” by Annalee Allen, Arcadia Publishing 2006\n Finding Aid to the Joseph R. Knowland Papers, 1857-1966, bulk 1905-1960, The Bancroft Library\n Join California Joseph R. Knowland\n\n1873 births\n1966 deaths\nPoliticians from Alameda, California\nCalifornia Republicans\nCalifornia state senators\nMembers of the California State Assembly\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from California\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives\nKnowland family\n20th-century American newspaper publishers (people)" ]

[ "Knowland was an American politician and newspaper publisher.", "He was the owner, editor and publisher of the Oakland Tribune while he was a member of the United States House of Representatives.", "He was the father of a senator.", "The son of Joseph Knowland and Hannah Bailey Russell was born on August 5, 1873.", "His siblings included two sisters and a brother who died in infancy.", "Knowland graduated from the University of the Pacific in 1895.", "After college, Knowland joined his father's business.", "Knowland was involved in several ventures in which his business career was successful.", "He was an active member of several organizations, including the Native Sons of the Golden West and Modern Woodmen of America.", "Knowland's memberships included the California Historical Society, California Chamber of Commerce, California State Automobile Association, Oakland Chamber of Commerce, Mills College Board of Trustees, and Athens Athletic Club.", "Knowland joined the Alameda Good Government Club in 1895.", "He was appointed to the Alameda Library Board of Trustees in 1896.", "He was a successful Republican in 1898.", "He served from 1899 to 1903.", "Knowland chaired the Assembly committee that investigated the corruption in the San Francisco police.", "The law prohibiting the human trafficking of Chinese women was passed thanks to his efforts.", "Knowland was elected to the California State Senate.", "He resigned to take the seat in the United States House of Representatives that he had been elected to in 1904.", "Knowland was the chairman of the committee on banking.", "In 1904, Knowland was elected to Congress in a special election, filling the seat left vacant by the resignation of Victor H. Metcalf.", "He served from September 24, 1904 to March 3, 1915.", "His district included the U.S. Army.", "Knowland had an interest in the military.", "He worked to get approval for the construction of Navy capital ships in California as a congressman.", "The Panama Canal toll free was advocated by Knowland.", "Knowland Perkins wanted to be the next senator from the U.S.", "He won the Republican primary in 1914.", "Heney was defeated in the general election by James D. Phelan, a Democrat.", "Knowland was the owner, editor, president and publisher of The Oakland Tribune.", "He wrote, \"It is perfectly understood that what the Tribune does, rather than what it promises, will determine the true measure of its worth; and with this understanding, the Tribune, under its new control, girds to its work.\"", "Knowland had full control of the Tribune after many years of court battles with Hermina Peralta Dargie, William E. Dargie's widow.", "The Tribune Tower is located at 13th and Franklin Streets.", "He was interested in restoring the California Missions.", "Mission San Antonio De Padua started this in 1903.", "During the 1927 California State Park Survey, he was a historical advisor.", "Knowland persuaded President Herbert Hoover and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to give $62 million for the completion of the San Francisco–Oakland Bay Bridge.", "The Franklin Credit Union was founded in 1936 by him and Bruno Albert Forsterer.", "He became a 33rd Degree Mason in 1937.", "The Finance Committee of the Golden Gate International Exposition was chaired by Knowland.", "He wrote California: a landmark history in 1941.", "He was the political mentor of Earl Warren.", "Knowland was a member of the California State Park Commission from 1934 to 1960.", "He was the chairman of the California Centennial Commission from 1948 to 1950.", "On September 9, 1951, Knowland was honored by the City of Oakland and the State of California.", "He served as chairman of both the Oakland and Alameda County Centennials.", "Knowland was proud of the political career of his son, William F. Knowland, who served as Senate Majority Leader from 1953 to 1955 and Senate Minority Leader from 1955 to 1959.", "He felt that his son made a mistake when he ran for Governor of California.", "He attended the Republican National Convention in 1904.", "He was a delegate or newspaperman at the GOP convention.", "Oakland became a one-newspaper city on September 1, 1950, when the Oakland Post-Enquirer closed.", "The Oakland Tribune's radio station KLX was on the air until 1959 when it was sold.", "Knowland met Elinor Fife while they were students at the University of the Pacific.", "She was the daughter of W. H. Fife.", "They were married on April 2, 1894.", "Three children were born to this union: Elinor Knowland Lion, Joseph Russell \"Russ\" Knowland, Jr., and William F. Knowland.", "After the birth of William F. Knowland, his mother died.", "Knowland was a widower with children and met Emelyn S. West.", "They were married in Chicago, Illinois, in 1909.", "Emelyn Knowland was active in her husband's political and social life.", "Emelyn died on July 14, 1950.", "Clarice E. \"Cookie\" Cook was Knowland's third wife.", "On April 6, 1952, Knowland and Cook were married.", "Knowland and his wife had a shared interest in California history.", "Each day, Knowland came to the Tribune.", "On February 1, 1966, Joseph Russell Knowland died.", "Clarice was at his bedside.", "On February 2, 1966, the Tribune headline was \"Joseph R. Knowland Dead\".", "Republicans and Democrats praised Joseph R. Knowland.", "California Governor Edmund G. Pat Brown said that Knowland loved California so much.", "The private family service for J.R. Knowland was held at Mountain View Cemetery Chapel in Oakland.", "He was buried with his third wife, Clarice, in the Chapel of Memories in Oakland, California, after he was cremated at Mountain View Cemetery Crematory.", "Fraternal organizations include the Native Sons of the Golden West Masons, the Ancient Arabic Order of Nobles, the Pacific Union Club, and the California Historical Society.", "The State Printing Office was established in 1909.", "John A. Gothberg.", "\"Joseph R. Knowland's Oakland Tribune had a local influence\".", "The Minneapolis Journalism Quarterly was published in the Autumn of 1968.", "Joseph R. California: a landmark history was written by Knowland.", "The Tribune Press was in Oakland in 1941.", "The Political Years 1899-1915 was written by Daniel E. Joseph R. Knowland.", "San Francisco, D.Wyatt, 1982.", "The Joseph R. Knowland Papers are in the University of California, Berkeley.", "The Knowland Family at Political Graveyard can be found in the Oakland Tribune Archives." ]

[ "Joseph Russell Knowland", ". Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Knowland", "Hannah Bailey Russell", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Blum", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Know", "Knowland", ". Knowland", "William Randolph", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Russell", "Russ", "\" Knowland", ". Knowland", ". Knowland", "Ellie Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Russell", "Knowland", "Josephine L", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph R", "Knowland", "Joseph R", "Joseph R", "Knowland", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Joseph R" ]

[ "Knowland", "Joseph Knowland", "Hannah Bailey Russell", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", ". Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Russell", "Russ", "\" Knowland", ". Knowland", ". Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Knowland", "Joseph Russell", "Knowland", "Joseph R", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Knowland", ". Knowland", "Joseph R", ". Knowland", "Joseph R", "Knowland", ". Joseph", ". Knowland", "Joseph R", ". Knowland" ]

[ "Adella Hunt Logan (February 10, 1863 – December 10, 1915) was an African-American writer, educator, administrator and suffragist.", "Born during the Civil War, she earned her teaching credentials at Atlanta University, an historically black college founded by the American Missionary Association.", "She became a teacher at the Tuskegee Institute and became an activist for education and suffrage for women of color.", "As part of her advocacy, she published articles in some of the most noted black periodicals of her time.", "Early life and education\nAdella Hunt was born in 1863 in Sparta, Georgia to parents Mariah Hunt, a free woman of color, and Henry Hunt, a plantation owner.", "She was their fourth of eight children.", "Her father provided her with an education at Bass Academy, and she became certified as a teacher at age 16.", "Hunt gained a scholarship to Atlanta University in Atlanta, Georgia, founded by the American Missionary Association (AMA) after the Civil War.", "There she attended the Upper Normal College, where she got a teacher's education and graduated in 1881 after completing the two-year program.", "Hunt spent two years teaching in Albany, Georgia at an AMA primary school.", "In 1883, Hunt was offered positions teaching at both Atlanta University and Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute.", "She accepted the offer in Tuskegee and developed a close friendship with Washington.", "At Tuskegee, Hunt taught English and other subjects in the humanities and social sciences.", "She was the school's first librarian and served as the \"Lady Principal\" for a short time.", "Logan family\nIn 1888, she married Warren Logan, a fellow teacher at Tuskegee University.", "Of mixed-race, he was born into slavery in Virginia.", "He gained an education after emancipation and had started teaching a few years before she did.", "At Tuskegee, Logan also became a friend of Booker T. Washington and served as Treasurer of the Institute.", "Between the years of 1890 and 1909, the couple had nine children, six of whom survived to adulthood.", "They encouraged them to become educated.", "The Logan couple established a family whose descendants have been highly educated and had successful professional careers.", "Their youngest son became a surgeon in New York City.", "His children include historian Adele Logan Alexander, who got her doctorate in history, was a professor at George Washington University before retirement, and has written about African-American history.", "Activist work\nHunt Logan is best known for her activist work.", "Her main interest was education advocacy, seen especially in her work at Tuskegee.", "In 1895, Hunt Logan joined the Tuskegee Woman's Club, which became an affiliate of the National Association of Colored Women (NACW) a year later.", "The Tuskegee chapter worked to improve the lives of African Americans in local communities.", "Hunt Logan worked specifically in programs aimed to improve health care, as well as advocating for prison reform and running a lending library as a member of the NACW club.", "One of Hunt Logan's educational goals was to prepare individuals for universal suffrage.", "In 1895 the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) held a convention in Atlanta.", "Due to the difficulty NAWSA was having gaining passage for a constitutional amendment on women's suffrage, the organization was looking for support from southern states.", "Although NAWSA was appealed to white southerners, it observed state Jim Crow segregation and turned away African-American women and men from the convention.", "Mississippi had already passed a new constitution to disenfranchise blacks, and other southern states completed similar actions in this period, through 1908.", "This was the atmosphere in which Hunt Logan arrived at the convention.", "Hunt Logan was able to hear Susan B. Anthony speak, and despite the racism which she and other African Americans had to contend with at the convention, Hunt Logan became a member of the NAWSA after being inspired by Anthony's speech.", "Hunt Logan campaigned for women's suffrage in Alabama and wrote for NAWSA's newspaper, The Woman's Journal.", "In September 1912, Hunt Logan contributed an article to the magazine of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), The Crisis, as a part of a special issue on women's suffrage.", "(The NAACP was founded in 1909.)", "She argued for the right to vote, specifically for women of color.", "She pointed to the success of women's voting in many western states that had statewide suffrage and argued,\n\nHunt Logan wrote many articles for The Crisis, as well as the Colored American magazine.", "In most of her arguments for universal suffrage, Hunt Logan returned to her roots in education.", "She argued that African-American women should be given the vote so that they would have a say in education legislation.", "Death and legacy\nIn September 1915, following troubles in her marriage and setbacks in the suffrage movement, Hunt Logan suffered from an emotional breakdown.", "She was committed to a sanitarium in Michigan for treatment.", "After her close friend Booker T. Washington died in November 1915, Hunt Logan fell deeper into depression.", "On December 10, 1915, she committed suicide by jumping from the top floor of a building on the Tuskegee campus.", "Five years after her death, the United States passed the Nineteenth Amendment, guaranteeing women the right to vote, effective in 1920.", "Hunt Logan had fought for this right for many years.", "Today she is taught in schools because of her influence, especially as an advocate for women's suffrage and women of color.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\n Adele Logan Alexander: Princess of the Hither Isles : a black suffragist's story from the Jim Crow south, New Haven : Yale University Press, [2019], \n\n1863 births\n1915 deaths\nAfrican-American educators\nAfrican-American women writers\nAmerican educators\nAmerican suffragists\nAtlanta University alumni\nPeople from Sparta, Georgia\nWomen educators\nAfrican-American suffragists\nAlabama suffrage\n1915 suicides\n20th-century African-American people\n20th-century African-American women\nSuicides by jumping in the United States\nSuicides in Alabama" ]

[ "Adella Hunt (February 10, 1863 to December 10, 1915) was an African-American writer, administrator and suffragist.", "She earned her teaching credentials at Atlanta University, which was founded by the American Missionary Association.", "She became an activist for women of color after becoming a teacher.", "She published articles in black periodicals as part of her advocacy.", "Adella Hunt was born in Sparta, Georgia to parents who were both plantation owners.", "They had eight children.", "She became certified as a teacher at the age of 16 after receiving an education at Bass Academy.", "Atlanta University was founded by the American Missionary Association after the Civil War.", "She graduated from the Upper Normal College with a teacher's education after completing a two-year program.", "Hunt taught at a primary school in Albany, Georgia.", "Hunt was offered teaching positions at both Atlanta University and Booker T. Washington's Tuskegee Institute.", "She developed a close friendship with Washington after accepting the offer in Tuskegee.", "The humanities and social sciences were taught by Hunt.", "She served as the \"Lady Principal\" for a short time at the school.", "Her husband was a fellow teacher at Tuskegee University.", "He was born into slavery in Virginia.", "He started teaching a few years before she did.", "At Tuskegee, he became a friend of Booker T. Washington and served as the institute's treasurer.", "Six of the nine children the couple had survived to adulthood.", "They encouraged them to get educated.", "The descendants of theLogan couple have successful professional careers.", "Their youngest son was a doctor.", "His children include a historian, who got her doctorate in history, and has written about African-American history.", "She is best known for her activist work.", "She was most interested in education advocacy.", "The National Association of Colored Women affiliates the Tuskegee Woman's Club in 1895.", "The chapter worked to improve the lives of African Americans.", "Hunt Logan advocated for prison reform and ran a lending library as a member of the NACW club.", "To prepare individuals for universal speach was one of Hunt Logan's educational goals.", "The National American Woman Suffrage Association held a convention in Atlanta in 1895.", "The organization was looking for support from southern states due to the difficulty in gaining passage for a constitutional amendment on women's suffrage.", "Although NAWSA was appealed to white southerners, it observed state Jim Crow segregation and turned away African-American women and men from the convention.", "Mississippi had already passed a new constitution, and other southern states had done the same.", "The atmosphere at the convention was like this.", "Despite the racism which she and other African Americans had to contend with at the convention, Hunt Logan became a member of the NAWSA after being inspired by Anthony's speech.", "NAWSA's newspaper, The Woman's Journal, was written by HuntLogan, who advocated for women's speach in Alabama.", "A special issue on women's speach was included in the September 1912 issue of The Crisis.", "The NAACP was founded in 1909.", "She wanted women of color to have the right to vote.", "She pointed to the success of women's voting in many western states that had statewide suffragy and argued that Hunt Logan wrote many articles for The Crisis and Colored American magazine.", "She returned to her roots in education in most of her arguments.", "She wanted African-American women to have a say in education legislation.", "HuntLogan suffered from an emotional breakdown in September 1915 after troubles in her marriage and setbacks in the suffragist movement.", "She was going to a sanitarium for treatment.", "Her friend Booker T. Washington died in 1915.", "On December 10, 1915, she committed suicide by jumping from the top floor of a building.", "The Nineteenth Amendment guaranteed women the right to vote in 1920, five years after her death.", "Hunt had been fighting for this for a long time.", "She is an advocate for women's speach and women of color.", "The Princess of the Hither Isles is a black suffragist's story from the Jim Crow south." ]

[ "Adella Hunt Logan", "Adella Hunt", "Mariah Hunt", "Henry Hunt", "Hunt", "Hunt", "Hunt", "Hunt", "Logan", "Warren Logan", "Logan", "Logan", "Adele Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Adele Logan" ]

[ "Adella Hunt", "Adella Hunt", "Hunt", "Hunt", "Hunt", ". WashingtonLogan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "Hunt Logan", "HuntLogan", "Hunt Logan", "HuntLogan", "Hunt" ]

[ "Christopher Holroyd (born 24 October 1986) is an English professional footballer who plays as a striker.", "Holroyd started his football career at Crewe Alexandra, progressing through the club's youth system.", "He subsequently joined Chester City for the third year of his scholarship, and signed professional terms in 2006.", "In July 2008, Holroyd left Chester by mutual agreement with a year remaining on his contract.", "A month later, in August 2008, Holroyd signed for Conference Premier side Cambridge United, scoring ten goals in his first season with the club.", "The following season, Holroyd's goalscoring form which saw him score 18 goals during the first half of the 2009–10 campaign, culminated into a move to League One side Brighton & Hove Albion for an undisclosed fee in January 2010.", "In September 2010, Holroyd joined Stevenage on a three-month loan deal.", "He was loaned out again in March 2011 to Bury, playing a handful of games.", "At the end of the 2010–11 season, Holroyd was released by Brighton, and was subsequently signed by Rotherham United in June 2011.", "He joined League One side Preston North End for an undisclosed fee in January 2012.", "In September 2012, Holroyd joined Macclesfield Town on loan until January 2013.", "On returning to his parent club, his contract was cancelled by mutual consent.", "He signed for Morecambe of League Two on a free transfer in January 2013, and rejoined Macclesfield at the end of the season.", "Career\n\nEarly career\nHolroyd began his career at Crewe Alexandra, spending five years at the club as a schoolboy, as well as a further two years as a scholar at the club's \"highly rated youth academy\".", "Holroyd left Crewe after he was not offered a professional contract entering his third year of scholarship and joined Chester City, signing professional terms in 2006 after scoring 21 goals in 28 stats for Chester's youth team in the Football League Youth Alliance.", "He made his first-team debut for Chester at the start of the 2006–07 season, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in Chester's 2–1 home defeat to Wrexham.", "The following season, Holroyd scored his first goal for Chester in a competitive match in October 2007, scoring a consolation goal in a 4–2 Football League Trophy defeat at Carlisle United.", "His first Football League goal followed later in the month in Chester's 2–2 draw with Wycombe Wanderers, scoring from eight yards to restore parity in the match.", "Holroyd scored his second goal of the season in a 5–3 defeat at Morecambe, as well as twice in a 3–3 draw at Accrington Stanley.", "He also made a further two assists towards the latter stages of the 2007–08 campaign in victories against Mansfield Town and Darlington respectively.", "Holroyd played 26 games in all competitions for Chester during the season, scoring five times.", "In July 2008, he was transfer-listed by the club in an attempt to reduce the size of their squad.", "A day after being transfer-listed, Holroyd left Chester by mutual agreement with a year remaining on his contract, while being linked with a transfer to other clubs.", "During his time without a club, Holroyd rejected the option of trialling with AFC Bournemouth.", "Cambridge United\nA month later, Holroyd signed for Conference Premier side Cambridge United on a one-year contract, with the option of a further year.", "Holroyd made his debut for Cambridge in the club's 3–0 away win at Eastbourne Borough, coming on as a 79th-minute substitute and scoring five minutes later to give Cambridge a three-goal lead.", "After scoring on his debut, Holroyd went sixteen games without scoring, ending his goal drought in a 4–0 victory over Salisbury City in December 2008.", "In February 2009, Holroyd scored in successive away victories for Cambridge, scoring from the penalty spot against Rushden & Diamonds, before scoring twice away at Kidderminster Harriers.", "A month later, he scored three goals within the space of three days, scoring two second-half goals in Cambridge's 2–0 win at Barrow, as well as netting against Northwich Victoria.", "Holroyd scored his ninth goal of the season from the penalty spot as Cambridge came from a goal behind to beat Eastbourne Borough 2–1.", "Two days later, he scored once more, again from the penalty spot, this time away at Kettering Town.", "Holroyd also featured in all three of Cambridge's play-off games, coming on as an 80th-minute substitute in Cambridge's 2–0 loss in the final to Torquay United.", "He played a total of 43 times for Cambridge during the campaign, scoring ten goals.", "In May 2009, Cambridge United exercised the option to extend the contract of Holroyd for the following season.", "Ahead of the 2009–10 season, Holroyd was assigned the number nine shirt following the departure of fellow striker Scott Rendell.", "He started the club's first match of the season, playing the whole game in a 2–0 home defeat to Barrow.", "Three days later, he scored twice in Cambridge's 3–1 win against Ebbsfleet United, scoring both goals.", "Holroyd scored his first professional hat-trick four days later, scoring against his former employers, Chester City, as Cambridge came from two goals down to win the match 4–2.", "One of his goals included an audacious over head kick, 15 yards from goal.", "Holroyd scored four goals in two games shortly after, netting against Gateshead and Forest Green Rovers respectively.", "He scored a further two goals in Cambridge's 4–3 home loss to Luton Town in September 2009, taking his goal tally to eleven for the season.", "His twelfth goal of the season came against Cambridge's local rivals, Histon, Holroyd netting with just nine minutes remaining in a 1–1 draw.", "A week later, he scored from the penalty spot in Cambridge's 4–0 win against Ebbsfleet United.", "His fine goalscoring form continued into November 2009, scoring in victories against Kidderminster Harriers and Ilkeston Town respectively.", "After his goal against Ilkeston Town, Holroyd did not find the net until the end of December 2009, scoring just before half-time for Cambridge as they lost 2–1 at Mansfield Town.", "A week later, Cambridge United assistant manager, Paul Carden, said that he expected Holroyd to leave the club in the January transfer window.", "He subsequently played his last game for the club in Cambridge's 1–0 home defeat to Eastbourne Borough.", "During the first half of the 2009–10 season, Holroyd scored 15 goals in 25 games for Cambridge.", "Brighton & Hove Albion\nHolroyd joined League One team Brighton & Hove Albion on 29 January 2010.", "An undisclosed fee was agreed between Cambridge United and Brighton on 22 January, but the transfer was not finalised until a week later due to negotiations over personal terms between player and club.", "The intervening period led to much speculation that the deal had collapsed.", "Holroyd made his Brighton debut just a day after signing, which came as a surprise, coming on as a 64th-minute substitute in a 1–0 defeat to Millwall.", "Holroyd featured a total of 13 times during the latter stages of the club's 2009–10 campaign, failing to score.", "The following season, Holroyd found first-team opportunities hard to come by, featuring just twice in games against Northampton Town and Walsall.", "He slipped further down the pecking order following Francisco Sandaza's arrival at the club.", "Brighton manager Gus Poyet said that Holroyd \"needs to play in a different environment to try and re-establish himself\", as well as saying \"he needs to play regularly\".", "In May 2011 the club announced that he would be released at the end of the season following the ending of his current contract, along with five other players.", "Stevenage and Bury loans\nHolroyd signed for League Two club Stevenage on a three-month loan deal in September 2010.", "He made his debut the next day, scoring the only goal of the game in the club's 1–0 win over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank.", "Three days later, Holroyd scored a hat-trick in Stevenage's 4–1 victory against Hereford United, taking his tally up to four goals in two games.", "Stevenage manager Graham Westley said \"He's lethal, we knew that before he came to the club.", "He's been very impressive in his two games so far, his work ethic is excellent and he is a constant menace for opposition defences\".", "Holroyd scored his fifth goal for Stevenage in the club's 2–1 home win against Burton Albion, turning sharply in the box to restore Stevenage's lead in the second-half.", "Earlier on in the same game, he missed a penalty after originally being fouled in the area.", "Holroyd scored his sixth goal for Stevenage in a 1–1 draw against Shrewsbury Town.", "Due to a host of postponements, Holroyd's final game for the club was a 1–0 home loss to Northampton Town on 11 December, and he returned to his parent club on Boxing Day.", "During his three-month loan spell, Holroyd scored six goals in twelve games.", "In March 2011, after making three substitute appearances for Brighton, Holroyd was loaned out to another League Two side in the form of Bury.", "His loan spell ran until the end of the 2010–11 season.", "Holroyd made his debut a day after signing for the club, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute in a 0–0 draw at Rotherham United.", "Three days later, Holroyd scored in a 2–1 home loss to Torquay United.", "Brighton opted to recall Holroyd on 11 April 2011.", "He made four appearances for Bury during his loan spell, scoring one goal.", "Rotherham United\nAfter being released by Brighton, Holroyd signed for League Two side Rotherham United on 20 June 2011.", "He joined the club on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract.", "Holroyd made his Rotherham debut in the club's 1–0 home win against Oxford United on 6 August 2011, playing 72 minutes of the match.", "He scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 home victory against Aldershot Town in November 2011, scoring a glancing header to double Rotherham's advantage on their way to recording their first victory in ten games.", "It was to be Holroyd's only goal for the club, making a total of 19 appearances in the first half of the 2011–12 campaign, of which only six were starting appearances even though Holroyd was the club's top scorer in pre-season games.", "Preston North End\nHolroyd joined League One club Preston North End for an undisclosed fee on 20 January 2012.", "The move meant that Holroyd was again playing under the management of Graham Westley, who had signed him on loan during his time at Stevenage.", "He made his debut a day later playing in a new position on the right wing and winning the man of the match award in a 2–0 home defeat to Leyton Orient.", "Holroyd scored his first goal for Preston on 21 April 2012, heading in a Danny Mayor cross at the back post in a 1–1 draw away at Oldham Athletic.", "In total, Holroyd made 20 appearances for Preston, where he was played mostly as a traditional right winger.", "In August 2012, Holroyd joined his hometown club, Conference Premier side Macclesfield Town, on loan until January 2013.", "He made a scoring debut for the club, coming off the bench to score with his first touch in a 3–2 win against Lincoln City.", "In the fourth appearance of his loan spell, Holroyd scored a hat-trick as Macclesfield defeated Stockport County 4–3 at Edgeley Park.", "Holroyd scored his fifth goal for Macclesfield in a 2–2 away draw with Gateshead, coming on as a substitute and equalising late-on.", "He went on to score nine times in 23 appearances during the five-month loan spell, including two goals in a 4–1 FA Cup victory over Barrow that ensured Macclesfield progressed to the third round of the competition.", "Holroyd returned to Preston in January 2013, and was told he did not feature in the club's plans.", "With his contract expiring in June 2013, Holroyd's contract was cancelled by mutual consent.", "Morecambe\nAvailable on a free transfer, Holroyd attracted the interest of Macclesfield Town, having just spent five months on loan with the club.", "However, no permanent transfer materialised, and, on 17 January 2013, he signed for League Two club Morecambe on a contract until the end of the 2012–13 season.", "Holroyd made his debut a day after signing for the club, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 home draw against Cheltenham Town.", "Wrexham\nHe then moved to Wrexham.", "Chorley\nHe then joined Chorley in June 2019.", "He made 30 appearances for the club, scoring nine goals.", "Stalybridge Celtic\nIn February 2020 he joined Stalybridge Celtic until the end of the 2020–21 season.", "However, after only getting playing time in three games, he left the club on 10 September 2020.", "Warrington Town\nOn 5 October 2020, Holroyd joined Warrington Town.", "He left the club again exactly one month later.", "Career statistics\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nEnglish footballers\nChester City F.C.", "players\nCambridge United F.C.", "players\nBrighton & Hove Albion F.C.", "players\nStevenage F.C.", "players\nBury F.C.", "players\nRotherham United F.C.", "players\nPreston North End F.C.", "players\nMacclesfield Town F.C.", "players\nMorecambe F.C.", "players\nWrexham A.F.C.", "players\nChorley F.C.", "players\nWarrington Town F.C.", "players\nEnglish Football League players\nNational League (English football) players\nAssociation football forwards\nSportspeople from Macclesfield\n1986 births\nLiving people\nStalybridge Celtic F.C.", "players" ]

[ "Christopher Holroyd is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward.", "Holroyd progressed through the club's youth system.", "He joined Chester City for the third year of his scholarship after signing professional terms.", "Holroyd left Chester by mutual agreement with a year remaining on his contract.", "Holroyd joined Cambridge United in August 2008, scoring ten goals in his first season with the club.", "After scoring 18 goals in the first half of the 2009–10 campaign, Holroyd moved to League One side BRIGHTON & HOCKEY for an undisclosed fee in January 2010.", "Holroyd joined Stevenage on a three-month loan.", "He played a few games in March of 2011.", "At the end of the 2010–11 season, Holroyd was released by Brighton and subsequently signed by Rotherham United.", "He joined the North End in January 2012 for an undisclosed fee.", "Holroyd was on loan at Macclesfield Town until January.", "His contract was canceled by mutual consent when he returned to his parent club.", "He rejoined Macclesfield at the end of the season after rejoining Morecambe on a free transfer.", "After five years at the club as a schoolboy, Holroyd went on to become a scholar at the club's highly rated youth academy.", "Holroyd joined Chester City in 2006 after scoring 21 goals in 28 games for Chester's youth team in the Football League Youth Alliance, after he was not offered a professional contract.", "He made his first-team debut for Chester at the start of the 2006–07 season, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute in Chester's 2–1 home defeat to Wrexham.", "Holroyd scored his first goal for Chester in a competitive match in October 2007, scoring a consolation goal in a 4–2 Football League Trophy defeat at Carlisle United.", "His first goal in the Football League came in Chester's 2–2 draw with Wycombe Wanderers, when he scored from eight yards.", "Holroyd scored his second goal of the season in a 5–3 defeat at Morecambe, as well as twice in a 3–3 draw at Accrington Stanley.", "He made two more assists towards the end of the campaign in victories against Mansfield Town and Darlington.", "Holroyd scored five times for Chester during the season.", "The club tried to reduce the size of their squad by transferring him.", "Holroyd left Chester by mutual agreement with a year remaining on his contract, despite being linked with a transfer to other clubs.", "During his time without a club, Holroyd turned down the chance to trial with Bournemouth.", "Holroyd signed for Cambridge United on a one-year contract with the option of a further year.", "Holroyd made his debut for Cambridge in the club's 3–0 away win at Eastbourne Borough, coming on as a 78th-minute substitute and scoring five minutes later to give Cambridge a three-goal lead.", "After scoring on his debut, Holroyd went sixteen games without a goal before scoring in a 4–0 victory over Salisbury City.", "Holroyd scored from the penalty spot in Cambridge's victories against Rushden & Diamonds and Kidderminster Harriers in February 2009.", "He scored three goals in three days, including two in Cambridge's 2–0 win at Barrow and a goal in the 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "Holroyd scored his ninth goal of the season from the penalty spot as Cambridge came from a goal behind to win.", "He scored from the penalty spot again two days later at Kettering Town.", "In Cambridge's 2–0 loss in the final to Torquay United, Holroyd came on as an 80th-minute substitute.", "He scored ten goals for Cambridge during the season.", "Holroyd's contract was extended by Cambridge United in May of 2009.", "Following the departure of Scott Rendell, Holroyd was assigned the number nine shirt.", "He started the club's first match of the season, playing the whole game in a 2–0 home defeat to Barrow.", "He scored two goals in Cambridge's 3–1 win against Ebbsfleet United.", "Cambridge came from two goals down to win the match 4–2 as Holroyd scored his first professional hat-trick four days later.", "The audacious over head kick was one of his goals.", "Holroyd scored four goals in two games.", "He scored a further two goals in Cambridge's 4–3 home loss to Luton Town in September 2009, taking his goal tally to eleven for the season.", "Holroyd's twelfth goal of the season came against Histon in a 1–1 draw.", "He scored from the penalty spot in Cambridge's 4–0 win against Ebbsfleet United.", "In November 2009, he scored in victories against Kidderminster Harriers and Ilkeston Town.", "After his goal against Ilkeston Town, Holroyd did not find the net again until the end of December 2009, when Cambridge lost 2–1 at Mansfield Town.", "Cambridge United assistant manager, Paul Carden, said that he expected Holroyd to leave the club in the January transfer window.", "He played his last game for the club in Cambridge's 1–0 home defeat to Eastbourne Borough.", "Holroyd scored 15 goals in 25 games for Cambridge during the first half of the season.", "Holroyd joined the team on January 29, 2010.", "The transfer was not finalized until a week later due to negotiations over personal terms between the player and the club.", "There was a lot of speculation that the deal had collapsed.", "Holroyd came on as a 64th-minute substitute in the 1–0 defeat to Millwall, which came as a surprise.", "The club failed to score 13 times during the last part of the season.", "Holroyd didn't find first-team opportunities easy to come by in the following season.", "He was further down in the hierarchy after Francisco Sandaza arrived at the club.", "Holroyd needs to play in a different environment to try and reestablish himself, as well as being told that he needs to play regularly.", "The club announced in May of 2011 that he would be released at the end of the season along with five other players.", "Holroyd signed for League Two club Stevenage on a three-month loan.", "He scored the only goal of the game in the club's 1–0 win over Lincoln City at Sincil Bank.", "Holroyd took his tally to four goals in two games after scoring a hat-trick in the 5–1 victory against Hereford United.", "He's lethal, we knew that before he came to the club.", "He is a constant menace for opposition defences and has been very impressive in his two games so far.", "Holroyd scored his fifth goal for Stevenage in the club's 2–1 home win against Burton Albion, turning sharply in the box to restore Stevenage's lead in the second-half.", "He missed a penalty in the same game.", "Holroyd scored his sixth goal in a 1–1 draw.", "Holroyd's final game for the club was a 1–0 home loss to Northampton Town on 11 December, and he returned to his parent club on Boxing Day.", "Holroyd scored six goals in twelve games during his three-month loan.", "After making three substitute appearances for the Seagulls, Holroyd was sent to another League Two side in the form of Bury.", "He was on loan until the end of the 2010–11 season.", "Holroyd made his debut a day after signing for the club, coming on as a 69th-minute substitute in a 0–0 draw at Rotherham United.", "Holroyd scored in a home loss.", "Holroyd was recalled by Brighton on 11 April 2011.", "He scored one goal in four appearances for Bury.", "Holroyd joined the League Two side of Rotherham United on June 20, 2011.", "He joined the club on a free transfer.", "In the club's 1–0 home win against Oxford United on 6 August 2011, Holroyd made his debut.", "He scored his first goal for Rotherham in a 2–0 home victory against Aldershot Town in November 2011.", "It was to be Holroyd's only goal for the club, making a total of 19 appearances in the first half of the 2011–12 campaign, of which only six were starting appearances even though Holroyd was the club's top scorer in pre-season games.", "Holroyd joined the club on January 20, 2012 for an undisclosed fee.", "Holroyd had been signed on a loan by Graham Westley when he was at Stevenage.", "He won the man of the match award in the 2–0 home defeat to Leyton Orient after making his debut on the right wing.", "On 21 April 2012 Holroyd scored his first goal for the club, heading in a Danny Mayor cross at the back post in a 1–1 draw away at Oldham Athletic.", "In total, Holroyd made 20 appearances for the club.", "Holroyd joined his hometown club, Macclesfield Town, on a loan until January.", "He came off the bench and scored his first goal for the club in a 3–2 win against Lincoln City.", "Holroyd scored a hat-trick in the fourth appearance of his loan spell as Macclesfield defeated Stockport County 4–3 at Edgeley Park.", "Holroyd scored his fifth goal for Macclesfield in a 2–2 away draw with Gateshead, coming on as a substitute and equalising late on.", "He went on to score nine times in 23 appearances during his five-month loan spell, including two goals in a 5–1 FA Cup victory over Barrow.", "He was told that he did not feature in the club's plans.", "Holroyd's contract was canceled by mutual consent when his contract expired in June.", "Holroyd was available on a free transfer and had just spent five months with the club.", "He signed for League Two club Morecambe on a contract until the end of the 2012–13 season after no permanent transfer materialised.", "Holroyd made his debut a day after signing for the club, coming on as a second-half substitute in a 0–0 home draw against Cheltenham Town.", "He moved to the other side of the country.", "He joined Chorley in June.", "He scored nine goals for the club.", "He joined Stalybridge Celtic in February 2020.", "He left the club on September 10, 2020 after only three games.", "Holroyd joined Warrington Town on October 5, 2020.", "He left the club a month later.", "English footballers Chester City F.C. have career statistics.", "The players of United F.C. are from Cambridge.", "The players are from BRIGHTON & HOSEA ION F.C.", "The players are from F.C.", "The players are from Bury F.C.", "The players are from Rotherham United F.C.", "The players are from North End F.C.", "The players are from Macclesfield Town.", "The players are from Morecambe F.C.", "The players are from A.F.C.", "The players are from Chorley F.C.", "The players are from Warrington Town F.C.", "Sports people from 1986 births living in Stalybridge Celtic F.C.", "players" ]

[ "Christopher Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd" ]

[ "Christopher Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd", "Holroyd" ]

[ "Albert Kayser (28 November 1898 – 18 October 1944) was a German trades union official, political activist and politician (KPD).", "In July 1932 he was elected a member of the national parliament (Reichststag).", "By the time democracy was suspended, in March 1933, he had already been arrested and detained by government authorities.", "He was released at the end of 1933 and spent much of 1934 and early 1935 living \"underground\" (unregistered with any city hall) engaged in political resistance.", "Most of the twelve Nazi years he spent in a succession of jails and concentration camps where opportunities for resistance were more limited.", "He died at Buchenwald in October 1944, probably from a form of Typhus (\"Flecktyphus\").", "An illegal funeral service was held for him in the camp on 22 October 1944.", "Political biography \nAlbert Kayser was born in Stettin (as Szczecin was known at that time), a major sea port close to the Baltic coast (\"Ostsee\" in German language sources) and, before 1945, part of Germany.", "Slightly unusually, the family into which he was born was registered as \"religionslos\" – neither Protestant, Catholic nor Jewish.", "He grew up in Berlin.", "Little is known of his childhood, but by 1919 he was working for Siemens at the city gas works in Berlin.", "That year he became a work-place trades union representative.", "He was involved with the anti-war Independent Social Democratic Party (\"Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands\" / USPD), and in 1921, as the USPD broke up, he was one of many former members who joined the recently launched Communist Party of Germany.", "However, he lost his job with Siemens in 1923 because of his involvement in that year's \"August strike\".", "He then took a job with the BVG (Berlin bus and tram operator).", "Here, towards the end of the 1920s, he was elected to a senior role on the works council.", "In November 1932, as a member of the strike leadership, he was one of those in large part responsible for organising nationwide support for Berlin's 28,000 striking transport workers.", "At a time of growing political polarisation the strike powerfully demonstrated the power of organised labour, and it raised Kayser's own public profile.", "Albert Kayser was elected a member of the national parliament (Reichststag) in July 1932.", "He represented a Berlin electoral district (Wahlkreis), sitting as one of 89 Communist Party members in a 608 seat parliament.", "The strong electoral performance of the mutually antagonistic National Socialist and Communist parties, refusing to work either with each other or with the more moderate political parties, meant that the Reichstag was deadlocked.", "A second 1932 general election, held in November, resulted in the Communists winning a further 11 seats: Albert Kayser was among those re-elected.", "The National Socialists actually lost 34 seats between July and November 1932, but they remained by far the largest single party in the Reichstag.", "Kayser was re-elected again early in March 1933, but by this time the constitution had been suspended, and a couple of weeks later the Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 completed the creation of a \"legally\" mandated post-democratic German dictatorship.", "The trigger, ostensibly, had been the Reichstag fire on the night of 27/28 February, which was instantly blamed by the recently formed Hitler government on \"communists\".", "Albert Kayser was one of several thousand Communist Party members – among them all the Communist Reichstag members and trades union leaders the authorities were able to locate – to be arrested on 28 February 1933.", "He was taken to the Sonnenburg concentration camp, in the marshy countryside between Berlin and Posen, where he was held in \"protective custody\" till 23 December 1933.", "After his release he undertook illegal party work, also appearing as a party instructor in the Erfurt, Hanover and Magdeburg regions, filling a void created by the arrest on 20 January 1934 of Martin Schwantes.", "Then underground party leadership in Berlin nominated him as chief party instructor for Central Germany (Mitteldeutschland) which gave him direct responsibility for training guidance in the party's Thuringia, Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg-Anhalt regions.", "As one of nine senior party officers in the country Kayser lived illegally at Wörmlitzerstraße 3 in Halle, using the cover name \"Robert Erdmann\".", "Elsewhere it is stated that he was living with his wife and daughter at Groningerstraße 22 in Berlin-Wedding.", "Either way, as one of the most important Communist leaders at large in central Germany, he was almost certainly constantly on the move.", "On 26 January 1935 Albert Kayser took part in an illegal meeting at a \"safe house\" along Thüringerstraße 26 in Halle.", "Thanks to a denunciation, the authorities became aware of the meeting and the participants were surprised by the arrival of Gestapo officials.", "Kayser was arrested along with the others present: Wilhelm Künzler, Helene Glatzer and the owner of the apartment, Hans Lehnert.", "Grounds for the arrests were \"treasonable communication\" (\"hochverräterische Beratung\").", "They were initially taken to the police station in the Merseburgerstraße where their personal details were logged.", "They were then taken to the police facility at the Hallmarkt for investigatory detention, which involved several days of questioning and torture.", "Helene Glatzer succumbed to the mistreatment and died – effectively murdered – on 31 January 1935.", "Albert Kayser survived.", "Early in August 1935 Kayser faced the special People's Court.", "The charge of \"preparing to commit high treason\" (\"Vorbereitung zum Hochverrat\") was the usual one under circumstances of this kind: he was sentenced to death.", "Following sentencing, as he was led away, it was reported that he called out to his co-defendants Minna Herm, Wilhelm Künzler, Franz Urbanski and Josef Pfaff, addressing them as \"Red front comrades\" (\"Rot Front, Genossen!\").", "This was widely reported and discussed in the government press under headlines such as \"No space for central German rabble-rousers\" (\"Kein Platz für mitteldeutsche Hetzer\") and \"Culling hatespeak in central Germany\" (\"Ausmerzung mitteldeutscher Hetzer\").", "Publicity given to the case and to the death sentence conferred on Kayser spread internationally.", "A number of exiled top SPD leaders met together with exiled communist leaders at the Hôtel Lutetia in Paris and resolved to bury political differences between Germany's moderate and extreme political left, part of a development that would resonate through German politics for decades.", "Back in Berlin the government was hard at work to ensure the success of the forthcoming Berlin Olympic Games.", "It was a bad time for disagreeable international press headlines about the \"judicial\" execution of government opponents.", "In the end Kayser's sentence was reduced to lifetime imprisonment.", "Other former city transport workers, such as Rudolf Claus, were not so lucky, possibly because their sentencing had received less national and international press attention.", "Claus, whose People's Court trial took place at the same time was Kayser's, was executed on 17 December 1935.", "He was taken initially to Berlin's Plötzensee Prison.", "Between February 1936 and 1943 Albert Kayser was imprisoned at the Brandenburg-Görden Prison.", "International publicity given to his case in 1935 meant that, unlike most prison inmates in Hitler's Germany, Kayser was never completely forgotten in the wider world.", "Even inside the prison at Brandenburg–Görden, he was involved in organising antifascist resistance and solidarity.", "On 21 December 1943 Kayser was transferred to the Buchenwald concentration camp.", "Here he fell ill and on 18 October 1944 died, probably from a form of Typhus (\"Flecktyphus\").", "Three days later, on 22 October 1944, fellow inmates held an illegal funeral service for him.", "References \n\n1898 births\n1944 deaths\nPoliticians from Szczecin\nPoliticians from Berlin\nCommunist Party of Germany politicians\nCommunists in the German Resistance\nSonnenburg concentration camp survivors\nGerman people who died in Buchenwald concentration camp\nMembers of the Reichstag of the Weimar Republic\nGerman trade unionists\nDeaths from typhus" ]

[ "Albert Kayser was a German trades union official, political activist and politician.", "He was elected to the national parliament in July of 1932.", "By the time democracy was suspended, he had already been arrested by the government.", "He was released at the end of 1933 and spent much of 1934 and early 1935 underground engaged in political resistance.", "He spent most of the Nazi years in jails and concentration camps where there were less opportunities for resistance.", "He died at Buchenwald in 1944, probably from a form of Typhus.", "There was an illegal funeral service held for him.", "Albert Kayser was born in Stettin, a major sea port close to the Baltic coast, and before 1945, part of Germany.", "He was born into a family that was neither Protestant, Catholic nor Jewish.", "He was born in Berlin.", "He was working at the city gas works in Berlin by 1919, but little is known of his childhood.", "He became a trade union representative that year.", "As the USPD broke up, he was one of many former members who joined the Communist Party.", "He lost his job in 1923 because of his involvement in the August strike.", "He worked for the Berlin bus and tram operator.", "He was elected to a senior role on the works council at the end of the 1920s.", "In November 1932, as a member of the strike leadership, he was responsible for organizing nationwide support for Berlin's 28,000 striking transport workers.", "The strike demonstrated the power of organised labour and raised Kayser's public profile.", "In July of 1932, Albert Kayser was elected a member of the national parliament.", "He was one of 89 Communist Party members in the 608 seat parliament.", "The strong electoral performance of the National Socialist and Communist parties, refusing to work with each other or with the more moderate political parties, meant that the Reichstag was deadlocked.", "The Communists won another 11 seats in the November 1932 general election, including Albert Kayser, who was re-elected.", "Between July and November 1932, the National Socialists lost 34 seats, but they remained the largest party in the Reichstag.", "The Enabling Act of 23 March 1933 created a post-democratic German dictatorship after Kayser was re-elected in March 1933.", "The Reichstag fire was blamed on communists by the recently formed Hitler government.", "Albert Kayser was one of several thousand Communist Party members that the authorities were able to locate and arrest on February 28, 1933.", "He was held in \"protective custody\" until December 23, 1933, after he was taken to the Sonnenburg concentration camp.", "A void was created by the arrest of Martin Schwantes when he undertook illegal party work after his release.", "The underground party leadership in Berlin nominated him as chief party instructor for Central Germany, which gave him direct responsibility for training guidance in the party's Thuringia, Halle-Merseburg and Magdeburg-Anhalt regions.", "Kayser lived at Wrmlitzerstrae 3 in Halle, using the cover name \"Robert Erdmann\", as one of nine senior party officers in the country.", "He lived with his wife and daughter at Groningerstrae 22 in Berlin-Wedding.", "As one of the most important Communist leaders in central Germany, he was almost certainly constantly on the move.", "On January 26, 1935, Albert Kayser took part in an illegal meeting at a \"safe house\" in Halle.", "The participants were surprised by the arrival of Gestapo officials after the authorities became aware of the meeting.", "The owner of the apartment, Hans Lehnert, and others were present at the time of Kayser's arrest.", "There were grounds for the arrests.", "They were taken to the police station in Merseburgerstrae.", "They were taken to the police facility where they were tortured for several days.", "On January 31, 1935, Glatzer succumbed to the mistreatment and died.", "Albert Kayser is alive.", "In August 1935 Kayser faced the People's Court.", "He was sentenced to death for the charge of \"preparing to commit high treason\".", "He addressed his co-conspirators as \"Red Front, Genossen!\" after he was sentenced.", "\"No space for central German rabble-rousers\" and \"Culling hatespeak in central Germany\" were both reported and discussed in the government press.", "There was publicity given to the case and the death sentence given to Kayser.", "A number of exiled top SPD leaders met together with exiled communist leaders at the Htel Lutetia in Paris and resolved to bury political differences between Germany's moderate and extreme political left.", "The government in Berlin worked hard to make the Berlin Olympic Games a success.", "It was a bad time for international press headlines about the \"judicial\" execution of government opponents.", "Kayser's sentence was reduced to lifetime imprisonment.", "Rudolf Claus, a former city transport worker, was not so lucky because his sentencing had received less national and international press attention.", "Claus, whose trial took place at the same time as Kayser's, was executed in 1935.", "He was taken to a prison in Berlin.", "Albert Kayser was imprisoned between 1936 and 1943.", "Unlike most prison inmates in Hitler's Germany, Kayser was never completely forgotten in the wider world because of international publicity given to his case in 1935.", "He was involved in organizing antifascist resistance inside the prison.", "Kayser was transferred to the Buchenwald concentration camp in December of 1943.", "He died here on October 18, 1944, probably from a form of Typhus.", "On October 22, 1944, fellow inmates held an illegal funeral service for him.", "There were politicians who died in the German Resistance Sonnenburg concentration camp, as well as people who died in the Buchenwald concentration camp." ]

[ "Albert Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser" ]

[ "Albert Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser", "Albert Kayser", "Kayser", "Kayser" ]

[ "Giovanni Dosi is Professor of Economics and Director of the Institute of Economics at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa.", "He is the Co-Director of the task forces “Industrial Policy” and “Intellectual Property” at the Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia University.", "Dosi is Continental European Editor of Industrial and Corporate Change.", "Included in ISI Highly Cited Researchers.", "His major research areas, where he is author and editor of several works, include economics of innovation and technological change, industrial organization and industrial dynamics, theory of the firm and corporate governance, evolutionary theory, economic growth and development.", "A selection of his works has been published in two volumes: Innovation, Organization and Economic Dynamics.", "Selected Essays, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2000; and Economic Organization, Industrial Dynamics and Development: Selected Essays, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2012.", "Economic analysis\nGiovanni Dosi's economic analysis is characterized by the contemporaneous attempt to (i) identify empirical regularities and (ii) provide micro-foundations consistent with such regularities.", "As such, his work is a mix of statistical investigations and theoretical efforts.", "Stylized facts\nThroughout his work Dosi and his co-authors have identified some stylized facts as being especially relevant for economic analysis, among others:\n\nS.F.1 Over the 19th-20th century technological innovation has proved to be the major contributor to the economic growth of countries, whose growth rates have however displayed an expanding variance.", "S.F.2 The learning processes that firms undertake to carry out innovations are characterized by trials, errors and unexpected success.", "S.F.3 Firms are highly heterogeneous in terms of sizes, productivities, and profitabilities.", "In particular, firm sizes display stationary skewed distributions, while productivities and profitabilities display stationary wide supports of their fat tailed distributions.", "These facts have led Dosi to point out some theoretical implications, which raise contradictions within Neoclassical economics and bear favorable witness to Evolutionary economics.", "Technical change\nThe role of technological progress as an explanation of contemporary economic growth (S.F.1) has led Dosi to carefully analyze the nature of technology.", "In particular, he has suggested an interpretation of technical change resting on the concepts of technological paradigm and technology trajectory.", "In analogy with Thomas Kuhn's definition of a scientific paradigm, Dosi has defined a technological paradigm as the general outlook on the productive problems faced by firms.", "As such, a technological paradigm is composed by some sort of model of the technology at stake (e.g.", "the model of a microprocessor) and by the specific technological problems posed by such model (e.g.", "increasing computational capacity, reducing dimensions, etc.).", "Therefore, technology is identified as a problem-solving activity in which the problems to be solved are selected by the paradigm itself.", "In this sense, a technological paradigm entails strong prescriptions on the direction of technological change, that is the direction toward which future technical improvements will converge.", "Such gradual improvements along the specific lines prescribed by the paradigm are what constitute technological trajectories and progress.", "Such interpretation of technological change brings Dosi to identify a limited influence of market signals on the direction of technological change.", "More precisely, in his view relative prices might affect the direction of technological change only within the boundaries defined by the nature of the technological paradigm.", "Such idea can be better understood by analyzing the effect of market signals in their two possible directions: moving \"downstream\" (i.e.", "from the technology to the sale of goods) and \"upstream\" (i.e.", "from the market environment to the technology).", "Going \"downstream\", from the technology to the sale of goods, market signals enter the picture at opposite stages.", "First, market signals can act ex ante in the competition among different paradigms: if more paradigms are available, firms would select one or the other according to their expected profitability.", "But once a paradigm is affirmed, the direction of technological change would be already implied by its technological prescriptions.", "Second, market signals can act by selecting ex post those applications of the affirmed paradigm (i.e.", "the final products) that best fit the market requests.", "However, at that point their impact on the direction of technical change would be null, since such direction had already been decided by the prescriptions of the affirmed paradigm.", "Going \"upstream\", from the market environment to the technology, market signals act to inform the producers of the technology about variations in relative prices.", "However, the extent to which technology producers can shift from more expensive to cheaper inputs, or modify technology toward the use of cheaper complement goods is bound by technical constraints.", "Such constraints emerge because inputs are characterized by low substitutability due to the physical and chemical limits involved in the production process.", "Consequently, the upstream incentives given by market signals affect only the rate of use of certain inputs as well as the rate of development of a trajectory but not the direction of technical change, which is bound by the technical constraints of production.", "Uncertainty\nThe trial and error procedures adopted by firms to improve along a technological trajectory (S.F.2) have taken Dosi to assess the issue of uncertainty.", "At a general level, trial and error procedures imply that firms might not be able to forecast completely the outcome of a choice they make; in fact, if they could foresee the error, they would presumably avoid it because it is costly.", "Such a fact is strongly at odds with any assumption of \"perfect rationality\" or \"farsightedness\" on the side of economic agents, which is a foundational element of the Neoclassical approach.", "Dosi has analyzed this issue by assessing the ways in which economic agents perceive and deal with choices that have an uncertain outcome.", "In analogy with Herbert A. Simon's distinction about rationality, he has proposed the distinction between substantive uncertainty and procedural uncertainty.", "In his view, \"the former is related to some lack of information about environmental events, while the latter concerns the competence gap in problem-solving\".", "Nonetheless, both of them generate \"limitations on the computational and cognitive capabilities of the agents to pursue unambiguously their objectives\".", "Crucially, though, the fact that such types of uncertainties limit the computational rationality of agents leads them precisely to develop routines and decision rules that are the likely explanation of their heterogeneous behaviors.", "Moreover, even though such routines and decision rules are not optimally determined, they might well prove more \"intelligent\" than \"optimal\" decisions especially when applied to turbulent selection landscapes.", "Heterogeneity\nThe fact that firms appear to be consistently heterogeneous (S.F.3) has brought Dosi to criticize the Neoclassical prediction that firms in an industry converge toward some kind of \"optimal\" or \"representative\" characteristic.", "For such argument to be valid, the characteristics of firms would need to evolve in time toward a normal distribution, possibly showing some shrinking of the support.", "Notably, this theoretical implication poses an unresolved challenge to the arguments put forward by Milton Friedman in his essay The Methodology of Positive Economics.", "In such work Friedman asserted that maximizing behavior was a reasonable working approximation to describe the choices of economic agents: in fact, even if not all economic agents actually maximize (for example because some make mistakes) only the \"fittest\" ones will be selected by the market.", "Therefore, those agents that actually maximize would be the only \"survivors\" to market selection, and hence they would gather very closely around the single optimal behavior.", "In other words, the tails of the distribution will tend to disappear as market selects the best \"genes\", which would turn out to be both \"optimal\" (in terms of fit to the market selection) and \"representative\" (since it would be the only surviving type).", "However, the empirical findings that constitute S.F.3 prove the exact opposite of Friedman's prediction: very different \"genes\" survive to the market.", "As a consequence, a realistic representation of economic behavior should rather allow for firm-specificities, which would explain the heterogeneity found in the data: a point that was clearly made by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter in their book An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.", "References\n\nInnovation economists\nItalian economists\nEconomics educators\nAcademics of the University of Manchester\nAcademics of the University of Sussex\nScience and Technology Policy Research alumni\nSant'Anna School of Advanced Studies faculty\nLiving people\n1953 births" ]

[ "Giovanni Dosi is the Director of the Institute of Economics at the Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna in Pisa.", "The Initiative for Policy Dialogue at Columbia University has two task forces, Industrial Policy and Intellectual Property.", "Dosi is the editor of Industrial and Corporate Change.", "ISI Highly Cited Researchers are included.", "His major research areas are economics of innovation and technological change, industrial organization and industrial dynamics, theory of the firm and corporate governance, evolutionary theory, economic growth and development.", "His works have been published in two volumes.", "Economic Organization, Industrial Dynamics and Development: Selected Essays was published in 2000.", "Giovanni Dosi's economic analysis is characterized by the attempt to identify empirical regularities and provide micro-foundations consistent with such regularities.", "His work is made up of both statistical investigations and theoretical efforts.", "Over the 19th-20th century technological innovation has proved to be the major contributor to the economic growth of countries.", "The learning processes that firms undertake to carry out innovations are characterized by trials, errors and unexpected success.", "Firms are very heterogeneous in terms of size, productivities, and profitabilities.", "Productivities and profitabilities show stationary wide supports of their fat tailed distributions.", "These facts have led Dosi to point out some theoretical implications, which raise contradictions within Neoclassical economics.", "The role of technological progress as an explanation of contemporary economic growth has led Dosi to carefully analyze the nature of technology.", "He suggested an interpretation of technical change based on the concepts of technological paradigm and technology trajectory.", "Dosi has defined a technological paradigm as the general outlook on the productive problems faced by firms.", "A technological paradigm is composed by a model of the technology at stake.", "Specific technological problems are posed by the model of a microprocessor.", "Increasing computational capacity is one thing.", "A problem-solving activity in which the problems to be solved are selected by the paradigm is identified as technology.", "Strong prescriptions on the direction of technological change is what a technological paradigm entails.", "gradual improvements along the specific lines prescribed by the paradigm are what constitute technological trajectory and progress.", "Dosi can identify a limited influence of market signals on the direction of technological change by interpreting technological change.", "His view is that relative prices might affect the direction of technological change only within the boundaries of the technological paradigm.", "The idea can be better understood by analyzing the effect of market signals in their two possible directions.", "From the technology to the sale of goods.", "From the market environment to the technology.", "From the technology to the sale of goods, market signals enter the picture at different stages.", "If more paradigms are available, firms would choose one or the other according to their expected profitability.", "The direction of technological change is already implied by the technological prescriptions.", "Market signals can act by selecting applications of the affirmed paradigm.", "The final products fit the requests of the market.", "Since the direction of technical change had already been decided by the prescriptions of the affirmed paradigm, their impact would be null at that point.", "Market signals act to inform the producers of the technology about variations in relative prices when going \"upstream\" from the market environment to the technology.", "Technical constraints limit the extent to which technology producers can shift from more expensive to cheaper inputs or modify technology to use cheaper complement goods.", "Due to the physical and chemical limits involved in the production process, inputs are characterized by low substitutability.", "The direction of technical change, which is bound by the technical constraints of production, is not affected by the rate of use of certain inputs as well as the rate of development of a trajectory.", "The trial and error procedures adopted by firms to improve along a technological trajectory have taken Dosi to assess the issue of uncertainty.", "Trial and error procedures imply that firms might not be able to forecast completely the outcome of a choice they make; in fact, if they could anticipate the error, they would probably avoid it.", "Such a fact is at odds with any assumption of \"perfect rationality\" or \"farsighted\" on the side of economic agents, which is a fundamental element of the Neoclassical approach.", "Dosi assessed the ways in which economic agents perceive and deal with choices that have an uncertain outcome.", "He has proposed a distinction between substantive uncertainty and procedural uncertainty.", "The former is related to some lack of information about environmental events, while the latter is related to the competence gap in problem-solving.", "Limitations on the computational and cognitive capabilities of the agents to pursue their objectives are generated by both of them.", "The fact that uncertainties limit the computational rationality of agents leads them to develop routines and decision rules that are the likely explanation of their heterogeneous behaviors.", "Even though the routines and decision rules are not optimal, they might prove to be more intelligent than optimal decisions when applied to turbulent selection landscapes.", "Heterogeneity has brought Dosi to criticize the Neoclassical prediction that firms in an industry converge toward some kind of \"optimal\" or \"representative\" characteristic.", "In order for the argument to be valid, the characteristics of firms need to evolve in time toward a normal distribution.", "This theoretical implication poses an unresolved challenge to the arguments put forward in the essay The Methodology of Positive Economics.", "Friedman claimed that maximizing behavior was a reasonable approximation to describe the choices of economic agents, even if not all of them actually maximize.", "The only survivors to market selection would be the agents that maximized.", "As the market selects the best \"genes\", which would turn out to be both \"optimal\" and \"representative\", the tails of the distribution will disappear.", "The empirical findings that constitute S.F.3 prove that very different \"genes\" survive to the market.", "In their book An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter made the point that a realistic representation of economic behavior should allow for firm-specificities, which would explain the heterogeneity found in the data.", "The University of Manchester and the Sant'Anna School of Advanced Studies have alumni." ]

[ "Giovanni Dosi", "Dosi", "Giovanni Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi" ]

[ "Giovanni Dosi", "Dosi", "Giovanni Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi", "Dosi" ]

[ "Manuel Batista Perez (2 July 1589 – 23 January 1639) was a Spanish-born merchant, and multi-millionaire active in Africa, Europe, the Americas and Asia.", "Though Spanish, Manuel called himself Portuguese because Spanish New Christians were not allowed in the New World.", "Perez became extremely wealthy, according to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Perez amassed a fortune which would have been the equivalent of $1,000,000 in 1906 (worth $ in ) \nPerez moved to Lima with his wife and three children.", "He was sent with a large sum to invest for his brothers-in-law back in Spain.", "He was born to a Marrano family, that is to say a Sephardic Jew whose family outwardly conformed to Catholicism for socio-political reasons, but privately practiced Judaism.", "Already persecuted by the Spanish inquisitors especially in 1620 and in 1635, Perez and a number of other Jews in Peru fell foul of the Peruvian Inquisition in Lima as part of the so-called \"Great Jewish Conspiracy\" trials of the 1630s, where he and other merchants were accused of Judaizing and supposedly plotting to hand over the Viceroyalty of Peru to the Dutch Empire.", "He was among twelve Jewish slave trading partners and others, handed out the strongest punishment possible for their alleged involvement and was burned alive at the stake as part of an auto-da-fé in 1639.", "Biography\n\nBackground\nPerez was born on 2 July 1589 at Ançã, Coimbra, Kingdom of Portugal.", "His parents were Sephardic Jews who had become \"New Christians\"; outwardly conforming to the Catholic Church to avoid being expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.", "He was sent to live with his maternal aunt Blanca Gomez in Lisbon in the early 1590s.", "When he was around 10 years old, Perez and his aunt moved to Seville, Kingdom of Spain.", "An Iberian Union had occurred in 1580 under Spain's House of Habsburg after the decline of Portugal's House of Aviz; this made the movement of Portuguese (including the Marranos who had fled from Spain a century or so earlier) more common.", "Here, he fell under the influence of his uncle, Diego Rodriguez de Lisboa, who was involved in the Atlantic slave trade: transporting Black African slaves across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.", "Perez married his second-cousin Guiomar Enriquez in 1626 and had six children with her in Lima.", "Slave trade and multi-millionaire fortune\n\nPerez and his brother, Juan Bautista Perez, began involving themselves directly in the slave trade by travelling to Cacheu, Portuguese Guinea.", "The Portuguese-born involved in the Atlantic slave trade conducted their business as individual private traders, rather than as part of state-owned joint-stock companies.", "From around 1614, the Perez brothers were involved in bringing these African slaves to Cartagena de Indias, Viceroyalty of New Granada.", "From 1595 until 1640, the Portuguese-born held the Asiento de Negros, a kind of monopoly contract to export African slaves to the colonies in Spanish Empire.", "The Portuguese had long established their influence in West Africa through trade and so the Spanish found it useful to simply lease out the rights to them instead of directly getting involved themselves.", "Significant figures such as asiento holders such as António Fernandes de Elvas and Manuel Rodrigues Lamego were also of Cristão-Novo converso or Marrano Jewish ancestry, like the Perez brothers and were able to enrich themselves greatly by their involvement in the trade of enslaved African people.", "Between 1613 and 1619, Pérez personally undertook two slave-trading ventures to Upper Guinea (what is today Senegal, The Gambia and Guinea-Bissau).", "Perez' brother died prematurely in Guinea in 1617, so he and his wife decided to relocate permanently to Peru.", "He maintained his business contacts in Upper Guinea, Cartagena de Indias and Panama.", "Personal records pertaining to Perez held in the Archivo General de la Nación in Lima gives the most detailed existing record of the process of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1610s.", "According to Linda Newson of King’s College London, Perez became \"one of the most prominent slave traders in Lima, Peru, in the 1620s and 1630s, when he was responsible for the importation of about 300 to 400 African slaves a year\".", "Here he established himself as the richest man in Peru of the day.", "According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, from his activities in the Atlantic slave trade, Perez amassed a fortune which would have been the equivalent of $1,000,000 in 1906 (worth £ in ).", "Perez even owned the Royal Plaza Mayor, Lima.", "Aside from his uncle and his brother, Perez formed the lynch-pin and was referred to as the \"Gran Capitan\" of an international \"New Christian\" slave trading network from the Iberian Peninsula to Africa to the Americas; his key trading partners were Felipe Rodriguez, Sebastian Duarte (married to his wife's sister, Isabel Enriquez), Antonio Rodriguez de Acosta, Duarte Rodriguez de León, Pedro Duarte, Pablo Rodriguez, Juan Rodriguez Duarte, Luis de Vega, Manuel de Acosta, Simon and Garcia Vaez Enriquez (brothers of his wife) among others.", "Trial and death under the Inquisition\n\nPerez, \"one of the world’s most powerful men in international commerce\" and nearly one hundred fellow \"New Christians\" were arrested by the Peruvian Inquisition in Lima on 11 August 1635, accused of being a party to what is called the complicidad grande, or \"Great Jewish Conspiracy\" to commit heresy and treason.", "The specific charge levied by Inquisitor of Lima, Antonio de Castro y Castillo, was that the group were Judaizers, who pretended to society that they were faithful Catholics, but secretly, in private continued to practice their ancestral religion of Rabbinic Judaism.", "In addition to this, they were accused of orchestrating a plan to turn the Viceroyalty of Peru over to the Dutch Republic (the Calvinist enemies of Spain).", "The main figureheads investigated most in depth as part of this by this Inquisition were Perez, Doña Mencia de Luna and Manuel Henríquez.", "Something similar had happened a mere five years earlier during the Dutch–Portuguese War, where at Recife in 1630, after the Dutch forces had captured Portuguese Brazil, the mercantile community of \"New Christian\" slave traders at Recife, openly began practicing Judaism under Dutch Brazil (which was more favourable to Jews than the Catholic powers and had a prominent Jewish community in Amsterdam and throughout the Dutch Empire).", "The prosecuting attorney had over twenty witnesses against Perez over the course of the hearings from September 1635 to February 1636, including relatives of his wife.", "Around fourteen Castillian witnesses defended Perez, including some members of the Society of Jesus, who claimed that, as far as could be shown, Perez was faithful to Catholicism.", "Despite his protestations of innocence, Manuel Bautista Perez was found guilty at his trial of the charges laid against him and sentenced to death.", "The crackdown on these Portuguese-born accused Crypto-Jews by the Inquisition involved 63 Jews who were given various punishments, such as public flogging, humiliation and exile, while Perez was one of twelve sentenced to death by being burned alive at the stake in the largest auto-da-fé in history.", "One of the Jews convicted committed suicide during the trial so was burned in effigy.", "Francisco Maldonado de Silva, a noted physician, was one of the other Jews who were burned at the same time as Perez (he had been in prison since 1628 and converted prisoners to Judaism).", "See also\n History of the Jews in Peru\n Judaism and slavery\n Luis de Carvajal y de la Cueva\n Francisca Nuñez de Carabajal\n Ambrósio Fernandes Brandão\n Miguel Núñez\n Dutch Revolt\n\nReferences\n\nFootnotes\n\nBibliography\n\n1589 births\n1639 deaths\n16th-century Sephardi Jews\n17th-century Sephardi Jews\n17th-century Peruvian people\nPeruvian Jews\nPortuguese Jews\nConversos\nPortuguese slave owners\nExecuted Peruvian people\nPeople executed by the Spanish Inquisition" ]

[ "Perez was a multi-millionaire who was active in Africa, Europe, the Americas and Asia.", "New Christians from Spain were not allowed in the New World.", "According to the Jewish Encyclopedia, Perez amassed a fortune which would have been 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 888-282-0465 in 1906.", "He was sent money to invest in his brothers-in-law in Spain.", "He was the son of a Sephardic Jew who was privately practicing Judaism despite being conformed to Catholicism for political reasons.", "In 1635, Perez and a number of other Jews were accused of being part of the \"Great Jewish Conspiracy\" of the 1630s and were sentenced to death.", "He was burned alive at the stake as part of an auto-da-fé in 1639 as punishment for his alleged involvement in slave trading.", "Perez was born on July 2, 1589 at An, Coimbra, Kingdom of Portugal.", "His parents were Sephardic Jews who became \"New Christians\" in order to avoid being expelled from the Iberian Peninsula.", "Blanca Gomez sent him to live with her in Lisbon in the early 1590s.", "Perez and his aunt moved to the Kingdom of Spain when he was 10 years old.", "After Portugal's House of Aviz fell in 1580, the Iberian Union occurred under Spain's House of Habsburg, making the movement of Portuguese more common.", "He was influenced by his uncle, who was involved in the Atlantic slave trade.", "Perez married his secondcousin in 1626 and had six children with her.", "The slave trade began for Perez and his brother, Juan Bautista Perez, when they traveled to Portugal.", "The Portuguese-born involved in the Atlantic slave trade conducted their business as individual private traders rather than as part of state-owned joint-stock companies.", "African slaves were brought to the Viceroyalty of New Granada by the Perez brothers.", "The Asiento de Negros was a kind of monopoly contract to export African slaves to the colonies in the Spanish Empire.", "The Portuguese had long established their influence in West Africa through trade and so the Spanish found it useful to simply lease out the rights to them.", "Cristo-Novo conversos, like the Perez brothers, were able to enrich themselves greatly by their involvement in the trade of enslaved African ancestors.", "Between 1613 and 1619, Pérez personally undertook two slave-trading ventures to Upper Guinea.", "Perez and his wife relocated to Peru permanently after Perez' brother died of a heart problem.", "He had business contacts in several countries.", "The most detailed record of the Atlantic slave trade in the 1610s can be found in the personal records of Perez.", "In the 1620s and 1630s, Perez was responsible for the importation of about 300 to 400 African slaves a year, according to Linda Newson of King's College London.", "He was the richest man in the country.", "Perez's activities in the Atlantic slave trade earned him a fortune which would have been the equivalent of $1,000,000 in 1906, according to the Jewish Encyclopedia.", "The Royal Plaza Mayor was owned by Perez.", "Perez formed the lynch-pin of an international slave trading network from the Iberian Peninsula to Africa to the Americas and his key trading partners were Felipe Rodriguez and Sebastian Duarte.", "Perez, one of the world's most powerful men in international commerce, and nearly one hundred fellow \"New Christians\" were arrested by the Peruvian Inquisition in August 1635, accused of being a party to what is called the complicidad grande.", "Antonio de Castro y Castillo charged that the group were Judaizers, who pretended to society that they were faithful Catholics, but secretly practiced their ancestral religion of Rabbinic Judaism.", "They were accused of orchestrating a plan to turn the Viceroyalty of Peru over to the Dutch Republic.", "The main figureheads investigated most in depth were Perez and Doa Mencia de Luna.", "The community of \"New Christian\" slave traders at Recife began practicing Judaism under Dutch Brazil in 1630, five years after the Dutch captured Portuguese Brazil in the Dutch–Portuguese War.", "Relatives of Perez's wife were among the twenty witnesses the prosecuting attorney had against Perez.", "Some members of the Society of Jesus testified that Perez was faithful to Catholicism.", "Despite his protestations of innocence, the jury at his trial found him guilty and sentenced him to death.", "63 Jews were given various punishments, such as public flogging, humiliation and exile, while Perez was one of twelve who were sentenced to death by being burned alive at the stake in the largest auto-da-fé.", "The Jew who committed suicide during the trial was burned in effigy.", "One of the other Jews that 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "Luis de Carvajal y Francisca Nuez de Carabajal were both involved in slavery." ]

[ "Manuel Batista Perez", "Manuel", "Juan Bautista", "Manuel Rodrigues", "Pérez", "Manuel de", "Manuel Henríquez", "Manuel Bautista" ]

[ "Juan Bautista", "Pérez" ]

[ "Jonathan Bartlett Jennings (born March 27, 1974) is an American politician serving as a senator in the Maryland State Senate since 2011.", "A member of the Republican Party, he was first elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 2002 to represent District 7, which covers both Baltimore County and Harford Counties.", "He served as minority leader of the Senate from 2014 to 2020.", "Personal life and family\n\nJennings grew up in Phoenix, Maryland.", "As a child he was an active 4-Her, raising market lambs and cattle and showing them at various fairs including the Maryland State Fair.", "At the age of sixteen he joined the Jacksonville Volunteer Fire Company Station 47, where he was a firefighter and emergency medical technician.", "He eventually became a lieutenant before serving on the board of directors.", "In 1994,a he, and several other firefighters from Maryland, were sent to Idaho to fight wildfires that were raging due to extreme drought.", "They received recognition from Maryland Governor William Donald Schaefer for their actions.", "He is a graduate of Baltimore County Public Schools.", "Jennings attended Carrol Manor Elementary School, Cockeysville Middle School and graduated from Dulaney High School.", "After graduation, he attended Essex Community College, where he graduated and received his A.A. in 1995.", "Jennings then transferred to the University of Baltimore, where he graduated in 1997 with his B.S.", "in Business Administration.", "While in college, he worked at the United States Capitol for Congressman Robert Ehrlich as a staff assistant.", "In 1998, Jennings became co-owner and president of a feed store in Hereford, Maryland, The Maryland Feed Company.", "In 2007, he merged The Maryland Feed Company with The Mill to create The Mill of Hereford.", "Jennings has been farmer since his days in 4-H.", "While in college he worked on a dairy farm before starting his own beef cattle farm where he raises Black Angus.", "He married Michelle Slusher in 2004.", "Jennings is an instrument rated pilot.", "He has served in the Maryland Air National Guard with the 135th Airlift Squadron since 2008.", "He is a loadmaster having initially trained on the C-130 before transitioning to the C-27J Spartan.", "In 2012, he transferred to the 276th Cyberspace Operations Squadron.", "He was activated and deployed during the 2015 Baltimore protests and riots.", "House\nJennings was a member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 2003 to 2011.", "Since his election to the House of Delegates, Jennings has been very active in environmental and agricultural issues.", "He served on Environmental Matters Committee (2003–06), the Agriculture Preservation & Open Space subcommittee (2003–06), the Wetlands & Waterways Funding Work Group in 2004, and the Natural Resources subcommittee in 2006.", "Jennings was the chair of the Natural Resources work group in 2004, was a member of the Agricultural Stewardship Commission from 2005 to 2006, and has been a member of the Maryland Fire, Rescue and EMS Caucus since 2003.", "He has also been on the Maryland Rural Caucus and the Maryland Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus since 2003.", "His efforts were recognized when he was selected as Deputy Minority Whip (2003–06).", "Senate\nJennings was elected to the Maryland Senate in 2010, and served on the Education, Health and Environmental Affairs Committee (environment and health occupations subcommittees, 2011–15), Joint Advisory Committee on Legislative Data Systems (2011–14), and Joint Committee on Transparency and Open Government (2011–14).", "He was appointed as the Senate's Minority Leader in 2014 and won reelection that year.", "Since 2015, Jennings has served on the Finance Committee (property & casualty and transportation subcommittees), Legislative Policy Committee, the Joint Committee on Legislative Information Technology and Open Government, the Joint Committee on Spending Affordability, and the Public Safety and Policing Work Group.", "In 2016, he joined the Executive Nominations Committee.", "In 2020, Jennings stepped down from his post as Minority Leader and was succeeded by Bryan Simonaire.", "Election results\n\n2018 General Election for Maryland State Senator – District 7\nVoters to choose one:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!Name\n!Votes\n!Percent\n!Outcome\n|-\n|-\n|J.", "B. Jennings, Rep.\n|40,070\n|  66.9%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Donna Hines\n|19,780\n|  33.0%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Other Write-Ins\n|69\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|}\n\n2014 General Election for Maryland State Senator – District 7\nVoters to choose one:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!Name\n!Votes\n!Percent\n!Outcome\n|-\n|-\n|J.", "B. Jennings, Rep.\n|36,913\n|  74.6%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Kim Letke\n|12,502\n|  25.3%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Other Write-Ins\n|46\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|}\n\n2010 General Election for Maryland State Senator – District 7\nVoters to choose one:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!Name\n!Votes\n!Percent\n!Outcome\n|-\n|-\n|J.", "B. Jennings, Rep.\n|28,890\n|  65.9%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Rebecca Weir Nelson, Dem.", "|14,848\n|  33.9%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|-\n|Jim Stavropoulos, Jr. (Dem.", "write-in)\n|53\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Other Write-Ins\n|64\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|}\n\n2006 election for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7\nVoters to choose three:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!Name\n!Votes\n!Percent\n!Outcome\n|-\n|-\n|Richard Impallaria, Rep.\n|21,333\n|  18.7%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|J.", "B. Jennings, Rep.\n|21,189\n|  18.6%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Pat McDonough, Rep.\n|23,184\n|  20.3%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Linda W. Hart, Dem.", "|17,122\n|  15.0%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|-\n|Jack Sturgill, Dem.", "|15,390\n|  13.5%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Rebecca L. Nelson, Dem.", "|13,481\n|  11.8%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|-\n|Kim Fell, Green\n|2,307\n|  2.0%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Other Write-Ins\n|83\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|}\n\n2002 election for Maryland House of Delegates – District 7\nVoters to choose three:\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!Name\n!Votes\n!Percent\n!Outcome\n|-\n|-\n|Richard Impallaria, Rep.\n|18,749\n|  17.0%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|J.", "B. Jennings, Rep.\n|22,470\n|  20.4%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Pat McDonough, Rep.\n|20,869\n|  18.9%\n|   Won\n|-\n|-\n|Michael F. Linder, Libertarian\n|2,817\n|  2.6%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|-\n|Jack Sturgill, Dem.", "|15,390\n|  15.0%\n|   Lost\n|-\n|Other Write-Ins\n|80\n|  0.1%\n|   Lost\n|}\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n Official biography\n\n|-\n\n1974 births\n21st-century American politicians\nLiving people\nMaryland Republicans\nMaryland state senators\nMembers of the Maryland House of Delegates\nPeople from Baltimore County, Maryland\nUniversity of Baltimore alumni" ]

[ "The American politician is a senator in the Maryland State Senate.", "He is a member of the Republican Party and was first elected to the Maryland House of Delegates in 2002 to represent District 7.", "He was the minority leader of the Senate.", "He grew up in Phoenix, Maryland.", "He was an active 4-Her as a child, raising lambs and cattle and showing them at various fairs, including the Maryland State Fair.", "He joined the Jacksonville Volunteer Fire Company Station 47 as a firefighter at the age of sixteen.", "He served on the board of directors.", "In 1994, he and several other firefighters from Maryland were sent to Idaho to fight the raging wildfires.", "They were recognized for their actions by the Governor of Maryland.", "He graduated from Baltimore County Public Schools.", "He graduated from Dulaney High School.", "He graduated from Essex Community College in 1995 with his A.A.", "In 1997 he graduated from the University of Baltimore with his B.S.", "There is a degree in Business Administration.", "He worked at the United States Capitol as a staff assistant.", "In 1998, he became co-owner and president of The Maryland Feed Company.", "The Maryland Feed Company and The Mill were merged in 2007.", "He has been a farmer since he was in 4-H.", "He started his own beef cattle farm after working on a dairy farm.", "He was married to a woman in 2004.", "He is an instrument rated pilot.", "He is a member of the 135th Airlift Squadron in the Maryland Air National Guard.", "After training on the C-130, he transitioned to the C-27J Spartan.", "He was assigned to the 276th Cyberspace Operations Squadron.", "During the Baltimore protests and riots, he was activated and deployed.", "A member of the Maryland House of Delegates from 2003 to 2011.", "He has been active in environmental and agricultural issues since he was elected to the House of Delegates.", "He was a member of the Environmental Matters Committee, the Agriculture Preservation & Open Space subcommittee, the Wetlands & Waterways Funding Work Group, and the Natural Resources subcommittee.", "The chair of the Natural Resources work group in 2004, as well as being a member of the Agricultural Stewardship Commission from 2005 to 2006 and a member of the Maryland Fire, Rescue and Emergency Medical Services Caucus, are some of the things that Jennings has done.", "He is a member of the Maryland Legislative Sportsmen's Caucus and the Maryland Rural Caucus.", "He was selected as the deputy minority whip.", "The Joint Advisory Committee on Legislative Data Systems, the Education, Health and Environmental Affairs Committee, and the Joint Committee on Transparency and Open Government were all chaired by Senate Jennings.", "He was re-elected as the Senate's Minority Leader in 2015.", "The Finance Committee, Legislative Policy Committee, Joint Committee on Legislative Information Technology and Open Government, the Joint Committee on Spending Affordability, and the Public Safety and Policing Work Group have all been served by Jennings.", "He joined the Executive Nominations Committee.", "Bryan Simonaire took over as Minority Leader in 2020.", "The results of the General Election for Maryland State Senator in District 7.", "The General Election for Maryland State Senator was held in District 7.", "The General Election for Maryland State Senator was held in District 7.", "B. Jennings, Rep.", "Jim Stavropoulos, Jr. (Dem.) lost 14,848.", "The 2006 election for Maryland House of Delegates was held in District 7.", "B. Jennings, Rep. won 18.6% of the time. Pat McDonough, Rep. won 20.3% of the time. Linda W. Hart, Dem.", "Jack Sturgill is a Dem.", "Rebecca L. Nelson is a Dem.", "There was an election for the Maryland House of Delegates in 2002.", "B. Jennings, Rep., had a 20.4% win rate. Pat McDonough, Rep. had a 18.9% win rate.", "References External links Official biography, 1974 births 21st-century American politicians Living people Maryland Republicans Maryland state senators Members of the Maryland House of Delegates People from Baltimore County" ]

[ "Jonathan Bartlett Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "House Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Bryan Simonaire", ". Jennings", "Jennings", "Jennings", "Jim Stavropoulos", ". Jennings", "Jack Sturgill", "Jennings", "Jack Sturgill" ]

[ "Jennings", "Senate Jennings", "Jennings", "Bryan Simonaire", ". Jennings", "Jim Stavropoulos", "Jr", ". Jennings", "Jack Sturgill", ". Jennings" ]

[ "Maria Edgeworth (1 January 1768 – 22 May 1849) was a prolific Anglo-Irish writer of adults' and children's literature.", "She was one of the first realist writers in children's literature and was a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe.", "She held views on estate management, politics and education, and corresponded with some of the leading literary and economic writers, including Sir Walter Scott and David Ricardo.", "Life\n\nEarly life\nMaria Edgeworth was born at Black Bourton, Oxfordshire.", "She was the second child of Richard Lovell Edgeworth (who eventually fathered 22 children by four wives) and Anna Maria Edgeworth (née Elers); Maria was thus an aunt of Francis Ysidro Edgeworth.", "She spent her early years with her mother's family in England, living at The Limes (now known as Edgeworth House) in Northchurch, by Berkhamsted in Hertfordshire.", "Her mother died when Maria was five, and when her father married his second wife Honora Sneyd in 1773, she went with him to his estate, Edgeworthstown, in County Longford, Ireland.", "Maria was sent to Mrs. Lattafière's school in Derby after Honora fell ill in 1775.", "After Honora died in 1780 Maria's father married Honora's sister Elizabeth (then socially disapproved and legally forbidden from 1833 until the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907).", "Maria transferred to Mrs. Devis's school in London.", "Her father's attention became fully focused on her in 1781 when she nearly lost her sight to an eye infection.", "Returning home at the age of 14, she took charge of her many younger siblings and was home-tutored in law, Irish economics and politics, science, and literature by her father.", "She also started her lifelong correspondences with learned men, mainly members of the Lunar Society.", "She became her father's assistant in managing the Edgeworthstown estate, which had become run-down during the family's 1777–1782 absence; she would live and write there for the rest of her life.", "With their bond strengthened, Maria and her father began a lifelong academic collaboration \"of which she was the more able and nimble mind.\"", "Present at Edgeworthstown was an extended family, servants and tenants.", "She observed and recorded the details of daily Irish life, later drawing on this experience for her novels about the Irish.", "She also mixed with the Anglo-Irish gentry, particularly Kitty Pakenham (later the wife of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington), Lady Moira, and her aunt Margaret Ruxton of Blackcastle.", "Margaret supplied her with the novels of Ann Radcliffe and William Godwin and encouraged her in her writing.", "Travels\nIn 1798 Richard married Frances Beaufort, daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort, who instigated the idea of travelling to England and the European continent.", "Frances, a year younger than Maria, became her lifelong confidante.", "The family travelled first to London in 1800.", "In 1802 the Edgeworths toured the English midlands.", "They then travelled to the continent, first to Brussels and then to Consulate France (during the Peace of Amiens, a brief lull in the Napoleonic Wars).", "They met all the notables, and Maria received a marriage proposal from a Swedish courtier, Count Edelcrantz.", "Her letter on the subject seems very cool, but her stepmother assures us in the Augustus Hare Life and Letters that Maria loved him very much and did not get over the affair quickly.", "They came home to Ireland in 1803 on the eve of the resumption of the wars and Maria returned to writing.", "Tales of Fashionable Life, The Absentee and Ormond are novels of Irish life.", "Edgeworth was an extremely popular author who was compared with her contemporary writers Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott.", "She initially earned more than them, and used her income to help her siblings.", "On a visit to London in 1813, where she was received as a literary lion, Maria met Lord Byron (whom she disliked) and Humphry Davy.", "She entered into a long correspondence with the ultra-Tory Sir Walter Scott after the publication of Waverley in 1814, in which he gratefully acknowledged her influence, and they formed a lasting friendship.", "She visited him in Scotland at Abbotsford House in 1823, where he took her on a tour of the area.", "The next year, Sir Walter visited Edgeworthstown.", "When passing through the village, one of the party wrote, \"We found neither mud hovels nor naked peasantry, but snug cottages and smiles all about.\"", "A counterview was provided by another visitor who stated that the residents of Edgeworthstown treated Edgeworth with contempt, refusing even to feign politeness.", "Later life\n\nRichard Edgeworth was comparatively fair and forgiving in his dealings with his tenants and was actively involved in the estate's management.", "After debating the issue with the economist David Ricardo, Maria came to believe that better management and the further application of science to agriculture would raise food production and lower prices.", "Both Richard and Maria were also in favour of Catholic Emancipation, enfranchisement for Catholics without property restrictions (although he admitted it was against his own interest), agricultural reform and increased educational opportunities for women.", "She particularly worked hard to improve the living standards of the poor in Edgeworthstown.", "In trying to improve conditions in the village she provided schools for the local children of all denominations.", "After her father's death in 1817 she edited his memoirs, and extended them with her biographical comments.", "She was an active writer to the last.", "She worked for the relief of the famine-stricken Irish peasants during the Great Famine.", "She wrote Orlandino for the benefit of the Relieve Fund.", "Her letters to the Quaker Relief Committee provide a vivid account of the desperate plight facing the tenants in Edgeworthstown, the extreme conditions under which they lived, and the struggle to obtain whatever aid and assistance she could to alleviate their plight.", "Through her efforts she received gifts for the poor from America.", "During the Irish Famine Edgeworth insisted that only those of her tenants who had paid their rent in full would receive relief.", "Edgeworth also punished those of her tenants who voted against her Tory preferences.", "With the election of William Rowan Hamilton to president of the Royal Irish Academy, Maria became a dominant source of advice for Hamilton, particularly on the issue of literature in Ireland.", "She suggested that women should be allowed to participate in events held by the academy.", "For her guidance and help, Hamilton made Edgeworth an honorary member of the Royal Irish Academy in 1837, following in the footsteps of Louisa Beaufort, a former member of the academy and a relative of hers.", "After a visit to see her relations in Trim, Maria, now in her eighties, began to feel heart pains and died suddenly of a heart attack in Edgeworthstown on 22 May 1849.", "Views\n\nThough Maria Edgeworth spent most of her childhood in England, her life in Ireland had a profound impact on both her thinking and views surrounding her Irish culture.", "Fauske and Kaufman conclude, \"[She] used her fiction to address the inherent problems of acts delineated by religious, national, racial, class based, sexual, and gendered identities.\"", "Edgeworth used works such Castle Rackrent and Harrington to express her feelings on controversial issues.", "Ireland\nIn her works, Edgeworth created a nostalgic past of Ireland in an attempt to celebrate Irish culture.", "Suvendrini Perera said Edgeworth's novels traced \"the gradual anglicanization of feudal Irish society.\"", "Edgeworth's goal in her works was to show the Irish as equal to the English, and therefore warranting equal, though not separate, status.", "Essay on Irish Bulls rejects an English stereotype of Irishmen and portrays them accurately in realistic, everyday settings.", "This is a common theme in her Irish works, combating the caricatured Irish with accurate representations.", "In her work Edgeworth also places focus on the linguistic differences between Irish and English societies, as a foil to how dynamic and intricate Irish society was in spite of English stereotypes.", "Novelist Seamus Deane connected Edgeworth's depiction of Ireland and its relationship to England as being in line with wider Enlightenment ideals, noting that Edgeworth \"was not the first novelist to have chosen Ireland as her ‘scene’; but she was the first to realize that there was, within it, a missionary opportunity to convert it to Enlightenment faith and rescue it from its ‘romantic’ conditions\".", "Edgeworth's writing of Ireland, especially her early Irish tales, offer an important rearticulation of Burkean local attachment and philosophical cosmopolitanism to produce an understanding of the nation as neither tightly bordered (like nations based on historical premises such as blood or inheritance) or not borderless (like those based on rational notions of universal inclusion).", "Edgeworth used her writing to reconsider the meaning of the denomination \"Anglo-Irish\", and through her interrogation she reinterpreted both cosmopolitan and national definitions of belonging so as to reconstitute \"Anglo-Irish\" less as a category than as an ongoing mediation between borders.", "In Edgeworth's Irish novels, education is the key to both individual and national improvement, according to Edgeworth, \"it is the foundation of the well-governed estate and the foundation of the well-governed nation\".", "More specifically, a slow process of education instills transnational understanding in the Irish people while retaining the bonds of local attachment by which the nation is secured.", "The centrality of education not only suggests Edgeworth's wish for a rooted yet cosmopolitan or transnational judgment, but also distinguishes her writing from constructions of national identity as national character, linking her through to earlier cosmopolitan constructions of universal human subjects.", "By claiming national difference as anchored in education, culture rather than nature, Edgeworth gives to national identity a sociocultural foundation, and thereby opens a space in which change can happen.", "Social\nMaria agreed with the Act of Union, but thought that it should not be passed against the wishes of the Irish people.", "Concerning education, she thought boys and girls should be educated equally and together, drawing upon Rousseau's ideas.", "She believed a woman should only marry someone who suits her in \"character, temper, and understanding.\"", "Becoming an old maid was preferable to an incompatible union.", "The story \"Vivian\" from Tales of Fashionable Life and Patronage attack eighteenth-century English Whig governance of Ireland as corrupt and unrepresentative.", "Edgeworth strove for the self-realization of women and stressed the importance of the individual.", "She also wanted greater participation in politics by middle-class women.", "Her work Helen clearly demonstrates this point in the passage:\n\"Women are now so highly cultivated, and political subjects are at present of so much importance, of such high interest, to all human creatures who live together in society, you can hardly expect, Helen, that you, as a rational being, can go through the world as it now is, without forming any opinion on points of public importance.", "You cannot, I conceive, satisfy yourself with the common namby-pamby little missy phrase, 'ladies have nothing to do with politics'.\"", "She sympathised with Catholics and supported gradual, though not immediate, Catholic Emancipation.", "Education\n\nIn her 1798 book Practical Education, she advanced a scientific approach to education, acknowledging the difficulty of doing such research which was \"patiently reduced to an experimental science.\"", "She claimed no adherence to a school of thought, no new theory and purposefully avoided religion and politics.", "In the book's 25 chapters, she presages modern improvements to age-related educational materials, for example: in geography, maps bordered with suitable illustrated biographies; in chronology, something \"besides merely committing names and dates to memory\"; in chemistry, safe chemical experiments that children might undertake.", "She maintained that unnecessarily causing fatigue should be a great concern of educators.", "To help illustrate the care that must be taken in teaching children and to emphasise the necessity of properly directing and managing their attentiveness, Maria Edgeworth drew several comparisons with non-European peoples.", "In making the point that any mode of instruction that tired the attention was hurtful to children, her reasoning was that people can pay attention only to one thing at a time, and because children can appear resistant to repetition, teachers naturally should vary things.", "However, educators should always be mindful of the fact that, \"while variety relieves the mind, the objects which are varied must not all be entirely new, for novelty and variety when joined, fatigue the mind\" as Edgeworth states.", "The teaching of children needed to follow carefully considered methods, needed to evidence concern for appropriateness and proper sequencing, and needed to be guided by consideration from forms of teaching that would be empowering and enabling, not fatiguing or disabling.", "In Edgeworth's work, the attention of the child appears as a key site for pedagogical work and interventions.", "Work\n\nEdgeworth's early literary efforts have often been considered melodramatic rather than realistic.", "Recent scholarship, however, has uncovered the importance of Edgeworth's previously unpublished juvenilia manuscript, The Double Disguise (1786).", "In particular, The Double Disguise signals Edgeworth's turn toward realism and is now considered a seminal regional narrative predating Castle Rackrent (1800).", "In addition, Edgeworth wrote many children's novels that conveyed moral lessons to their audience (often in partnership with her friend Louise Swanton Belloc, a French writer, translator, and advocate for the education of women and children, whose many translations of Edgeworth's works were largely responsible for her popularity in France).", "One of her schoolgirl novels features a villain who wore a mask made from the skin of a dead man's face.", "Edgeworth's first published work was Letters for Literary Ladies in 1795.", "Her work, \"An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification\" (1795) is written for a female audience in which she convinces women that the fair sex is endowed with an art of self-justification and women should use their gifts to continually challenge the force and power of men, especially their husbands, with wit and intelligence.", "It humorously and satirically explores the feminine argumentative method.", "This was followed in 1796 by her first children's book, The Parent's Assistant, which included Edgeworth's celebrated short story \"The Purple Jar\".", "The Parent's Assistant was influenced by her father's work and perspectives on children's education.", "Mr. Edgeworth, a well-known author and inventor, encouraged his daughter's career.", "At the height of her creative endeavours, Maria wrote, \"Seriously it was to please my Father I first exerted myself to write, to please him I continued.\"", "Though the impetus for Maria's works, Mr. Edgeworth has been criticised for his insistence on approving and editing her work.", "The tales in The Parent's Assistant were approved by her father before he would allow them to be read to her younger siblings.", "It is speculated that her stepmother and siblings also helped in the editing process of Edgeworth's work.", "Practical Education (1798) is a progressive work on education that combines the ideas of Locke and Rousseau with scientific inquiry.", "Edgeworth asserts that \"learning should be a positive experience and that the discipline of education is more important during the formative years than the acquisition of knowledge.\"", "The system attempted to \"adapt both the curriculum and methods of teaching to the needs of the child; the endeavour to explain moral habits and the learning process through associationism; and most important, the effort to entrust the child with the responsibility for his own mental culture.\"", "The ultimate goal of Edgeworth's system was to create an independent thinker who understands the consequences of his or her actions.", "Her first novel, Castle Rackrent (1800) was written and submitted for anonymous publication in 1800 without her father's knowledge.", "It was an immediate success and firmly established Edgeworth's appeal.", "The book is a satire on Anglo-Irish landlords, before the year 1782, showing the need for more responsible management by the Irish landowning class.", "The story follows four generations of an Irish landholding family, the Rackrents.", "It is narrated by an Irish catholic worker on the estate, named Thady Quirk, and portrayed the rise of the catholic-Irish middle class.", "Belinda (1801), a 3-volume work published in London, was Maria Edgeworth's first full-length novel.", "It dealt with love, courtship, and marriage, dramatising the conflicts within her \"own personality and environment; conflicts between reason and feeling, restraint and individual freedom, and society and free spirit.\"", "Belinda was also notable for its controversial depiction of interracial marriage between a Black servant and an English farmgirl.", "Later editions of the novel, however, removed these sections.", "Tales of Fashionable Life (1809 and 1812) is a 2-series collection of short stories which often focus on the life of a woman.", "The second series was particularly well received in England, making her the most commercially successful novelist of her age.", "After this, Edgeworth was regarded as the preeminent female writer in England alongside Jane Austen.", "Following an anti-Semitic remark in The Absentee, Edgeworth received a letter from an American Jewish woman named Rachel Mordecai in 1815 complaining about Edgeworth's depiction of Jews.", "In response, Harrington (1817) was written as an apology to the Jewish community.", "The novel was a fictitious autobiography about overcoming antisemitism and includes one of the first sympathetic Jewish characters in an English novel.", "Helen (1834) is Maria Edgeworth's final novel, the only one she wrote after her father's death.", "She chose to write a novel focused on the characters and situation, rather than moral lessons.", "In a letter to her publisher, Maria wrote, \"I have been reproached for making my moral in some stories too prominent.", "I am sensible of the inconvenience of this both to reader and writer & have taken much pains to avoid it in Helen.\"", "Her novel is also set in England, a conscious choice as Edgeworth found Ireland too troubling for a fictitious work in the political climate of the 1830s.", "Style and purpose\n\nHaving come to her literary maturity at a time when the ubiquitous and unvarying stated defence of the novel was its educative power, Maria Edgeworth was among the few authors who truly espoused the educator's role.", "Her novels are morally and socially didactic in the extreme.", "A close analysis of the alterations which Edgeworth's style underwent when it was pressed into the service of overt didacticism should serve to illuminate the relationship between prose technique and didactic purpose in her work.", "The convention which Maria Edgeworth has adopted and worked to death is basic to the eighteenth-century novel, but its roots lie in the drama, tracing at least to the Renaissance separation of high and low characters by their forms of speech.", "Throughout the eighteenth-century drama, and most noticeably in the sentimental comedy, the separation becomes more and more a means of moral judgment as well as social identification.", "The only coherent reason for Edgeworth's acceptance is the appeal of didactic moralism.", "In the first place, she is willing to suspend judgment wherever the service of the moral is the result.", "Everything else may go, so long as the lesson is enforced.", "the lesson might be a warning against moral impropriety, as in Miss Milner's story, or against social injustice, as in The Absentee.", "Furthermore, the whole reliance on positive exemplars had been justified long before by Steele, who argued that the stage must supply perfect heroes since its examples are imitated and since simple natures are incapable of making the necessary deductions from the negative exemplars of satire.", "The characteristic of Edgeworth is to connect an identifiable strain of formal realism, both philosophical and rhetorical, and therefore display an objective interest in human nature and the way it manifests itself in social custom.", "One would expect this from Edgeworth, an author whose didacticism often has struck modern readers as either gendered liability, technical regression, or familial obligation.", "Critics have responded to Edgeworth's eccentricities by attributing them to something more deep-seated, temperamental, and psychological.", "In their various, often insightful representation, Edgeworth's fondness for the real, the strange, and the pedagogically useful verges on the relentless, the obsessive, and the instinctive.", "There is an alternative literary answer to explain Edgeworth's cultural roots and ideological aims which shifts focus away from Edgeworth's familial, psychological, and cultural predicaments to the formal paradigms by which her work has been judged.", "Rather than locating Edgeworth's early romances of real life exclusively within the traditions of eighteenth-century children's literature or domestic realism, they can be read primarily as responses to late eighteenth-century debates over the relation between history and romance, because the genre attempts to mediate between the two differentiating itself from other kinds of factual fiction.", "Edgeworth's romances of real life operate in the same discursive field but do not attempt to traverse between self-denied antinomies.", "In fact, they usually make the opposite claim.", "Edgeworth's repeated self-effacement needs to be seen in the context of the times, where learning in women was often disapproved of and even ridiculed, such as the satirical poem of the Rev.", "Richard Polwhele, The Unsex'd Females (1798).", "Her reputation equalled that of Fanny Burney (Madame d'Arblay) (1752–1840) earlier, in a time that saw a number of other female writers including Elizabeth Hamilton, Amelia Opie, Hannah More, Elizabeth Inchbald.", "Her only potential male competitor prior to Scott was William Godwin.", "She was certainly well received by the critics and literary figures of her time.", "Croker (1780–1857) compared her work to Don Quixote and Gil Blas and to the work of Henry Fielding, while Francis Jeffrey (1773–1850) called her work 'perfect'.", "The Ulster Gaelic Society, established in 1830, succeeded in a single publication in its history, namely the translation into Irish of two stories by Maria Edgeworth: Tomás Ó Fiannachtaigh translated Forgive and Forget and Rosanna into Irish in the 1830s.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Langdon, Alison Ganze.", "\"The More Things Change: Maria Edgeworth’s “The Modern Griselda,\" The Year's Work in Medievalism 27 (2012).", "Historical sources \n \n \n \n \n \n Edgeworthstown\n\nWorks by Maria Edgeworth\n\nReference materials\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Maria Edgeworth Collection.", "General Collection.", "Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.", "Electronic editions\n \n \n \n \n \n\n1768 births\n1849 deaths\n18th-century English novelists\n18th-century English women writers\n19th-century English novelists\n19th-century English women writers\nEnglish essayists\nEnglish women novelists\n18th-century Irish novelists\n18th-century Irish women writers\n19th-century Irish novelists\n19th-century Irish women writers\n19th-century Irish short story writers\n18th-century Anglo-Irish people\n19th-century Anglo-Irish people\nIrish Anglicans\nIrish women essayists\nIrish essayists\nIrish women novelists\nIrish women short story writers\nPeople from County Longford\nPeople from West Oxfordshire District\nIrish women children's writers\nWomen of the Regency era\nWriters from Oxfordshire" ]

[ "Maria Edgeworth was an Anglo-Irish writer of children's and adults' literature.", "She was a significant figure in the evolution of the novel in Europe and was one of the first realist writers in children's literature.", "She had opinions on estate management, politics, education, and was friends with some of the leading literary and economic writers, including Sir Walter Scott.", "Maria Edgeworth was born at Black Bourton.", "Maria was an aunt of Francis Ysidro Edgeworth, the father of 22 children by four wives.", "She lived with her mother's family in England at The Limes, which is now known as Edgeworth House.", "Maria was five years old when her mother died, and she was with her father when he married Honora Sneyd.", "Maria was sent to Mrs. Lattafire's school after Honora fell ill.", "Maria's father was socially disapproved and legally forbidden from marrying Elizabeth until the Deceased Wife's Sister's Marriage Act 1907.", "Maria moved to London.", "In 1781, her father became fully focused on her when she nearly lost her sight.", "Returning home at the age of 14, she took charge of her younger siblings and was home-tutored in law, Irish economics and politics, science, and literature by her father.", "She started her correspondences with men from the Lunar Society.", "She would live and write there for the rest of her life, as she became her father's assistant in managing the Edgeworthstown estate, which had become run-down during the family's absence.", "Maria and her father began a lifelong academic collaboration after their bond was strengthened.", "An extended family, servants and tenants were present.", "She drew on this experience for her novels about the Irish.", "Her aunt Margaret Ruxton of Blackcastle was an Anglo-Irish gentry member.", "Margaret encouraged her to write and supplied her with books to read.", "The idea of travelling to England and the European continent was started by the daughter of Daniel Augustus Beaufort.", "Maria's lifelong friend was a year younger than her.", "In 1800, the family traveled to London.", "The Edgeworths traveled to the English midlands in 1802.", "During the Peace of Amiens, a brief lull in the Napoleonic Wars, they traveled to the continent, first to Belgium and then to France.", "Maria received a marriage proposal from a Swedish courtier.", "Maria loved him very much and did not get over the affair quickly, as her stepmother assures us in the Augustus Hare Life and Letters.", "On the eve of the start of the wars, they came home to Ireland.", "Irish novels include Tales of Fashionable Life, The Absentee and Ormond.", "Jane Austen and Sir Walter Scott were both authors who were compared to Edgeworth.", "She used her income to help her siblings.", "On a visit to London in 1813, where she was received as a literary lion, Maria met two people she disliked.", "After the publication of Waverley in 1814, she entered into a long correspondence with the ultra-Tory Sir Walter Scott, in which he acknowledged her influence, and they formed a lasting friendship.", "He took her on a tour of the area after she visited him in Scotland.", "Sir Walter was in Edgeworthstown the next year.", "One of the party wrote that they found snug cottages and smiles in the village.", "A counterview was provided by a visitor who claimed that the residents of Edgeworth treated Edgeworth with contempt.", "Richard Edgeworth was involved in the estate's management and was relatively fair in his dealings with his tenants.", "Maria believed that better management and the application of science to agriculture would raise food production and lower prices.", "Both Richard and Maria were in favor of enfranchisement for Catholics without property restrictions, as well as agricultural reform and increased educational opportunities for women.", "She worked hard to improve the living standards of the poor.", "She provided schools for the local children of all denominations in order to improve the conditions in the village.", "Her father's memoirs were edited after he died.", "She was an active writer.", "During the Great Famine, she worked for the relief of Irish peasants.", "She wrote for the Relieve Fund.", "Her letters to the Relief Committee give a vivid account of the desperate plight facing the tenants in Edgeworthstown, the extreme conditions under which they lived, and the struggle to obtain whatever aid and assistance she could to alleviate their plight.", "She received gifts for the poor from America.", "Edgeworth insisted that only her tenants who had paid their rent in full would get relief during the Irish Famine.", "Tenants who voted against Edgeworth's preferences were punished.", "Maria was the main source of advice for Hamilton when he was elected president of the Royal Irish Academy.", "She wanted women to be allowed to participate in the academy events.", "Following in the footsteps of a relative of hers, Hamilton made Edgeworth a member of the Royal Irish Academy for her help and guidance.", "Maria died suddenly of a heart attack after a visit to see her relations in Trim.", "Maria Edgeworth's life in Ireland had a profound impact on her thinking and views of Irish culture.", "She used her fiction to address the inherent problems of acts delineated by religious, national, racial, class based, sexual, and gendered identities.", "Castle Rackrent and Harrington were used by Edgeworth to express her feelings on controversial issues.", "Edgeworth tried to celebrate Irish culture by creating a nostalgic past of Ireland.", "The gradual anglicanization of feudal Irish society was traced in Edgeworth's novels.", "The goal of Edgeworth's works was to show the Irish as equal to the English.", "Irish Bulls are portrayed in realistic, everyday settings in an essay rejecting an English stereotype.", "She fights the caricatured Irish with accurate representations in her Irish works.", "Edgeworth places focus on the linguistic differences between Irish and English societies as a foil to how dynamic and intricate Irish society was in spite of English stereotypes.", "Seamus Deane connected Edgeworth's depiction of Ireland and its relationship to England as being in line with wider Enlightenment ideals, noting that she was the first to realize that there was.", "Edgeworth's writing of Ireland, especially her early Irish tales, offer an important rearticulation of Burkean local attachment and philosophical cosmopolitanism to produce an understanding of the nation as neither tightly bordered (like nations based on historical premises such as blood or inheritance) or not borderless.", "Edgeworth reworked both national and cosmopolitan definitions of belonging so as to reconstitute \"Anglo-Irish\" less as a category than as an ongoing mediation between borders.", "According to Edgeworth, education is the foundation of the well-governed estate and the foundation of the well-governed nation.", "Slow process of education instills understanding in the Irish people while retaining the bonds of local attachment by which the nation is secured.", "The importance of education suggests Edgeworth's wish for a cosmopolitan judgement, as well as her desire to link her writing to earlier cosmopolitan constructions of universal human subjects.", "By claiming national difference as anchored in education, culture, and nature, Edgeworth gives to national identity a sociocultural foundation and opens a space in which change can happen.", "The Act of Union should not be passed against the wishes of the Irish people according to Social Maria.", "She thought boys and girls should be educated in the same way.", "She believed that a woman should only marry someone who is compatible with her.", "An incompatible union was preferable to becoming an old maid.", "The English Whig governance of Ireland was attacked in the story \"Vivian\" by Tales of Fashionable Life and Patronage.", "The importance of the individual was stressed by Edgeworth.", "Middle-class women should be involved in politics.", "Helen's work clearly shows that women are now highly cultivated, and political subjects are at present of high interest to all human creatures who live together in society.", "I don't think you can satisfy yourself with the common phrase \"ladies have nothing to do with politics\".", "She sympathized with Catholics and supported gradual Catholic Emancipation.", "In her 1798 book Practical Education, she advanced a scientific approach to education, acknowledging the difficulty of doing such research which was \"patiently reduced to an experimental science.\"", "She avoided religion and politics and claimed no adherence to a school of thought.", "She presages modern improvements to age-related educational materials, for example, in geography, maps bordered with suitable illustrated biographies, and in chemistry, safe chemical experiments that children might undertake.", "She said that fatigue should be a concern of educators.", "Maria Edgeworth drew several comparisons with non-European peoples to help illustrate the care that must be taken in teaching children and to emphasize the necessity of properly directing and managing their attentiveness.", "She made the point that people can only pay attention to one thing at a time, and that children can appear resistant to repetition, so teachers should vary things.", "Edgeworth states that \"while variety relieves the mind, the objects which are varied must not all be new for novelty and variety when joined, fatigue the mind.\"", "The teaching of children needed to follow carefully considered methods, needed to evidence concern for appropriateness, and needed to be guided by forms of teaching that would be empowering and enabling.", "The attention of the child appears to be a key site in Edgeworth's work.", "Work Edgeworth's early works have been seen as melodramatic rather than realistic.", "The Double Disguise is a previously unpublished manuscript by Edgeworth.", "The Double Disguise is considered to be a seminal regional narrative predating Castle Rackrent.", "Edgeworth collaborated with her friend Louise Swanton Belloc, a French writer, translator, and advocate for the education of women and children, whose many translations of Edgeworth's works were largely responsible.", "One of her novels features a villain who wore a mask made from a dead man's face.", "In 1795, Edgeworth's first published work was Letters for Literary Ladies.", "Her work, \"An Essay on the Noble Science of Self-Justification\" is written for a female audience in which she convinces women that the fair sex is endowed with an art of self-justification and women should use their gifts to continually challenge the force and power of men.", "It explores the feminine method in a funny and satirical way.", "Her first children's book, The Parent's Assistant, included Edgeworth's celebrated short story \"The Purple Jar\".", "The Parent's Assistant was influenced by her father's work.", "Mr. Edgeworth encouraged his daughter's career.", "Maria wrote that at the height of her creativity it was to please her father.", "Mr. Edgeworth's insistence on approving and editing Maria's work has been criticized.", "The tales in The Parent's Assistant were approved by her father before he would allow them to be read to her younger siblings.", "Edgeworth's work was edited by her stepmother and siblings.", "The ideas of Locke and Rousseau are combined with scientific inquiry in Practical Education.", "According to Edgeworth, the discipline of education is more important than the acquisition of knowledge during the formative years.", "The system tried to adapt both the curriculum and methods of teaching to the needs of the child and to explain moral habits and the learning process through associationism.", "Edgeworth wanted to create an independent thinker who understood the consequences of his or her actions.", "She wrote her first novel without her father's knowledge in 1800.", "It immediately established Edgeworth's appeal.", "The book shows the need for more responsible management by the Irish landowning class.", "Four generations of an Irish landholding family are told in the story.", "The rise of the catholic-Irish middle class was portrayed in the narration by a catholic worker on the estate.", "Maria Edgeworth's first full-length novel was published in London.", "It dramatised the conflicts within her own personality and environment, as well as between reason and feeling, restraint and individual freedom, and society and free spirit.", "The depiction of an interracial marriage between a Black servant and an English farmgirl was controversial.", "These sections were removed from later editions of the novel.", "Tales of Fashionable Life is a collection of short stories that focus on the life of a woman.", "The second series was well received in England and made her the most successful novelist of her age.", "Edgeworth was considered to be the best female writer in England.", "Following an anti-Semitic remark in The Absentee, Edgeworth received a letter from an American Jewish woman complaining about Edgeworth's depiction of Jews.", "It was written as an apology to the Jewish community.", "One of the first sympathetic Jewish characters in an English novel was included in a fictional autobiography about overcoming antisemitism.", "Maria Edgeworth wrote Helen after her father's death.", "She wrote a novel that was focused on the characters and situation.", "Maria wrote that she had been reproached for making her moral in some stories too prominent.", "I have taken a lot of precautions to avoid this in Helen.", "Edgeworth found Ireland too troubling for a fictional work in the political climate of the 1830s, so she set her novel in England.", "Maria Edgeworth had come to her literary maturity at a time when the defence of the novel was its educational power.", "In the extreme, her novels are morally and socially important.", "A close analysis of the alterations which Edgeworth's style underwent when it was pressed into the service of overt didacticism should illuminate the relationship between prose technique and the purpose of her work.", "The convention which Maria Edgeworth has adopted and worked to death is basic to the eighteenth-century novel, but its roots lie in the drama, tracing at least to the Renaissance separation of high and low characters by their forms of speech.", "In the sentimental comedy, the separation becomes more and more a means of moral judgement as well as social identification.", "The only explanation for Edgeworth's acceptance is the appeal of moralism.", "She is willing to suspend her judgement whenever the service of the moral is found.", "If the lesson is enforced, everything else may go.", "The lesson could be a warning against moral impropriety, as in Miss Milner's story, or against social injustice, as in The Absentee.", "Steele argued that the stage must supply perfect heroes since its examples are imitated and that simple natures are incapable of making the necessary deductions from the negative examples of satire.", "Edgeworth's characteristic is to connect an identifiable strain of formal realism, both philosophical and rhetorical, and therefore show an objective interest in human nature and the way it manifest itself in social custom.", "Edgeworth is an author who has struck modern readers as either gendered liability or technical regression.", "Edgeworth's eccentricities have been attributed to something more deep-seated, temperamental, and psychological.", "Edgeworth's fondness for the real, the strange, and the pedagogically useful verges on the obsessive, and the instinctive.", "There is an alternative literary answer to explain Edgeworth's cultural roots and ideological aims which shifts focus away from Edgeworth's familial, psychological, and cultural predicaments to the formal paradigm by which her work has been judged.", "Edgeworth's early romances of real life can be read as responses to late eighteenth-century debates over the relation between history and romance, rather than being exclusively within the traditions of children's literature or domestic realism.", "Edgeworth's romances of real life operate in the same field but do not attempt to cross between self-denied antinomies.", "They usually make a different claim.", "Edgeworth needs to be seen in the context of the times, where learning in women was often disapproved of and even ridiculed.", "The Unsex'd Females was written by Richard Polwhele.", "In a time when a number of other female writers including Elizabeth Hamilton, Amelia Opie, Hannah More, and Elizabeth Inchbald were writing, her reputation was equal to that of Fanny Burney.", "William Godwin was her only male competitor before Scott.", "She was well received by the literary figures of her time.", "Francis Jeffrey called her work 'Perfect', while Croker compared her work to Don Quixote and Gil Blas.", "The translation into Irish of two stories by Maria Edgeworth was the only publication in the history of the Ulster Gaelic Society.", "References include Alison Ganze.", "The Year's Work in Medievalism was titled \"The More Things Change: Maria Edgeworth's \"The Modern Griselda\".", "Maria Edgeworth Collection contains historical sources and reference materials.", "There is a general collection.", "The Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library is located at Yale University.", "18th-century English novelists, 18th-century English women writers, 19th-century English women writers, 19th-century Irish women writers." ]

[ "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Richard Lovell Edgeworth", "Anna Maria Edgeworth", "Maria", "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Richard Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Social Maria", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth" ]

[ "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria", "Francis Ysidro Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Richard Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth", "Maria Edgeworth" ]

[ "Ida Faubert (Christian first name Gertrude Florentine Félicitée Ida) was a Haitian writer.", "She was a complex literary figure.", "Bicultural, biracial, and privileged, she neither easily fit socially-prescribed categories for women of color in France or Haiti nor conformed to them.", "A deft writer and socialite in both Port-au-Prince and Paris, she promoted and participated in the movements of Haitian writers and literature in Haiti and France.", "Biography\nIda Faubert was born on 14 February 1882, in Port-au-Prince.", "She was the daughter of Haitian president Lysius Salomon and a French mother, Florentine Potiez.", "When Faubert was six years old, political events forced her father out of office and her family to expatriate to France.", "Her father’s death followed that year.", "Ida Faubert, placed in the care of her mother’s family, was sent to a convent boarding school like many elite girls of her time.", "She grew up in France’s Belle Époque, a period of flourishing arts in a stable Europe, and as a young woman entered Paris’s artistic and cultural circles.", "An early romance met her family’s disapproval for racial reasons.", "She went on to marry and quickly divorce Léonce Laraque.", "The couple had a daughter, Jacqueline, who died as an infant and to whom Faubert would dedicate elegiac poems.", "In 1903, while in her early 20s, Faubert returned to Haiti, where she made an impression on members of Port-au-Prince’s cultural elite and privileged classes with her charm, verse, and lineage.", "The country’s elite class produced, through resources, venues, and social connections, the published writers of her day, and Faubert was well situated as an emerging poet in Haiti.", "Literary scholar Omise’eke Natasha Tinsley (2010) notes that for Haitian women writers then, there existed two distinct channels of circulation of texts: newly founded women’s literary circles, with their own literary reviews, and the male-dominated literary journals and movement La Géneration de la Ronde.", "Named after the journal La Ronde, this influential movement, of which Faubert was a part, flourished between 1898 and the 1920s.", "Literary scholars Raphaël Berrou and Pradel Pompilus (1975) note that its poets pursued and articulated the need for a universal lyric, one that would place Haitian literature in the perceived larger stream of Francophone, particularly French, letters.", "The movement’s novelists and dramaturgs, they add, addressed in their work customs and concerns closer to home.", "Prominent poetic themes evident in the work of both men and women included love, melancholy, death, and religious and spiritual concerns.", "Faubert’s carefully wrought poems contained these leitmotifs, as well as a subtle style, and began to appear in Haitian journals in 1912.", "It is possible that she published earlier poems under a pen name, adopting a strategy not unusual for Haitian women writers of the time.", "Faubert was among the rare Haitian women writers whose work appeared under her own name in Haiti.", "Her male Géneration de la Ronde contemporaries included poets Etzer Vilaire, Georges Sylvain, Louis Borno, Seymour Pradel, Charles Moravia, and Léon Laleau.", "Despite personal attainments and early literary success as she moved between Haiti and France in her 20s—in 1906 she had given birth to son Raoul and married his father André Faubert in Paris—she found the mores and strictures of Port-au-Prince’s high society stifling, according to biographer Madeleine Gardiner (1984).", "Her permanent return to France in 1914 occurred before the outbreak of World War I in Europe and a year prior to the 19-year US military occupation of Haiti that would shake deeply Haitian society and engender a profound anti-US, anticolonial reaction in many Haitian citizens and writers.", "The seeds of Haiti’s indigenist movement, a nationalist affirmation that would place Haitian folklore, the Haitian countryside, and the Haitian peasant at the heart of Haitian literature and visual arts, found fertile ground in the American occupation.", "Haitian indigenism would inform, draw from, and overlap with the Harlem Renaissance and the Négritude movement launched in France.", "Jean Price-Mars, who articulated the concept of “indigenism,” and Faubert would share a long friendship.", "Her short stories, published much later, would focus on Haiti and exhibit some indigenist values.", "In 1914, Faubert separated from her husband and settled with her son in Paris.", "During the war she served as a volunteer in Parisian hospitals and tended to wounded soldiers returning from France’s military frontlines.", "As a woman of letters she attended lectures and literary events; opened her own salon to receive artists and intellectuals; and frequented feminist and lesbian writers, many also situated in Paris’s bohemian Left Bank.", "Her circle of friends included Anna de Noailles, an influence for Faubert and prominent literary figure in pre-World War I France, and the prolific and popular novelist Sidonie-Gabrielle Colette.", "Underscoring Faubert’s friends and acquaintances, Madeleine Gardiner suggests Faubert may have engaged in amorous relationships with women, particularly in the liberated climate of Europe’s postwar années folles.", "Also known as the Roaring Twenties, this period was marked by sustained economic growth in major European and American cities, artistic and cultural dynamism, and growing female emancipation, especially for elite and white women.", "Natasha Tinsley (2010) reads a number of Faubert’s poems as celebrations of women’s sensuality, addressed to a lover or lovers whose gender is not specified, as well as astute negotiations of race and gender, with Faubert refusing the popular tropes assigned to women of color in the contemporary white European imagination.", "In 1939, Faubert published her first book, a volume of poems titled Cœur des Îles.", "It consists of three parts.", "Poems of the first two sections vary in subject matter, with love, sensuous descriptions of nature, and apprehension and loss figuring prominently.", "A third section is dedicated to Faubert’s lost daughter.", "Some poems are evocative and appeal to and overlay the separate senses in their expression, employing a symbolist poetics.", "In general, they lean toward an earlier European Romantic-era aesthetic, privileging strong emotion, as well as display Faubert’s great attention to technique and form, an approach more closely associated with French poetry’s Parnassian movement.", "The poems are written in French rhymed verse and a formal style, with employment and mastery of fixed poetic forms such as sonnets, chansons, and rondels, which supports their deep lyricism.", "In 1939, the year of its publication, Cœur des Îles was awarded the French Prix Jacques Normand de la Société des Gens de Lettres.", "The first version of Aimé Césaire’s influential poetic text Cahier d’un retour au pays natal was published in the French journal Volonté as Germany’s invasion of Poland signaled the onset of World War II.", "Faubert’s son enlisted in the French military at the start of the war.", "With her daughter-in-law and grandson, Jean, safe in Sarthe, Faubert remained in Paris through the German occupation of 1940 to1944.", "She continued to write poems and the short stories that would become the book Sous le soleil caraïbe, histoires d’Haïti et d’ailleurs.", "In the decades following World War II, Faubert maintained contact with writers, friends, and colleagues in Haiti, welcoming Jean Price Mars, Léon Laleau, and poet and novelist Marie-Thérèse Colimon Hall, among many others, when they visited France.", "She quietly supported causes on behalf of the homeless and those wounded in the war.", "She was a devoted mother and grandmother, according to grandson Jean Faubert.", "Faubert’s second book, Sous le soleil caraïbe, was published in 1959.", "Unlike her poems, which were situated, if at all, in ambiguous geography, these stories are set in a fictionalized Haiti, one that contains names of towns and lieus similar to those of actual Haitian sites.", "The stories take place in varied time periods and are peopled with Haitian and foreign characters negotiating Haitian life in its multiplicity and clash of perspectives, cultures, race, class, and politics.", "Faubert illustrates human foibles, farces, and desires.", "The stories are marked by a clear, unadorned French prose and occasional use of Creole terms and expressions.", "They range in tone from humorous to chilling, with several treating the phenomenon of zombies and revenants.", "A number of Faubert’s short stories, like her poems, exhibit a gothic quality.", "Faubert died on 23 July 1969 in Joinville-le-Pont, Ile-de-France, France.", "She is considered one of Haiti’s great women poets.", "Bibliography\n1939 : Cœur des Îles, preface by Jean Vignaud, edited by René Debresse, prix Jacques Normand 1939\n1959 : Histoires d'Haïti et d'ailleurs, \"Sous le ciel Caraïbe\" preface by Pierre Dominique\n2005 : Œuvres edited by Mémoire d'encrier\n\nReferences\n\"Ida Salomon Faubert\" biographical essay by Danielle Legros Georges in Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro-Latin American Biography; editors, Henry Louis Gates, Jr. and Franklin W. Knight' Oxford University Press (New York), 2016 \nIda Faubert by Natasha Tinsley\nIda Faubert by her grandson Jean Faubert\n\n1882 births\n1969 deaths\nHaitian feminists\nHaitian women poets\nPeople from Port-au-Prince\n20th-century Haitian poets\n20th-century Haitian women writers" ]

[ "Ida Faubert was a Haitian writer.", "She was a writer.", "She didn't fit socially-prescribed categories for women of color in France or Haiti because she was bicultural, biracial, and privileged.", "She promoted and participated in the movements of Haitian writers and literature in France and Port-au-Prince.", "Ida Faubert was born in Port-au-Prince.", "She was the daughter of a Haitian president and a French mother.", "Political events forced Faubert's father out of office when she was six years old.", "Her father died that year.", "Ida Faubert, who was placed in the care of her mother's family, was sent to a convent boarding school.", "She entered Paris's artistic and cultural circles as a young woman and grew up in France's Belle poque, a period of flourishing arts in a stable Europe.", "She met her family's disapproval because of her race.", "She married and then divorced Léonce Laraque.", "Faubert wrote poems for the couple's daughter, who died as an infant.", "Faubert made an impression on members of Port-au-Prince's cultural elite and privileged classes when she returned to Haiti in 1903.", "The country's elite class produced, through resources, venues, and social connections, the published writers of her day, and Faubert was well situated as an emerging poet in Haiti.", "There were two different channels of circulation for Haitian women writers: newly founded women's literary circles, with their own literary reviews, and the male-dominated literary journals and movement La Géneration de la Ronde.", "The influential movement of which Faubert was a part flourished between 1898 and the 1920s.", "According to literary scholars Raphal Berrou and Pradel Pompilus, the need for a universal lyric was articulated by its poets and would place Haitian literature in the larger stream of French letters.", "The movement's novelists and dramaturgs address their work customs and concerns closer to home.", "Both men and women had prominent poetic themes that included love, melancholy, death, and religious and spiritual concerns.", "Faubert's poems contained leitmotifs, as well as a subtle style, and began to appear in Haitian journals in 1912.", "It is1-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-65561-6556", "Faubert's work appeared under her own name in Haiti.", "Her male Géneration de la Ronde contemporaries included poets Etzer Vilaire, Georges Sylvain, Louis Borno, Seymour Pradel, Charles Moravia, and Léon Laleau.", "She found the mores and strictures of Port-au-Prince's high society to be oppressive as she moved between Haiti and France in her 20s.", "Before the outbreak of World War I in Europe and a year prior to the 19-year US military occupation of Haiti, she returned to France.", "The seeds of Haiti's indigenist movement, a nationalist affirmation that would place Haitian folklore, the Haitian countryside, and the Haitian peasant at the heart of Haitian literature and visual arts, found fertile ground in the American occupation.", "The Harlem Renaissance and the Négritude movement were both launched in France.", "Faubert and Jean Price-Mars shared a long friendship.", "Her short stories focused on Haiti and had indigenist values.", "Faubert moved to Paris with her son in 1914.", "She was a volunteer in Parisian hospitals and tended to wounded soldiers returning from France's military frontlines.", "She frequented feminist and lesbian writers and many of them were located in Paris's bohemian Left Bank.", "She had a circle of friends that included Anna de Noailles, an influence for Faubert and a popular novelist.", "Madeleine Gardiner suggests that Faubert may have had relationships with women in the liberated climate of Europe.", "This period was marked by sustained economic growth in major European and American cities, artistic and cultural dynamism, and growing female emancipation, especially for elite and white women.", "A number of Faubert's poems are celebrations of women's sensuality, addressed to a lover or lovers whose gender is not specified, as well as astute negotiations of race and gender, with Faubert refusing the popular tropes assigned to women of color in the contemporary white.", "Faubert published her first book in 1939.", "It has three parts.", "The subject matter of the first two sections varies with love, nature, and apprehension and loss.", "The third section is dedicated to Faubert's lost daughter.", "Some poems use a symbolist poetics to convey their meaning.", "They lean toward an earlier European Romantic-era aesthetic, privileging strong emotion, as well as display Faubert's great attention to technique and form, an approach more closely associated with French poetry's Parnassian movement.", "The poems are written in French rhymed verse and a formal style, with employment and mastery of fixed poetic forms such as sonnets, chansons, and rondels.", "The French Prix Jacques Normand de la Société des Gens de Lettres was awarded to Cur des les in 1939.", "The first version of Aimé Césaire's influential poetic text Cahier d'un retour was published in the French journal Volonté as Germany's invasion of Poland signaled the start of World War II.", "Faubert's son enlisted in the French military at the beginning of the war.", "Faubert lived in Paris through the German occupation of 1940 to1944 with her daughter-in-law and grandson.", "She wrote poems and short stories for the book Sous le soleil carabe, histoires d'Hati et d'ailleurs.", "In the decades following World War II, Faubert maintained contact with writers, friends, and colleagues in Haiti, welcoming Jean Price Mars, Léon Laleau, and poet and novelist Marie-Thérse Colimon Hall, among many others, when they visited France.", "She supported causes that helped the homeless and those who were wounded in the war.", "Jean Faubert said she was a devoted mother and grandmother.", "Sous le soleil carabe was Faubert's second book.", "These stories are set in a fictionalized Haiti, one that contains names of towns and lieus similar to those of actual Haitian sites.", "The stories take place in varied time periods and are peopled with Haitian and foreign characters negotiating Haitian life in its multiplicity and clash of perspectives, cultures, race, class, and politics.", "Faubert shows flaws and desires.", "The stories are marked by clear, unadorned French prose and occasional use of Creole terms and expressions.", "Several of them treat the phenomenon of zombies and revenants in different ways.", "A number of Faubert's short stories are gothic.", "Faubert died on July 23, 1969 in Joinville-le-Pont.", "She is one of Haiti's great women poets.", "Histoires d'Hati et d'ailleurs, \"Sous le ciel Carabe\" was published in 1959" ]

[ "Ida Faubert", "Ida", "Ida Faubert", "Ida Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "André Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Jean Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Ida F", "Ida Fau" ]

[ "Ida Faubert", "Ida Faubert", "Faubert", "Ida Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Jean Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert", "Faubert" ]

[ "Aaron Benjamin Sorkin (born June 9, 1961) is an American playwright, screenwriter, and film director.", "Born in New York City, Sorkin developed a passion for writing at an early age.", "His works include the Broadway plays A Few Good Men, The Farnsworth Invention, and To Kill a Mockingbird, as well as the television series Sports Night (1998–2000), The West Wing (1999–2006), Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip (2006–07), and The Newsroom (2012–14).", "He wrote the film screenplay for the legal drama A Few Good Men (1992), the comedy The American President (1995), and several biopics including Charlie Wilson's War (2007), Moneyball (2011), and Steve Jobs (2015).", "For writing 2010's The Social Network, he won an Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay and Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay.", "Sorkin made his feature film debut as a director in 2017 with the crime drama Molly's Game, which garnered mostly positive reviews and earned him a third Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.", "His follow-up directorial film was the historical legal drama The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2020) which earned six Oscar nominations including Sorkin's first nomination for Best Original Screenplay.", "As a writer, Sorkin is recognized for his trademark fast-paced dialogue and extended monologues, complemented by frequent collaborator Thomas Schlamme's storytelling technique called the \"walk and talk\".", "These sequences consist of single tracking shots of long duration involving multiple characters engaging in conversation as they move through the set; characters enter and exit the conversation as the shot continues without any cuts.", "Early life\nSorkin was born in Manhattan, New York City, to a Jewish family, and was raised in the New York suburb of Scarsdale.", "His mother was a schoolteacher and his father a copyright lawyer who had fought in WWII and put himself through college on the G.I.", "Bill; both his older sister and brother went on to become lawyers.", "His paternal grandfather was one of the founders of the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU).", "Sorkin took an early interest in acting.", "During childhood, his parents took him to the theatre to see shows such as Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?", "and That Championship Season.", "Sorkin attended Scarsdale High School where he became involved in the drama and theatre club.", "In the eighth grade, he played General Bullmoose in the musical Li'l Abner.", "At Scarsdale High, he served as vice president of the drama club in his junior and senior years, and graduated in 1979.", "In 1979, Sorkin attended Syracuse University.", "In his freshman year, he failed a class that was a core requirement, which caused a setback because he wanted to be an actor, and the drama department did not allow students to take the stage until they completed the core classes.", "Determined to do better, he returned for his sophomore year, and graduated in 1983 with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Musical Theatre.", "Recalling the influence of theatre teacher Arthur Storch, Sorkin said: \"Arthur's reputation as a director, and as a disciple of Lee Strasberg, was a big reason why a lot of us went to S.U.", "[Syracuse University]... 'You have the capacity to be so much better than you are', he started saying to me in September of my senior year.", "He was still saying it in May.", "On the last day of classes, he said it again, and I said, 'How?", "', and he answered, 'Dare to fail'.", "I've been coming through on his admonition ever since\".", "Career\n\n1983–1990: Early work and breakthrough\n\nSorkin moved to New York City where he spent much of the 1980s as a struggling, sporadically-employed actor who worked odd jobs, such as delivering singing telegrams, driving a limousine, touring Alabama with the children's theatre company Traveling Playhouse, handing out fliers promoting a hunting-and-fishing show, and bartending at Broadway's Palace Theatre.", "One weekend, while house-sitting for a friend, he found an IBM Selectric typewriter, started typing, and \"felt a phenomenal confidence and a kind of joy that [he] had never experienced before in [his] life\".", "He continued writing and eventually put together his first play, Removing All Doubt, which he sent to his former theatre teacher, Arthur Storch, who was impressed.", "In 1984, Removing All Doubt was staged for drama students at his alma mater, Syracuse University.", "After that, he wrote Hidden in This Picture which debuted off-off-Broadway at Steve Olsen's West Bank Cafe Downstairs Theatre Bar in New York City in 1988.", "The quality of his first two plays earned him a theatrical agent.", "Producer John A. McQuiggan saw the production of Hidden in This Picture and commissioned Sorkin to turn the one-act into a full-length play called Making Movies.", "Sorkin was inspired to write his next play, a courtroom drama called A Few Good Men, from a phone conversation with his sister Deborah, who had graduated from Boston University Law School and signed up for a three-year stint with the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps.", "Deborah told Sorkin that she was going to Guantanamo Bay to defend a group of Marines who came close to killing a fellow Marine in a hazing ordered by a superior officer.", "Sorkin took that information and wrote much of his story on cocktail napkins while bartending at the Palace Theatre.", "He and his roommates had purchased a Macintosh 512K; when he returned home, he would transcribe the story and notes onto the computer, forming a basis from which he wrote many drafts for A Few Good Men.", "In 1988, Sorkin sold the film rights for A Few Good Men to producer David Brown before it premiered, in a deal that was reportedly \"well into six figures\".", "Brown had read an article in The New York Times about Sorkin's one-act play Hidden in This Picture, and found out Sorkin had a play called A Few Good Men that was having Off Broadway readings.", "Brown produced A Few Good Men on Broadway at the Music Box Theatre.", "It starred Tom Hulce and was directed by Don Scardino.", "After opening in late 1989, it ran for 497 performances.", "Sorkin continued writing Making Movies and in 1990 it debuted Off-Broadway at the Promenade Theatre, produced by John A. McQuiggan, and again directed by Don Scardino.", "Meanwhile, Brown was producing for TriStar Pictures, and tried to interest them in adapting A Few Good Men into a film, but his proposal was declined due to the lack of star actor involvement.", "Brown later received a phone call from Alan Horn at Castle Rock Entertainment who was anxious to make the film.", "Rob Reiner, a Castle Rock producing partner, opted to direct.", "1991–1997: Writing for Castle Rock Entertainment\n\nSorkin worked under contract for Castle Rock Entertainment, where he befriended colleagues William Goldman and Rob Reiner, and met his future wife Julia Bingham, who was one of Castle Rock's business affairs lawyers.", "Sorkin wrote several drafts of the script for A Few Good Men in his Manhattan apartment, learning the craft from a book about screenplay format.", "He then spent several months at the Los Angeles offices of Castle Rock, working on the script with director Rob Reiner.", "William Goldman (who regularly worked under contract at Castle Rock) became his mentor and helped him to adapt his stage play into a screenplay.", "The film, directed by Reiner, starred Tom Cruise, Jack Nicholson, Demi Moore and Kevin Bacon, and was produced by Brown.", "A Few Good Men was released in 1992 and was a box office success, grossing $243 million worldwide.", "Goldman also approached Sorkin with a story premise, which Sorkin developed into the script for the thriller Malice.", "Goldman oversaw the project as creative consultant while Sorkin wrote the first two drafts.", "However, he had to leave the project to finish the script for A Few Good Men, so screenwriter Scott Frank stepped in and wrote two drafts of the Malice screenplay.", "When production on A Few Good Men was completed, Sorkin resumed working on Malice right through the final shooting script.", "Harold Becker directed the 1993 thriller, which starred Nicole Kidman and Alec Baldwin.", "Malice had mixed reviews; Vincent Canby in The New York Times described the film as \"deviously entertaining from its start through its finish\".", "Critic Roger Ebert gave it 2 out of 4 stars, and Peter Travers in a 2000 Rolling Stone review summarized it as having \"suspense but no staying power\".", "Sorkin's last screenplay under Castle Rock was The American President; once again he worked with William Goldman who served as a creative consultant.", "It took Sorkin several years to write the screenplay for The American President, which started off at 385-pages; it was eventually reduced to a standard shooting script of around 120 pages.", "The film, also directed by Reiner, was critically acclaimed; Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described it as \"genial and entertaining if not notably inspired\", and believed its most interesting aspects were the \"pipe dreams about the American political system and where it could theoretically be headed\".", "A Few Good Men, Malice and The American President grossed approximately $400 million worldwide.", "In the second half of the 1990s, Sorkin worked as a script doctor.", "He wrote some quips for Sean Connery and Nicolas Cage in 1996's The Rock.", "He worked on Excess Baggage, a 1997 comedy about a girl who stages her own kidnapping to get her father's attention, and rewrote some of Will Smith's scenes in Enemy of the State.", "Sorkin collaborated with Warren Beatty on several scripts, one of which was 1998's Bulworth.", "Beatty, known for occasionally personally financing his film projects through pre-production, also hired Sorkin to rewrite a script titled Ocean of Storms which never went into production.", "At one point, Sorkin sued Beatty for proper compensation for his work on the Ocean of Storms script; once the matter was settled, he resumed working on the script.", "1998–2006: Television series and theatre work\n\nSports Night\n\nSorkin conceived the idea to write about the behind-the-scenes happenings on a sports show while residing at the Four Seasons Hotel in Los Angeles writing the screenplay for The American President.", "He would work late, with the television tuned into ESPN, watching continuous replays of SportsCenter.", "The show inspired him to try to write a feature film about a sports show but he was unable to structure the story for film, so instead he turned his idea into a television comedy series.", "Sports Night was produced by Disney and debuted on the ABC network in fall of 1998.", "Sorkin fought with ABC during the first season over the use of a laugh track and a live studio audience.", "The laugh track was widely decried by critics as jarring, with Joyce Millman of Salon magazine describing it as \"the most unconvincing laugh track you've ever heard\".", "Sorkin commented that: \"Once you do shoot in front of a live audience, you have no choice but to use the laugh track.", "Oftentimes [enhancing the laughs] is the right thing to do.", "Sometimes you do need a cymbal crash.", "Other times, it alienates me.\"", "The laugh track was gradually dialed down and was removed by the end of the first season.", "Sorkin was triumphant in the second season when ABC agreed to his demands, unburdening the crew of the difficulties of staging a scene for a live audience and leaving the cast with more time to rehearse.", "Although Sports Night was critically acclaimed, ABC canceled the show after two seasons due to low ratings.", "Sorkin entertained offers to continue the show on other television channels, but declined all the offers because they were dependent on his involvement and he was already working on The West Wing.", "The West Wing\n\nSorkin conceived the political drama The West Wing in 1997 when he went unprepared to a lunch with producer John Wells; in a panic he pitched to Wells a series centered on the senior staff of the White House, using leftover ideas from his script for The American President.", "He told Wells about his visits to the White House while doing research for The American President, and they found themselves discussing public service and the passion of the people who serve.", "Wells took the concept and pitched it to NBC, but was told to wait due to the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal.", "There was a concern that television audiences would not be able to take a series about the White House seriously.", "A year later, other networks started showing interest in The West Wing.", "NBC decided to give the project the green-light despite their previous reluctance.", "The pilot debuted in the fall of 1999 and was produced by Warner Bros. Television.", "The West Wing garnered nine Primetime Emmy Awards for its debut season, making the series a record holder for most Emmys won by a series in a single season at the time.", "Following the awards ceremony, there was a dispute about the acceptance speech for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.", "The West Wing episode \"In Excelsis Deo\" won, which was awarded to Sorkin and Rick Cleveland, but The New York Times reported that Sorkin ushered Cleveland off the stage before he could say a few words.", "The story behind \"In Excelsis Deo\" is based on Cleveland's father, a Korean War veteran who spent the last years of his life on the street, as Cleveland explained in an essay titled \"I Was the Dumb Looking Guy with the Wire-Rimmed Glasses\".", "Sorkin and Cleveland continued their dispute in a public web forum at Mighty Big TV in which Sorkin explained that he gives his writers \"Story By\" credit on a rotating basis \"by way of a gratuity\" and that he had thrown out Cleveland's script and started from scratch.", "Sorkin eventually apologized to Cleveland.", "Cleveland and Sorkin also won the Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama at the 53rd Writer Guild of America Awards for \"In Excelsis Deo\".", "In 2001, after completing the second season of The West Wing, Sorkin suffered a drug relapse, and was arrested at Hollywood Burbank Airport for possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, and crack cocaine.", "He was ordered by a court to attend a drug diversion program.", "There was huge media interest but he did make a successful recovery.", "In 2002, Sorkin criticized NBC News anchor Tom Brokaw's television special about a day in the life of a president, \"The Bush White House: Inside the Real West Wing\", comparing it to the act of sending a valentine to President George W. Bush instead of real news reporting.", "The West Wing aired on the same network, and so at the request of NBC's Entertainment President Jeff Zucker, Sorkin apologized, but later said, \"there should be a difference between what NBC News does and what The West Wing TV series does.\"", "Sorkin wrote 87 screenplays for The West Wing, which is nearly every episode during the show's first four Emmy-winning seasons.", "Sorkin described his role in the creative process as \"not so much [that of] a showrunner or a producer.", "I'm really a writer.\"", "He admitted that this approach can have its drawbacks, saying \"Out of 88 [West Wing] episodes that I did we were on time and on budget never, not once.\"", "In 2003, at the end of the fourth season, Sorkin and fellow executive producer Thomas Schlamme left the show due to internal conflicts at Warner Bros. Television, causing John Wells to serve as showrunner.", "Sorkin never watched any episodes beyond his writing tenure apart from a minute of the fifth season's first episode, describing the experience as \"like watching somebody make out with my girlfriend.\"", "Sorkin later returned in the series finale for a cameo appearance as a member of President Bartlet's staff.", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip \n\nIn 2005, Sorkin returned to theatre; he revised his play A Few Good Men for a production at London's West End.", "The play opened at the Theatre Royal Haymarket in the fall of the same year and was directed by David Esbjornson, with Rob Lowe of The West Wing in the lead role.", "Sorkin told The Charlie Rose Show that he was developing a television series based on a late-night sketch comedy show similar to Saturday Night Live.", "In October 2005, a pilot script dubbed Studio 7 on the Sunset Strip, written by him and Schlamme as producer, started circulating in Hollywood and online.", "In that same month, NBC bought the rights from Warner Bros. Television to air the series on their network for a near-record license fee after a bidding war with CBS.", "The show's name was later changed to Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip.", "Sorkin described the show as having \"autobiographical elements\" to it and \"characters that are based on actual people\" but said that it departs from those beginnings to look at the backstage maneuverings at a late night sketch comedy show.", "On September 18, 2006, the pilot for Studio 60 aired on NBC, directed by Schlamme.", "The pilot was critically acclaimed and viewed by an audience of over 12 million, but the show experienced a significant drop in viewership mid-season.", "Even before the first episode aired, there was a large amount of thoughtful and scrupulous criticism in the press, as well as negative analysis from bloggers.", "In January 2007, Sorkin spoke out against the press for reporting heavily on the low ratings, and for using blogs and unemployed comedy writers as sources.", "After two months hiatus, Studio 60 resumed airing the last episodes of season one, which would be its only season.", "The Farnsworth Invention \nAs early as 2003, Sorkin was writing a spec script about inventor Philo Farnsworth; he was approached by producer Fred Zollo in the 1990s about adapting Elma Farnsworth's memoir into a biographical film.", "The following year, he completed the film screenplay, The Farnsworth Invention, which was acquired by New Line Cinema with Schlamme as director.", "The story is about the patent battle between Farnsworth and RCA tycoon David Sarnoff for the technology that allowed the first television transmissions in the United States.", "No additional details were released about the film.", "Shortly, Sorkin was contacted by Jocelyn Clarke of the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, requesting he write a play for them, a commission which he accepted.", "Sorkin decided to rewrite The Farnsworth Invention as a play.", "He delivered a first draft of the play to the Abbey Theatre in early 2005, and a production was planned for 2007 with La Jolla Playhouse deciding to stage a workshop production of the play in collaboration with the Abbey Theatre.", "In 2006, Abbey Theatre's new management quit involvement with The Farnsworth Invention.", "Despite this, La Jolla Playhouse carried on with Steven Spielberg serving as a producer.", "The production opened under La Jolla's signature Page To Stage program which allowed Sorkin and director Des McAnuff to develop the play from show-to-show according to audience reactions and feedback; the play ran from February 20, 2007 through March 25, 2007.", "A Broadway production followed soon after, beginning in previews, and opening on November 14, 2007; however, the play was delayed by the 2007 Broadway stagehand strike.", "The Farnsworth Invention eventually opened at the Music Box Theatre on December 3, 2007, and closed on March 2, 2008.", "2007–2015: Return to film and The Newsroom \n\nIn 2007, Sorkin was commissioned by Universal Pictures to adapt George Crile's non-fiction book Charlie Wilson's War for Tom Hanks' production company Playtone.", "The biographical comedy, Charlie Wilson's War, is about the colorful Texas congressman Charlie Wilson who funded the CIA's secret war against the former Soviet Union in Afghanistan.", "Directed by Mike Nichols, and written by Sorkin, the film was released in 2007 and starred Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts and Philip Seymour Hoffman.", "The film earned five nominations at the Golden Globes, including Best Screenplay for Sorkin.", "In August 2008, Sorkin announced that he had agreed to write a script for Sony Pictures and producer Scott Rudin about the beginnings of Facebook.", "David Fincher's The Social Network, based on Ben Mezrich's novel The Accidental Billionaires, was released on October 1, 2010.", "It was a critical and commercial success; Sorkin won an Academy Award, BAFTA and a Golden Globe for the screenplay.", "A year later, Sorkin received nominations in the same award categories for co-writing Moneyball.", "It is based on Michael Lewis's 2003 non-fiction book of the same name, an account of the Oakland Athletics baseball team's 2002 season and their general manager Billy Beane's attempts to assemble a competitive team.", "The film was directed by Bennett Miller, and starred Brad Pitt, Jonah Hill, and Philip Seymour Hoffman.", "Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called the script \"dynamite\", in which Sorkin's \"sharply witty touch is everywhere\".", "In 2011, Sorkin played himself on the series 30 Rock, episode \"Plan B\", where he did a \"walk and talk\" with Liz Lemon played by Tina Fey.", "While still working on the screenplay for The Social Network, Sorkin was contemplating a television drama about the behind-the-scenes events at a cable news program.", "Talks had been ongoing between Sorkin and HBO since 2010.", "To research the news industry, Sorkin observed the production crew at MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann, and quizzed Parker Spitzers staff.", "He also spent time shadowing Hardball with Chris Matthews, as well as other programs on Fox News and CNN.", "Sorkin told TV Guide that he intended to take a less cynical view of the media: \"They're going to be trying to do well in a context where it's very difficult to do well when there are commercial concerns and political concerns and corporate concerns.\"", "Sorkin decided that rather than have his characters react to fictional news events as on his earlier series, it would be set in the recent past and track real-world stories largely as they unfolded, to give a greater sense of realism.", "HBO ordered a pilot episode in January 2011 with the working title More as This Story Develops, with Scott Rudin serving as an executive producer.", "In September, HBO ordered a 10-episode series of The Newsroom with a premiere date of June 2012.", "A day after the second episode aired, HBO renewed the series for a second season.", "Sorkin said The Newsroom \"is meant to be an idealistic, romantic, swashbuckling, sometimes comedic but very optimistic, upward-looking look at a group of people who are often looked at cynically.", "The same as with The West Wing, where ordinarily in popular culture our leaders are portrayed either as Machiavellian or dumb; I wanted to do something different and show a highly competent group of people.\"", "The series concluded after its third season.", "In 2015, Danny Boyle's biographical drama Steve Jobs was released.", "The screenplay by Sorkin was based on Walter Isaacson's biography of Steve Jobs, and starred Michael Fassbender as Jobs, Kate Winslet as Joanna Hoffman, Jeff Daniels as John Sculley, and Seth Rogen as Steve Wozniak.", "Sorkin expressed hesitation for tackling the film, saying \"it was a little like writing about the Beatles—that there are so many people out there who know so much about him [Jobs] and who revere him that I just saw a minefield of disappointment.", "[...] Hopefully, when I'm done with my research, I'll be in the same ball park of knowledge about Steve Jobs\".", "He won a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay, although some journalists were surprised that he did not receive an Academy Award nomination in the same category.", "While the critic from South China Morning Post thought it was the best-written film of the year, Ashley Clark of Little White Lies magazine criticized the script for its \"overly verbose dialogue\".", "2016–present: Venture into directing\nIn February 2016, it was announced that Sorkin would adapt Harper Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird for the stage, and work alongside Bartlett Sher.", "His Broadway adaptation opened on December 13, 2018 to positive reviews at the Shubert Theatre.", "Next, Sorkin made his directorial debut with Molly's Game, an adaptation of entrepreneur Molly Bloom's memoir.", "He also wrote the script for it, which starred Jessica Chastain and Idris Elba.", "Production began in 2016 and the film was released in December 2017 to mostly positive reviews; Sorkin received his third Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay.", "On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, Molly's Game garnered an approval rating of 81% based on 297 reviews, with an average rating of 7.07/10.", "Sorkin told Vanity Fair in July 2020 that Steven Spielberg offered him a job in 2006 about \"a movie about the riots at the 1968 Chicago Democratic Convention and the trial that followed\".", "However, after meeting at Spielberg's home, Sorkin said, \"I left not knowing what the hell he was talking about.\"", "On July 12, 2007, Variety magazine reported that Sorkin had signed a deal with DreamWorks to write three scripts.", "The first was The Trial of the Chicago 7, which Sorkin was already developing with Spielberg, and Walter Parkes and Laurie MacDonald.", "In March 2010, Sorkin's agent, Ari Emanuel, had stated that the project was proving \"tough to get together\".", "In late July 2013, it was announced that Paul Greengrass would be directing, but Sorkin eventually both wrote and directed the film.", "Focusing on the Chicago Seven (and Bobby Seale), the film began a limited release on September 25, 2020, before streaming on Netflix.", "At the 78th Golden Globes, Sorkin won Best Screenplay, and was nominated for Best Director.", "In September 2015, Entertainment Weekly reported that Sorkin was writing a biopic that will focus on the twenty-year marriage of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, and their work on a comedy series, I Love Lucy.", "Cate Blanchett was originally to star as Ball.", "In 2017, Amazon Studios acquired the rights to the film.", "In January 2021, it was announced that Blanchett had been replaced by Nicole Kidman, and Javier Bardem had been cast as Desi Arnaz.", "Titled Being the Ricardos (2021), it was directed by Sorkin and received a limited release on December 10, 2021, followed by a wide release on Prime Video on December 21.", "Paul Byrnes of The Sydney Morning Herald praised the film's dialogue, while the critic from The Irish Times opined that the film lacked \"spark or insight\".", "Prospective projects\nIn March 2007, it was reported that Sorkin had signed on to write a musical adaptation of the hit 2002 record Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots by psychedelic-rock band The Flaming Lips, collaborating with director Des McAnuff who had been developing the project.", "In August 2008, McAnuff announced that Sorkin had been commissioned by the Stratford Shakespeare Festival to write an adaptation of Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard.", "In 2010, Sorkin reportedly obtained the film rights to Andrew Young's book The Politician (about Senator John Edwards), and announced that he would make his debut as a film director while adapting the book for the screen.", "In November 2010, it was reported that Sorkin will write a musical based on the life of Houdini, with music by Danny Elfman.", "In January 2012, Stephen Schwartz was reported to be writing the music and lyrics, with Sorkin making his debut as a librettist.", "The musical was expected for release in 2013–14; Sorkin said: \"The chance to collaborate with Stephen Schwartz [the director], Jack O'Brien, and Hugh Jackman on a new Broadway musical is a huge gift.\"", "In January 2013, he quit the project, citing film and television commitments.", "In March 2016, it was announced that Sorkin would adapt A Few Good Men for a live production on NBC, originally slated to air in 2017; , \"Sorkin is still mulling the project\".", "Writing process and style\nSorkin has written for the theater, film, and television, and in each medium his level of collaboration with other creators has varied.", "He began in theater, which involved a largely solitary writing process, then moved into film, where he collaborated with director Rob Reiner and screenwriter William Goldman, and eventually worked in television, where he collaborated very closely with director Thomas Schlamme for nearly a decade on the shows Sports Night, The West Wing and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip; he now moves between all three media.", "He has a habit of chain smoking while he spends countless hours cooped up in his office plotting out his next scripts.", "He describes his writing process as physical because he will often stand up and speak the dialogue he is developing.", "A New York Times article by Peter de Jonge explained that \"The West Wing is never plotted out for more than a few weeks ahead and has no major story lines\", which De Jonge believed was because \"with characters who have no flaws, it is impossible to give them significant arcs\".", "Sorkin has stated: \"I seldom plan ahead, not because I don't think it's good to plan ahead, there just isn't time.\"", "Sorkin has also said, \"As a writer, I don't like to answer questions until the very moment that I have to.\"", "The Seattle Post-Intelligencer's TV critic John Levesque has commented that Sorkin's writing process \"can make for ill-advised plot developments\".", "Further complicating the matter, in television, Sorkin will have a hand in writing every episode, rarely letting other writers earn full credit on a script.", "De Jonge reported that ex-writers of The West Wing have claimed that \"even by the spotlight-hogging standards of Hollywood, Sorkin has been exceptionally ungenerous in his sharing of writing credit\".", "In a comment to GQ magazine in 2008, Sorkin said, \"I'm helped by a staff of people who have great ideas, but the scripts aren't written by committee.\"", "Sorkin's long-term collaboration with Schlamme began in early 1998 when they found they shared common creative ground on the soon to be produced Sports Night.", "Their successful partnership in television is one in which Sorkin focuses on writing the scripts while Schlamme executive produces and occasionally directs; they have worked together on Sports Night, The West Wing, and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip.", "Schlamme will create the look of the shows, work with the other directors, discuss the scripts with Sorkin as soon as they are turned in, make design and casting decisions, and attend the budget meetings; Sorkin tends to stick strictly to writing.", "In response to what he perceived as unfair criticism of The Newsroom, Jacob Drum of Digital Americana wrote, \"The essential truth that the critics miss is that The Newsroom is Sorkin being Sorkin as he always has been and always will be: one part pioneer; one part self-conscious romantic; two parts actual Lewis & Clark-style pioneer, trapping his way across an old, old idea of an America that can always stand to raise its game—but most importantly, spinning a good yarn while he does so.\"", "Sorkin is known for writing memorable lines and fast-paced dialogue, such as \"You can't handle the truth!\"", "from A Few Good Men and the partly Latin tirade against God in The West Wing episode \"Two Cathedrals\".", "For television, one hallmark of Sorkin's writer's voice is the repartee that his characters engage in as they small talk and banter about whimsical events taking place within an episode, and interject obscure popular culture references into conversation.", "Although his scripts are lauded for being literate, Sorkin has been criticized for often turning in scripts that are overwrought.", "His mentor William Goldman has commented that normally in visual media speeches are avoided, but that Sorkin has a talent for dialogue and gets away with breaking this rule.", "In August 2016, Sorkin launched a screenwriting course on MasterClass.", "The course includes dialogue, character development, story pacing, plot, and his process of working.", "Students can watch videos, download workbooks, and share their observations and progress through discussion boards and social media groups.", "Personal life\n\nSorkin married Julia Bingham in 1996 and divorced in 2005, with his workaholic habits and drug abuse reported to be a partial cause.", "Sorkin and Bingham have one daughter, Roxy.", "He dated Kristin Chenoweth for several years, who played Annabeth Schott on The West Wing (after Sorkin had left the show).", "He has also reportedly dated columnist Maureen Dowd and actress Kristin Davis.", "In 2021, Sorkin and Paulina Porizkova dated for a few months.", "A consistent supporter of the Democratic Party, Sorkin has made substantial political campaign contributions to candidates between 1999 and 2011, according to CampaignMoney.com.", "During the 2004 US presidential election campaign, the liberal advocacy group MoveOn's political action committee enlisted Sorkin and Rob Reiner to create one of their anti-Bush campaign advertisements.", "In August 2008, Sorkin was involved in a Generation Obama event at the Fine Arts Theater in Beverly Hills, California, participating in a panel discussion subsequent to a screening of Frank Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.", "However, Sorkin does not consider himself a political activist: \"I've met political activists, and they're for real.", "I've never marched anyplace or done anything that takes more effort than writing a check in terms of activism\".", "In 2016, after President Donald Trump won the election, Sorkin wrote an open letter to his daughter Roxy and her mother Julia.", "In 1987, Sorkin started using marijuana and cocaine.", "He said cocaine gave him relief from certain nervous tensions that occur on a regular basis.", "In 1995, he sought rehabilitation at the Hazelden Institute in Minnesota, on the advice of Bingham to combat his addiction.", "In early 2001, Sorkin and his colleagues John Spencer and Martin Sheen received the Phoenix Rising Award for overcoming their drug abuse.", "However, on April 15, 2001, Sorkin was arrested when security guards at Hollywood Burbank Airport found that he was in possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, crack cocaine, and a metal crack pipe.", "He was court-ordered to a drug diversion program, while still working on The West Wing.", "In a commencement speech for Syracuse University on May 13, 2012, Sorkin said he has not used cocaine for eleven years.", "Filmography\n\nFilms\n\nTelevision\n\nPlays\n\nActing credits\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nSorkin has been recognized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for the following films:\n83rd Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, win, The Social Network (2010)\n84th Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, nomination, Moneyball (2011)\n90th Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, nomination, Molly's Game (2017)\n93rd Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay, nomination, The Trial of the Chicago 7 (2020)\n\nSorkin has been nominated for ten Golden Globe Awards, winning three for Best Screenplay for: The Social Network (2011), Steve Jobs (2015), and The Trial of the Chicago Seven (2020).", "He has also received five British Academy Film Awards nominations, winning one for The Social Network (2010).", "He has also received fourteen Writers Guild of America Award nominations winning twice for The West Wing, and The Social Network (2010).", "He has received seven Critics' Choice Movie Awards nominations winning consecutively for Best Screenplay for The Social Network and Moneyball.", "For his work on television Sorkin has received nine Primetime Emmy Award nominations winning four awards for Outstanding Drama Series for The West Wing in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003.", "He also won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for The West Wing episode: \"In Excelsis Deo\" in 2000.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Aaron Sorkin at Moviefone\n \n Blog Entries by Aaron Sorkin at HuffPost\n \n \n \n\n1961 births\n20th-century American male writers\n20th-century American screenwriters\n21st-century American male writers\n21st-century American screenwriters\nAmerican male dramatists and playwrights\nAmerican male film actors\nAmerican male screenwriters\nAmerican male television writers\nAmerican television writers\nBest Adapted Screenplay Academy Award winners\nBest Adapted Screenplay BAFTA Award winners\nBest Screenplay Golden Globe winners\nFilm directors from New York City\nJewish American writers\nLiving people\nPeople from Scarsdale, New York\nPrimetime Emmy Award winners\nScarsdale High School alumni\nScreenwriters from New York (state)\nScreenwriting instructors\nShowrunners\nSyracuse University alumni\nTelevision producers from New York City\nWriters Guild of America Award winners\nWriters from Manhattan\n21st-century American Jews" ]

[ "He is an American playwright, screenwriter, and film director.", "Sorkin was born in New York City and started writing MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE", "His works include the Broadway plays A Few Good Men, The Farnsworth Invention, and To Kill a Mockingbird, as well as the television series Sports Night (1998–2000), The West Wing, and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip.", "A Few Good Men, The American President, Charlie Wilson's War, Moneyball, and Steve Jobs are some of the films he wrote.", "He won an Academy Award and a Golden Globe Award for his work on The Social Network.", "The crime drama Molly's Game, which earned Sorkin a third Academy Award nomination for Best Adapted Screenplay, was his feature film debut as a director.", "The Trial of the Chicago 7 earned six Oscar nominations, including Sorkin's first nomination for Best Original Screenplay.", "As a writer, Sorkin is known for his fast-paced dialogue and extended monologues, as well as Thomas Schlamme's Storytelling technique called the \"walk and talk\".", "The sequence consists of single tracking shots of long duration involving multiple characters engaging in conversation as they move through the set; characters enter and exit the conversation as the shot continues without any cuts.", "Sorkin was raised in the New York suburb of Scarsdale after being born in Manhattan.", "His father was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Both of Bill's siblings went on to become lawyers.", "His paternal grandfather founded the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union.", "Sorkin had an interest in acting.", "He was taken to the theatre by his parents when he was a child.", "There was a championship season.", "Sorkin was involved in the drama and theatre club at the high school.", "He played General Bullmoose in the musical when he was in the eighth grade.", "He was vice president of the drama club at Scarsdale High in his junior and senior years.", "Sorkin attended Syracuse University.", "In his freshman year, he failed a class that was a core requirement and the drama department did not allow students to take the stage until they completed the core classes.", "He graduated with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in Musical Theatre after returning for his sophomore year.", "\"Arthur's reputation as a director was a big reason why a lot of us went to S.U.,\" Sorkin said.", "In September of my senior year, he told me that I had the capacity to be better than I was.", "He said it in May.", "He said it again on the last day of class, and I asked how.", "He told them to try to fail.", "I've been following his admonition ever since.", "In the 1980's, Sorkin was a struggling actor who worked odd jobs, such as delivering singing telegrams, driving a limousine, and touring Alabama with the children's theatre company Traveling Playhouse.", "While house-sitting for a friend, he found an IBM Selectric typewriter and started typing, feeling a kind of joy that he had never experienced before in his life.", "He sent his first play, Removing All Doubt, to his former theatre teacher, Arthur Storch, who was impressed.", "His alma mater, Syracuse University, staged Removing All Doubt in 1984.", "Hidden in This Picture was written off-Broadway at the West Bank Cafe in New York City in 1988.", "His first two plays earned him a theatrical agent.", "John A. McQuiggan commissioned Sorkin to turn the one-act into a full-length play called Making Movies after seeing the production of Hidden in This Picture.", "Sorkin was inspired to write his next play, a courtroom drama called A Few Good Men, from a phone conversation with his sister Deborah, who had graduated from Boston University Law School and signed up for a three-year stint with the U.S. Navy Judge Advocate General's Corps", "Sorkin was told by Deborah that she was going to defend a group of Marines who came close to killing a fellow Marine.", "While working as a bartender at the Palace Theatre, Sorkin wrote a lot of his story on cocktail napkins.", "He wrote many drafts for A Few Good Men after he and his roommates purchased a Macintosh 512K and he transcribed the story and notes onto the computer.", "In 1988, Sorkin sold the film rights for A Few Good Men to David Brown in a deal that was well into six figures.", "A Few Good Men, a one-act play by Sorkin, was having Off Broadway readings when Brown read about it in The New York Times.", "A Few Good Men was produced by Brown.", "It was directed by Don Scardino.", "It ran for over 500 performances after opening in 1989.", "The Off-Broadway premiere of Making Movies was directed by Don Scardino and produced by John A. McQuiggan.", "Brown tried to get TriStar Pictures to adapt A Few Good Men into a film, but his proposal was declined due to the lack of star actor involvement.", "Brown received a call from Alan Horn who was anxious to make the film.", "Rob Reiner is a partner in Castle Rock.", "In 1991, Sorkin worked for Castle Rock Entertainment, where he befriended colleagues William Goldman and Rob Reiner, and met his future wife Julia, who was one of Castle Rock's business affairs lawyers.", "rkin wrote several drafts of the script for A Few Good Men in his Manhattan apartment, learning the craft from a book about screenplay format", "He worked on the script at the Los Angeles offices of Castle Rock.", "William Goldman was his mentor and helped him adapt his stage play into a screenplay.", "Tom Cruise and Jack Nicholson were in the film, which was produced by Brown.", "A Few Good Men was a box office success and made $243 million.", "Sorkin developed the script for Malice after Goldman approached him with a story premise.", "Goldman oversaw the project while Sorkin wrote the first two drafts.", "Scott Frank wrote two drafts of the Malice script after he left the project to finish A Few Good Men.", "After A Few Good Men was finished, Sorkin started working on Malice again.", "Nicole Kidman and Alec Baldwin starred in a 1993 film directed by Harold Becker.", "Malice was described as \"iously entertaining from its start through its finish\" by The New York Times.", "It was given a 2 out of 4 stars by Roger Ebert and a 2 out of 4 stars by Peter Travers in a 2000 Rolling Stone review.", "The American President was written by Sorkin and William Goldman, who served as a creative consultant.", "It took Sorkin several years to write the script for The American President, which was reduced to a standard shooting script of around 120 pages.", "Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as \"genial and entertaining if not notably inspired\", and believed its most interesting aspects were the \"pipe dreams about the American political system and where it could theoretically be headed\".", "A Few Good Men, Malice and The American President made $400 million.", "Sorkin was a script doctor in the second half of the 1990s.", "In 1996's The Rock, he wrote a few jokes for Sean Connery and Nicolas Cage.", "Excess Baggage was a 1997 comedy about a girl who stages her own kidnapping to get her father's attention, and Enemy of the State was a re-writing of Will Smith's scenes.", "Sorkin collaborated with Warren Beatty on a script.", "The Ocean of Storms script that Sorkin was hired to rewrite was never made.", "At one point, Sorkin sued Beatty for proper compensation for his work on the Ocean of Storms script; once the matter was settled, he resumed working on the script.", "Sports Night Sorkin conceived of the idea to write about the behind-the-scenes of a sports show while residing at the Four Seasons Hotel in Los Angeles.", "He would work late with the television on and watching SportsCenter.", "The show inspired him to try to write a feature film about a sports show but he was unable to structure the story for film, so he turned his idea into a television comedy series.", "The ABC network aired Sports Night in 1998.", "The first season of Sorkin's show had a fight over the use of a laugh track and live studio audience.", "The laugh track was described as the most unconvincing laugh track you've ever heard by Joyce Millman of Salon magazine.", "Once you shoot in front of a live audience, you have no choice but to use the laugh track.", "Enhancing the laughs is the right thing to do.", "There are times when you need a crash.", "It makes me angry other times.", "The laugh track was removed by the end of the first season.", "In the second season, ABC agreed to Sorkin's demands, freeing the crew of the difficulties of staging a scene for a live audience and leaving the cast with more time to rehearse.", "Sports Night was canceled by ABC due to low ratings.", "Sorkin entertained offers to continue the show on other television channels, but declined all of them because they were dependent on his involvement and he was already working on The West Wing.", "The West Wing was conceived in 1997 when Sorkin went unprepared to a lunch with producer John Wells and pitched a series centered on the senior staff of the White House.", "While researching The American President, he told Wells about his visits to the White House, and they talked about public service and the passion of the people who serve.", "Due to the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal, Wells was told to wait and pitch the idea to NBC.", "There was a concern that people wouldn't take a series about the White House seriously.", "Other networks began showing interest in The West Wing a year later.", "The project was given the green-light by NBC.", "The pilot was produced by Warner Bros. Television.", "The West Wing won nine Primetime Emmy Awards for its debut season, making it the most awards won by a series in a single season.", "There was a disagreement about the acceptance speech for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series.", "The New York Times reported that Rick Cleveland was ushered off the stage byrkin before he could say a word.", "Cleveland's father was a Korean War veteran who spent the last years of his life on the street, as he explained in an essay titled \"I Was the Dumb Looking Guy with the Wire-rimed glasses\".", "In a public web forum, Sorkin explained that he gives his writers \"Story By\" credit on a rotating basis and that he had thrown out Cleveland's script and started from scratch.", "Sorkin apologized to Cleveland.", "The Writers Guild of America Award for Television: Episodic Drama was won by Cleveland and Sorkin.", "After completing the second season of The West Wing, Sorkin was arrested at Hollywood Burbank Airport for possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, and crack cocaine.", "A court ordered him to attend a drug diversion program.", "He made a successful recovery despite huge media interest.", "\"The Bush White House: Inside the Real West Wing\", an NBC News special about a day in the life of a president, was criticized by Sorkin.", "At the request of NBC's Entertainment President Jeff Zucker, The West Wing aired on the same network, and so Sorkin apologized, but later said there should be a difference between what NBC News does and what The West Wing TV series does.", "Almost every episode of the first four seasons of The West Wing was written by Sorkin.", "Sorkin said his role in the creative process was not that of a producer or a showrunner.", "I'm a writer.", "He said that out of 88 episodes of the West Wing, they were always on time and on budget.", "At the end of the fourth season, Sorkin and fellow executive producer Thomas Schlamme left the show due to internal conflicts at Warner Bros. Television.", "The experience of watching somebody make out with my girlfriend was what Sorkin described when he first watched the 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In the series finale, Sorkin reprised his role as a member of President Bartlet's staff.", "In 2005, Sorkin revised his play A Few Good Men for a production at London's West End.", "Rob Lowe of The West Wing was in the lead role of the play that opened at the Theatre Royal Haymarket.", "Sorkin told The Charlie Rose Show that he was working on a show that was similar to Saturday Night Live.", "In October 2005, a pilot script called Studio 7 on the Sunset Strip, written by him and Schlamme as producer, started circulating in Hollywood and online.", "NBC paid a near-record license fee for the rights to air the series after a bidding war with CBS.", "Studio 60 is on the Sunset Strip.", "Sorkin described the show as having \"autobiographical elements\" to it and \"characters that are based on actual people\" but said that it departs from those beginnings to look at the backstage maneuverings at a late night sketch comedy show.", "The pilot for Studio 60 aired on NBC.", "The pilot was watched by over 12 million people, but it experienced a drop in viewers in the second half of the season.", "There was a lot of thoughtful and scrupulous criticism in the press before the first episode aired.", "In January 2007, Sorkin spoke out against the press for using unemployed comedy writers as sources and reporting heavily on the low ratings.", "The last episodes of season one were aired after two months of hiatus.", "The producer Fred Zollo approached Sorkin in the 1990s about adapting Elma Farnsworth's memoir into a biographical film as he was writing a spec script about the inventor.", "The Farnsworth Invention was acquired by New Line Cinema with Schlamme as director.", "The technology that allowed the first television transmissions in the United States is at the center of the story.", "There was no further information released about the film.", "Sorkin accepted a commission from the Abbey Theatre in Dublin to write a play after they contacted him.", "Sorkin decided to make a play out of The Farnsworth Invention.", "He delivered a first draft of the play to the Abbey Theatre in 2005, and a production was planned for 2007, with La Jolla Playhouse deciding to stage a workshop production of the play in collaboration with the Abbey Theatre.", "Abbey Theatre's new management stopped working with The Farnsworth Invention.", "Steven Spielberg was a producer at La Jolla Playhouse.", "The production opened under La Jolla's signature Page To Stage program which allowed Sorkin and director Des McAnuff to develop the play from show-to-show according to audience reactions and feedback.", "The Broadway production began previews and opened on November 14, 2007, but was delayed by the Broadway stagehand strike.", "The Music Box Theatre opened The Farnsworth Invention on December 3, 2007, and closed on March 2, 2008.", "In 2007, Sorkin was commissioned by Universal Pictures to adapt George Crile's non-fiction book Charlie Wilson's War for Tom Hanks' production company Playtone.", "The biographical comedy, Charlie Wilson's War, is about the colorful Texas congressman who funded the CIA's secret war against the former Soviet Union in Afghanistan.", "The film was written by Sorkin and starred Tom Hanks, Julia Roberts and Philip Seymour Hoffman.", "The film received five nominations, including Best Screenplay for Sorkin.", "In August 2008, Sorkin announced that he had agreed to write a script for Sony Pictures and producer Scott Rudin about the beginnings of Facebook.", "The Social Network, based on Ben Mezrich's novel The Accidental Billionaires, was released on October 1, 2010.", "Sorkin won an Academy Award, a BAFTA and a Golden Globe for his work on the film.", "Sorkin was nominated for an award for co-writing Moneyball.", "It is based on Michael Lewis's 2003 non-fiction book of the same name, an account of the Oakland A's 2002 season and their general manager Billy Beane's attempts to assemble a competitive team.", "The film was directed by Bennett Miller.", "The script was called \"dynamite\", in which Sorkin's \"sharply witty touch is everywhere\".", "In the episode \"Plan B\" of 30 Rock, Sorkin did a walk and talk with Liz Lemon, who was played by Tina Fey.", "While working on The Social Network, Sorkin was thinking about a television drama about the behind-the-scenes events at a cable news program.", "The talks between Sorkin and HBO had been going on for a long time.", "To research the news industry, Sorkin observed the production crew at MSNBC's Countdown with Keith Olbermann.", "He shadowed Hardball with Chris Matthews, as well as other programs on Fox News and CNN.", "\"They're going to be trying to do well in a context where it's very difficult to do well when there are commercial concerns and political concerns,\" Sorkin told TV Guide.", "Rather than having his characters react to fictional news events as on his earlier series, Sorkin decided that it would be set in the recent past and track real-world stories as they unfolded to give a greater sense of realism.", "Scott Rudin is an executive producer on the pilot episode of More as This Story develops.", "The premiere of The Newsroom will take place in June of next year.", "After the second episode aired, the series was renewed for a second season.", "\"The Newsroom is meant to be an idealistic, romantic, swashbuckling, sometimes comedic but very optimistic, upward-looking look at a group of people who are often looked at cynically,\" Sorkin said.", "In popular culture our leaders are usually portrayed as dumb or Machiavellian, so I wanted to do something different and show a highly competent group of people.", "The series ended after three seasons.", "Steve Jobs was released in 2015.", "The movie was based on the biography of Steve Jobs by Walter Isaacson, and starred Michael Fassbender as Jobs, Kate Winslet as Joanna Hoffman, Jeff Daniels as John Sculley, and Seth Rogen as Steve Wozniak.", "It was like writing about the Beatles, Sorkin said, because there are so many people out there who know so much about Jobs.", "Hopefully, when I'm done with my research, I'll have the same amount of knowledge about Steve Jobs.", "Some journalists were surprised that he did not receive an Academy Award nomination in the same category as he won a Golden Globe Award for Best Screenplay.", "While the critic from South China Morning Post thought it was the best-written film of the year, the magazine's editor criticized the script for its \"overly verbose dialogue\".", "In February 2016 it was announced that Sorkin would adapt Lee's To Kill a Mockingbird for the stage, and that he would work alongside Sher.", "Positive reviews of his Broadway adaptation were received at the Shubert Theatre.", "Sorkin made his directorial debut with Molly's Game.", "He also wrote the script for the movie.", "The film was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Molly's Game received an approval rating of 81% and an average rating of 7.07 on the review aggregation site.", "In 2020, Sorkin told Vanity Fair that Steven Spielberg offered him a job in 2006 about a movie about the riots at the 1968 Chicago Democratic Convention and the trial that followed.", "After meeting at Spielberg's home, Sorkin said, \"I left not knowing what the hell he was talking about.\"", "According to Variety magazine, Sorkin had signed a deal with DreamWorks to write three scripts.", "The Trial of the Chicago 7, which Sorkin was already developing with Spielberg, was the first.", "Ari Emanuel, Sorkin's agent, stated in March 2010 that the project was proving difficult to get together.", "In July of last year, it was announced that Paul Greengrass would be directing, but Sorkin would be writing and directing the film.", "The limited release of the film began on September 25, 2020.", "Sorkin was nominated for Best Director at the Golden Globes.", "In September 2015, Entertainment Weekly reported that Sorkin was working on a film about the marriage of Lucy and Desi and their work on I Love Lucy.", "Blanchett was supposed to play Ball.", "The rights to the film were acquired by Amazon Studios.", "In January 2021, it was announced that Kidman and Bardem had been cast as Desi and Desi's wife.", "It was directed by Sorkin and received a limited release on December 10, 2021, followed by a wide release on December 21.", "The critic from The Irish Times said that the film lacked \"spark or insight\", while the critic from The Sydney Morning Herald praised the film's dialogue.", "In March 2007, it was reported that Sorkin had signed on to write a musical adaptation of the hit 2002 record Yoshimi Battles the Pink Robots by The Flaming Lips, collaborating with director Des McAnuff who had been developing the project.", "McAnuff announced in August 2008 that Sorkin had been commissioned to write an adaptation of Chekhov's The Cherry Orchard.", "In 2010, Sorkin obtained the film rights to Andrew Young's book The Politician, and announced that he would make his debut as a film director while adapting the book for the screen.", "In November 2010, it was reported that Sorkin will write a musical based on the life of Houdini, with music by Danny Elfman.", "Stephen Schwartz was reported to be writing the music and lyrics in January of 2012 withrkin making his debut as a librettist.", "The chance to work with Stephen Schwartz, Jack O'Brien, and Hugh Jackman on a new Broadway musical is a huge gift.", "He quit the project due to film and television commitments.", "In March 2016 it was announced that Sorkin would adapt A Few Good Men for a live production on NBC, but he is still considering the project.", "The writing process and style of Sorkin has changed over the years, and his level of collaboration with other creators has varied.", "He began in theater, which involved a largely solitary writing process, then moved into film, where he collaborated with director Rob Reiner and screenwriter William Goldman, and eventually worked in television, where he collaborated very closely with director Thomas Schlamme for nearly a decade on the shows Sports Night, The", "He spends a lot of time in his office scheming out his next script and has a habit of chain smoking.", "He describes his writing process as physical because he will often stand up and speak.", "According to a New York Times article, \"The West Wing is never plotted out for more than a few weeks ahead and has no major story lines\".", "\"I seldom plan ahead, not because I don't think it's good to plan ahead, there just isn't time,\" said Sorkin.", "Sorkin said, \"As a writer, I don't like to answer questions until the very moment that I have to.\"", "John Levesque commented that Sorkin's writing process can make for ill-advised plot developments.", "In television, Sorkin will have a hand in writing every episode, not letting other writers earn full credit on a script.", "The ex-writers of The West Wing have claimed that Sorkin has been overly generous in his sharing of writing credit.", "\"I'm helped by a staff of people who have great ideas, but the script aren't written by committee,\" Sorkin said in a 2008 interview.", "The long-term collaboration between Sorkin and Schlamme began in 1998 when they found common ground on the soon to be produced Sports Night.", "Their successful partnership in television is one in which Sorkin focuses on writing the script while Schlamme executive produces and occasionally directs; they have worked together on Sports Night, The West Wing, and Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip.", "Schlamme will create the look of the shows, work with the other directors, discuss the script with Sorkin as soon as they are turned in, make design and casting decisions, and attend the budget meetings; Sorkin tends to stick strictly to writing.", "Jacob Drum of Digital Americana wrote, \"The essential truth that the critics miss is that The Newsroom is Sorkin being Sorkin as he always has been and always will be: one part pioneer; one part self-conscious romantic.\"", "\"You can't handle the truth!\" is a line written by Sorkin.", "In The West Wing episode \"Two Cathedrals\" there is a Latin rant against God.", "For television, one hallmark of Sorkin's writer's voice is the repartee that his characters engage in as they small talk and banter about quirky events taking place within an episode.", "Although his script is praised for being literate, Sorkin has been criticized for turning in scripts that are overwrought.", "William Goldman commented that normally in visual media speeches are avoided, but that Sorkin has a talent for dialogue and gets away with it.", "In August of 2016 Sorkin launched a screenwriting course.", "Dialogue, character development, story pacing, plot, and his process of working are included in the course.", "Through discussion boards and social media groups, students can share their observations and progress.", "The personal life of Sorkin has been reported to be a partial cause of his divorce from Julia Bingham in 2005.", "Sorkin and Bingham have a daughter.", "After Sorkin left The West Wing, he dated the actress who played Annabeth Schott.", "He has dated several people, including a columnist and an actress.", "Sorkin and Paulina were together for a few months.", "According to CampaignMoney.com, Sorkin made substantial political campaign contributions to candidates between 1999 and 2011.", "During the 2004 US presidential election campaign, the liberal advocacy group MoveOn's political action committee enlisted Sorkin and Rob Reiner to create one of their anti-Bush campaign advertisements.", "In August 2008, Sorkin was involved in a Generation Obama event at the Fine Arts Theater in Beverly Hills, California, participating in a panel discussion after a screening of Mr. Smith Goes to Washington.", "Sorkin doesn't consider himself a political activist: \"I've met political activists, and they're for real.\"", "I've never done anything that takes more effort than writing a check.", "After Donald Trump won the election, Sorkin wrote an open letter to his daughter and mother.", "Marijuana and cocaine were used by Sorkin in 1987.", "He said cocaine gave him a sense of calm.", "He sought treatment at the Hazelden Institute in Minnesota in 1995 because of his addiction.", "The Phoenix Rising Award was given to Sorkin and his colleagues in 2001 for overcoming their drug abuse.", "On April 15, 2001, security guards at Hollywood Burbank Airport found Sorkin in possession of hallucinogenic mushrooms, marijuana, crack cocaine, and a metal crack pipe.", "While still working on The West Wing, he was ordered to go to a drug diversion program.", "Sorkin said in a speech at Syracuse University that he has not used cocaine in eleven years.", "83rd Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, win, The Social Network, 84th Academy Awards: Best Adapted Screenplay, nomination, Moneyball", "He won a British Academy Film Awards nomination for The Social Network.", "He received two Writers Guild of America Award nominations for The West Wing and The Social Network.", "Moneyball and The Social Network were both nominated for Best Screenplay at the Critics' Choice Movie Awards.", "For his work on television, Sorkin has received nine Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning four for Outstanding Drama Series for The West Wing in 2000, 2001, 2002, and 2003", "In 2000, he won an award for Outstanding Writing for a Drama Series for The West Wing.", "20th-century American male writers 20th-century American screenwriters 21st-century American male dramatists and playwrights" ]

[ "Aaron Benjamin Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Aaron Sorkin", "Aaron Sorkin" ]

[ "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin", "Sorkin" ]

[ "Thomas Stephens (c. 1549–1619) was an English Jesuit priest and missionary in Portuguese India, writer and linguist (focusing on Marathi and Konkani).", "Father Thomas Stephens, educated at Oxford, was one of the earliest Western Christian missionaries to India.", "He, along with Roberto Nobili, helped in converting the top class of Indian Society by adopting local practices and writing books in local languages, to appeal to the local people.", "He is famous for having written the Krista Purana (Story of Christ).", "Early years and studies \nThe son of a merchant, Stephens was born in Bushton, Wiltshire, England, and studied at Oxford before becoming a Catholic.", "He went to Rome where he entered the Society of Jesus in 1575.", "He did philosophical studies at the Collegio Romano before departing for Lisbon, en route for Goa which he reached on 24 October 1579, probably the first Englishman to set foot on Indian soil.", "This is, however, disputed by G. Schurhammer and others.", "After a few months of theological studies he was ordained to the priesthood in 1580.", "He learned to read and write in Konkani and Marathi.", "In Goa \nHe was the Jesuit Superior of Salcete from 1590 to 1596.", "Except for a year in Vasai (Bassein), a Portuguese holding north of Bombay (Mumbai), he spent all his pastoral years in Salcete, being parish priest in Margão, Benaulim, Marmugão, Navelim and several other places.", "He died in Salcete in 1619.", "It is very likely that Roberto de Nobili, SJ, met Thomas Stephens upon landing in Goa, and before proceeding to the Madurai Mission.", "Falcão has shown that there are terms common to both these pioneers of inculturation, e.g.", "jnana-snana (bath of knowledge or enlightenment), a term which Stephens used for baptism and which de Nobili seems to have borrowed; the term is still current in Tamil Christian usage.", "Stephens died in Salcete, Goa, aged about 70.", "Variations in the name \nThere are many variations of Thomas Stephens' name.", "Cunha Rivara notes that the Bibliotheca Lusitana \"clearly but erroneously calls him Esteves.\"", "J.L.", "Saldanha observes: “Among his clerical brethren he was known as Padre Estevam, and the laity seem to have improved upon the appellation and turned it into Padre Busten, Buston, and the grand and high-sounding de Bubston.” Saldanha also notes that Monier-Williams renders the name ‘Thomas Stevens,’ while also pointing out that Dodd’s Church History speaks of Stephen de Buston or Bubston.", "Mariano Saldanha instead gives the name as ‘Tomás Estêvão.’ The Catholic Encyclopedia (see External Links below) itself seems to have two entries for the same person: Thomas Stephens and Thomas Stephen Buston.", "These variations, together with variations in the titles of the Khristapurana, add to the difficulty of tracing print editions and manuscript copies of the latter.", "Achievements\n\nIn English \nBefore the end of the century he was already known in England thanks to a letter written to his father, and published in the 2nd volume of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations (in 1599) in which he gives a description of Portuguese India and its languages.", "In Konkani \nStephens is remembered above all for his contribution to the Konkani in the Roman script.", "His Arte da lingoa Canarim, written in Portuguese, was the first printed grammar of what is now called the Konkani language.", "It was published in 1640, as enlarged by Diogo Ribeiro, SJ, and four other Jesuits, and became the first ever printed Indian Language grammar.", "The published work bore the title Arte da lingoa Canarim composta pelo Padre Thomaz Estevão da Companhia de IESUS & acrecentada pello Padre Diogo Ribeiro da mesma Cõpanhia e nouemente reuista & emendada por outros quarto Padres da mesma Companhia.", "1640.", "A second edition was produced by J.H.", "da Cunha Rivara, and published under the title: Grammatica da Lingua Concani composta pelo Padre Thomaz Estevão e accrescentada por outros Padres da Companhia de Jesus.", "Segunda Impressão, correcta e annotada, a que precede como introducção A Memoria sobre a Distribução Geographica das Principaes Linguas da India por Sir Erskine Perry, e o Ensaio historico da lingua Concani pelo Editor.", "Ed.", "J.H.", "da Cunha Rivara.", "Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional.", "1857.", "The language, called Canarim or Bramana-Canarim in Stephens' time, was, by the time of Cunha Rivara, known as Konkani.", "Recently a facsimile print of the 1640 edition was published in Goa.", "Stephens also prepared a catechism in the same language, as per the instruction of the Council of Trent.", "The Doutrina Christam em Lingoa Bramana Canarim (translation: Christian Doctrine in the Canarese Brahman Language) incorporates also a collection of Christian prayers in Konkani.", "It is the first Konkani Book to be published and has the distinction of being the second book published in an Indian language behind a book of similar kind in Tamil published from Old Goa.", "Thomas Stephens devised many orthographic conventions used in Romi Konkani, like the doubling of consonants to represent retroflex sounds.", "In Marathi\n\nThe Christian Purana or the Khristapurana \nMore than technical language books, what earned him the title of Father of Christian Literature in India is his Krista Purana, an epic poem on the life of Jesus Christ written in a mix of Marathi and Konkani.", "Adopting the literary form of the Hindu puranas it retells the entire story of mankind, from the creation days to the time of Jesus in lyrical verse form.", "The Christian Puranas – 11,000 stanzas of 4 verses – were very popular in the churches of the area where they were sung on special occasions up to the 1930s.", "Although no copy of the original edition is extant it is believed to have been written or published in 1616.", "The Khristapurana of Thomas Stephens was printed thrice in Goa, in 1616, 1649, and 1654, but no copies have been found.", "The fourth printing was that of Joseph L. Saldanha in Mangalore (1907); this was a collation of at least 5 manuscripts, one of them in Devanagari script, together with a substantial life sketch and introduction.", "The fifth edition was by Prof. Shantaram Bandelu of Ahmednagar; this was the first printed edition in the Devanagari script, but was a transliteration of the Saldanha text.", "In 1923, however, Justin E. Abbott discovered two Devanagari manuscripts (parts 1 and 2) of the Khristapurana in the Marsden Collection of the School of Oriental Studies, London.", "Bandelu acknowledges this discovery in his introduction, but argues, against Abbot, that the Roman script was the original.", "He was not able, however, to make proper use of the manuscripts in his text.", "This job fell to Caridade Drago, SJ; but here also it would seem that Drago merely followed the Bandelu text, contenting himself with providing an extensive appendix in which he compares the variations between the Roman and the Devanagari script texts.", "In 2009 Nelson Falcao published the seventh edition of the Khristapurana, providing for the first time the Marsden version in Devanagari script, together with a prose translation into contemporary Marathi.", "An English translation with transliteration of the Marsden version into Roman script was published in 2012.", "Paixão de Cristo \nS.M.", "Tadkodkar has attributed two of the three Passion poems found in the Goa Central Library MS of the Khristapurana to Thomas Stephens.", "Recognition \nThe Thomas Stephens Konknni Kendr (Thomas Stephens Konkani Centre), run by the Society of Jesus, is an institute dedicated to the study and propagation of the Konkani Language; it was founded in 1989 and located in Goa.", "It was named after Father Thomas Stephens in gratitude for his contribution to the Konkani language.", "It possesses two manuscripts of the Khristapurana, one of which seems to have belonged to a certain M.G.", "Saldanha, and may have been one of the copies used by J.L.", "Saldanha while preparing his monumental 1907 edition (he speaks of a Marian Saldanha, whom he describes as an enthusiast of Puranic literature).", "Whether this M.G.", "Saldanha is the same as the well-known Goan professor and scholar Mariano Saldanha, is yet to be established.", "The Father Thomas Stephens Academy was established in 1995 in Vasai (Bassein) by Andrew J Colaco.", "The Father Stephens Academy educational trust was founded on 31 December 1994 in the village of Giriz, Taluka Vasai (Bassein), Palghar District.", "Mr. Andrew Joseph Colaco is the founder and chairman of the trust.", "The trust runs an English medium school from kindergarten to S.S.C.", "class [secondary].", "The school building was blessed by the Bishop of Vasai, Thomas Dabre on 4 January 1998.", "The address of the school is: Father Stephens Academy school, Giriz Vasai, District-Palghar, Maharashtra pin 401201; email: [email protected] .", "The story of Thomas Stephens is included in the book The First Firangis by Jonathan Gil Harris.", "See also\nGoan Inquisition\nList of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography \nRam Chandra Prasad: Early English Travellers in India, Delhi, Motilal Banarasi Dass, 1965, 392pp.", "External links \n ; \n \n Thomas Stephens, SJ (1549–1619), an updated bibliography\nMap of Academy\n\n1540s births\n1619 deaths\nPeople from Wiltshire\nIndian Jesuits\nLinguists from England\nKonkani\nChristianity in Goa\n17th-century Roman Catholic priests\nPortuguese India\nPortuguese Roman Catholic missionaries\n16th-century English Jesuits\n17th-century English Jesuits\nRoman Catholic missionaries in India\nJesuit missionaries\nMissionary linguists" ]

[ "A Jesuit priest and missionary in Portuguese India, Thomas Stephens was a writer and linguist.", "One of the earliest Western Christian missionaries to India was Father Thomas Stephens.", "He helped in converting the top class of Indian Society by adopting local practices and writing books in local languages to appeal to the local people.", "The Krista Purana was written by him.", "The son of a merchant, he studied at Oxford before becoming a catholic.", "He entered the Society of Jesus in Rome in 1575.", "It is thought that he was the first Englishman to set foot in India when he reached Goa on 24 October 1579.", "This is disputed by G. Schurhammer.", "He became a priest in 1580.", "He was able to read and write in Konkani.", "He was the Jesuit Superior of Salcete from 1590 to 1596.", "He was the parish priest in Margo, Benaulim, Marmugo, Navelim and several other places, except for a year in Vasai, a Portuguese holding north of Bombay (Mumbai).", "He died in 1619.", "It is most likely that Roberto de Nobili met Thomas Stephens before going to the Madurai Mission.", "Falco has shown that there are terms common to both of these pioneers of inculturation.", "The term \"bath of knowledge or enlightenment\", which de Nobili seems to have borrowed from, is still used in Tamil Christian usage.", "The man died in India at the age of 70.", "There are many variations of Thomas Stephens' name.", "The Bibliotheca Lusitana calls him Esteves.", "J.L.", "Among his clerical brethren he was known as Padre Estevam, and the laity seem to have improved upon the appellation and turned it into Padre Busten, Buston, and the grand and high-sounding de Bubston.", "The Catholic Encyclopedia seems to have two entries for the same person: Thomas Stephen Buston and Toms Estvo.", "The titles of the Khristapurana add to the difficulty of tracing print editions and manuscript copies.", "He was known in England before the end of the century thanks to a letter written to his father, which was published in the 2nd volume of Richard Hakluyt's Principal navigations.", "The Konkani is remembered for his contribution to the Roman script.", "The first printed version of the Konkani language was written in Portuguese.", "The first ever printed Indian Language grammar was published in 1640, as enlarged by Diogo Ribeiro, SJ, and four other Jesuits.", "The title of the published work was \"Arte da lingoa Canarim composta pelo Padre Estevo da Companhia de IESUS\".", "1640", "J.H. produced a second edition.", "The Grammatica da Lingua Concani was published under the title: por outros Padres da Companhia de Jesus.", "O Ensaio historico da lingua Concani p precede A Memoria about a Distribuo Geographica das Principaes Linguas da India.", "Ed.", "J.H.", "The name is da Cunha Rivara.", "Nova Goa: Imprensa Nacional.", "There was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a time when there was a", "By the time of Cunha Rivara, known as Konkani, the language was called Canarim.", "A facsimile print of the 1640 edition was published.", "The Council of Trent instructed Stephens to prepare a catechism in the same language.", "A collection of Christian prayers in Konkani is included in the Doutrina Christam em Lingoa.", "The Konkani Book is the first of its kind to be published in India and the second book to be published in Tamil.", "There are many orthographic conventions used in Romi Konkani.", "He earned the title of Father of Christian Literature in India because of his Krista Purana, an epic poem on the life of Jesus Christ written in a mix of Marathi and Konkani.", "The Hindu puranas retells the entire story of mankind from the creation days to the time of Jesus in verse form.", "Up to the 1930s, the Christian Puranas were very popular in the churches of the area where they were sung.", "The original edition is believed to have been published in 1616.", "In 1616, 1649, and 1654 the Khristapurana was printed three times, but no copies have been found.", "At least 5 manuscripts, one of them in Devanagari script, together with a life sketch and introduction, were included in the fourth printing of Joseph L. Saldanha.", "The first printed edition in the Devanagari script was a transliteration of the Saldanha text.", "The Khristapurana manuscripts were discovered in the Marsden Collection of the School of Oriental Studies, London.", "Bandelu acknowledges the discovery in his introduction, but disagrees with Abbot that the Roman script was the original.", "Proper use of the manuscripts in his text was not possible.", "It would seem that Caridade Drago merely followed the Bandelu text, providing an extensive appendix in which he compares the variations between the Roman and Devanagari script texts.", "The seventh edition of the Khristapurana was published in 2009, providing for the first time the Marsden version in Devanagari script.", "In 2012 an English translation of the Marsden version was published.", "S.M. is called Paixo de Cristo.", "Two of the three Passion poems found in the Khristapurana have been attributed to Thomas Stephens.", "The Thomas Stephens Konkani Centre, run by the Society of Jesus, was founded in 1989 and is dedicated to the study and propagation of the Konkani Language.", "Father Thomas Stephens was thanked for his contribution to the Konkani language.", "One of the manuscripts seems to have belonged to a certain M.G.", "One of the copies may have been used by J.L.", "While preparing his monumental 1907 edition, he spoke of Marian Saldanha, whom he describes as an enthusiast of Puranic literature.", "This is the M.G.", "The well-known Goan professor and scholar Mariano Saldanha is yet to be established.", "The Father Thomas Stephens Academy was founded in 1995 by Andrew J Colaco.", "The academy was founded on December 31, 1994 in the village of Giriz, Taluka Vasai (Bassein).", "The founder and chairman of the trust is Mr. Andrew Joseph Colaco.", "The English medium school is run by the trust.", "The secondary class.", "The school building was blessed by the Bishop of Vasai.", "Email:[email protected] is the address of the school.", "The First Firangis is a book written by Jonathan Gil Harris.", "There is a list of topics on the Portuguese Empire in the East.", "The Map of Academy 1540s births 1619 deaths is an updated bibliography." ]

[ "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stevens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephen", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Dabre", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens" ]

[ "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephen", "Stephens", "Thomas Stephens", "Thomas Stephens" ]

[ "James Bacque (19 May 1929 – 13 September 2019) was a Canadian writer, publisher, and book editor.", "He was born in Toronto, Ontario.", "Early life\nBacque was educated at Upper Canada College in Toronto and then the University of Toronto, where he studied history and philosophy, graduating in 1952 with a Bachelor of Arts degree.", "He was a member of Seaton's House, one of the school's boarding houses.", "Fiction writing\nBacque was a mainstream fiction writer and essayist before turning his attention, in 1989, to the fate of German soldiers held as POWs by the Allies after World War II.", "His recent works include Dear Enemy (2000), with Richard Matthias Mueller, essays on Germany Then and Now.", "Bacque had just completed a comic drama for the stage entitled Conrad, about a media mogul in prison, which was scheduled for production on 2 October 2009 at the George Ignatieff Theatre in Toronto.", "Bacque's latest book, Putting On Conrad, about the experiences of producers trying to put on his play in the face of libel chill, is an amusing satire on Canada's literary establishment.", "Other Losses\n\nIn Other Losses (1989), Bacque claimed that Allied Supreme Commander Dwight Eisenhower's policies caused the death of 790,000 German captives in internment camps through disease, starvation and cold from 1944 to 1949.", "In similar French camps some 250,000 more are said to have perished.", "The International Committee of the Red Cross was refused entry to the camps, Switzerland was deprived of its status as \"protecting power\" and POWs were reclassified as \"Disarmed Enemy Forces\" to circumvent recognition under the Geneva Convention.", "Bacque argued that this alleged mass murder was a direct result of the policies of the western Allies, who, with the Soviets, ruled as the Military Occupation Government over partitioned Germany from May 1945 until 1949.", "He laid the blame on Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower, saying Germans were kept on starvation rations even though there was enough food in the world to avert the lethal shortage in Germany in 1945–1946.", "Academic criticism\n\nAcademic reviewers question three major aspects of Bacque's work: his claims that there was no post-war food shortage in other European countries; Bacque's estimate of the number of German deaths; and the allegation that Eisenhower was deliberately vindictive.", "Bacque's critics note many of the German soldiers were sick and wounded at the time of their surrender, and say his work does not place the plight of the German prisoners within the context of the grim situation in Western Europe in 1945 and 1946.", "Writing in the Canadian Historical Review, David Stafford called the book \"a classic example of a worthwhile investigation marred by polemic and overstatement.\"", "R.J. Rummell, a scholar of 20th-century atrocities, has written that \"Bacque misread, misinterpreted, or ignored the relevant documents and that his mortality statistics are simply impossible.\"", "More recently, writing in the Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment, S. P. MacKenzie states, \"That German prisoners were treated very badly in the months immediately after the war […] is beyond dispute.", "All in all, however, Bacque's thesis and mortality figures cannot be taken as accurate\".", "Eisenhower biographer Stephen Ambrose, who helped edit Other Losses, wrote \"I quarrel with many of your interpretations, [but] I am not arguing with the basic truth of your discovery\" and acknowledged that Bacque had made a \"major historical discovery\", in the sense that very little attention had hitherto been paid to the treatment of German POWs in Allied hands.", "He acknowledged he did not now support Bacque's conclusions, but said at the American Military Institute's Annual Meeting in March 1990:\n\nHowever, in a 1991 New York Times book review, Ambrose claimed:\n\nA book-length disputation of Bacque's work, entitled Eisenhower and the German POWs, appeared in 1992, featuring essays by British, American, and German historians.", "Despite the criticisms of Bacque's methodology, Stephen Ambrose and Brian Loring Villa, the authors of the chapter on German POW deaths, conceded the Allies were motivated in their treatment of captured Germans by disgust and revenge for German atrocities.", "They did, however, argue Bacque's casualty figures are far too high, and that policy was set by Allied politicians, not by Eisenhower.", "Stephen Ambrose said, \"we as Americans can't duck the fact that terrible things happened.", "And they happened at the end of a war we fought for decency and freedom, and they are not excusable.\"", "Jonathan Osmond, writing in the Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs, said:\n\nOsmond also called the book \"emotive and journalistic\".", "One of the historians in support of Bacque was Colonel Ernest F. Fisher, 101st Airborne Division, who in 1945 took part in investigations into allegations of misconduct by U.S. troops in Germany and later became a Senior Historian with the United States Army.", "In the foreword to the book he states:\n\nCrimes and Mercies\nIn a subsequent book, Crimes And Mercies (1997), Bacque claimed that Allied policies led to the premature deaths of 5.7 million civilians among the indigenous population of East and West Germany (in excess of recorded mortality) between censuses in October 1946 and September 1950, 2.5 million ethnic German refugees from Eastern Europe and 1.1 million German P.O.W.s due to Allied starvation and expulsion policies in the five years following World War II.", "The book also details the charity work conducted by the Allies, primarily Canada and the United States, crediting it with saving or improving the lives of up to 500 million people around the world in the post war period.", "This work was led by Herbert Hoover at the behest of President Truman, and by the Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, together with Norman Robertson and Mitchell Sharp.", "This was the largest relief program ever organized, and expressed the ideals of many of the allied combatants.", "Bacque's figures for prisoners of war and expellees are in excess of those accepted by historians, and his claim of 5.7 million unrecorded civilian deaths in East and West Germany between 1946 and 1950 censuses has no correspondence at all in historical literature.", "A review of \"Crimes and Mercies\" by German historian Bernd Greiner considers the aforementioned 5.7 million claim to have no substance, contextualizes Bacque's book with attempts of the extreme right to gain mainstream acceptance, and expresses surprise at historians' passivity in the face of such tendencies (\"Es ist mehr als erstaunlich, wie Wolfgang Wippermann unlängst zu Recht anmerkte, daß die seriösen Fachhistoriker diesem Treiben noch immer ungerührt zusehen.\").", "A panel of scholars gathered at the annual German Studies Association meeting in Salt Lake City in October 1999 and found the charges of \"Crimes and Mercies\" even more extravagant than those proffered in \"Other Losses\".", "The panel's papers were never published, however, since the participants thought that the business of refuting Bacque's claims again and again and in detail gives more credence to his wild conspiracy history, and trying to revive the debate was yet another attempt by him to gain acceptability in the scholarly community.", "According to the German Federal Archives in 1956, more than 2 million refugees/expellees from the eastern territories of the former German Reich in its 1937 borders and from ethnic German minorities outside Germany's 1937 borders perished during and after the war.", "However, this order of magnitude is under considerable dispute by historians.", "Bibliography: books and selected articles\n\nFiction\nThe Lonely Ones (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1969) London: Macmillan, 1970.", "First paperback edition published under the title: Big Lonely (Toronto: new press, 1971).", "Second paperback edition, #148 in the New Canadian Library series; foreword by D.M.R.", "Bentley.", "Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1978.", "A Man of Talent (Toronto, new press, 1972).", "Fiction.", "The Queen Comes to Minnicog (Toronto: Gage, 1979).", "177 p. Short stories.", "Our Fathers' War; A Novel (Toronto: Exile Editions, 2006).", "628 pp.", "A novel of World War II.", "Contributions to books\nKroetsch, Robert, James Bacque, and Pierre Gravel, creation.", "Toronto: new press, 1970.", "CONTENTS (James Bacque contributions): \"The High Snow,\" pp.", "67–72; \"A small Film,\" 73–80; \"Sun and Earth for a Dollar,\" 81–88; \"the truth shall make you weird ,\" 88–97; \"On the morning of the death of Colonel Alexander Ramsay, O.B.E.,\" 98–114; \"The Nancy Poems,\" 115–119; \"A Conversation with Milton Wilson,\" 120–146.", "Litteljohn, Bruce M., and Jon Pearce.", "1973.", "Marked by the Wild; An Anthology of Literature shaped by the Canadian Wilderness.", "[Toronto]: McClelland and Stewart, 1973.", "Includes excerpt from James Bacque's The Lonely Ones on pp.", "144–147.", "Bailey, Don, and Daile Unruh.", "1991.", "Great Canadian Murder and Mystery Stories.", "Kingston, Ont: Quarry Press, 1991.", "Includes James Bacque's \"Desire and Knowledge in Key West,\" pp.", "150–158.", "Kick, Russell.", "2003.", "Abuse your Illusions: The Disinformation Guide to Media Mirages and Establishment Lies.", "New York: Disinformation Co., 2003.", "Includes James Bacque's \"A Truth so Terrible: Atrocities against German POWs and civilians during and after WWII,\" on pp.", "261–267.", "History: books and selected articles\n\nJames Bacque, \"The Last Dirty Secret of World War Two,\" Saturday Night, v. 204, no.", "9, whole no.", "3714 (September 1989) 31–38.", "For related stories, (Sept. 1989) issue, see John Fraser, \"Diary: Slow Death Camps,\" pp.", "13–14; also John Gault, \"A Story he [Bacque] didn't Want to Know,\" pp.", "43–46.", "For the response of readers and former POWs to these allegations, see also \"Eisenhower's Death Camps: Our Readers Kick up a Fuss (cover title),\" v. 104, no.", "12, whole no.", "3717 (Dec. 1989) entitled \"Other Losses: Letters,\" pp.", "7–13.", "Other Losses; An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners at the Hands of the French and Americans after World War II (Toronto: Stoddart, 1989; London: MacDonald, 1989).", "Futura paperback (London: MacDonald, 1991); General Paperjack (Don Mills: General, 1991).", "Just Raoul; Adventures in the French Resistance (Toronto: Stoddart, 1990).", "Also Just Raoul; The Private War Against the Nazis of Raoul Laporterie, Who Saved Over 1,600 Lives in France (Rocklin, CA: Prima, 1992).", "Der geplante Tod; Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in amerikanischen und französischen Lagern 1945–1946.", "Aus dem Kanadischen übertragen von Sophie und Erwin Duncker Berlin: Ullstein, 1989.", "Translation of Other Losses.", "Expanded and revised paperback edition (9th printing), Berlin: Ullstein, 2002.", "Other Losses; The Shocking Truth behind the Mass Deaths of Disarmed German Soldiers and Civilians under General Eisenhower's Command (Rocklin, CA: Prima, 1992).", "On cover: Foreword by Dr. Ernest F. Fisher, Jr. Col. A.U.S.", "(Ret.", "), formerly a Senior Historian, U.S. Army.", "Verschwiegene Schuld: die alliierte Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland nach 1945.", "Vorwort von Alfred de Zayas.", "Übersetzung aus dem Englischen: Hans-Ulrich Seebohm.", "Frankfurt am Main: Ullstein, 1995.", "Translation of: Crimes and Mercies.", "The first edition of Crimes and Mercies; the original English version was published two years later.", "Crimes and Mercies; the Fate of German Civilians Under Allied Occupation, 1944–1950 (Boston: Toronto; Little, Brown, 1997).", "Also published as paperback: London: Little Brown, 1997; London: Warner, 1998, reprinted 1999; Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2007.", "Other Losses; An Investigation into the Mass Deaths of German Prisoners at the Hands of the French and Americans after World War II.", "2. rev.", "edition.", "Bolton, ON: Fenn, 1999.", "Includes \"Foreword\" by Col. Ernest F. Fisher, xix–xxi; also \"Introduction to the second revised edition,\" by James Bacque, xxiii–lxx.", "Projected new edition: Vancouver: Talonbooks, 2011.", "James Bacque and Richard Matthias Müller, Dear Enemy; Germany Then and Now (Bolton, ON: Fenn, 2000).", "The published correspondence of James Bacque of Canada and Richard Matthias Müller of Germany.", "Verschwiegene Schuld; Die alliierte Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland nach 1945.", "Vorwort von Alfred de Zayas.", "Überseztung aus dem Englischen: Hans-Ulrich Seebohm.", "Selent: Pour le Mérite, 2002.", "Translation of: Crimes and Mercies.", "Der geplante Tod; Deutsche Kriegsgefangene in amerikanischen und französischen Lagern, 1945–1946.", "Aus der englischen Sprache übersetzt von Sophie und Erwin Dunker, Anette [i.e., Annette] Roser.", "Selent: Pour le Mérite, 2008.", "Translation of: Other Losses.", "See also\n Morgenthau plan\n Rheinwiesenlager\n Germany Must Perish!", "Bad Nenndorf, UK newspaper reports 2005, 2006\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n W. H. New, ed.", "Encyclopedia of Literature in Canada.", "Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2002.", "Further reading\n \"Other Losses\" in The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd Edition.", "Jonathan Vance, ed.", "(Millerton, NY: Grey House Publishing, 2006), 294–295.", "Gunter Bischof and Stephen Ambrose, eds., Eisenhower and the German POWs (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1992).", "S.P.", "MacKenzie, \"Essay and Reflection: On the Other Losses Debate,\" International History Review 14 (1992): 661–680.", "External links\n James Bacque official site\n New York Times Book Review of Other Losses (or here) by historian Stephen Ambrose.", "Letters to the Editor of New York Times in response to Ambrose's review.", "A Lengthy Critique of \"Other Losses\" \n Bacque and US Army historian Fisher's reply to Ambrose\n\n1929 births\n2019 deaths\nCanadian male novelists\nWriters from Toronto\nUniversity of Toronto alumni\nTrinity College (Canada) alumni\nUpper Canada College alumni\n20th-century Canadian novelists\n21st-century Canadian novelists\n20th-century Canadian male writers\n21st-century Canadian male writers" ]

[ "James Bacque was a Canadian writer, publisher, and book editor.", "He was born in Canada.", "Bacque graduated from the University of Toronto with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1952.", "One of the school's boarding houses was called Seaton's House.", "In 1989 Bacque turned his attention to the fate of German soldiers held as POWs by the Allies after World War II.", "Dear Enemy (2000) is one of his recent works.", "The George Ignatieff Theatre in Toronto was to host a production of Bacque's Conrad, a comic drama about a media mogul in prison.", "Bacque's latest book, Putting On Conrad, is an amusing satire on Canada's literary establishment, about the experiences of producers trying to put on his play in the face of libel chill.", "Bacque claimed that Allied Supreme Commander Eisenhower's policies caused the death of 790,000 German captives in internment camps.", "More than one quarter of a million people are said to have perished in similar French camps.", "Switzerland was stripped of its \"protecting power\" status, POWs were reclassified as \"disarmed enemy forces\", and the International Committee of the Red Cross was refused entry to the camps.", "Bacque argued that the alleged mass murder was the result of the policies of the western Allies, who ruled as the Military Occupation Government over partitioned Germany from May 1945 until 1949.", "He blamed Gen. Eisenhower for keeping Germans on starvation ration even though there was enough food in the world.", "Academic reviewers question Bacque's claims that there was no post-war food shortage in other European countries, as well as his estimate of the number of German deaths.", "Bacque's critics note that many of the German soldiers were sick and wounded at the time of their surrender, and that his work does not place the plight of the German prisoners within the context of the grim situation in Western Europe in 1945 and 1946.", "David Stafford wrote in the Canadian Historical Review that the book was a classic example of a worthwhile investigation marred by overstatement.", "\"Bacque misread, misinterpreted, or ignored the relevant documents and that his mortality statistics are simply impossible,\" wrote R.J. Rummell, a scholar of 20th-century atrocities.", "\"That German prisoners were treated badly in the months immediately after the war is beyond dispute.\"", "Bacque's thesis and mortality figures can't be taken as accurate.", "Stephen Ambrose, who edited Other Losses, acknowledged that Bacque had made a \"major historical discovery\", but he was not arguing with the basic truth.", "Ambrose claimed in a 1991 New York Times book review that a book-length disputation of Bacque's work, entitled Eisenhower, was the reason he did not support Bacque's conclusions.", "Stephen Ambrose and Brian Loring Villa, the authors of the chapter on German POW deaths, conceded that the Allies were motivated in their treatment of captured Germans by disgust and revenge for German atrocities.", "They argued that Bacque's casualty figures are too high and that the policy was set by Allied politicians.", "Stephen Ambrose said that Americans can't ignore the fact that terrible things happened.", "They are not excusable because they happened at the end of a war.", "The book was called \"emotive and journalistic\" by Jonathan Osmond in the Journal of the Royal Institute of International Affairs.", "One of the historians in support of Bacque was Colonel Ernest F. Fisher, who in 1945 took part in investigations into allegations of misconduct by U.S. troops in Germany and later became a Senior Historian with the United States Army.", "Bacque claimed in his second book, Crimes and Mercies, that Allied policies led to the premature deaths of 5.7 million civilians in East and West Germany.", "The book states that the charity work done by the Allies saved or improved the lives of up to 500 million people around the world in the post war period.", "The work was led by Herbert Hoover at the direction of President Truman, as well as by the Canadian Prime Minister, Mackenzie King, along with Norman Robertson and Mitchell Sharp.", "The ideals of many of the allied combatant were expressed in this relief program.", "Bacque's figures for prisoners of war and expellees are in excess of those accepted by historians, and his claim of 5.7 million un recorded civilian deaths in East and West Germany between 1946 and 1950 censuses has no correspondence at all in historical literature.", "A review of \"Crimes and Mercies\" by a German historian considers the 5.7 million claim to have no substance, Bacque's book with attempts of the extreme right to gain mainstream acceptance, and expresses surprise at historians' passivity in the face of such tendencies.", "The charges of \"Crimes and Mercies\" were found to be more extravagant than those of \"Other Losses\" by a panel of scholars at the German Studies Association meeting in Salt Lake City in 1999.", "The papers were never published because the participants thought that the business of refuting Bacque's claims again and again and in detail gave more credence to his wild conspiracy history, and trying to revive the debate was yet another attempt by him to gain acceptability in the scholarly community.", "More than 2 million refugees from the eastern territories of the former German Reich died during and after the war, according to the German Federal Archives.", "Historians disagree about the order of magnitude.", "There are books and articles in the bibliography.", "The first paperback edition was published in 1971.", "The second paperback edition of the New Canadian Library series was written by D.M.R.", "There is a person named Bentley.", "Toronto: McClelland and Stewart in 1978.", "A man of talent.", "There is fiction.", "The Queen comes to Minnicog.", "There are short stories.", "Our Fathers' War; A Novel is a novel.", "668 pp.", "There is a novel about World War II.", "Contributions to books were made by Robert, James Bacque, and Pierre Gravel.", "The new press in Toronto.", "James Bacque contributed to \"The High Snow\".", "\"A small Film,\" 73–80; \"Sun and Earth for a Dollar,\" 81–8; and \"On the morning of the death of Colonel Alexander Ramsay, O.B.E.\"", "They were Bruce M., and Jon Pearce.", "1973.", "An anthology of literature was shaped by the Canadian wilderness.", "Stewart and McClelland were in Toronto in 1973.", "There is an excerpt from James Bacque's The Lonely Ones.", "144–147.", "Bailey, Don, and Daile Unruh are related.", "1991.", "Murder and mystery stories from Canada.", "The Quarry Press was published in Kingston, Ont.", "James Bacque's \"Desire and Knowledge in Key West\" is included.", "150–158.", "Kick, Russell.", "In 2003", "The Disinformation Guide to Media Mirages and Establishment lies is a book.", "New York: Disinformation Co.", "James Bacque's \"A Truth so Terrible: Atrocities against German POWs and civilians during and after WWII\" is included.", "26–67.", "James Bacque wrote \"The Last Dirty Secret of World War Two\" in Saturday Night.", "No, whole no.", "31–38 was the date in September 1989.", "John Fraser wrote \"Diary: Slow Death Camps\" in the September 1989 issue.", "\"A Story he [Bacque] didn't Want to Know\" was written by John Gault.", "4.", "\"Eisenhower's Death Camps: Our Readers Kick up a Fuss\" is a book about the response of readers and former POWs to these allegations.", "No, whole no.", "\"Other Losses: Letters\" was published in December 1989.", "7–13.", "There was an investigation into the mass deaths of German prisoners at the hands of the French and Americans after World War II.", "General Paperjack (Don Mills: General, 1991) is a paperback.", "The adventures in the French Resistance were written by Just Raoul.", "The Private War Against the Nazis of Raoul Laporterie saved over 1,600 lives in France.", "The geplante Tod was in amerikanischen und franzsischen lagern.", "The Kanadischen bertragen was published in Ullstein in 1989.", "There is a translation of other losses.", "Berlin: Ullstein, 2002, an expanded and revised paperback edition.", "The Shocking Truth behind the Mass Deaths of Disarmed German Soldiers and Civilians under General Eisenhower's Command is a Loss.", "The Foreword is by Dr. Ernest F. Fisher, Jr.", "Ret.", "Prior to that, he was a Senior Historian, U.S. Army.", "In 1945 there was an alliierte Besatzungspolitik in Deutschland.", "Alfred de Zayas is the subject of a Vorwort.", "Hans-Ulrich Seebohm is the person.", "The Main: Ullstein.", "The translation is Crimes and Mercies.", "The English version of Crimes and Mercies was published two years later.", "Crimes and Mercies; the Fate of German Civilians Under Allied Occupation was published in 1997.", "London: Little Brown was also published as a paperback.", "There were mass deaths of German prisoners at the hands of the French and Americans after World War II.", "2.", "edition.", "Fenn was born in 1999 in Bolton, ON.", "Also included is the introduction to the second revised edition by James Bacque.", "The new edition is called Vancouver: Talonbooks.", "Dear Enemy; Germany Then and Now was written by James Bacque and Richard Mller.", "James Bacque of Canada and Richard Mller of Germany wrote to each other.", "The alliierte Besatzungspolitik was in Germany in 1945.", "Alfred de Zayas is the subject of a Vorwort.", "Hans-Ulrich Seebohm is the person.", "Pour le Mérite, 2002.", "The translation is Crimes and Mercies.", "The geplante Tod was in amerikanischen und franzsischen lagern.", "Annette Roser ist die englischen Sprache bersetzt.", "Pour le Mérite in 2008.", "This is a translation of: Other Losses.", "See the plan for Germany Must Perish!", "2005 Notes References W. H. New is reported in the UK newspaper.", "There is an encyclopedia of literature in Canada.", "The University of Toronto Press was published in 2002.", "The Encyclopedia of Prisoners of War and Internment, 2nd Edition contains \"Other Losses\".", "Jonathan Vance's ed.", "Grey House Publishing, in Millerton, NY,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,", "Eisenhower and the German POWs was written by Bofisch and Ambrose.", "S.P.", "\"Essay and Reflection: On the Other Losses Debate\" was written by MacKenzie.", "Stephen Ambrose is the author of the New York Times Book Review of Other Losses.", "The New York Times received letters in response to Ambrose's review.", "A Lengthy Critique of \"Other Losses\" Bacque and US Army historian Fisher's reply to Ambrose births 1929 deaths Canadian male novelists Writers from Toronto University of Toronto alumni Trinity College (Canada) alumni Upper Canada College alumni 20th-century Canadian novelists 21st-century Canadian" ]

[ "James Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "Bacque" ]

[ "James Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque", "James Bacque" ]

[ "Walter Oswald Watt, (11 February 1878 – 21 May 1921) was an Australian aviator and businessman.", "The son of a Scottish-Australian merchant and politician, he was born in England and moved to Sydney when he was one year old, returning to Britain at the age of eleven for education at Bristol and Cambridge.", "In 1900 he went back to Australia and enlisted in the Militia, before acquiring cattle stations in New South Wales and Queensland.", "He was also a partner in the family shipping firm.", "The first Australian to qualify for a Royal Aero Club flying certificate, in 1911, Watt joined the French Foreign Legion as a pilot on the outbreak of World War I.", "He transferred to the Australian Flying Corps (AFC) in 1916, quickly progressing from flight commander with No.", "1 Squadron in Egypt to commanding officer of No.", "2 Squadron on the Western Front.", "By February 1918, he had been promoted to lieutenant colonel and taken command of the AFC's 1st Training Wing in England.", "A recipient of France's Legion of Honour and Croix de Guerre, and twice mentioned in despatches during the war, Watt was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1919.", "He left the military to pursue business interests in Australia, and was lauded for his generosity to other returned airmen.", "In 1921, at the age of forty-three, he died by accidental drowning at Bilgola Beach, New South Wales.", "He is commemorated by the Oswald Watt Gold Medal for outstanding achievement in Australian aviation, and the Oswald Watt Fund at the University of Sydney.", "Early career\nBorn on 11 February 1878 in Bournemouth, England, Oswald Watt was the youngest son of John Brown Watt, a Scot who had migrated to New South Wales in 1842 and became a successful merchant and politician, frequently representing his state on overseas missions.", "Oswald's Australian-born mother, Mary Jane, died when he was one and shortly afterwards the family relocated to Sydney.", "Oswald was sent back to England at the age of eleven to complete his schooling at Clifton College, Bristol, before going on to study at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1899.", "Returning to Sydney in 1900, he was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the New South Wales Scottish Rifles, a Militia unit, and in 1902 was appointed an aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales.", "On 27 September that year, he married Muriel Williams at St. John's Anglican Church in Toorak, Victoria; the couple had one son.", "Watt's family was wealthy, and he was able to establish himself as a grazier by purchasing several cattle stations in New South Wales and Queensland.", "Travelling abroad again, he obtained his Master of Arts degree from Cambridge in 1904.", "In October the following year he was promoted to captain in the Scottish Rifles.", "On a subsequent trip to England he took flying lessons at the Bristol aviation school on Salisbury Plain, where his fellow students included Eric Harrison.", "Watt attained his Royal Aero Club certificate, no.", "112, on 1 August 1911, becoming the first Australian citizen so qualified.", "Upon his return to Australia later that year, he publicly declared that the time was \"rapidly approaching when an aero corps [would] have to be inaugurated\" as part of the country's \"military defence scheme\".", "In March 1912, Watt recommended a location in Canberra near the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as a base for the Army's proposed Central Flying School.", "Owing to its altitude and nearby mountainous terrain, the site was rejected by the school's nominated commanding officer, Lieutenant Henry Petre.", "Petre eventually chose 297 hectares at Point Cook, Victoria, an area suitable for seaplanes as well as land-based aircraft, to become the \"birthplace of Australian military aviation\".", "Watt also advocated manufacturing foreign-designed aircraft under licence in Australia, but this would not be pursued until after World War I.", "In 1913 he was divorced on the grounds of \"misconduct\" with actress Ivy Schilling, and lost custody of his son in the judgment.", "He then went to Egypt, where he purchased and practised flying a Blériot XI monoplane; while there he met leading French aviators Louis Blériot and Roland Garros.", "World War I\n\nIn May 1914, the francophile Watt left Egypt with his aeroplane and took up employment at the Blériot factory and airfield in Buc, outside Paris.", "Fired by the widely held conviction that Britain would stay out of a European conflict, Watt offered his services and his plane to the French government on 2 August, the day France declared war on Germany.", "This gesture was welcomed and he joined the Aviation Militaire section of the Foreign Legion as a pilot.", "Though he was ranked an ordinary soldier, his colleagues in Bleriot Squadron No.", "30 referred to him as \"Capitaine\" in deference to his previous status in the Australian Militia.", "Posted to Maurice Farman Squadron No.", "44 in April 1915, he earned the Legion of Honour badge after he and his observer crash-landed in no man's land and succeeded in making their way back to French lines with valuable intelligence under intense fire from German positions.", "Soon afterwards, Watt was awarded the Croix de Guerre—with palm leaves personally presented by General Joffre—and promoted to the provisional rank of captain.", "As a foreigner, however, he was not eligible to command a French unit.", "Watt always proclaimed his antipodean connection while serving France, painting a kangaroo on the nose of his plane, which he named Advance Australia.", "Considered a no-nonsense type, he once introduced himself to a British pilot with the words \"I am an Australian and I haven't got any manners\".", "The French recognised that Watt's talents were not being fully utilised due to his ineligibility to lead a squadron, and recommended that he transfer to the Australian Flying Corps.", "Watt did so on 1 March 1916, with the rank of captain.", "Posted to Egypt in May, he was made commander of B Flight, No.", "1 Squadron, and took charge of the unit's first contingent of Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s the following month.", "No.", "1 Squadron was engaged mainly in aerial reconnaissance and army co-operation duties, but the two-seat B.E.2 proved inferior to German Fokkers and Rumplers in speed, time-to-climb, and manoeuvrability.", "In September 1916, Watt was promoted to major and given command of No.", "2 Squadron, which was formed in Kantara.", "He was mentioned in despatches by General Archibald Murray, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, on 13 October; the commendation was promulgated in the London Gazette on 1 December.", "No.", "2 Squadron's personnel was composed largely of former Lighthorsemen, as well as thirteen mechanics from the Australian Flying Corps' first combat formation, the Mesopotamian Half Flight, led by Flight Sergeant George Mackinolty.", "Watt personally trained the force in England commencing in January 1917, before deploying it to the Western Front that September.", "He was \"a born leader of men\", according to one officer, while another recalled that \"In the things that mattered, his men knew he stood for absolute obedience.", "They also knew that when discipline could be safely relaxed he would be quick to grant them some relief from the strain.\"", "In the vicinity of Saint-Quentin on 2 October, No.", "2 Squadron became the first AFC unit in Europe to see aerial combat when one of its patrols engaged some German two-seaters, which managed to escape.", "Because the Airco DH.5s in the squadron were handicapped as fighters by engine problems and low speed, the squadron was employed mainly in ground support duties.", "During the Battle of Cambrai that commenced on 20 November 1917, Watt led his pilots on daring low-level bombing and strafing attacks against enemy fortifications and lines of communication.", "Their loss rate reached 30%, but morale remained high.", "After visiting the squadron, the Royal Flying Corps' Major General Hugh Trenchard described its airmen as \"really magnificent\" while Charles Bean, war correspondent and future editor of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, commented on their \"remarkably high level of conduct and general tone\".", "Six of Watt's officers were awarded the Military Cross for gallantry during the battle, prompting General Sir William Birdwood to send him a personal message of congratulation on 16 December, declaring: \"...", "This is indeed a magnificent record for your squadron, and one of which I am sure everyone of you must rightly be extremely proud; I doubt if it has been beaten anywhere ...\" By this time, No.", "2 Squadron had begun converting to Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s, though it could achieve little in the winter months due to inclement weather.", "Watt himself, now almost forty, was beginning to show the strain of frontline command.", "Bean found him looking \"very worn\" and noticed him shivering even while seated in front of the mess hall fire.", "In February 1918, Watt was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of the AFC's 1st Training Wing (Nos.", "5, 6, 7 and 8 Squadrons) headquartered at Tetbury in Gloucestershire, England; the wing's role was to train replacement pilots for the four operational AFC squadrons in Palestine and France.", "Watt proposed moving the wing to France, but it remained in England.", "He was mentioned in despatches by Field Marshal Sir Douglas Haig on 7 April, and the commendation was gazetted on 28 May.", "Shortly after the end of hostilities in November 1918, novelist William John Locke visited 1st Training Wing and found that \"there was not one [of Watt's men] who ... did not confide to me his pride in serving under a leader so distinguished\".", "A pilot later opined that as well as having \"courage, determination, and an immense capacity for work\", Watt possessed \"the greatest factor in leadership, a genius for endearing himself (without conscious effort) to all who served under him\".", "Post-war career and legacy\n\nWatt was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on 1 January 1919, in recognition of his war service.", "He returned to Australia on 6 May with the rest of 1st Training Wing's personnel, aboard the troopship Kaisar-i-Hind, on which he was the ranking officer.", "Leaving the AFC soon afterwards, he was elected president of the New South Wales section of the Australian Aero Club.", "He also served as senior delegate on a committee of veteran military pilots examining applications for appointment to a proposed independent Australian air service.", "Watt was esteemed as a man who did not forget old comrades, providing former AFC members with financial aid and helping them re-establish themselves in civilian life.", "He maintained an interest in commercial flying but refused an offer to take up the position of controller of civil aviation in 1920 owing to his business interests, which included partnership in the family shipping firm of Gilchrist, Watt & Sanderson Ltd, and directorships of mining, rubber, and art corporations.", "He also turned down invitations to stand for parliament, and to join the fledgling Royal Australian Air Force.", "Oswald Watt drowned at Bilgola Beach, near Newport, New South Wales, on 21 May 1921.", "Cuts and bruising on his body indicated that he had slipped on rocks, struck his head, and rolled unconscious into relatively shallow water.", "Survived by his 15-year-old son, he was accorded a military funeral two days later at St Jude's Church, Randwick.", "Members of the AFC, Royal Air Force, and Australian Aero Club formed a guard of honour at the service, one of the largest in the suburb's history, which also included representatives of the Royal Australian Navy and Australian Army.", "Among the tributes was a floral wreath from an anonymous group of French admirers, and another that was dropped by parachute from a low-flying plane.", "On 31 May, Watt's body was cremated and his ashes interred in the family vault at St Jude's.", "In his will, Watt left two bequests to the Australian Aero Club, one of which was used to establish the Oswald Watt Gold Medal for outstanding achievement in Australian aviation.", "Winners of the award have included Charles Kingsford Smith, Bert Hinkler, Henry Millicer, Ivor McIntyre, Jon Johanson and Andy Thomas.", "He also bequeathed a sum to the Royal Military College, Duntroon, to award annually a set of binoculars for the best cadet essay on military aviation or aeronautics.", "The award was founded as the Oswald Watt Prize later in 1921.", "Most of the residue of Watt's estate went to the University of Sydney.", "Considered one of the university's great benefactors, he was commemorated by the Oswald Watt Fund.", "In May 1923, the Oswald Watt Wing of the Havilah Home for Orphans, Wahroonga, was opened by the Governor-General of Australia.", "Watt was acknowledged as both a source and a reviewer by F.M.", "Cutlack in the latter's volume on the Australian Flying Corps that was first published in 1923 as part of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918.", "During World War I, Oswald Watt had been the only AFC officer to command a wing apart from Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams, who was later to become known as the \"Father of the RAAF\".", "In 2001, military historian Alan Stephens noted that \"had fate drawn him to a post-war career in the Air Force instead of to business and an untimely death, 'Toby' Watt might have challenged Richard Williams as the RAAF's dominant figure in its formative years\".", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n \n\n1878 births\n1921 deaths\nAccidental deaths in New South Wales\nAlumni of Trinity College, Cambridge\nAustralian aviators\nAustralian military personnel of World War I\nAustralian people of Scottish descent\nDeaths by drowning\nFrench military personnel of World War I\nRecipients of the Legion of Honour\nMembers of the Order of the British Empire\nPeople educated at Clifton College\nPeople from Bournemouth\nRecipients of the Croix de Guerre 1914–1918 (France)\nSoldiers of the French Foreign Legion" ]

[ "Walter Oswald Watt was an Australian businessman.", "The son of a Scottish-Australian merchant and politician was born in England and moved to Australia when he was one year old, returning to Britain at the age of eleven for education at Bristol and Cambridge.", "He went back to Australia in 1900 and enlisted in the Militia.", "He was a partner in the shipping firm.", "Watt became the first Australian to qualify for a Royal Aero Club flying certificate when he joined the French Foreign Legion during World War I.", "He was transferred to the Australian Flying Corps in 1916.", "The commanding officer of 1 squadron was in Egypt.", "The Western Front has 2 squadrons on it.", "He took command of the 1st Training Wing in England in February 1918 after being promoted to lieutenant colonel.", "Watt was an Officer of the Order of the British Empire in 1919 and was twice mentioned in despatches during the war.", "He left the military to pursue business interests in Australia, and was praised for his generosity to other returned airmen.", "At the age of forty-three, he drowned at Bilgola Beach in New South Wales.", "He received the Oswald Watt Gold medal for outstanding achievement in Australian aviation.", "Oswald Watt was the youngest son of John Brown Watt, who migrated to New South Wales in 1842 and became a successful merchant and politician.", "Oswald's Australian-born mother, Mary Jane, died when he was one and the family relocated to Sydney.", "Oswald received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1899 from Trinity College, Cambridge, after being sent back to England at the age of eleven.", "He was appointed an aide-de-camp to the Governor of New South Wales after being commissioned as a second lieutenant in the New South Wales Scottish Rifles.", "The couple had one son, and they were married in Toorak, Victoria.", "Watt was able to establish himself as a grazier by purchasing several cattle stations in New South Wales andQueensland.", "He obtained a Master of Arts degree from Cambridge in 1904.", "He was promoted to captain of the Scottish Rifles in October.", "Eric Harrison was one of the students who took flying lessons at the Bristol aviation school.", "Watt was a member of the Royal Aero Club.", "The first Australian citizen to be so qualified was on 1 August 1911.", "When he returned to Australia later that year, he declared that the time was rapidly approaching when an aero corps would have to be inaugurated as part of the country's military defence scheme.", "Watt recommended a location near the Royal Military College, Duntroon, as a base for the Army's proposed Central Flying School.", "Lieutenant Henry Petre, the school's nominated commanding officer, rejected the site due to its altitude and mountainous terrain.", "Point Cook, Victoria, was chosen by Petre as the \"birthplace of Australian military aviation\" because it was suitable for seaplanes and land-based aircraft.", "The manufacture of foreign-designed aircraft under licence in Australia would not be pursued until after World War I.", "He lost custody of his son in 1913 after being divorced on the grounds of \"misconduct\" with actress Ivy Schilling.", "He flew a Blériot XI monoplane in Egypt and met two French pilots.", "Watt left Egypt with his plane in May 1914 and went to work at the Blériot factory and airfield in Paris.", "Watt offered his services to the French government on the day France declared war on Germany, despite the fact that Britain would stay out of a European conflict.", "He joined the aviation militaire section of the foreign legion as a pilot after this gesture.", "He was ranked an ordinary soldier by his colleagues.", "He was referred to as \"Capitaine\" by 30 because of his previous status in the Australian Militia.", "It was posted to Maurice Farman Squadron No.", "After he and his observer crash-landed in no man's land and succeeded in making their way back to French lines with valuable intelligence, he was awarded the Legion of Honour.", "Watt was promoted to the rank of captain after being presented with palm leaves by General Joffre.", "He wasn't eligible to command a French unit because he was a foreigner.", "Watt painted an animal on the nose of his plane, which he named Advance Australia, in order to proclaim his antipodean connection.", "Considered a no-nonsense type, he once introduced himself to a British pilot with the words \"I am an Australian and I don't have any manners\".", "Watt was recommended to transfer to the Australian Flying Corps by the French because of his ineligibility to lead a squadron.", "Watt was given the rank of captain on 1 March 1916.", "He was made commander of B Flight, No. in Egypt in May.", "The unit's first contingent of Royal Aircraft Factory B.E.2s were in charge of 1 Squadron.", "No.", "The two-seat B.E.2 was inferior to German Fokkers and Rumplers in speed, time-to-climb, and manoeuvrability.", "Watt was promoted to major in September 1916.", "The 2 squadron was formed in Kantara.", "He was mentioned in despatches by General Murray, Commander-in-Chief of the Egyptian Expeditionary Force, on 13 October.", "No.", "The Mesopotamian Half Flight, led by Flight Sergeant George Mackinolty, was the first combat formation of the Australian Flying Corps.", "Watt personally trained the force in England before sending it to the Western Front.", "One officer said that he was a born leader of men, while another said that he stood for absolute obedientness.", "He would grant them some relief from the strain when discipline was relaxed.", "No. was in the vicinity of Saint-Quentin on 2 October.", "2 Squadron became the first AFC unit in Europe to see aerial combat when one of its patrols engaged some German two-seaters.", "The squadron was mainly used for ground support due to the Airco DH.5s being handicapped by engine problems and low speed.", "Watt led his pilots on daring low-level bombing and strafing attacks against enemy fortifications and lines of communication during the Battle of Cambrai.", "Their loss rate was 30%, but they still had high spirits.", "After visiting the squadron, the Royal Flying Corps' Major General Hugh Trenchard described its airmen as \"really magnificent\" while Charles Bean, war correspondent and future editor of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918, commented on their \"remarkably high level of conduct", "General Sir William Birdwood sent a personal message to Watt after six of his officers were awarded the Military Cross for Gallantry.", "\"This is a magnificent record for your squadron, and one of which I am sure everyone of you must rightly be extremely proud; I doubt if it has been beaten anywhere.", "The Royal Aircraft Factory S.E.5s could not be achieved in the winter due to the weather.", "Watt was starting to show the strain of frontline command.", "While sitting in front of the mess hall fire, Bean noticed that he was cold.", "Watt was promoted to lieutenant colonel and given command of the 1st Training Wing in February 1918.", "The wing's role was to train replacement pilots for the four operational squadrons in Palestine and France.", "Watt wanted to move the wing to France, but it remained in England.", "The commendation was gazetted on May 28, after he was mentioned in despatches.", "After the end of hostilities in 1918, William John Locke visited 1st Training Wing and found that none of Watt's men were proud to serve under him.", "Watt had \"courage, determination, and an immense capacity for work\", as well as being a genius for endearing himself to all who served under him, according to a pilot.", "Watt was made an Officer of the Order of the British Empire on January 1, 1919, in recognition of his war service.", "He returned to Australia on 6 May with the rest of 1st Training Wing's personnel, aboard the troopship Kaisar-i-Hind.", "He was elected president of the New South Wales section of the Australian Aero Club after leaving the AFC.", "He was a senior delegate on a committee of veteran military pilots looking at applications for appointment to a proposed independent Australian air service.", "Watt provided financial aid to former AFC members and helped them re-establish themselves in civilian life.", "He was offered the position of controller of civil aviation in 1920 but turned it down because of his business interests.", "He turned down the chance to stand for parliament and join the Royal Australian Air Force.", "On May 21, 1921, Oswald Watt drowned at Bilgola Beach.", "He had fallen on rocks, struck his head, and rolled unconscious into shallow water.", "His funeral was held two days later at St Jude's Church.", "One of the largest guard of honour in the suburb's history was formed by members of the Air Force, Royal Air Force, and Australian Aero Club.", "There was a floral wreath from an anonymous group of French admirers, and another that was dropped from a plane.", "Watt's ashes were interred in the family vault at St Jude's on 31 May.", "Watt left two bequests to the Australian Aero Club, one of which was used to establish the Oswald Watt Gold medal for outstanding achievement in Australian aviation.", "The winners of the award have included Charles Kingsford Smith.", "The Royal Military College, Duntroon, received a sum from him to award a set of binoculars annually to the best cadet essay on military aviation.", "The Oswald Watt Prize was founded in 1921.", "The majority of Watt's estate went to the university.", "The Oswald Watt Fund commemorates him as one of the university's great benefactors.", "The Governor-General of Australia opened the Oswald Watt Wing in May 1923.", "F.M. acknowledged Watt as a source and reviewer.", "The first volume on the Australian Flying Corps was published in 1923 as part of the Official History of Australia in the War of 1914–1918.", "Oswald Watt was the only officer to command a wing apart from Lieutenant Colonel Richard Williams, who became known as the \"Father of the RAAF\".", "Had fate drawn him to a post-war career in the Air Force instead of to business and an untimely death, Toby Watt might have challenged Richard Williams as the RAAF's dominant figure in its formative years.", "There were Accidental deaths in New South Wales Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge and French military personnel of World War I." ]

[ "Walter Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Oswald", "Oswald", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Watt" ]

[ "Walter Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Oswald", "Oswald", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Watt", "Oswald Watt", "Toby Watt" ]

[ "Robert Hutchings Goddard (October 5, 1882 – August 10, 1945) was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.", "Goddard successfully launched his rocket on March 16, 1926, which ushered in an era of space flight and innovation.", "He and his team launched 34 rockets between 1926 and 1941, achieving altitudes as high as and speeds as fast as 885 km/h (550 mph).", "Goddard's work as both theorist and engineer anticipated many of the developments that would make spaceflight possible.", "He has been called the man who ushered in the Space Age.", "Two of Goddard's 214 patented inventions, a multi-stage rocket (1914), and a liquid-fuel rocket (1914), were important milestones toward spaceflight.", "His 1919 monograph A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes is considered one of the classic texts of 20th-century rocket science.", "Goddard successfully pioneered modern methods such as two-axis control (gyroscopes and steerable thrust) to allow rockets to control their flight effectively.", "Although his work in the field was revolutionary, Goddard received little public support, moral or monetary, for his research and development work.", "He was a shy person, and rocket research was not considered a suitable pursuit for a physics professor.", "The press and other scientists ridiculed his theories of spaceflight.", "As a result, he became protective of his privacy and his work.", "He preferred to work alone also because of the aftereffects of a bout with tuberculosis.", "Years after his death, at the dawn of the Space Age, Goddard came to be recognized as one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry, along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Hermann Oberth.", "He not only recognized early on the potential of rockets for atmospheric research, ballistic missiles and space travel but also was the first to scientifically study, design, construct and fly the precursory rockets needed to eventually implement those ideas.", "NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center was named in Goddard's honor in 1959.", "He was also inducted into the International Aerospace Hall of Fame in 1966, and the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976.", "Early life and inspiration\nGoddard was born in Worcester, Massachusetts, to Nahum Danford Goddard (1859–1928) and Fannie Louise Hoyt (1864–1920).", "Robert was their only child to survive; a younger son, Richard Henry, was born with a spinal deformity and died before his first birthday.", "Nahum was employed by manufacturers, and he invented several useful tools.", "Goddard had English paternal family roots in New England with William Goddard (1628–91) a London grocer who settled in Watertown, Massachusetts in 1666.", "On his maternal side he was descended from John Hoyt and other settlers of Massachusetts in the late 1600s.", "Shortly after his birth, the family moved to Boston.", "With a curiosity about nature, he studied the heavens using a telescope from his father and observed the birds flying.", "Essentially a country boy, he loved the outdoors and hiking with his father on trips to Worcester and became an excellent marksman with a rifle.", "In 1898, his mother contracted tuberculosis and they moved back to Worcester for the clear air.", "On Sundays, the family attended the Episcopal church, and Robert sang in the choir.", "Childhood experiment\nWith the electrification of American cities in the 1880s, the young Goddard became interested in science—specifically, engineering and technology.", "When his father showed him how to generate static electricity on the family's carpet, the five-year-old's imagination was sparked.", "Robert experimented, believing he could jump higher if the zinc from a battery could be charged by scuffing his feet on the gravel walk.", "But, holding the zinc, he could jump no higher than usual.", "Goddard halted the experiments after a warning from his mother that if he succeeded, he could \"go sailing away and might not be able to come back.\"", "He experimented with chemicals and created a cloud of smoke and an explosion in the house.", "Goddard's father further encouraged Robert's scientific interest by providing him with a telescope, a microscope, and a subscription to Scientific American.", "Robert developed a fascination with flight, first with kites and then with balloons.", "He became a thorough diarist and documenter of his work—a skill that would greatly benefit his later career.", "These interests merged at age 16, when Goddard attempted to construct a balloon out of aluminum, shaping the raw metal in his home workshop, and filling it with hydrogen.", "After nearly five weeks of methodical, documented efforts, he finally abandoned the project, remarking, \"... balloon will not go up.", "... Aluminum is too heavy.", "Failior crowns enterprise.\"", "However, the lesson of this failure did not restrain Goddard's growing determination and confidence in his work.", "He wrote in 1927, \"I imagine an innate interest in mechanical things was inherited from a number of ancestors who were machinists.\"", "Cherry tree dream\nHe became interested in space when he read H. G. Wells' science fiction classic The War of the Worlds at 16 years old.", "His dedication to pursuing space flight became fixed on October 19, 1899.", "The 17-year-old Goddard climbed a cherry tree to cut off dead limbs.", "He was transfixed by the sky, and his imagination grew.", "He later wrote:\n\nFor the rest of his life, he observed October 19 as \"Anniversary Day\", a private commemoration of the day of his greatest inspiration.", "Education and early studies \n\nThe young Goddard was a thin and frail boy, almost always in fragile health.", "He suffered from stomach problems, pleurisy, colds, and bronchitis, and he fell two years behind his classmates.", "He became a voracious reader, regularly visiting the local public library to borrow books on the physical sciences.", "Aerodynamics and motion\n\nGoddard's interest in aerodynamics led him to study some of Samuel Langley's scientific papers in the periodical Smithsonian.", "In these papers, Langley wrote that birds flap their wings with different force on each side to turn in the air.", "Inspired by these articles, the teenage Goddard watched swallows and chimney swifts from the porch of his home, noting how subtly the birds moved their wings to control their flight.", "He noted how remarkably the birds controlled their flight with their tail feathers, which he called the birds' equivalent of ailerons.", "He took exception to some of Langley's conclusions and in 1901 wrote a letter to St. Nicholas magazine with his own ideas.", "The editor of St. Nicholas declined to publish Goddard's letter, remarking that birds fly with a certain amount of intelligence and that \"machines will not act with such intelligence.\"", "Goddard disagreed, believing that a man could control a flying machine with his own intelligence.", "Around this time, Goddard read Newton's Principia Mathematica, and found that Newton's Third Law of Motion applied to motion in space.", "He wrote later about his own tests of the Law:\n\nAcademics\nAs his health improved, Goddard continued his formal schooling as a 19-year-old sophomore at South High Community School in Worcester in 1901.", "He excelled in his coursework, and his peers twice elected him class president.", "Making up for lost time, he studied books on mathematics, astronomy, mechanics and composition from the school library.", "At his graduation ceremony in 1904, he gave his class oration as valedictorian.", "In his speech, entitled \"On Taking Things for Granted\", Goddard included a section that would become emblematic of his life:\n [J]ust as in the sciences we have learned that we are too ignorant to safely pronounce anything impossible, so for the individual, since we cannot know just what are his limitations, we can hardly say with certainty that anything is necessarily within or beyond his grasp.", "Each must remember that no one can predict to what heights of wealth, fame, or usefulness he may rise until he has honestly endeavored, and he should derive courage from the fact that all sciences have been, at some time, in the same condition as he, and that it has often proved true that the dream of yesterday is the hope of today and the reality of tomorrow.", "Goddard enrolled at Worcester Polytechnic Institute in 1904.", "He quickly impressed the head of the physics department, A. Wilmer Duff, with his thirst for knowledge, and Duff took him on as a laboratory assistant and tutor.", "At WPI, Goddard joined the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity and began a long courtship with high school classmate Miriam Olmstead, an honor student who had graduated with him as salutatorian.", "Eventually, she and Goddard were engaged, but they drifted apart and ended the engagement around 1909.", "Goddard received his B.S.", "degree in physics from Worcester Polytechnic in 1908, and after serving there for a year as an instructor in physics, he began his graduate studies at Clark University in Worcester in the fall of 1909.", "Goddard received his M.A.", "degree in physics from Clark University in 1910, and then stayed at Clark to complete his Ph.D. in physics in 1911.", "He spent another year at Clark as an honorary fellow in physics, and in 1912 he accepted a research fellowship at Princeton University's Palmer Physical Laboratory.", "First scientific writings\nThe high school student summed up his ideas on space travel in a proposed article, \"The Navigation of Space,\" which he submitted to the Popular Science News.", "The journal's editor returned it, saying that they could not use it \"in the near future.\"", "While still an undergraduate, Goddard wrote a paper proposing a method for balancing airplanes using gyro-stabilization.", "He submitted the idea to Scientific American, which published the paper in 1907.", "Goddard later wrote in his diaries that he believed his paper was the first proposal of a way to automatically stabilize aircraft in flight.", "His proposal came around the same time as other scientists were making breakthroughs in developing functional gyroscopes.", "While studying physics at WPI, ideas came to Goddard's mind that sometimes seemed impossible, but he was compelled to record them for future investigation.", "He wrote that \"there was something inside which simply would not stop working.\"", "He purchased some cloth-covered notebooks and began filling them with a variety of thoughts, mostly concerning his dream of space travel.", "He considered centrifugal force, radio waves, magnetic reaction, solar energy, atomic energy, ion or electrostatic propulsion and other methods to reach space.", "After experimenting with solid fuel rockets he was convinced by 1909 that chemical-propellant engines were the answer.", "A particularly complex concept was set down in June 1908: Sending a camera around distant planets, guided by measurements of gravity along the trajectory, and returning to earth.", "His first writing on the possibility of a liquid-fueled rocket came on February 2, 1909.", "Goddard had begun to study ways of increasing a rocket's efficiency using methods differing from conventional solid-fuel rockets.", "He wrote in his notebook about using liquid hydrogen as a fuel with liquid oxygen as the oxidizer.", "He believed that 50 percent efficiency could be achieved with these liquid propellants (i.e., half of the heat energy of combustion converted to the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases).", "First patents\nIn the decades around 1910, radio was a new technology, fertile for innovation.", "In 1912, while working at Princeton University, Goddard investigated the effects of radio waves on insulators.", "In order to generate radio-frequency power, he invented a vacuum tube with a beam deflection that operated like a cathode-ray oscillator tube.", "His patent on this tube, which predated that of Lee De Forest, became central in the suit between Arthur A. Collins, whose small company made radio transmitter tubes, and AT&T and RCA over his use of vacuum tube technology.", "Goddard accepted only a consultant's fee from Collins when the suit was dropped.", "Eventually, the two big companies allowed the country's growing electronics industry to use the De Forest patents freely.", "Rocket math\nBy 1912 he had in his spare time, using calculus, developed the mathematics which allowed him to calculate the position and velocity of a rocket in vertical flight, given the weight of the rocket and weight of the propellant and the velocity (with respect to the rocket frame) of the exhaust gases.", "In effect he had independently developed the Tsiolkovsky rocket equation published a decade earlier in Russia.", "Tsiolkovsky, however, did not account for gravity nor drag.", "For vertical flight from the surface of Earth Goddard included in his differential equation the effects of gravity and aerodynamic drag.", "He wrote: \"An approximate method was found necessary ... in order to avoid an unsolved problem in the calculus of variations.", "The solution that was obtained revealed the fact that surprisingly small initial masses would be necessary ... provided the gases were ejected from the rocket at a high velocity, and also provided that most of the rocket consisted of propellant material.\"", "His first goal was to build a sounding rocket with which to study the atmosphere.", "Not only would such investigation aid meteorology, but it was necessary to determine temperature, density and wind speed as functions of altitude in order to design efficient space launch vehicles.", "He was very reluctant to admit that his ultimate goal was, in fact, to develop a vehicle for flights into space, since most scientists, especially in the United States, did not consider such a goal to be a realistic or practical scientific pursuit, nor was the public yet ready to seriously consider such ideas.", "Later, in 1933, Goddard said that \"[I]n no case must we allow ourselves to be deterred from the achievement of space travel, test by test and step by step, until one day we succeed, cost what it may.\"", "Illness\nIn early 1913, Goddard became seriously ill with tuberculosis and had to leave his position at Princeton.", "He then returned to Worcester, where he began a prolonged process of recovery at home.", "His doctors did not expect him to live.", "He decided he should spend time outside in the fresh air and walk for exercise, and he gradually improved.", "When his nurse discovered some of his notes in his bed, he kept them, arguing, \"I have to live to do this work.\"", "It was during this period of recuperation, however, that Goddard began to produce some of his most important work.", "As his symptoms subsided, he allowed himself to work an hour per day with his notes made at Princeton.", "He was afraid that nobody would be able to read his scribbling should he\nsuccumb.", "Foundational patents\nIn the technological and manufacturing atmosphere of Worcester, patents were considered essential, not only to protect original work but as documentation of first discovery.", "He began to see the importance of his ideas as intellectual property, and thus began to secure those ideas before someone else did—and he would have to pay to use them.", "In May 1913, he wrote descriptions concerning his first rocket patent applications.", "His father brought them to a patent lawyer in Worcester who helped him to refine his ideas for consideration.", "Goddard's first patent application was submitted in October 1913.", "In 1914, his first two landmark patents were accepted and registered.", "The first, , described a multi-stage rocket fueled with a solid \"explosive material.\"", "The second, , described a rocket fueled with a solid fuel (explosive material) or with liquid propellants (gasoline and liquid nitrous oxide).", "The two patents would eventually become important milestones in the history of rocketry.", "Overall, 214 patents were published, some posthumously by his wife.", "Early rocketry research \n\nIn the fall of 1914 Goddard's health had improved, and he accepted a part-time position as an instructor and research fellow at Clark University.", "His position at Clark allowed him to further his rocketry research.", "He ordered numerous supplies that could be used to build rocket prototypes for launch and spent much of 1915 in preparation for his first tests.", "Goddard's first test launch of a powder rocket came on an early evening in 1915 following his daytime classes at Clark.", "The launch was loud and bright enough to arouse the alarm of the campus janitor, and Goddard had to reassure him that his experiments, while being serious study, were also quite harmless.", "After this incident Goddard took his experiments inside the physics lab in order to limit any disturbance.", "At the Clark physics lab Goddard conducted static tests of powder rockets to measure their thrust and efficiency.", "He found his earlier estimates to be verified; powder rockets were converting only about two percent of the thermal energy in their fuel into thrust and kinetic energy.", "At this point he applied de Laval nozzles, which were generally used with steam turbine engines, and these greatly improved efficiency.", "(Of the several definitions of rocket efficiency, Goddard measured in his laboratory what is today called the internal efficiency of the engine: the ratio of the kinetic energy of the exhaust gases to the available thermal energy of combustion, expressed as a percentage.)", "By mid-summer of 1915 Goddard had obtained an average efficiency of 40 percent with a nozzle exit velocity of .", "Connecting a combustion chamber full of gunpowder to various converging-diverging expansion (de Laval) nozzles, Goddard was able in static tests to achieve engine efficiencies of more than 63% and exhaust velocities of over 7000 feet (2134 meters) per second.", "Few would recognize it at the time, but this little engine was a major breakthrough.", "These experiments suggested that rockets could be made powerful enough to escape Earth and travel into space.", "This engine and subsequent experiments sponsored by the Smithsonian Institution were the beginning of modern rocketry and, ultimately, space exploration.", "Goddard realized, however, that it would take the more efficient liquid propellants to reach space.", "Later that year, Goddard designed an elaborate experiment at the Clark physics lab and proved that a rocket would perform in a vacuum such as that in space.", "He believed it would, but many other scientists were not yet convinced.", "His experiment demonstrated that a rocket's performance actually decreases under atmospheric pressure.", "In September 1906 he wrote in his notebook about using the repulsion of electrically charged particles (ions) to produce thrust.", "From 1916 to 1917, Goddard built and tested the first known experimental ion thrusters, which he thought might be used for propulsion in the near-vacuum conditions of outer space.", "The small glass engines he built were tested at atmospheric pressure, where they generated a stream of ionized air.", "Smithsonian Institution sponsorship\nBy 1916, the cost of Goddard's rocket research had become too great for his modest teaching salary to bear.", "He began to solicit potential sponsors for financial assistance, beginning with the Smithsonian Institution, the National Geographic Society, and the Aero Club of America.", "In his letter to the Smithsonian in September 1916, Goddard claimed he had achieved a 63% efficiency and a nozzle velocity of almost .", "With these performance levels, he believed a rocket could vertically lift a weight of to a height of with an initial launch weight of only .", "(Earth's atmosphere can be considered to end at altitude, where its drag effect on orbiting satellites becomes minimal.)", "The Smithsonian was interested and asked Goddard to elaborate upon his initial inquiry.", "Goddard responded with a detailed manuscript he had already prepared, entitled A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes.", "In January 1917, the Smithsonian agreed to provide Goddard with a five-year grant totaling .", "Afterward, Clark was able to contribute and the use of their physics lab to the project.", "Worcester Polytechnic Institute also allowed him to use its abandoned Magnetics Laboratory on the edge of campus during this time, as a safe place for testing.", "WPI also made some parts in their machine shop.", "Goddard's fellow Clark scientists were astonished at the unusually large Smithsonian grant for rocket research, which they thought was not real science.", "Decades later, rocket scientists who knew how much it cost to research and develop rockets said that he had received little financial support.", "Two years later, at the insistence of Dr. Arthur G. Webster, the world-renowned head of Clark's physics department, Goddard arranged for the Smithsonian to publish the paper, A Method..., which documented his work.", "While at Clark University, Goddard did research into solar power using a parabolic dish to concentrate the Sun's rays on a machined piece of quartz, that was sprayed with mercury, which then heated water and drove an electric generator.", "Goddard believed his invention had overcome all the obstacles that had previously defeated other scientists and inventors, and he had his findings published in the November 1929 issue of Popular Science.", "Goddard's military rocket\n\nNot all of Goddard's early work was geared toward space travel.", "As the United States entered World War I in 1917, the country's universities began to lend their services to the war effort.", "Goddard believed his rocket research could be applied to many different military applications, including mobile artillery, field weapons and naval torpedoes.", "He made proposals to the Navy and Army.", "No record exists in his papers of any interest by the Navy to Goddard's inquiry.", "However, Army Ordnance was quite interested, and Goddard met several times with Army personnel.", "During this time, Goddard was also contacted, in early 1918, by a civilian industrialist in Worcester about the possibility of manufacturing rockets for the military.", "However, as the businessman's enthusiasm grew, so did Goddard's suspicion.", "Talks eventually broke down as Goddard began to fear his work might be appropriated by the business.", "However, an Army Signal Corps officer tried to make Goddard cooperate, but he was called off by General George Squier of the Signal Corps who had been contacted by Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Walcott.", "Goddard became leery of working with corporations and was careful to secure patents to \"protect his ideas.\"", "These events led to the Signal Corps sponsoring Goddard's work during World War I.\n\nGoddard proposed to the Army an idea for a tube-based rocket launcher as a light infantry weapon.", "The launcher concept became the precursor to the bazooka.", "The rocket-powered, recoil-free weapon was the brainchild of Goddard as a side project (under Army contract) of his work on rocket propulsion.", "Goddard, during his tenure at Clark University, and working at Mount Wilson Observatory for security reasons, designed the tube-fired rocket for military use during World War I.", "He and his co-worker Dr. Clarence N. Hickman successfully demonstrated his rocket to the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, on November 6, 1918, using two music stands for a launch platform.", "The Army was impressed, but the Compiègne Armistice was signed only five days later, and further development was discontinued as World War I ended.", "The delay in the development of the bazooka and other weapons was a result of the long recovery period required from Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis.", "Goddard continued to be a part-time consultant to the U.S. Government at Indian Head, Maryland, until 1923, but his focus had turned to other research involving rocket propulsion, including work with liquid fuels and liquid oxygen.", "Later, the former Clark University researcher Dr. Clarence N. Hickman and Army officers Col. Leslie Skinner and Lt. Edward Uhl continued Goddard's work on the bazooka.", "A shaped-charge warhead was attached to the rocket, leading to the tank-killing weapon used in World War II and to many other powerful rocket weapons.", "A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes \n\nIn 1919 Goddard thought that it would be premature to disclose the results of his experiments because his engine was not sufficiently developed.", "Dr. Webster realized that Goddard had accomplished a good deal of fine work and insisted that Goddard publish his progress so far or he would take care of it himself, so Goddard asked the Smithsonian Institution if it would publish the report, updated with notes, that he had submitted in late 1916.", "In late 1919, the Smithsonian published Goddard's groundbreaking work, A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes.", "The report describes Goddard's mathematical theories of rocket flight, his experiments with solid-fuel rockets, and the possibilities he saw of exploring Earth's atmosphere and beyond.", "Along with Konstantin Tsiolkovsky's earlier work, The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices, which was not widely disseminated outside Russia, Goddard's report is regarded as one of the pioneering works of the science of rocketry, and 1750 copies were distributed worldwide.", "Goddard also sent a copy to individuals who requested one, until his personal supply was exhausted.", "Smithsonian aerospace historian Frank Winter said that this paper was \"one of the key catalysts behind the international rocket movement of the 1920s and 30s.\"", "Goddard described extensive experiments with solid-fuel rocket engines burning high-grade nitrocellulose smokeless powder.", "A critical breakthrough was the use of the steam turbine nozzle invented by the Swedish inventor Gustaf de Laval.", "The de Laval nozzle allows the most efficient (isentropic) conversion of the energy of hot gases into forward motion.", "By means of this nozzle, Goddard increased the efficiency of his rocket engines from two percent to 64 percent and obtained supersonic exhaust velocities of over Mach 7.", "Though most of this work dealt with the theoretical and experimental relations between propellant, rocket mass, thrust, and velocity, a final section, entitled \"Calculation of minimum mass required to raise one pound to an 'infinite' altitude,\" discussed the possible uses of rockets, not only to reach the upper atmosphere but to escape from Earth's gravitation altogether.", "He determined, using an approximate method to solve his differential equation of motion for vertical flight, that a rocket with an effective exhaust velocity (see specific impulse) of 7000 feet per second and an initial weight of 602 pounds would be able to send a one-pound payload to an infinite height.", "Included as a thought experiment was the idea of launching a rocket to the Moon and igniting a mass of flash powder on its surface, so as to be visible through a telescope.", "He discussed the matter seriously, down to an estimate of the amount of powder required.", "Goddard's conclusion was that a rocket with starting mass of 3.21 tons could produce a flash \"just visible\" from Earth, assuming a final payload weight of 10.7 pounds.", "Goddard eschewed publicity, because he did not have time to reply to criticism of his work, and his imaginative ideas about space travel were shared only with private groups he trusted.", "He did, though, publish and talk about the rocket principle and sounding rockets, since these subjects were not too \"far out.\"", "In a letter to the Smithsonian, dated March 1920, he discussed: photographing the Moon and planets from rocket-powered fly-by probes, sending messages to distant civilizations on inscribed metal plates, the use of solar energy in space, and the idea of high-velocity ion propulsion.", "In that same letter, Goddard clearly describes the concept of the ablative heat shield, suggesting the landing apparatus be covered with \"layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between\" designed to erode in the same way as the surface of a meteor.", "Publicity and criticism\nThe publication of Goddard's document gained him national attention from U.S. newspapers, most of it negative.", "Although Goddard's discussion of targeting the moon was only a small part of the work as a whole (eight lines on the next to last page of 69 pages), and was intended as an illustration of the possibilities rather than a declaration of intent, the papers sensationalized his ideas to the point of misrepresentation and ridicule.", "Even the Smithsonian had to abstain from publicity because of the amount of ridiculous correspondence received from the general public.", "David Lasser, who co-founded the American Rocket Society (ARS), wrote in 1931 that Goddard was subjected in the press to the \"most violent attacks.\"", "On January 12, 1920, a front-page story in The New York Times, \"Believes Rocket Can Reach Moon\", reported a Smithsonian press release about a \"multiple-charge, high-efficiency rocket.\"", "The chief application envisaged was \"the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes within the Earth's atmosphere\", the advantage over balloon-carried instruments being ease of recovery, since \"the new rocket apparatus would go straight up and come straight down.\"", "But it also mentioned a proposal \"to [send] to the dark part of the new moon a sufficiently large amount of the most brilliant flash powder which, in being ignited on impact, would be plainly visible in a powerful telescope.", "This would be the only way of proving that the rocket had really left the attraction of the earth, as the apparatus would never come back, once it had escaped that attraction.\"", "New York Times editorial\nOn January 13, 1920, the day after its front-page story about Goddard's rocket, an unsigned New York Times editorial, in a section entitled \"Topics of the Times\", scoffed at the proposal.", "The article, which bore the title \"A Severe Strain on Credulity\", began with apparent approval, but soon went on to cast serious doubt:\nAs a method of sending a missile to the higher, and even highest, part of the earth's atmospheric envelope, Professor Goddard's multiple-charge rocket is a practicable, and therefore promising device.", "Such a rocket, too, might carry self-recording instruments, to be released at the limit of its flight, and conceivable parachutes would bring them safely to the ground.", "It is not obvious, however, that the instruments would return to the point of departure; indeed, it is obvious that they would not, for parachutes drift exactly as balloons do.", "The article pressed further on Goddard's proposal to launch rockets beyond the atmosphere:\n[A]fter the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left.", "To claim that it would be is to deny a fundamental law of dynamics, and only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen, so few and fit, are licensed to do that.", "... Of course, [Goddard] only seems to lack the knowledge ladled out daily in high schools.", "The basis of that criticism was the then-common belief that thrust was produced by the rocket exhaust pushing against the atmosphere; Goddard realized that Newton's third law (reaction) was the actual principle and that thrust was possible in a vacuum.", "Aftermath\nA week after the New York Times editorial, Goddard released a signed statement to the Associated Press, attempting to restore reason to what had become a sensational story:\nToo much attention has been concentrated on the proposed flash pow[d]er experiment, and too little on the exploration of the atmosphere.", "... Whatever interesting possibilities there may be of the method that has been proposed, other than the purpose for which it was intended, no one of them could be undertaken without first exploring the atmosphere.", "In 1924, Goddard published an article, \"How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum\", in Popular Science, in which he explained the physics and gave details of the vacuum experiments he had performed to prove the theory.", "But, no matter how he tried to explain his results, he was not understood by the majority.", "After one of Goddard's experiments in 1929, a local Worcester newspaper carried the mocking headline \"Moon rocket misses target by 238,799 miles.\"", "Though the unimaginative public chuckled at the \"moon man,\" his groundbreaking paper was read seriously by many rocketeers in America, Europe, and Russia who were stirred to build their own rockets.", "This work was his most important contribution to the quest to \"aim for the stars.\"", "Goddard worked alone with just his team of mechanics and machinists for many years.", "This was a result of the harsh criticism from the media and other scientists, and his understanding of the military applications which foreign powers might use.", "Goddard became increasingly suspicious of others and often worked alone, except during the two World Wars, which limited the impact of much of his work.", "Another limiting factor was the lack of support from the American government, military and academia, all failing to understand the value of the rocket to study the atmosphere and near space, and for military applications.", "Nevertheless, Goddard had some influence on European rocketry pioneers like Hermann Oberth and his student Max Valier, at least as proponent of the idea of space rocketry and source of inspiration, although each side developed their technology and its scientific basis independently.", "Eventually Fritz von Opel was instrumental in popularizing rockets as means of propulsion for vehicles.", "In the 1920s, he initiated together with Max Valier, co-founder of the \"Verein für Raumschiffahrt\", the world's first rocket program, Opel-RAK, leading to speed records for automobiles, rail vehicles and the first manned rocket-powered flight in September of 1929.", "Months earlier in 1928, one of his rocket-powered prototypes, the Opel RAK2, reached piloted by von Opel himself at the AVUS speedway in Berlin a record speed of 238 km/h, watched by 3000 spectators and world media, among them Fritz Lang, director of Metropolis and Woman in the Moon, world boxing champion Max Schmeling and many more sports and show business celebrities.", "A world record for rail vehicles was reached with RAK3 and a top speed of 256 km/h.", "After these successes, von Opel piloted the world's first public rocket-powered flight using Opel RAK.1, a rocket plane designed by Julius Hatry.", "World media reported on these efforts, including UNIVERSAL Newsreel of the US, causing as \"Raketen-Rummel\" or \"Rocket Rumble\" immense global public excitement, and in particular in Germany, where inter alia Wernher von Braun was highly influenced.", "The Great Depression led to an end of the Opel-RAK program, but Max Valier continued the efforts.", "After switching from solid-fuel to liquid-fuel rockets, he died while testing and is considered the first fatality of the dawning space age.", "As an 18-year-old von Braun also became a student of Oberth and eventually the head of the Nazi era rocket program.", "As Germany became ever more war-like, Goddard refused to communicate with German rocket experimenters, though he received more and more of their correspondence.", "Via Wernher von Braun and his team joining the US post-war programs there is nevertheless an indirect line of scientific and technology tradition from NASA back to Goddard.", "'A Correction'\nForty-nine years after its editorial mocking Goddard, on July 17, 1969—the day after the launch of Apollo 11—The New York Times published a short item under the headline \"A Correction.\"", "The three-paragraph statement summarized its 1920 editorial and concluded:\nFurther investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of Isaac Newton in the 17th Century and it is now definitely established that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere.", "The Times regrets the error.", "First liquid-fueled flight\n\nGoddard began considering liquid propellants, including hydrogen and oxygen, as early as 1909.", "He knew that hydrogen and oxygen was the most efficient fuel/oxidizer combination.", "Liquid hydrogen was not readily available in 1921, however, and he selected gasoline as the safest fuel to handle.", "First static tests\n\nGoddard began experimenting with liquid oxidizer, liquid fuel rockets in September 1921, and successfully tested the first liquid propellant engine in November 1923.", "It had a cylindrical combustion chamber, using impinging jets to mix and atomize liquid oxygen and gasoline.", "In 1924–25, Goddard had problems developing a high-pressure piston pump to send fuel to the combustion chamber.", "He wanted to scale up the experiments, but his funding would not allow such growth.", "He decided to forego the pumps and use a pressurized fuel feed system applying pressure to the fuel tank from a tank of inert gas, a technique that is still used today.", "The liquid oxygen, some of which evaporated, provided its own pressure.", "On December 6, 1925, he tested the simpler pressure feed system.", "He conducted a static test on the firing stand at the Clark University physics laboratory.", "The engine successfully lifted its own weight in a 27-second test in the static rack.", "It was a major success for Goddard, proving that a liquid fuel rocket was possible.", "The test moved Goddard an important step closer to launching a rocket with liquid fuel.", "Goddard conducted an additional test in December, and two more in January 1926.", "After that, he began preparing for a possible launch of the rocket system.", "First flight\nGoddard launched the world's first liquid-fueled (gasoline and liquid oxygen) rocket on March 16, 1926, in Auburn, Massachusetts.", "Present at the launch were his crew chief Henry Sachs, Esther Goddard, and Percy Roope, who was Clark's assistant professor in the physics department.", "Goddard's diary entry of the event was notable for its understatement:\nMarch 16.", "Went to Auburn with S[achs] in am.", "E[sther] and Mr. Roope came out at 1 p.m.", "Tried rocket at 2.30.", "It rose 41 feet & went 184 feet, in 2.5 secs., after the lower half of the nozzle burned off.", "Brought materials to lab.", "...\nHis diary entry the next day elaborated:\nMarch 17, 1926.", "The first flight with a rocket using liquid propellants was made yesterday at Aunt Effie's farm in Auburn.", "...", "Even though the release was pulled, the rocket did not rise at first, but the flame came out, and there was a steady roar.", "After a number of seconds it rose, slowly until it cleared the frame, and then at express train speed, curving over to the left, and striking the ice and snow, still going at a rapid rate.", "The rocket, which was later dubbed \"Nell\", rose just 41 feet during a 2.5-second flight that ended 184 feet away in a cabbage field, but it was an important demonstration that liquid fuels and oxidizers were possible propellants for larger rockets.", "The launch site is now a National Historic Landmark, the Goddard Rocket Launching Site.", "Viewers familiar with more modern rocket designs may find it difficult to distinguish the rocket from its launching apparatus in the well-known picture of \"Nell\".", "The complete rocket is significantly taller than Goddard but does not include the pyramidal support structure which he is grasping.", "The rocket's combustion chamber is the small cylinder at the top; the nozzle is visible beneath it.", "The fuel tank, which is also part of the rocket, is the larger cylinder opposite Goddard's torso.", "The fuel tank is directly beneath the nozzle and is protected from the motor's exhaust by an asbestos cone.", "Asbestos-wrapped aluminum tubes connect the motor to the tanks, providing both support and fuel transport.", "This layout is no longer used, since the experiment showed that this was no more stable than placing the combustion chamber and nozzle at the base.", "By May, after a series of modifications to simplify the plumbing, the combustion chamber and nozzle were placed in the now classic position, at the lower end of the rocket.", "Goddard determined early that fins alone were not sufficient to stabilize the rocket in flight and keep it on the desired trajectory in the face of winds aloft and other disturbing forces.", "He added movable vanes in the exhaust, controlled by a gyroscope, to control and steer his rocket.", "(The Germans used this technique in their V-2.)", "He also introduced the more efficient swiveling engine in several rockets, basically the method used to steer large liquid-propellant missiles and launchers today.", "Lindbergh and Goddard\n\nAfter launch of one of Goddard's rockets in July 1929 again gained the attention of the newspapers, Charles Lindbergh learned of his work in a New York Times article.", "At the time, Lindbergh had begun to wonder what would become of aviation (even space flight) in the distant future and had settled on jet propulsion and rocket flight as a probable next step.", "After checking with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and being assured that Goddard was a bona fide physicist and not a crackpot, he phoned Goddard in November 1929.", "Professor Goddard met the aviator soon after in his office at Clark University.", "Upon meeting Goddard, Lindbergh was immediately impressed by his research, and Goddard was similarly impressed by the flier's interest.", "He discussed his work openly with Lindbergh, forming an alliance that would last for the rest of his life.", "While having long since become reluctant to share his ideas, Goddard showed complete openness with those few who shared his dream, and whom he felt he could trust.", "By late 1929, Goddard had been attracting additional notoriety with each rocket launch.", "He was finding it increasingly difficult to conduct his research without unwanted distractions.", "Lindbergh discussed finding additional financing for Goddard's work and lent his famous name to Goddard's work.", "In 1930 Lindbergh made several proposals to industry and private investors for funding, which proved all but impossible to find following the recent U.S. stock market crash in October 1929.", "Guggenheim sponsorship\nIn the spring of 1930, Lindbergh finally found an ally in the Guggenheim family.", "Financier Daniel Guggenheim agreed to fund Goddard's research over the next four years for a total of $100,000 (~$ today).", "The Guggenheim family, especially Harry Guggenheim, would continue to support Goddard's work in the years to come.", "The Goddards soon moved to Roswell, New Mexico\n\nBecause of the military potential of the rocket, Goddard, Lindbergh, Harry Guggenheim, the Smithsonian Institution and others tried in 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II, to convince the Army and Navy of its value.", "Goddard's services were offered, but there was no interest, initially.", "Two young, imaginative military officers eventually got the services to attempt to contract with Goddard just prior to the war.", "The Navy beat the Army to the punch and secured his services to build variable-thrust, liquid-fueled rocket engines for jet-assisted take-off (JATO) of aircraft.", "These rocket engines were the precursors to the larger throttlable rocket plane engines that helped launch the space age.", "Astronaut Buzz Aldrin wrote that his father, Edwin Aldrin Sr. \"was an early supporter of Robert Goddard.\"", "The elder Aldrin was a student of physics under Goddard at Clark, and worked with Lindbergh to obtain the help of the Guggenheims.", "Buzz believed that if Goddard had received military support as Wernher von Braun's team had enjoyed in Germany, American rocket technology would have developed much more rapidly in World War II.", "Lack of vision in the United States\nBefore World War II there was a lack of vision and serious interest in the United States concerning the potential of rocketry, especially in Washington.", "Although the Weather Bureau was interested beginning in 1929 in Goddard's rocket for atmospheric research, the Bureau could not secure governmental funding.", "Between the World Wars, the Guggenheim Foundation was the main source of funding for Goddard's research.", "Goddard's liquid-fueled rocket was neglected by his country, according to aerospace historian Eugene Emme, but was noticed and advanced by other nations, especially the Germans.", "Goddard showed remarkable prescience in 1923 in a letter to the Smithsonian.", "He knew that the Germans were very interested in rocketry and said he \"would not be surprised if the research would become something in the nature of a race,\" and he wondered how soon the European \"theorists\" would begin to build rockets.", "In 1936, the U.S. military attaché in Berlin asked Charles Lindbergh to visit Germany and learn what he could of their progress in aviation.", "Although the Luftwaffe showed him their factories and were open concerning their growing airpower, they were silent on the subject of rocketry.", "When Lindbergh told Goddard of this behavior, Goddard said, \"Yes, they must have plans for the rocket.", "When will our own people in Washington listen to reason?\"", "Most of the U.S.'s largest universities were also slow to realize rocketry's potential.", "Just before World War II, the head of the aeronautics department at MIT, at a meeting held by the Army Air Corps to discuss project funding, said that the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) \"can take the Buck Rogers Job [rocket research].\"", "In 1941, Goddard tried to recruit an engineer for his team from MIT but couldn't find one who was interested.", "There were some exceptions: MIT was at least teaching basic rocketry, and Caltech had courses in rocketry and aerodynamics.", "After the war, Dr. Jerome Hunsaker of MIT, having studied Goddard's patents, stated that \"Every liquid-fuel rocket that flies is a Goddard rocket.\"", "While away in Roswell, Goddard was still head of the physics department at Clark University, and Clark allowed him to devote most of his time to rocket research.", "Likewise, the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) permitted astronomer Samuel Herrick to pursue research in space vehicle guidance and control, and shortly after the war to teach courses in spacecraft guidance and orbit determination.", "Herrick began corresponding with Goddard in 1931 and asked if he should work in this new field, which he named astrodynamics.", "Herrick said that Goddard had the vision to advise and encourage him in his use of celestial mechanics \"to anticipate the basic problem of space navigation.\"", "Herrick's work contributed substantially to America's readiness to control flight of Earth satellites and send men to the Moon and back.", "Roswell, New Mexico\n\nWith new financial backing, Goddard eventually relocated to Roswell, New Mexico, in summer of 1930, where he worked with his team of technicians in near-isolation and relative secrecy for years.", "He had consulted a meteorologist as to the best area to do his work, and Roswell seemed ideal.", "Here they would not endanger anyone, would not be bothered by the curious and would experience a more moderate climate (which was also better for Goddard's health).", "The locals valued personal privacy, knew Goddard desired his, and when travelers asked where Goddard's facilities were located, they would likely be misdirected.", "By September 1931, his rockets had the now familiar appearance of a smooth casing with tail-fins.", "He began experimenting with gyroscopic guidance and made a flight test of such a system in April 1932.", "A gyroscope mounted on gimbals electrically controlled steering vanes in the exhaust, similar to the system used by the German V-2 over 10 years later.", "Though the rocket crashed after a short ascent, the guidance system had worked, and Goddard considered the test a success.", "A temporary loss of funding from the Guggenheims, as a result of the depression, forced Goddard in spring of 1932 to return to his much-loathed professorial responsibilities at Clark University.", "He remained at the university until the autumn of 1934, when funding resumed.", "Because of the death of the senior Daniel Guggenheim, the management of funding was taken on by his son, Harry Guggenheim.", "Upon his return to Roswell, he began work on his A series of rockets, 4 to 4.5 meters long, and powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen pressurized with nitrogen.", "The gyroscopic control system was housed in the middle of the rocket, between the propellant tanks.", "The A-4 used a simpler pendulum system for guidance, as the gyroscopic system was being repaired.", "On March 8, 1935, it flew up to 1,000 feet, then turned into the wind and, Goddard reported, \"roared in a powerful descent across the prairie, at close to, or at, the speed of sound.\"", "On March 28, 1935, the A-5 successfully flew vertically to an altitude of (0.91 mi; 4,800 ft) using his gyroscopic guidance system.", "It then turned to a nearly horizontal path, flew 13,000 feet and achieved a maximum speed of 550 miles per hour.", "Goddard was elated because the guidance system kept the rocket on a vertical path so well.", "In 1936–1939, Goddard began work on the K and L series rockets, which were much more massive and designed to reach very high altitude.", "The K series consisted of static bench tests of a more powerful engine, achieving a thrust of 624 lbs in February 1936.", "This work was plagued by trouble with chamber burn-through.", "In 1923, Goddard had built a regeneratively cooled engine, which circulated liquid oxygen around the outside of the combustion chamber, but he deemed the idea too complicated.", "He then used a curtain cooling method that involved spraying excess gasoline, which evaporated around the inside wall of the combustion chamber, but this scheme did not work well, and the larger rockets failed.", "Goddard returned to a smaller design, and his L-13 reached an altitude of 2.7 kilometers (1.7 mi; 8,900 ft), the highest of any of his rockets.", "Weight was reduced by using thin-walled fuel tanks wound with high-tensile-strength wire.", "Goddard experimented with many of the features of today's large rockets, such as multiple combustion chambers and nozzles.", "In November 1936, he flew the world's first rocket (L-7) with multiple chambers, hoping to increase thrust without increasing the size of a single chamber.", "It had four combustion chambers, reached a height of 200 feet, and corrected its vertical path using blast vanes until one chamber burned through.", "This flight demonstrated that a rocket with multiple combustion chambers could fly stably and be easily guided.", "In July 1937 he replaced the guidance vanes with a movable tail section containing a single combustion chamber, as if on gimbals (thrust vectoring).", "The flight was of low altitude, but a large disturbance, probably caused by a change in the wind velocity, was corrected back to vertical.", "In an August test the flight path was corrected seven times by the movable tail and was captured on film by Mrs Goddard.", "From 1940 to 1941, Goddard worked on the P series of rockets, which used propellant turbopumps (also powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen).", "The lightweight pumps produced higher propellant pressures, permitting a more powerful engine (greater thrust) and a lighter structure (lighter tanks and no pressurization tank), but two launches both ended in crashes after reaching an altitude of only a few hundred feet.", "The turbopumps worked well, however, and Goddard was pleased.", "When Goddard mentioned the need for turbopumps, Harry Guggenheim suggested that he contact pump manufacturers to aid him.", "None were interested, as the development cost of these miniature pumps was prohibitive.", "Goddard's team was therefore left on its own and from September 1938 to June 1940 designed and tested the small turbopumps and gas generators to operate the turbines.", "Esther later said that the pump tests were \"the most trying and disheartening phase of the research.\"", "Goddard was able to flight-test many of his rockets, but many resulted in what the uninitiated would call failures, usually resulting from engine malfunction or loss of control.", "Goddard did not consider them failures, however, because he felt that he always learned something from a test.", "Most of his work involved static tests, which are a standard procedure today, before a flight test.", "He wrote to a correspondent: \"It is not a simple matter to differentiate unsuccessful from successful experiments.", "... [Most] work that is finally successful is the result of a series of unsuccessful tests in which difficulties are gradually eliminated.\"", "General Jimmy Doolittle\nJimmy Doolittle was introduced to the field of space science at an early point in its history.", "He recalls in his autobiography, \"I became interested in rocket development in the 1930s when I met Robert H. Goddard, who laid the foundation.", "...", "While with Shell Oil I worked with him on the development of a type of fuel.", "... \" Harry Guggenheim and Charles Lindbergh arranged for (then Major) Doolittle to discuss with Goddard a special blend of gasoline.", "Doolittle flew himself to Roswell in October 1938 and was given a tour of Goddard's shop and a \"short course\" in rocketry.", "He then wrote a memo, including a rather detailed description of Goddard's rocket.", "In closing he said, \"interplanetary transportation is probably a dream of the very distant future, but with the moon only a quarter of a million miles away—who knows!\"", "In July 1941, he wrote Goddard that he was still interested in his rocket propulsion research.", "The Army was interested only in JATO at this point.", "However, Doolittle and Lindbergh were concerned about the state of rocketry in the US, and Doolittle remained in touch with Goddard.", "Shortly after World War II, Doolittle spoke concerning Goddard to an American Rocket Society (ARS) conference at which a large number interested in rocketry attended.", "He later stated that at that time \"we [in the aeronautics field] had not given much credence to the tremendous potential of rocketry.\"", "In 1956, he was appointed chairman of the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) because the previous chairman, Jerome C. Hunsaker, thought Doolittle to be more sympathetic than other scientists and engineers to the rocket, which was increasing in importance as a scientific tool as well as a weapon.", "Doolittle was instrumental in the successful transition of the NACA to the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) in 1958.", "He was offered the position as first administrator of NASA, but he turned it down.", "Launch history\nBetween 1926 and 1941, the following 35 rockets were launched:\n\nAnalysis of results\nAs an instrument for reaching extreme altitudes, Goddard's rockets were not very successful; they did not achieve an altitude greater than 2.7 km in 1937, while a balloon sonde had already reached 35 km in 1921.", "By contrast, German rocket scientists had achieved an altitude of 2.4 km with the A-2 rocket in 1934, 8 km by 1939 with the A-5, and 176 km in 1942 with the A-4 (V-2) launched vertically, reaching the outer limits of the atmosphere and into space.", "Goddard's pace was slower than the Germans' because he did not have the resources they did.", "Simply reaching high altitudes was not his primary goal; he was trying, with a methodical approach, to perfect his liquid fuel engine and subsystems such as guidance and control so that his rocket could eventually achieve high altitudes without tumbling in the rare atmosphere, providing a stable vehicle for the experiments it would eventually carry.", "He had built the necessary turbopumps and was on the verge of building larger, lighter, more reliable rockets to reach extreme altitudes carrying scientific instruments when World War II intervened and changed the path of American history.", "He hoped to return to his experiments in Roswell after the war.", "Though by the end of the Roswell years much of his technology had been replicated independently by others, he introduced new developments to rocketry that were used in this new enterprise: lightweight turbopumps, variable-thrust engine (in U.S.), engine with multiple combustion chambers and nozzles, and curtain cooling of combustion chamber.", "Although Goddard had brought his work in rocketry to the attention of the United States Army, between World Wars, he was rebuffed, since the Army largely failed to grasp the military application of large rockets and said there was no money for new experimental weapons.", "German military intelligence, by contrast, had paid attention to Goddard's work.", "The Goddards noticed that some mail had been opened, and some mailed reports had gone missing.", "An accredited military attaché to the US, Friedrich von Boetticher, sent a four-page report to the Abwehr in 1936, and the spy Gustav Guellich sent a mixture of facts and made-up information, claiming to have visited Roswell and witnessed a launch.", "The Abwehr was very interested and responded with more questions about Goddard's work.", "Guellich's reports did include information about fuel mixtures and the important concept of fuel-curtain cooling, but thereafter the Germans received very little information about Goddard.", "The Soviet Union had a spy in the U.S. Navy Bureau of Aeronautics.", "In 1935, she gave them a report Goddard had written for the Navy in 1933.", "It contained results of tests and flights and suggestions for military uses of his rockets.", "The Soviets considered this to be very valuable information.", "It provided few design details, but gave them the direction and knowledge about Goddard's progress.", "Annapolis, Maryland \nNavy Lieutenant Charles F. Fischer, who had visited Goddard in Roswell earlier and gained his confidence, believed Goddard was doing valuable work and was able to convince the Bureau of Aeronautics in September 1941 that Goddard could build the JATO unit the Navy desired.", "While still in Roswell, and before the Navy contract took effect, Goddard began in September to apply his technology to build a variable-thrust engine to be attached to a PBY seaplane.", "By May 1942, he had a unit that could meet the Navy's requirements and be able to launch a heavily loaded aircraft from a short runway.", "In February, he received part of a PBY with bullet holes apparently acquired in the Pearl Harbor attack.", "Goddard wrote to Guggenheim that \"I can think of nothing that would give me greater satisfaction than to have it contribute to the inevitable retaliation.\"", "In April, Fischer notified Goddard that the Navy wanted to do all its rocket work at the Engineering Experiment Station at Annapolis.", "Esther, worried that a move to the climate of Maryland would cause Robert's health to deteriorate faster, objected.", "But the patriotic Goddard replied, \"Esther, don't you know there's a war on?\"", "Fischer also questioned the move, as Goddard could work just as well in Roswell.", "Goddard simply answered, \"I was wondering when you would ask me.\"", "Fischer had wanted to offer him something bigger—a long range missile—but JATO was all he could manage, hoping for a greater project later.", "It was a case of a square peg in a round hole, according to a disappointed Goddard.", "Goddard and his team had already been in Annapolis a month and had tested his constant-thrust JATO engine when he received a Navy telegram, forwarded from Roswell, ordering him to Annapolis.", "Lt. Fischer asked for a crash effort.", "By August, his engine was producing 800 lbs of thrust for 20 seconds, and Fischer was anxious to try it on a PBY.", "On the sixth test run, with all bugs worked out, the PBY, piloted by Fischer, was pushed into the air from the Severn River.", "Fischer landed and prepared to launch again.", "Goddard had wanted to check the unit, but radio contact with the PBY had been lost.", "On the seventh try, the engine caught fire.", "The plane was 150 feet up when flight was aborted.", "Because Goddard had installed a safety feature at the last minute, there was no explosion and no lives were lost.", "The problem's cause was traced to hasty installation and rough handling.", "Cheaper, safer solid fuel JATO engines were eventually selected by the armed forces.", "An engineer later said, \"Putting [Goddard's] rocket on a seaplane was like hitching an eagle to a plow.\"", "Goddard's first biographer Milton Lehman notes:\nIn its 1942 crash effort to perfect an aircraft booster, the Navy was beginning to learn its way in rocketry.", "In similar efforts, the Army Air Corps was also exploring the field [with GALCIT].", "Compared to Germany's massive program, these beginnings were small, yet essential to later progress.", "They helped develop a nucleus of trained American rocket engineers, the first of the new breed who would follow the professor into the Age of Space.", "In August 1943, President Atwood at Clark wrote to Goddard that the university was losing the acting head of the Physics Department, was taking on \"emergency work\" for the Army, and he was to \"report for duty or declare the position vacant.\"", "Goddard replied that he believed he was needed by the Navy, was nearing retirement age, and was unable to lecture because of his throat problem, which did not allow him to talk above a whisper.", "He regretfully resigned as Professor of Physics and expressed his deepest appreciation for all Atwood and the Trustees had done for him and indirectly for the war effort.", "In June he had gone to see a throat specialist in Baltimore, who recommended that he not talk at all, to give his throat a rest.", "The station, under Lt Commander Robert Truax, was developing another JATO engine in 1942 that used hypergolic propellants, eliminating the need for an ignition system.", "Chemist Ensign Ray Stiff had discovered in the literature in February that aniline and nitric acid burned fiercely immediately when mixed.", "Goddard's team built the pumps for the aniline fuel and the nitric acid oxidizer and participated in the static testing.", "The Navy delivered the pumps to Reaction Motors (RMI) to use in developing a gas generator for the pump turbines.", "Goddard went to RMI to observe testing of the pump system and would eat lunch with the RMI engineers.", "(RMI was the first firm formed to build rocket engines and built engines for the Bell X-1 rocket plane and Viking (rocket).", "RMI offered Goddard one-fifth interest in the company and a partnership after the war.)", "Goddard went with Navy people in December 1944 to confer with RMI on division of labor, and his team was to provide the propellant pump system for a rocket-powered interceptor because they had more experience with pumps.", "He consulted with RMI from 1942 through 1945.", "Though previously competitors, Goddard had a good working relationship with RMI, according to historian Frank H. Winter.", "The Navy had Goddard build a pump system for Caltech's use with acid-aniline propellants.", "The team built a 3000-lb thrust engine using a cluster of four 750-lb thrust motors.", "They also developed 750-lb engines for the Navy's Gorgon guided interceptor missile (experimental Project Gorgon).", "Goddard continued to develop the variable-thrust engine with gasoline and lox because of the hazards involved with the hypergolics.", "Despite Goddard's efforts to convince the Navy that liquid-fueled rockets had greater potential, he said that the Navy had no interest in long-range missiles.", "However, the Navy asked him to perfect the throttleable JATO engine.", "Goddard made improvements to the engine, and in November it was demonstrated to the Navy and some officials from Washington.", "Fischer invited the spectators to operate the controls; the engine blasted out over the Severn at full throttle with no hesitation, idled, and roared again at various thrust levels.", "The test was perfect, exceeding the Navy's requirements.", "The unit was able to be stopped and restarted, and it produced a medium thrust of 600 pounds for 15 seconds and a full thrust of 1,000 pounds for over 15 seconds.", "A Navy Commander commented that \"It was like being Thor, playing with thunderbolts.\"", "Goddard had produced the essential propulsion control system of the rocket plane.", "The Goddards celebrated by attending the Army-Navy football game and attending the Fischers' cocktail party.", "This engine was the basis of the Curtiss-Wright XLR25-CW-1 two-chamber, 15,000-pound variable-thrust engine that powered the Bell X-2 research rocket plane.", "After World War II, Goddard's team and some patents went to Curtiss-Wright Corporation.", "\"Although his death in August 1945 prevented him from participating in the actual development of this engine, it was a direct descendent of his design.\"", "Clark University and the Guggenheim Foundation received the royalties from the use of the patents.", "In September 1956, the X-2 was the first plane to reach 126,000 feet altitude and in its last flight exceeded Mach 3 (3.2) before losing control and crashing.", "The X-2 program advanced technology in areas such as steel alloys and aerodynamics at high Mach numbers.", "V-2 \n\nIn the spring of 1945, Goddard saw a captured German V-2 ballistic missile, in the naval laboratory in Annapolis, Maryland, where he had been working under contract.", "The unlaunched rocket had been captured by the US Army from the Mittelwerk factory in the Harz mountains and samples began to be shipped by Special Mission V-2 on 22 May 1945.", "After a thorough inspection, Goddard was convinced that the Germans had \"stolen\" his work.", "Though the design details were not exactly the same, the basic design of the V-2 was similar to one of Goddard's rockets.", "The V-2, however, was technically far more advanced than the most successful of the rockets designed and tested by Goddard.", "The Peenemünde rocket group led by Wernher von Braun may have benefited from the pre-1939 contacts to a limited extent, but had also started from the work of their own space pioneer, Hermann Oberth; they also had the benefit of intensive state funding, large-scale production facilities (using slave labor), and repeated flight-testing that allowed them to refine their designs.", "Oberth was a theorist and had never built a rocket, but he tested small liquid propellant thrust chambers in 1929-30 which were not advancements in the \"state of the art.\"", "In 1922 Oberth asked Goddard for a copy of his 1919 paper and was sent one.", "Nevertheless, in 1963, von Braun, reflecting on the history of rocketry, said of Goddard: \"His rockets ... may have been rather crude by present-day standards, but they blazed the trail and incorporated many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles\".", "He once recalled that \"Goddard's experiments in liquid fuel saved us years of work, and enabled us to perfect the V-2 years before it would have been possible.\"", "After World War II von Braun reviewed Goddard's patents and believed they contained enough technical information to build a large missile.", "Three features developed by Goddard appeared in the V-2: (1) turbopumps were used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber; (2) gyroscopically controlled vanes in the nozzle stabilized the rocket until external vanes in the air could do so; and (3) excess alcohol was fed in around the combustion chamber walls, so that a blanket of evaporating gas protected the engine walls from the combustion heat.", "The Germans had been watching Goddard's progress before the war and became convinced that large, liquid fuel rockets were feasible.", "General Walter Dornberger, head of the V-2 project, used the idea that they were in a race with the U.S. and that Goddard had \"disappeared\" (to work with the Navy) as a way to persuade Hitler to raise the priority of the V-2.", "Goddard's secrecy \nGoddard avoided sharing details of his work with other scientists and preferred to work alone with his technicians.", "Frank Malina, who was then studying rocketry at the California Institute of Technology, visited Goddard in August 1936.", "Goddard hesitated to discuss any of his research, other than that which had already been published in Liquid-Propellant Rocket Development.", "Theodore von Kármán, Malina's mentor at the time, was unhappy with Goddard's attitude and later wrote, \"Naturally we at Caltech wanted as much information as we could get from Goddard for our mutual benefit.", "But Goddard believed in secrecy.", "...", "The trouble with secrecy is that one can easily go in the wrong direction and never know it.\"", "However, at an earlier point, von Kármán said that Malina was \"highly enthusiastic\" after his visit and that Caltech made changes to their liquid-propellant rocket, based on Goddard's work and patents.", "Malina remembered his visit as friendly and that he saw all but a few components in Goddard's shop.", "Goddard's concerns about secrecy led to criticism for failure to cooperate with other scientists and engineers.", "His approach at that time was that independent development of his ideas without interference would bring quicker results even though he received less technical support.", "George Sutton, who became a rocket scientist working with von Braun's team in the late 1940s, said that he and his fellow workers had not heard of Goddard or his contributions and that they would have saved time if they had known the details of his work.", "Sutton admits that it may have been their fault for not looking for Goddard's patents and depending on the German team for knowledge and guidance; he wrote that information about the patents was not well distributed in the U.S. at that early period after World War II, though Germany and the Soviet Union had copies of some of them.", "(The Patent Office did not release rocket patents during World War II.)", "However, the Aerojet Engineering Corporation, an offshoot of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory at Caltech (GALCIT), filed two patent applications in Sep 1943 referencing Goddard's for the multistage rocket.", "By 1939, von Kármán's GALCIT had received Army Air Corps funding to develop rockets to assist in aircraft take-off.", "Goddard learned of this in 1940, and openly expressed his displeasure at not being considered.", "Malina could not understand why the Army did not arrange for an exchange of information between Goddard and Caltech since both were under government contract at the same time.", "Goddard did not think he could be of that much help to Caltech because they were designing rocket engines mainly with solid fuel, while he was using liquid fuel.", "Goddard was concerned with avoiding the public criticism and ridicule he had faced in the 1920s, which he believed had harmed his professional reputation.", "He also lacked interest in discussions with people who had less understanding of rocketry than he did, feeling that his time was extremely constrained.", "Goddard's health was frequently poor, as a result of his earlier bout of tuberculosis, and he was uncertain about how long he had to live He felt, therefore, that he hadn't the time to spare arguing with other scientists and the press about his new field of research, or helping all the amateur rocketeers who wrote to him.", "In 1932 Goddard wrote to H. G. Wells:\n How many more years I shall be able to work on the problem, I do not know; I hope, as long as I live.", "There can be no thought of finishing, for \"aiming at the stars\", both literally and figuratively, is a problem to occupy generations, so that no matter how much progress one makes, there is always the thrill of just beginning.", "Goddard spoke to professional groups, published articles and papers and patented his ideas; but while he discussed basic principles, he was unwilling to reveal the details of his designs until he had flown rockets to high altitudes and thus proven his theory.", "He tended to avoid any mention of space flight, and spoke only of high-altitude research, since he believed that other scientists regarded the subject as unscientific.", "GALCIT saw Goddard's publicity problems and that the word \"rocket\" was \"of such bad repute\" that they used the word \"jet\" in the name of JPL and the related Aerojet Engineering Corporation.", "Many authors writing about Goddard mention his secrecy, but\nneglect the reasons for it.", "Some reasons have been noted above.", "Much of his work was for the military and was classified.", "There were some in the U.S. before World War II that called for long-range rockets, and in 1939 Major James Randolph wrote a \"provocative article\" advocating a 3000-mile range missile.", "Goddard was \"annoyed\" by the unclassified paper as he thought the subject of weapons should be \"discussed in strict secrecy.\"", "However, Goddard's tendency to secrecy was not absolute, nor was he totally uncooperative.", "In 1945 GALCIT was building the WAC Corporal for the Army.", "But in 1942 they were having trouble with their liquid propellant rocket engine's performance (timely, smooth ignition and explosions).", "Frank Malina went to Annapolis in February and consulted with Goddard and Stiff, and they arrived at a solution to the problem (hypergolic propellant), which resulted in the successful launch of the high-altitude research rocket in October 1945.", "During the First and Second World Wars, Goddard offered his services, patents, and technology to the military, and made some significant contributions.", "Just before the Second World War several young Army officers and a few higher-ranking ones believed Goddard's research was important but were unable to generate funds for his work.", "Toward the end of his life, Goddard, realizing he was no longer going to be able to make significant progress alone in his field, joined the American Rocket Society and became a director.", "He made plans to work in the budding US aerospace industry (with Curtiss-Wright), taking most of his team with him.", "Personal life\nOn June 21, 1924, Goddard married Esther Christine Kisk (March 31, 1901 – June 4, 1982), a secretary in Clark University's President's office, whom he had met in 1919.", "She became enthusiastic about rocketry and photographed some of his work as well as aided him in his experiments and paperwork, including accounting.", "They enjoyed going to the movies in Roswell and participated in community organizations such as the Rotary and the Woman's Club.", "He painted the New Mexican scenery, sometimes with the artist Peter Hurd, and played the piano.", "She played bridge, while he read.", "Esther said Robert participated in the community and readily accepted invitations to speak to church and service groups.", "The couple did not have children.", "After his death, she sorted out Goddard's papers, and secured 131 additional patents on his work.", "Concerning Goddard's religious views, he was raised as an Episcopalian, though he was not outwardly religious.", "The Goddards were associated with the Episcopal church in Roswell, and he attended occasionally.", "He once spoke to a young people's group on the relationship of science and religion.", "Goddard's serious bout with tuberculosis weakened his lungs, affecting his ability to work, and was one reason he liked to work alone, in order to avoid argument and confrontation with others and use his time fruitfully.", "He labored with the prospect of a shorter than average life span.", "After arriving in Roswell, Goddard applied for life insurance, but when the company doctor examined him he said that Goddard belonged in a bed in Switzerland (where he could get the best care).", "Goddard's health began to deteriorate further after moving to the humid climate of Maryland to work for the Navy.", "He was diagnosed with throat cancer in 1945.", "He continued to work, able to speak only in a whisper until surgery was required, and he died in August of that year in Baltimore, Maryland.", "He was buried in Hope Cemetery in his home town of Worcester, Massachusetts.", "Legacy\n\nInfluence\n Goddard was credited with 214 patents for his work; 131 of these were awarded after his death.", "Goddard influenced many people who went on to do significant work in the U.S. space program, such as Robert Truax Buzz Aldrin and Jim Lovell, NASA flight controller Gene Kranz, astrodynamicist Samuel Herrick (UCLA), and General Jimmy Doolittle (US Army and NACA).", "Buzz Aldrin took a miniature sized biography of Goddard on his historic voyage to the Moon aboard Apollo 11.", "Goddard received the Langley Gold Medal from the Smithsonian Institution in 1960, and the Congressional Gold Medal on September 16, 1959.", "The Goddard Space Flight Center, a NASA facility in Greenbelt, Maryland, was established in 1959.", "The crater Goddard on the Moon is also named in his honor.", "The Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection and the Robert Goddard Exhibition Room are housed in the Archives and Special Collections area of Clark University's Robert H. Goddard Library.", "Robert H. Goddard High School was completed in 1965 in Roswell, New Mexico, and dedicated by Esther Goddard; the school's mascot is titled \"Rockets\".", "A small memorial with a statue of Goddard is located at the site where Goddard launched the first liquid-propelled rocket, now the Pakachoag golf course in Auburn, Massachusetts.", "In season 11, episode 10 of Murdoch Mysteries, Goddard is played by Andrew Robinson and is described as a rocket scientist and chief scientist for a pneumatic tube public transport system in 1900s Toronto, Canada.", "New Goddard prototype experimental reusable vertical launch and landing rocket from Blue Origin is named after Goddard.", "Rocket, an ale made by the Wormtown Brewery of Worcester, Massachusetts is named in Robert Goddard's honor.", "Patents of interest\nGoddard received 214 patents for his work, of which 131 were awarded after his death.", "Among the most influential patents were:\n – Rocket apparatus\n – Rocket apparatus\n – Mechanism for feeding combustion liquids to rocket apparatus\n – Control mechanism for rocket apparatus\n – Control mechanism for rocket apparatus\n – Vacuum tube transportation system – E. C. Goddard\nThe Guggenheim Foundation and Goddard's estate filed suit in 1951 against the U.S. government for prior infringement of three of Goddard's patents.", "In 1960, the parties settled the suit, and the U.S. armed forces and NASA paid out an award of $1 million: half of the award settlement went to his wife, Esther.", "At that time, it was the largest government settlement ever paid in a patent case.", "The settlement amount exceeded the total amount of all the funding that Goddard received for his work, throughout his entire career.", "Important firsts \n First American to explore mathematically the practicality of using rocket propulsion to reach high altitudes and to traject to the Moon (1912)\n First to receive a U.S. patent on the idea of a multistage rocket (1914)\n First to static test a rocket in a systematic, scientific manner, measuring thrust, exhaust velocity and efficiency.", "He obtained the highest efficiency of any heat engine at the time.", "(1915-1916)\n First to prove that rocket propulsion operates in a vacuum (which was doubted by some scientists of that time), that it needs no air to push against.", "He actually obtained a 20% increase in efficiency over that determined at ground-level atmospheric pressure (1915–1916).", "First to prove that an oxidizer and a fuel could be mixed using injectors and burned controllably in a combustion chamber, also doubted by physicists.", "First to develop suitable lightweight centrifugal pumps for liquid-fuel rockets and also gas generators to drive the pump turbine (1923).", "First to attach a DeLaval type of nozzle to the combustion chamber of a solid-fuel engine and increase efficiency by more than ten times.", "The exhaust flow became supersonic at the narrowest cross-sectional area (throat) of the nozzle.", "First to develop the liquid propellant feed system using a high-pressure gas to force the propellants from their tanks into the thrust chamber (1923).", "First to develop and successfully fly a liquid-propellant rocket (March 16, 1926)\n First to launch a scientific payload (a barometer, a thermometer, and a camera) in a rocket flight (1929)\n First to use vanes in the rocket engine exhaust for guidance (1932)\n First to develop gyroscopic control apparatus for guiding rocket flight (1932)\n First to launch and successfully guide a rocket with an engine pivoted by moving the tail section (as if on gimbals) controlled by a gyro mechanism (1937)\n Built lightweight propellant tanks out of thin sheets of steel and aluminum and used external high-strength steel wiring for reinforcement.", "He introduced baffles in the tanks to minimize sloshing which changed the center gravity of the vehicle.", "He used insulation on the very cold liquid-oxygen components.", "First in U.S. to design and test a variable-thrust rocket engine.", "First to fly a rocket with an engine having multiple (four) thrust chambers.", "First to test regenerative cooling of the thrust chamber in March 1923 (first suggested by Tsiolkovsky but unknown to Goddard).", "Bibliography\n A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes- Goddard 1919\n\nSee also \n\n Homer Hickam\n Sergey Korolev\n Vikram Sarabhai\n U.S. space exploration history on U.S. stamps\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n Robert Goddard Wing of the Roswell Museum\n Dr. Robert H. Goddard Archives from Clark University\n A Tribute to R H Goddard--Space Pioneer\n NASA MSFC Goddard Rocket Replica Project\n Robert Goddard and his rockets\n Robert H. and Esther Goddard Collection at WPI\n On Taking Things for Granted\n\n1882 births\n1945 deaths\nAmerican aerospace engineers\nWorcester Polytechnic Institute alumni\nClark University alumni\nClark University faculty\nCongressional Gold Medal recipients\nPeople from Worcester, Massachusetts\nPeople from Roswell, New Mexico\nPrinceton University faculty\nDeaths from esophageal cancer\nEarly spaceflight scientists\nEarly rocketry\nGoddard Space Flight Center\nArticles containing video clips\nDeaths from cancer in Maryland\nBurials at Hope Cemetery (Worcester, Massachusetts)\n20th-century American physicists\n20th-century American inventors\nRocket science pioneers\nRocket scientists\n20th-century American Episcopalians" ]

[ "Robert Hutchings Goddard was an American engineer, professor, physicist, and inventor who is credited with creating and building the world's first liquid-fueled rocket.", "The era of space flight and innovation was ushered in by Goddard's successful launch of his rocket on March 16, 1926.", "Between 1926 and 1941, he and his team launched 34 rockets, achieving altitudes as high as and speeds as fast as 885 km/h.", "Many of the developments that would make spaceflight possible were anticipated by Goddard's work as both theorist and engineer.", "He was called the man who ushered in the Space Age.", "The multi-stage rocket and liquid-fuel rocket were two important milestones towards spaceflight.", "A method of reaching extreme altitudes is one of the classics of rocket science.", "Two-axis control (gyroscopes and steerable thrust) is one of the methods that Goddard pioneered.", "Although his work in the field was revolutionary, he received little public support for his research and development work.", "He wasn't considered a good candidate for a physics professor because he was shy.", "The scientists ridiculed his theories.", "He became protective of his privacy.", "The effects of a bout with Tuberculosis made him prefer to work alone.", "After his death, at the dawn of the Space Age, he was one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry along with Robert Esnault-Pelterie, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky, and Hermann Oberth.", "He was the first to scientifically study, design, construct and fly the precursory rockets needed to eventually implement those ideas, as well as being the first to recognize the potential of rockets for atmospheric research, ballistic missiles and space travel.", "The space flight center was named after the man.", "He was inducted into the International Space Hall of Fame in 1976.", "Early life and inspiration was born in Massachusetts to Nahum Danford Goddard and Fannie Louise Hoyt.", "A younger son, Richard Henry, died before his first birthday, and Robert was their only child to survive.", "Several useful tools were invented by Nahum.", "William Goddard was a London grocer who settled in Massachusetts in 1666.", "He was descended from settlers of Massachusetts in the 1600s.", "The family moved to Boston after he was born.", "He used a telescope from his father to observe birds flying in the sky.", "He was an excellent marksman with a rifle because he loved the outdoors and hiking with his father.", "After his mother contracted Tuberculosis in 1898, they moved back to Worcester.", "Robert sang in the choir at the Episcopal church on Sundays.", "The young Goddard became interested in engineering and technology after the electrification of American cities.", "The imagination of the five-year-old was sparked when his father showed him how to generate static electricity.", "Robert thought he could jump higher if he charged his feet with zinc from a battery.", "He could not jump higher than usual because he was holding the zinc.", "His mother warned him that if he succeeded, he might not be able to come back.", "He created a cloud of smoke and an explosion by experimenting with chemicals.", "Robert was given a telescope, microscope, and a subscription to Scientific American by his father.", "Robert liked to fly with kites and balloons.", "His later career would benefit from the fact that he became a thorough diarist and documenter.", "At age 16, he tried to make a balloon out of aluminum and filled it with hydrogen.", "He abandoned the project after nearly five weeks of methodical, documented efforts.", "It's too heavy to be aluminum.", "Failior is the leader of enterprise.", "The lesson of this failure did not deter the determination and confidence in his work.", "In 1927, he wrote, \"I suppose an innate interest in mechanical things was inherited from a number of ancestors who were machinists.\"", "He was interested in space when he read The War of the Worlds.", "His dedication to pursuing space flight was fixed in 1899.", "The teenager climbed a cherry tree to cut off dead limbs.", "He was in awe of the sky.", "For the rest of his life, he observed October 19 as \"Anniversary Day\", a private commemoration of the day of his greatest inspiration.", "The young Goddard was a thin and frail boy, almost always in fragile health.", "He fell two years behind his classmates because of his health issues.", "He borrowed books from the local public library to read.", "His interest in aerodynamics led him to read some of Samuel Langley's scientific papers.", "Langley wrote that birds flap their wings with different force on each side to turn in the air.", "The teenager watched swallows and chimney swifts from the porch of his home, noting how subtly the birds moved their wings to control their flight.", "He called the birds' flight control the equivalent of ailerons.", "He wrote a letter to St. Nicholas magazine with his own ideas after taking exception to some of Langley's conclusions.", "The editor of St. Nicholas said that birds fly with a certain amount of intelligence and that machines will not act with it.", "He believed that a man could control a flying machine with his own intelligence.", "The Third Law of Motion was found to apply to motion in space by Goddard around this time.", "As his health improved, he continued his formal education as a sophomore at South High Community School in 1901.", "His peers elected him class president twice.", "He studied mathematics, astronomy, mechanics and composition from the school library.", "He gave his class oration as the valedictorian at his graduation in 1904.", "In his speech, entitled \"On Taking Things for Granted\", Goddard included a section that would become an example of his life: \"We are too ignorant to safely pronounce anything impossible, so for the individual, since we cannot know just what.\"", "No one can predict what heights of wealth, fame, or usefulness he may rise until he has honestly endeavored, and he should derive courage from the fact that all sciences have been, at some time, in the same condition as he.", "At the time, he was a student at the Worcester Polytechnic Institute.", "The head of the physics department, A. Duff, took him on as a laboratory assistant and tutor after he impressed him with his thirst for knowledge.", "After graduating from WPI with the salutatorian, he began a relationship with a high school friend who was also an honor student.", "They ended their engagement around 1909 because they were drifting apart.", "He got his B.S.", "After completing his degree in physics from Worcester Polytechnic in 1908, he began his graduate studies at Clark University in the fall of 1909.", "He received an M.A.", "He obtained a degree in physics from Clark University in 1910 and finished his PhD in physics in 1911.", "He received a research fellowship at the Palmer Physical Laboratory in 1912, after spending a year at Clark as a fellow in physics.", "A high school student summed up his ideas on space travel in a proposed article, which he submitted to the Popular Science News.", "The journal's editor said they couldn't use it in the near future.", "A student at the time, he wrote a paper proposing a method for balancing airplanes.", "The idea was published in 1907 by Scientific American.", "In his diaries, he wrote that his paper was the first proposal of a way to automatically stabilizing aircraft in flight.", "His proposal came at a time when other scientists were making progress in the development of functional gyroscopes.", "While studying physics at WPI, ideas came to his mind that sometimes seemed impossible, but he was compelled to record them for future investigation.", "He said that there was something inside that would not stop working.", "He began filling his notebooks with thoughts about his dream of space travel after purchasing some cloth-covered notebooks.", "He considered a number of methods to reach space.", "He was convinced that chemical-propellant engines were the answer after experimenting with solid fuel rockets.", "The concept of sending a camera around distant planets and returning to earth was set down in June 1908.", "He wrote about the possibility of a rocket on February 2, 1909.", "There are ways to increase a rocket's efficiency that are different from conventional solid-fuel rockets.", "He wrote about using liquid hydrogen as an oxidizer in his notebook.", "He believed that 50 percent efficiency could be achieved with these liquid propellants.", "Around 1910, radio was a new technology that was fertile for innovation.", "In 1912, he investigated the effects of radio waves on insulators.", "He invented a vacuum tube that could be used to generate radio-frequency power.", "The suit between Arthur A. Collins, whose small company made radio transmitter tubes, and AT&T and RCA over his use of vacuum tube technology was based on his patent on this tube.", "When the suit was dropped, Goddard only accepted a consultant's fee from Collins.", "The country's growing electronics industry was allowed to use the De Forest patents freely by the two big companies.", "He developed the mathematics which allowed him to calculate the position and velocity of a rocket in vertical flight, given the weight of the rocket and the weight of the propellant and the velocity of the exhaust gases.", "The Tsiolkovsky rocket equation was published a decade earlier in Russia.", "Tsiolkovsky did not account for drag or gravity.", "The effects of gravity and aerodynamic drag were included in the differential equation for vertical flight.", "An approximate method was found in order to avoid an unsolved problem.", "If the gases were ejected from the rocket at a high speed, and most of the rocket consisted of propellant material, the solution was obtained.", "He wanted to build a sounding rocket to study the atmosphere.", "It was necessary to determine temperature, density and wind speed as functions of altitude in order to design efficient space launch vehicles.", "He was reluctant to admit that his ultimate goal was to develop a vehicle for flights into space, since most scientists in the United States did not consider such a goal to be a realistic or practical scientific pursuit.", "\"No case must we allow ourselves to be deterred from the achievement of space travel, test by test and step by step, until one day we succeed, cost what it may,\" he said in 1933.", "In early 1913, he became seriously ill with Tuberculosis and had to leave his position.", "He began a long process of recovery at his home.", "His doctors did not think he would live.", "He began to improve after he decided to spend time outside in the fresh air and walk for exercise.", "When his nurse found some of his notes in his bed, he argued that he had to live to do this work.", "During this time, he began to produce some of his most important work.", "He was able to work an hour per day with his notes.", "He was afraid that no one would be able to read his writing.", "Patents were considered essential to protect original work and as documentation of first discovery in the technological and manufacturing atmosphere of Worcester.", "He began to see the importance of his ideas as intellectual property, and thus began to secure them before someone else did, and he would have to pay to use them.", "He wrote about his first rocket patent applications in May 1913.", "His father brought them to a patent lawyer who helped him refine his ideas.", "The first patent application was submitted in October 1913.", "His first two landmark patents were registered in 1914.", "The rocket was fueled with \"explosive material.\"", "The rocket was either fueled with a solid fuel (explosive material) or with liquid propellants (gasoline and liquid nitrous oxide).", "The two patents were important in the history of rocketry.", "Some of his patents were posthumously published by his wife.", "In the fall of 1914, his health had improved, and he accepted a part-time position as an instructor and research fellow at Clark University.", "He was able to further his rocketry research because of his position at Clark.", "He spent a lot of time in 1915 preparing for his first tests by ordering supplies that could be used to build rocket prototypes.", "The first test launch of a powder rocket was on an evening in 1915.", "The janitor on the campus was alarmed by the loud and bright launch, but he was reassured by the fact that his experiments were harmless.", "After the incident, he took his experiments to the physics lab.", "The Clark physics lab conducted tests on powder rockets to measure their thrust and efficiency.", "He found his earlier estimates to be correct, as powder rockets were only converting two percent of the thermal energy in their fuel into thrust and kinetic energy.", "He applied de Laval nozzles, which were used with steam turbine engines, and they greatly improved efficiency.", "The internal efficiency of the engine is the ratio of the exhaust gases to the available thermal energy of the engine, expressed as a percentage.", "The average efficiency was 40 percent by the summer of 1915.", "In static tests, Goddard was able to achieve an engine efficiency of more than 63% and an exhaust speed of over 7000 feet per second.", "Few would recognize it at the time, but it was a major breakthrough.", "Experiments suggested that rockets could travel into space.", "Modern rocketry and space exploration can be traced back to this engine and subsequent experiments.", "It would take more efficient liquid propellants to reach space.", "The Clark physics lab was the site of an experiment that proved that a rocket could perform in a vacuum.", "Many other scientists were not sure if it would work.", "Under atmospheric pressure, a rocket's performance decreases.", "He wrote about using the repulsion of ions to produce thrust in his notebook in 1906.", "In 1916 to 1917, he built and tested the first known experimental ion thrusters, which he thought might be used for propulsion in the near-vacuum conditions of outer space.", "A stream of ionized air was generated when the small glass engines were tested.", "The cost of Goddard's rocket research became too much for his modest teaching salary.", "The National Geographic Society and the Aero Club of America were the first to be solicited for financial assistance.", "In September 1916, he claimed he had achieved a 63% efficiency and a nozzle velocity of almost.", "He believed a rocket could lift a weight to a height with an initial launch weight.", "The drag effect on satellites becomes minimal when the atmosphere ends at altitude.", "He was asked to elaborate upon his initial inquiry.", "He had already prepared a manuscript entitled A Method of reaching Extreme Altitudes.", "In January 1917, the Smithsonian agreed to give Goddard a five-year grant.", "Clark was able to use their physics lab for the project.", "He was able to use the abandoned Magnetics Laboratory on the edge of the campus as a safe place for testing during this time.", "WPI made parts in their machine shop.", "Clark scientists were surprised by the large grant for rocket research, which they thought was not real science.", "The rocket scientists who knew how much it cost to research and develop rockets said that they had received little financial support.", "The paper, A Method..., which documented his work, was published at the insistence of Dr. Arthur G.Webster, the head of Clark's physics department.", "During his time at Clark University, he did research into solar power, using a dish to concentrate the Sun's rays on a piece of quartz, which was sprayed with mercury, and then heated water, and drove an electric generator.", "He had his findings published in the November 1929 issue of Popular Science, and he believed his invention had overcome all the obstacles that had previously defeated other scientists and inventors.", "Some of the early work was not geared toward space travel.", "As the United States entered World War I in 1917, the country's universities began to lend their services.", "He believed his research could be applied to many different military applications.", "The Navy and Army were interested in his proposals.", "There is no record of any interest by the Navy in his papers.", "Goddard met several times with Army personnel.", "The possibility of manufacturing rockets for the military was broached by a civilian industrialist in early 1918.", "As the businessman's enthusiasm grew, so did his suspicion.", "As he began to fear that his work might be appropriated by the business, talks broke down.", "General George Squier of the Signal Corps, who had been contacted by the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, called Goddard off after an Army Signal Corps officer tried to make him cooperate.", "He was careful to secure patents to protect his ideas, as he became leery of working with corporations.", "During World War I, the Signal Corps sponsored the work of Goddard.", "The bazooka was preceded by the launcher concept.", "The rocket-powered, recoil-free weapon was a side project of his work on rocket propulsion.", "During World War I, he designed a tube-fired rocket for military use.", "On November 6, 1918, he and his co-worker demonstrated their rocket to the U.S. Army Signal Corps at Aberdeen Proving Ground.", "The Compigne Armistice was signed only five days after the Army was impressed, and further development was discontinued as World War I ended.", "The delay in the development of the bazooka and other weapons was due to the long recovery period required from a serious bout with Tuberculosis.", "He was a part-time consultant to the U.S. Government at Indian Head, Maryland, until 1923, but he focused on other research, including work with liquid fuels and liquid oxygen.", "The work on the bazooka was continued by the Army officers and the former Clark University researcher.", "The tank-killing weapon used in World War II was the result of a shaped-charge warhead attached to the rocket.", "It would be premature to reveal the results of his experiments because his engine was not sufficiently developed.", "After realizing that he had accomplished a lot of good work, Dr. Webster demanded that Goddard publish his progress so far or he would take care of it himself, so he asked the Smithsonian Institution if it would publish the report, updated with notes, that he had submitted in late 1916.", "A Method of reaching Extreme Altitudes was published by the Smithsonian in 1919.", "The report describes the mathematical theories of rocket flight, his experiments with solid-fuel rockets, and the possibilities he saw of exploring Earth's atmosphere and beyond.", "The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices, which was not widely disseminated outside Russia, is considered to be one of the pioneers of the science of rocketry.", "After his personal supply was exhausted, he sent a copy to people who requested one.", "One of the key catalysts behind the international rocket movement of the 1920s and 30s was this paper.", "There were extensive experiments with rocket engines burning smokeless powder.", "The steam turbine nozzle was invented by the Swedish inventor.", "The most efficient way to convert the energy of hot gases into forward motion is through the de Laval nozzle.", "This nozzle was used to increase the efficiency of his rocket engines from two percent to 64 percent.", "The final section, entitled \"Calculation of minimum mass required to raise one pound to an 'infinite' altitude,\" discussed the possible uses of rockets, not only to reach the upper.", "He used an approximate method to solve his differential equation of motion for vertical flight and found that a rocket with an effective exhaust velocity of 7000 feet per second and an initial weight of 602 pounds would be able to send a one-pound payload to an infinite height.", "The idea of launching a rocket to the Moon with a mass of flash powder on its surface was included in a thought experiment.", "He estimated the amount of powder required.", "The conclusion was that a rocket with a starting mass of 3.21 tons could produce a flash \"just visible\" from Earth.", "He didn't have time to reply to criticism of his work, and his imaginative ideas about space travel were only shared with private groups that he trusted.", "He published and talked about the rocket principle and sounding rockets, since they were not too far out.", "In a letter dated March 1920, he discussed the idea of photographing the Moon and planets from rocket-powered fly-by probes, the use of solar energy in space, and the idea of high-velocity ion propulsion.", "The landing apparatus should be covered with layers of a very infusible hard substance with layers of a poor heat conductor between, similar to the surface of a meteorite, according to the letter.", "The publication of Goddard's document gained him a lot of attention from the U.S. newspapers.", "The papers sensationalized his ideas to the point of being a declaration of intent, even though the discussion of targeting the moon was only a small part of the work.", "The amount of ridiculous correspondence received from the general public caused the Smithsonian to abstain from publicity.", "In 1931, David Lasser, who co-founded the American Rocket Society, wrote that Goddard was subjected to the most violent attacks in the press.", "There was a front-page story in The New York Times in January of 1920 about a rocket that could reach the moon.", "The main application was the possibility of sending recording apparatus to moderate and extreme altitudes within the Earth's atmosphere, the advantage over balloon-carried instruments being ease of recovery, since the new rocket apparatus would go straight up and come straight down.", "A proposal was made to send a large amount of the most brilliant flash powder to the dark part of the new moon, which would be visible in a powerful telescope.", "This would be the only way to prove that the rocket had left the attraction of the earth, as the apparatus would never come back.", "The New York Times editorial on January 13, 1920 was titled \"Topics of the Times\" and was unsigned.", "The article, which bore the title \"A Severe strain on Credulity\", began with apparent approval, but soon went on to cast serious doubt as a method of sending a missile to the higher, and even highest, part of the earth's atmospheric envelope.", "The self-recording instruments could be released at the limit of the rocket's flight and parachutes could bring them to the ground.", "It is obvious that the instruments would not return to the point of departure.", "After the rocket quits our air and really starts on its longer journey, its flight would be neither accelerated nor maintained by the explosion of the charges it then might have left.", "Only Dr. Einstein and his chosen dozen are licensed to deny a fundamental law of dynamics.", "Goddard seems to lack knowledge in high schools.", "The criticism was based on the belief that thrust was produced by the rocket exhaust pushing against the atmosphere and that it was possible in a vacuum.", "A week after the New York Times editorial, Goddard released a signed statement to the Associated Press, attempting to restore reason to what had become a sensational story.", "The method that has been proposed, other than the purpose for which it was intended, no one of them could be undertaken without first exploring the atmosphere.", "In 1924, he published an article titled \"How my speed rocket can propel itself in vacuum\" in Popular Science, in which he explained the physics and gave details of the vacuum experiments he had performed to prove the theory.", "He was not understood by the majority even though he tried to explain his results.", "The mocking headline \"Moon rocket misses target by 238,799 miles\" was carried by a local newspaper after one of Goddard's experiments.", "The paper was read by many rocketeers in America, Europe, and Russia who were stirred to build their own rockets after reading it.", "His most important contribution was this work.", "There was only one team of mechanics and machinists for many years.", "The harsh criticism from the media and other scientists resulted in this.", "During the two World Wars, the impact of much of his work was limited.", "The lack of support from the American government, military and academia was one of the limiting factors.", "Although each side developed their technology and its scientific basis independently, the idea of space rocketry and source of inspiration, at least as advocated by European rocketry pioneers like Hermann Oberth and his student Max Valier, was influenced by the influence of Goddard.", "As a result of his work, rockets are used as means of propulsion for vehicles.", "The world's first rocket program, \"Opel-RAK\", led to speed records for automobiles, rail vehicles and the first manned rocket.", "A record speed of 238 km/h was reached by von Opel's rocket-powered prototype, the Opel RAK2, in Berlin in the summer of 1928, watched by 3000 spectators and world media.", "A world record for rail vehicles was set with a top speed of 256 km/h.", "The world's first public rocket-powered flight was piloted by von Opel.", "The newsreel of the US caused immense global public excitement, and in particular in Germany, where Wernher von Braun was highly influenced.", "Max Valier continued the efforts despite the end of the program during the Great Depression.", "He died while testing after changing from solid-fuel to liquid-fuel rockets.", "Von Braun was a student of Oberth and the head of the Nazi era rocket program.", "Though he received more and more correspondence from German rocket experimenters, he refused to communicate with them.", "Via Wernher von Braun and his team joining the US post-war programs there is still an indirect line of scientific and technology tradition from NASA.", "On July 17, 1969 the New York Times published a short item under the headline \"A Correction.\" Forty-nine years after its editorial mocking Goddard, the New York Times published a short item under the headline \"A Correction.\"", "The three-paragraph statement summarized its 1920 editorial and concluded that further investigation and experimentation have confirmed the findings of the 17th century and that a rocket can function in a vacuum as well as in an atmosphere.", "The mistake was made by The Times.", "As early as 1909, Goddard began considering liquid propellants, including hydrogen and oxygen.", "He knew that hydrogen and oxygen were the most efficient fuel combinations.", "He chose gasoline as the safest fuel to use because liquid hydrogen was not readily available.", "In September 1921, Goddard began experimenting with liquid oxidizer, liquid fuel rockets, and in November 1923, he successfully tested the first liquid propellant engine.", "It used impinging jets to mix and atomize liquid oxygen and gasoline.", "There were problems with a high-pressure pump to send fuel to the chamber.", "His funding wouldn't allow him to scale up the experiments.", "He used a pressurized fuel feed system to apply pressure to the fuel tank from a tank of inert gas, a technique that is still used today.", "The pressure provided by the liquid oxygen was its own.", "The pressure feed system was tested on December 6, 1925.", "The Clark University physics laboratory has a firing stand.", "The engine lifted its own weight in a test.", "It proved that a liquid fuel rocket was possible.", "A rocket with liquid fuel is an important step closer to being launched.", "An additional test was conducted in December and two more in January.", "He was getting ready for a possible launch of the rocket system.", "The world's first liquid-fueled rocket was launched in Massachusetts on March 16, 1926.", "Clark's assistant professor in the physics department and his crew chief were present at the launch.", "The March 16 entry was notable.", "Went toAuburn with S[achs] in the morning.", "They left at 1 p.m.", "At 2.30, I tried a rocket.", "After the lower half of the nozzle burned off, it rose 41 feet.", "Materials were brought to the lab.", "On March 17, 1926, his diary entry was elaborated.", "The first flight with a rocket using liquid propellants was made yesterday at Aunt Effie's farm.", "...", "Even though the release was pulled, the rocket didn't rise until the flame came out, and there was a steady roar.", "After a number of seconds it rose, slowly until it cleared the frame, and then at express train speed, curving over to the left, and striking the ice and snow, still going at a rapid rate.", "It was an important demonstration that liquid fuels and oxidizers were possible propellants for larger rockets when the rocket rose just 41 feet and ended in a cabbage field.", "The launch site is now a national historic landmark.", "The well-known picture of \"Nell\" may make it difficult for viewers who are familiar with more modern rocket designs to distinguish the rocket from its launching apparatus.", "The pyramidal support structure which he is grasping is not included in the complete rocket.", "The nozzle is visible beneath the small cylinder at the top of the rocket.", "The larger cylinder is the part of the rocket that contains the fuel tank.", "The fuel tank is under the nozzle and protects it from the motor's exhaust.", "Both support and fuel transport can be provided by the tubes that connect the motor to the tanks.", "Since the experiment showed that this was no more stable than placing the chamber and nozzle at the base, this layout is no longer used.", "The combustion chamber and nozzle were put in the classic position at the lower end of the rocket after modifications were made to simplify the plumbing.", "In order to keep the rocket on the desired trajectory in the face of winds aloft and other disturbing forces, fins alone were not enough.", "He put a gyro in the exhaust to control and steer his rocket.", "The Germans used this technique in their V-2.", "The method used to steer large liquid-propellant missiles and launchers today was introduced by him.", "After the launch of one of Goddard's rockets in July 1929, Charles Lindbergh learned of his work in a New York Times article.", "At the time, Lindbergh had begun to wonder what would become of aviation in the distant future and had decided on jet and rocket flight as a probable next step.", "He phoned Goddard in November 1929 after checking with the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and being reassured that he was not a crackpot.", "The professor met the man in his office.", "Lindbergh was impressed by his research when he met Goddard, and he was also impressed by the flier's interest.", "He formed an alliance with Lindbergh that would last for the rest of his life.", "When he was reluctant to share his ideas, he showed complete openness with those who shared his dream, and whom he felt he could trust.", "By late 1929, Goddard had become well known for each rocket launch.", "He was finding it hard to conduct his research.", "He lent his famous name to Goddard's work.", "Following the stock market crash in October 1929, it was almost impossible to find funding for several proposals made by Lindbergh in 1930.", "In the spring of 1930, Lindbergh found an ally in the Guggenheim family.", "Daniel Guggenheim agreed to fund the research over the next four years.", "The Guggenheim family would continue to support Goddard's work in the future.", "In 1940, before the U.S. entered World War II, the Army and Navy tried to convince them of the rocket's military potential.", "Initially, there was no interest in Goddard's services.", "Two imaginative military officers got the services to attempt to contract with Goddard just prior to the war.", "The Navy secured his services to build variable-thrust, liquid-fueled rocket engines for jet-assisted take-off.", "The larger throttlable rocket plane engines helped launch the space age.", "Buzz Aldrin wrote that his father was an early supporter of Robert Goddard.", "The elder Aldrin was a student of physics at Clark and worked with Lindbergh to get the help of the Guggenheims.", "If Wernher von Braun's team had received military support, American rocket technology would have developed quickly in World War II.", "There was a lack of interest in the potential of rocketry in the United States before World War II.", "The Weather Bureau was interested in using a rocket for atmospheric research, but could not get funding from the government.", "Between the World Wars, the Guggenheim Foundation was the main source of funding.", "According to Eugene Emme, the rocket was neglected by his country but was noticed and advanced by other nations.", "In 1923, he showed prescience in a letter.", "He was aware that the Germans were interested in rocketry and wondered how soon the European \"theorists\" would begin to build rockets.", "The U.S. military attaché in Berlin asked Charles Lindbergh to visit Germany in 1936 to learn about their progress in aviation.", "Although the Luftwaffe showed him their factories and were open about their airpower, they were silent on the subject of rocketry.", "Goddard said that they must have plans for the rocket.", "When will our people in Washington listen to reason?", "rocketry's potential was not realized by most of the U.S.'s largest universities.", "At a meeting held by the Army Air Corps to discuss project funding, the head of the aeronautics department at MIT said that the California Institute of Technology could take the Buck Rogers Job.", "In 1941, an engineer from MIT was not interested in joining the team.", "Caltech and MIT both had courses in rocketry and aerodynamics.", "After the war, Dr. Hunsaker of MIT stated that every rocket that flies is a Goddard rocket.", "Clark University allowed him to devote most of his time to rocket research while he was still head of the physics department.", "The University of California, Los Angeles allowed astronomer Samuel Herrick to pursue research in space vehicle guidance and control after the war.", "In 1931, Herrick asked if he should work in the new field of Astrodynamics.", "To anticipate the basic problem of space navigation, Herrick said that Goddard had the vision to advise and encourage him in his use of celestial mechanics.", "America's readiness to control flight of Earth satellites and send men to the Moon was greatly influenced by Herrick's work.", "In the summer of 1930, he relocated to Roswell, New Mexico, where he worked with his team of technicians in near-isolation for years.", "Roswell seemed to be the best place for him to do his work.", "They would not endanger anyone, would not be bothered by the curious, and would experience a more moderate climate.", "Travelers would likely be misdirected if they asked where Goddard's facilities were located because the locals valued personal privacy.", "By September 1931, his rockets had a smooth appearance.", "He made a flight test of a gyroscopic guidance system in April of 1932.", "The system used by the German V-2 was similar to the one mounted on the Gimbals.", "The guidance system worked and the test was a success.", "As a result of the depression, a temporary loss of funding from the Guggenheims forced him to return to his professorial responsibilities at Clark University in the spring of 1932.", "When funding resumed in the autumn of 1934, he remained at the university.", "Harry Guggenheim took over the management of funding after his father died.", "After returning to Roswell, he began work on his A series of rockets, 4 to 4.5 meters long, and powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen.", "There was a gyroscopic control system in the middle of the rocket.", "As the gyroscopic system was being repaired, the A-4 used a simpler pendulum system for guidance.", "On March 8, 1935, it flew up to 1,000 feet, then turned into the wind and flew across the prairie at close to or at the speed of sound.", "The A-5 flew vertically to an altitude of 4,800 ft using his gyroscopic guidance system on March 28, 1935.", "It flew 11,000 feet and achieved a speed of over 500 miles per hour.", "The guidance system kept the rocket on a vertical path.", "The K and L series rockets were much larger and designed to reach very high altitude.", "In February 1936, the K series consisted of static bench tests of a more powerful engine.", "There was trouble with the chamber burn-through.", "The idea of an engine that could circulate liquid oxygen around the outside of the combustion chamber was too complicated for him.", "He used a curtain cooling method that sprayed excess gasoline around the inside of the combustion chamber, but it didn't work out and the larger rockets failed.", "The highest altitude of any of his rockets was achieved by the L-13, which reached an altitude of 2.7 kilometers.", "Thin-walled fuel tanks wound with high-tensile-strength wire were used to reduce weight.", "Many of the features of today's large rockets were tested by Goddard.", "In 1936, he flew the world's first rocket with multiple chambers, hoping to increase thrust without increasing the size of a single chamber.", "It had four combustion chambers, reached a height of 200 feet, and corrected its vertical path using blast vanes.", "The flight demonstrated that a rocket with multiple chambers could fly stably.", "In July 1937 he replaced the guidance vanes with a tail section with a single chamber.", "The flight was of low altitude, but a large disturbance caused by a change in the wind velocity was corrected back to vertical.", "In an August test, the flight path was corrected seven times by the movable tail and captured on film.", "The P series of rockets were powered by gasoline and liquid oxygen.", "Two launches ended in crashes after reaching an altitude of only a few hundred feet because of the higher propellant pressures produced by the lightweight pumps.", "The turbopumps worked well.", "The suggestion was made by Harry Guggenheim that he contact pump manufacturers to help him.", "The development cost of these miniature pumps was prohibitive, so no one was interested.", "From September 1938 to June 1940, the team was left on its own and designed and tested small turbine generators.", "Esther said that the pump tests were the most difficult part of the research.", "Although he was able to flight-test many of his rockets, many resulted in failures due to engine malfunction or loss of control.", "He felt that he always learned something from a test, so he didn't consider them failures.", "The majority of his work was done before a flight test.", "He told the correspondent that it was not a simple matter to differentiate unsuccessful from successful experiments.", "The majority of work that is finally successful is the result of a series of unsuccessful tests.", "At an early point in space science's history, General Jimmy Doolittle was introduced to the field.", "He recalls that he became interested in rocket development in the 1930s when he met Robert H. Goddard.", "...", "I worked with him on the development of a type of fuel.", "The special blend of gasoline was arranged for by Harry Guggenheim and Charles Lindbergh.", "In October of 1938, Doolittle flew to Roswell and was given a tour of the shop and a short course in rocketry.", "He wrote a memo with a description of the rocket.", "\"Interplanetary transportation is probably a dream of the very distant future, but with the moon only a quarter of a million miles away, who knows!\" he said.", "In July 1941, he wrote that he was still interested in rocket research.", "The Army only cared about JATO at this point.", "The state of rocketry in the US was a concern for the two men.", "After World War II, a large number of people interested in rocketry attended a conference in which Doolittle spoke.", "He said that at that time, \"we had not given much credence to the tremendous potential of rocketry.\"", "He was appointed chairman of the NACA because the previous chairman thought he was more sympathetic to the rocket than other scientists and engineers.", "The transition of the NACA to NASA was a success.", "He turned down the position of first administrator of NASA.", "As an instrument for reaching extreme altitudes, Goddard's rockets were not very successful; they did not achieve an altitude greater than 2.7 km in 1937, while a balloon sonde had already reached 35 km in 1921.", "German rocket scientists achieved an altitude of 2.4 km with the A-2 rocket in 1934, 8 km with the A-5 in 1939 and 176 km with the A-4 in 1942.", "The Germans' pace was faster because they had more resources.", "He was trying to perfect his liquid fuel engine and subsystems such as guidance and control so that his rocket could eventually achieve high altitudes without tumbling in the rare atmosphere, providing a stable vehicle for the experiments it would eventually carry.", "He was on the verge of building larger, lighter, more reliable rockets when World War II changed the path of American history.", "He wanted to return to Roswell after the war.", "By the end of the Roswell years, he introduced new developments to rocketry that were used in this new enterprise: lightweight turbopumps, variable-thrust engine (in U.S.), engine with multiple combustion chambers and nozzles.", "Between World Wars, the United States Army largely failed to grasp the military application of large rockets and said there was no money for new experimental weapons.", "German military intelligence paid attention to Goddard's work.", "Some mail had been opened and some reports had gone missing.", "An accredited militaryé attach to the US, Friedrich von Boetticher, sent a four-page report to the Abwehr in 1936, with a mixture of facts and made-up information, claiming to have visited Roswell and witnessed a launch.", "The Abwehr was interested and asked more questions about the work.", "The important concept of fuel-curtain cooling was included in the reports, but the Germans received very little information about Goddard.", "The U.S. Navy had a spy in the Soviet Union.", "She gave them a report from 1933.", "Suggestions for military uses of his rockets were contained in the results of tests and flights.", "This was considered very valuable by the Soviets.", "They were given the direction and knowledge about Goddard's progress.", "In September 1941, the Bureau of Aeronautics was able to convince the Navy that it could build the JATO unit after Lieutenant Charles F. Fischer visited Goddard in Roswell and gained his confidence.", "Before the Navy contract took effect, he began to apply his technology to build a variable-thrust engine to be attached to a PBY seaplane.", "He had a unit that could meet the Navy's requirements and be able to launch an aircraft from a short runway.", "He received part of a PBY with bullet holes in it.", "There is nothing that would give me greater satisfaction than to have it contribute to the inevitable retaliation.", "The Navy wanted to do all of its rocket work at the Engineering Experiment Station.", "Esther was worried that a move to the climate of Maryland would cause Robert's health to get worse.", "\"Esther, don't you know there's a war on?\" asked the patriotic Goddard.", "The move was questioned as Goddard could work in Roswell as well.", "\"I was wondering when you would ask me,\" he replied.", "He was hoping for a bigger project later, but JATO was all he could manage.", "It was a square peg in a round hole.", "When he received a telegram from the Navy ordering him to Annapolis, he had already been there for a month and had tested his JATO engine.", "The lieutenant asked for a crash effort.", "By August, his engine was cranking out 800 lbs of thrust for 20 seconds, and he wanted to try it on a PBY.", "The PBY was pushed into the air on the sixth test run after all the bugs were worked out.", "He prepared to launch again.", "The radio contact with the PBY had been lost, so he wanted to check the unit.", "The engine caught fire.", "The plane was 150 feet above the ground.", "There was no explosion or deaths because a safety feature was installed at the last minute.", "The problem was caused by hasty installation and rough handling.", "The armed forces chose cheaper, safer JATO engines.", "An engineer said that putting Goddard's rocket on a seaplane was like hitching an eagle to a plow.", "In its 1942 crash effort to perfect an aircraft booster, the Navy was beginning to learn its way in rocketry.", "The Army Air Corps was also exploring the field.", "Compared to Germany's program, these beginnings were small.", "The first of the new breed of rocket engineers would follow the professor into the Age of Space.", "The acting head of the physics department at Clark University was going to lose his job and the president was going to have to report for duty or declare the position vacant.", "He replied that he believed he was needed by the Navy, was nearing retirement age, and was unable to lecture because of his throat problem, which did not allow him to talk above a whisper.", "He regrettedfully resigned as Professor of Physics and expressed his gratitude to the Trustees for their help in the war effort.", "He went to see a throat specialist in Baltimore in June and was told not to talk at all.", "In 1942, the station was developing another JATO engine that used hypergolic propellants, eliminating the need for an ignition system.", "The literature shows that aniline and nitric acid burn quickly when mixed.", "The pumps for the aniline fuel and the nitric acid oxidizer were built by the team.", "The pumps were delivered by the Navy to be used in the development of a gas generator.", "After observing the testing of the pump system, he went to eat lunch with the engineers.", "The first firm formed to build rocket engines and built engines for the Bell X-1 rocket plane wasRMI.", "After the war, the company was offered one-fifth interest by RMI.", "In December 1944, he and his team went to confer with the Navy about division of labor, and they were going to provide the propellant pump system for a rocket-powered interceptor because they had more experience with pumps.", "He worked with RMI from 1942 to 1945.", "According to historian Frank H. Winter, there was a good working relationship between the two.", "Caltech had a pump system built by the Navy.", "A 3000-lb thrust engine was built using a cluster of four 750-lb thrust motors.", "750-lb engines were developed for the Navy's Gorgon missile.", "The variable-thrust engine was developed because of the dangers associated with the hypergolics.", "He said that the Navy had no interest in long-range missiles despite his efforts to convince them.", "He was asked to perfect the JATO engine.", "In November, the engine was demonstrated to the Navy and some officials from Washington.", "The spectators were invited to operate the controls, and the engine blasted out over the Severn with no hesitation, idling, and roaring again at various thrust levels.", "The test exceeded the Navy's requirements.", "The unit produced a medium thrust of 600 pounds for 15 seconds and a full thrust of 1,000 pounds for over 15 seconds after being stopped and restarted.", "The Navy Commander said that it was like playing with thunderbolts.", "The control system of the rocket plane was produced by Goddard.", "The Goddards attended the Army-Navy football game and a cocktail party.", "The Bell X-2 research rocket plane was powered by a 15,000-pound variable-thrust engine.", "The team and some of the patents went to a different company after World War II.", "Although his death in August 1945 prevented him from participating in the actual development of this engine, it was a direct descendent of his design.", "The Guggenheim Foundation received royalties from the use of the patents.", "In September of 1956, the X-2 was the first plane to reach 126,000 feet altitude and in its last flight exceeded Mach 3 before crashing.", "The X-2 program advanced technology at high Mach numbers.", "In the spring of 1945, he saw a captured German V-2 missile in the naval laboratory in Maryland.", "After the rocket was captured by the US Army in the Harz mountains, samples began to be shipped by Special Mission V-2.", "He was convinced that the Germans had taken his work.", "The basic design of the V-2 was similar to that of a rocket.", "The V-2 was more advanced than the most successful of the rockets.", "The Peenemnde rocket group led by Wernher von Braun may have benefited from the pre-1939 contacts to a limited extent, but had also started from the work of their own space pioneer, Hermann Oberth.", "Oberth tested small liquid propellant thrust chambers in 1929 to see if they could be used in a rocket.", "Oberth asked for a copy of the 1919 paper from Goddard.", "In 1963, von Braun said that Goddard's rockets may have been crude by today's standards, but they had many features used in our most modern rockets and space vehicles.", "He once said that Goddard's experiments in liquid fuel saved us years of work and enabled us to perfect the V-2 years before it would have been possible.", "After World War II, von Braun reviewed Goddard's patents and believed they contained enough technical information to build a large missile.", "The V-2 had three features that were developed by Goddard: (1) turbopumps were used to inject fuel into the combustion chamber, (2) gyroscopically controlled vanes in the nozzle, and (3) excess alcohol was fed in around the combustion.", "The Germans were convinced that large, liquid fuel rockets could be made.", "The head of the V-2 project used the idea that they were in a race with the U.S. in order to get Hitler to raise the priority of the V-2.", "He preferred to work alone with his technicians and didn't share details of his work with other scientists.", "The California Institute of Technology was where Frank Malina was studying rocketry.", "He didn't discuss any of his research other than that which had already been published.", "At Caltech, Theodore von Krmn was unhappy with Goddard's attitude and wanted as much information as possible.", "But he believed in confidentiality.", "...", "One can easily go in the wrong direction and never know it.", "At an earlier point, von Krmn said that Caltech made changes to their liquid-propellant rocket, based on their work and patents, after he visited.", "The visit was friendly and he saw most of the components in the shop.", "The failure to cooperate with other scientists and engineers was criticized.", "Even though he received less technical support, his approach was that independent development of his ideas without interference would bring quicker results.", "The rocket scientist who became a member of von Braun's team in the late 1940s said that he and his fellow workers would have saved time if they had known the details of his work.", "It may have been their fault for not looking for Goddard's patents and relying on the German team for knowledge and guidance; he wrote that information about the patents was not well distributed in the U.S. at that early period after World War II.", "During World War II, the Patent Office did not release rocket patents.", "The Aerojet Engineering Corporation filed two patent applications related to the multistage rocket.", "von Krmn's GALCIT received funding from the Army Air Corps to develop rockets.", "In 1940, he expressed his displeasure at not being considered.", "The Army did not arrange for an exchange of information between Caltech and Goddard since both were under government contract at the same time.", "Caltech was designing rocket engines with solid fuel and not liquid fuel, so he didn't think he could be of much help.", "In the 1920s, he faced ridicule and public criticism, which he believed had hurt his professional reputation.", "He didn't want to discuss rocketry with people who didn't understand it as much as he did.", "He felt that he had to argue with other scientists and the press about his new field of research because his health was poor and he was uncertain about how long he had to live.", "I don't know how many more years I will be able to work on the problem, but I hope as long as I live.", "It is a problem to occupy generations so that no matter how much progress one makes, there is always the thrill of just beginning.", "While he spoke to professional groups, published articles and papers and patented his ideas, he was unwilling to reveal the details of his designs until he flew rockets to high altitudes and proved his theory.", "He didn't mention space flight or high-altitude research since he believed that other scientists didn't think it was scientific.", "The word \"jet\" was used in the name of JPL and the Aerojet Engineering Corporation because of the publicity problems that Goddard had.", "Many authors mention his secret, but neglect the reasons for it.", "Some reasons have been noted.", "His work was classified.", "Before World War II, there were some in the U.S. that advocated long-range rockets, and in 1939 Major James Randolph advocated a 3000-mile range missile.", "He was annoyed by the unclassified paper as he thought the subject of weapons should be discussed in strict secrecy.", "He was not completely uncooperative nor was his tendency to secrecy absolute.", "TheWAC was built by GALCIT in 1945.", "They had trouble with their rocket engine's performance in 1942.", "The successful launch of the high-altitude research rocket in October 1945 was the result of a solution found by Frank Malina in February.", "During the First and Second World Wars, he offered his services, patents, and technology to the military.", "Several young Army officers and a few higher-ranking ones believed that Goddard's research was important but were unable to raise funds for his work before the Second World War.", "After realizing he was not going to be able to make significant progress alone in his field, he joined the American Rocket Society and became a director.", "He was going to take most of his team with him to work in the US aerospace industry.", "On June 21, 1924, he married Esther Christine Kisk, a secretary in Clark University's President's office, whom he had met in 1919.", "She helped him in his experiments and paperwork, as well as photographing some of his work, when she became enthusiastic about rocketry.", "They liked going to the movies in Roswell and were members of the Woman's Club.", "He played the piano and painted the New Mexican scenery.", "He read while she played bridge.", "Esther said Robert accepted invitations to speak to church and service groups.", "The couple did not have children.", "She obtained 131 additional patents on his work after he died.", "He was raised as an Episcopalian, though he wasn't very religious.", "He occasionally went to the Episcopal church in Roswell.", "He spoke to a group about the relationship of science and religion.", "One of the reasons he liked to work alone was that he could use his time fruitfully and avoid argument and confrontation with others.", "He was worried about a shorter than average life span.", "When the company doctor examined him, he said that he was in a bed in Switzerland, where he could get the best care.", "After moving to Maryland to work for the Navy, his health began to get worse.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He worked until he had to have surgery and died in Baltimore, Maryland, in August of that year.", "He was buried in his hometown of Worcester, Massachusetts.", "After his death, 131 of the 214 patents he was credited with were given 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Many people who went on to do significant work in the U.S. space program were influenced by Goddard.", "On his historic voyage to the Moon aboard Apollo 11, Buzz Aldrin took a small biography of Goddard.", "The Congressional Gold medal was presented to Goddard on September 16, 1959.", "The NASA facility in Maryland was established in 1959.", "The crater on the Moon is named after him.", "The Archives and Special Collections area of Clark University's Robert H. Goddard Library houses the Dr. Robert H. Goddard Collection and the Robert Goddard Exhibition Room.", "The school's mascot is called \"Rockets\" and it was dedicated in 1965, in Roswell, New Mexico.", "The site where the first rocket was launched is now a golf course.", "In the 10th episode of Murdoch Mysteries, Andrew Robinson plays Goddard, a rocket scientist and chief scientist for a pneumatic tube public transport system in Toronto, Canada.", "Blue Origin named a prototype vertical launch and landing rocket after Goddard.", "The Wormtown Brewery named their beer Rocket in honor of Robert Goddard.", "After his death, 131 patents were awarded for his work.", "The control mechanism for rocket apparatus was one of the most influential patents.", "In 1960, the parties settled the suit and the U.S. armed forces and NASA paid out an award of $1 million.", "It was the largest government settlement ever made in a patent case.", "The total amount of funding that he received throughout his career was exceeded by the settlement amount.", "First to receive a U.S. patent on the idea of a multistage rocket, and first to static test a rocket.", "The highest efficiency of any heat engine was obtained by him.", "It needs no air to push against in order to operate in a vacuum, which was doubted by some scientists at that time.", "He obtained a 20% increase in efficiency over that determined at ground-level atmospheric pressure.", "Physicists doubted that an oxidizer and a fuel could be mixed in a combustion chamber.", "The first to develop lightweight Centrifugal pumps for liquid-fuel rockets and also gas generators to drive the pump turbine.", "Attaching a DeLaval type nozzle to the engine's combustion chamber will increase efficiency by more than ten times.", "At the narrowest cross-sectional area of the nozzle, the exhaust flow became supersonic.", "The liquid propellant feed system was the first to use high-pressure gas to force the propellants into the thrust chamber.", "The first successful flight of a liquid-propellant rocket was on March 16, 1926.", "The center gravity of the vehicle was changed by the introduction of baffles in the tanks.", "He used insulation on the components.", "It is the first time in the U.S. that a variable-thrust rocket engine has been designed.", "The first thing to do is fly a rocket with an engine.", "The first to test the cooling of the thrust chamber was in March 1923.", "A method of reaching extreme altitudes was pioneered by Robert H. Goddard." ]

[ "Robert Hutchings Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Esnault", "Hermann Oberth", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Louise Hoyt", "Robert", "Richard Henry", "Goddard", "William Goddard", "John Hoyt", "Robert", "Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", ". Hickman", "Goddard", "Goddard", ". Hickman", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hermann Oberth", "Julius Hatry", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Henry Sachs", "Esther Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Jerome Hunsaker", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Samuel Herrick", "Herrick", "Goddard", "Herrick", "Goddard", "Herrick", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert H", ". Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", ". Hunsaker", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Tax", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hermann Obert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hitler", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Peter Hurd", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert T", "Samuel Herrick", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert H", ". Goddard", "Robert", "Robert", "Esther Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Homer Hickam", "Robert H", "Goddard", "Robert Goddard", "Goddard" ]

[ "Robert Hutchings Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Esnault", "Hermann Oberth", "Goddard", "Louise Hoyt", "Richard Henry", "Robert", "William Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Robert", "Robert", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hermann Oberth", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Goddard", "Goddard", "Hunsaker", "Goddard", "Samuel Herrick", "Herrick", "Herrick", "Goddard", "Herrick", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Robert H", ". Goddard", "Harry Guggenheim", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hermann Oberth", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Hitler", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert H", ". Goddard", "Robert", "Goddard", "Goddard", "Robert Goddard", "Robert H", ". Goddard" ]

[ "Mark Hambourg (, 1879 – 26 August 1960) was a Russian British concert pianist.", "Life \nMark Hambourg was the eldest son of the pianist Michael Hambourg (1855–1916), a pupil of Anton Rubinstein).", "His brothers included the cellist Boris Hambourg, the violinist Jan Hambourg (with whom he played in chamber ensemble as the Hambourg Trio), and the musical organiser Clement Hambourg (1900–1973).", "His father was principal of the Voronezh Conservatory, and later a professor at the Moscow Conservatory, so that Mark continued his studies with his father even when he attended that academy.", "His uncle Alexander Hambourg was also a conductor and his cousin Charles Hambourg (1895–1979) was a cellist and conductor.", "London, 1889 \n\nThe family moved to London in 1889, as refugees from the Tsarist regime.", "There, having been heard by Paderewski, Mark made a debut at the old Princes Hall in July 1890.", "This was a success, and there was another concert there, and a tour of the provinces.", "The family was too poor to turn down these opportunities, though they would gladly have protected the boy from public life.", "As a child he was billed as Max Hambourg.", "He was invited into the circle of the painter Felix Moscheles (son of the pianist Ignaz Moscheles), in London, where he often met Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw, Ellen Terry and others.", "It was in this period that he became tired of elderly ladies wanting to kiss him, and permitted them to do so only in exchange for a large box of chocolates.", "In 1890 Shaw, hearing him play, felt that the Lyric Theatre was merely exploiting children, but late in 1891 he was admiring his performance of Bach at the Steinway Hall and wrote that, with suitable training, \"this Russian lad might astonish the world some day.\"", "Vienna, 1891–1895 \n\nSponsored largely by Paderewski, Hambourg was sent to study under Theodor Leschetitzky in Vienna for three years, arriving there in autumn 1891.", "There he won the Liszt Scholarship of 500 marks, and made a large number of friends among the artistic circles of Vienna.", "He made his first appearance as an adult pianist in early 1895, playing Chopin's Concerto No.", "1 in E minor under the baton of Hans Richter, with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra.", "Then, while still a student with Leschetizky, he stood in at short notice (on his master's recommendation) to play Liszt's Hungarian Fantasia under Felix Weingartner, in place of Sophie Menter, who was indisposed.", "The audience, at first disappointed, was completely won over, and at the banquet which followed, Brahms himself proposed the toast to the young pianist.", "England, and touring \n\nIn London in 1895 Henry Wood conducted a concert at St James's Hall in which Hambourg played three piano concerti.", "According to Wood, his appearance and technique were compared to that of Anton Rubinstein, and Ferruccio Busoni later told Wood that Hambourg's was then the greatest talent of the time.", "In 1895 Hambourg began his first world tour (aged 16), beginning in Australia, where in (Sydney) he was asked to prolong his stay by six weeks.", "Returning to London, he deputized for Paderewski at a Philharmonic Society concert playing Anton Rubinstein's Piano Concerto No.", "4 in D minor.", "He first appeared in Paris in 1896, and after that in Brussels and Berlin.", "He went to the United States in the latter part of 1898, making his New York debut under William Gericke with the Boston Symphony Orchestra, and going on to tour the US.", "He then returned to London, and in 1901 made his first appearances at the Queen's Hall Proms under Henry Wood.", "Over the next four years he made another American tour and made visits to Poland, Russia and Germany.", "(He had met Lenin through Felix Moscheles in London in 1900).", "In 1906 he made a month-long concert visit to South Africa, taking his own piano by precarious means across the Veldt to one remote location.", "He first toured in Canada in 1909 and later became friends with the Canadian pianist Harold Bradley.", "Wartime \n\nAt the outbreak of World War I parts of the press circulated the scurrilous rumour that Hambourg was German, obliging him to prove his Russian origin and to show that he had been naturalized British for over twenty years.", "He won damages from the Daily Mail in court.", "Soon afterwards he made another visit to America, and narrowly escaped making the return journey on the fateful last voyage of the RMS Lusitania.", "On his return to London he gave recitals at the Aeolian Hall, of early English music from the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book, learning it by memory from the manuscript itself as the German Breitkopf edition was unavailable.", "He gave many concerts of classics during the war at the London Coliseum.", "Later career \nHambourg's career survived World War I and he remained a very famous performer throughout the 1920s and 1930s.", "After the war, he again took up his programme of world touring, visiting France, South Africa and Canada, and making regular provincial tours in Britain, and he made a further world tour before 1924.", "But he lived in London for most of his adult life, mostly at 27 Cumberland Terrace, Regent's Park in a house full of antiques.", "Like his friend Benno Moiseiwitsch he was a member of the Savage Club.", "Mark Hambourg recorded for HMV and made his first records in 1909.", "He can be seen in action as the down-and-out pianist nicknamed \"Chopin\" in John Baxter's 1941 movie The Common Touch.", "He was also an occasional composer of works for solo piano including the Variations on a theme of Paganini (1902), and he also made arrangements of works for piano solo and two pianos.", "In 1907 Hambourg married the violinist Dorothea Muir Mackenzie (1881–1971), known as \"Dolly\", who had studied with Eugène Ysaÿe.", "They had four daughters: pianist Michal Hambourg (1919–2004), with whom her father sometimes performed piano duos; the literary editor Sonia Hambourg-Bassarab; Nadine Hambourg Marshall, a teacher who married sociologist Thomas Humphrey Marshall; and Daria Hambourg (1920–1993), wartime correspondent of Eric Koch.", "Mark Hambourg died in Cambridge in England in 1960.", "Writings \nHow to Become a Pianist (C. Arthur Pearson, London 1922); and as How to Play the Piano (George H. Doran, New York 1922).", "From Piano to Forte (Cassell, London 1931).", "The Eighth Octave (Williams & Norgate, London 1951).", "Notes\n\nExternal links \n\nMark Hambourg Collection at the International Piano Archives at Maryland (accessed 12 Jul 2013)\nHarriette Brower interview \nObituary of Michal Hambourg \nBiographical essay on Mark and Michal Hambourg by Allan Evans \nArticle on Mark Hambourg by Willa Cather \nBiographical essay \nShort biography \nBio on the official Hambourg Conservatory of Music website \nThe British Library's online sound recordings of Mark Hambourg\n\nSources \nArthur Eaglefield Hull, A Dictionary of Modern Music and Musicians (Dent, London 1924).", "D. Brook, Masters of the Keyboard (Rockliff, London 1947 (2nd edn.)).", "G. B. Shaw, Music in London 1890-1894 (Constable, London 1932).", "H. J.", "Wood, My Life of Music (Cheap Edition, Gollancz, London 1946).", "1879 births\n1960 deaths\nBritish classical pianists\nBritish people of Russian-Jewish descent\nRussian classical pianists\nJewish classical pianists\nMale classical pianists\nClassical piano duos\nRussian emigrants to the United Kingdom" ]

[ "Mark Hambourg was a Russian British concert pianist.", "Mark was the son of the pianist Michael Hambourg.", "His brothers included the cellist Boris Hambourg, the violinist Jan Hambourg, and the musical organiser Clement Hambourg.", "Mark continued his studies with his father even after he graduated from the Moscow academy.", "Alexander and Charles were cousins and Alexander was a conductor.", "The family moved to London in 1889 as refugees.", "Mark made his debut at the old Princes Hall after being heard by Paderewski.", "There was a concert there and a tour of the provinces.", "The boy would have been protected from public life if the family had turned down these opportunities.", "He was called Max Hambourg as a child.", "He often met Oscar Wilde, Bernard Shaw, Ellen Terry and others in London, where he was invited into the circle of the painter Felix Moscheles.", "When he became tired of elderly ladies wanting to kiss him, he allowed them to do so only in exchange for a large box of chocolates.", "In 1890 Shaw heard him play and felt that the Lyric Theatre was exploiting children, but late in 1891 he was admiring his performance at the Steinway Hall and wrote that, with suitable training, \"this Russian lad might astonish the world some day.\"", "Theodor Leschetitzky sent Hambourg to study in Vienna for three years.", "He made a lot of friends in the artistic circles of Vienna, after winning the Liszt Scholarship of 500 marks.", "He made his first appearance as an adult pianist in 1895.", "The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra performed 1 in E minor.", "While still a student with Leschetizky, he stood in at short notice to play a concert under Felix Weingartner, who was indisposed, because he was recommended by his master.", "At the banquet which followed, Brahms proposed the toast to the young pianist, and the audience was completely won over.", "Henry Wood conducted a concert at St James's Hall in 1895 in which Hambourg played three piano concerti.", "Ferruccio Busoni told Wood that Hambourg was the greatest talent of the time, because of his appearance and technique.", "In 1895 he began his first world tour at the age of 16 and was asked to stay in Australia for six weeks.", "He was deputized for Paderewski at the Philharmonic Society concert.", "There are 4 in D minor.", "He first appeared in Paris in 1896.", "He went to the United States in the late 19th century and made his New York debut with the Boston Symphony Orchestra.", "He made his first appearance at the Queen's Hall proms under Henry Wood in 1901.", "He made trips to Poland, Russia, and Germany over the next four years.", "He met Lenin through Felix Moscheles in London.", "He took his own piano across the Veldt to a remote location in South Africa in 1906.", "He became friends with the Canadian pianist Harold Bradley after touring in Canada in 1909.", "At the outbreak of World War I there was a rumour that Hambourg was German and that he had been naturalized as a British citizen for twenty years.", "He won damages from the Daily Mail.", "He narrowly escaped making the return journey on the last voyage of the RMS Lusitania after making another visit to America.", "The German edition of the Fitzwilliam Virginal Book was unavailable when he gave the recital at the Aeolian Hall.", "He performed at the London Coliseum during the war.", "Hambourg was a famous performer throughout the 1920s and 1930s after surviving World War I.", "He took up his programme of world touring again after the war, visiting France, South Africa and Canada, as well as making regular provincial tours in Britain.", "He lived in Regent's Park in a house full of antiques for most of his adult life.", "He was a member of the club with his friend Benno Moiseiwitsch.", "Mark Hambourg made his first records in 1909.", "He played the down-and-out pianist nicknamed \"Chopin\" in the 1941 movie The Common Touch.", "He made arrangements of works for piano solo and two pianos and was an occasional composer of works for solo piano.", "Dolly was married to Hambourg in 1907 and had studied with Eugne Ysae.", "They had four daughters, including a pianist, a literary editor, a teacher and a wartime correspondent.", "In 1960, Mark Hambourg died in Cambridge.", "How to Play the Piano and How to Become a Pianist are both written by C. Arthur Pearson.", "From Piano to Forte.", "The Eighth Octave was written by Williams and Norgate.", "There are External links to the International Piano Archives at Maryland.", "D. brook is the masters of the keyboard.", "Music in London 1890-1894 was written by G. B. Shaw.", "H. J.", "Wood, My Life of Music is a cheap edition.", "There were births and deaths of British people of Russian-Jewish descent." ]

[ "Mark Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Michael Hambourg", "Boris Hambourg", "Jan Hambourg", "Clement Hambourg", "Mark", "Alexander Hambourg", "Charles Hambourg", "Mark", "Max Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Sonia Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Mark", "Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg" ]

[ "Mark Hambourg", "Mark", "Michael Hambourg", "Boris Hambourg", "Jan Hambourg", "Clement Hambourg", "Mark", "Mark", "Max Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg", "Hambourg", "Mark Hambourg" ]

[ "Stanley Grauman Weinbaum (April 4, 1902 – December 14, 1935) was an American science fiction writer.", "His first story, \"A Martian Odyssey\", was published to great acclaim in July 1934; the alien Tweel was arguably the first character to satisfy John W. Campbell's challenge: \"Write me a creature who thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man.\"", "Weinbaum wrote more short stories and a few novels, but died from lung cancer less than a year and a half later.", "Life and career\nWeinbaum was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Stella (née Grauman) and Nathan A. Weinbaum.", "His family was Jewish.", "He attended school in Milwaukee.", "He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison in Madison, first as a chemical engineering major but later switching to English as his major, but contrary to common belief he did not graduate.", "On a bet, Weinbaum took an exam for a friend, and was later discovered; he left the university in 1923.", "He is best known for the groundbreaking science fiction short story, \"A Martian Odyssey\", which presented a sympathetic but decidedly non-human alien, Tweel.", "Even more remarkably, this was his first science fiction story (in 1933 he had sold a romantic novel, The Lady Dances, to King Features Syndicate, which serialized the story in its newspapers in early 1934).", "Isaac Asimov has described \"A Martian Odyssey\" as \"a perfect Campbellian science fiction story, before John W. Campbell.", "Indeed, Tweel may be the first creature in science fiction to fulfil Campbell's dictum, 'write me a creature who thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man'.\"", "Asimov went on to describe it as one of only three stories that changed the way all subsequent ones in the science fiction genre were written.", "It is the oldest short story (and one of the top vote-getters) selected by the Science Fiction Writers of America for inclusion in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964.", "Most of the work that was published in Weinbaum's lifetime appeared in either Astounding or Wonder Stories.", "However, several of his pieces first appeared in the early fanzine Fantasy Magazine (successor to Science Fiction Digest) in the 1930s, including an \"Auto-Biographical Sketch\" in the June 1935 issue.", "Despite common belief, Weinbaum was not one of the contributors to the multi-authored Cosmos serial in Science Fiction Digest/Fantasy Magazine.", "He did contribute to the multi-author story \"The Challenge From Beyond\", published in the September 1935 Fantasy Magazine.", "At the time of his death, Weinbaum was writing a novel, Three Who Danced.", "In this novel, the Prince of Wales is unexpectedly present at a dance in an obscure American community, where he dances with three of the local girls, choosing each for a different reason.", "Each girl's life is changed (happily or tragically) as a result of the unexpected attention she receives.", "In 1993, his widow, Margaret Hawtof Kay (b.", "1906 in Waco, Texas), donated his papers to the Temple University Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "Included were several unpublished manuscripts, among them Three Who Danced, as well as other unpublished stories (mostly romance stories, but there were also a few other non-fiction and fiction writings, none of them science fiction).", "A film version of his short story \"The Adaptive Ultimate\" was released in 1957 under the title She Devil, starring Mari Blanchard, Jack Kelly, and Albert Dekker.", "The story was also dramatized on television; a Studio One titled \"Kyra Zelas\" (the name of the title character) aired on September 12, 1949.", "A radio dramatization of \"The Adaptive Ultimate\" was performed on the anthology show Escape in the 1950s.", "Honors and awards\nA crater on Mars is named in Weinbaum's honor.", "On July 18, 2008, he won the Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award.", "Critical reception\nLester del Rey declared that \"Weinbaum, more than any other writer, helped to take our field out of the doldrums of the early thirties and into the beginnings of modern science fiction.\"", "H. P. Lovecraft stated that Weinbaum's writing was ingenious, and he stood miles above the other Pulp Fiction writers in his creation of genuinely alien worlds in a comparison to Edgar Rice Burroughs and his \"inane\" stories of \"egg-laying Princesses\".", "Frederik Pohl wrote that, before Weinbaum, science fiction's aliens \"might be catmen, lizard-men, antmen, plantmen or rockmen; but they were, always and incurably, men.", "Weinbaum changed that. . . . it was the difference in orientation – in drives, goals and thought processes – that made the Weinbaum-type alien so fresh and rewarding in science fiction in the mid-thirties\".", "His \"revolutionary idea\", Pohl said, was to \"give some sort of three-dimensional reality to the characters\", in contrast to Hugo Gernsback's \"animated catalogue of gadgets\".", "Everett F. Bleiler, however, felt that although Weinbaum \"was generally considered the most promising new s-f author of his day,\" his reputation is overstated.", "While \"Weinbaum's style was more lively than that of his genre contemporaries, and he was imaginative in background details, .", ". . his work was ordinary pulp fiction, with routine plots, slapdash presentation, cardboard characterization, and much cliche of ideas.", "Alexei and Cory Panshin concluded that \"Time has swallowed what were once Weinbaum's particular virtues.", "What is left seems quaint and quirky.\"", "Planetary series\nAll of Weinbaum's nine interplanetary stories were set in a consistent Solar System that was scientifically accurate by 1930s standards.", "The avian, botanical Martians of \"A Martian Odyssey\" and \"Valley of Dreams\", for instance, are mentioned in \"Redemption Cairn\" and \"The Red Peri\", the quadrupedal Venusian trioptes of \"Parasite Planet\" and \"The Lotus Eaters\" are mentioned in \"The Mad Moon,\" the vicious, pseudomammalian pests of The Mad Moon appear in Valley of Dreams as minor antagonists, and the rock-eating Pyramid-Makers of Mars are mentioned in \"Tidal Moon\".", "In Weinbaum's Solar System, in accordance with the then-current near-collision hypothesis, the gas giants radiate heat, enough to warm their satellites to Earthlike temperatures, allowing for Earthlike environments on Io, Europa, Titan, and even Uranus.", "Mars is also sufficiently Earthlike to allow humans to walk its surface (with training in thin-air chambers) unprotected.", "Van Manderpootz stories\nThree short stories deal with Dixon Wells, a perpetually late playboy who runs afoul of the inventions of his friend and former instructor in \"Newer Physics\", Professor Haskel van Manderpootz, a supremely immodest genius who rates Albert Einstein as his equal (or slight inferior).", "In \"The Worlds of If\", Wells tests an invention that reveals what might have been; in \"The Ideal\", the professor creates a device that can show the image of a person's ideal (in Wells' case, his perfect woman); the contrivance of \"The Point of View\" allows one to see the world from another's perspective.", "In all three, Wells finds and then loses the woman of his dreams.", "Bibliography\n\nNovels\n The Lady Dances (King-Features Syndicate 1933) - This story (published under the name of \"Marge Stanley\") was published as a newspaper serial in early 1934 and is now available as a print-on-demand title.", "The New Adam (Ziff-Davis 1939)\n The Black Flame Originally in 1939.", "(Fantasy Press 1948)\n The Black Flame (Complete Restored Edition) (Tachyon Publications 1997; )\n The Dark Other aka The Mad Brain (Fantasy Publishing Company 1950)\n\nShort stories\n \"A Martian Odyssey\" in 7/34 Wonder\n \"Valley of Dreams\" in 11/34 Wonder\n \"Flight on Titan\" in 1/35 Astounding\n \"Parasite Planet\" in 2/35 Astounding\n \"The Lotus Eaters\" in 4/35 Astounding\n \"Pygmalion's Spectacles\" in 6/35 Wonder\n \"The Worlds of If\" in 8/35 Wonder\n \"The Challenge From Beyond\" in 9/35 Fantasy Magazine (Weinbaum wrote the opening 800+ words of the science-fiction version of this round-robin story.", "(This story is a variant of \"The Green Glow of Death\" from 7/57 Crack Detective and Mystery Stories.)", "Collections of stories and poetry\n The Best of Stanley G. Weinbaum, Ballantine, 1974\n Lunaria and Other Poems, The Strange Publishing Company 1988\n The Black Heart, Leonaur Publishing, 2006\n Dawn of Flame: The Stanley G. Weinbaum Memorial Volume, Conrad H. Ruppert, 1936\n Interplanetary Odysseys, Leonaur Publishing, 2006\n A Martian Odyssey and Other Science Fiction Tales, Hyperion Press, 1974\n A Martian Odyssey and Others, Fantasy Press, 1949\n A Martian Odyssey and Other Classics of Science Fiction, Lancer, 1962\n Other Earths, Leonaur Publishing, 2006\n The Red Peri, Fantasy Press, 1952\n Strange Genius, Leonaur Publishing, 2006\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n \n \n \n A Short Biography of Stanley G. Weinbaum, by Tom Rogers\n Critical profile and bibliography in The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction\n Stanley G. Weinbaum at Manybooks.net\n Stanley G. Weinbaum at The Lit Project\n \n \n Planets of Peril: Stanley G. Weinbaum's 1930s Science Fiction at Forgotten Futures - all of his science fiction that is out of European copyright\n Past Masters: A Martian?", "Odd, I See (or a Taste of Milwaukee's Finest) by Bud Webster at Grantville Gazette - copy on archive.org\n (books published 1936–1974)\n\n1902 births\n1935 deaths\nAmerican science fiction writers\nPulp fiction writers\nUniversity of Wisconsin–Madison alumni\nWriters from Milwaukee\nWriters from Louisville, Kentucky\nDeaths from lung cancer\nJewish American writers\n20th-century American novelists\nPlace of death missing\nAmerican male novelists\n20th-century American male writers\nNovelists from Kentucky\nNovelists from Wisconsin\n20th-century American Jews" ]

[ "Stanley Grauman Weinbaum was an American science fiction writer.", "His first story, \"A Martian Odyssey\", was published to great renown in July 1934; the alien Tweel was arguably the first character to satisfy John W. Campbell's challenge.", "Less than a year and a half later, Weinbaum died from lung cancer, despite writing more short stories and novels.", "Weinbaum was born in Louisville, Kentucky, the son of Nathan A. Weinbaum.", "His family was Christian.", "He went to school in Milwaukee.", "He attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison as a chemical engineering major but later switched to English as his major and did not graduate.", "Weinbaum left the university in 1923 after taking an exam for a friend.", "\"A Martian Odyssey\" is a science fiction short story that shows a sympathetic but non-human alien.", "In 1933 he sold a romantic novel, The Lady Dances, to King Features Syndicate, which published the story in its newspapers in 1934.", "\"A Martian Odyssey\" is a perfect Campbellian science fiction story, before John W. Campbell.", "Tweel may be the first creature in science fiction to fulfill Campbell's dictum, \"write me a creature who thinks as well as a man, or better than a man, but not like a man\"", "It was one of the three stories that changed the way science fiction was written.", "The Science Fiction Writers of America selected it for inclusion in The Science Fiction Hall of Fame, Volume One, 1929–1964.", "The majority of the work that was published in Weinbaum's lifetime appeared in Wonder Stories.", "Several of his pieces first appeared in the early fanzine Fantasy Magazine in the 1930s.", "Weinbaum wasn't one of the contributors to the multi-authored Cosmos serial in Science Fiction Digest/Fantasy Magazine.", "The multi-author story \"The Challenge From Beyond\" was published in the September 1935 Fantasy Magazine.", "Weinbaum was writing a novel at the time of his death.", "The Prince of Wales dances with three local girls at a dance in an obscure American community in a novel.", "As a result of the attention she receives, each girl's life is changed happily or tragically.", "His widow, Margaret Kay, was born in 1993.", "His papers were given to the Temple University Library in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.", "There were several unpublished manuscripts, including Three Who Danced, which was mostly romance stories, but there were also a few other non-fiction and fiction writings.", "A film version of his short story \"The adaptive ultimate\" was released in 1957 under the title She Devil.", "\"Kyra Zelas\", the name of the title character, was dramatized on television in 1949.", "Escape featured a dramatization of \"The adaptive ultimate\" in the 1950s.", "A crater on Marsbaum is named after Wein.", "The Cordwainer Smith Rediscovery Award was won by him.", "\"Weinbaum, more than any other writer, helped to take our field out of the doldrums of the early thirties and into the beginnings of modern science fiction,\" according to critical reception.", "H. P. Lovecraft stated that Weinbaum's writing was ingenious, and he stood miles above the other Pulp Fiction writers in his creation of genuinely alien worlds in a comparison to \"egg-laying Princesses\".", "Before Weinbaum, science fiction's aliens might be catmen, lizard-men, antmen, plantmen or rockmen, but they were always and incurably, men.", "The Weinbaum-type alien was so fresh and rewarding in science fiction in the mid-thirties because of the difference in orientation.", "In contrast to Hugo Gernsback's \"animated catalogue of gadgets\", Pohl's idea was to give some sort of three-dimensional reality to the characters.", "Although Weinbaum was generally considered the most promising new s-f author of his day, his reputation is overstated.", "\"Weinbaum's style was more lively than that of his genre peers, and he was imaginative in background details.\"", "His work was a lot like ordinary pulp fiction, with a lot of cliche of ideas.", "Time has taken what was once Weinbaum's particular virtues.", "It seems quaint and quirky.", "Weinbaum's stories were set in a consistent Solar System that was scientifically accurate by the 1930s.", "The quadrupedal Venusian trioptes of \"Parasite Planet\" and \"The Lotus Eaters\" mention the botanical Martians of \"A Martian Odyssey\" and \"Valley of Dreams\".", "In Weinbaum's Solar System, the gas giants are able to warm their satellites to Earthlike temperatures because of the heat they emit.", "Mars has enough Earthlike qualities to allow humans to walk its surface.", "Three short stories were written about Professor Haskel van Manderpootz, a genius who rates Albert Einstein as his equal, and a playboy who runs afoul of the inventions of his friend and former instructor.", "In \"The Worlds of If\", Wells tests an invention that reveals what might have been, while the professor creates a device that can show the image of a person's ideal.", "Wells finds and loses the woman of his dreams in all three of them.", "The Lady Dances was published as a newspaper serial in 1934 and is now available as a print-on-demand title.", "The Black Flame was originally in 1939.", "The Mad Brain (Fantasy Publishing Company 1950) is a collection of short stories.", "This story is a variation of \"The Green Glow of Death\" from 7/57 Crack Detective and Mystery Stories.", "The Best of Stanley G. Weinbaum is a collection of stories and poems.", "The book Odd, I See (or a Taste of Milwaukee's Finest) was published in 1936 and is available at archive.org." ]

[ "Stanley Grauman Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Grauman", ". Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Hugo Gernsback", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Stanley G", "Stanley G", ". Weinbaum", "Stanley G", ". Weinbaum", "Stanley G", ". Weinbaum", "Stanley G", ". Weinbaum" ]

[ "Stanley Grauman Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", ". Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Hugo Gernsback", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Weinbaum", "Stanley G", ". Weinbaum" ]

[ "Alan Joseph Joyce, (born 30 June 1966) is an Irish Australian businessperson.", "He is the chief executive officer (CEO) of Qantas Airways Limited.", "Early life and education\nJoyce was born and raised in Tallaght, now a suburb of Dublin, Ireland.", "His mother was a cleaner, and his father worked in a tobacco factory.", "Joyce attended secondary school at St Mark's Community School in Springfield, Tallaght.", "Joyce attended Dublin Institute of Technology and Trinity College, Dublin.", "He graduated with Honours, receiving a Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Science (Physics and Mathematics) and a Master of Science degree in Management Science.", "He is a Fellow of the Royal Aeronautical Society.", "Career\nIn 1988, Joyce commenced work at Aer Lingus, the flag carrier of Ireland.", "He held various positions in sales, marketing, information technology, network planning, operations research, revenue management and fleet planning.", "In 1996, he resigned to join the now-defunct Ansett Australia.", "In 2000, Joyce joined Qantas.", "At both Ansett Australia and Qantas, he headed the Network Planning, Schedules Planning and Network Strategy functions.", "Joyce was appointed CEO of Qantas subsidiary Jetstar Airways in October 2003.", "CEO of Qantas\nJoyce became CEO of Qantas on 28 November 2008.", "He is a former Director of Orangestar Investment Holdings Pte Limited (holding company of Singapore-based Jetstar Asia Airways and Valuair) and Jetstar Pacific Airlines Aviation Joint Stock Company (in Vietnam).", "On 29 October 2011, as a result of continuing industrial unrest following the announcement of job losses and structural changes at Qantas, Joyce grounded the entire Qantas mainline fleet.", "The Australian named Joyce the most influential business leader in 2011.", "Yet a poll following his controversial 2011 grounding of the Qantas fleet showed the action has increased negative public perception of the airline.", "In 2011, Joyce's remuneration was increased 71 per cent from $2.92 million in 2009–10 to $5.01 million and he was granted 1.7 million Qantas shares under a long-term incentive plan.", "His reported comments that his salary was \"conservative\" were criticised by the Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA).", "In May 2019, Joyce committed to three more years as the chief executive of Qantas.", "In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, Joyce gave up his salary for the rest of the financial year.", "Pieing incident\nOn 9 May 2017, Joyce was delivering a speech to a business breakfast event in Perth, when a lemon meringue pie was pushed into his face by an unknown assailant, later identified as Tony Overheu, a Western Australian farmer and Christian.", "Overheu, aged 67, gave a false name to police after the incident, but subsequently apologised for humiliating the CEO claiming that he pied the business figure due to his own personal belief that Joyce had overstepped the line in his gay marriage advocacy and the assailant's response simply reflected community push-back.", "Overheu was later charged with common assault, trespass, damage and giving false details to police.", "Along with being banished from his church, he was also banned from flying Qantas (including Qantas' partner airlines).", "Overheu appeared before Perth Magistrates Court on 7 July 2017, pleaded guilty to charges of assault and trespass, damaging the lapel microphone Joyce was wearing, and giving a false name to police after the incident.", "Overheu was fined $3,600, as well as ordered to pay $269 in compensation for the lapel microphone and $188 in costs.", "Overheu's lawyer said his client had had \"physical and personal difficulties\" in recent years, including mental health issues.", "LGBTI advocacy\nJoyce supports the LGBTI community and personally donated $1 million towards the campaign to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia, which facilitated his own marriage in 2019.", "Joyce is the patron of the Pinnacle Foundation, an organisation which works with, \"disadvantaged and marginalised LGBT Australians\".", "For his work, he has been recognised on a global list of LGBT executives.", "As CEO, Joyce has pledged Qantas will \"continue social-justice campaigning\".", "Honours and awards\n The Australian named Joyce the most influential business leader in 2011.", "Joyce is an Ambassador of the Australian Indigenous Education Foundation (AIEF).", "Joyce was named a Companion of the Order of Australia, Australia's highest civil honour, in the 2017 Queen's birthday honours list.", "This honour was awarded for \"eminent service to the aviation transport industry, to the development of the national and international tourism sectors, to gender equity, inclusion and diversity, and to the community, particularly as a supporter of Indigenous education\".", "Personal life\nJoyce identifies as being Catholic.", "In 2015, he became a member of the Australian Republic Movement, which argues that Australia should replace the monarchy to become a republic with an Australian head of state.", "Joyce is openly gay.", "In 2011, he was successfully treated for prostate cancer.", "On 2 November 2019, he and long-term New Zealander partner, Shane Lloyd, married on the rooftop of The Museum of Contemporary Art in Circular Quay.", "The couple live in the Rocks, an inner suburb of Sydney.", "See also\n 2011 industrial unrest and grounding of fleet\n 2011 Qantas industrial disputes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\nQantas profile - Alan Joyce\n\n|-\n\n1966 births\n20th-century Australian businesspeople\n21st-century Australian businesspeople\n20th-century Irish businesspeople\n21st-century Irish businesspeople\nLiving people\nAustralian chief executives\nAlumni of Trinity College Dublin\nAlumni of Dublin Institute of Technology\nBusinesspeople from County Dublin\nFellows of the Australian Academy of Technological Sciences and Engineering\nNaturalised citizens of Australia\nIrish airline chief executives\nIrish emigrants to Australia\nIrish expatriates in Australia\nLGBT people from Ireland\nQantas people\nLGBT businesspeople from Australia\nCompanions of the Order of Australia\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Alan Joseph Joyce was born in 1966 and is an Australian businessperson.", "He is the CEO of Qantas Airways.", "Joyce was born and raised in Tallaght, a suburb of Dublin, Ireland.", "His parents worked in a tobacco factory.", "St Mark's Community School was where Joyce attended secondary school.", "Dublin Institute of Technology and Trinity College were attended by Joyce.", "He received a Bachelor of Science degree in Applied Science and a Master of Science degree in Management Science.", "He is a member of the Royal Aeronautical Society.", "Joyce started work at Aer Lingus in 1988.", "He worked in sales, marketing, information technology, network planning, operations research, revenue management and fleet planning.", "He joined Ansett Australia in 1996.", "Joyce joined Qantas in 2000.", "He was in charge of the Network Planning, Schedules Planning and Network Strategy functions at both Ansett Australia and Qantas.", "Joyce was appointed CEO of Qantas in October of 2003", "Joyce became CEO of Qantas on November 28, 2008.", "He was a director of the holding company of Singapore-based Jetstar Asia Airways and Valuair.", "Joyce grounded the entire Qantas mainline fleet as a result of continuing industrial unrest following the announcement of job losses and structural changes at Qantas.", "Joyce was named the most influential business leader.", "The grounding of the Qantas fleet increased the public's negative perception of the airline.", "Joyce's remuneration was increased by 71 per cent and he was granted 1.7 million Qantas shares under a long-term incentive plan.", "The Australian and International Pilots Association (AIPA) criticized his reported comments that his salary was conservative.", "Joyce committed to three more years as the CEO of Qantas.", "Joyce gave up his salary for the rest of the year.", "Tony Overheu, a Western Australian farmer and Christian, pushed a lemon meringue pie into Joyce's face while he was giving a speech at a business breakfast event in Perth.", "After the incident, Overheu gave a false name to the police, but later apologized for humiliating the CEO due to his own personal belief that Joyce had overstepped the line in his gay marriage advocacy.", "Overheu was charged with assault, criminal damage, and giving false information to police.", "He was kicked out of his church and banned from flying Qantas.", "Overheu pleaded guilty to charges of assault and trespass, damaging the microphone Joyce was wearing, and giving a false name to police after the incident.", "Overheu was fined and ordered to pay costs and compensation for the microphone.", "Overheu's lawyer said his client had had physical and mental health issues.", "Joyce personally donated $1 million to the campaign to legalise same-sex marriage in Australia in order to facilitate his own marriage in 2019.", "Joyce is a patron of a foundation that works with lesbian, gay, bisexual and queer Australians.", "He has been recognised for his work.", "Qantas will \"continue social-justice campaigning\" according to Joyce.", "The Australian named Joyce the most influential business leader.", "The Australian Indigenous Education Foundation has an Ambassador named Joyce.", "Joyce was named a Companion of the Order of Australia in the Queen's birthday honours list.", "The award was given for \"eminent service to the aviation transport industry, to the development of the national and international tourism sectors, to gender equity, inclusion and diversity, and to the community, particularly as a supporter of Indigenous education\".", "Joyce identifies as a catholic.", "He became a member of the Australian Republic Movement in 2015, which advocated for Australia to become a republic with an Australian head of state.", "Joyce is gay.", "He was successfully treated for cancer in 2011.", "He and his partner, a New Zealander, were married on the rooftop of The Museum of Contemporary Art in Circular Quay.", "The couple live in the Rocks.", "References External links Qantas profile - Alan Joyce 1966 births 20th-century Australian businesspeople 21st-century Australian businesspeople 20th-century Irish businesspeople Living people Australian chief executives Alumni" ]

[ "Alan Joseph Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyceas", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Alan Joyce" ]

[ "Alan Joseph Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Joyce", "Alan Joyce" ]

[ "Jesse Cail Burkett (December 4, 1868 – May 27, 1953), nicknamed \"Crab\", was an American professional baseball left fielder.", "He played in Major League Baseball (MLB) from 1890 to 1905 for the New York Giants, Cleveland Spiders, St. Louis Perfectos / Cardinals, St. Louis Browns, and Boston Americans.", "Burkett batted over .400 twice, and held the major league single-season hits record for 15 years.", "After his playing career, Burkett managed in the minor leagues.", "He was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.", "Burkett holds the record for the most inside-the-park home runs in MLB history, with 55.", "He is also regarded as one of the greatest bunters of all time.", "Early life\nBurkett was born in Wheeling, West Virginia, to Granville and Ellen Burkett.", "His father was a laborer and painter who worked for the Wheeling and Belmont Bridge Company.", "Beginning his professional career as a pitcher, he won 27 games at the age of 19 in 1888 for the Scranton Miners of the Central League.", "In 1889, he compiled a 39–6 win-loss record for the Worcester Grays of the New England League.", "He acquired his nickname, \"Crab\", due to his serious disposition, and willingness to argue, fight and insult sportswriters, umpires, opposing players, and rookies.", "Career\n\nEarly career\nBurkett made his major league debut for the New York Giants of the National League (NL) in 1890 as a pitcher and outfielder.", "His pitching was ineffective as he went 3–10 with an earned run average of 5.57.", "As an outfielder he had a breakout year with a batting average of .309, good for second-best on the team.", "He was then purchased by the Cleveland Spiders in February 1891 and played most of 1891 in the minors, batting .316 for the Lincoln Rustlers and pitching to a 4–6 record.", "He played the last 40 games of the 1891 season with the Cleveland Spiders and continued to play for them through the 1898 season.", "In 1892, he hit .275 and was among the league's top ten players in runs scored and triples.", "The next season, his batting average increased to .348 (sixth highest in the league) and drew 98 walks (fifth-most in the league).", "He remained in the top ten in walks in almost every season throughout his career.", "Burkett was never known as a great defender, but after committing a league leading 46 errors in 1893, he was coached by fellow outfielder Jimmy McAleer to improve his fielding.", "Nonetheless, he routinely finished in the top five for errors committed by an outfielder and has the fourth-most errors committed by an outfielder in history.", "Peak years and batting .400\nIn 1895, Burkett batted .405 and led the NL in batting average, beating Ed Delahanty who also had an average of over .400, and hits (225), which were 12 more than Hall of Famer Willie Keeler.", "The following season, he set a career-high in batting average, at .410, and led the league in batting average, hits (240), and runs scored (160).", "His 240 hits were a major league record for 15 years until Ty Cobb hit 248 in 1911.", "Burkett was the second player in major league history to bat over .400 twice, the first being Ed Delahanty.", "The Spiders finished second in 1895 and 1896 and played the Baltimore Orioles both seasons in the Temple Cup series, beating the Orioles in 1895.", "Early in the 1897 season, Burkett was hit in the head by a pitch by Fred Klobedanz which knocked him unconscious.", "He was out of action for two weeks, but played on May 31, collecting two hits in his first game back.", "On August 4, 1897 Burkett was ejected from both games of a doubleheader against the Louisville Colonels.", "In the first game, Burkett and an umpire (Bill Wolf) got into a heated argument and Burkett was thrown out; when he did not leave the field, the umpire threatened to forfeit the game to Louisville.", "Manager Patsy Tebeau agreed to forfeit the game to the Colonels by a score of 9–0.", "In the next game of the double header, the arguments against Bill Wolf continued, and by the ninth inning Burkett was ejected again.", "Similar to the first game, he did not leave the field and two police officers were called in and dragged Burkett from the field.", "In the 1897 season, Burkett finished third in batting average behind fellow Hall of Famers Willie Keeler and Fred Clarke.", "Move to St. Louis and later career\nBy the end of 1898 the Cleveland Spiders were unable to afford to play in Cleveland and pay their highly paid players, and as a result played 35 of their last 38 games on the road.", "In the offseason, owner Frank Robison bought the struggling St. Louis Cardinals and in March 1898, Burkett along with teammate Cy Young were moved from the Cleveland Spiders to the St. Louis Perfectos.", "He played for the Perfectos/Cardinals for three seasons.", "In 1899 he had originally finished the season batting .402 (making him the first baseball player to hit .400 or greater in three separate seasons), but it was downgraded to .396 later.", "In 1901, he led the NL in batting average (.376), on-base percentage (.440), hits (226), and runs scored (142); this marked the third time he had led the league in batting average.", "Before the 1902 season, Burkett jumped to the St. Louis Browns of the American League and batted over .300 for the last time in his career.", "The following year, the American League began to count foul balls as strikes, causing his batting average to fall below .300 on the season for the first time since 1892.", "The next year his batting average fell again to .271, and had a career low in stolen bases.", "His errors in the outfield went down, but that was partially due to his decreased range and fewer opportunities.", "In 1905, he was traded to the Boston Americans for George Stone; this meant he could be closer to his home in Worcester.", "His level of play continued to decrease as he set a career low in batting average as Boston finished in fourth place at the end of the season.", "At the end of the season, he retired.", "He had the second most career hits in baseball at the time.", "He has the highest batting average (.378) and on-base percentage (.444) in St. Louis Cardinals history.", "Later life\nBurkett managed the New England League's Worcester Busters from 1906 to 1915 and played some games for the team, as well.", "In 1906, he led the league with a .344 batting average.", "Newspapers described Burkett as retiring from baseball in 1916.", "He secured a position with a brass factory in Worcester in December.", "However, he signed on as a coach with College of the Holy Cross late that month.", "In four seasons coaching the Holy Cross Crusaders, Burkett amassed an 88–12–1 record (); nine players on his 1919 team were designated All-East players.", "Burkett managed sporadically in the minor leagues until 1933.", "He was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1946.", "The Wheeling native became the first West Virginian elected into the Hall of Fame.", "Burkett died in Worcester, Massachusetts, on May 27, 1953.", "See also\n\n List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career on-base percentage leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders\n List of Major League Baseball career stolen bases leaders\n List of Major League Baseball players with a .400 batting average in a season\n List of Major League Baseball batting champions\n List of Major League Baseball annual runs scored leaders\n\nFurther reading\n\nNotes\n In 1895, Burkett had originally batted .423 and as of 1922 that average stood, until later when it was changed retroactively to .405.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n1868 births\n1953 deaths\n19th-century baseball players\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame inductees\nMajor League Baseball left fielders\nMajor League Baseball coaches\nNew York Giants (NL) players\nNew York Giants (NL) coaches\nNew York Giants (NL) scouts\nCleveland Spiders players\nSt. Louis Perfectos players\nSt. Louis Cardinals players\nSt. Louis Browns players\nBoston Americans players\nNational League batting champions\nMinor league baseball managers\nLincoln Rustlers players\nWorcester Busters players\nLowell Grays players\nLawrence Barristers players\nHartford Senators players\nHaverhill Climbers players\nHoly Cross Crusaders baseball coaches\nBaseball players from West Virginia\nSportspeople from Wheeling, West Virginia\nLewiston Twins players" ]

[ "\"Crab\", as he was known, was an American professional baseball left fielder.", "He played for the New York Giants, Cleveland Spiders, St. Louis Perfectos, and the Boston Americans.", "Burkett was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Burkett was a manager in the minor league.", "He was elected into the National Baseball Hall of Fame.", "Burkett holds the record for the most inside-the-park home runs in MLB history.", "He is considered to be one of the greatest bunters of all time.", "Burkett was born in Wheeling, West Virginia.", "His father was a painter for the bridge company.", "At the age of 19 he won 27 games as a pitcher for the Scranton Miners of the Central League.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was nicknamed \"Crab\" due to his willingness to argue, fight and insult sportswriters, umpires, and rookies.", "Burkett made his major league debut as a pitcher and outfielder for the New York Giants in 1890.", "He went 3–10 with an earned run average of 5.57.", "He had a good year as an outfielder with a batting average of.309, good for second-best on the team.", "He played for the Lincoln Rustlers and the Cleveland Spiders in the 1890s, batting.316 and pitching to a 4–6 record.", "He played for the Cleveland Spiders through the 1898 season, playing the last 40 games of the 1891 season.", "He was one of the league's top ten players in runs scored and triples.", "His batting average went up to.343, which was sixth highest in the league, and he drew 98 walks, which was fifth highest.", "He was in the top ten in walks for most of his career.", "After committing a league leading 46 errors in 1893, Burkett was coached by Jimmy McAleer to improve his fielding.", "He had the fourth-most errors committed by an outfielder in history.", "Burkett was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His batting average was a major league record for 15 years.", "Ed Delahanty was the first player in major league history to bat over.400 twice.", "In 1895 and 1896, the Spiders finished second and beat the Orioles in the Temple Cup series.", "Burkett was knocked unconscious when he was hit in the head by a pitch early in the 1897 season.", "He got two hits in his first game back after being out of action for two weeks.", "Burkett was ejected from the Louisville Colonels games on August 4, 1897.", "In the first game, Burkett and an umpire got into a heated argument and Burkett was thrown out; when he did not leave the field, the umpire threatened to forfeiture the game to Louisville.", "The game was forfeited due to a score of 9–0 by the manager.", "The arguments against Bill Wolf continued after Burkett was ejected from the next game.", "Burkett was dragged from the field by two police officers after he refused to leave.", "Burkett finished third in batting average in the 1897 season, behind Willie and Fred.", "The Cleveland Spiders played 35 of their last 38 games on the road because they couldn't afford to play in Cleveland.", "Burkett along with teammate Cy Young were moved from the Cleveland Spiders to the St. Louis Perfectos in 1898.", "He played for the Perfectos/Cardinals.", "He was the first baseball player to hit.400 or more in three separate seasons, but his batting average was lowered to.396.", "In 1901, he led the NL in batting average, on-base percentage, hits, and runs scored, and he had led the league in batting average before.", "Burkett ended his career with a.300 batting average in the last game of his career.", "After the American League began to count foul balls as strikes, his batting average fell below.300 for the first time since 1892.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "His errors in the outfield went down because of his decreased range and fewer opportunities.", "In 1905, he was traded to the Boston Americans for George Stone, which meant he could be closer to his home.", "As Boston finished in fourth place, his level of play continued to decrease as he set a career low in batting average.", "He retired at the end of the season.", "He had the second most hits in baseball.", "He has the highest batting average and on- base percentage in the history of the St. Louis Cards.", "Burkett played for the team in the New England League and managed it from 1906 to 1915.", "He led the league in batting average in 1906.", "Burkett retired from baseball in 1916.", "He was hired at a brass factory in December.", "He joined College of the Holy Cross late that month.", "Nine players on Burkett's 1919 team were designated All-East players.", "Burkett played in the minor league until 1933.", "In 1946, he was elected into the Baseball Hall of Fame.", "The first West Virginian to be elected into the Hall of Fame was the Wheeling native.", "Burkett died in Massachusetts.", "List of Major League Baseball career batting average leaders List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders List of Major League Baseball career triples leaders List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders", "Major League Baseball coaches New York Giants (NL) players New York Giants (NL) coaches New York Giants (NL) scouts Cleveland Spiders players St. Louis Perfect" ]

[ "Jesse Cail Burkett", "Burkett", "Ellen Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett" ]

[ "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett", "Burkett" ]

[ "Darwin Porter (born September 13, 1937, in Greensboro, North Carolina) is an American travel writer, producing numerous titles, mostly for the Frommer guidebook series, over a 50-year career span.", "In the 21st century, he became a pop culture journalist-historian, and celebrity biographer.", "Early life\nPorter was the son of Hazel Lee Phillips, a fashion designer, and Paul Suggs, an attorney.", "His stepfather, Numie Rowan Porter, adopted him and changed his last name.", "He grew up in Western North Carolina, moving to Miami Beach when he was ten years old.", "His mother was the wardrobe mistress and secretary for the renowned entertainer, Sophie Tucker.", "As a young boy in Tucker's home, Porter first met many of the stars he would later write about — Marilyn Monroe, Ronald Reagan, Victor Mature, Richard Widmark, Frank Sinatra, and Elizabeth Taylor, plus an array of other stars.", "He attended the University of Miami, graduating in 1959.", "He was editor of the award-winning student newspaper, The Miami Hurricane, and president of the Florida Intercollegiate Press Association.", "As a student journalist, he obtained major interviews most notably with Eleanor Roosevelt.", "She befriended him and was instrumental in recommending him for a scholarship.", "He did interviews with Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz, Tallulah Bankhead, Ted Williams, Bette Davis, Ethel Merman, Adlai Stevenson, and then Vice President Richard M. Nixon.", "Career\nIn 1958, he joined The Miami Herald as an entertainment writer, book reviewer, and columnist.", "Later, he was appointed Bureau Chief of The Miami Herald in Key West, where he was a frequent visitor to Havana, writing about the growing tensions between the United States and Cuba.", "Once, he was taken into the hills to meet a guerilla fighter, Fidel Castro.", "In Key West, he conducted extensive interviews with Harry S Truman, who had made Key West his winter White House during his presidency.", "In Key West, he was befriended by playwright Tennessee Williams, who introduced him to a number of stars, such as Vivien Leigh, Marlon Brando, and Paul Newman, as well as such literary figures as Truman Capote, Christopher Isherwood, and Gore Vidal.", "Porter would later write biographies of these personalities.", "In 2014, he would publish a biography, Pink Triangle, devoted to Williams, Capote, and Vidal.", "In New York in 1961, Porter was named vice president of Haggart Associates at the age of 24.", "Working with the company president, Stanley Mills Haggart, a noted interior designer, author, and magazine editor, they produced some of TV's most-watched commercials, specializing in hiring movie stars to sell their products.", "Haggart had the Pepsi-Cola account, the soft drink promoted by Joan Crawford.", "They also produced 20-minute musical shorts starring such entertainers as Lena Horne and Louis Armstrong.", "A world traveler, Porter, in 1969, wrote the first Frommer guidebook.", "(Before that, the series produced a $-a-Day series.)", "In terms of volume, he would write more travel guidebooks than all others, over a 50-year span.", "In the 1970s and 80s, and into the 90s, the Frommer guidebook series was the market leader.", "The books were published, over the years, by Arthur Frommer, Inc.; Simon & Schuster; and John Wiley & Sons.", "Porter also wrote and updated subsequent editions of travel guides for Lufthansa, American Airlines, TWA, Iberia Airlines, Greyhound, British Airways, SAS Scandinavian Airlines, American Express, TAP Air Portugal, Air France, and Alitalia.", "Porter is also a novelist.", "His first novel Butterflies in Heat was reviewed by James Kirkwood, Jr., the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of A Chorus Line, with “Darwin Porter writes with an incredible understanding of the milieu—hot enough to singe the wings off any butterfly.” Butterflies in Heat was later adapted into the film, Tropic of Desire.", "Other novels include Marika, based in part on information gleaned from Porter's long association with German and Austrian stars such as Hedy Lamarr, Marlene Dietrich, and Greta Keller, the leading chanteuse of Europe during the 1930s.", "He also wrote Venus, a novel suggested by the life of the acclaimed diarist, Anaïs Nin.", "Other novels include Blood Moon, Hollywood’s Silent Closet, Razzle-Dazzle, Midnight in Savannah, and Rhinestone Country.", "In the 21st Century, for Blood Moon Productions, Porter has produced more Hollywood celebrity biographies than any other journalist, concentrating on iconic stars and personalities such as Marilyn Monroe, Howard Hughes, Elizabeth Taylor, Vivien Leigh, Laurence Olivier, Humphrey Bogart, Steve McQueen, Marlon Brando, Katharine Hepburn, Zsa Zsa Gabor, Peter O'Toole, Rock Hudson, Debbie Reynolds and her daughter Carrie Fisher, Linda Lovelace, Burt Reynolds, and Kirk Douglas.", "He has written biographies of TV personality Merv Griffin, singers Michael Jackson and Frank Sinatra, lawman J. Edgar Hoover and politicians — Bill & Hillary Clinton, Ronald & Nancy Reagan, Donald Trump, and the Kennedys.", "Porter is also the author of four books on film criticism and has written a series of exposés as part of Blood Moon's Hollywood Babylon series.", "These biographies, based on the compilation of firsthand, orally transmitted histories, have illuminated aspects of Hollywood history previously unknown to the general public.", "Some of Porter's works have been serialized by major broadsheet newspapers in the UK, including The Mail on Sunday.", "The Sunday Times defined Porter's biography of Marlon Brando (Brando Unzipped) as “Lurid, raunchy, perceptive, and certainly worth reading ... One of the ten best showbiz biographies of the year.”\n \n\tAs a biographer, Porter has won numerous awards from, among others, the New England Book Festival, the Hollywood Book Festival, the Los Angeles Book Festival, the New York Book Festival, The Northern and Southern California Book Festivals, The Florida Book Festival, the San Francisco Book Festival, and the Beach Book Festival.", "His biographies and travel guides have been translated into many languages, including French, Italian, Dutch, German, Portuguese, Spanish, and Chinese.", "Most of his biographies were published by Blood Moon Productions (www.BloodMoonProductions.com), a New York City-based press directed by former New York Times reporter Danforth Prince, and distributed through the National Book Network (www.NBNbooks.com) and later, through Ingram (www.IngramSpark.com) and Amazon (Amazon.com) Blood Moon originated as the Georgia Literary Association in 1997, adopting its current name in 2004.", "Criticism \nAccording to \"Paul Bellini at FAB Magazine\", I love the Porter/Prince books.", "They are the biographies I dreamed about as a child.", "Bill &\nHillary is amazing and fascinating, the story of a young lawyer with intense ambition, who\nmet a young man with the same intense ambition, and how they both maintained political\ncareers while surviving scandal after scandal.", "There's all the regular stuff, like the impact of\nMonica Lewinsky and the embarrassment it caused, and there is also the Vince Foster\nstory...which reads like a great, tragic, doomed love story, one that changed Hillary forever.", "“Bill & Hillary brims with Washington gossip of the era, like when teenage Laura Bush ran\nover and killed her ex-boyfriend, or the fact that the White House hid Reagan’s Alzheimer’s\nso that he could finish his second term with dignity, even if he didn’t know where he was.", "The Clintons are a modern political dynasty, like kings and queens of yore.", "Bill & Hillary,\nSo This Is That Thing Called Love is the story of how his charm, and her ability to command\nrespect have kept them in the political eye for over 25 years.", "Hillary ran for the Democratic\ncandidacy before, and lost to Obama, but this time she’s ready.", "Even if she doesn’t win, she\nhas earned her place in history, not just as a First Lady, but as a political legend.”\n\nfrom \"The Midwest Book Review\":\n“'James Dean: Tomorrow Never Comes' arrives on the 60th anniversary of the violent death of a young star that became a legend,\nbut if readers who are prior fans of other James Dean biographies expect this to be another rehash of information, they'd be\nhappily mistaken.", "Much of its information has never been published before, because it offers new unauthorized details, uncensored information,\nand also includes powerful, in-depth analysis of a supporting cast of contemporaries.", "Insights from a closeted TV producer\nwho first discovered James Dean, and others who interacted with him and often suffered from his mental swings and\nmurky sexual explorations add to and expand the existing popular literature on this icon.", "From Dean's early TV career and his involvements with other actors and actresses to the truths about his sexual liaisons, the\nparade of women who marched into and out of his life, and his frustrations in the industry, James Dean: Tomorrow Never\nComes makes for a vivid read especially recommended for prior fans of Dean's life and times.", "Be forewarned: this audience shouldn't expect a light coverage.", "The in-depth survey, with its amazingly large cast of contemporaries\nand characters, myths refuted and realities explored, and high-octane drama packs in over seven hundred pages\nof detail, which may look daunting, but which offer a rollicking good read.", "With so many facts and insights packing its pages, James Dean: Tomorrow Never Comes is a highly recommended book for\nany who would uncover more facets of the life and times of James Dean.", "From \"Films in Review\", re \"LOVE TRIANGLE: Ronald Reagan, Jane Wyman, & Nancy Davis\"\nIt has to be a reflection of modern technological advances, it can't be anything else: all the Blood Moon books, most of them several hundred\npages in length, are written by the same two people – Porter & Prince.", "I mean, how is that possible?", "Each book should have taken two\nyears.", "Well, it must be something to do with the ease of writing with WORD, combined with the extraordinarily easy access to information\non the internet.", "I’ve never seen a more thorough use of these modern breakthroughs than here.", "And while the book has the feeling, at times, of collage, it's never any less than fun, and it's infinitely more substantial than a mere gossip\ntome.", "I mean, I loved Kenneth Anger's Hollywood Babylon books (I had the pleasure of putting him up at my apt for a few days once, and\nthat was fun, too), but they (and this, at first glance) are nothing more than gossip.", "However, in their cumulative, lurid glow, like Weejee's LA\nphotos, the O’Toole bio becomes something more than what is on the surface – much, more, certainly than what Anger gave us.", "O’TOOLE\ntakes itself a level more seriously than gossip, and its text is informative, both about the British stage and the American screen.", "In terms of glorious gossip, however, wait till you get (just as an example) to page 126.", "O’Toole is invited by Jules Buck, his friend and\nbusiness partner, to join him for drinks with two other friends, who turn out to be Ava Gardner (they meet in her suite at the Savoy Hotel in\nLondon) and Burt Lancaster, neither of whom O’Toole had previously met, and both of whom had acted together in Robert Siodmak's THE\nKILLERS.", "Their unexpurgated stories that evening are absolute jaw-droppers.", "Lancaster's bi-sexuality and Gardner's sexual appetites are\ntossed away like everyday, casual knowledge.", "Their fast-flowing repartee and awareness of each other's sexual adventures pile on, paragraph\nafter paragraph, story after story, and it's heady stuff.", "Add in some bizarre here-say out of nowhere about Evita Peron, and it's a kinetic,\nwonderfully written chapter.", "And there are plenty more to follow.", "I mentioned this book to FIR's quirky film critic, Victoria Alexander, and after reading it she ordered the one on Elizabeth Taylor and said it\nwas just as good.", "Blood Moon has found a winning formula.", "From the Midwest Book Review: “Love Triangle: Ronald Reagan, Jane Wyman & Nancy Davis may find its way onto many a Republican Reagan fan's reading shelf; but those who expect another Reagan celebration will be surprised: this is lurid Hollywood expose writing at its best, and outlines the truths surrounding one of the most provocative industry scandals in the world.", "“There are already so many biographies of the Reagans on the market that one might expect similar mile-markers from this: be prepared for shock and awe; because Love Triangle doesn't take your ordinary approach to biography and describes a love triangle that eventually bumped a major Hollywood movie star from the possibility of being First Lady and replaced her with a lesser-known Grade B actress (Nancy Davis).", "“From politics and betrayal to romance, infidelity, and sordid affairs, Love Triangle is a steamy, eye-opening story that blows the lid off of the Reagan illusion to raise eyebrows on both sides of the big screen.", "“Black and white photos liberally pepper an account of the careers of all three and the lasting shock of their stormy relationships in a delightful pursuit especially recommended for any who relish Hollywood gossip.”\n\nPublished works\n\nFrommer Country and State Guides to:\nAnguilla, Aruba, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Bermuda, Bonaire and Curaçao, the British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, the Cayman Islands, Denmark, Dominica, the Dominican Republic, England, Finland, France, Georgia (USA), Germany, Great Britain, Greenland, \nGrenada, Haiti, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Jamaica, Maine, Martinique & Guadeloupe, Massachusetts, Morocco, North Carolina, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Rumania, Scotland, Sint Maartin/St.", "(2008);\nMerv Griffin, A Life in the Closet (2009);\nPaul Newman, The Man Behind the Baby Blues (2009);\nSteve McQueen, King of Cool, Tales of a Lurid Life (2009);\nHollywood Babylon Strikes Again!", "Burt Reynolds: Put the Pedal to the Metal, 2019\nHistoric Magnolia House: Celebrity and the Ironies of Fame, 2018\nGlamour, Glitz, and Gossip at Historic Magnolia House, 2019\nJudy Garland & Liza Minnelli: Too Many Damn Rainbows, 2020\nThe Seductive Sapphic Exploits of Mercedes de Acosta, Hollywood's Greatest Lover, 2020\nMarilyn: Don't Even Think About Tomorrow, 2020\nLucille Ball & Ricky Ricardo, They Weren't Lucy & Desi, 2021.", "Film Criticism\nBest Gay and Lesbian Films—The Glitter Awards 2005; Blood Moon’s Guide to Gay & Lesbian Film (2006 and 2007 editions); \nFifty Years of Queer Cinema—500 of the Best GLBTQ Films Ever Made (2010)\n\nMovie Scripts\nA Simple Chemical Transfer (Voted as Best Industrial Film of 1977); Tropic of Desire (1977), starring Eartha Kitt, Matt Collins, Barbara Baxley, and Pat Carroll\n\nContributing Interviewee for Documentaries\nMarlon Brando (2006), for German TV; Queer Icon: The Cult of Bette Davis (2010)\n\nCommentator for Audio Tracks on DVD Releases of Classic Films:\nThe Call of the Wild (1935), starring Clark Gable and Loretta Young; Deadline U.S.A. (1952), starring Humphrey Bogart and Ethel Barrymore; The Rains of Ranchipur (1955), starring Lana Turner and Richard Burton\n\nReferences\n\nLiving people\nAmerican travel writers\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nUniversity of Miami alumni\nAmerican columnists\n1937 births\nWriters from North Carolina\nPeople from Miami Beach, Florida\nAmerican gay writers\n21st-century LGBT people" ]

[ "Over the course of a 50-year career, Darwin Porter has produced numerous titles, mostly for the Frommer guidebook series.", "He became a pop culture journalist in the 21st century.", "Hazel LeePhillips was a fashion designer and Paul Suggs was an attorney.", "His last name was changed to Porter after he was adopted.", "He moved to Miami Beach when he was ten years old.", "His mother worked as a wardrobe mistress for Tucker.", "Porter first met many of the stars he would later write about, including Marilyn Monroe, Ronald Reagan, Victor Mature, Richard Widmark, Frank Sinatra, and Elizabeth Taylor.", "He graduated from the University of Miami in 1959.", "He was the editor of the award-winning student newspaper, The Miami Hurricane.", "He was a student journalist and had major interviews with Eleanor Roosevelt.", "She recommended him for a scholarship after befriending him.", "He did interviews with many people, including Vice President Richard M. Nixon.", "He was an entertainment writer, book reviewer, and columnist for The Miami Herald.", "He was the Bureau Chief of The Miami Herald in Key West, where he wrote about the growing tensions between the United States and Cuba.", "He was taken into the hills to meet a guerilla fighter.", "During his presidency, Harry S Truman made Key West his winter White House.", "In Key West, he was befriended by playwright Tennessee Williams, who introduced him to a number of stars, such as Paul Newman and Christopher Isherwood.", "Porter wrote biographies of these people.", "The Pink Triangle biography was devoted to Williams, Capote, and Vidal.", "Porter was named vice president of Haggart in New York at the age of 24.", "Working with the company president, Stanley Mills Haggart, a noted interior designer, author, and magazine editor, they produced some of TV's most-watched commercials, specializing in hiring movie stars to sell their products.", "The account was promoted by Joan Crawford.", "The 20-minute musical shorts were produced by them.", "Porter wrote the first Frommer guidebook.", "The series produced a daily series.", "He would write more travel guidebooks over the course of 50 years.", "The Frommer guidebook series was the market leader in the 70s and 80s.", "Over the years, the books were published by Arthur Frommer, Inc., Simon & Schuster, and John Wiley & Sons.", "Porter wrote travel guides for many airlines, including American Airlines, TWA, Iberia Airlines, Greyhound, British Airways, SAS Scandinavian Airlines, American Express, TAP Air Portugal, Air France, and Alitalia.", "Porter is a writer.", "James Kirkwood, Jr., the Pulitzer Prize-winning author of A Chorus Line, wrote a review of Porter's first novel, Butterflies in Heat.", "Porter's long association with German and Austrian stars such as Hedy Lamarr, the leading chanteuse of Europe during the 1930s, inspired Marika, one of the novels.", "Venus is a novel suggested by the life of the acclaimed diarist, Anas Nin.", "Blood Moon is one of the novels.", "In the 21st Century, Porter has produced more Hollywood celebrity biographies than any other journalist, concentrating on icons such as Marilyn Monroe, Howard Hughes, Elizabeth Taylor and more.", "He has written biographies of politicians, including the Clintons, Reagans, and Kennedys.", "Porter is the author of four books on film criticism and has written a series of exposés.", "The biographies illuminate aspects of Hollywood history previously unknown to the general public.", "Major broadsheet newspapers in the UK include The Mail on Sunday.", "Porter's biography of Brando is one of the ten best biographies of the year, according to the Sunday Times.", "His biographies and travel guides have been translated into many languages.", "A New York City-based press directed by a former New York Times reporter, Blood Moon Production, published most of his biographies.", "I love the Porter/Prince books.", "As a child, I dreamed about biographies.", "The story of a young lawyer with intense ambition, who met a young man with the same ambition, and how they both maintained political careers while surviving scandal is amazing and fascinating.", "The impact of Monica Lewinsky, the embarrassment it caused, and the Vince Foster story are just some of the regular stuff.", "When teenage Laura Bush ran over and killed her ex-boyfriend, or the fact that the White House hid Reagan's Alzheimer's so that he could finish his second term with dignity, Bill & Hillary brims with Washington gossip of the era.", "Like kings and queens of yore, the Clintons are a modern political dynasty.", "Bill and Hillary, So This Is That Thing Called Love is the story of how his charm and her ability to command respect have kept them in the political eye for over 25 years.", "Hillary lost to Obama but is ready to run again.", "Even if she doesn't win, she has earned her place in history, not just as a First Lady, but as a political legend.", "Much of its information has never been published before, because it offers new unauthorized details, uncensored information, and also includes powerful, in-depth analysis of a supporting cast of contemporaries.", "Insights from a closeted TV producer who first discovered James Dean, and others who interacted with him and often suffered from his mental swings and murky sexual explorations add to and expand the existing popular literature on this icon.", "From Dean's early TV career and his involvements with other actors and actresses to the truths about his sexual liaisons, the parade of women who marched into and out of his life, and his frustration in the industry, James Dean: Tomorrow Never Comes is a vivid read.", "This audience shouldn't expect a lot of coverage.", "The in-depth survey, with its amazingly large cast of contemporaries and characters, myths refuted and realities explored, and high-octane drama packs in over seven hundred pages of detail, which may look daunting, but which offer a good read.", "James Dean: Tomorrow Never Comes is a great book for anyone who would like to learn more about the life and times of James Dean.", "It has to be a reflection of modern technological advances and all the Blood Moon books are several hundred pages in length.", "How is that possible?", "The books should have taken at least two years.", "It must be related to the ease of writing with Word and the easy access to information on the internet.", "I have never seen a more thorough use of these modern breakthrough.", "At times, the book feels like it's being made up, but it's never less than fun, and it's infinitely more substantial than a mere gossip tome.", "I loved Kenneth Anger's Hollywood Babylon books, but they are nothing more than gossip, and I had the pleasure of putting him up at my apt for a few days once.", "In their cumulative, lurid glow, like Weejee's LA photos, the O'Toole bio becomes something more than what is on the surface.", "O'TOOLE is more serious than gossip and its text is informative, both about the British stage and the American screen.", "Wait until you get to page 126 for glorious gossip.", "Jules Buck, O'Toole's business partner, invited him to join him for drinks with two other friends, one of whom he had never met before.", "Their stories that evening are jaw-dropping.", "Lancaster's bi-sexuality and Gardner's sexual appetites are thrown away.", "Their fast-flowing repartee and awareness of each other's sexual adventures pile on, paragraph after paragraph, story after story, and it's heady stuff.", "It's a wonderfully written chapter, and it's about Evita Peron.", "There are more to come.", "Victoria Alexander, the quirky film critic atFIR, ordered the book on Elizabeth Taylor after I mentioned it to her.", "A winning formula has been found by Blood Moon.", "The Midwest Book Review states that \"Love Triangle: Ronald Reagan, Jane Wyman & Nancy Davis may find its way onto many a Republican Reagan fan's reading shelf; but those who expect another Reagan celebration will be surprised: this is lurid Hollywood expose writing at its best, and outlines the truths", "There are already so many biographies of the Reagans on the market that one might expect similar mile-markers from this: be prepared for shock and awe; because Love Triangle doesn't take your ordinary approach to biography and describes a love triangle that eventually bumped a major Hollywood movie star from", "From politics and betrayal to romance, infidelity, and sordid affairs, Love Triangle is a steamy, eye-opening story that blows the lid off of the Reagan illusion to raise eyebrows on both sides of the big screen.", "Black and white photos liberally pepper an account of the careers of all three and the lasting shock of their stormy relationships in a delightful pursuit especially recommended for any who relish Hollywood gossip.", "The Man Behind the Baby Blues, A Life in the Closet, King of Cool, Tales of a Lurid Life, and Hollywood Babylon Strikes Again!", "Historic Magnolia House: Celebrity and the Ironies of Fame, Glitz, and Gossip at Historic Magnolia House, Judy Garland and Liza Minnelli: Too Many Damn Rainbows, and The Seductive Sapphic Exploits are just a few.", "The Glitter Awards, Blood Moon's Guide to Gay & Lesbian Film, and Fifty Years of Queer Cinema are some of the best gay and lesbian films." ]

[ "Darwin Porter", "Porter", "Numie Rowan Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Darwin Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter Prince" ]

[ "Darwin Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter", "Porter Prince" ]

[ "Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson (16 December 1926 – 9 April 2014; known as A. N. R. or \"Ray\" Robinson), was the third President of Trinidad and Tobago, serving from 19 March 1997 to 17 March 2003.", "He was also Trinidad and Tobago's third Prime Minister, serving in that capacity from 18 December 1986 to 17 December 1991.", "He is recognized for his proposal that eventually led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.", "Robinson was the first active politician to be elected to the Presidency, and was the first presidential candidate who was not elected unopposed (the Opposition People's National Movement nominated Justice Anthony Lucky as its candidate for president).", "President Robinson sparked controversy in his term in office when he refused to appoint certain senators recommended by Prime Minister Basdeo Panday following the elections in 2000 and in 2001 when he appointed the Leader of the Opposition Patrick Manning to the position of prime minister after a tied election.", "Early life\n\nRobinson was born in Tobago in 1926 to James and Isabella Robinson.", "He was educated at Castara Methodist School (where his father served as head master) and Bishop's High School where he obtained a Higher School Certificate with distinction in Latin and competed for an Island Scholarship.", "He obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from London University as an external student.", "In 1951 he left for the United Kingdom where he was called to the bar at Inner Temple and obtained a degree in philosophy, politics and economics from St. John's College, Oxford.", "Robinson returned to Trinidad and Tobago where he practised as a Barrister-at-Law.", "Robinson married Patricia Rawlins and had two children, David and Ann-Margaret.", "Political life\nRobinson was a founding member of the People's National Movement and served in the parliament of the West Indies Federation between 1958 and 1960.", "In 1961 he was elected to the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago where he served as member of parliament for Tobago.", "He was the country's Minister of Finance from 1961 to 1966.", "Following the Black Power Revolution in 1970, Robinson resigned from the People's National Movement and formed the Action Committee of Dedicated Citizens, which joined forced with the Democratic Labour Party to contest the 1971 General Elections; Robinson and the DLP ended up boycotting the elections in protest over the use of voting machines.", "After the 1971 election, the Action Committee of Dedicated Citizens became the Democratic Action Congress which won both Tobago seats in the 1976 General Elections.", "As leader as the DAC, Robinson worked for internal self-government for Tobago, culminating in the passage of the Tobago House of Assembly Act in 1980.", "Robinson resigned from Parliament to contest the Tobago House of Assembly elections, and became the Chairman of the Assembly following victory by the DLP.", "He had also proposed the idea of the International Court.", "In 1981 Robinson allied with the United Labour Front under the leadership of Basdeo Panday, and the Tapia House Movement, under the leadership of Lloyd Best, to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction.", "It entered into an alliance with the Organisation for National Reconstruction, under the leadership of Karl Hudson-Phillips, to successfully fight the 1983 Trinidad and Tobago local elections.", "Building on this victory the four parties combined to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction.", "ANR Robinson went on to become prime minister through the National Alliance For Reconstruction.", "Shortly after assuming the position, he dismissed Basdeo Panday, John Humphrey, and Kelvin Ramnath from the Cabinet.", "However, Robinson subsequently lost the 1991 elections.", "He rejoined the UNC Administration as a coalition member representing the NAR.", "Panday later offered to nominate him to become the next President of Trinidad and Tobago.", "Robinson was instrumental in the creation of the International Criminal Court.", "In 1989, he asked Benjamin Ferencz and Robert Kurt Woetzel to assist in drafting a proposal for the UN General Assembly to ask the UN's International Law Commission to study the possibility of creating the International Criminal Court.", "The resolution was presented on behalf of Trinidad and Tobago at the UN General Assembly in June 1989, leading to the adoption of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in July 1998 and creation of the International Criminal Court on 1 July 2002.", "Jamaat al Muslimeen coup attempt\nDuring the 1990 coup d'état attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen, Robinson and much of his cabinet were held hostage for six days by gunmen under the leadership of Yasin Abu Bakr.", "When instructed to order the army to stop firing on the Red House, where they were held hostage, Robinson instead instructed them to \"attack with full force,\" an action which led to him getting beaten by his captors.", "He was also shot in his leg.", "Illness and death\nRobinson suffered from a number of ailments including a stroke and prostate complications and was hospitalised at St. Clair Medical Hospital after he complained of feeling ill.", "Following an illness of several months, he died at St. Clair Medical Centre at about 6:00 am on 9 April 2014.", "In reaction, Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar said that he was \"one of our nation's outstanding sons...but the legacy he leaves behind shall surely live on to inspire today's and tomorrow's generations.\"", "Honours \n\nIn 1997 Robinson was awarded the Trinity Cross, at that time the highest order of Trinidad and Tobago.", "During the investiture of President Thomas Boni Yayi of Benin as a titled Yoruba chieftain on 20 December 2008, the reigning Ooni of Ile-Ife, Nigeria, Olubuse II, referred to President Robinson and his wife as previous recipients of the same royal honour.", "In May 2011, the airport in Tobago was renamed the A. N. R. Robinson International Airport, replacing the name 'Crown Point International Airport'.", "In November 2011, A. N. R. Robinson was the recipient of Tobago's highest award, the Tobago Medal of Honour.", "References\n\nExternal links\nA. N. R. Robinson's government biography\nNotice of death\n\n1926 births\n2014 deaths\nPrime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago\nPresidents of Trinidad and Tobago\nForeign ministers of Trinidad and Tobago\nFinance ministers of Trinidad and Tobago\nTrinidad and Tobago Christians\nTrinidad and Tobago lawyers\nFellows of St John's College, Oxford\nMembers of the House of Representatives (Trinidad and Tobago)\nAlumni of University of London Worldwide\nAlumni of the University of London\nPeople from Tobago\nPeople's National Movement politicians\nDemocratic Action Congress politicians\nNational Alliance for Reconstruction politicians\nMembers of the Tobago House of Assembly\nMembers of the Federal Parliament of the West Indies Federation" ]

[ "The third President of Trinidad and Tobago was known as A.N.R. or \"Ray\" Robinson.", "He served as the third Prime Minister of Trinidad and Tobago from December 1986 to December 1991.", "His proposal led to the founding of the International Criminal Court.", "Robinson was the first active politician to be elected to the Presidency, and the first presidential candidate who was not elected without a fight.", "President Robinson caused controversy in his term in office when he refused to appoint certain senators recommended by the Prime Minister after the 2000 elections and in 2001 when he appointed Patrick Manning to the position of prime minister after a tied election.", "Robinson was the son of James and Isabella Robinson.", "He was educated at Castara Methodist School, where his father was the head master, and Bishop's High School, where he obtained a Higher School Certificate with distinction in Latin.", "He obtained a Bachelor of Laws degree from London University.", "He obtained a degree in philosophy, politics and economics from St. John's College, Oxford, after he was called to the bar at Inner Temple.", "Robinson practiced as a barrister-at-law in Trinidad and Tobago.", "Robinson had two children, David and Ann-Margaret.", "Robinson was a founding member of the People's National Movement and served in the parliament of the West Indies Federation.", "He was elected to the Parliament of Trinidad and Tobago in 1961.", "He was the country's Minister of Finance from 1961 to 1966.", "Following the Black Power Revolution in 1970, Robinson resigned from the People's National Movement and formed the Action Committee of Dedicated Citizens, which joined forced with the Democratic Labour Party to contest the 1971 General Elections, in protest over the use of voting machines.", "The Democratic Action Congress won two seats in the 1976 General Elections after becoming the Action Committee of Dedicated Citizens.", "The passage of the Tobago House of Assembly Act in 1980 was the culmination of Robinson's work for internal self-government.", "Robinson became the Chairman of the Assembly after he resigned from Parliament to contest the elections.", "The idea of the International Court was also proposed by him.", "The National Alliance for Reconstruction was formed in 1981 under the leadership of Lloyd Best and the leadership of the United Labour Front.", "Karl Hudson-Phillips was the leader of the Organisation for National Reconstruction, which entered into an alliance with it.", "The four parties combined to form the National Alliance for Reconstruction.", "Robinson became prime minister through the National Alliance For Reconstruction.", "Basdeo Panday, John Humphrey, and Kelvin Ramnath were all dismissed from the Cabinet.", "Robinson lost the 1991 elections.", "He rejoined the UNC Administration as a coalition member.", "Panday offered to make him the next President of Trinidad and Tobago.", "The International Criminal Court was created by Robinson.", "The proposal for the UN General Assembly to ask the UN's International Law Commission to study the possibility of creating the International Criminal Court was drafted by Benjamin and Robert.", "The UN General Assembly adopted the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court in July 1998 after the creation of the International Criminal Court in July 2002.", "Robinson and his cabinet were held hostage for six days during the 1990 coup attempt by the Jamaat al Muslimeen.", "Robinson ordered the army to stop firing on the Red House, but instead instructed them to attack with full force, which led to him getting beaten by his abductors.", "He was shot in the leg.", "Robinson had a number of illnesses, including a stroke, and was hospitalized after he complained of feeling unwell.", "He died at 6 am on April 9th after several months of illness.", "Prime Minister Kamla Persad-Bissessar said that he was one of our nation's outstanding sons, but the legacy he leaves behind would surely inspire today's and tomorrow's generations.", "The Trinity Cross was awarded to Robinson in 1997.", "President Robinson and his wife were referred to as previous recipients of the same royal honour by the Ooni of Ile-Ife.", "Crown Point International Airport was renamed the A. N. R. Robinson International Airport in May 2011.", "In November of 2011, A. N. R. Robinson received the Tobago Medal of Honour.", "Prime Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago, Presidents of Trinidad and Tobago, Foreign Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago, Finance Ministers of Trinidad and Tobago, and Christians of Trinidad and Tobago are listed in A. N. R. Robinson's biography." ]

[ "Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson", "Ray", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Justice Anthony Lucky", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Isabella Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Patricia Rawlins", "Ann Margaret", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinsono", "Robinson", "Ramnath", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robert Kurt", "Robinson", "Abu Bakr", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", ". Robinson", "Robinson" ]

[ "Ray", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Isabella Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Ann Margaret", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Ramnath", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robert", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", "Robinson", ". Robinson", ". Robinson" ]

[ "John Dickson (c1819-1892), was a railway contractor responsible for the promotion, construction and operation of several railway lines in England and Wales, especially in and around Swansea.", "His finances were never securely based and he was forced into bankruptcy on three occasions.", "Early days (to 1857)\n\nDickson was born in Berwick-on-Tweed in about 1819.", "He first appears in the historical record in Ireland in 1840 when he married Elizabeth McMurray of Drogheda.", "His first daughter Catherine was born the following year at Killyman in County Tyrone.", "He remained in Ireland until 1847, and judging by the places of birth of subsequent children he was on the move all the time – Helen was born in County Sligo (1842), James in Dublin (1844) and Anna in Drogheda (1845).", "He appears to have been involved in some capacity under William Dargan on the construction of the Dublin and Drogheda Railway (1841-4) and the Great Southern and Western Railway (1845-7).", "There is also a possibility that he worked under Dargan on the Ulster Canal.", "In 1847 Dickson left Ireland and returned to England, settling at Wellington, Shropshire, for reasons that are still not entirely clear, but where he quite quickly established himself as a person of some influence, especially in the still relatively new field of railway engineering.", "In 1852 he went into partnership with one McKensie (or McKenzie) and founded the Shropshire Works on a site adjacent to the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway, between Wellington and Oakengates.", "According to a contemporary newspaper report, the Shropshire Works occupied a site of eight acres and possessed \"appliances for making and constructing almost every article connected with a railway, from the simple block of wood that secure the rail to the sleepers, to the carriages which roll over them.\"", "Dickson and McKensie were said to have sunk £30,000 in the venture and some time before the publication of the report had completed 170 wagons for the Newport & Abergavenny Railway Company, \"in a short space of two months,\" and were engaged on the production of \"a large number of passenger carriages\" for the Great Western Railway company.", "Early in his time at Wellington, Dickson made the acquaintance of Alfred Darby (I), a member of the celebrated Shropshire iron-founding dynasty and the then manager of the family's Coalbrookdale Works.", "It seems likely that one reason Dickson chose to settle at Wellington is that he had successfully tendered for a portion of the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway line between Shrewsbury, Wellington and Oakengates, which was constructed during the years 1847-9.", "Two years after the opening of the S & BR, in February 1851, Dickson constructed, apparently at his own expense, a branch line from Waterloo sidings, east of Wellington, to the Ketley Ironworks and entered into an agreement with the latter to work all traffic, whether by rail or road, from the works to the S & BR.", "Dickson and McKensie worked on two further local railway contracts, the Madeley branch of the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway (completed in 1854) and the Ketley-Horsehay section of the Wellington and Severn Junction Railway (1855-7).", "The latter contract undoubtedly owed much to Dickson's association with Darby and the Coalbrookdale Company, who were expected to subscribe to the line, and indeed the alignment made use of, and superseded, his earlier private railway to the Ketley ironworks for a short distance.", "Dickson had in fact surveyed the entire line from Ketley to Lightmoor, and given evidence before the House of Lords committee that examined the Bill, but was only awarded the contract for the northern portion of the undertaking, work on which was begun with much pomp and ceremony in August 1855.", "In October 1855 it was reported that the works were in active progress and that the cost of building the line would be about £4,000 to £5,000 per mile, but at a shareholders' meeting in March 1860 the Chairman revealed that the actual cost had been much nearer £13,000 per mile.", "Dickson had tendered less than £10,000 for the entire contract, from which it appears that he had woefully underestimated the cost.", "Unsurprisingly, in January 1857 he was made a bankrupt for the first time.", "Ironically, work on the Ketley-Horsehay line was in a sufficiently advanced state for a trial run to be made by shareholders in February 1857, and for it to be opened for goods and mineral traffic on 1 May of the same year.", "In addition to these works on his own doorstep, Dickson tendered unsuccessfully in 1855 for the Llanidloes and Newtown Railway.", "Under the aegis of the Shropshire Works, he also operated a rolling stock business at this period and is known to have tendered for the supply of ballast wagons and wheels to the South Wales Railway in 1855 and to have supplied carriages to the Llanelly Railway in 1856 and also wagons and brake vans to the Belfast and County Down Railway at much the same time.", "In 1854 Dickson, in partnership with J.G.", "McKenzie, won his first contract in south Wales, an area that was to become his home for most of the rest of his life.", "This was for the Gyfylchi Tunnel on the South Wales Mineral Railway.", "The financial position of the railway company prevented an immediate start being made until 1856 when he was additionally offered a contract to construct the entire line.", "He started work in April 1856 but made little progress and in September 1856 Brunel, the engineer of the SWMR, was instructed to pay off Dickson and re-let the contract.", "In July 1855 Dickson won a contract from the Swansea Harbour Trust for various work connected with the town's North Dock.", "This was followed by a number of further contracts in 1855-6 for related work.", "Most of the work was still uncompleted when he was declared bankrupt on 20 January 1857.", "He was described as 'Builder, Stone and Timber merchant, Brickmaker and Contractor for Public Works'.", "Activities around Swansea and Neath (1857-1867)\n\nThe period between Dickson's first and second bankruptcies was the most active and successful of his career with the construction of two railways (albeit of modest length) and the promotion of many other schemes which failed to materialise because his vision outstripped his resources.", "The methods which were adopted by Dickson and his backers in the financing of both these railways were typical of those employed on other 'contractors' lines', a phenomenon that was particularly prevalent at this period.", "Dickson was discharged on 3 June 1857 and settled near Neath, presumably hoping to build on the contacts he had made in the area since 1853.", "During the years 1859-61 he claimed to have been involved in some way with the promotion of the Swansea and Neath Railway (the extension into Swansea of the Vale of Neath Railway), although it is not possible to establish the exact role that he played in this.", "In 1861, having assembled a group of financial backers, Dickson promoted the Dulais Valley Mineral Railway, a scheme to build a short line from the Vale of Neath Railway at Neath up the Dulais Valley to Banwen with a view to opening up the coal reserves of the valley.", "It was authorised in 1862.", "The following year Parliament approved the extension of the railway to Brecon and the change of its name to the Neath and Brecon Railway.", "Where it crossed the Great Forest of Brecon the route of the extension followed the now disused Brecon Forest Tramroad which Dickson purchased in 1863.", "He saw the railway as potentially forming part of a link from the Midlands and north of England to south Wales and he probably had hopes of selling it on completion to one of the major English companies.", "Also in 1863, in partnership with one Russell, Dickson won a contract to construct the Anglesey Central Railway.", "As was typical of contractors' lines at this period, Dickson & Russell were willing to accept payment in shares.", "The construction and operation of these two lines were to occupy him until his second bankruptcy in 1867 but at the same time as he was working on their construction he was also preparing plans and for far-reaching extensions to the Neath and Brecon Railway.", "These included extensions from Sennybridge to the Central Wales Line at Llangammarch Wells and a short line to connect the N&BR to the Swansea Vale Railway near Ystalyfera which was later to be constructed (although not by Dickson) as the Swansea Vale and Neath and Brecon Junction Railway.", "Both of these projects were authorised by Parliament in 1864, but a grandiose plan to extend the N&BR into Swansea and build a central station in the town was rejected in the same session.", "In 1863 Dickson started to build St Andrew's Presbyterian church in Swansea for the benefit of the Scottish community in the town.", "It was completed in 1864 and opened on 12 August.", "A renewed attempt to extend the N&BR to Swansea was made in 1864, this time by purchasing the Swansea Canal and building the railway on its banks, but this too failed.", "Also in 1864 Dickson and others formulated plans to purchase the Oystermouth Railway at Swansea and build a main-line railway alongside it to a deep-water harbour at Mumbles.", "In pursuit of this goal he acquired the foreshore rights all round Swansea Bay from the Duke of Beaufort in June 1864 and in October reached an agreement with George Byng Morris, the mortgagee in possession, to purchase the Oystermouth Railway.", "However, his Mumbles Railway & Pier Bill of 1865 failed to win the approval of Parliament.", "Further schemes with which Dickson was connected at this period were the Afon Valley Railway of 1865 running up the Afan valley from Port Talbot and the Aberdare & Central Wales Railway of 1866 which was intended to link the N&BR to the Taff Vale Railway at Aberdare and so make the N&BR part of a through route from the north of England to Cardiff as well as to Swansea.", "Both schemes were successful in obtaining Acts of Parliament but no work was carried out on either.", "Further attempts to obtain authorisation for a railway to Mumbles and a deep-water harbour and for a central station in Swansea were once again unsuccessful.", "The Anglesey Central Railway was opened in stages between 1864 and 1867.", "The Neath and Brecon Railway was completed in 1866 and the formal opening took place on 13 September 1866 although regular passenger traffic did not commence until 3 June 1867.", "Dickson worked the traffic on both lines.", "A feature of particular interest was his use of the first Fairlie locomotives, Progress and Mountaineer, on the N&BR and of Mountaineer on the ACR.", "He also made a start on the construction of the line from Sennybridge to Llangammarch Wells but this section was only partly finished when he was made bankrupt for a second time on 9 September 1867 and was never completed.", "His finances had become overstretched and he was a belated victim of the collapse of the bank of Overend and Gurney in May 1866 which had resulted in the failure of a number of other railway contractors.", "Activities in the north of England (1867-1874)\n\nDickson was discharged on 16 March 1868 following which he moved to Liverpool.", "The reason for this is not clear.", "In 1866 Parliament authorised the Whitby Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway.", "No attempt was made to start construction until 1871 when a contract was let to Dickson.", "He started work in May 1871 but his lack of progress gave rise to concern and in December 1873 he was dismissed from the contract.", "A report then made by T.E.", "Harrison, the Engineer of the North Eastern Railway details bridges and viaducts that were badly designed and badly built, inaccurate surveying, poor workmanship, and bad design in general.", "One three-mile section had been built along the side of the cliffs and had already started to fall into the sea.", "The viaducts were built to Dickson's own design with tubular wrought-iron piers filled with concrete.", "At the same time Dickson was also working on a contract from the Mersey Railway.", "This company had been incorporated in 1871 with powers to build a railway under the river between Liverpool and Birkenhead.", "Dickson was awarded a contract to sink shafts to the depth at which the boring of the actual tunnel could be undertaken by the Diamond Boring Machine Co.", "He started work in April 1872 by sinking a shaft on the Birkenhead side and by March 1873 this shaft had been sunk to full tunnel depth.", "In November 1873 the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board accepted a tender from Dickson for the enlargement and alteration of the Canada basin and other related works but it is doubtful if any significant progress was made.", "It is clear that Dickson was attempting to undertake contracts that were out of proportion to the financial resources that he could command.", "He was under-capitalised and suffered from cash-flow problems.", "Not surprisingly, he was declared bankrupt for a third time on 3 December 1874.", "Return to Swansea (1874-1892)\n\nBy 1877 Dickson had returned to Swansea where he lived on the outskirts of Oystermouth.", "In that year the newly formed Swansea Improvements and Tramway Company reached an agreement with George Byng Morris, still mortgagee in possession, to take over the working of the Oystermouth Railway with a view to integrating it with the street tramways that they were constructing.", "Dickson (through his trustee in bankruptcy) challenged this in the courts, since he still claimed the right to complete the agreement he had made with Morris in 1865.", "The courts upheld his claim and the railway was put up for sale that autumn.", "It was bought by Dickson's associates on his behalf\n\nDickson, by now discharged from bankruptcy, started to run a steam-hauled service along the line in 1878 and in 1879 formed the Swansea and Mumbles Railway to buy the Oystermouth Railway from him.", "However, under the terms of their agreement with Morris, the SITC also had the right to operate over the line and for the next ten or more years there was fierce and often acrimonious competition.", "Dickson's involvement with the Swansea and Mumbles Railway ceased in 1885 when Sir John Jones Jenkins took a lease of the railway.", "He suffered what appears to have been a stroke in about 1890 and died on 13 June 1892.", "He was buried in his family vault in the churchyard at Wellington.", "Sources\n\nThe activities and plans of Dickson, especially in the Swansea district in the 1860s and 1880s, are frequently reported in the Swansea newspaper, The Cambrian.", "Biographical summaries can also be found in the same newspaper, 4 June 1880 (letter by Dickson); 11 June 1880 (letter by 'One who knows the facts'); 14 May 1886 (statement supplied to the press by Dickson); 17 June 1892 (obituary)\n\nReferences\n\nBritish railway entrepreneurs\n1819 births\n1892 deaths\n19th-century British businesspeople" ]

[ "The promotion, construction and operation of several railway lines in England and Wales was done by John Dickson.", "He was forced into bankruptcy on three separate occasions because his finances were not secured.", "In 1819, Dickson was born in Berwick-on-Tweed.", "He was married to Elizabeth McMurray in Ireland in 1840.", "Catherine was his first child.", "Helen was born in County Sligo in the year 1824, James was born in Dublin in the year 1824, and Anna was born in Drogheda in the year 1824.", "The Dublin and Drogheda Railway and the Great Southern and Western Railway were built under William Dargan.", "There is a chance that he worked under Dargan.", "After leaving Ireland in 1847 and returning to England, he quickly established himself as a person of influence in the field of railway engineering.", "He and a partner founded the Shropshire Works on a site next to the railway between Wellington and Oakengates.", "According to a contemporary newspaper report, the Shropshire Works occupied a site of eight acres and possessed \"appliances for making and constructing almost every article connected with a railway, from the simple block of wood that secure the rail to the sleepers, to the carriages which roll over them.\"", "Some time before the publication of the report had completed 170 wagons for the Newport & Abergavenny Railway Company, \"in a short space of two months,\" and were engaged on the production of a large number of passenger.", "Alfred Darby, a member of the celebrated Shropshire iron-founding dynasty and the manager of the family's Coalbrookdale Works, was befriended by Dickson early in his time at Wellington.", "It is thought that one of the reasons that Dickson chose to settle at Wellington was that he had successfully tender for a portion of the railway line between Wellington and Oakengates.", "Two years after the opening of the S & BR, Dickson constructed a branch line from Waterloo sidings east of Wellington to the Ketley Ironworks and entered into an agreement with the latter to work all traffic.", "The Madeley branch of the Shrewsbury and Birmingham Railway was completed in 1854 and the Ketley-Horsehay section of the Wellington and Severn Junction Railway was finished in 1865.", "The Coalbrookdale Company was expected to subscribe to the line and the alignment made use of, and superseded, his earlier private railway to the Ketley ironworks for a short distance.", "The entire line from Ketley to Lightmoor was surveyed and given evidence before the House of Lords committee that examined the Bill, but was only awarded the contract for the northern portion of the undertaking.", "The Chairman of the shareholders' meeting in March 1860 revealed that the cost of building the line had been much higher than had been reported.", "It appears that he had woefully underestimated the cost of the contract, as he had tendered less than £10,000 for the entire contract.", "He was declared bankrupt for the first time in January of 1856.", "Work on the Ketley-Horsehay line was advanced enough for a trial run to be made by shareholders in February of 1858, and for it to be opened for goods and mineral traffic in May of the same year.", "In addition to these works on his doorstep, Dickson tried to get work on the Llanidloes and Newtown Railway.", "He is known to have supplied carriages to the Llanelly Railway in 1856 and also wagons and brake vans to the South Wales Railway in the late 19th century.", "In partnership with J.G., in 1854.", "In south Wales, where he won his first contract, he would live for the rest of his life.", "The South Wales Mineral Railway has a tunnel.", "The financial position of the railway company prevented an immediate start being made until 1856 when he was additionally offered a contract to construct the entire line.", "He started work in April 1856 but made little progress and in September 1856 Brunel, the engineer of the SWMR, was instructed to pay off Dickson and re-let the contract.", "Dickson won a contract in July of 1854 to work on the town's North Dock.", "There were a number of contracts for related work.", "He was declared bankrupt on January 20, 1856.", "He was described as a builder, stone and timber merchant.", "The period between his first and second bankruptcies was the most active and successful of his career with the construction of two railways and the promotion of many other schemes which failed to materialise because of his vision.", "The methods used in the financing of the railways were typical of those used on other 'contractors' lines, a phenomenon that was particularly prevalent at this time.", "On June 3, 1856, Dickson was discharged and settled near Neath, presumably hoping to build on the contacts he had made in the area.", "It is not possible to establish the exact role that he played in the promotion of theSwansea and Neath Railway, although he claimed to have been involved in some way.", "The Dulais Valley Mineral Railway, a scheme to build a short line from the Vale of Neath Railway at Neath up the Dulais Valley to Banwen with a view to opening up the coal reserves of the valley, was promoted in 1861 by a group of financial backers.", "It was approved in the late 19th century.", "The name of the railway was changed to the Neath and Brecon Railway.", "The route of the extension followed the old Brecon Forest Tramroad which was purchased in 1863.", "He had hopes of selling the railway on completion to one of the major English companies, as he saw it as potentially forming part of a link from the north of England to south Wales.", "The Anglesey Central Railway was built in 1863 in partnership with one Russell.", "The typical of contractors' lines at this time was that they would accept payment in shares.", "He was working on the construction of the two lines at the same time as he was planning extensions to the Neath and Brecon Railway.", "Extensions from Sennybridge to the Central Wales Line at Llangammarch Wells and a short line to connect the N&BR to theSwansea Vale Railway near Ystalyfera were included.", "Parliament approved both of these projects in 1864, but a grandiose plan to build a central station in the town was rejected in the same session.", "St Andrew's Presbyterian church was built in 1863 for the benefit of the Scottish community in the town.", "It opened on August 12th, 1864.", "A renewed attempt to extend the N&BR toSwansea was made in 1864, but it failed because the canal and railway were built on the banks of the river.", "Plans to purchase the Oystermouth Railway atSwansea and build a main-line railway alongside it to a deep-water harbour at Mumbles were formulated in the late 19th century.", "He reached an agreement with George Byng Morris, the mortgagee in possession, to purchase the Oystermouth Railway after acquiring the foreshore rights from the Duke of Beaufort.", "The Mumbles Railway & Pier Bill was not approved by Parliament.", "The Afon Valley Railway of 1865 ran up the Afan valley from Port Talbot and was intended to link the N&BR to the Taff Vale Railway at Aberdare.", "The Acts of Parliament were obtained by both schemes, but no work was done on either.", "Attempts to get permission for a railway to Mumbles and a deep-water harbour were once again unsuccessful.", "The railway was opened in stages.", "The formal opening of the Neath and Brecon Railway took place in September of 1866 but regular passenger traffic did not start until June 1867.", "The traffic was busy on both lines.", "The use of the first Fairlie locomotives on the N&BR and ACR was of particular interest to him.", "The construction of the line from Sennybridge to Llangammarch Wells was only partially finished when he was made bankrupt for a second time in 1867.", "The collapse of the bank of Overend and Gurney in May 1865 resulted in the failure of a number of railway contractors, and he was one of them.", "On 16 March 1868, after being discharged from his activities in the north of England, he moved toLiverpool.", "There is no clear reason for this.", "Parliament gave the go-ahead for the Whitby Redcar and Middlesbrough Union Railway in the late 19th century.", "There was no attempt to start construction until 1871.", "He was dismissed from the contract in December 1873 because of his lack of progress.", "T.E made a report.", "The Engineer of the North Eastern Railway, Harrison, details bridges that were badly designed and badly built, inaccurate surveying, poor workmanship, and bad design in general.", "A three-mile section along the side of the cliffs was already falling into the sea.", "The piers were made of iron and filled with concrete.", "At the same time, he was working on a contract for the railway.", "The company was incorporated in 1871 with the power to build a railway under the river.", "The Diamond Boring Machine Co. was awarded a contract to sink shafts to the depth at which the boring of the actual tunnel could be done.", "He began work in April 1872 by sinking a shaft on the Birkenhead side.", "It is doubtful if any progress was made after the Mersey Docks and Harbour Board accepted a tender from Dickson for the Canada basin and related works in November 1873.", "Dickson was attempting to do contracts that were out of proportion to his financial resources.", "He had cash-flow problems and was under-capitalised.", "He was declared bankrupt for the third time on December 3, 1874.", "He lived on the outskirts of Oystermouth in the early 19th century.", "The Oystermouth Railway was taken over by George Byng Morris, still mortgagee in possession, in order to integrate it with the street tramways that they were constructing.", "Since he still claimed the right to complete the agreement he had made with Morris, he challenged this in the courts.", "The railway was put up for sale after the courts upheld his claim.", "The Oystermouth Railway was bought by Dickson's associates in order to start a steam-hauled service along the line.", "For the next ten or more years there was fierce and often acrimonious competition as the SITC had the right to operate over the line under the terms of their agreement with Morris.", "The lease of the railway was taken by Sir John Jones Jenkins in 1885.", "He died of a stroke in June of 1892.", "He was buried in a family vault.", "In theSwansea district in the 1860s and 1880s, the activities and plans of Dickson are reported in The Cambrian newspaper.", "The biographical summaries can be found in the same newspaper as well as in the statement supplied to the press by Dickson." ]

[ "John Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "John Jones", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson" ]

[ "John Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "Dickson", "John Jones", "Dickson", "Dickson" ]

[ "Damian Robert Nesta \"Jr. Gong\" Marley (born 21 July 1978) is a Jamaican DJ, singer and rapper.", "A renowned lyricist, Damian is the youngest son of reggae singer Bob Marley.", "He was two years old when his father died; he is the only child born to Marley and Cindy Breakspeare, Miss World 1976.", "His nickname \"Junior Gong\" is derived from his father's nickname of \"Tuff Gong\".", "Damian has been performing since the age of 13.", "He is the recipient of four Grammy Awards.", "Career\n\nEarly releases (1992–2004)\nAt the age of 13, he formed a musical group by the name of the Shephards, which included the daughter of Freddie McGregor and son of Third World's Cat Coore.", "The group opened the 1992 Reggae Sunsplash festival.", "The band fell apart in the early 1990s and Damian started his solo career.", "With the backing of his father's label, Tuff Gong, he released his 1996 debut album Mr. Marley, which surprised many who were unaccustomed to hearing a Marley deejaying rather than singing.", "Marley released his second studio album Halfway Tree.", "The name \"Halfway Tree\" comes from his mother, Cindy Breakspeare, being from the rich part of town, and his father, Bob Marley, coming from the poor part of town, thus him being \"a tree halfway in between the 'rich' world and 'poor' world.\"", "Additionally, Halfway Tree is a well-known landmark that marks the cultural center of Half-Way-Tree, the clock tower that stands where the historical eponymous cotton tree once stood is featured prominently behind Marley on the cover of the album.", "The album was released on 11 September 2001 and received the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album.", "It was co-produced by Damian Marley and his brother Stephen Marley, who had also produced Damian's debut album, Mr Marley.", "Welcome to Jamrock (2005)\n\nMarley released his third studio album Welcome to Jamrock which was released on 12 September 2005 in the United States and 13 September 2005 in the United Kingdom.", "The album sold 86,000 copies in its first week of release, and was eventually certified gold after selling 500,000 copies in the United States.", "Damian's half-brother, Stephen Marley, was a producer and co-writer of the hugely successful song of the same name.", "The lyrics to the single \"Welcome to Jamrock\", which was performed over a riddim produced by Sly and Robbie for Ini Kamoze some 20 years earlier, centred around poverty, politics and crime in Jamaica.", "While the single was controversial at home over its perceived negative viewpoint of the island, many praised the content of the song.", "Dr Clinton Hutton, professor at the University of the West Indies, said of the single: \"'Jamrock' uses the icon of the inner city, of alienation, of despair, of prejudice, but of hope, of Jamaican identity, to remind us of the fire of frustration, the fire of creativity, the fire of warning to open up our eyes and look within to the life we are living.", "And still some of us don't want to hear and to look and say enough is enough.\"", "The single reached number 13 on the UK Singles Chart and number 55 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart.", "It was also number 100 on the Top 100 Songs of the Decade listing by Rolling Stone.", "Other notable singles from the album include \"The Master Has Come Back\", \"Road to Zion\" featuring Nas, and \"Khaki Suit\" featuring Bounty Killer and Eek-A-Mouse.", "Distant Relatives (2006–2010)\n\nAt the 2006 Grammy Awards, he won Best Reggae Album and Best Urban/Alternative Performance for Welcome to Jamrock.", "He is the only Jamaican reggae artist in history to win two Grammy Awards on the same night.", "He is also the only reggae artist to win in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance category at the Grammy Awards.", "At the 2009 Grammy Awards news of a collaborative album between Marley and Nas was announced, when Nas told MTV reporters \"Right now, I'll tell you first, I'm working on an album with Damian Marley.", "We tryin' to build some schools in Africa with this one, and trying to build empowerment.", "We're tryin' to show love and stuff with this album.", "So, the record's ... all about really the 'hood and Africa also as well.\"", "On 17 May 2010, Marley released Distant Relatives, a collaborative album with Nas.", "The album title refers not only to the bond between the artists but the connection to their African ancestry, which inspired the album both musically and lyrically.", "They have previously collaborated on \"Road to Zion\", on Marley's Welcome to Jamrock album.", "The album joins two different flavours of music with Marley's dub-rock aesthetic and Nas' flow.", "Damian and Stephen produced much of the album.", "The proceeds of this album will go to building schools in the Congo.", "The album debuted at number five on the US Billboard 200 chart with first-week sales of 57,000 copies.", "It serves as Nas's tenth top-ten album and Marley's second top-ten album in the United States.", "The album also entered at number four on Billboards Digital Albums, and at number one on its R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Rap Albums, and Reggae Albums charts.", "Internationally, Distant Relatives attained some chart success.", "It entered at number 33 on the European Top 100 Albums chart.", "In the United Kingdom, it debuted at number 30 on the UK Albums Chart and at number four on the R&B Albums Chart.", "In Canada, the album entered at number 9 on the Top 100 Albums chart.", "In Germany, it debuted at number 38 on the Media Control Charts.", "The first single, \"As We Enter\", was released on iTunes on 23 February 2010.", "It peaked at number 10 on the iTunes Hip Hop/Rap charts and number 41 on the iTunes Music charts.", "The single debuted at number 39 on the UK Singles Chart.", "At a sold-out panel discussion on the African diaspora and its relation to music, sponsored by National Geographic, Damian and Stephen Marley and Nas were among the several hip-hop and reggae musicians voicing their solidarity.", "The discussion focused on the collaborations between artists of the two genres, and highlighted the Distant Relatives project.", "SuperHeavy (2011–2015)\nThe existence of SuperHeavy was secret until May 2011.", "Mick Jagger, English musician and the lead vocalist of rock band The Rolling Stones, announced its formation on 20 May 2011.", "SuperHeavy was Dave Stewart's idea.", "Inspired by the sounds washing into his home in Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica, Stewart urged Jagger to fuse their sound with that of Indian orchestras.", "Stewart and Jagger had mutual liking for Indian orchestrations; thus, A. R. Rahman was added to the supergroup, as well as British singer Joss Stone.", "The name of the band is said to be inspired by Muhammad Ali.", "The group began recording their self-titled debut album in early 2009 at a studio in Los Angeles.", "They recorded about 35 hours of music.", "The album was previewed at Jim Henson Studios, Los Angeles, on 30 June 2011.", "The band played eight of the recorded songs at the event.", "\"Miracle Worker\" was released on iTunes as the album's lead single on 7 July 2011.", "It is a reggae song performed by Marley, Stone and Jagger.", "The single entered at number 195 on the UK Singles Chart.", "The music video was released on YouTube on 12 August 2011.", "Directed by Stewart and filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles, the video features all five members of the band.", "\"Satyameva Jayathe\" (the national motto of India, which literally translates as \"Truth Alone Triumphs\") was released as the second single from the album on 9 August 2011, a week before India's Independence Day on 15 August.", "Composed by Rahman to have an Indian feel, Jagger sings in Sanskrit on the song, which also features Stewart, Stone and Marley.", "The song premiered exclusively on Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM on 9 August across twenty-two Indian cities, and Tata DoCoMo is set to simultaneously promote the song and the album on mass media.", "\"Beautiful People\" reached number 64 on the Dutch Single Top 100 chart.", "Damian also worked with electronic artist Skrillex on a song called \"Make It Bun Dem\" in 2012.", "This song also appears in the 2012 game Far Cry 3.", "Affairs of the Heart was a massive hit in Jamaica, topping the reggae charts.", "Stony Hill (2017–present)\nDamian Marley released his fourth studio album, titled Stony Hill, in July 2017.", "Backed by the first single Nail Pon Cross, released in August 2016.", "The album won the Grammy award for Best Reggae Album at the 60th Annual Grammy Awards.", "Musical style\nMarley has described his music as \"dancehall and reggae.", "I've noticed ... people trying to separate the two of them,\" he continues.", "\"It's Jamaican culture in general.", "I don't try to classify or separate.\"", "Distant Relatives fused hip hop and reggae musical elements, Marley and Nas also incorporated samples from African music into the album.", "The album's lyrical content heavily revolves around themes concerning Africa, from ancestry and poverty, with social commentary of the United States and Africa.", "The track \"Count Your Blessings\" reflects on the plight of Africa.", "Damian Marley was nicknamed \"Jr. Gong\" in honour of his legendary father, Bob \"Tuff Gong\" Marley.", "His mother, Cindy Breakspeare, is a Jamaican jazz musician, former model and crowned Miss World 1976.", "After seeing the movie Damien: Omen II, which is about the coming of the Antichrist, one of Bob's last requests in Germany was to have Damian's name changed.", "\"Damien being a devil...It was inappropriate for him as a Rastafarian to have a child with that name,\" Bob said and Damian's name was later changed.", "Discography\n\nStudio albums\n\nCollaborative releases\n\nSingles\n\nOther charted songs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n \n \nDamian Marley on Myspace\n\nJamaican Rastafarians\nJamaican reggae musicians\nJamaican reggae singers\nJamaican people of Canadian descent\nJamaican_people_of_English_descent\nMotown artists\nGrammy Award winners\nPeople from Kingston, Jamaica\nReggae fusion artists\nD\n1978 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from Kingston, Jamaica\nSuperHeavy members\n21st-century Jamaican male singers" ]

[ "Damian Robert Nesta, also known as \"Jr. Gong\", is a Jamaican DJ, singer and rapper.", "Damian is the son of Bob Marley.", "He was two years old when his father died.", "His father's nickname was \"Tuff Gong\".", "Damian has been performing since he was 13 years old.", "He was the recipient of four awards.", "He formed a musical group at the age of 13 called the Shephards, which included the daughter of Freddie McGregor and son of Third World's Cat Coore.", "The group opened the festival.", "Damian started his solo career after the band fell apart.", "He released his debut album with the backing of his father's label, Tuff Gong, which surprised many who were not accustomed to hearing a Marley deejaying rather than singing.", "Halfway Tree was his second studio album.", "The name \"Halfway Tree\" comes from his mother, Cindy Breakspeare, being from the rich part of town, and his father, Bob Marley, being from the poor part of town.", "Halfway Tree is a well-known landmark that marks the cultural center of Half-Way-Tree, the clock tower that stands where the eponymous cotton tree once stood is featured prominently behind Marley on the cover of the album.", "The 2002Grammy Award for Best Reggae Album was given to the album.", "The album was co-produced by Damian and his brother Stephen.", "The album Welcome to Jamrock was released in the United States and the United Kingdom in September 2005.", "The album sold 86,000 copies in its first week of release, and was certified gold after selling 500,000 copies in the United States.", "The song of the same name was co-written by Damian's half-brother, Stephen.", "The lyrics to the single \"Welcome to Jamrock\", which was performed over a riddim produced by Sly and Robbie for Ini Kamoze some 20 years earlier, centered around poverty, politics and crime in Jamaica.", "Many praised the content of the song, despite the fact that the single was controversial at home.", "\"'Jamrock' uses the icon of the inner city, of alienation, of despair, of prejudice, but of hope, of Jamaican identity, to remind us of the fire of frustration, the fire,\" said Dr Clinton Hutton, professor at the University of the West Indies.", "Some of us don't want to hear or say enough is enough.", "The single reached number 13 on the UK Singles chart and number 55 on the US Hot 100 chart.", "Rolling Stone had a list of the Top 100 Songs of the Decade.", "\"The Master Has Come Back\", \"Road to Zion\" featuring Nas, and \"Khaki Suit\" featuring Bounty Killer and Eek-A-Mouse are some of the notable singles from the album.", "He won two awards at the 2006 Grammys for Welcome to Jamrock and Distant Relatives.", "He was the only Jamaican artist to win two awards on the same night.", "He won in the Best Urban/Alternative Performance category at the Grammys.", "Nas told MTV reporters that he was working on an album with Damian Marley.", "We try to build some schools in Africa with this one.", "We're trying to show love with this album.", "The record is all about the 'hood and Africa as well.", "On 17 May 2010, the album Distant Relatives was released.", "The album title refers to the bond between the artists and their African ancestry, which inspired the album both musically and poetically.", "On Bob Marley's Welcome to Jamrock album, they collaborated on \"Road to Zion\".", "There are two different flavours of music on the album.", "Much of the album was produced by Damian and Stephen.", "The proceeds of this album will be used to build schools.", "57,000 copies of the album were sold in the first week.", "It is Nas's tenth top-ten album and Marley's second top-ten album in the United States.", "The album was number one on the R&B/ Hip-Hop Albums, Rap Albums, and Reggae Albums charts.", "Some chart success was attained by Distant Relatives.", "The European Top 100 Albums chart has it at number 33.", "It was number four on the R&B Albums Chart in the United Kingdom.", "The album entered at number 9 in Canada.", "It was number 38 on the Media Control Charts in Germany.", "\"As We Enter\" was the first single to be released.", "It peaked at number 10 on the Hip Hop/Rap charts and number 41 on the music charts.", "The UK Singles Chart has the single at number 39.", "Several hip-hop and reggae musicians voiced their solidarity at a sold-out panel discussion on the African diaspora and its relation to music.", "The collaboration between artists of the two genres was the focus of the discussion.", "The existence of SuperHeavy was a secret until May 2011.", "Mick Jagger, the lead vocalist of The Rolling Stones, announced the formation of the band on May 20, 2011.", "Dave Stewart's idea was SuperHeavy.", "Stewart was inspired by the sounds washing into his home in Saint Ann's Bay, Jamaica.", "A. R. Rahman was added to the supergroup as well as British singer Joss Stone.", "The band's name is said to be inspired by Muhammad Ali.", "The group recorded their debut album at a studio in Los Angeles.", "They recorded 35 hours of music.", "The preview of the album was held at Jim Henson Studios in Los Angeles.", "At the event, the band played eight recorded songs.", "\"Miracle Worker\" was the album's lead single.", "It is a song performed by a group of people.", "The single entered the chart at number 195.", "The music video was released in August of 2011.", "The video was directed by Stewart and was filmed at Paramount Studios in Los Angeles.", "\"Satyameva Jayathe\" was the second single from the album and was released a week before India's Independence Day.", "The song was composed by Rahman to have an Indian feel, and also features Stewart, Stone and Marley.", "On 9 August, the song was exclusively aired on Radio Mirchi 98.3 FM in twenty-two Indian cities, and on the same day, the album was released.", "The Dutch Single Top 100 chart has \"Beautiful People\" at number 64.", "The song \"Make It Bun Dem\" was written by Damian and Skrillex.", "There is a song in Far Cry 3.", "Affairs of the Heart was a huge hit in Jamaica.", "In July of last year, Damian Marley released his fourth studio album.", "The first single, Nail Pon Cross, was released in August of 2016", "The album won a gramophone for best Reggae album.", "He describes his music as \"dancehall and Reggae\".", "People are trying to separate the two of them.", "It's Jamaican culture in general.", "I don't try to separate.", "The album featured samples from African music as well as hip hop and reggae.", "Africa, from ancestry and poverty to social commentary of the United States and Africa are some of the themes in the album's lyrics.", "The plight of Africa is reflected in the track.", "Damian was known as \"Jr. Gong\" in honor of his father.", "Cindy Breakspeare was crowned Miss World 1976 and is a Jamaican jazz musician.", "One of Bob's last requests in Germany was to have Damian's name changed after seeing the movie Damian: Omen II, which is about the Antichrist.", "Bob said that it was inappropriate for Damian to have a child with that name because he was a Rastafarian.", "Discography studio albums Collaborative releases Singles Other charted songs References External links" ]

[ "Damian Robert Nesta \"", "Marley", "Damian", "Bob Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Damian", "Marley", "Marley", "Bob Marley", "Marley", "Damian Marley", "Stephen Marley", "Damian", "Mr Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Stephen Marley", "Marley", "Damian Marley", "Marley", "Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Marley", "Damian", "Stephen Marley", "Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Damian Marley", "Marley", "Marley", "Damian Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Damian", "Damian Marley" ]

[ "Damian Robert Nesta", "Damian", "Bob Marley", "Damian", "Damian", "Marley", "Bob Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Damian", "Damian Marley", "Bob Marley", "Damian", "Marley", "Marley", "Damian", "Damian Marley", "Damian", "Damian", "Damian" ]

[ "James Mark Pittman (October 25, 1957 - November 25, 2009) was a financial journalist covering corporate finance and derivative markets.", "He was awarded several prestigious journalism awards, the Gerald Loeb Award, the George Polk Award, a New York Press Club award, the Hillman Prize and several New York Associated Press awards.", "Biographical details \nPittman was born in Kansas City, Kansas.", "Standing , he was a linebacker and first baseman on his high school teams.", "After attending engineering classes, he graduated in 1981 with a degree in journalism from the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas.", "He has a daughter, Maggie, from his first marriage.", "He met his second wife, Laura Fahrenthold of Rochester, New York, also a journalist, in 1994.", "Five years after moving to Yonkers from Brooklyn, they opened an art gallery there in 2005.", "The name of the gallery, Y.O.H.", "Gallery, which stood for \"Yonkers on Hudson\", was an attempt to blend the city's urban culture with phrasing suggestive of more affluent towns on the Hudson further north.", "Pittman suffered a fatal heart attack in November, 2009.", "His wife spent four summers spreading his ashes on 31,000 miles of cross country/Canada RV trips with their two daughters.", "Her love story/memoir, THE PINK STEERING WHEEL CHRONICLES, was published released in June 2018 by Hatherleigh Press/Penguin Random House.", "Career \nPittman started out as a police-beat reporter for the Coffeyville Journal in Coffeyville, Kansas before moving to Rochester, where he worked for a year at the Democrat & Chronicle.", "From 1985 to 1997, he worked as a reporter, editor and bureau chief at the Times Herald-Record in Middletown, New York.", "He had a reputation there for being intimidating, relentless, funny and brilliant.", "He joined Bloomberg News in 1997, where he wrote about finance, private equity, mergers and acquisitions, energy markets, politics and economics.", "Commenting on Pittman's sense of humor, Congressman Brad Miller wrote in the Huffington Post.", "Predicted financial crisis \nIn summer 2007, Pittman wrote stories predicting the collapse of the banking system.", "His article \"S&P, Moody’s Hide Rising Risk on $200 Billion of Mortgage Bonds\" was excoriated by Portfolio.com in an unsigned post, which was later reversed in a signed apology.", "He was instead praised for \"doing the kind of provocative journalism that treads new ground and rings alarms.\"", "Pittman said that his early experience dealing with police gave him a \"big BS detector\" because he was lied to so much by the police, the victims, and those helping the victims.", "He had to sort through all the lies to get to the real story, which was different from the one he was being told.", "One journalist and friend called Pittman's style of reporting \"Hypocrisy laid bare; it’s simple accountability reporting, albeit done with a high degree of technical skill.\"", "In 2008, he was part of the team that won a Gerald Loeb Award in the News Service category for a five-part series called \"Wall Street's Faustian Bargain.\"", "The Loeb award is the highest accolade in financial journalism.", "Pittman's lead story, called “Subprime Securities Market Began as 'Group of 5' Over Chinese” explained how precarious the financial markets were, that if a mere 5% of U.S. mortgage borrowers missed their monthly payments, it could lead to a worldwide freeze in lending.", "Pittman broke a number of major financial stories, including that of how Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley, Deutsche Bank and others gained from the bailout of AIG.", "He also broke the story about former Treasury Secretary Henry Paulson's involvement in creating the subprime mortgage crisis when he was CEO of Goldman Sachs.", "Sues Federal Reserve \nAround September – October 2008, as the financial meltdown was taking place, Pittman and his Bloomberg colleagues, including Bob Ivry, were covering the bailout story as it was happening and they started wondering what they could do to show the big picture.", "They took a whiteboard and began to list all the emergency and lending programs that were being guaranteed to the banks.", "They discovered the amount going to prop up the financial system dwarfed the $700 billion Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).", "It added up to $12.8 trillion and it wasn't clear in all cases where the money was going.", "The Federal Reserve alone had programs adding up to $7.7 trillion, including the bailouts of Citigroup and AIG.", "The Treasury had an additional $2.7 trillion, including the $700 billion for TARP, $24 billion in tax breaks for banks, the $168 billion Bush stimulus and the $787 billion Obama stimulus packages.", "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) had another $2 trillion in programs.", "Not all the money was spent, but much was in guarantees to the banks at taxpayer expense, against future losses so the banks wouldn't fail.", "A number of the programs at the Federal Reserve were unclear as to who was getting funds and what sort of collateral the government was getting in return for the loans.", "Pittman decided he wanted to find out who was borrowing from the Federal Reserve, how much they were borrowing and what kind of collateral the Fed was getting in return.", "He filed a Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request to gain records about taxpayer-financed policies that were being withheld from the public, to wit, where the Fed had lent 2 trillion taxpayer dollars and what it was getting in return.", "The Fed denied the request, he appealed and they denied it again.", "Saying \"It's not Ben Bernanke's money, it's our money\", Pittman then decided to sue the Fed in federal court, making headlines as the first person to ever sue the Federal Reserve.", "Pittman and his colleague Craig Torres filed the suit in conjunction with Bloomberg News.", "On August 24, 2009, Judge Loretta A. Preska ruled the Fed had \"improperly withheld\" the information and gave it five days to turn the information over to Bloomberg.", "The Fed was rebuffed twice in appellate court, but on August 27, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals granted the Fed's request to delay implementation of the ruling until October 19 so it may appeal to the Supreme Court.", "In September 2009, after the initial ruling in Bloomberg's favor, the Clearing House Association, LLC, a group of 20 of the largest commercial banks, joined the lawsuit.", "It filed an appeal to the Supreme Court on October 26, 2010, but the Fed did not join the appeal.", "Several news organizations have filed amicus briefs in support of Bloomberg.", ", though Pittman has since died, The U.S. Court of Appeals in Manhattan ruled on March 19, 2010, that the Fed must release records of the unprecedented $2 trillion U.S. loan program launched primarily after the 2008 collapse of Lehman Brothers Holdings Inc.", "The ruling upholds a decision of a lower-court judge, who in August ordered that the information be released.", "Documentary film American Casino \nHis efforts drew the attention of Leslie and Andrew Cockburn, who then featured him prominently in their documentary about the collapse of the subprime market.", "The title of the unnarrated film, American Casino, comes from something Pittman says in the beginning of the film.", "It begins with a dissection of bank deregulation, largely by Pittman, and continues with a \"thriller-like exposition\" of the precarious financial boom built on new homeowners, often minorities, who were charged hidden escrow costs in documents they didn't understand.", "Recognition and awards \nNobel Prize winner and economist Joseph Stiglitz called Pittman \"one of the great financial journalists of our time.” Pulitzer Prize winning financial journalist Gretchen Morgenson called him \"a giant\", saying that \"His investigative work during the crisis set the standard for other reporters everywhere.\"", "A former critic, Felix Salmon, wrote, \"His loss to the profession is irreplaceable.\"", "Pittman was the recipient of numerous awards for his work.", "Six New York State Associated Press awards on subjects ranging from an investigation into the deaths of nine children in an elementary school building collapse to coverage of the 25th anniversary of the Woodstock Festival\n 2008 Gerald Loeb Award for News Services for \"Wall Street's Faustian Bargain\"\n 2009 George Polk Award\n 2009 New York Press Club Journalism Award for newsradio, \"Fed Defies Transparency\"\n 2010 National Headliner Award for business news coverage, \"Lehman's Lessons\" (first place)\n 2010 Hillman Prize for newspaper journalism, \"The Fight for Transparency\"\n\nSelected articles \n Mark Pittman, \"Paulson's Focus on 'Excesses' Shows Goldman Gorged (Update1)\" Bloomberg News (November 5, 2007).", "Retrieved March 8, 2011\n \n Mark Pittman, \"Subprime Securities Market Began as 'Group of 5' Over Chinese\" Bloomberg News (December 17, 2007).", "Gerald Loeb Award winning article\n Mark Pittman, \"Goldman, Merrill Collect Billions After Fed's AIG Bailout Loans\" Bloomberg News (September 29, 2008).", "Retrieved March 8, 2011\n\nSee also\n\n List of George Polk Award Winners\n Alison Kodjak, a colleague at Bloomberg News\n Gary J. Aguirre, lawyer who predicted the financial crisis of 2008 and filed an FOIA suit against the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission\n Griftopia, Matt Taibbi's book about the financial crisis of 2008\n Regulatory capture\n Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility, Federal Reserve program\n\nFootnotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n , \"Another Writedown For Banks\" (April 3, 2009).", "Retrieved March 8, 2011\n American Casino news Official website.", "Retrieved March 8, 2011\n Jason Linkins, \"Bloomberg Reporter Mark Pittman's Passing Honored By MSNBC's Ratigan\" Huffington Post (November 30, 2009).", "Retrieved March 8, 2011\n\nAmerican male journalists\n20th-century American journalists\n1957 births\n2009 deaths\nWriters from Kansas City, Kansas\nGeorge Polk Award recipients\nGerald Loeb Award winners for News Service, Online, and Blogging\nAmerican business and financial journalists" ]

[ "James Mark Pittman was a financial journalist.", "He received several prestigious journalism awards, including the Gerald Loeb Award, the George Polk Award, a New York Press Club award, and several New York Associated Press awards.", "Pittman was born in Kansas City, Kansas.", "He was a first baseman on his high school teams.", "He graduated with a degree in journalism from the University of Kansas in 1981 after attending engineering classes.", "He has a daughter from his first marriage.", "He met his second wife, Laura Fahrenthold, a journalist, in 1994.", "Five years after moving to Yonkers from Brooklyn, they opened an art gallery.", "The gallery's name is Y.O.H.", "\"Yonkers on Hudson\" was an attempt to blend the city's urban culture with the more affluent towns on the Hudson further north.", "In November 2009, Pittman died of a heart attack.", "His wife spread his ashes on 31,000 miles of cross country/Canada RV trips with their two daughters.", "The pink steering wheel CHRONICLES was published by Hatherleigh Press/Penguin Random House.", "After working as a police-beat reporter for the Coffeyville Journal in Kansas, Career Pittman moved to Rochester, where he worked for a year at the Democrat & Chronicle.", "He was a reporter, editor and bureau chief at the Times Herald-Record from 1985 to 1997.", "There was a reputation for him to be intimidating, funny and brilliant.", "He has written about finance, private equity, mergers and acquisitions, energy markets, politics and economics.", "Congressman Brad Miller commented on Pittman's sense of humor.", "The banking system was predicted to collapse in the summer of 2007.", "His article \"S&P, Moody's Hide Rising Risk on $200 Billion of Mortgage Bonds\" was excoriated by Portfolio.com in an unsigned post, which was later reversed in a signed apology.", "He was praised for doing the kind of provocative journalism that rings alarms.", "He said that his experience with the police gave him a big BS detector because he was lied to so much.", "The real story was different from the one he was being told, so he had to sort through all the lies to get to it.", "\"Hypocrisy laid bare; it's simple accountability reporting, albeit done with a high degree of technical skill,\" said one journalist.", "He was part of the team that won a Gerald Loeb Award in the News Service category for their series \"Wall Street's Faustian Bargain.\"", "The highest accolade in financial journalism is the Loeb award.", "If 5% of U.S. mortgage borrowers missed their monthly payments, it could lead to a worldwide freeze in lending.", "Goldman Sachs, Merrill Lynch, Morgan Stanley,Deutsche Bank, and others gained from the rescue of AIG, was one of the major financial stories that Pittman broke.", "He broke the story about Henry Paulson's involvement in the mortgage crisis when he was CEO of Goldman.", "As the financial meltdown was taking place, Pittman and his colleagues, including Bob Ivry, began wondering what they could do to show the big picture.", "The emergency and lending programs that were being guaranteed to the banks were listed on the whiteboard.", "The amount going to prop up the financial system was larger than the Troubled Asset Relief Program.", "It was not clear in all cases where the money was going.", "The Federal Reserve alone had up to $7 billion in programs.", "The $700 billion for the Troubled Assets Relief Program, $24 billion in tax breaks for banks, the $168 billion BushStimulus, and the $787 billion ObamaStimulus package were all added to the Treasury's total.", "The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has $2 trillion in programs.", "Most of the money was spent on guarantees against future losses so the banks wouldn't fail.", "A number of the programs at the Federal Reserve were unclear as to who was getting funds and what kind of collateral the government was getting in return for the loans.", "He wanted to find out who was borrowing from the Federal Reserve, how much they were borrowing, and what kind of collateral the Fed was getting in return.", "The Fed had lent 2 trillion taxpayer dollars and what it was getting in return, so he filed a Freedom of Information Act request to get records about taxpayer-financed policies that were being kept from the public.", "The Fed denied the request again after he appealed.", "The first person to ever file a lawsuit against the Federal Reserve was made famous by saying \"It's not Ben Bernanke's money, it's our money\".", "The suit was filed in conjunction with the news service.", "On August 24, 2009, Judge Preska ordered the Fed to turn over the information within five days.", "On August 27, 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals granted the Fed's request to delay implementation of the ruling until October 19 so it could appeal to the Supreme Court.", "The Clearing House Association, a group of 20 of the largest commercial banks, joined the lawsuit after the initial ruling in the case.", "The Fed did not join the appeal.", "Several news organizations have filed briefs.", "The US Court of Appeals in Manhattan ruled in March of 2010 that the Fed must release records of the $2 trillion U.S. loan program launched after the collapse of Lehman Brothers.", "In August, a lower-court judge ordered that the information be released.", "He was featured in a documentary about the collapse of the subprime market after drawing attention to his efforts in the documentary film American Casino.", "In the beginning of the film, Pittman says something that inspired the title of the film.", "It begins with a dissection of bank deregulation, largely by Pittman, and continues with a \"thriller-like exposition\" of the precarious financial boom built on new homeowners, often minorities, who were charged hidden costs in documents they didn't understand.", "\"Pittman is one of the great financial journalists of our time, and his investigative work during the crisis set the standard for other reporters everywhere,\" said the Pulitzer Prize winning financial journalist.", "Felix Salmon wrote that his loss to the profession was irreplaceable.", "He received many awards for his work.", "There are six New York State Associated Press awards on subjects ranging from an investigation into the deaths of nine children in an elementary school building collapse to coverage of the 25th anniversary of the Woodstock Festival.", "The Subprime Securities Market Began as a Group of 5 over Chinese.", "The article \"Goldman, Merrill Collect Billions After Fed's AIG Bailout Loans\" was a Gerald Loeb Award winning article.", "Gary J. Aguirre, lawyer who predicted the financial crisis of 2008 and filed an FOIA suit against the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, is a George Polk Award winner.", "The official website of the American Casino news.", "The Huffington Post reported on the passing honored by MSNBC's Ratigan.", "Writers from Kansas City, Kansas won the George Polk Award for News Service, Online, and American business and financial journalists." ]

[ "James Mark Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Mark Pittman", "Mark Pittman", "Mark Pittman", "Mark Pitt" ]

[ "James Mark Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman", "Career Pittman", "Pittman", "Pittman" ]

[ "Brian Thomas Grazer (born July 12, 1951) is an American film and television producer and writer.", "He founded Imagine Entertainment in 1986 with Ron Howard.", "The films they produced have grossed over $15 billion.", "Grazer was personally nominated for four Academy Awards for Splash (1984), Apollo 13 (1995), A Beautiful Mind (2001), and Frost/Nixon (2008).", "His films and TV series have been nominated for 43 Academy Awards and 198 Emmys.", "In 2002, Grazer won an Oscar for Best Picture for A Beautiful Mind (shared with Ron Howard).", "In 2007, he was named one of Times \"100 Most Influential People in the World\".", "Early life\nGrazer was born in Los Angeles, California, to Arlene Becker Grazer and criminal defense attorney Thomas Grazer.", "He is the older brother of Nora Beth Grazer (born 1952) and actor/director Gavin Grazer (born 1961).", "He was raised in Sherman Oaks and Northridge, in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley.", "Grazer's father was Catholic and his mother is Jewish, and he described himself in 2000 as \"half-Jewish\".", "His parents divorced when he was in high school.", "Grazer said \"My best buddy, the most important person in my growing up, was my little 4-foot-10 [147 cm] Jewish grandmother, and she'd say, 'In order to get it, you got to do it.", "No one's going to get it for you, Brian.'\"", "Suffering from dyslexia, Grazer got through school by reading other students' papers and arguing his grades with his teachers.", "His nephew is actor Jack Dylan Grazer.", "Education\nGrazer won a scholarship to the University of Southern California (USC) as a psychology major.", "He graduated from USC's School of Cinema-Television in 1974.", "He then attended USC Law School for one year, but quit in 1975 to pursue a life in Hollywood.", "Career\nGrazer began his career as a producer developing television projects.", "While executive-producing TV pilots at Paramount Pictures in the early 1980s, he met current long-time friend and business partner Ron Howard.", "He produced his first feature-film, Night Shift, in 1982, directed by Howard.", "Grazer and Howard teamed up again for Splash in 1984, which Grazer produced and co-wrote.", "Splash earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay of 1984.", "Grazer went on to became an independent producer, teaming up with Tri-Star Pictures to set up plans for a film to star Richard Pryor, and had a continuing relationship with The Walt Disney Studios, and has plans to develop projects for Paramount Pictures.", "In November 1985, Grazer and Howard co-founded Imagine Entertainment, which became one of Hollywood's most prolific and successful production companies.", "Over the years, Grazer's films and TV shows have been nominated for a total of 43 Academy Awards, and 198 Emmys.", "At the same time, his movies have generated over $15 billion in worldwide theatrical, music, and video grosses.", "Grazer's early film successes include Parenthood (1989) and Backdraft (1991).", "He produced Apollo 13 (1995), for which he won the Producers Guild of America's Daryl F. Zanuck Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award, as well as an Oscar nomination for Best Picture of 1995.", "In 1998, he earned two major honors: he was given his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and made a cameo appearance on the animated series The Simpsons.", "In 2001, Grazer won an Academy Award for Best Picture for A Beautiful Mind, which also took home Oscars for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Connelly), Best Director (Ron Howard), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Akiva Goldsman).", "In 2002, Grazer's 8 Mile was released.", "It proved not only to be a huge box office hit, but also the first film with a rap song to win a Best Original Song Oscar, for Eminem's \"Lose Yourself\".", "Grazer also produced the film adaptation of Peter Morgan's play Frost/Nixon (2008).", "Frost/Nixon was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.", "Grazer's productions span over a quarter-of-a-century, and almost the full spectrum of movie genres.", "His comedies include Boomerang (1992), The Nutty Professor (1996), Liar Liar (1997), Life (1999), How the Grinch Stole Christmas (2000), Intolerable Cruelty (2003) and The Spy Who Dumped Me (2018).", "He has also produced many dramatic thrillers including Inside Man (2006), The Da Vinci Code (2006), American Gangster (2007), Changeling (2008), Angels & Demons (2009), Robin Hood (2010), and Cowboys & Aliens (2011).", "His recently released films include J. Edgar, the Clint Eastwood-directed biopic of J. Edgar Hoover, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, Tower Heist, starring Ben Stiller and Eddie Murphy, and Restless, directed by Gus Van Sant.", "Grazer's Imagine Entertainment's television series include Sports Night, Felicity, Arrested Development, 24 with Kiefer Sutherland, Friday Night Lights, Parenthood, Lie to Me, Empire, Genius: Einstein, Genius: Picasso and Wu-Tang: An American Saga.", "Grazer's recent productions includes Rebuilding Paradise, Dads, the 2017 Grammy awarding winning Best Music Film The Beatles: Eight Days a Week (2016), American Made (2017), Rush (2013), directed by Ron Howard, and starring Chris Hemsworth and Daniel Brühl, and Made in America.", "Grazer produced Get on Up, a biopic of the legendary \"Godfather of Soul\" James Brown, and In the Heart of the Sea, directed by Ron Howard and starring Chris Hemsworth, about the American whaleship the Essex.", "In 2015, Grazer published his book A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life, a #1 NY Times Bestseller, in which he discusses conversations with interesting people, many of whom inspired his work.", "In 2019, Grazer released his second book Face To Face: The Art of Human Connection.", "Personal life\nGrazer has been married four times: Corki Corman (1982–92; they had two children; son Riley (born 1986) and daughter Sage (1988)), and novelist and screenwriter Gigi Levangie (1997–2007; they had two sons; Thomas (1999) and Patrick (2004)).", "In April 2014, Grazer became engaged to Veronica Smiley, chief marketing officer of SBE, a hotel management company.", "They married on February 20, 2016.", "Grazer currently resides in Santa Monica, California.", "He also has a home in Hawaii on Sunset Beach, on the Banzai Pipeline on O'ahu's North Shore.", "He is a keen user of jump ropes.", "Filmography\nHe was a producer in all films unless otherwise noted." ]

[ "Brian Thomas Grazer is an American film and television producer and writer.", "Imagine Entertainment was founded by him and Ron Howard.", "The films they produced have made over fifteen billion dollars.", "Splash, Apollo 13, A Beautiful Mind, and Frost/Nixon were nominated for four Academy Awards.", "His films and TV series have been nominated many times.", "A Beautiful Mind was shared with Ron Howard.", "He was named one of the most influential people in the world.", "Grazer was born in Los Angeles, California, to a criminal defense attorney and his wife.", "He is the older brother of two other people.", "He was raised in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley.", "His mother is Jewish and he described himself as \"half-Jewish\" in 2000.", "His parents separated when he was in high school.", "The most important person in my life was my Jewish grandmother, who told me in order to get it, I had to do it.", "No one will get it for you, Brian.", "He got through school by reading other students' papers and arguing his grades with his teachers.", "His nephew is an actor.", "A psychology major, Education Grazer won a scholarship to the University of Southern California.", "He graduated from USC in 1974.", "He attended USC Law School for a year, but left in 1975 to work in Hollywood.", "He began his career as a producer.", "He met Ron Howard while working as an executive-produced TV pilots at Paramount Pictures.", "Night Shift was directed by Howard.", "Splash was produced and co-written by Grazer and Howard.", "Splash was nominated for an Oscar in 1984.", "Grazer went on to become an independent producer, teaming up with Tri-Star Pictures to set up plans for a film to star Richard Pryor, and had a continuing relationship with The Walt Disney Studios.", "Imagine Entertainment became one of Hollywood's most successful production companies after co-founding it in 1985.", "Over the years, Grazer's films and TV shows have been nominated for over 200 awards.", "His movies have made over 15 billion dollars in worldwide theatrical, music, and video grosses.", "Backdraft and Parenthood are two of Grazer's early film successes.", "Apollo 13 won the Producers Guild of America's Motion Picture of the Year Award and was nominated for an Oscar.", "He was given a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame and made a brief appearance on The Simpsons.", "In 2001, Grazer won an Academy Award for Best Picture for A Beautiful Mind, which also took home Oscars for Best Director (Ron Howard), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Akiva Goldsman).", "The film 8 Mile was released in 2002.", "It was the first film with a rap song to win a Best Original Song Oscar and it was a huge box office hit.", "The film adaptation of Peter Morgan's play was produced by Grazer.", "The film was nominated for five Academy Awards.", "Almost the full spectrum of movie genres can be found in Grazer's productions.", "The Nutty Professor is one of his comedies.", "The Da Vinci Code is one of the many dramatic thrillers he has produced.", "The Clint Eastwood-helmed J. Edgar is one of the films he has recently released.", "The television series produced by Imagine Entertainment include Sports Night, Lie to Me, Empire, Genius: Einstein, Genius: Picasso, and Wu-Tang: An American Saga.", "The Beatles: Eight days a week, American Made, Rush, and Made in America are some of the films that have been produced by Grazer.", "Ron Howard directed In the Heart of the Sea, a movie about the American whaleship the Essex, as well as Get on Up, a movie about James Brown.", "A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life, a #1 NY Times Bestseller, is a book in which he discusses conversations with interesting people, many of whom inspired his work.", "Face To Face: The Art of Human Connection was released in 2019.", "They had two children, a son and a daughter, as well as two sons, Thomas and Patrick.", "Veronica Smiley is the chief marketing officer of SBE, a hotel management company.", "They were married on February 20, 2016", "Santa Monica, California is where Grazer currently resides.", "On O'ahu's North Shore, he has a home on Sunset Beach.", "He likes to use jump ropes.", "He was a producer in all of the films." ]

[ "Brian Thomas Grazer", "Thomas Grazer", "Grazer", "Gavin Grazer", "Brian" ]

[ "Brian Thomas Grazer", "Brian" ]

[ "Hubertus, Hereditary Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (Dietmar Hubertus Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp; 24 August 1909 – 26 November 1943) was a German courier pilot and a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, which reigned over the eponymous duchy in the German Empire.", "Born a prince of Great Britain and Ireland as the great-grandson of Queen Victoria, Hubertus lost this title during the First World War.", "He became Hereditary Prince as heir apparent to the headship of his house in 1932, and he never married.", "Hubertus joined the Nazi Party upon the outbreak of the Second World War despite his opposition to Adolf Hitler and Nazism.", "He served in the German Army on the Eastern Front until he was killed in action.", "He is the maternal uncle of King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.", "Family\n \nPrince Hubertus was born on 24 August 1909 at Reinhardsbrunn Castle, German Empire.", "A 72-gun salute took place at Friedenstein Palace 40 minutes after the Prince's birth.", "The third child and second son of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, he was christened Dietmar Hubertus Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp on 21 September with his maternal grandfather, Friedrich Ferdinand, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg, serving as godfather.", "Besides ruling a state of the German Empire, Charles Edward was a British peer and a British prince as the grandson of Queen Victoria.", "Charles Edward lost his Coburg and Gotha throne during the German Revolution of 1918–19, and then was stripped of his British titles in 1919 for siding with Germany in the First World War.", "Hubertus had an older brother, Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold, who was heir apparent to their father, and three more siblings: Princess Sibylla, Princess Caroline Mathilde, and Prince Friedrich Josias.", "Though Charles Edward was brought up as an Englishman and the family mainly spoke English at home, Hubertus spoke German fluently, as did his siblings.", "He was hindered by timidity but was nevertheless the favourite of the family.", "He was especially close to his sister Sibylla and remained her confidant in adulthood.", "The children lived in fear of their father, who ran his family \"like a military unit\".", "Youth \nLittle is known about the career of Prince Hubertus.", "He received a private education before enrolling at the Gymnasium Casimirianum in Coburg.", "He then studied law.", "According to Harald Sandner, biographer of Duke Charles Edward, it became evident during the studies that Prince Hubertus was homosexual, but his sexual orientation remained secret.", "When his brother Hereditary Johann Leopold renounced his succession rights in order to marry a commoner in 1932, Hubertus became the new heir apparent to the defunct throne of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.", "The same year, Hubertus attended the wedding of his sister Sibylla and Prince Gustaf Adolf of Sweden, Duke of Västerbotten, staying close to the bride during the ceremony.", "Hubertus himself was not willing to marry.", "Second World War \nThe father of Prince Hubertus, Duke Charles Edward, was an ardent supporter of Adolf Hitler.", "The entire family enthusiastically welcomed the rise of German nationalism.", "Soon, however, Hubertus and his mother, Duchess Victoria Adelaide, grew to despise the rising Nazi Party.", "After witnessing the torture of Jews, Prince Hubertus was forbidden to discuss it at home.", "The Second World War broke out in September 1939, and all of Charles Edward's sons were enlisted in the German Army (Wehrmacht).", "Prince Hubertus formally became a member of the Nazi Party on 19 October 1939, but remained opposed to Hitler for the rest of his life.", "In 1940, Hitler issued the Prinzenerlass, a decree prohibiting members of Germany's formerly reigning families from actively serving in the Wehrmacht, fearing that this would increase the public's sympathy for the deposed dynasties and threaten his grip on power.", "Such was Charles Edward's loyalty to Hitler, however, that the decree did not apply to the Duke's sons.", "During the war it was even reported that Hitler considered making Hubertus his Gauleiter for the United Kingdom.", "Prince Hubertus was an accomplished aviator.", "Serving in the Luftwaffe as a courier pilot in the Eastern Front, Hubertus obtained the rank of Oberleutnant (senior pilot).", "He was killed in action when his plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Forces on 26 November 1943 in Mosty, modern-day Ukraine.", "It was his last flight before he was to be relocated.", "News of his death spread on 3 December.", "Hubertus was buried the following day at the Coburg family cemetery at Callenberg Castle.", "The Duke and Duchess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha announced the death of their son and heir in Gothaer Beobachter with a very short obituary on 11 December.", "The ducal couple's youngest son, Prince Friedrich Josias, became heir apparent in his stead.", "Princess Sibylla was distraught by the death of her favourite brother.", "In 1946, she had a son, the long-awaited heir to the Swedish throne, and named him Carl Gustaf Folke Hubertus; he later became King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden.", "When King Carl XVI Gustaf's grandson was christened Alexander Erik Hubertus Bertil, the choice of the name Hubertus was criticized by journalist Henrik Arnstad due to Prince Hubertus' membership of the Nazi Party.", "Arnstad was rebuked for his comments by political commentator Ivar Arpi.", "Titles and honours \n\nHubertus was styled as \"His Highness Prince Hubertus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\".", "Being a member of the House of Wettin, he also held the title Duke of Saxony.", "As a male-line great-grandson of a British monarch, Hubertus was Prince of Great Britain and Ireland until the use of the title was restricted to the children and grandchildren of a monarch by letters patent of 1917.", "He was a knight of the Swedish Royal Order of the Seraphim.", "Ancestry\n\nReferences\n\nHouse of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (United Kingdom)\nPrinces of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha\nPrinces of the United Kingdom\n1909 births\n1943 deaths\nGerman military personnel killed in World War II\nPeople from Friedrichroda\nLGBT royalty\nLGBT people in the Nazi Party\nRoyalty in the Nazi Party\nLuftwaffe pilots" ]

[ "The Hereditary Prince of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha was a German pilot and member of the House of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha.", "During the First World War, Hubertus lost his title as the great-grandson of Queen Victoria.", "He was the heir apparent to the headship of his house and never married.", "After the Second World War, Hubertus joined the Nazi Party despite his opposition to Hitler.", "He was killed in action while serving in the German Army.", "He is related to the King of Sweden.", "The prince was born in the German Empire.", "40 minutes after the Prince's birth, a 72 gun salute took place at Friedenstein Palace.", "The third child and second son of Charles Edward, Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, and Princess Victoria Adelaide of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glcksburg, was christened on 21 September.", "The grandson of Queen Victoria, Charles Edward was a British peer and a British prince.", "During the German Revolution of 1918–19, Charles Edward lost his Coburg and Gotha throne and was stripped of his British titles for siding with Germany in the First World War.", "The heir apparent to their father was their older brother, Hereditary Prince Johann Leopold.", "Though Charles Edward was brought up as an Englishman and the family mainly spoke English at home, his siblings spoke German as well.", "He was the favourite of the family despite being timid.", "He was very close to his sister Sibylla.", "The children were afraid of their father, who ran the family like a military unit.", "The career of Prince Hubertus is known by Youth Little.", "He received a private education.", "He studied the law.", "During the studies of Duke Charles Edward, it was evident that he was homosexual, but his sexual orientation remained a secret.", "The new heir apparent to the throne of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha was Hubertus, after his brother Hereditary Johann Leopold gave up his succession rights in order to marry a commoner.", "The Duke of Vsterbotten, Prince Gustav Adolf, and his sister Sibylla were married the same year.", "He wasn't willing to marry.", "Duke Charles Edward was an ardent supporter of Hitler.", "The family welcomed the rise of German nationalism.", "The rising Nazi Party was hated by the mother and son.", "Prince Hubertus was not allowed to discuss the torture of Jews at home.", "The sons of Charles Edward were enlisted in the German Army during the Second World War.", "On 19 October 1939, Prince Hubertus became a member of the Nazi Party, but remained opposed to Hitler for the rest of his life.", "In 1940, Hitler banned members of Germany's formerly reigning families from serving in the Wehrmacht, fearing that this would increase the public's sympathy for the deposed dynasties and threaten his grip on power.", "The decree did not apply to the Duke's sons because of Charles Edward's loyalty to Hitler.", "According to reports, Hitler considered making Hubertus his Gauleiter for the United Kingdom.", "Prince Hubertus was an accomplished pilot.", "The rank of Oberleutnant was obtained by Hubertus, who was a pilot in the Eastern Front.", "He was killed in action when his plane was shot down by the Soviet Air Force in Mosty, modern-day Ukraine.", "He was going to be relocated before this flight.", "His death was reported on 3 December.", "The Coburg family cemetery is at Callenberg Castle.", "The Duke and Duchess of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha announced the death of their son and heir in Gothaer Beobachter on 11 December.", "The ducal couple's youngest son became heir apparent.", "Princess Sibylla was sad about her brother's death.", "In 1946, she had a son who was the long-awaited heir to the Swedish throne.", "The name of the King's grandson was criticized by a journalist due to the fact that he was a member of the Nazi Party.", "Ivar Arpi rebuked Arnstad for his comments.", "The titles and honours of the prince were called \" His Highness Prince Hubertus of Saxe-coburg and Gotha\".", "The Duke of Saxony was a member of the House of Wettin.", "The use of the title Prince of Great Britain and Ireland was restricted to the children and grandchildren of a monarch in 1917.", "He was a knight of the Swedish Royal Order.", "The Princes of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha died in the United Kingdom in 1909, while German military personnel were killed in World War II." ]

[ "Hubertus", "Dietmar Hubertus Friedrich Wilhelm Philipp", "Hubertus", "Prince Hubert", "Hubertus", "Friedrich Ferdinand", "Prince Johann", "Prince Friedrich", "Hubertus", "Harald Sandner", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Prince Friedrich", "Hubertus", "Alexander Erik", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Prince Hubertus" ]

[ "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Hubertus", "Prince Hubertus" ]

[ "Frank Ralph Nitto (born Francesco Raffaele Nitto, ; January 27, 1886 – March 19, 1943), known as Frank Nitti, was an Italian-born American gangster in Chicago.", "One of Al Capone's top henchmen, Nitti was in charge of all money flowing through the operation.", "Nitti later succeeded Capone as boss of the Chicago Outfit.", "Early life and prohibition\nNitti was born Francesco Raffaele Nitto on January 27, 1886, in the small town of Angri, province of Salerno, Campania, Italy.", "He was the second child of Luigi and Rosina (Fezza) Nitto and a first cousin of Al Capone.", "His father died in 1888, when Frank was two years old, and within a year his mother married Francesco Dolendo.", "Although two children were born to the couple, neither survived—leaving Francesco and his older sister, Giovannina, the only children.", "Francesco Dolendo emigrated to the United States in July 1890, and the rest of the family followed in June 1893 when Nitti was seven.", "The family settled at 113 Navy Street, Brooklyn, New York City.", "Little Francesco attended public school and worked odd jobs after school to support the family.", "His 15-year-old sister married a 24-year-old man.", "His mother gave birth to his half-brother Raphael, in 1894, and another child, Gennaro, in 1896.", "He quit school after the seventh grade, and worked as a pinsetter, factory worker, and barber.", "Al Capone's family lived nearby, and Nitti was friends with Capone's older brothers and their criminal gang (the Navy Street Boys).", "A worsening relationship with Dolendo urged him to leave home when Nitti was 14, in 1900, to work in various local factories.", "Around 1910, at the age of 24, he left Brooklyn.", "The next several years of his life are poorly documented, and little can be ascertained.", "He may have worked in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn around 1911.", "He probably moved to Chicago around 1913, working as a barber and making the acquaintance of gangsters Alex Louis Greenberg and Dion O'Banion.", "He married Chicagoan Rosa (Rose) Levitt in Dallas, Texas, on October 18, 1917.", "The couple's movements after their marriage remain uncertain.", "By 1918, Nitti had settled there at 914 South Halsted Street.", "Nitti quickly renewed his contacts with Greenberg and O'Banion, becoming a jewel thief, liquor smuggler, and fence.", "Through his liquor smuggling activities, Nitti came to the attention of Chicago crime boss John \"Papa Johnny\" Torrio and Torrio's newly arrived soldier, Al Capone.", "Nitti, being a newcomer, and familiar with the Texas area, became a partner in the Galveston crime syndicate run by Johnny Jack Nounes.", "He is reported to have stolen a large sum of money from Nounes and fellow mobster Dutch Voight in 1924, after which Nitti fled back to Chicago.", "Years later he was spotted at a Houston bar, which was brought to the attention of Nounes and Voight.", "The two Galveston mobsters found Nitti, drove him back to Galveston, and made him return the money he had stolen.", "Under Torrio's successor Al Capone, Nitti's reputation soared.", "Nitti ran Capone's liquor smuggling and distribution operation, importing whisky from Canada and selling it through a network of speakeasies around Chicago.", "Nitti was one of Capone's top lieutenants, trusted for his leadership skills and business acumen.", "Because Nitti's ancestry was from the same town as Capone's, he was able to help Capone penetrate the Sicilian and Camorra underworld in a way Capone alone never could.", "Capone thought so highly of Nitti that when he went to prison in 1929, he named Nitti as a member of a triumvirate that ran the mob in his place.", "Nitti was head of operations, with Jake \"Greasy Thumb\" Guzik as head of administration and Tony \"Joe Batters\" Accardo as head of enforcement.", "Despite his nickname, \"The Enforcer\", Nitti used Mafia soldiers and others to commit violence rather than do it himself.", "In earlier days, Nitti had been one of Capone's trusted personal bodyguards, but as he rose in the organization, Nitti's business instinct dictated that he must personally avoid the \"dirty work\", for which hitmen were paid.", "Frank and Rose divorced in 1928, and shortly thereafter he married Anna Ronga, daughter of a mob doctor and former neighbor of the Nittis in the 1920s.", "The couple adopted a son, Joseph, through the Tennessee Children's Home Society.", "The Outfit under Nitti\nIn 1931, both Nitti and Capone were convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison; however, Nitti received an 18-month sentence served at the United States Penitentiary, Leavenworth, while Capone was sent away for 11 years.", "When Nitti was released on March 25, 1932, he took his place as the new boss of the Capone Gang.", "While some revisionist historians claim that Nitti was a mere \"front boss\" while Paul \"The Waiter\" Ricca was the actual boss of the Chicago Outfit, both contemporary and modern accounts confirm that Capone's successor was indeed Nitti.", "According to Nitti biographer Mars Eghigian, Nitti's age, brilliance, and reputation in the underworld made him Capone's personal choice for successor, rather than younger, less experienced mobsters such as Ricca or Murray Humphreys.", "In actuality, Ricca was merely the acting boss of the Chicago Outfit for a six-month period between Capone's October 1931 imprisonment and Nitti's March 1932 release.", "With the recently released Nitti paranoid about violating his federal parole, Ricca was acting in the capacity of emissary that same month when he was arrested with Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and other mobsters by Chicago police and prominently photographed.", "This picture caused some to incorrectly conclude that Ricca was the new boss of the Chicago mob.", "With Nitti calling the shots, the Chicago Outfit branched out from prostitution and gambling into other areas, including control of labor unions (which led to the extortion of many businesses).", "On December 19, 1932, a team of Chicago police, headed by Detective Sergeants Harry Lang and Harry Miller, raided Nitti's office in Room 554 at 221 N. LaSalle Street in Chicago.", "Lang shot Nitti three times in the back and neck.", "He then shot himself (a minor flesh wound) to make the shooting look like self-defense, claiming that Nitti had shot him first.", "Court testimony later insisted that the murder attempt was personally ordered by newly elected Chicago Mayor Anton Cermak, who supposedly wanted to eliminate the Chicago Outfit in favor of gangsters who answered to him.", "Nitti survived the shooting and in February 1933 was acquitted of attempted murder.", "During that same trial, Miller testified that Lang received $15,000 to kill Nitti.", "Another uniformed officer who was present at the shooting testified that Nitti was shot while unarmed.", "Harry Lang and Harry Miller were both fired from the police force and each fined $100 for simple assault.", "Two months later, Cermak was shot and killed by Giuseppe Zangara while he was talking to President-elect Franklin D. Roosevelt; Roosevelt was Zangara's target, but missed.", "A conspiracy theory emerged sometime before 1999, originating in Chicago, asserting that Zangara was a hired killer working for Nitti.", "John William Tuohy, author of numerous books on organized crime in Chicago, after reviewing Secret Service records, described in detail in a 2002 article his interpretation of how and why Cermak was the real target and the relationship of the shooting to the rampant gang violence in Chicago.", "The theory is enhanced by numerous researchers, citing their analysis of court testimony, asserting that Cermak had directed an assassination attempt on Nitti fewer than three months earlier.", "Anna Nitto died on November 19, 1940, in Mercy Hospital, Chicago, from an unspecified internal ailment.", "Nitti married Annette (Toni) Caravetta on May 14, 1942; she was widowed almost a year later when he committed suicide.", "Death\nIn 1943, many top members of the Chicago Outfit were indicted for extorting the Hollywood film industry.", "Among those prosecuted were Nitti, Phil D'Andrea, Louis \"Little New York\" Campagna, Nick Circella, Charles \"Cherry Nose\" Gioe, Ralph Pierce, Ricca, and John \"Handsome Johnny\" Roselli.", "The Outfit was accused of trying to extort money from some of the largest movie studios, including Columbia Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, RKO Pictures, and 20th Century Fox.", "The studios had cooperated with The Outfit to avoid union trouble (unrest itself stirred up by the mob).", "At a meeting of Outfit leaders at Nitti's home, Ricca blamed Nitti for the indictments.", "Ricca said that since this had been Nitti's scheme and that of the FBI informant (Willie Bioff), one of Nitti's trusted associates, Nitti should go to prison.", "A severe claustrophobe as a result of his first prison term, Nitti dreaded the idea of another prison confinement.", "It was also rumored that he was suffering from terminal cancer at this time.", "For these or possibly other reasons, he ultimately decided to take his own life.", "The day before his scheduled grand jury appearance, Nitti had breakfast with his wife in their home at 712 Selborne Road in Riverside, Illinois.", "When his wife was leaving for church, Nitti told her he planned to take a walk; then he began to drink heavily.", "He then loaded a .32 caliber revolver, put it in his coat pocket, and walked five blocks to a local railroad yard.", "Conductor William F. Seebauer and switchmen L.M.", "Barnett and E.H. Moran were riding in the caboose, backing their train slowly southward over an ungated Cermak Road in North Riverside.", "The workers spotted an oblivious Nitti walking on the track away from them and shouted a warning.", "Nitti walked off the tracks, staggering towards the fence.", "Three shots rang out.", "The workers thought Nitti was shooting at them but then realized he was trying to shoot himself in the head.", "The first shot fired by Nitti's unsteady hand missed and passed through his fedora.", "The second bullet slammed into the right side of his jaw and exited through the top of his head, taking a lock of his hair with it and leaving the tuft protruding from the hole in the crown of the fedora.", "The final, fatal bullet entered behind Nitti's right ear and lodged in the top of his skull.", "Police Chief Allen Rose of North Riverside, rushing to the scene with a sergeant and several beat patrolmen, recognized Nitti immediately.", "An autopsy by William McNalley, coroner's toxicologist, showed that Nitti's blood alcohol level was 0.23.", "A coroner's jury ruled the following day that Nitti \"committed suicide while temporarily insane and in a despondent frame of mind\".", "Frank Nitti died on March 19, 1943, at the age of 57.", "Nitti is buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery in Hillside, Illinois.", "Controversy has persisted regarding the interment of a suicide in a Catholic cemetery.", "Nitti's grave can be found to the left of the main Roosevelt Road entrance, about from the gate.", "To the right of the gate is the family plot containing the grave of Al Capone, marked by a white monument stone.", "Straight up from the gate are the graves of Dean O'Banion and Hymie Weiss, both North Side Gang members who were killed by the Chicago Outfit under Capone.", "In popular culture\n\nMedia\nNitti is portrayed by Bruce Gordon in many episodes of the original ABC television series The Untouchables, based on Eliot Ness's memoirs, which ran from 1959 to 1963.", "He is portrayed by Harold J.", "Stone in the 1967 Roger Corman film The St. Valentine's Day Massacre.", "In the 1972 film The Godfather, the montage of crime scene photos of the war between the Five Families includes the photo of Frank Nitti found dead.", "He is portrayed by Sylvester Stallone in the 1975 film Capone.", "Nitti starts off as a bodyguard, assassin, and adviser under Capone (Ben Gazzara) before secretly betraying him and selling the IRS files that led to Capone's arrest for tax evasion.", "As the new head of the Chicago Outfit, he is last seen visiting the dying Capone at his Palm Island estate in 1946, a year before Capone's death and three years after Nitti's actual suicide.", "In the 1983 film Easy Money, the Frank Nitti is the name of a kind of pizza ordered to Rodney Dangerfield's character's house.", "Billy Drago plays a fictionalized version of Nitti in the 1987 film The Untouchables.", "In the film, Nitti dies after being thrown off a Chicago courthouse roof by Ness (Kevin Costner) during Al Capone's tax evasion trial in the early 1930s, well before his suicide in 1943.", "He is portrayed by Anthony LaPaglia in the 1988 biopic Nitti: The Enforcer.", "He is portrayed by Paul Regina in the 1993 TV show The Untouchables.", "He is portrayed by Stanley Tucci in the 2002 film Road to Perdition.", "He is portrayed by Bill Camp in the 2009 film Public Enemies.", "He is portrayed by Will Sasso in the 2013 Comedy Central series Drunk History.", "Sports\nIce hockey goaltender Antero Niittymäki has used an image of Nitti on his helmet due to the similarity of their names.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\nFederal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Act: Frank Nitti\n\nFrank Nitti Archives\n\n1886 births\n1943 suicides\nAl Capone associates\nAmerican gangsters of Italian descent\nAmerican people convicted of tax crimes\nAmerican shooting survivors\nBurials at the Bishop's Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery (Hillside)\nCatholics from New York (state)\nCatholics from Illinois\nChicago Outfit bosses\nChicago Outfit mobsters\nCriminals from Chicago\nItalian emigrants to the United States\nItalian crime bosses\nItalian gangsters\nMultiple gunshot suicides\nGangsters from Chicago\nPeople from Brooklyn\nPeople from Chicago\nPeople from the Province of Salerno\nProhibition-era gangsters\nSuicides by firearm in Illinois" ]

[ "Frank Nitti was an Italian-born American mobster who lived in Chicago.", "Nitti was in charge of the money that flowed through the operation.", "Capone succeeded Nitti as boss of the Chicago Outfit.", "On January 27, 1886, Nitti was born in the small town of Angri in Campania, Italy.", "He was a cousin of Al Capone.", "Frank's father died when he was two years old and his mother married a year later.", "Two children were born to the couple, but neither lived to see their brothers and sisters grow up.", "Nitti was seven years old when the rest of the family left the United States.", "The family moved to Brooklyn, New York City.", "Little Francesco worked odd jobs after school to support his family.", "His sister married a man.", "In 1894, his mother gave birth to his half-brother Raphael.", "After the seventh grade, he quit school and went to work as a pinsetter, factory worker, and barber.", "Capone's older brothers and their criminal gang were friends with Nitti.", "When Nitti was 14, he was told to leave his home and go to work in local factories.", "He left Brooklyn at the age of 24.", "Little is known about the next several years of his life.", "He may have worked in Brooklyn in the early 20th century.", "He worked as a barber in Chicago and became friends with Alex Louis Greenberg and Dion O'Banion.", "The couple wed in Dallas, Texas, on October 18, 1917.", "After their marriage, the couple's movements are uncertain.", "Nitti lived at 914 South Halsted Street by 1918.", "Nitti became a jewel thief, liquor smuggler, and fence after renewing his contacts with Greenberg and O'Banion.", "The attention of Chicago crime boss John \"Papa Johnny\" Torrio and Al Capone came from Nitti's liquor smuggled activities.", "Nitti was a partner in the crime syndicate run by Johnny Jack Nounes.", "Nitti fled back to Chicago after he stole a large sum of money from Nounes and Voight.", "The attention of Nounes and Voight was brought to him after he was spotted at a Houston bar.", "After finding Nitti, the two mobsters drove him back to Galveston and 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "Nitti's reputation soared under Al Capone.", "Nitti was in charge of Capone's liquor distribution operation, which imported and sold booze through a network of speakeasies around Chicago.", "One of Capone's top lieutenants was Nitti.", "Nitti was able to help Capone penetrate the Sicilian and Camorra underworld because he was from the same town as Capone.", "When Capone went to prison in 1929, he named Nitti a member of a triumvirate that ran the mob in his place.", "Jake \"Greasy Thumb\" Guzik was head of administration and Tony \"Joe Batters\" Accardo was head of enforcement.", "Nitti used Mafia soldiers and others to commit violence, despite his nickname of \"The Enforcer\".", "Nitti was one of Capone's trusted bodyguards, but as he rose in the organization, he had to avoid the \"dirty work\" for which hitmen were paid.", "Anna Ronga, daughter of a mob doctor and former neighbor of the Nittis, was married to Frank in the 1920s.", "Joseph was adopted by the couple through the Tennessee Children's Home Society.", "In 1931, Nitti and Capone were both convicted of tax evasion and sent to prison, but Nitti received an 18-month sentence and Capone was sent away for 11 years.", "On March 25, 1932, Nitti was released from prison and became the new boss of the Capone Gang.", "Both contemporary and modern accounts confirm that Nitti was Capone's successor, despite the fact that Paul \"The Waiter\" Ricca was actually the boss of the Chicago Outfit.", "According to Nitti biographer Mars Eghigian, Nitti's age, brilliance, and reputation in the underworld made him Capone's personal choice for successor, rather than younger, less experienced mobsters.", "Between Capone's October 1931 imprisonment and Nitti's March 1932 release, Ricca was the acting boss of the Chicago Outfit.", "When Lucky Luciano, Meyer Lansky, and other mobsters were arrested by Chicago police in the month after Nitti was released from federal parole, he was acting in the capacity of emissary.", "There was a picture that caused people to wrongly conclude that Ricca was the new boss of the Chicago mob.", "The Chicago Outfit branched out from prostitution and gambling into other areas, including control of labor unions, which led to the extortion of many businesses.", "On December 19, 1932, a team of Chicago police, headed by Detective Sergeants Harry Lang and Harry Miller, raided Nitti's office.", "Lang shot Nitti three times.", "He claimed that Nitti had shot him first, so he shot himself to make the shooting look like self-defense.", "According to court testimony, the murder attempt was ordered by the newly elected Mayor of Chicago, who wanted to eliminate the Chicago Outfit in favor of mobsters.", "Nitti was acquitted of attempted murder in February 1933.", "Miller testified that Lang received $15,000 to kill Nitti.", "A uniformed officer who was present at the shooting testified that Nitti was shot without provocation.", "Both Harry Lang and Harry Miller were fired from the police force.", "Roosevelt was shot and killed by Giuseppe Zangara, but he missed.", "According to a Chicago conspiracy theory, Zangara was a hired killer for Nitti.", "After reviewing Secret Service records, John William Tuohy, author of numerous books on organized crime in Chicago, described in detail in a 2002 article his interpretation of how and why Cermak was the real target and the relationship of the shooting to the rampant gang violence in Chicago.", "The theory is enhanced by the fact that court testimony shows that an assassination attempt was made on Nitti less than three months earlier.", "On November 19, 1940, Anna Nitto died from an internal ailment.", "Nitti married Annette Caravetta on May 14, 1942, but she was widowed almost a year later when he committed suicide.", "The Chicago Outfit was indicted for extorting the Hollywood film industry in 1943.", "Nitti, Phil D'Andrea, Louis \"Little New York\" Campagna, Nick Circella, Charles \"Cherry Nose\" Gioe, and John \"Handsome Johnny\" Roselli were all prosecuted.", "Columbia Pictures, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Paramount Pictures, RKO Pictures, and 20th Century Fox were some of the movie studios that the Outfit was accused of trying to extort money from.", "The studios cooperated with The Outfit to avoid union trouble.", "Nitti was blamed for the indictments at a meeting of Outfit leaders.", "Nitti should go to prison since he was involved in a scheme with the FBI and Willie Bioff, one of Nitti's trusted associates.", "Nitti, who was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was rumored to be suffering from terminal cancer.", "He decided to take his own life.", "Nitti and his wife had breakfast the day before his grand jury appearance.", "Nitti told his wife that he was going to take a walk, but then he began to drink heavily.", "He put the.32 caliber revolver in his coat pocket and walked to the railroad yard.", "The conductor and the switchmen are William F. Seebauer and L.M.", "Barnett and E.H. Moran were riding in the caboose and backing their train over an ungated road.", "The workers yelled a warning as Nitti walked away from them.", "Nitti walked towards the fence.", "Three shots were fired.", "Nitti tried to shoot himself in the head but the workers thought he was shooting at them.", "Nitti's first shot missed and went through his fedora.", "The second bullet slammed into the right side of his jaw and exited through the top of his head, leaving a tuft in the crown of his fedora.", "The bullet entered behind Nitti's right ear and lodged in the top of his skull.", "Nitti was immediately recognized by the police chief when he rushed to the scene with a sergeant and several patrolmen.", "Nitti had a blood alcohol level of 0.23.", "Nitti was found to have committed suicide while temporarily insane and in a depressed frame of mind.", "On March 19, 1943, Frank Nitti died.", "Nitti is buried at Mount Carmel Cemetery.", "The interment of a suicide in a Catholic cemetery has caused controversy.", "Nitti's grave can be found to the left of the main Roosevelt Road entrance.", "The grave of Al Capone is marked by a white monument stone to the right of the gate.", "The graves of Dean O'Banion and the other North Side Gang members who were killed by the Chicago Outfit are straight up from the gate.", "Bruce Gordon portrayed Media Nitti in many episodes of the original ABC television series The Untouchables, which ran from 1959 to 1963.", "Harold J is portraying him.", "Stone is in a Roger Corman film.", "The photo of Frank Nitti, who was found dead in the war between the Five Families, is included in a scene in the film The Godfather.", "He is portrayed in a movie by a famous actor.", "Nitti betrayed Capone and sold the IRS files that led to Capone's arrest for tax evasion.", "He last visited Capone at his Palm Island estate in 1946, a year before Capone's death, and three years after Nitti's suicide.", "In the film Easy Money, Frank Nitti is the name of a kind of pizza ordered to the character's house.", "Billy Drago played a fictionalized version of Nitti in The Untouchables.", "Nitti died after being thrown off a Chicago courthouse roof by Ness during Al Capone's tax evasion trial in the early 1930s, before his suicide in 1943.", "Anthony LaPaglia portrayed him in Nitti: The Enforcer.", "The Untouchables was a 1993 TV show.", "Stanley Tucci played him in the 2002 film Road to Perdition.", "In the film Public Enemies, he is portrayed by Bill Camp.", "He is played by Will Sasso in Drunk History.", "Niittymki uses an image of Nitti on his helmet due to the similarity of their names.", "Federal Bureau of Investigation - Freedom of Information Act: Frank Nitti Frank Nitti Archives 1886 births 1943 suicides Al Capone associates American mobsters of Italian descent American people convicted of tax crimes American shooting survivors Burials at the Bishop's Mausoleum, Mount Carmel Cemetery" ]

[ "Frank Ralph Nitto", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Franklin D", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Media Nitti", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Ni", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Ni" ]

[ "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Media Nitti", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Nitti", "Frank Nitti" ]

[ "Caitlin Joan Halligan (born December 14, 1966) is a lawyer who is the former general counsel for the Manhattan district attorney's office.", "She served as Solicitor General for the state of New York from 2001 until 2007.", "President Barack Obama nominated her several times to fill a vacancy on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, but the U.S. Senate did not vote directly on the nomination, and in March 2013 the President withdrew the nomination at her request.", "Early life and education \nHalligan was born in Xenia, Ohio on December 14, 1966.", "Halligan graduated cum laude with an A.B.", "in history from Princeton University in 1988 after completing a 123-page long senior thesis titled \"Origins and Development of Labor Radicalism in Pullman, Illinois, 1881-1894.\"", "She then received a J.D.", "magna cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center in 1995.", "She was the managing editor of the Georgetown Law Journal (1994–1995).", "Before law school, Halligan served as a legislative aide for U.S. Rep. William Vollie Alexander, Jr., and as a policy associate at Georgians for Children, a non-profit organization devoted to improving state policies for families and children.", "Halligan also taught writing, American history, and American literature at a university in Wuhan, China, through the Princeton in Asia program.", "Legal career \nAfter law school, Halligan served as a law clerk, first for United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit Judge Patricia Wald and then for United States Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer.", "After her clerkships, Halligan served as an associate with Howard, Smith & Levin LLP (now merged with Covington & Burling).", "She then spent eight years with the New York Attorney General's Office.", "From 1999 to 2000, she served as the first Chief of the Office's Internet Bureau, where she developed and coordinated statewide law enforcement and policy initiatives regarding online consumer fraud, privacy, online securities trading, and other Internet-related issues.", "Halligan served as First Deputy Solicitor General in 2001, and then served as Solicitor General from 2001 until 2007.", "Halligan has served as adjunct faculty at Columbia Law School since 2005.", "After leaving the Solicitor General's office in 2007, Halligan joined the law firm Weil, Gotshal & Manges to head up its appellate practice.", "In 2009, Nina Totenberg of National Public Radio included Halligan's name on a list of possible nominees to the U.S. Supreme Court.", "In early 2010, Halligan left Weil Gotshal to join the Manhattan district attorney's office as its general counsel.", "In March 2014, Halligan joined Gibson Dunn in New York as one of the firm's Appellate & Constitutional Law Practice Group leaders.", "In March 2019, she joined the firm Selendy & Gay.", "Halligan has argued six cases before the U.S. Supreme Court.", "Potential judicial appointments\n\nNomination to the D.C.", "Circuit \nOn May 26, 2010, legal blogger Ed Whelan reported that President Obama has placed Halligan on \"the inside track\" to be nominated to one of two vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.", "In July 2010, the Blog of Legal Times reported that two unidentified lawyers said agents with the Federal Bureau of Investigation had interviewed them regarding Halligan, which is standard for federal judicial nominees and often is precursor to a nomination.", "On September 29, 2010, Obama nominated Halligan to replace John G. Roberts.", "On December 22, 2010, the Senate returned the nomination to the President, having taken no action on the nomination in the One Hundred and Eleventh Congress.", "On January 5, 2011, President Obama renominated Halligan for the same post.", "On February 2, 2011, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on her nomination and on March 10, 2011, the Judiciary Committee reported her nomination to the floor favorably, in a 10-8 vote.", "On December 6, 2011, the Senate failed to invoke cloture in a 54-45 vote, falling six votes short of the 60 votes needed to move forward with a floor vote on her nomination.", "Her nomination was returned to the President on December 17, 2011, pursuant to the rules of the Senate.", "Halligan was renominated on June 11, 2012.", "Two more attempts to gain cloture on her confirmation failed, and on August 3, 2012 her nomination was again returned to the White House.", "She was renominated on September 19, 2012.", "Her nomination was again returned to the President on January 2, 2013, due to the sine die adjournment of the Senate.", "On January 3, 2013, she was renominated to the same office.", "Her nomination was reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee on February 14, 2013, initially in a 10-8 vote, strictly along party lines.", "However, Sen. Lindsey Graham later changed his vote to \"pass,\" making the final committee vote 10-7.", "On March 4, 2013, Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid again filed a motion to invoke cloture on Halligan's nomination.", "On March 6, 2013, cloture failed by a vote of 51 ayes to 41 nays.", "According to Senator Charles E. Grassley, one objection of Republicans to the nominee was based on the legal theory she advanced while Solicitor General of New York, which was that \"gun manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers contributed to a ‘public nuisance’ of illegal handguns in the state.\"", "On March 22, 2013, Halligan requested that Obama withdraw the nomination and he did so.", "Consideration for New York Court of Appeals \n\nHalligan was one of seven candidates under consideration for appointment to the New York Court of Appeals after the retirement of Judge Paul Feinman on March 23, 2021.", "Personal \nHalligan married Marc C. Falcone, the son of former New York Times food critic, Mimi Sheraton, in a civil ceremony on January 22, 1999.", "The couple live in Manhattan's West Village neighborhood.", "Halligan is an avid runner and has been a member of the New York Road Runners club.", "See also\n Barack Obama Supreme Court candidates\n Barack Obama judicial appointment controversies\n List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Appearances at U.S. Supreme Court, Oyez.org.", "1966 births\nSolicitors General of New York (state)\nGeorgetown University Law Center alumni\nLaw clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States\nLiving people\nNew York (state) lawyers\nPeople from Xenia, Ohio\nPrinceton University alumni\nPeople from Greenwich Village" ]

[ "The former general counsel for the Manhattan district attorney's office is Caitlin Joan Halligan.", "She was the Solicitor General for the state of New York from 2001 to 2007.", "The United States Senate did not vote on the nomination, but the President withdrew it at her request.", "On December 14, 1966 Halligan was born in Xenia, Ohio.", "Halligan received an A.B.", "After completing a 123-page long senior thesis on Labor Radicalism in Pullman, Illinois, in 1988, he went to graduate school.", "She got a J.D.", "magna cum laude from Georgetown University Law Center.", "She was the managing editor of the Georgetown Law Journal.", "Halligan was a policy associate at Georgians for Children, a non-profit organization devoted to improving state policies for families and children.", "Halligan taught writing, American history, and American literature at a university in China.", "Halligan served as a law clerk for both the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and the United States Supreme Court.", "After her clerkships, Halligan was an associate with Howard, Smith & Levin.", "She worked in the New York Attorney General's Office for eight years.", "She was the first Chief of the Office's Internet Bureau, where she developed and coordinated statewide law enforcement and policy initiatives regarding online consumer fraud, privacy, online securities trading, and other Internet-related issues.", "Halligan was the Solicitor General from 2001 to 2007.", "Since 2005, Halligan has been an instructor at Columbia Law School.", "Halligan left the Solicitor General's office to head up the appellate practice at the law firm.", "Halligan's name was included on a list of possible Supreme Court nominees.", "Halligan joined the Manhattan district attorney's office as its general counsel.", "Halligan was one of the leaders of the Appellate & Constitutional Law Practice Group at the time.", "She joined the firm in March.", "Halligan has argued cases before the Supreme Court.", "There are potential judicial appointments in the D.C.", "On May 26, 2010, Ed Whelan reported that President Obama placed Halligan on the inside track to be nominated to one of the two vacancies on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.", "The Federal Bureau of Investigation interviewed two lawyers in July of 2010 about Halligan, which is standard for federal judicial nominees and often is preceded by a nomination.", "Halligan was nominated by Obama to replace John G. Roberts.", "The Senate did not take action on the nomination in the One hundred and Eleventh Congress and returned it to the President.", "President Obama re-nominated Halligan on January 5, 2011.", "On February 2, 2011, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on her nomination and on March 10, 2011, the Judiciary Committee reported her nomination to the floor in a 10-8 vote.", "On December 6, the Senate failed to invoke cloture in a 54-45 vote, falling six votes short of the 60 votes needed to move forward with her nomination.", "The rules of the Senate allowed her nomination to be returned to the President.", "On June 11, 2012 Halligan was renominated.", "On August 3, 2012 her nomination was returned to the White House after two more attempts to get cloture on her confirmation failed.", "On September 19, 2012 she was renominated.", "Due to the adjournment of the Senate, her nomination was returned to the President.", "On January 3, she was nominated again.", "Her nomination was reported by the Senate Judiciary Committee in a 10-8 vote.", "The final committee vote was 10-7 after Sen. Lindsey Graham changed his vote.", "The Senate Majority Leader once again filed a motion to invoke cloture on Halligan's nomination.", "The cloture was defeated by a vote of 51 ayes to 41 ayes.", "One objection of Republicans to the nominee was based on the legal theory that gun manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers contributed to a \"public nuisance\" of illegal handguns in New York.", "Halligan requested that Obama withdraw his nomination.", "Halligan was one of seven candidates under consideration for appointment to the New York Court of Appeals after the retirement of Judge Paul Feinman.", "On January 22, 1999, personal Halligan married the son of a former New York Times food critic.", "The couple live in Manhattan.", "Halligan is a member of the New York Road Runners club.", "See the list of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States.", "The Solicitors General of New York are alumni of the Georgetown University Law Center." ]

[ "Caitlin Joan Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan" ]

[ "Caitlin Joan Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan", "Halligan" ]

[ "Susan Tedeschi (; born November 9, 1970) is an American singer and guitarist.", "A multiple Grammy Award nominee, she is a member of the Tedeschi Trucks Band, a conglomeration of her band, her husband Derek Trucks' the Derek Trucks Band, and other musicians.", "Early life\nTedeschi was born on November 9, 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, to a family of Italian ancestry and was raised in Norwell, Massachusetts.", "She is the daughter of Dick Tedeschi, granddaughter of Nick Tedeschi and great-granddaughter of Angelo Tedeschi, founder of Tedeschi Food Shops, a New England-based supermarket and convenience store chain.", "Tedeschi made her public debut as a six-year-old understudy in a Broadway musical.", "As a youth she sang for family members and listened to her father's record collection of old vinyl recordings of musicians such as Mississippi John Hurt and Lightnin' Hopkins.", "Raised as a Catholic, she found little inspiration in the church choir and attended predominantly African-American Baptist churches, feeling that the music was \"less repressed and more like a celebration of God.\"", "In bands since the age of 13, she formed her first all-original group at 18, the Smokin' Section, in the nearby town of Scituate.", "After graduating Norwell High School, Tedeschi attended the Berklee College of Music, where she sang in a Gospel choir.", "She performed show tunes on the Spirit of Boston and received her Bachelor of Music degree in musical composition and performance at age 20.", "During that time, she began sitting in on blues jams at local venues and immersed herself in the Boston music scene.", "Career\n\nEarly career\n\nTedeschi formed the Susan Tedeschi Band in 1993, with Tom Hambridge and Adrienne Hayes.", "She learned how to play blues guitar in Boston from musician Tim Gearan in 1995.", "In December the band released Better Days to regional audiences.", "Record contracts were difficult to keep together; however, recording sessions from 1997 were acquired by Richard Rosenblatt and the band was signed to indie label Tone-Cool Records.", "Just Won't Burn, featuring young guitarist Sean Costello, was released in February 1998 to very positive reviews, particularly from blues critics and publications.", "Tedeschi was the first artist to play Michele Clark's first Sunset Sessions in March 1998 at the Marriott Hotels & Resorts in the US Virgin Islands.", "In 1999, Tedeschi played several dates in the all-woman traveling festival Lilith Fair organized by Sarah McLachlan.", "Throughout 1998 and 1999 she toured extensively throughout the United States and drew larger crowds.", "As an opening act\nEventually Tedeschi was opening for John Mellencamp, B.B.", "King, Buddy Guy, The Allman Brothers Band, Taj Mahal and Bob Dylan.", "In 2000, Just Won't Burn (1998) reached Gold record status for sales of 500,000 in the United States, rare for a blues production.", "She recorded two tracks with Double Trouble band members Chris Layton and Tommy Shannon for their album.", "She opened for The Rolling Stones in 2003 and played in huge venues, gaining national exposure.", "Somewhat surprisingly, the gig wasn't financially lucrative.", "According to Tedeschi, \"They pay, but it's not great.", "I don't make any money 'cause I've got to pay all my sidemen.", "I'll be lucky if I break even.\"", "In 2004, Tedeschi was featured on the PBS television program Austin City Limits with William Green on Hammond organ, Jason Crosby on keyboards, violin, and vocals, Ron Perry on bass, and Jeff Sipe on drums.", "Influences\nTedeschi's voice has been described as a blend of Bonnie Raitt and Janis Joplin, both of whom she claims as influences.", "Her guitar playing is influenced by Buddy Guy, Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson, Stevie Ray Vaughan, Freddie King and Doyle Bramhall II.", "On the album Just Won't Burn (1998), she lists a multitude of inspirations from various genres.", "This list includes Irma Thomas, Etta James, Bob Marley, Toots Hibbert, Aretha Franklin, Otis Rush, Ronnie Earl, Otis Clay, Ray Charles, Billie Holiday, Bob Dylan, Dennis Montgomery III, Orville Wright, Walter Beasley, Kenya Hathaway, and Mahalia Jackson.", "Personal life\nOn December 5, 2001, Tedeschi married Allman Brothers Band slide guitarist Derek Trucks, who was also the bandleader and lead guitarist of The Derek Trucks Band.", "The pair met in New Orleans when she was the opening act on the Allman Brothers Band's 1999 Summer Tour.", "They have two children: Charles Kahlil Trucks, born in March 2002, is named for saxophonist Charlie Parker, guitarist Charlie Christian, and author Kahlil Gibran.", "Sophia Naima Trucks, born in 2004, takes her middle name from the John Coltrane ballad, composed in honor of his first wife.", "They reside in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Soul Stew Revival\n\nTedeschi and Trucks toured together frequently under the name Soul Stew Revival.", "This included members of The Derek Trucks Band, members of Tedeschi's band, and other musicians who travelled with them, including Trucks' younger brother, drummer Duane Trucks.", "In 2008, they added a three-piece horn section.", "Tedeschi Trucks Band\nIn 2010, Tedeschi and Trucks announced a hiatus for their solo bands, and formed a new group called Tedeschi Trucks Band.", "The group performed at a number of festivals including Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival, Fuji Rock Festival and others.", "Unlike their previous collaborative project – Derek Trucks & Susan Tedeschi's Soul Stew Revival – the Tedeschi Trucks Band focuses on writing and performing original material, and is the focus of both Trucks and Tedeschi for the foreseeable future.", "Layla Revisited (Live at LOCKN') was announced on May 7, 2021.", "The album is a one-time live recording of the Derek & The Dominos album Layla and Other Assorted Love Songs performed in full with Trey Anastasio.", "Recorded on August 24, 2019 at the LOCKN' Festival in Arrington, VA, the album was released on July 16, 2021.", "Award nominations\n 2000 Grammy nomination for Best New Artist\n 2003 Grammy nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance\n 2004 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for Wait For Me\n 2006 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for Hope and Desire\n 2010 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for Back to the River\n 2016 Americana Music Award for Duo/Group of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2017 Grammy nomination for Best Contemporary Blues Album for Live from the Fox Oakland\n\nAwards won\n 2012 Grammy Award for Best Blues Album for Revelator (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2014 Blues Music Award for Contemporary Female Blues Artist of the Year\n 2014 Blues Music Award for Band of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2014 Blues Music Award for Rock Blues Album of the Year for \"Made Up Mind\" (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2017 Blues Music Award for Rock Blues Album of the Year for \"Let Me Get By\" (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2017 Blues Music Award for Band of the Year (with Tedeschi Trucks Band)\n 2017 Blues Music Award for Contemporary Female Blues Artist of the Year\n\nTedeschi served as a judge for the 7th annual Independent Music Awards." ]

[ "Susan Tedeschi is an American singer and guitarist.", "She is a member of the Tedeschi Trucks Band, a conglomeration of her band, her husband's band, and other musicians.", "Tedeschi was born on November 9, 1970, in Boston, Massachusetts, to a family of Italian ancestry and was raised in Norwell, Massachusetts.", "She is the daughter of Dick Tedeschi, granddaughter of Nick Tedeschi, and great-granddaughter of Angelo Tedeschi, founder of Tedeschi Food Shops, a New England-based supermarket and convenience store chain.", "Tedeschi was an understudy in a Broadway musical when she was six years old.", "She used to sing for family members and listen to her father's record collection of old vinyl recordings of musicians.", "She found little inspiration in the church choir when she was a catholic and felt the music was more like a celebration of God.", "She formed her first all-original group at 18, the Smokin' Section, in the nearby town of Scituate.", "Tedeschi attended the Berklee College of Music after graduating from Norwell High School.", "She received a degree in musical composition and performance at the age of 20.", "She immersed herself in the Boston music scene while sitting in on blues jams at local venues.", "The Susan Tedeschi Band was formed in 1993.", "Tim Gearan taught her how to play the blues guitar.", "Betterdays was released to regional audiences in December.", "The band's record contracts were difficult to keep, but the band was signed to Tone-Cool Records after the 1997 recording sessions.", "In February 1998 Just Won't Burn was released and received very positive reviews from blues critics and publications.", "Tedeschi was the first artist to play a Sunset Session in the US Virgin Islands.", "Tedeschi played several dates in the Lilith Fair in 1999.", "She toured throughout the United States in 1998 and 1999.", "Tedeschi was opening for John Mellencamp.", "King, Buddy Guy, The Allman Brothers Band, Taj Mahal, and Bob Dylan.", "In 2000, Just Won't Burn achieved Gold record status for sales of 500,000 in the United States, a rarity for a blues production.", "She recorded two tracks with Double Trouble band members.", "She opened for The Rolling Stones and played in big venues.", "The gig was not financially lucrative.", "Tedeschi said that they pay, but it's not great.", "I don't make any money because I have to pay my sidemen.", "If I break even, I will be lucky.", "In 2004, Tedeschi was featured on the PBS television program Austin City Limits with a group of musicians.", "Tedeschi's voice is said to be a blend of Bonnie Raitt and Janis Joplin.", "Her guitar playing is influenced by a lot of people.", "She lists a lot of influences on the album Just Won't Burn.", "Some of the people on this list include Etta James, Bob Marley, Toots Hibbert, Aretha Franklin, Otis Rush,Ronnie Earl, Otis Clay, Ray Charles, Bob Dylan, Dennis Montgomery III, Orville Wright, and Mahalia Jackson.", "Tedeschi was married to the lead guitarist of the Allman Brothers Band on December 5, 2001.", "She was the opening act on the Allman Brothers Band's 1999 Summer Tour.", "Charles Kahlil Trucks was born in March 2002 and is named for three musicians.", "Sophia Trucks takes her middle name from a song written in honor of her first wife.", "They live in Jacksonville, Florida.", "Tedeschi and Trucks toured under the name Soul Stew Revival.", "The musicians who travelled with them included the younger brother of the band's drummer.", "The three-piece horn section was added in 2008.", "Tedeschi and Trucks formed a new group called the Tedeschi Trucks Band.", "The group performed at a number of festivals.", "The Tedeschi Trucks Band focuses on writing and performing original material and is the focus of both Trucks and Tedeschi for the foreseeable future.", "The Live at Lockn' was announced on May 7, 2021.", "The album is a one-time live recording of the album by the Dominos.", "The album was released on July 16, 2021.", "2000 nomination for Best New Artist, 2003 nomination for Best Female Rock Vocal Performance, 2004 nomination for Best Contemporary Blues album, and 2010 nomination for Best Contemporary Blues album." ]

[ "Susan Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Dick Tedeschi", "Nick Tedeschi", "Angelo Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Susan Tedeses", "Tedeschi" ]

[ "Susan Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Dick Tedeschi", "Nick Tedeschi", "Angelo Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Susan Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi", "Tedeschi" ]

[ "Marie Joseph Robert Anatole, Comte de Montesquiou-Fézensac (7 March 1855, Paris – 11 December 1921, Menton), was a French aesthete, Symbolist poet, art collector and dandy.", "He is reputed to have been the inspiration both for Jean des Esseintes in Joris-Karl Huysmans' À rebours (1884) and, most famously, for the Baron de Charlus in Marcel Proust's À la recherche du temps perdu (1913–1927).", "He also won a bronze medal in the hacks and hunter combined event at the 1900 Summer Olympics.", "Biography\n\nRobert de Montesquiou was a scion of the French Montesquiou-Fézensac family.", "His paternal grandfather was Count Anatole de Montesquiou-Fézensac (1788–1878), aide-de-camp to Napoleon and grand officer of the Légion d'honneur; his father was Anatole's third son, Thierry, who married Pauline Duroux, an orphan, in 1841.", "With his wife's dowry, Thierry bought a Charnizay manor, built a mansion in Paris, and was elected Vice-President of the Jockey Club.", "He was a successful stockbroker who left a substantial fortune.", "Robert was the last of his parents' children, after brothers Gontran and Aymery, and sister Élise.", "His cousin, Élisabeth, Countess Greffulhe (1860–1952), was one of Marcel Proust's models for the Duchess of Guermantes in À la recherche du temps perdu.", "Montesquiou had a strong influence on Émile Gallé (1846–1904), a glass artist with whom he collaborated, and from whom he commissioned major works, and from whom he received hundreds of adulatory letters.", "He also wrote the verses found in the optional choral parts of Gabriel Fauré's Pavane.", "The portrait Arrangement in Black and Gold: Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac was painted in 1891–92 by Montesquiou's close friend, and model for many of his eccentric mannerisms, James Whistler.", "The French artist Antonio de La Gandara (1861–1917) produced several portraits of Montesquiou.", "One author provides the following verbal portrait of Montesquiou: \"Tall, black-haired, Kaiser-moustached, he cackled and screamed in weird attitudes, giggling in high soprano, hiding his black teeth behind an exquisitely gloved hand—the poseur absolute.", "Montesquiou's homosexual tendencies were patently obvious, but he may in fact have lived a chaste life.", "He had no affairs with women, although in 1876 he reportedly once slept with the great actress Sarah Bernhardt, after which he vomited for twenty-four hours.", "(She remained a great friend.)\"", "Montesquiou had social relationships and collaborations with many celebrities of the fin de siècle period, including Alphonse Daudet (1840–1897), Edmond de Goncourt (1822–1896), Eleonora Duse (1858–1924), Sarah Bernhardt (1844–1923), Gabriele d'Annunzio (1863–1938), Anna de Noailles (1876–1933), Marthe Bibesco (1886–1973), Luisa Casati (1881–1957), Maurice Barrès (1862–1923), and Franca Florio.", "In 1885, he began a close long-term relationship with Gabriel Yturri (March 12, 1860 – July 6, 1905), a South American immigrant from Tucuman, Argentina, who became his secretary, companion, and lover.", "After Yturri died of diabetes, Henri Pinard replaced him as secretary in 1908 and eventually inherited Montesquiou's much reduced fortune.", "Montesquiou and Yturri are buried alongside each other at Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles, Île-de-France, France.", "An Adventure\nIn his biography, Philippe Jullian proposes that the Moberly–Jourdain incident in 1901, in which Charlotte Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain claimed to experience time travel in the grounds of the Petit Trianon, is explained by their stumbling into a rehearsal of one of Montesquiou's Tableaux Vivants, with his friends (one possibly transvestite) dressed in period costume.", "Joan Evans, who owned the copyright to An Adventure (1911), Moberly and Jourdain's account of their experiences, accepted this solution and forbade any further editions.", "Works\nMontesquiou's poetry has been called untranslatable, and it was poorly received by critics at the time.", "Poetry\nLes Chauves-Souris, Clairs obscurs (Richard, privately published in 1892, commercially published in 1893; illustrated by Madeleine Lemaire, James McNeill Whistler and Antonio de La Gandara).", "(Émile-Paul Frères, 1923; republished by Éditions du Sandre, 3 vol)\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\nRobert de Montesquiou, mécène et dandy, Patrick Chaleyssin, Somogy, 1992\n Robert de Montesquiou, Les Pas effacés, Suivi d'une étude de Thanh-Vân Ton-That, Éditions du Sandre, Paris\nElegant Wits and Grand Horizontals, Cornelia Otis Skinner, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1962\n\nExternal links\n\n \n\n1855 births\n1921 deaths\nFrench poets\nFrench gay writers\nRobert\nLGBT nobility\nWriters from Paris\nFrench LGBT poets\nFrench male poets\nFrench socialites\nFrench male equestrians\nOlympic equestrians of France\nEquestrians at the 1900 Summer Olympics\nOlympic bronze medalists for France\nOlympic medalists in equestrian\nMedalists at the 1900 Summer Olympics\nBurials at the Cimetière des Gonards" ]

[ "Marie Joseph Robert Anatole, Comte de Montesquiou-Fézensac, was a French aesthete, symbolist poet and art collector.", "He is said to have been the inspiration for the Baron de Charus in Proust's la recherche du temps perdu.", "He won a bronze medal in the hacks and hunter combined event at the Summer Olympics.", "Robert de Montesquiou was a descendant of the French Montesquiou-Fézensac family.", "His paternal grandfather was Count Anatole de Montesquiou-Fézensac, aide-de-camp to Napoleon and grand officer of the Légion d'honneur.", "He built a mansion in Paris, built a manor in Charnizay, and was elected Vice- President of the Jockey Club.", "He left a lot of money.", "Robert was the last of the family's children.", "His cousin was one of the models in la recherche du temps perdu.", "A glass artist with whom Montesquiou collaborated, and from whom he commissioned major works, and from whom he received hundreds of adulatory letters, mile Gallé was influenced by Montesquiou.", "The optional choral parts of Gabriel Fauré's Pavane were written by him.", "Montesquiou's close friend and model for many of his eccentric mannerisms, James Whistler, painted the portrait of Montesquiou in Black and Gold: Comte Robert de Montesquiou-Fezensac.", "Antonio de La Gandara painted portraits of Montesquiou.", "Montesquiou was a tall, black-haired, Kaiser-moustached man who hid his black teeth behind an exquisitely gloved hand.", "Montesquiou's homosexual tendencies were obvious, but he may have lived a chaste life.", "He vomited after having sex with Sarah Bernhardt in 1876, but he had no affairs with women.", "She was a great friend.", "Montesquiou had social relationships with many celebrities of the fin de Sicle period.", "He began a long-term relationship with Gabriel Yturri, a South American immigrant from Tucuman, Argentina, in 1885.", "After Yturri died of diabetes, Henri Pinard replaced him as secretary and eventually took over Montesquiou's reduced fortune.", "Montesquiou and Yturri are buried next to each other.", "In his biography, Philippe Jullian suggests that the Moberly–Jourdain incident in 1901, in which Charlotte Anne Moberly and Eleanor Jourdain claimed to experience time travel in the grounds of the Petit Trianon, is explained by their stumbling into a rehearsal of one of the", "Joan Evans, who owned the copyright to An Adventure, accepted the solution and forbade any further editions.", "Montesquiou's poetry was not received well by critics at the time.", "The poetry Les Chauves-Souris, Clairs obscurs was published in 1893.", "References include Robert de Montesquiou, mécne et dandy, Patrick Chaleyssin, Somogy, and mile-Paul Frres." ]

[ "Marie Joseph Robert Anatole", "de Montesquiou Fsac", "Jean des Esseintes", "Baron de Charlus", "Robert de Montesquiou", "Anatole de Montesquiou Fésac", "Robert", "Montesquiou", "Robert de", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Antonio de", "Daudet", "Edmond de", "Anna de", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Madeleine Lema", "Antonio de", "Robert de", "Montesquiou", "Robert de", "Montesquiou" ]

[ "Marie Joseph Robert Anatole", "de Montesquiou Fzensa", "de Charus", "Robert de Montesquiou", "Montesquiou Fézensac", "Anatole de Montesquiou Fésac", "Robert", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Robert de", "Montesquiou", "Antonio de", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Montesquiou", "Robert de", "Montesquiou" ]

[ "Al Pitrelli is an American guitarist, best known for his work with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Joe Lynn Turner, Asia and Savatage.", "Early career (1982–1995)\nPitrelli attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston in the early 1980s (where keyboardist Derek Sherinian was his dorm roommate; they would later work together in the Alice Cooper band).", "While at Berklee, Pitrelli formed an original 1980s metal band with classmates that included Venom guitarist Mike Hickey.", "After dropping out of Berklee, Pitrelli worked as a session musician and taught guitar lessons in Manhattan and in Bellmore, Long Island.", "His first major label gig was performing with Michael Bolton, helping him support his single \"Fool's Game\".", "Pitrelli said of the single, \"This was when Michael Bolton was still trying to be Sammy Hagar and not Engelbert Humperdinck.\"", "In the late 1980s/early 1990s, Pitrelli joined forces with bassist Randy Coven and drummer John Reilly to release two Shrapnel Records-type albums titled \"Sammy Says Ouch\" and \"CPR\".", "Pitrelli was Alice Cooper's guitarist and musical director from 1989 until 1991 on the Trashes The World tour.", "He then joined Dee Snider's band Widowmaker for two albums in the early/mid–1990s, and also briefly played with Stephen Pearcy (from the band Ratt) in a band called Vertex.", "Pitrelli also joined Asia, appearing on their albums Aqua (1992) and Aria (1994).", "He would go on to be featured on many New York sessions, including for Kathy Troccoli, Taylor Dayne, Randy Coven and Exposé.", "His songs have been covered by Y&T, Lita Ford and Derek Sherinian.", "For a month he substituted in Blue Öyster Cult.", "Widowmaker (w/ Dee Snider) albums \"Blood & Bullets\" (1994) & \"Standby For Pain\" (1995)\n\nSavatage (1995–2000)\nAl joined Savatage in 1995, joining at the same time as Chris Caffery returned to the band; Caffery had previously been part of the band around the release of Gutter Ballet in 1989.", "Pitrelli played guitar on the albums Dead Winter Dead (1995) and The Wake of Magellan (1997), and performed some lead guitar work on Poets and Madmen (2001), despite being a member of Megadeth at the time.", "On that album, Pitrelli was responsible for the outro of \"Stay with Me a While\", the main solos of \"Morphine Child\" and \"The Rumor\", the first part of the main solo in \"Commissar\" and its outro.", "During his time with Savatage, he was asked by their producer Paul O'Neill if he was interested in joining his side project, the Trans-Siberian Orchestra.", "Pitrelli agreed and has played a role in all of their albums to date.", "Trans Siberian Orchestra (1995–present)\nPitrelli has been a core member of the group since their first album.", "As well as being the main lead guitarist, he is also the live musical director.", "TSO's 2007 tour program credits his \"edgy playing and vast musical lexicon\" with making him a perfect fit for the band's constant boundary-pushing progressive rock stylings.", "Pitrelli's leads are notable on \"Tracers\" and the instrumental \"Toccata – Carpimus Noctem\", the latter being a piece he co-wrote.", "Both songs form part of the group's fifth rock opera, on their 2009 album Night Castle.", "Megadeth (2000–02)\nPitrelli was a member of Megadeth from 2000 to 2002, replacing Marty Friedman.", "Megadeth bandleader Dave Mustaine asked him to join after hearing good reviews from their then-current drummer Jimmy DeGrasso, with whom Pitrelli played during his days with Alice Cooper in the early 1990s.", "Pitrelli joined the band after an impromptu \"audition\" in front of a live crowd in Vancouver on January 16, 2000.", "Two nights after Friedman played his last show with Megadeth, Pitrelli was asked to play fifteen minutes before the show and was shocked by the prospect as they never rehearsed.", "He was present during the recording of Rude Awakening, a live CD/DVD that was released in 2002.", "Pitrelli performed on their 2001 album The World Needs a Hero, which has the song \"Promises\" which was co-written by Pitrelli and he played most of the guitar solos.", "When Megadeth entered hiatus after Mustaine injured his arm, Pitrelli rejoined Savatage on April 9, 2002, but did not tour with the band.", "He also continued his work with TSO, which he's still a member of today.", "Recent work (2002–present)\nIn 1998, Pitrelli was featured on the video game album Sonic Adventure Remix, where he played guitar on a remix of the game's theme song \"Open Your Heart\".", "Personal life\nAl Pitrelli is currently married to Nicole Pitrelli, with whom he has two children: Olivia and Layla.", "Al also has three sons Jesse, Jamie and Zak.", "Jesse is a Chief Petty Officer with the United States Coast Guard.", "Jamie is a Brooklyn-based bass player and Zak is a sailor in the United States Navy stationed in Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.", "Discography\n\nDanger Danger\n Rare Cuts (2003)\n\nHotshot\n The Bomb (2005)\n\nAlice Cooper\n Alice Cooper Trashes The World (DVD, 1990)\n Classicks (1995)\n\nAsia\n Aqua (1992)\n Aria (1994)\n\nPlace Called Rage\n Place Called Rage (1995)\n\nRandy Coven\n Funk Me Tender (1989)\n\nCoven, Pitrelli, O'Reilly (CPR)\n Sammy Says Ouch!", "(1990)\n CPR (1992)\n\nMegadeth\n Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years (2000)\n The World Needs a Hero (2001)\n Behind the Music (DVD, 2001)\n Rude Awakening (2002)\n Still Alive... and Well?", "(2002)\n Greatest Hits: Back to the Start (2005)\n Anthology: Set the World Afire (2008)\n\nMorning Wood\n Morning Wood (1994)\n\nO'2L\n O'2L\n Doyle's Brunch\n Eat a Pickle\n\nSavatage\n Dead Winter Dead (1995)\n The Wake of Magellan (1998)\n Poets and Madmen (2001)\n\nTrans-Siberian Orchestra\n Christmas Eve and Other Stories (1996)\n The Christmas Attic (1998)\n The Ghosts of Christmas Eve (DVD, 2000)\n Beethoven's Last Night (2000)\n The Lost Christmas Eve (2004)\n Different Wings (2004)\n Night Castle (2009)\n Letters From The Labyrinth (2015)\n\nWidowmaker\n Blood and Bullets (1992)\n Stand by for Pain (1994)\n\nVertex\n Vertex (1996)\n\nGuitar Battle\n Guitar Battle (1998)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n Interview with Al Pitrelli on metal4bremen.de (German / English)\n Interview with TSO's Music Director Al Pitrelli on melodic.net November 2020 (English)\n\nBerklee College of Music alumni\nDanger Danger members\nAmerican heavy metal guitarists\nLiving people\nSavatage members\nMegadeth members\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nTrans-Siberian Orchestra members\nAlice Cooper (band) members\nAsia (band) members\nAmerican male guitarists\nPlace of birth missing (living people)\n20th-century American guitarists\nYear of birth missing (living people)" ]

[ "Al Pitrelli is best known for his work with the Trans-Siberian Orchestra, Megadeth, Alice Cooper, Joe Lynn Turner, Asia and Savatage.", "Pitrelli attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston in the early 1980s and later worked in the Alice Cooper band.", "Pitrelli formed an original 1980s metal band with his classmates.", "Pitrelli was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He supported his single \"Fool's Game\" with his first major label gig.", "Pitrelli said that the single was when Michael Bolton was still trying to be Sammy Hagar.", "The Shrapnel Records-type albums \"Sammy Says Ouch\" and \"CPR\" were released in the late 1980s and early 1990s by Pitrelli, Randy Coven and John Reilly.", "Alice Cooper's guitarist and musical director from 1989 until 1991 was Pitrelli.", "He joined Dee Snider's band Widowmaker for two albums in the early/mid–1990s, and also briefly played with Stephen Pearcy from the band Ratt.", "Pitrelli appeared on two of Asia's albums.", "He was featured on many New York sessions, including for Kathy Troccoli, Taylor Dayne and Randy Coven.", "His songs have been covered by a number of people.", "He replaced Blue yster Cult for a month.", "Al joined Savatage in 1995 at the same time as Chris Caffery came back to the band.", "Even though he was a member of Megadeth, Pitrelli played guitar on two of the band's albums.", "Pitrelli was responsible for the outro of \"Stay with Me a While\", the main solo of \"Morphine Child\" and the first part of the main solo in \"Commissar\" on that album.", "The producer of the Trans-Siberian Orchestra asked him if he was interested in joining the project.", "Pitrelli has been involved in all of their albums to date.", "Pitrelli has been a core member of the group since their first album.", "He is also the live musical director.", "TSO's 2007 tour program credits his \"edgy playing and vast musical lexicon\" with making him a perfect fit for the band's constant boundary-pushing progressive rock stylings.", "Pitrelli's leads are notable on \"Tracers\" and the piece he co-authored, \"Toccata - Carpimus Noctem\".", "The songs are part of the group's fifth rock opera.", "Pitrelli was a member of Megadeth from 2000 to 2002.", "Pitrelli was asked to join Megadeth by Dave Mustaine after hearing good reviews from Jimmy DeGrasso, who played with Alice Cooper in the early 1990s.", "Pitrelli joined the band after an impromptu \"audition\" in front of a live crowd.", "Pitrelli was shocked when he was asked to play fifteen minutes before the show because they never practiced.", "He was present at the time of the recording of the live CD/DVD.", "Pitrelli played most of the guitar solo in the song \"Promises\" on their 2001 album The World Needs a Hero.", "Pitrelli did not tour with the band when Megadeth entered hiatus after Mustaine injured his arm.", "He is still a member of the TSO.", "Pitrelli was featured on a video game album in 1998 where he played guitar on a remake of the game's theme song.", "Al Pitrelli is married to Nicole Pitrelli and has two children with her.", "Jesse, Jamie and Zak are all sons of Al.", "Jesse is employed by the United States Coast Guard.", "Zak is a sailor in the United States Navy and Jamie is a bass player.", "Hotshot The Bomb by Alice Cooper is a Discography Danger Rare Cuts.", "Megadeth Capitol Punishment: The Megadeth Years (2000) and Behind the Music (2001) are both DVD's.", "Set the World Afire Morning Wood Morning Wood is one of the greatest hits." ]

[ "Al Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Al", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Al Pitrelli", "Nicole Pitrelli", "Al", "Pitrelli", "Al Pitrelli", "Al Pitrelli" ]

[ "Al Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Al", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Alice Cooper", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Pitrelli", "Al Pitrelli", "Nicole Pitrelli", "Al", "Alice Cooper" ]

[ "John Hulley (19 February 1832 – 6 January 1875) was an English gymnastics and athletics entrepreneur who encouraged public participation in physical education to improve health and well-being, and was one of the instigators of the Olympic movement in Britain.", "At his Liverpool Gymnasium in 1865 he established the National Olympian Association, the forerunner of the British Olympic Association.", "With William Penny Brookes and Ernst Georg Ravenstein, he organised the first National Olympian Games in 1866.", "He organised a series of Assault-at-Arms gymnastic events in Liverpool and Manchester.", "He organised six Olympic Festivals between 1862 and 1867 in Liverpool and Llandudno.", "With Robert B. Cummins, he exposed American magicians the Davenport brothers.", "He introduced the velocipede into Liverpool.", "Early life\nJohn Hulley was born on 19 February 1832 at 10 Gloucester Street, Liverpool, Lancashire, the only son of John Nevitt Hulley (1803–1840) surgeon, and his wife Elizabeth Speed of Overton, Flintshire (1799–1890).", "He was baptised at St David's Church, Brownlow Hill, Liverpool on 19 July 1832.", "His four uncles, grandfather and great grandfather were all in the medical profession.", "His ancestors came from Frodsham and previously Rainow in Cheshire.", "From an early age Hulley had a keen interest in physical activities, education and fitness.", "He was taught by Louis Huguenin, the famous French gymnast who had settled in Liverpool in 1844 as a teacher of Gymnastics.", "John attended Huguenin's school in a court at the top of Lord Street for several years before matriculating from the Collegiate Institute, Shaw Street, Liverpool in 1850.", "John was destined to succeed his teacher and became the uncrowned king of the local gymnasts.", "Vocation in physical education\n\nIn January 1858 Charles Pierre Melly, a Liverpool philanthropist (an ancestor of George Melly, musician and entertainer, and Andrée Melly film actress) applied to purchase a piece of corporation land for the purpose of transforming it into a free recreative ground, and fitting it up with a gymnasium and other appliances for the use of the local working-class people.", "With John Hulley, he founded the Liverpool Athletic Club at the Rotunda Gymnasium, Bold Street, Liverpool (with the motto mens sana in corpore sano – a healthy mind in a healthy body), and was its first president.", "Hulley's first public speech on the role of physical education was given on 25 April 1861 at the Theatre Royal, Williamson Square, Liverpool and was part of a display by members of the 79th Lancashire Volunteer Rifles entitled \"A Grand Assault of Arms\".", "Several members of the Manchester Athenaeum Gymnastic Club and of M. Huguenin's Liverpool Gymnasium performed a great variety of gymnastic exercises.", "Another Assault-at-Arms was held at the same venue in December 1861, where Hulley delivered an address on physical education in which he stressed the need for physical as well as mental excellence.", "Olympic Festivals\n\nThe 1st Grand Olympic Festival was held at Mount Vernon Parade Ground, Liverpool in June 1862 and John Hulley, Honorary Secretary of the club organised the event.", "The Liverpool Mercury reported that Hulley was praised by Mr. Melly who said that \"it was entirely owing to John Hulley's indefatigable and praiseworthy exertions that the festival had been brought to such a successful and highly satisfactory issue\".", "The Mercury's report also acknowledged the work of John Hulley in making a success of the festival.", "An Assault-at-Arms was held at St. George's Hall, Liverpool in December 1862, again organised by Hulley.", "This was followed by the 2nd Olympic Festival held on 13 June 1863 at the Mount Vernon Parade Ground, Liverpool in front of 12,000 to 15,000 spectators.", "A Grand Assault-at-Arms held at the Theatre Royal, Liverpool by the Liverpool Athletic Society on 2 December 1863 was the occasion when the prizes won at the Olympic Festival in June were distributed to the winners.", "The 3rd Olympic Festival took place in the Zoological Gardens on 9 July 1864, having been postponed from a week earlier due to bad weather, and was formally opened by Sir John Jones.", "In his address he said inter alia \"I am sure you will excuse me if I bring to your notice the name of an individual who has exerted himself on behalf of the Athletic Club in a manner not to be exceeded – I mean Mr. John Hulley.", "(Loud cheers.)", "You are indebted to him for the club which has been established at Liverpool; you are indebted to him for these festivals, and as far as my knowledge goes, the most indefatigable exertions for the promotion of physical education have been displayed by him\".", "(Cheers.)", "The Foundation stone of the new Liverpool Gymnasium was officially laid on 19 July 1864 in Myrtle Street by the Mayor, with Hulley as manager and self-styled Gymnasiarch (an Athenian officer who superintended the gymnasia).", "Mr. C.P.", "Melly addressed the invited guests and explained that judging from the success of the Rotunda Gymnasium, and the large receipts from its subscribers during its short career, it was believed that if the services of Mr. Hulley could be secured then an institution might be founded which would be not only of benefit to the public, but also to those who gave their money to it.", "In 1864 Hulley had the time and inclination to write to The Times suggesting that England should adopt a type of bathing dress used by continentals – \"Gentlemen, wives and daughters walking down to the water were all dressed in a seemly yet convenient fashion.", "The men wear simply loose, baggy trousers, and a skirted Garibaldi of the same or corresponding material.", "The ladies wear what may be described as a simple Bloomer costume, consisting of jackets, shaped variously according to taste and loose trousers reaching to the ankle.", "The dress is completed by slippers, to protect the feet from the shingle, and a straw hat, neatly trimmed to protect the fair wearer's complexion\".", "Hulley's prowess in the field of physical education was formally recognised by the Wenlock Olympian Society in October 1864 when they elected him to honorary membership and awarded him a silver medal as a mark of their appreciation of his talented and valuable services in the cause of physical education.", "The medal was rediscovered in 2008 in an attic in Wallasey by a descendant of Georgiana Hulley, née Bolton, the wife of John Hulley.", "The 4th Olympic Festival was held outside Liverpool for the first time, at Llandudno on Saturday 22 and Monday 24 July 1865 at the Croquet Ground above the baths.", "Hulley again organised the festival which included an athletic meeting held on the side of the Great Orme and a Grand Procession of Illuminated Boats on the Bay.", "Unfortunately this had to be postponed from the Saturday evening to the Monday due to the Llandudno boatmen re-hiring their boats to someone else after a price had been agreed with Hulley.", "At the end of the festival Hulley was thanked and three cheers were heartily given by the crowd.", "The following week's edition of the North Wales Chronicle appealed to the organisers to organise another athletic meeting.", "The Liverpool Gymnasium was formally opened on 6 November 1865 by Lord Stanley, who said \"I congratulate the managers upon having in Mr Hulley, a director who is working out a very real and enthusiastic interest in the business which he is employed to do\".", "On the same day at the Liverpool Gymnasium Hulley took the Chair on the formation of the National Olympian Association (NOA) and the Liverpool Mercury reported the inaugural meeting with the following persons present:\n\nThis meeting was the forerunner of the modern British Olympic Association and was formed mainly through the efforts of Hulley, Dr. Brookes and Mr Ravenstein – the triumvirate of the 19th century Olympic movement.", "The NOA's articles of foundation provided the framework for the Olympic Charter.", "The traditional winter Assault-at-Arms was held at the Liverpool Gymnasium on 8 February 1866 under the auspices of Hulley, with Sir John Jones KCB, hero of Delhi and late President of the Athletic Society in the chair.", "A large audience was entertained by several gymnastic performances, broadsword and fencing contests, and boxing bouts, one of which featured Jem Mace the current English boxing champion.", "All proceeds were donated to the Children's Hospital in Liverpool.", "The 5th Olympic Festival was again held at Llandudno on 25–26 June 1866.", "John Hulley followed this event by organising a swimming fete for juveniles at the same venue on 27 July 1866.", "During his stay at Llandudno he revisited his views concerning the modes of bathing attire for males and females.", "He addressed a large gathering on the Parade and spoke about the need for British holiday resorts to follow the lead of those on the continent in the matter of dress.", "His main theme was simply that there were two things to be done before British bathing will be as decent, as moral, as enjoyable, as bathing on the continent.", "The first was to get men and women to wear decent bathing dresses; and the second was, to induce them to be in company.", "At the close of his address, discussion was invited, but, with the exception of two gentlemen who spoke in favour of Mr Hulley's views, no discussion was entered upon.", "The question was then put to the meeting whether the views advocated were such as met the approval of those present, and was carried unanimously.", "His speech was reported in the Pall Mall Gazette of 7 September 1866.", "Hulley, with help from William Penny Brookes and Ernst Ravenstein, staged Britain's first National Olympian Games held on 31 July 1866 by the River Thames at Teddington for aquatic events and 1 August 1866 at the Crystal Palace Park Cricket Ground for other events.", "John Hulley's presence at the Games and mode of dress drew considerable attention and a report in the Penny Illustrated Paper mentioned:\nA turbaned gentleman, attired in the garb of a Turk was supposed to represent the East at the Olympian Festival, but the fancifully-dressed one turned out to be the Gymnasiarch of Liverpool, John Hulley, and whom no more gorgeously apparelled.", "The Liverpool Gymnasium reopened for the winter season on Monday 10 September 1866 after a 2-month break.", "During this period Hulley had spent time on the continent visiting the principal gymnasia there.", "In March 1867, he was called upon to advise Sir Philip Egerton and Mr. Reginald Cholmondeley, representatives of the famous public school at Rugby on the erection of a new gymnasium.", "In planning for the forthcoming Olympic Festival in Liverpool, Hulley drew attention to his decision that all the contests would be open to amateurs only.", "He had taken the most stringent precautions that not only the \"professional\" but the \"semi-professional\" element would be strictly excluded and it was among these classes that disputes and disturbances most frequently arose.", "This could possibly be the first occasion in which the differences between professional and amateur sportsmen came into the public arena.", "The 6th Olympic Festival was held on 28 June 1867 at the Myrtle Street gymnasium, continued on 29 June at the Sheil Park Athletic Grounds, Liverpool.", "John Hulley gave a long speech at the former venue and offered this advice: \n\nIt appears that Hulley, now President of the Athletic Society, took a back seat in the organisation of this event because of the report which included \"and the programme was got through very shortly after the appointed time, and this act of itself testifies to the completeness of the arrangements.", "A better managed Olympic festival has not been held in Liverpool; and this is in great measure due to the exertions of Messrs J.B. Lee and W. D. Hogarth, who, after winning many laurels in the ranks as competitors, this year appeared in the character of joint honorary secretaries.\"", "On 29 August 1867 Hulley and others responded to a request from the Llandudno townsfolk by organising another Grand Carnival.", "During the day, as the programme has it, \"in order to restore a light on the evening’s amusements, a bazaar for the sale of Chinese lanterns was extemporised on the parade.\"", "At a little after 8 pm, a grand procession of boats, illuminated all over – rigging them astern – with lanterns and coloured fire, was started from the landings steps.", "A Handbook of Gymnastics And Athletics by P. G. Ravenstein, F.R.G.S., &c, President of the German Gymnastic Society, London; and John Hulley, Gymnasiarch of Liverpool was published in 1867 by Trübner & Co., London.", "A review of this book concluded that \"it will merit a place as a standard volume in the library of every English gentleman, and in every school and college throughout the land\".", "A Grand Assault at Arms was again held at the Liverpool Gymnasium, Myrtle Street, on 28 March 1868 under the direction of Hulley and a large audience of spectators witnessed an excellent programme of exercises by the gymnasts.", "During an interval in the proceedings, diplomas were presented to successful competitors by the Mayor.", "Hulley was a patron of the Mercantile Assistants' Athletic Festival which took place at Spekeland Park, Smithdown Lane, Liverpool on 11 July 1868.", "There was no mention of him in the subsequent report, and compared with his organising abilities in previous athletic festivals, this event was a very small one and appeared to signal the end of his involvement in athletic festivals in Liverpool.", "Velocipede and bicycle races\n1869 commenced with England being enthralled with the new-fangled velocipede.", "In January, Hulley immediately recognised the commercial potential of it in relation to exercises and gymnastics, and contacted several of the principle velocipede makers in Paris, New York and elsewhere.", "He eventually procured a velocipede from Paris and organised a \"Velocipede Club\" at the Liverpool Gymnasium.", "On 22 May 1869 a number of bicycle races were held at the racecourse at Hoylake.", "1000 persons watched the events, which was organised by a committee including John Hulley.", "Criticism of John Hulley?", "The general reputation of Hulley in the latter years of the 1860s appears to have lessened, but the reasons why are unclear.", "An article in the Cheshire Observer and Chester, Birkenhead, Crewe and North Wales Times of 1 May 1869, may give an indication of the view of the local press towards him, although his work regarding the health and welfare of the lower classes would have still been positive.", "The unknown author had attended a Bicycle Tournament at the Liverpool Gymnasium and had scornfully compared it with the performances of Music Hall acrobats.", "He went on to criticise Hulley as \"one of the most, it not the most unpopular man in the town, though whether that is his fault or his misfortune is not for me to determine\".", "He acknowledged that Hulley was undoubtedly a public benefactor, but went on to suggest that everyone in Liverpool was familiar \"with his grotesque figure\" and his hair reminded him of the waves in The Tempest.", "Exposure of the Davenport brothers\nHulley and a colleague called Robert B. Cummins were at the centre of the exposure of two visiting American magicians – the Davenport brothers – who tried to deceive audiences in 1865 with an escape from an allegedly escape-proof cabinet.", "This and the resultant court case attracted widespread coverage by the national press and the brothers were sued for the return of money paid to witness a séance, which did not take place.", "They were found guilty and had to refund all admission money.", "Marriage\nOn 16 July 1869 at the Ancient Unitarian Chapel, Toxteth Park, Hulley married Georgiana Bolton, only daughter of Mr. Robert Lewin Bolton, merchant of Liverpool and granddaughter of Thomas Bolton who was Mayor of Liverpool in 1840.", "The marriage was an explosive affair: the father by some means had learnt of the proposed nuptials, and at once put in force parental authority to prevent its being carried out to its full fruition.", "The means taken for this purpose were of the most effectual character.", "The lady was locked in her chamber, and to all her entreaties \"the father was flint and the mother was stone\".", "However, love prevailed in the face of adversity and thanks to assistance by friends, the couple married a day later.", "This attracted widespread press coverage throughout the country and several reports of the on-off-on marriage filled the columns of many newspapers for several days after the event.", "A daughter, Georgiana Theodosis, was born in Liverpool in December 1870.", "Death\n\nApart from a brief mention in an event at the Gymnasium in February 1873, Hulley faded from the public spotlight after being in its glare for over 12 years.", "Later reports talk about a trip to North America; he also wintered on the continent to avoid the worst of the English weather but remained in Liverpool throughout the winter of 1874–75 and unfortunately encountered severe weather.", "This proved fatal and he died on 6 January 1875 at 91 Grove Street, Liverpool, aged 42.", "He was survived by his wife Georgiana and daughter Georgiana Theodosis.", "Hulley's funeral was conducted by Hugh Stowell Brown, a well-known Baptist minister.", "At the funeral in Smithdown Road Cemetery on 11 January 1875, Brown spoke of the value of physical conditioning: 'exercises benefit the pupils in bodily health, but they led to the cultivation of manly habits, of temperance, and of self-denial, and so acted upon the moral character as well as the physical frame.'", "In his Commonplace Book Brown noted: \n\"Today I buried John Hulley, the Gymnasiarch.", "He was at one time apparently a very popular man in Liverpool, but there were not more than a dozen people at his funeral.", "It is a heartless world!\"", "Recent events\n\nRediscovery of John Hulley's grave\nThe revival of his role in Olympic history was initiated by an article in the Journal of Olympic History entitled \"The Mystery of John Hulley\".", "Subsequently, his grave was rediscovered in 2008; it was badly damaged in that the headstone had been removed from the main covering stones and the grave was in a very bad condition from 130 years of atmospheric pollution.", "The John Hulley Memorial Fund\nA Memorial Fund was set up to raise money for the restoration of Hulley's grave; to increase awareness of his part in the founding of the British Olympic movement and to revive the interest in him as one of England's finest and forward-looking men.", "This took several months but thanks to generous donations from the International Olympic Committee, the British Olympic Association, and members of the public, sufficient funds were raised to engage a stonemason.", "Restoration and Re-dedication of John Hulley’s grave\nMessrs Welsbys of Liverpool renovated the grave and brought it back to its original condition and a re-dedication ceremony was held on Sunday 14 June 2009 at Toxteth Park Cemetery, Smithdown Road.", "An Olympic flag had been borrowed from the International Olympic Committee to cover the grave and the Revd Graham Murphy B.A.", "Dip.Post.Theol., Minister of Toxteth Unitarian Chapel, Liverpool spoke about John Hulley:\n\nThe John Hulley Memorial plaque\nThe plaque commemorating the life and work of the Liverpool Gymnasiarch John Hulley was unveiled on Friday 25 April 2014 by the Lord-Lieutenant of Merseyside and the Lord Mayor of Liverpool at the Lifestyles Park Road Sports Centre.", "Before an audience of invited guests, Tom Southern, Director of Operation Pathfinder and member of the John Hulley Olympic Festival committee, welcomed everyone to the ceremony and introduced Robin Baynes MBE founder of the Liverpool Heartbeat charity, and Ray Hulley family historian, as keynote speakers at the ceremony.", "Robin gave an overview of the John Hulley Olympic Festival and the current work in hand to publicise forthcoming events, and Ray spoke of how he researched the life and death of John Hulley and the work necessary to renovate and rededicate his grave.", "Tom Southern then invited the Lord-Lieutenant (Dame Lorna E F Muirhead DBE) to address the gathering before presenting the plaque on behalf of her Majesty the Queen to The Lord Mayor Councillor Gary Millar who accepted it on behalf of the city of Liverpool.", "Waterfront Statue\nOn 14 June 2019, Princess Anne unveiled a statue of Hulley on Coburg Wharf, beside the Mersey river.", "Also in attendance was Tim Quinn, a former Marvel comic book creator who collaborated with Russ Leach to create a comic immortalising Hulley as \"The First Superhero\", and a number of schoolchildren from the schools where Tim has given talks.", "Acknowledgements and tributes\nMany acknowledgements and tributes to Hulley's devotion to physical education were made during his lifetime including the following.", "A correspondent, writing in the Liverpool Mercury of 6 May 1863 reflected the feeling of a growing number of Liverpudlians: \n\nLord Stanley formally opened the Liverpool Gymnasium on 7 November 1865 and was fulsome in his praise of Hulley.", "He congratulated the managers upon having in Mr. Hulley a director, who is working not merely for the salary he earns, and which they will be the first to admit is a very inadequate recompense for his labour, but who is working out of a real and enthusiastic interest in the business he is employed to do.", "He went on to say:\n\nFollowing his death, the Liverpool Mercury wrote:\n\nAn account of Hulley's life was featured in the Liverpool Citizen of 25 February 1888 by an unknown writer who obviously had a close association with him.", "Finally, a 21st-century tribute to him has been instrumental in reviving John Hulley's name, deeds and influence in the early Olympic movement in time for the Games of the XXX Olympiad in London:\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Day, Dave; Editor (2011).", "Sporting Lives.", "Manchester Metropolitan University Institute for Performance Research. .\n Hulley, Ray, The History and Hulley Families of the One House, Rainow near Macclesfield, Cheshire (Second Edition), Longview Publishing, (Hemel Hempstead), 2015. .\n Polley, Martin, Author (2011).", "The British Olympics: Britain's Olympic Heritage 1612-2012 (Played in Britain); English Heritage. .", "The Exposure of the Davenport Brothers by John Hulley and Robert Cummins\n Liverpool \"Olympic Festivals\" of the 1860s.", "Northern Athletics\n How Llandudno staged Olympics before the modern games.", "BBC News, 5 June 2012\n Liverpool recalls 1862 Olympic founder John Hulley.", "BBC News, 27 July 2012\n\nExternal links\n John Hulley Memorial Fund\n John Hulley – British Olympic Founder\n Liverpool Heartbeat – John Hulley Olympic Festival\n Hulley Family History\n BBC North West Tonight, 31 July 2012\n\n1832 births\n1875 deaths\nFounders of the modern Olympic Games\nSport in Liverpool\nSportspeople from Liverpool\nEnglish sceptics\n19th-century English businesspeople" ]

[ "One of the instigators of the Olympic movement in Britain was John Hulley, an English gymnastics and athletics entrepreneur who encouraged public participation in physical education to improve health and well-being.", "In 1865, he established the National Olympian Association.", "The first National Olympian Games were organised by him.", "He organised gymnastic events in Manchester.", "In the 19th century, he organised six Olympic Festivals in Llandudno.", "The Davenport brothers were exposed by Robert B. Cummins.", "The velocipede was introduced into the city.", "John Hulley was the only son of John Nevitt Hulley and his wife Elizabeth Speed and was born in February of 1832.", "He was christened at St David's Church in Brownlow Hill.", "Four of his family members were in the medical profession.", "His ancestors came from both Rainow and Frodsham.", "Hulley was interested in physical activities, education and fitness from an early age.", "He was taught gymnastics by Louis Huguenin, a famous French gymnast who settled in the city in the 19th century.", "The court at the top of Lord Street was where John attended Huguenin's school for a number of years.", "John was destined to be the king of the gymnasts.", "Charles Pierre Melly, a descendant of George Melly, musician and entertainer, applied to purchase a piece of corporation land for the purpose of transforming it into a free recreative ground.", "He was the first president of theLiverpool Athletic Club, founded with John Hulley, and with the motto mens sana in corpore sano, a healthy mind in a healthy body.", "Hulley's first public speech on the role of physical education was given on 25 April 1861 at the Theatre Royal, which was part of a display called \"A Grand assault of Arms\".", "Several members of the Manchester Athenaeum Gymnastic Club performed gymnastic exercises.", "In December 1861, Hulley gave an address on physical education at the same venue, in which he stressed the need for physical as well as mental excellence.", "The 1st Grand Olympic Festival was held at Mount Vernon Parade Ground in June of 1862 and was organised by John Hulley.", "The festival had been brought to such a successful and highly satisfactory issue that it was solely due to John Hulley's indefatigable and praiseworthy efforts.", "The work of John Hulley was acknowledged in the Mercury's report.", "An assault-at-arms was held at St. George's Hall in December of 1862.", "The 2nd Olympic Festival was held on 13 June 1863 at the Mount Vernon Parade Ground in front of 12,000 to 15,000 spectators.", "The prizes won at the Olympic Festival in June were distributed at the Grand assault-at-Arms held in December 1863.", "Sir John Jones opened the 3rd Olympic Festival in the Zoological Gardens on July 9, 1864, after it was delayed from a week earlier due to bad weather.", "\"I am sure you will excuse me if I bring to your notice the name of an individual who has exerted himself on behalf of the Athletic Club in a manner not to be exceeded,\" he said in his address.", "Loud cheers.", "The most indefatigable exertions for the promotion of physical education have been displayed by him, and you are indebted to him for the club which has been established.", "Cheers.", "Hulley was the manager and self-styled Gymnasiarch of the gymnasia when the foundation stone was laid in July of 1864.", "Mr. C.P.", "Melly told the guests that if the services of Mr. Hulley could be secured then an institution might be founded which would be of benefit.", "In 1864 Hulley had the time and inclination to write to The Times suggesting that England should adopt a type of bathing dress used by continentals - \"Gentlemen, wives and daughters walking down to the water were all dressed in a seemly yet convenient fashion.\"", "The men wear baggy pants and skirts of the same material.", "The ladies wear what may be described as a simple Bloomer costume, consisting of jackets, shaped according to taste and loose trousers reaching to the ankle.", "A straw hat is trimmed to protect the fair wearer's complexion, and the dress is wrapped around the feet to protect them from the shingle.", "The Wenlock Olympian Society gave Hulley a silver medal as a mark of their appreciation of his services in the cause of physical education after they elected him to honorary membership in October 1864.", "A descendant of Georgiana Hulley found the medal in an attic in 2008.", "The 4th Olympic Festival was held at the Croquet Ground above the baths in Llandudno for the first time.", "The festival included an athletic meeting on the side of the Great Orme and a Grand Procession of Illuminated Boats on the Bay.", "Due to the Llandudno boatmen re-hiring their boats to someone else after a price had been agreed with Hulley, this had to be postponed from the Saturday evening to the Monday.", "The crowd gave three cheers when Hulley was thanked at the end of the festival.", "The organizers of an athletic meeting were appealed to by the North Wales Chronicle.", "Lord Stanley opened the gym on 6 November 1865 and said \"I congratulate the managers upon having in Mr Hulley, a director who is working out a very real and enthusiastic interest in the business which he is employed to do\".", "The first meeting of the National Olympian Association was held on the same day as Hulley took the Chair and the Mercury reported it.", "The framework for the Olympic Charter was provided by the NOA's articles of foundation.", "Sir John Jones KCB, hero of Delhi and the late President of the Athletic Society, was in the chair for the winter assault-at-Arms held in February of 1865.", "A large audience was entertained by gymnastic performances, broadsword and fencing contests, and boxing bouts, one of which featured Jem Mace the current English boxing champion.", "The money was donated to the Children's Hospital.", "The 5th Olympic Festival was held at Llandudno.", "The swimming fete for juvenile was organised by John Hulley.", "He revisits his views on bathing attire for males and females during his stay at Llandudno.", "He spoke about the need for British holiday resorts to follow in the footsteps of those in Europe in regards to dress.", "There were two things to be done before British bathing will be as decent, moral, and enjoyable as bathing on the continent.", "The first was to get men and women to wear bathing dresses, and the second was to get them to be in company.", "At the close of his address, discussion was invited but, with the exception of two gentlemen who spoke in favour of Mr Hulley's views, no discussion was entered.", "The question was put to the meeting to see if the views were approved by those present.", "His speech was reported in a newspaper.", "The first National Olympian Games were held at the Crystal Palace Park Cricket Ground in August of 1866 and at the River Thames in July of that year.", "John Hulley's presence at the Games and mode of dress drew a lot of attention, but a fancifully-dressed gentleman was supposed to represent the East at the Olympian Festival.", "The Gymnasium reopened for the winter season after a break of 2 months.", "Hulley had been to the principal gymnasia on the continent.", "In March 1867, he was called upon to advise Sir Philip Egerton and the representatives of the famous public school at Rugby on the erection of a new gymnasium.", "Hulley drew attention to his decision that all the contests would only be open to amateur athletes.", "The \"semi-professional\" element would be strictly excluded and he had taken the most stringent precautions that not only the \"professional\" but the \"semi-professional\" element would be excluded.", "This could be the first time that the differences between professional and amateur sportsmen come into public view.", "The 6th Olympic Festival was held at the Sheil Park Athletic Grounds in the summer of 1867.", "The President of the Athletic Society, John Hulley, took a back seat in the organisation of the event because of the report which included \"and the programme was got through very shortly after the appointed time.\"", "Due to the efforts of J.B. Lee and W. D. Hogarth, a better managed Olympic festival has not been held in the city.", "The Llandudno townsfolk requested another Grand Carnival on August 29, 1867.", "In order to restore a light on the evening's amusements, a bazaar for the sale of Chinese lanterns was extemporised on the parade.", "At a little after 8 pm, a grand procession of boats, illuminated all over, rigging them astern, with lanterns and coloured fire, was started from the landings steps.", "A handbook of gymnastics and athletics was published in 1867.", "It will merit a place in the library of every English gentleman and in every school and college throughout the land according to a review of the book.", "A large audience of spectators watched an excellent programme of exercises by the gymnasts at the Grand assault at Arms on 28 March 1868, under the direction of Hulley.", "The Mayor presented diplomas to successful competitors during the interval.", "The Mercantile Assistants' Athletic Festival took place at Spekeland Park on July 11, 1868.", "There was no mention of him in the report and it appeared to be the end of his involvement in athletic festivals in the city.", "England was enthralled with the new velocipede in 1869.", "Hulley contacted several of the principle velocipede makers in Paris, New York and elsewhere after recognizing the commercial potential of it in relation to exercises and gymnastics.", "The \"Velocipede Club\" was organised by him after he procured a velocipede from Paris.", "A number of bicycle races were held at Hoylake in 1869.", "The events were organised by a committee including John Hulley.", "Is there any criticism of John Hulley?", "The reasons why Hulley's reputation waned in the late 1860s are not clear.", "An article in the Cheshire Observer and Chester, Birkenhead, Crewe and North Wales Times of 1 May 1869 may give an indication of the view of the local press towards him, although his work regarding the health and welfare of the lower classes would have still been positive.", "The bicycle tournament was attended by an unknown author who compared it to the performances of Music Hall acrobats.", "He said that Hulley was one of the most unpopular men in the town, though he didn't know whether that was his fault or his misfortune.", "He suggested that Hulley's hair reminded him of The Tempest and that everyone in the city was familiar with his grotesque figure.", "Two American magicians, the Davenport brothers and Robert B. Cummins, were exposed in 1865 for trying to escape from an escape-proof cabinet.", "The brothers were sued for the return of money paid to witness a séance, which did not take place, because of widespread coverage by the national press.", "They had to pay back all the admission money.", "Georgiana and Hulley were married on 16 July 1869 at the Ancient Unitarian Chapel, Toxteth Park.", "The marriage was a big deal because the father had learned of the proposal and at the same time put in place parental authority to prevent it from being carried out.", "The most effectual character was used for this purpose.", "The father was flint and the mother was stone, as the lady was locked in her chamber.", "Thanks to the help of friends, the couple married a day later.", "Several reports of the on-off-on marriage filled the columns of many newspapers for several days after the event.", "Georgiana Theodosis was born in December 1870.", "Hulley faded from the public spotlight after being in it's glare for over 12 years.", "He wintered on the North American continent to avoid the worst of the English weather but remained in the city during the winter of 1874–75.", "He died on January 6, 1875 at the age of 42.", "He was buried with his wife and daughter.", "Hugh Stowell Brown is a well-known Baptist minister.", "Brown spoke about the value of physical conditioning at the funeral in Smithdown Road Cemetery.", "John Hulley, the Gymnasiarch, was buried today.", "He was a very popular man in the city, but there weren't many people at his funeral.", "It is a cruel world.", "John Hulley's role in Olympic history was revived by an article in the Journal of Olympic History entitled \"The Mystery of John Hulley\".", "The grave was badly damaged when it was rediscovered in 2008 due to the fact that the headstone had been removed from the main covering stones.", "The John Hulley Memorial Fund was set up to raise money for the restoration of Hulley's grave, to increase awareness of his part in the founding of the British Olympic movement, and to revive the interest in him as one of England's finest and forward-looking men.", "Thanks to generous donations from the International Olympic Committee, the British Olympic Association, and members of the public, sufficient funds were raised to engage a stonemason.", "The grave of John Hulley was renovated and re-dedication took place at Toxteth Park Cemetery on June 14, 2009.", "The Revd Graham Murphy B.A. borrowed a flag from the International Olympic Committee to cover the grave.", "The John Hulley Memorial plaque was unveiled on April 25th by the Lord-Lieutenant.", "Before an audience of invited guests, Tom Southern, Director of Operation Pathfinder and member of the John Hulley Olympic Festival committee welcomed everyone to the ceremony and introduced Robin Baynes and Ray Hulley as keynote speakers.", "Robin gave an overview of the John Hulley Olympic Festival and the current work in hand to publicise forthcoming events, and Ray spoke of how he researched the life and death of John Hulley.", "Tom invited the Lord-Lieutenant to address the gathering before presenting the plaque on behalf of the Queen to the Lord Mayor who accepted it.", "The statue of Hulley was unveiled by Princess Anne on June 14, 2019.", "A number of children from the schools where Tim has given talks were also in attendance.", "Hulley's devotion to physical education was acknowledged during his lifetime.", "Lord Stanley opened theLiverpool Gymnasium on November 7, 1865 and was fulsome in his praise of Hulley.", "He applauded the managers for having in Mr. Hulley a director who is working not just for the salary he earns, but who is working out of a real and enthusiastic interest in the business he is in.", "An account of Hulley's life was published in theLiverpool Citizen on February 25, 1888, by an unknown writer who had a close association with him.", "The revival of John Hulley's name, deeds and influence in the early Olympic movement has been aided by a 21st-century tribute to him.", "There are sporting lives.", "Hulley, Ray, The History and Hulley Families of the One House was published in 2015.", "The British Olympics: Britain's Olympic Heritage 1612-2012 was broadcasted in Britain.", "The Exposure of the Davenport Brothers was written by John Hulley and Robert Cummins.", "Llandudno staged the Olympics before the modern games.", "John Hulley was the Olympic founder.", "The John Hulley Memorial Fund is linked to the John Hulley Olympic Festival Hulley Family History." ]

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[ "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Nevitt", "Hulley", "John", "John", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Jones", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "John Jones", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley", "Ray Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "Hulley", "John Hulley", "John Hulley" ]

[ "Kiran Bedi (born 9 June 1949) is the first woman in India to join the officer ranks of the Indian Police Service (IPS), social activist and tennis player, who was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry from 28 May 2016 to 16 February 2021.", "She is the first Indian female to become an officer in the Indian Police Service and started her service in 1972.", "She remained in service for 35 years before taking voluntary retirement in 2007 as Director General, Bureau of Police Research and Development.", "As a teenager, Bedi was crowned the national junior tennis champion in 1966.", "Between 1965 and 1978, she won several titles at various national and state-level championships.", "After joining the IPS, Bedi served in Delhi, Goa, Chandigarh and Mizoram.", "She started her career as an Assistant Superintendent of Police (ASP) in the Chanakyapuri area of Delhi, and won the President's Police Medal in 1979.", "Next, she moved to West Delhi, where she brought about a reduction in crimes against women.", "Subsequently, as a traffic police officer, she oversaw traffic arrangements for the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi and the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1983 in Goa.", "As Deputy Commissioner of Police of North Delhi, she launched a campaign against drug abuse, which evolved into the Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation (renamed to Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007).", "In May 1993, Bedi was posted to the Delhi Prisons as Inspector General (IG).", "She introduced several reforms at Tihar Jail, which gained worldwide acclaim and won her the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994.", "In 2003, Bedi became the first Indian and first woman to be appointed as head of the United Nations Police and Police Advisor in the United Nations Department of Peace Operations.", "She resigned in 2007, to focus on social activism and writing.", "She has written several books, and runs the India Vision Foundation.", "During 2008–11, she hosted a court show Aap Ki Kachehri.", "She was one of the key leaders of the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement, and joined the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) in January 2015.", "She unsuccessfully contested the 2015 Delhi Assembly election as the party's Chief Ministerial candidate.", "Early life and education \nBedi was born on 9 June 1949 in Amritsar, in a well-to-do Punjabi business family.", "She is the second child of Prakash Lal Peshawaria and Prem Lata (born Janak Arora).", "She has three sisters: Shashi, Reeta, and Anu.", "Her great-great-grandfather Lala Hargobind had migrated from Peshawar to Amritsar, where he set up a business.", "Bedi's upbringing was not very religious, but she was brought up in both Hindu and Sikh traditions (her grandmother was a Sikh).", "Prakash Lal helped with the family's textile business, and also played tennis.", "Bedi's grandfather Muni Lal controlled the family business and gave an allowance to her father.", "He cut this allowance when Bedi's elder sister Shashi was enrolled in the Sacred Heart Convent School, Amritsar.", "Although the school was 16 km away from their home, Shashi's parents believed it offered a better education than other schools.", "Muni Lal was opposed to his grandchild being educated in a Christian school.", "However, Prakash Lal declared financial independence and enrolled all his daughters, including Kiran, in the same school.", "Bedi started her formal studies in 1954, at the Sacred Heart Convent School in Amritsar.", "She participated in National Cadet Corps (NCC), among other extra-curricular activities.", "At that time, Sacred Heart did not offer science; instead, it had a subject called \"household\", which was aimed at grooming girls into good housewives.", "When she was in Class 9, Bedi joined Cambridge College, a private institute that offered science education and prepared her for matriculation exam.", "By the time her former schoolmates at Sacred Heart cleared Class 9, she cleared the Class 10 (matriculation) exam.", "Bedi graduated in 1968, with a BA (Honours) in English, from Government College for Women at Amritsar.", "The same year, she won the NCC Cadet Officer Award.", "In 1970, she obtained a master's degree in political science from Punjab University, Chandigarh.", "From 1970 to 1972, Bedi taught as a lecturer at Khalsa College for Women in Amritsar.", "She taught courses related to political science.", "Later, during her career in the Indian Police Service, she also earned a law degree from Faculty of Law, University of Delhi in 1988 and a Ph.D. from IIT Delhi's Department of Social Sciences in 1993.", "Tennis career \n\nInspired by her father, Bedi started playing tennis at the tender age of nine.", "As a teenage tennis player, she cut her hair short as they interfered with her game.", "In 1964, she played her first tournament outside Amritsar, participating in the national junior lawn tennis championship at Delhi Gymkhana.", "She lost in early rounds, but came back to win the trophy two years later, in 1966.", "As the national champion, she was eligible for entry to the Wimbledon junior championship, but was not nominated by the Indian administration.", "Between 1965 and 1978, Bedi won several tennis championships, including:\n\nBedi was also a part of Indian team that beat Sri Lanka to win the Lionel Fonseka Memorial Trophy in Colombo.", "She continued playing tennis until the age of thirty, when she started focusing on her Indian Police Service career.", "In 1972, she married fellow tennis player Brij Bedi; the two had met on Service Club courts in Amritsar.", "Indian Police Service Career \n\nAs a young woman, Bedi frequented the Service Club in Amritsar, where interaction with senior civil servants inspired her to take up a public service career.", "On 16 July 1972, Bedi started her police training at the National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie.", "She was the only woman in a batch of 80 men, and became the first woman IPS officer.", "After a 6-month foundation course, she underwent another 9 months of police training at Mount Abu in Rajasthan, and further training with Punjab Police in 1974.", "Based on a draw, she was allocated to the union territory cadre (now called AGMUT or Arunachal Pradesh-Goa-Mizoram-Union Territories cadre).", "First posting in Delhi \n\nBedi's first posting was to the Chanakyapuri subdivision of Delhi in 1975.", "The same year, she became the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade in 1975.", "Her daughter Sukriti (later Saina) was born in September 1975.", "Chanakyapuri was an affluent area that included the Parliament building, foreign embassies, and the residences of the PM and the President.", "The crimes in the area were mainly limited to minor thefts, but political demonstrations (which sometimes turned violent) were a regular occurrence.", "During the 1970s, there were many clashes between Nirankari and Akali Sikhs.", "On 15 November 1978, a group of Nirankaris held a congregation near India Gate.", "A contingent of 700–800 Akalis organized a demonstration against them.", "DCP Bedi's platoon was deployed to stop the protesters and prevent violence.", "As the protesters resorted to brick-batting, Bedi charged them with a cane, although there was no tear gas squad to support her unit.", "One of the demonstrators ran towards her with a naked sword, but she charged him as well as other demonstrators with a cane.", "Ultimately, her unit was able to disperse the demonstrators.", "For this action, Bedi was awarded the President's Police Medal for Gallantry (1979), in October 1980.", "In 1979, Bedi was posted to Delhi's West District, where there were not enough officers to handle the high volume of criminal activity.", "To compensate, she started recruiting civilian volunteers.", "Each village in the district was night patrolled by six civilians led by an armed policeman.", "She enabled anonymous reporting of any knowledge about crimes.", "She clamped down on bootlegging and the illicit liquor business to reduce crimes in the area.", "Bedi implemented an open door policy, which encouraged citizens to interact with her.", "She implemented a \"beat box\" system: a complaint box was installed in each ward, and the beat constables were instructed to have their lunch near this box at a set time each day.", "She regularly asked people if they knew about the beat constable assigned to their area, and also walked with the constables to raise their self-esteem.", "Within 3 months, there was a reduction in crimes.", "There was a drop in cases related to \"eve teasing\" (sexual harassment of women) and wife beating.", "This gained her the goodwill of local women, who also volunteered their services to help fight crime in the area.", "In October 1981, Bedi was made DCP (Traffic).", "The preparation for the 1982 Asian Games had caused traffic snarls in the city.", "The construction of 19 sports stadiums and several flyovers had resulted in a number of blockades and diversions.", "Bedi encouraged coordination between the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking and Delhi Development Authority.", "She clamped down on errant motorists with a heavy hand.", "She replaced challans (traffic tickets) with spot fines.", "Her team towed improperly parked vehicles using six tow trucks (\"cranes\") for traffic control.", "This earned her the nickname \"Crane Bedi\".", "On 5 August 1982, an Ambassador car (DHI 1817) belonging to Prime Minister Office was towed away by sub-inspector Nirmal Singh, as it was wrongly parked outside the Yusufzai Market at Connaught Place.", "Singh was fully supported by Bedi and her superior Ashok Tandon.", "To raise funds for traffic guidance materials, Bedi presented Asian Games traffic management plan to a group of sponsors.", "The sponsors committed to providing road safety and other educational material worth 35,00,000.", "She also bought traffic police jeeps for her officers; for the first time, four wheelers were allocated to inspectors in the traffic unit.", "After the Asian Games were over, she was given Asian Jyoti award for excellence.", "She refused to accept the award for herself alone, and recommended that it be given to entire traffic unit.", "Bedi did not spare errant motorists from the rich and influential section of the society, which resulted in a powerful lobby against her.", "Her victims included the Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation and her own sister-in-law.", "After the Asian Games were over, she was transferred to Goa for 3 years.", "According to contemporary rumours, Indira Gandhi's aides R. K. Dhawan and Yashpal Kapoor, as well as her yoga instructor Dhirendra Brahmachari (whom Bedi had personally fined for a wrongly parked car), played a role in her transfer.", "According to another theory, the loss of revenue resulting from her experiment of holding classes for traffic violators (instead of fining them) was a major factor in her transfer.", "Her 7-year-old daughter suffered from nephritic syndrome since the age of 3, and was seriously ill at the time.", "Bedi requested the Home Ministry to not to transfer her out of Delhi until her daughter's condition became stable.", "According to Bedi, she had put herself in a \"very vulnerable situation\", and the only people who could help her were the ones \"who had been offended by my 'equal enforcement of law'\".", "Her request was not entertained, and she had to leave behind her daughter, who was too ill to accompany her.", "Goa \n\nBedi arrived in Goa in March 1983, on a three-year assignment.", "A few months after her arrival, the Zuari Bridge was completed but not opened to public; the state government wanted Indira Gandhi to come from Delhi and inaugurate it formally.", "However, they were not able to secure confirmation from Indira Gandhi for several days.", "The public had to use ferries to transfer their vehicles across the Zuari River.", "One day, during a patrol, Bedi noticed that there was a huge mass at the ferry boarding point.", "She drove to the bridge, removed the blockades and diverted the traffic waiting at ferry to the bridge.", "This unofficial inauguration angered many politicians.", "In November 1983, Goa hosted the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet (CHOGM).", "Bedi involved NCC cadets in Goa for traffic regulation along the VIP routes.", "Shortly after the CHOGM ended, her daughter's medical condition worsened.", "Bedi applied for leave, so that she could go to Delhi and take care of her daughter.", "Until this point, she had not taken privilege leave in her decade-long career, and her leaves had always lapsed.", "Inspector General of Police (IGP) Rajendra Mohan recommended her leave application, but the leave was not officially sanctioned by the Goa government.", "Bedi left for Delhi anyway, since she had enough leaves in her account.", "Her daughter was hospitalised at AIIMS for one week.", "After her daughter was discharged from hospital, Bedi decided to stay in Delhi until her recovery.", "Bedi sent a personal letter to the IGP, as well as a detailed explanation to the Goa government, with medical reports and certificates.", "However, in a statement to United News of India (UNI), the Goa Chief Minister Pratapsingh Rane declared her absconding and absent without leave.", "After seeing Bedi's daughter's condition in Delhi, UNI published a rebuttal to the Chief Minister's statement.", "This made Goa government even more hostile to Bedi.", "Back to Delhi \n\nAfter being declared absent without sanctioned leave, Bedi was not given any assignment for six months.", "When her daughter's condition became stable, she met the Union Home Secretary T. N. Chaturvedi, who reinstated her.", "She was assigned to the Railway Protection Force in New Delhi, as a Deputy Commandant.", "Six months later, after appealing to a senior official in Prime Minister's Office, she was reassigned to the Department of Industrial Development, as a deputy director.", "There, she worked under the Directorate General of Industrial Contingency (DGIC), as a strike mediator between labor and management.", "Bedi left DGIC in October 1985, and shortly after her departure, the organization was wound up as part of an economy drive.", "In 1985, Police Commissioner Ved Marwah made a special request for Bedi to be assigned to the police headquarters.", "There, Bedi cleared several pending files and sanctioned 1,600 promotions in a single day to motivate the staff.", "Campaign against drugs \n\nIn 1986, Bedi became DCP of Delhi's North District, where the primary problem was rampant drug abuse.", "At that time, Delhi had only one centre for treatment of drug addicts – Ashiana, which was run by the New Delhi Municipal Corporation.", "With help from her superiors, Bedi set up a detox center in one of the police premises.", "The center relied on community donations of furniture, blankets, medicines and other supplies.", "It also received voluntary services from doctors and yoga teachers.", "Within a year, five more detox centers were set up.", "Each center was intended to serve up to 30 patients, but at one time, each center catered to around 100 patients.", "The initiative was widely noticed, and Bedi travelled all over India, giving presentations and lectures on the programme.", "Before she was transferred to a new post, she and 15 other police officers institutionalized the detox centers as Navjyoti Police Foundation for Correction, De-addiction and Rehabilitation.", "Bedi served as the General Secretary of the Foundation.", "Lawyers' strike \n\nIn the 1980s, Bedi attracted ire of Delhi politicians and lawyers.", "First, she ordered lathi charge on a Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) assembly in Red Fort area, and arrested its leaders.", "A few months later, she arrested Congress(I) MP J.P. Agarwal for violating curfew orders.", "In January 1988, the Delhi Police caught a man stealing from a girl's purse at St. Stephen's College.", "A few weeks later, he was arrested again for trespassing into a women's toilet and writing obscene graffiti inside.", "One of Bedi's officers arrested and handcuffed the man.", "When he was produced in the court, he was recognized as Rajesh Agnihotri, a lawyer practicing at the Tis Hazari Courts Complex.", "The man had given a different name when he was arrested, and his lawyer colleagues claimed that he had been falsely framed.", "The protesters also argued that lawyers must not be handcuffed even if there are proper grounds for their arrest.", "Bedi vociferously defended her officer's action.", "The lawyers organized a strike and led a procession to DCP (North) office.", "Not finding DCP Bedi at the office, the lawyers manhandled Additional DCP Sandhu.", "This led to a scuffle between the cops and the lawyers.", "The lawyers escalated their strike, and several politicians supported the lawyers in demanding suspension of Bedi.", "On 21 January, the police lathi-charged the striking lawyers in Tis Hazari complex.", "This further enraged the lawyers.", "On 17 February, a mob of an estimated 600–1000 people led by the Congress corporator Rajesh Yadav arrived at Tis Hazari court.", "The mob was armed with brickbats, hockey sticks and small rods.", "It raised slogans in support of Bedi and Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi.", "It stoned the lawyers' chambers and smashed the windscreens of their cars.", "The police force deployed in the area did not try to stop the mob violence, although some individual policemen tried to control the mob.", "Bedi denied any connivance in the incident.", "The police later arrested Rajesh Yadav, and charged him with rioting and conspiracy.", "The Congress distanced itself from Yadav and ousted him.", "For the next two months, the lawyers stopped courts from functioning in Delhi and neighbouring states, demanding Bedi's resignation.", "The strike was called off after the Delhi High Court constituted a two-judge committee to investigate the matter.", "Known as Wadhwa Commission, the committee consisted of Justice DP Wadhwa and Justice NN Goswamy.", "KK Venugopal, the lawyers' counsel, produced evidence that on 17 February, all police stations in the zone knew that a 2000-strong mob was heading towards Tis Hazari Courts Complex, where the lawyers were on a hunger strike.", "Despite this, no police force was deputed to protect them.", "In its interim report, the Commission expressed concern over police lapses.", "The judges said that they wanted to investigate the matter further, and recommended transfer of five police officers (including Bedi) out of North Delhi, during the investigation period.", "Even before the report was made public, in April 1988, the Union Government transferred Bedi to the post of deputy director (Operations) in the Narcotics Control Bureau (NCB), also in Delhi.", "Two days later, the four other officers mentioned in the report were also transferred.", "The members of the Delhi Bar Association were not satisfied with Bedi's transfer, and wanted her suspended.", "However, the Police Commissioner Ved Marwah refused to suspend Bedi.", "The commission's final report, released in April 1990, censured all the parties.", "The report stated that the arrest of Rajesh Agnihotri was justified, but his handcuffing was illegal.", "It also concluded that an \"indiscriminate and unjustified\" lathi-charge on the lawyers was ordered by Bedi, and that she had connived with the municipal councillor to organize the mob attack on the lawyers.", "The scholarly legal commentary was divided, with some supporting Bedi, citing her \"unblemished\" service record.", "Mizoram \n\nAfter Bedi was censured by the Wadhwa Commission, it was decided to transfer her out of Delhi.", "She wanted a challenging posting in either Andamans, Arunachal Pradesh or Mizoram.", "She hoped that this would lead to her reassignment to Delhi Police after a few years (after \"hard\" postings, government servants are unofficially entitled to a post they desire).", "She requested Joint Secretary (Union Territories) to transfer her to Mizoram, a remote border state in North-East India.", "When she didn't get any firm response, she wrote to the home secretary Naresh Kumar.", "Along with Bedi's batchmate Pardeep Singh, Naresh Kumar convinced the Joint Secretary to transfer her to Mizoram.", "They pointed out that officers who were given Mizoram posting refused to go there, while Bedi was volunteering to go there.", "Bedi reported to the Mizoram Government in Aizawl on 27 April 1990.", "Her designation was Deputy Inspector General (Range).", "Her parents and her daughter also moved to Mizoram.", "Consumption of alcohol, especially home-brewed rice liquor Zu, was very common in Mizoram.", "Several of Bedi's officers were alcoholics.", "At first, she didn't stop them since Zu was a part of Mizo culture, and she didn't want to be seen as someone who interfered with the local culture.", "Later, she opened an indoor de-addiction facility for alcoholic policemen.", "The major crime in the district was heroin smuggling across the Burmese border.", "A number of teenagers were drug addicts, with proxyvon and heroin being the most common drugs.", "Most of the repeat criminal offenders were alcoholic.", "Since Mizoram was a Christian-majority state, Bedi utilized Christian prayers to reduce drug and alcohol-induced criminal behavior.", "She declared Saturdays \"prayer and rehabilitation day\" at district police stations, despite protests from the Superintendent of Police, who was an atheist.", "Every Saturday, past criminals would be brought to the police station to pray and learn and to receive treatment for alcoholism.", "While in Mizoram, she completed a major part of her Ph.D. research.", "(Later, in September 1993, she was awarded a doctorate by IIT Delhi's Department of Social Sciences, for her thesis on Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence.)", "During her stay in Mizoram, she also started writing her autobiography.", "In September 1992, her daughter Sukriti applied for a seat in Lady Hardinge Medical College (Delhi), under a quota for Mizoram residents.", "Students of Mizoram launched a violent agitation against the allocation, on the grounds that she was a non-Mizo.", "Sukriti had topped the merit list with 89% marks, and was given seat from the Central pool, according to the government guidelines.", "Mizoram's Chief Minister Lal Thanhawla asked her to surrender the seat in \"the larger interests of the state\", although he accepted that \"there was nothing illegal in her daughter getting the seat\".", "Bedi refused to surrender the seat, saying that her daughter deserved the seat.", "As the protests turned violent, Bedi received threats that her house would be set on fire.", "Her superiors told her that they could no longer protect her.", "She left Aizawl after submitting her leave application.", "Her parents and daughter had already left for Delhi by this time.", "Lal Thanhawla accused her of insubordination.", "As Delhi Prisons Inspector-General \n\nAfter leaving her Mizoram assignment incomplete in September 1992, Bedi had to wait eight months for a new posting.", "In May 1993, she was posted to the Delhi Prisons as inspector general (IG).", "The Tihar Jail of Delhi was built as a four-jail complex with a capacity of 2,500 prisoners.", "However, by the time Bedi became its in-charge, its prisoner population varied from 8,000 to 9,500.", "About 90% of its inmates were undertrials, who had been accused of non-bailable offences.", "Some of them had been waiting for years to get a trial in a badly clogged court system.", "The prison had a budget of 15 crore, which was just enough to pay for basic expenditure, leaving little for welfare programmes.", "Tihar was notorious as a violent and unmanageable place, and no officer wanted to be posted there.", "The post had been lying vacant for nine months, before Bedi was posted there.", "Bedi decided to turn Tihar into a model prison.", "She introduced several reforms.", "She arranged separate barracks for the hardened criminals, who had been using their time in prison to recruit gang members, sell contraband and extort money.", "These prisoners unsuccessfully challenged Bedi in court for unfairly segregating them.", "For other prisoners, Bedi arranged vocational training with certificates, so that they could find a job after their release.", "During her tenure, Indira Gandhi National Open University and National Open School set up their centers inside the prison.", "Legal cells were set up to help the undertrials.", "Bedi banned smoking in the prison.", "The move faced a lot of resistance from the staff as well as the prisoners.", "She introduced yoga and Vipassana meditation classes to change the prisoners' attitudes.", "She organized additional activities such as sports, prayer, and festival celebrations.", "She also established a de-addiction center, and pulled up or imprisoned the staff members involved in drug supply.", "A bank was also opened inside the prison.", "A bakery and small manufacturing units, including carpentry and weaving units, were set up in the jail.", "The profits from the products sold were put into the prisoners' welfare fund.", "Bedi went on daily prison tours, observing the staff, listening to prisoners'complaints, inspecting food quality and evaluating overall management.", "She developed a panchayat system, where prisoners who were respected for their age, education, or character represented other inmates and met every evening with senior officers to sort out problems.", "She also established petition boxes so that prisoners could write to the IG about any issue.", "While the jail had suggestion boxes earlier too, the jail staff would destroy the complaints received through these boxes.", "On the other hand, the prisoners writing to Bedi received acknowledgment and information about the status of their petition.", "In this prison reform programme, Bedi involved outsiders – including NGOs, schools, civilians and former inmates.", "As a result of Bedi's reforms, there was a drop in the fights and disturbances in the jail.", "Even the hardened criminals, who had been isolated in separate barracks, started behaving well.", "Bedi then arranged for them to attend education and meditation courses.", "In May 1994, Bedi organized a 'health day', during which around 400 doctors and paramedics were invited to attend to Tihar's patients.", "Based on visits to two of Tihar's adolescent wards, a cardiologist associated with the Delhi Government's AIDS Control Programme, claimed that two-thirds of the inmates had acknowledged engaging in homosexual acts.", "He recommended distribution of condoms in the prison, a move supported by Delhi's Health Minister Harsh Vardhan and National AIDS Control Organisation.", "However, Kiran Bedi opposed the move pointing out that there were no HIV+ prisoners in Tihar.", "She stated that the distribution of condoms would encourage homosexual activity (illegal as per Section 377) among criminals.", "Based on a survey conducted through petition boxes, she claimed that incidence of consensual homosexual activity was negligible, and that the doctor's claim had hurt her prisoners.", "In response, the activist group ABVA filed a writ petition in the Delhi High Court demanding distribution of condoms in Tihar.", "Bedi termed the move as an attempt to force \"western solutions\" on \"Tihar Ashram\", and filed a counter affidavit opposing the demand.", "Reforms at Tihar \n\nBedi's reform programme at Tihar received worldwide acclaim.", "But it also attracted envy from her superiors, who accused her of diluting prison security for personal glory.", "She was not on good terms with her immediate supervisor in the government, the Minister for Prisons Harsharan Singh Balli.", "Many members of Balli's party, the BJP, had not forgiven Bedi for her lathi charge on the party's assembly in the 1980s.", "However, until March 1995, Bedi was on good terms with BJP's Delhi Chief Minister Madan Lal Khurana.", "Khurana was a prisoner in Tihar during the Emergency, and appreciated her work for prisoners.", "In 1994, Bedi was awarded the Ramon Magsaysay Award and the Nehru Fellowship.", "The Magsaysay Foundation recognized her leadership and innovations in crime control, drug rehabilitation, and humane prison reform.", "The US President Bill Clinton invited her to National Prayer Breakfast in Washington, D.C.", "When the Delhi Government refused to let her accept the invitation, Bedi lobbied with the Union Home Ministry to get the clearance.", "However, the Home Minister S.B.", "Chavan declined the permission.", "Clinton repeated the invitation in 1995, and this time, Bedi approached the media.", "The New York Times published a report stating that \"several politicians and her superiors were feeling cut up with her assertive style and the success that followed her\".", "Under pressure from the public and the media, Chavan allowed Bedi to attend the Breakfast.", "However, this episode won her several detractors in the government.", "Sometime later, Bedi was invited by the United Nations to discuss social reintegration of prisoners at the Copenhagen Social Summit.", "When the Delhi Government refused to permit her, Bedi met the Minister of State for Home Rajesh Pilot on 4 March 1995.", "The meeting got extended, because of which Bedi had to cancel an appointment she had with the Chief Minister Khurana.", "Pilot gave her the permission, but this irked Khurana, who later exclaimed \"If she thinks we have no importance, then why does she want to work for the Delhi Government?\"", "While Bedi was in Copenhagen, the prominent farmers' leader Mahendra Singh Tikait was imprisoned in Tihar after a rally, and sought the BJP leaders' help in getting a hookah inside.", "However, the jail authorities refused to give permission for a hookah, since Bedi had earlier declared Tihar a no-smoking zone.", "Subsequently, Delhi's Lieutenant Governor P.K.", "Dave wrote a letter to the Union Home Secretary K. Padmanabhiah, accusing Bedi of \"manipulating foreign trips\", and leveled other charges against her.", "Dave accused Bedi of \"compromising\" the prison's security by allowing visitors – including American officials and foreign TV crews – inside the jail, without the Delhi government's permission.", "Another charge was that she had allowed NHRC representatives to meet TADA detainees from Kashmir, who had raised anti-national slogans.", "In her defence, Bedi argued that the TADA detainees had gone on a relay hunger strike demanding speedy trials.", "She also stated that the foreign TV crews had only shot the Vipassana meditation classes, and that she had the right to admit them under the rules.", "She also pointed out that the Union Government had itself asked her to allow the Americans – Lee P. Brown and Christine Wisner (wife of Frank G. Wisner) – inside the prison.", "Another charge against Bedi was giving undue favours to the notorious criminal Charles Sobhraj.", "At that time, the Delhi Jail Manual (written in 1894 and modified in 1988) listed a number of prohibited articles, one of which was a typewriter.", "However, the manual also gave the jail superintendent the power to allow any of these prohibited items in special cases.", "Using this power, Bedi permitted Sobhraj the use of an electronic typewriter (Sobhraj had already been given a manual typewriter before Bedi became the officer in-charge).", "Bedi had also allowed NGOs to start typing classes for prisoners, but Sobhraj claimed that he was using the typewriter to write her biography, which gave the authorities a reason to accuse Bedi of misusing her powers.", "Khurana also alleged that Sobhraj had been supplied with a pipe and foreign-made cigars, a charge refuted by the testimony of Sobhraj's former cell-mate.", "The prison manual also had an antiquated rule which stated that \"caught escapees will wear a red cap\".", "Sobhraj had escaped in 1986, before he was recaptured.", "Khurana alleged that Bedi had specially exempted him from wearing a red cap.", "However, a senior jail officer stated that he had never seen the 'red cap' rule being implemented in Tihar.", "PK Dave and Madan Lal Khurana got Bedi removed as the prisons in-charge on 3 May 1995.", "When her transfer was announced, the Tihar inmates went on a hunger strike to protest it, while some of the warders celebrated it by distributing sweets.", "Bedi accused \"unethical politicians\" of \"telling lies, making false allegations and misinforming people\".", "She alleged that her supervisors in the government had no \"interest, vision or leadership\".", "She argued that she should not have been transferred on the basis of unverified charges, and demanded an inquiry committee.", "Rajesh Pilot defended her publicly, but the Union Government did not officially support her.", "Khushwant Singh described her transfer as \"a victory for a handful of small-minded, envious people over a gutsy woman\".", "After Tihar \nAfter her removal from Tihar, Bedi was posted as head of training at the police academy on 4 May 1995.", "Her designation was Additional Commissioner (policy and planning).", "She served as the Joint Commissioner of Police of Delhi Police.", "Later, she served as the Special Commissioner (Intelligence) of Delhi Police.", "On 5 April 1999, she was appointed as Inspector-General of Police in Chandigarh.", "Her mother accompanied her, but soon suffered a stroke and went into coma.", "Bedi requested a transfer back to Delhi, where her family would be able to take care of her mother.", "The Union Ministry of Home Affairs transferred her back to Delhi on 15 May.", "However, her mother died in Delhi three days later, after having been in coma for 41 days.", "In 2003, Bedi became the first woman to be appointed the United Nations civilian police adviser.", "She worked in the Department of Peacekeeping Operations.", "In 2005, she returned to Delhi after her UN stint.", "The Delhi Bar Association lobbied to ensure that she didn't get a post that would put her on track to become Delhi's police chief.", "The lawyers, who had still not forgiven Bedi for the 1988 controversy, wrote to government authorities arguing that Bedi's appointment to a top post might \"unnecessarily create a conflict between the legal fraternity and the police\".", "She was made the Director General, Home Guards.", "Before her retirement, she was serving as the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.", "In 2007, Bedi applied for the post of Delhi Police Commissioner.", "She was overlooked in favour of Yudhvir Singh Dadwal, who was junior to her, reportedly because the senior bureaucrats saw her as too \"outspoken and radical\".", "Bedi alleged bias, and stated that her merit had been overlooked.", "She also proceeded for a three-month 'protest leave', but canceled it later.", "Journalists like Karan Thapar and Pankaj Vohra criticized her for crying bias, and stated that her service record was tainted with controversies like incomplete Goa, Mizoram and Chandigarh assignments; the lawyers' strike controversy; and the removal from Tihar.", "Bedi resigned from police service in November 2007, citing personal reasons.", "She stated that she wanted to focus on academic and social work.", "Social activism \n\nThe Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation founded by Bedi and her colleagues was renamed to Navjyoti India Foundation in 2007.", "Since its establishment, the Foundation received strong support from the local communities, as well several Indian and foreign charitable trusts and government bodies.", "Over next 25 years, it provided residential treatment to nearly 20,000 drug and alcohol addicts.", "It also started crime prevention programmes such as education of street children and slum kids.", "It established 200 single-teacher schools, vocational training centers, health care facilities and counselling centers for the vulnerable sections of society.", "In 2010, it also established the Navjyoti Community College, affiliated to IGNOU.", "Bedi set up India Vision Foundation (IVF) in 1994.", "IVF works in fields of police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment and rural and community development.", "In police reform area, Bedi emphasized better training, while opposing hazing of trainees.", "She opposed frequent transfers, stating that these lead to poor cadre management.", "She also proposed creation of a new level of police administration, which would protect rank-and-file officers from politicians and bureaucrats.", "In women's rights area, she has advocated equitable educational opportunities and property ownership (including co-ownership) for women.", "She has emphasized faster empowerment of rural women.", "She is a social commentator and trainer and frequently speaks on various social issues like education, domestic violence & others.", "During 2008–11, Bedi hosted the reality TV show Aap Ki Kachehri on STAR Plus.", "In this court show, Bedi resolved everyday conflicts in a simulated courtroom.", "In 2008, she launched the website to help people whose complaints are not accepted by the local police.", "In 2010, she was invited as Speaker in Washington by TEDx.", "Bedi was one of the speakers in Bhagavad Gita Summit (from 10th - 14th December 2021) during Gita Jayanti at Dallas, Texas, US along with other notable personalities such as Swami Mukundananda Ji, Dr. Menas Kafatos, Mr. Shiv Khera, Brahmacharini Gloria Arieira and others.", "Anti-corruption movement \n\nIn October 2010, Arvind Kejriwal invited Bedi to join him in exposing the CWG scam.", "Bedi accepted the invitation, and by 2011, the two had allied with other activists, including Anna Hazare, to form India Against Corruption (IAC) group.", "Their campaign evolved into the 2011 Indian anti-corruption movement.", "Anna Hazare planned an indefinite hunger strike to demand the passage of a stronger Jan Lokpal Bill in the Indian Parliament.", "On 16 August 2011, Bedi and other key members of IAC were detained by the police, four hours before the hunger strike could start.", "Bedi and other activists were released later on the same day.", "After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, the Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.", "Some members of parliament proposed to bring a breach of privilege motion against Bedi and other activists for allegedly mocking the parliamentarians during the Lokpal bill protests, however they withdrew these notices later.", "During the anti-corruption movement, Bedi faced controversy when some newspapers questioned discrepancies in her past travel expenses between 2006 and 2011.", "In 2009, for example, Bedi was invited as the keynote speaker at a conference arranged by Aviation Industry Employees Guild.", "She accepted the invitation without a speaking fee, but her NGO was to be reimbursed for travel expenses.", "Bedi's travel agent Flywell, invoiced her hosts business class fare for air tickets, but arranged Bedi to travel in economy class.", "Between 2006 and 2011, there were several discrepancies in travel-related expense statements, as well as instances where she travelled at no cost to her hosts for a cause.", "In these cases, Bedi stated she did not personally receive or incur the disputed difference, only India Vision Foundation did, an NGO she headed.", "In November 2011, the Delhi Police, under directions of the additional chief metropolitan magistrate, registered an FIR – police case for cognizable offense – against Bedi for allegedly misappropriating funds through Indian Vision Foundation and other NGOs.", "The investigation that followed found no evidence of fraud against her or of siphoning of NGO funds for personal use, and subsequently filed closure of the case.", "Politics \n\nBedi split from IAC after a faction led by Arvind Kejriwal formed the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) in 2012.", "AAP went on to form a short-lived minority government in Delhi with Kejriwal as Chief Minister (CM).", "During the 2014 Indian general election, Bedi publicly supported Narendra Modi, the prime ministerial candidate of Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP).", "Kejriwal, on the other hand, contested the election against Modi.", "After Modi won and became the Prime Minister of India, Bedi stated that she was ready to be BJP's CM candidate in Delhi, if such an offer was made to her.", "Eight months after Modi's election, she joined BJP in 2015.", "She was BJP's Chief Minister (CM) candidate for the 2015 Delhi Assembly elections, in which Arvind Kejriwal was AAP's CM candidate.", "She lost the election from Krishna Nagar constituency to AAP candidate SK Bagga by a margin of 2277 votes, and AAP came to power again with an absolute majority after one year.", "Earlier, on 22 May 2016, Bedi was appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry.", "Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry \n\nBedi took oath as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry on 29 May 2016, and broke convention by addressing the gathering at the oath ceremony.", "She said she was there \"on a mission to make the Union Territory of Puducherry a Prosperous Puducherry\" and also gave \"the TEA (Trust, Empowerment, Accountability) mantra to officers to work towards this mission.\"", "One of the first practices she initiated as the Lieutenant Governor was to open the gates of Raj Nivas to the public, thereby making it the \"People’s Nivas\".", "She started an 'open house' process where the public could visit Raj Nivas from Monday to Wednesday at 5 PM to meet the Lieutenant Governor in person and have their grievances addressed.", "Following a complaint about needing proactive monitoring in the city for certain issues, she personally began to step out on weekend mornings for doing the rounds on a cycle, on foot, by car, or, sometimes, even by bus and other public transport.", "These rounds have helped in solving sanitation issues, de-silting water channels, encouragement of cleanliness, solving garbage issues, and reviving the beaches, to mention a few.", "Her cycle rallies are extremely popular because she personally leads the rallies around the city, meets people, and even rewards them for their good work.", "Raj Nivas - as the \"People’s Nivas\" - celebrates nearly every festival in Puducherry with great fervour and pomp in the lawns of the property.", "From Pongal, Diwali, or Christmas, most of the major festivals are celebrated in Raj Nivas.", "Raj Nivas also has a dedicated \"visitor hours\" every day from 12 PM to 1 PM where the general public (tourists and locals alike) are allowed to enter and see the French heritage building and to also get an opportunity to meet their Lieutenant Governor, and take a picture with her.", "Bedi's fight for justice in the medical admissions case is one of her most important breakthroughs as Lieutenant Governor.", "She has fought against vested interests and helped in establishing a cap on the fees for deserving students to get medical seats.", "One of the most significant achievements of Bedi has been with her project ‘Mission Water Rich Puducherry’.", "When she heard that the PWD did not have enough funds to de-silt water channels and the drains, she brought in community support in the form of CSR, connected donors with JCB machine contractors, and had the channels de-silted in short notice.", "Today, this model is being emulated across the country.", "In 2019, as she celebrated her 70th birthday, she began 'Mission Green Puducherry' by planting saplings along the Kanagan lake in Puducherry.", "Since then, many students and volunteers have taken this forward by organizing tree planting drives.", "Bedi has introduced several best practices in Puducherry that are akin to management lessons that were outlined by her at the 50th Governors Conference in Delhi.", "From ensuring financial prudence, to bringing in community support, to having an open house, each of these practices have helped in massive development of Puducherry.", "She was removed as the lieutenant governor of Puducherry by president Ram Nath Kovind on 16 February 2021.", "The Governor of Telangana, Tamilisai Soundararajan was given additional charge of the Union territory.", "As an author \n\nBedi has authored the following works:\n\n \n \n Translated into Marathi as इट्स ऑलवेज पॉसिबल ()\n \n \n \n Translated into Marathi by Leena Sohoni as व्हॉट वेंट रॉंग?", "()\n \n \n \n \n Translated into Marathi by Madhuri Shanbhag as अ‍ॅज आय सी… स्त्रियांचे सक्षमीकरण… ()\n \n Translated into Marathi by Madhuri Shanbhag as ऍज आय सी… नेतृत्व आणि प्रशासन… ()\n \n Translated into Marathi by Madhuri Shanbhag as अॅज आय सी… भारतीय पोलीस सेवा… ()\n \n Translated into Hindi as कायदे के फायदे ()\n Translated into Marathi as कायदे नेक फायदे अनेक ()\n Translated into Gujarati as આવો આપણે સભ્યતા કેળવીએ ()\n \n \n Translated into Hindi as निडर बनो ()\n \n Kiran Bedi;(2016).", "Dr. Kiran Bedi : Creating Leadership.. Diamond Books Publications \n Kiran Bedi (2016).", "Himmat Hai Kiran Bedi Diamond Books Publication.", "Personal life \n\nKiran Bedi along with three of her sisters were born to the family of Prakash Lal Peshawaria and Prem Lata Peshawaria.", "Indian-American lawyer Anu Peshawaria is Bedi's younger sister.", "She met her future husband Brij Bedi on tennis courts of Amritsar.", "Brij, who was nine years older than her, played university-level tennis at the time.", "On 9 March 1972, the two married at a simple ceremony at the local Shivalaya temple.", "The two have lived separately for most of their married life.", "The couple had a daughter in 1975; originally named Sukriti, she later changed her name to Saina.", "Awards and recognitions \n\nIn 2005, CUNY School of Law awarded her an honorary Doctor of Law degree in recognition of her \"humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing\".", "The Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation received the 1999 Serge Sotiroff Memorial Award for outstanding contributions to international drug control efforts.", "She was conferred with Acharya Tulsi Kartritva Puraskar in 2005 by Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Mahila Mandal.Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Mahila Mandal\n\nIn popular culture \n\nThe following films, documentaries and TV programmes are based on Bedi's life:\n\n Karthavyam (1990), is a Telugu film based on Bedi.", "It was dubbed into Tamil as Vyjayanthi IPS.", "The movie was remade in Hindi as Tejaswini.", "Doing time, Doing Vipassana (1997), documents Bedi's initiatives for the practice of Vipassana meditation at Tihar\n I Gandhis fotspor / In Gandhi's Footsteps: Kiran Bedi's Humanitarian Revolution (2004), a documentary by the Norwegian filmmaker Oystein Rakkenes.", "Awarded Best Documentary at the Indo-American Film Festival in Atlanta in 2006.", "Kiran Bedi: Yes Madam, Sir (2008), a documentary produced by Australian filmmaker Megan Doneman.", "Narrated by Helen Mirren it was filmed over a six-year period and premiered in 2009.", "It was adjudged the \"Best Documentary\" at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival.", "Kannadadda Kiran Bedi (2009) is a Kannada film, starring Malashri as a fictionalized interpretation of Bedi.", "Koi To Ho Ardhnarishwar, a television series aired from 2010 on DD National.", "It was an adaptation of a novel by Vishnu Prabhakar, the novel in turn took its inspiration from Bedi's life.", "Carve Your Destiny, a 2014 film directed by Anubhav Srivastava, features Bedi.", "Biographies of Bedi include:\n\n \n \n \n Translated into Sinhalese as \n \n .", "A 32-page comic book biography authored by Kiran Bedi's sisters Reeta and Anu\nKiran Bedi was featured in National Geographic's Series \"Mega Icons\" (2018), which revolves around her life.", "References\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links \n\n \n Safer India\n Navjyoti India Foundation\n \n\n|-\n\n1949 births\nLiving people\nPunjabi people\nIndian police chiefs\nWriters from Amritsar\nRamon Magsaysay Award winners\nIndian civil rights activists\nIndian anti-corruption activists\nIndian women police officers\nFaculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni\nPanjab University alumni\nIIT Delhi alumni\nDelhi politicians\nBharatiya Janata Party politicians from Delhi\nIndian female tennis players\nPrison reformers\nIndian Police Service officers\n21st-century Indian non-fiction writers\nWomen in Delhi politics\nDrug rehabilitation\nLieutenant Governors of Puducherry\nJawaharlal Nehru Fellows\nSportswomen from Punjab, India\n20th-century Indian women writers\n21st-century Indian women writers\nWomen writers from Punjab, India\nIndian women activists\nActivists from Punjab, India\nIndian political writers\n20th-century Indian non-fiction writers\nSportspeople from Amritsar\nRacket sportspeople from Punjab, India\nPoliticians from Amritsar\nMembers of the National Cadet Corps (India)\nWomen state governors of India" ]

[ "The first woman in India to join the officer ranks of the Indian Police Service (IPS), social activist and tennis player, who was the 24th Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry from 28 May 2016 to 16 February 2021.", "She is the first Indian female to serve in the Indian Police Service.", "After 35 years of service, she retired as Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development.", "Bedi was the national junior tennis champion in 1966.", "She won several titles at state and national levels.", "Bedi served in several places after joining the police.", "She won the President's Police Medal in 1979 for her work in the Chanakyapuri area of Delhi.", "She brought about a reduction in crimes against women when she moved to West Delhi.", "She was a traffic police officer and oversaw traffic for the 1982 Asian Games in Delhi and the 1983 Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting.", "She started a campaign against drug abuse when she was the deputy commissioner of police of North Delhi.", "In May 1993 Bedi was posted to the Delhi Prisons as Inspector General.", "She won the Ramon Magsaysay Award in 1994 for her reforms at Tihar Jail.", "Bedi was the first Indian and first woman to be appointed as head of the United Nations Police and Police Advisor in the United Nations Department of Peace Operations.", "She quit to focus on social activism and writing.", "She runs the India Vision Foundation.", "Aap Ki Kachehri was hosted by her.", "She was one of the leaders of the anti-corruption movement in India.", "She was the Chief Ministerial candidate of the party.", "Bedi was born in Amritsar in 1949 to a well-to-do business family.", "She is the second child of two people.", "She has three sisters.", "She knows that her great-great-grandfather set up a business in Amritsar.", "Bedi's upbringing was not very religious, but she was brought up in both Hindu and Sikh traditions.", "The Lal family has a textile business.", "Bedi's father was given an allowance by her grandfather.", "The allowance was cut when Bedi's sister was in school.", "The school was 16 km away from the home, but the parents thought it offered a better education than other schools.", "His grandchild was going to be educated in a Christian school.", "After declaring financial independence, Prakash Lal enrolls all of his daughters in the same school.", "Bedi attended the Sacred Heart Convent School in Amritsar for her formal studies.", "She was a member of the National Cadet Corps.", "Sacred Heart did not offer science at that time, but it did have a subject called \"household\", which was aimed at grooming girls into good housewives.", "Bedi joined Cambridge College, a private institute that taught science and prepared her for the exam.", "She cleared the Class 10 exam by the time her schoolmates cleared Class 9.", "Bedi received a degree in English from the Government College for Women in Amritsar in 1968.", "She won the award for cadet officer.", "She obtained a master's degree in political science in 1970.", "Bedi was a lecturer at the Khalsa College for Women.", "She taught courses about politics.", "She earned a law degree from the University of Delhi in 1988 and a PhD from the Department of Social Sciences at the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in 1993.", "Bedi started playing tennis at the age of nine.", "She cut her hair short when she was a tennis player.", "She participated in the national junior lawn tennis championship at Delhi Gymkhana in 1964.", "She won the trophy two years after she lost in the early rounds.", "She was eligible for entry to the Wimbledon junior championship but not nominated by the Indian administration.", "Bedi was a part of the Indian team that won the Lionel Fonseka Memorial Trophy.", "She began focusing on her Indian Police Service career when she started playing tennis again at the age of thirty.", "She and Brij Bedi met on Service Club courts in Amritsar.", "Bedi was inspired to take up a public service career when she interacted with senior civil servants at the Service Club in Amritsar.", "Bedi began her police training at the National Academy of Administration in Mussoorie.", "She was the only woman in a group of 80 men.", "She went through another 9 months of police training at Mount Abu in Rajasthan after completing a 6-month foundation course.", "She was allocated to the union territory class based on a draw.", "Bedi's first posting was to the Chanakyapuri subdivision of Delhi.", "She was the first woman to lead the all-male contingent of the Delhi Police at the Republic Day Parade.", "Her daughter was born in 1975.", "The Parliament building, foreign embassies, and the residences of the PM and the President were all located in Chanakyapuri.", "There were only a few crimes in the area, but political demonstrations were a regular occurrence.", "There were many fights between Nirankari and Akali Sikhs in the 70s.", "A group of Nirankaris gathered near India Gate in 1978.", "A group of Akalis organized a demonstration.", "The platoon of Bedi was deployed to stop the protesters.", "Bedi charged the protesters with a cane, even though there was no tear gas squad to support her unit.", "One of the demonstrators ran towards her with a naked sword, but she charged him as well as other demonstrators with a cane.", "Her unit was able to break up the demonstrators.", "The President's Police Medal for Gallantry was awarded to Bedi in 1980.", "Bedi was posted to Delhi's West District in 1979 because there weren't enough officers to deal with the high volume of criminal activity.", "She began to recruit civilian volunteers.", "Six civilians and an armed policeman patrol each village at night.", "She allowed anonymous reporting of crimes.", "She put a stop to the illegal liquor business in the area.", "An open door policy was implemented by Bedi.", "A complaint box was installed in each ward and the beat constables were told to have their lunch near this box at a set time each day.", "She asked people if they knew about the beat constable assigned to their area and also walked with them to raise their self-esteem.", "There was a reduction in crimes within 3 months.", "There was a decrease in cases of sexual harassment of women and wife beating.", "Local women volunteered their services to help fight crime in the area.", "Bedi was made a traffic cop.", "Traffic snarls were caused by the preparation for the Asian Games.", "A number of blockades and diversions were caused by the construction of 19 sports stadiums.", "Coordination between the Municipal Corporation of Delhi, Delhi Electric Supply Undertaking and Delhi Development Authority was encouraged by Bedi.", "She had a heavy hand.", "She replaced challans with spot fines.", "Six tow trucks were used for traffic control.", "The nickname \"Crane Bedi\" was earned by this.", "An Ambassador car belonging to the Prime Minister Office was towed away by an inspector after it was wrongly parked outside a market.", "Singh was supported by Bedi and Tandon.", "Bedi presented the Asian Games traffic management plan to a group of sponsors.", "35,00,000 was committed by the sponsors to provide road safety and other educational material.", "Four wheelers were allocated to inspectors in the traffic unit for the first time, after she bought traffic police jeeps for her officers.", "She received the Asian Jyoti award for excellence after the Asian Games.", "She recommended that the award be given to the entire traffic unit.", "Bedi did not spare sinners from the rich and influential section of the society, which resulted in a powerful lobby against her.", "The Director of the Central Bureau of Investigation was one of her victims.", "She was transferred to Goa after the Asian Games.", "According to contemporary rumour, her yoga instructor Dhirendra Brahmachari was one of the people who played a role in her transfer.", "The loss of revenue from her experiment of holding classes for traffic violators was a factor in her transfer.", "Her 7-year-old daughter was seriously ill when she was 3 years old.", "Bedi wanted the Home Ministry to not transfer her out of Delhi until her daughter's condition improved.", "According to Bedi, she had put herself in a very vulnerable situation, and the only people who could help her were the ones who had been offended by my equal enforcement of law.", "She had to leave behind her daughter, who was too ill to accompany her, because her request was not entertained.", "In 1983, Goa Bedi arrived on a three-year assignment.", "The Zuari Bridge was not opened to the public until a few months after she arrived.", "They weren't able to get confirmation from Indira Gandhi for a while.", "Ferries were used to transfer vehicles across the Zuari River.", "Bedi noticed that there was a lot of people at the ferry boarding point.", "She drove to the bridge and diverted the traffic that was waiting at the ferry to the bridge.", "Many politicians were upset by this unofficial inauguration.", "The Commonwealth Heads of Government Meet was held in 1983.", "Bedi was involved in traffic regulation in the state.", "Her daughter's medical condition worsened after the CHOGM ended.", "Bedi applied for leave so that she could take care of her daughter.", "She had never taken privilege leave until this point in her career.", "The inspector general of police recommended her leave application, but it was not approved by the government.", "Bedi had enough left in her account to leave.", "Her daughter was hospitalized for a week.", "Bedi decided to stay in Delhi after her daughter left the hospital.", "Bedi sent a personal letter to the IGP, as well as a detailed explanation to the Goa government, with medical reports and certificates.", "In a statement to United News of India, the Chief Minister of Goa declared her absent without leave.", "UNI published a rebuttal to the Chief Minister's statement after seeing Bedi's daughter's condition.", "This made the government even more hostile to Bedi.", "Bedi was not given an assignment for six months after being declared absent without leave.", "The Union Home Secretary reinstated her after her daughter's condition became stable.", "She was assigned to the Railway Protection Force in New Delhi.", "She was assigned to the Department of Industrial Development after appealing to a senior official in the Prime Minister's Office.", "She worked as a strike mediator under the DGIC.", "After Bedi left DGIC, the organization was wound up as part of an economy drive.", "Bedi was assigned to the police headquarters in 1985.", "Bedi cleared several pending files and 1,600 promotions in a single day to motivate the staff.", "Drug abuse was the main problem when Bedi became the Delhi's North District's DCP in 1986.", "The only drug treatment center in Delhi was run by the New Delhi Municipal Corporation.", "Bedi got the help of her superiors to set up the center.", "Community donations of furniture, blankets, medicines and other supplies were relied on by the center.", "Doctors and yoga teachers provided voluntary services.", "Five more centers were set up within a year.", "Each center was supposed to serve up to 30 patients, but at one point each center was supposed to serve 100 patients.", "Bedi gave presentations and lectured on the programme all over India.", "Before she was transferred to a new post, she and 15 other police officers were in the detox centers as the Navjyoti Police Foundation for Correction, De-addiction and Rehabilitation.", "The General Secretary of the Foundation was Bedi.", "Bedi drew ire of Delhi politicians and lawyers in the 1980s.", "She arrested the leaders of the saffron party at the Red Fort assembly.", "She arrested the Congress(I) MP for violating curfew.", "A man was caught stealing from a girl's purse at St. Stephen's College.", "He was arrested again a few weeks later for writing graffiti inside a women's toilet.", "A Bedi's officer arrested the man.", "He was identified as a lawyer at the Tis Hazari Courts Complex when he was produced in the court.", "The man had given a different name when he was arrested, and his lawyer colleagues claimed that he had been framed.", "Lawyers should not be handcuffed even if there are proper grounds for their arrest, argued the protesters.", "Bedi defended her officer.", "The lawyers led a procession to the office.", "The lawyers manhandled the additional cop.", "The cops and lawyers got into a fight.", "Several politicians supported the lawyers in demanding the suspension of Bedi.", "The lawyers were arrested by the police in Tis Hazari complex.", "The lawyers were enraged by this.", "On 17 February, a mob of 600– 1000 people led by a Congress corporator arrived at Tis Hazari court.", "The mob had bricks, hockey sticks, and small rods.", "There were slogans in support of Bedi.", "The lawyers' chambers were stoned.", "The police force in the area did not try to stop the mob violence.", "Bedi denied any involvement in the incident.", "The police charged him with rioting and conspiracy.", "The Congress ousted him because it distanced itself from him.", "The lawyers stopped courts from functioning in Delhi and other states for two months to demand Bedi's resignation.", "The strike was called off after the Delhi High Court formed a two-judge committee.", "Justice NN Goswamy was a member of the committee.", "According to the evidence produced by the lawyers' counsel, all the police stations in the zone knew that a 2000-strong mob was heading towards Tis Hazari Courts Complex, where the lawyers were on a hunger strike.", "No police force was put in place to protect them.", "The Commission expressed concern over the police.", "The judges recommended the transfer of five police officers, including Bedi, out of North Delhi during the investigation period.", "The Union Government transferred Bedi to the post of deputy director (operations) in the NCB in Delhi before the report was made public.", "The four other officers mentioned in the report were also transferred.", "Bedi's transfer did not go down well with the members of the Delhi Bar Association.", "Bedi was not suspended by the Police Commissioner Ved Marwah.", "All the parties were censured in the final report of the commission.", "The report stated that the handcuffing of the man was illegal.", "It was concluded that Bedi had ordered a mob attack on the lawyers, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Bedi's \"unblemished\" service record was supported by some in the legal commentary.", "It was decided to transfer Bedi out of Delhi after she was censured.", "She wanted a posting in one of the states.", "After a few years of hard postings, government servants are unofficially entitled to a post they desire, and she hoped that this would lead to her reassignment to Delhi Police.", "She requested the Joint Secretary to transfer her to a state in North-East India.", "She wrote to the home secretary when she didn't get a response.", "The Joint Secretary was persuaded to transfer Bedi by Naresh Kumar and Pardeep Singh.", "Bedi was volunteering to go there, but officers who were given the posting refused to go.", "Bedi reported to the government in Aizawl.", "She was a deputy inspector general.", "Her parents and daughter moved there as well.", "Home-brewed rice liquor Zu was very common in the state.", "Bedi's officers were alcoholics.", "Zu was a part of the Mizo culture and she didn't want to be seen as interfering with the local culture.", "She opened an indoor de-addiction facility for alcoholic policemen.", "Heroin was being smuggled across the border.", "Proxyvon and heroin were the most common drugs used by teenagers.", "Most of the repeat criminals were alcoholics.", "Bedi used Christian prayers to reduce drug and alcohol-related criminal behavior.", "She made Saturdays \"prayer and rehabilitation day\" at district police stations despite protests from the Supt.", "Past criminals would be brought to the police station on a Saturday to receive treatment for alcoholism.", "A major part of her research was done in Mizoram.", "She received a PhD from the Department of Social Sciences of the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi in September 1993 for her thesis on Drug Abuse and Domestic Violence.", "She started writing her memoirs during her stay in the state.", "In September 1992, her daughter applied for a seat in a medical college in Delhi under a quota.", "She was a non-Mizo and students of the state launched a violent protest against the allocation.", "According to the government guidelines, Sukriti was given a seat in the Central pool after topping the merit list with 89% marks.", "Lal Thanhawla accepted that there was nothing illegal in her daughter getting the seat, but he asked her to give it up in the larger interests of the state.", "Bedi said that her daughter deserved the seat.", "Bedi received threats that her house would be set on fire.", "Her superiors told her they couldn't protect her anymore.", "She left Aizawl after applying for leave.", "The family had already left for Delhi.", "Lal Thanhawla accused her of insubordination.", "After leaving her job as Delhi Prisons Inspector-General, Bedi had to wait eight months for a new posting.", "She was posted to the Delhi Prisons in May 1993 as inspector general.", "The Tihar Jail in Delhi has a capacity of 2,500 prisoners.", "By the time Bedi became its in-charge, the prisoner population varied from 8,000 to 9,500.", "Most of its inmates had been accused of non-bailable crimes.", "A lot of them had been waiting for years to get a trial.", "The budget of the prison was just enough to cover basic expenses, leaving little for welfare programmes.", "Tihar was a violent place and no officer wanted to be posted there.", "The post was vacant for nine months before Bedi was posted there.", "Tihar was turned into a model prison by Bedi.", "Several reforms were introduced by her.", "She arranged for separate barracks for the hardened criminals, who were using their time in prison to recruit gang members, sell and extort money.", "Bedi unfairly segregating these prisoners in court.", "Bedi helped other prisoners find a job after they were released.", "The centers of the National Open University and National Open School were set up inside the prison.", "The legal cells were set up to help the undertrials.", "Smoking was banned in the prison.", "The staff as well as the prisoners were against the move.", "She taught yoga and vipassana to the prisoners.", "Sports, prayer, and festival celebrations were organized by her.", "She established a de-addiction center and imprisoned staff who were involved in drug supply.", "There is a bank inside the prison.", "The jail had a bakery and small manufacturing units.", "The profits were put into the prisoners' welfare fund.", "Bedi went on daily prison tours, observing the staff, listening to prisoners' complaints, inspecting food and evaluating overall management.", "She developed a system where prisoners who were respected for their age, education, or character represented other inmates and met with senior officers to sort out problems.", "The petition boxes were set up so prisoners could write to the IG.", "The suggestion boxes were destroyed by the jail staff.", "The prisoners writing to Bedi received information about the status of their petition.", "Bedi had outsiders involved in his prison reform programme.", "Bedi's reforms resulted in a decrease in fights and riots in the jail.", "The hardened criminals who were isolated in separate barracks began to behave well.", "Bedi arranged for them to attend courses.", "Around 400 doctors and paramedics were invited to attend to Tihar's patients during Bedi's health day in 1994.", "Two-thirds of Tihar's inmates acknowledged engaging in homosexual acts, according to a cardiologist associated with the Delhi Government's AIDS Control Programme.", "The recommendation to distribute condoms in the prison was supported by Delhi's Health Minister and the National AIDS Control Organisation.", "There were no HIV+ prisoners in Tihar.", "She said that the distribution of condoms would encourage homosexual activity.", "She claimed that the incidence of consensual homosexual activity was insignificant and that the doctor's claim had hurt her prisoners.", "The Delhi High Court was asked by the activist group to distribute condoms in Tihar.", "Bedi termed the move as an attempt to force \"western solutions\" on \"Tihar Ashram\", and filed a counter affidavit opposing the demand.", "Tihar Bedi's reform programme received worldwide praise.", "Her superiors accused her of diluting prison security for personal glory.", "The Minister for Prisons was not on good terms with her.", "Many members of Balli's party had not forgiven Bedi for her charge on the assembly.", "Bedi was on good terms with the Delhi Chief Minister.", "During the Emergency, Khurana was a prisoner in Tihar.", "The Ramon Magsaysay Award was given to Bedi in 1994.", "Her innovations in crime control, drug rehabilitation, and humane prison reform were recognized by the Magsaysay Foundation.", "She was invited to the National Prayer Breakfast by the US President.", "Bedi tried to get the clearance from the Union Home Ministry after the Delhi Government refused to let her accept the invitation.", "The Home Minister is S.B.", "The permission was declined by Chavan.", "In 1995 Clinton again invited Bedi to approach the media.", "Several politicians and her superiors were feeling cut up with her assertive style and the success that followed her, according to a report by the New York Times.", "Bedi was allowed to attend the Breakfast under pressure from the public and the media.", "The episode won her detractors in the government.", "Bedi was invited by the United Nations to speak at the social summit.", "Bedi met the Minister of State for Home on March 4, 1995 after the Delhi Government refused to allow her.", "Bedi had to cancel her appointment with the Chief Minister because the meeting was extended.", "If she thinks we have no importance, why does she want to work for the Delhi Government?", "The prominent farmers' leader Mahendra Singh Tikait, who was imprisoned in Tihar after a rally, sought the help of the leaders in getting a hookah inside.", "Since Bedi had declared Tihar a no-smoking zone, the jail authorities refused permission for a hookah.", "The Lieutenant Governor of Delhi is P.K.", "Dave accused Bedi of \"manipulating foreign trips\" and leveled other charges against her.", "Dave accused Bedi of compromising the prison's security by allowing visitors, including American officials and foreign TV crews, inside the jail without the Delhi government's permission.", "She was accused of allowing NHRC representatives to meet TADA prisoners who had raised anti-national slogans.", "Bedi argued that the TADA inmates went on a relay hunger strike to demand quicker trials.", "She said that she had the right to admit the foreign TV crews under the rules.", "The Union Government asked her to allow Lee P. Brown and Christine Wisner inside the prison.", "Bedi was accused of giving preferential treatment to the notorious criminal.", "The Delhi Jail Manual of 1894 was modified in 1988 and listed a typewriter as a prohibited article.", "The power to allow these items in special cases was given by the manual.", "Bedi allowed Sobhraj to use an electronic typewriter because he had already been given a manual typewriter.", "Bedi had allowed NGOs to start typing classes for prisoners, but Sobhraj claimed that he was using the typewriter to write her biography, which gave the authorities a reason to accuse Bedi of misuse of her powers.", "The testimony of Sobhraj's former cell-mate refutes the allegation that he had been supplied with a pipe and cigars.", "The manual had a rule that 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He was captured in 1986 after escaping in 1986.", "Bedi exempted him from wearing a red cap.", "The'red cap' rule was never implemented in Tihar according to a senior jail officer.", "Bedi was removed as the prisons in-charge on 3 May 1995.", "The Tihar inmates went on a hunger strike to protest her transfer, while some of the warders distributed sweets.", "Bedi accused politicians of making false allegations and misinforming people.", "She said her supervisors had no interest, vision or leadership.", "She demanded an inquiry committee and argued that she should not have been transferred.", "The Union Government did not support her.", "Her transfer was described as a victory for a handful of small minded, envious people.", "Bedi was posted as head of training at the police academy after Tihar.", "She was an Additional Commissioner for policy and planning.", "She was the Joint Commissioner of Delhi Police.", "She was the Special Commissioner (Intelligence) of Delhi Police.", "She became the Inspector-General of Police in Chandigarh on April 5, 1999.", "Her mother went into a coma after a stroke.", "Bedi wanted her family to take care of her mother in Delhi.", "She was transferred back to Delhi by the Union Ministry of Home Affairs.", "Her mother died in Delhi after being in a coma for 41 days.", "Bedi was the first woman to be appointed a United Nations civilian police adviser.", "The Department of Peacekeeping Operations was where she worked.", "She returned to Delhi in 2005.", "The Delhi Bar Association tried to prevent her from becoming Delhi's police chief.", "The lawyers wrote to the government arguing that Bedi's appointment to a top post might cause a conflict between the legal profession and the police.", "She became the Director General of Home Guards.", "She was the Director General of the Bureau of Police Research and Development before she retired.", "Bedi applied for the post of Delhi Police Commissioner.", "She was overlooked because the senior bureaucrats thought she was too radical.", "Bedi claimed that her merit had been overlooked.", "She went for a three-month protest leave, but later canceled it.", "She was criticized by journalists for crying bias and for her service record being stained with controversies like incomplete assignments, the lawyers' strike controversy, and the removal from Tihar.", "Bedi resigned from the police service.", "She wanted to work on academic and social work.", "In 2007, the Navjyoti India Foundation was renamed after Bedi and her colleagues.", "Several Indian and foreign charitable trusts and government bodies have supported the Foundation since it was established.", "In the next 25 years, it provided residential treatment to nearly 20,000 drug and alcohol addicts.", "Education of street children and slum kids are some of the crime prevention programmes it started.", "It established 200 single-teacher schools, 200 Vocational training centers, health care facilities, and counselling centers for the vulnerable sections of society.", "The Navjyoti Community College was established in 2010.", "India Vision Foundation was set up by Bedi in 1994.", "Police reforms, prison reforms, women empowerment, and rural and community development are some of the fields that IVF works in.", "Bedi advocated better training in the police reform area.", "She said that frequent transfers lead to poor management.", "A new level of police administration would protect rank-and-file officers from politicians and bureaucrats.", "She supports equitable educational opportunities and property ownership for women.", "She emphasized the empowerment of rural women.", "She frequently speaks on various social issues like education, domestic violence, and others.", "Aap Ki Kachehri was hosted by Bedi.", "Bedi resolved conflicts in a court show.", "She launched the website to help people whose complaints are not accepted by the police.", "She was invited to speak in Washington in 2010.", "Bedi was one of the speakers in the summit which was held in Dallas, Texas, US in December of 2021.", "Kejriwal invited Bedi to join him in exposing the CWG scam.", "India Against Corruption was formed by Bedi and another activist, Anna Hazare, in 2011.", "The Indian anti-corruption movement evolved from their campaign.", "Anna Hazare was going to go on a hunger strike in order to get the Jan Lokpal Bill passed.", "Four hours before the hunger strike could start, Bedi and other key members of IAC were arrested by the police.", "Bedi and other activists were released later in the day.", "After twelve days of protests and many discussions between the government and the activists, the Parliament passed a resolution to consider three points in drafting of Lokpal bill.", "Some members of parliament wanted to bring a motion against Bedi and other activists for mocking the parliamentarians during the Lokpal bill protests, however they withdrew these notices later.", "Some newspapers questioned discrepancies in Bedi's travel expenses between 2006 and 2011.", "Bedi was invited as the keynote speaker at a conference in 2009.", "She accepted the invitation without a speaking fee, but her organization was to be reimbursed for travel expenses.", "Bedi was arranged to travel in economy class by her travel agent.", "There were discrepancies in her travel expenses between 2006 and 2011.", "Bedi stated she did not personally receive or incur the disputed difference, only India Vision Foundation did.", "The Delhi Police registered a police case against Bedi for allegedly misappropriating funds through Indian Vision Foundation and other NGOs.", "The investigation that followed found no evidence of fraud against her, and the case was closed.", "Politics Bedi split from IAC after Kejriwal formed the Aam Aadmi Party.", "Kejriwal became the CM of Delhi and formed a minority government.", "During the general election in India, Bedi publicly supported Modi.", "Kejriwal was against Modi in the election.", "After Modi became the Prime Minister of India, Bedi stated that she was ready to be the CM of Delhi if the offer was made to her.", "She joined the party eight months after Modi's election.", "She was the CM candidate for the Delhi Assembly elections in which Kejriwal was the candidate.", "After one year, the Aam Aadmi Party came to power with an absolute majority after she lost the election from Krishna Nagar constituency.", "Bedi was appointed as the Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry.", "Lieutenant Governor of Puducherry Bedi addressed the gathering at the oath ceremony, breaking convention.", "She said she was there on a mission to make the Union Territory of Puducherry a Prosperous Puducherry and gave the officers the TEA motto.", "The gates of Raj Nivas were opened to the public in order to make it the \"People's Nivas\".", "The public could visit Raj Nivas from Monday to Wednesday to meet the Lieutenant Governor in person and have their grievances addressed.", "Following a complaint about needing proactive monitoring in the city for certain issues, she personally began to step out on weekend mornings for doing the rounds on a cycle, on foot, by car, or, sometimes, even by bus and other public transport.", "These rounds have helped to solve a number of issues, such as de-silting water channels, encouragement of cleanliness, and reviving the beaches.", "Her cycle rallies are very popular because she personally leads the rallies around the city, meets people, and even rewards them for their good work.", "Raj Nivas - as the \"People's Nivas\" - celebrates nearly every festival in Puducherry with great fervour and pomp in the lawns of the property.", "Most of the major festivals are celebrated in Raj Nivas.", "Raj Nivas has a dedicated \"visitor hours\" every day from 12PM to 1PM where the general public are allowed to enter and see the French heritage building and to also get an opportunity to meet their Lieutenant Governor.", "Lieutenant Governor Bedi's fight for justice in the medical admissions case is one of her most important achievements.", "She helped establish a cap on medical seats for deserving students and fought against vested interests.", "Bedi has achieved a lot with her project 'Mission Water Rich Puducherry'.", "When she heard that the PWD did not have enough funds, she brought in community support in the form of CSR, connected donors with JCB machine contractors, and had the channels de-silted in short notice.", "Across the country, this model is being used.", "She started 'Mission Green Puducherry' as she celebrated her 70th birthday in 2019.", "Many students and volunteers organize tree planting drives.", "At the 50th Governors Conference in Delhi, Bedi outlined several best practices that are similar to management lessons.", "Ensuring financial prudence, bringing in community support, and having an open house have helped in massive development of Puducherry.", "She was removed from her position as lieutenant governor of Puducherry.", "Tamilisai Soundararajan was given the additional charge of the Union territory.", "Leena Sohoni has translated Bedi's works into Marathi as .", "..................", "Dr. Kiran Bedi is the author of Creating Leadership.", "The publication was called Himmat Hai Kiran Bedi.", "The Bedi family is related to the family of the Peshawaria's.", "Bedi's younger sister is an Indian-American lawyer.", "She met Brij Bedi on the tennis courts.", "Brij, who was nine years older than her, was a tennis player.", "The two were married at a local temple.", "For most of their married life, the two have lived separately.", "Saina was the daughter of the couple that was born in 1975.", "In 2005, the CUNY School of Law awarded her a Doctor of Law degree in recognition of her \"humanitarian approach to prison reforms and policing\".", "The Serge Sotiroff Memorial Award was given to the Navjyoti Delhi Police Foundation.", "Bedi was honoured by the Akhil Bhartiya Terapanth Mahila Mandal.", "It was called VyjayanthiIPS in Tamil.", "The movie was made into a Hindi movie.", "In Gandhi's Footsteps: Kiran Bedi's Humanitarian Revolution is a documentary about Bedi's initiatives for the practice of vipassana.", "The best documentary was won at the Atlanta film festival.", "Megan Doneman produced a documentary called Yes Madam, Sir.", "It was filmed over six years and 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "At the Santa Barbara International Film Festival, it was the best documentary.", "Malashri plays the role of a fictionalized interpretation of Bedi in the film.", "The television series was aired from 2010 to 2011.", "The novel took its inspiration from Bedi's life.", "Bedi is in a film directed by Anubhav Srivastava.", "Bedi's Biographies are translated into Sinhalese.", "National Geographic's series \"Mega Icons\" focuses on her life and features a comic book biography written by her sisters.", "References include: Ramon Magsaysay Award winners Indian civil rights activists Indian anti-corruption activists Indian women police officers Faculty of Law, University of Delhi alumni Panjab University alumni." ]

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[ "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Goa Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Kiran Bedi", "Kiran Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Kiran Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi", "Bedi" ]

[ "Steven John William Arnold (born 22 August 1989) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for National League club Southend United.", "Arnold signed as an academy scholar at Norwich City's centre of excellence in 2005, following short spells in the youth teams of Boreham Wood and Arsenal.", "He signed his first professional contract at Norwich in 2007, but was released in May 2008 having not played for the first-team.", "Arnold signed for Grays Athletic and spent the 2008–09 season there, before joining Conference South club Eastleigh, spending the first half of the 2009–10 season with the club.", "He signed for Wycombe Wanderers in January 2010.", "During his time at Wycombe, he was loaned out to Conference Premier team Hayes & Yeading United, and played regularly for the club during the 2011–12 season.", "He was released by Wycombe in May 2012, having made no first-team appearances.", "He signed for League One club Stevenage on a free transfer later that month.", "After two seasons at Stevenage, where he made 34 appearances, Arnold joined Forest Green Rovers in June 2014.", "He remained at Forest Green in the National League for two years before spending the 2016–17 season at Dover Athletic.", "A return to the Football League followed when he signed for Gillingham on League One in August 2017.", "The second-choice goalkeeper at Gillingham, he left the club in January 2018 in order to sign for Barrow.", "Arnold then spent the 2018–19 season at Shrewsbury Town before signing for League Two club Northampton Town for an undisclosed fee in June 2019.", "He helped the club earn promotion in his first season at Northampton, playing in the 2020 EFL League Two play-off Final in June 2020.", "Arnold signed for National League club Southend United in July 2021.", "Career\n\nEarly career\nAfter spending time in the youth teams at Boreham Wood and Arsenal, Arnold joined Norwich City's centre of excellence in the summer of 2005.", "He signed as an academy scholar after playing in a trial match against Rushden & Diamonds' youth team.", "After playing regularly for Norwich's under-18 team, Arnold trained with the first-team squad and was as an unused substitute in Norwich's 4–2 League Cup victory over Rotherham United on 19 September 2006.", "After playing for both the club's youth and reserve teams during the 2006–07 season, Arnold signed his first professional contract on 11 May 2007, for one-year with the option of a further year.", "Arnold made no first-team appearances for the club and was released on 6 May 2008; his release partly due to the form of fellow goalkeepers Declan Rudd and Jed Steer.", "Grays Athletic\nA month after his release from Norwich, Arnold signed for Conference Premier club Grays Athletic on a one-year contract on 12 June 2008.", "He made his debut for the club on the opening day of the 2008–09 season, a 3–1 defeat away to Weymouth.", "Arnold started in the club's first three games of the season, but did not play again until December 2008, keeping the first clean sheet of his career in a 1–0 away victory against Ebbsfleet United on 26 December 2008.", "He made 18 appearances during the season as Grays finished just above the relegation places.", "He left the club when his contract expired in June 2009.", "Eastleigh\nWithout a club at the start of the 2009–10 season, Arnold spent a week on trial with Brentford in October 2009, playing 45 minutes in a reserve match against Queens Park Rangers.", "No transfer materialised at Brentford and he joined Conference South club Eastleigh on non-contract terms on 10 November 2009.", "Both of Eastleigh's goalkeepers were missing through injury, and as a result, Arnold deputised in a 2–1 away victory at Dorchester Town on the same day as his signing was announced.", "He made five appearances during his time with the club.", "Wycombe Wanderers\nArnold joined Wycombe Wanderers of League One on a six-month contract on 22 January 2010, following a successful two-week trial.", "He was the club's second-choice goalkeeper during the second half of the 2009–10 season.", "Arnold signed a one-year contract extension with the club on 21 May 2010.", "Arnold played regularly for the club's reserve team throughout the 2010–11 season, but failed to make any first-team appearances.", "He signed another one-year contract extension on 11 May 2011.", "Loan to Hayes and Yeading United\nHaving not played any first-team football at Wycombe, Arnold joined Conference Premier club Hayes & Yeading United on a one-month loan agreement on 5 August 2011, to gain first-team experience.", "He made his debut in a 3–1 home victory over Alfreton Town on 13 August 2011, saving two first-half penalties during the match.", "His month at Hayes & Yeading was described as \"hugely successful\", having played in all six games during the loan agreement, as well as saving a further two penalties.", "His loan was subsequently extended until the end of the 2011–12 season, and Arnold was ever present for Hayes & Yeading during the first three months of his loan spell.", "He suffered a fractured metatarsal in Hayes' 3–3 draw against Stockport County on 5 November 2011, and, as a result of the injury, he had to return to his parent club to undergo surgery on his foot.", "He returned to Hayes & Yeading two months later, and played in their 1–0 away victory against Bath City on 21 February 2012, assisting Michael Thalassitis' goal with his long clearance.", "Arnold made 31 appearances for the club during the season.", "At the end of the season, he was voted as the Supporters' Player of the Year.", "On his return to Wycombe, he was released when his contract expired on 9 May 2012.", "Stevenage\nShortly after leaving Wycombe, Arnold signed for League One club Stevenage on a free transfer on 25 May 2012.", "Stevenage manager Gary Smith stated that goalkeeping coach Gary Phillips had recommended him to sign Arnold, with Phillips working with the player during his time at Grays Athletic.", "Arnold made his debut for the club in a 3–2 defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge in a Football League Trophy tie on 4 September 2012.", "He earned the first league start of his Stevenage career in a 2–1 away victory over Notts County at Meadow Lane on 2 October, before keeping his first clean sheet of the season four days later in a 1–0 home win against Scunthorpe United.", "He signed a two-year contract extension, keeping him at the club until the summer of 2015.", "He made 32 appearances in all competitions during his first season with the club.", "He was the club's second-choice goalkeeper, behind Chris Day, during the 2013–14 season and made two appearances that season.", "Arnold was released by Stevenage on 17 May 2014.", "Forest Green Rovers\nOn 6 June 2014, he joined Forest Green Rovers.", "He made his debut for the club on 21 February 2015, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win over AFC Telford United.", "He followed that performance with a second clean sheet in his next match three days later on 24 February 2015 in a 0–0 draw at the Racecourse Ground against Wrexham.", "At the end of the 2014–15 season he helped Forest Green to the Conference Premier play-offs only to be denied a place in the play-off final after a semi-final defeat against Bristol Rovers.", "His first appearance of the 2015–16 season came in the 2–1 FA Cup victory over Football League side AFC Wimbledon on 7 November 2015.", "He helped Forest Green to the 2015-16 National League play-off final on 15 May 2016 at Wembley Stadium, only to be denied promotion to the Football League following a 3–1 loss against Grimsby Town.", "The next day on 16 May 2016 it was confirmed he had been offered a new contract by the club.", "However, on 3 June 2016 the club announced they have released him.", "Dover Athletic\nAfter appearing in a pre-season friendly against Leyton Orient on 16 July 2016, it was announced that Arnold had joined Dover Athletic.", "He made his debut for Dover on the opening day of the 2016–17 season, keeping a clean sheet in a 0–0 away draw against Wrexham.", "Gillingham\nOn 17 August 2017, Arnold signed for Gillingham on a one-year deal after his release from Dover at the end of the 2016–17 season.", "Barrow\nUnable to regularly break into the Gillingham first-team, he signed for Barrow on an 18-month deal after mutually terminating the contract with The Gills on 16 January 2018.", "Shrewsbury Town\nArnold joined League One club Shrewsbury Town on 19 July 2018 on a free transfer, signing a two-year contract.", "Northampton Town\nArnold signed for League Two club Northampton Town on a two-year contract for an undisclosed fee on 5 June 2019.", "At the end of the curtailed 2019-20 season due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Arnold helped Northampton Town gain promotion to League One with a League Two play-off final 4–0 victory over Exeter City in a behind closed doors match at Wembley Stadium.", "Southend United\nOn 2 July 2021, Arnold signed for National League side Southend United.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\nNorthampton Town\nEFL League Two play-offs: 2020\n\nIndividual\nHayes & Yeading United Player of the Year: 2011–12\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Welwyn Hatfield (district)\nFootballers from Hertfordshire\nEnglish footballers\nEngland semi-pro international footballers\nAssociation football goalkeepers\nNorwich City F.C.", "players\nGrays Athletic F.C.", "players\nEastleigh F.C.", "players\nWycombe Wanderers F.C.", "players\nHayes & Yeading United F.C.", "players\nStevenage F.C.", "players\nForest Green Rovers F.C.", "players\nDover Athletic F.C.", "players\nGillingham F.C.", "players\nBarrow A.F.C.", "players\nShrewsbury Town F.C.", "players\nNorthampton Town F.C.", "players\nSouthend United F.C.", "players\nEnglish Football League players\nNational League (English football) players" ]

[ "Steven John William Arnold is an English professional footballer who plays for a National League club.", "Arnold was signed as an academy scholar at Norwich City's centre of excellence in 2005.", "He was released from his first professional contract after not playing for the first-team.", "Arnold joined Eastleigh in the first half of the 2009–10 season after spending the 2008–09 season at Grays Athletic.", "He joined the club in January 2010.", "During his time at the club, he played regularly for the club and was sent out to play for a team in the Conference premier division.", "He was released by Wycombe in May 2012 after making no first-team appearances.", "He was on a free transfer at the time.", "Arnold joined Forest Green Rovers after two seasons at Stevenage.", "He was at Forest Green in the National League for two years.", "He returned to the Football League when he joined Gillingham.", "He left Gillingham in January of last year to join Barrow.", "Arnold joined Northampton Town for an undisclosed fee in June 2019.", "In his first season at Northampton, he helped the club earn promotion and played in the League Two play-off Final.", "Arnold joined the club in July 2021.", "Arnold joined the centre of excellence in the summer of 2005 after spending time in the youth teams.", "He played in a trial match against Rushden & Diamonds' youth team.", "Arnold was an unused substitute in the 4–2 League Cup victory over Rotherham United in September of 2006 after training with the first-team squad.", "Arnold signed his first professional contract on May 11, 2007, with the option of a further year, after playing for both the club's youth and reserve teams.", "Arnold was released by the club on 6 May 2008 due to the fact that he had not made a first-team appearance.", "Arnold joined Grays Athletic on a one-year contract in June 2008.", "On the opening day of the 2008–09 season, he made his debut for the club.", "Arnold kept the first clean sheet of his career in a 1–0 away victory against Ebbsfleet United in December 2008, after starting in the club's first three games of the season.", "He made 18 appearances for Grays this season.", "He left the club in June of 2009.", "Arnold played 45 minutes in a reserve match for Queens Park Rangers in October 2009, after spending a week on trial with Brentford.", "He joined Eastleigh on non-contract terms in November of 2009.", "Arnold deputised in a 2–1 away victory at Dorchester Town on the same day as his signing was announced, because both of Eastleigh's goalkeepers were missing through injury.", "He made five appearances for the club.", "Arnold joined the club on a six-month contract after a successful two-week trial.", "He was the club's second-choice goalkeeper during the second half of the season.", "Arnold signed a one-year contract extension with the club.", "Arnold did not make a first-team appearance for the club during the 2010–11 season.", "He renewed his contract on 11 May 2011.", "Arnold joined Conference premier club Hayes and Yeading United on a one-month loan to gain first-team experience.", "He made his debut in a 3–1 home victory over Alfreton Town, saving two first-half penalties.", "He played in all six games during the loan agreement, as well as saving two penalties, and was described as hugely successful.", "Arnold was present for the first three months of his loan spell, and his loan was extended until the end of the season.", "He had to return to his parent club to have surgery on his foot after he suffered a fractured metatarsal in the 3–3 draw against Stockport County.", "He played in the 1–0 away victory against Bath City on 21 February 2012 and assisted Michael Thalassitis' goal with his long clearance.", "Arnold played in 31 games for the club.", "The Supporters' Player of the Year was voted on at the end of the season.", "He was released when his contract expired.", "Arnold signed for League One club Stevenage on a free transfer.", "Gary Smith stated that goalkeeping coach GaryPhillips recommended him to sign Arnold and that he worked with the player at Grays Athletic.", "On 4 September 2012 Arnold made his debut for the club in a 3–2 defeat to Dagenham & Redbridge in a Football League Trophy tie.", "He started in the league for the first time in his career in a 2–1 away victory over Notts County at Meadow Lane on 2 October, before keeping his first clean sheet of the season in a 1–0 home win against Scunthorpe United four days later.", "He signed a two-year contract extension that will keep him at the club until the summer of 2015.", "During his first season with the club, he made 32 appearances.", "Chris Day was the club's second-choice goalkeeper and he made two appearances that season.", "On 17 May, Arnold was released.", "He joined Forest Green Rovers.", "He made his debut for the club in February 2015, keeping a clean sheet in a 3–0 win.", "He followed that performance with a second clean sheet in his next match three days later in a 0–0 draw against Wrexham.", "After helping Forest Green to the Conference premier play-offs, he was denied a place in the final by a semi-final defeat.", "He made his first appearance of the season in the 2–1 FA Cup victory over Wimbledon.", "After helping Forest Green to the National League play-off final at Wembley Stadium, he was denied promotion to the Football League.", "He was offered a new contract by the club the next day.", "The club released him on June 3rd.", "On July 16, 2016 it was announced that Arnold had joined Dover Athletic.", "On the opening day of the 2016–17 season, he kept a clean sheet in a 0–0 away draw against Wrexham.", "Arnold was released from Dover at the end of the 2016–17 season and signed for Gillingham on August 17th.", "After being unable to break into the Gillingham first-team, Barrow signed for Barrow on an 18-month deal.", "Arnold joined League One club Shrewsbury Town on a free transfer and signed a two-year contract.", "Arnold signed a two-year contract with Northampton Town on June 5, 2019.", "Arnold helped Northampton Town gain promotion to League One with a League Two play-off final victory over Exeter City in a behind closed doors match at Wembley Stadium.", "Arnold was signed to a National League side on July 2, 2021.", "The player of the year for Northampton Town in the League Two play-offs is from Welwyn Hatfield.", "The players are from Grays Athletic F.C.", "The players are from Eastleigh F.C.", "The players of the club.", "The players are from the United F.C.", "The players are from F.C.", "The players are from Forest Green.", "The players are from Dover Athletic F.C.", "The players are from Gillingham F.C.", "The players are from Barrow A.F.C.", "The players are from Shrewsbury Town F.C.", "The players are from Northampton Town F.C.", "The players are from Southend United F.C.", "Football players from the National League." ]

[ "Steven John William Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold" ]

[ "Steven John William Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold", "Arnold" ]

[ "Joseph Salvatore Altobelli (May 26, 1932 – March 3, 2021) was an American professional baseball first baseman and outfielder who played for the Cleveland Indians and Minnesota Twins of Major League Baseball.", "He was also a manager for the San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, and Chicago Cubs.", "He batted and threw left-handed.", "Altobelli succeeded Earl Weaver as manager of the Orioles in 1983 and led the team to their sixth American League pennant and their third (and most recent) World Series championship.", "He ended his involvement in professional baseball in 2009, retiring after over a decade as a color commentator for the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings.", "Early life\nAltobelli was born in Detroit on May 26, 1932.", "He earned All-City recognition in baseball, football, and basketball while attending Eastern High School.", "He was signed as an amateur free agent by the Cleveland Indians before the 1951 season.", "Professional career\n\nAs player\nAlthough Altobelli's playing career included three brief stints in the Major Leagues, his greatest success came in the minors.", "After being signed by the Indians, he was assigned to their Florida State League affiliate in Daytona Beach for the 1951 campaign.", "On April 26, Altobelli singled to begin a 36-game hitting streak which stood as the Florida State League record for 59 years until it was surpassed in 2010.", "In 140 games with the Islanders that season, he notched 204 hits while posting a .341 batting average.", "He earned a promotion to the Eastern League the following year, posting two solid seasons with the Reading Indians, as he helped lead them to 101 wins and the Eastern League pennant in 1953.", "Another pennant followed in 1954, this time as a member of the AAA American Association's Indianapolis Indians.", "His .297 average and 79 RBI that season were enough to earn him a callup to the Majors the following year.", "Altobelli made his big league debut in his hometown of Detroit on April 14, 1955, when he was inserted into the lineup in the eighth inning as a pinch runner for three-time All-Star Vic Wertz.", "His first hit and RBI came a week later when singled to left with the bases loaded to score Larry Doby.", "He played in 20 games with the Tribe before being returned to Indianapolis on May 9, where the Indians felt he could get more playing time as an everyday player.", "He was recalled to Cleveland in late June, and played in 13 games before being returned to AAA, where he hit .271 with 7 HRs and 53 RBI in 98 games that season with Indianapolis.", "With a September callup, Altobelli played in a total of 42 games for the big league club that season, hitting .200 BA, 2 HR, 5 RBI.", "Joe remained with Indianapolis in 1956, as the club posted one of the most successful seasons in franchise history.", "The AAA Indians won the American Association pennant with a 92-62 record, including a 24-0 win over the Louisville Colonels on May 18.", "They swept the Denver Bears in the American Association finals, then swept the International League's Rochester Red Wings in the Junior World Series.", "In 145 games that year, Joe displayed a newfound power by slugging 19 home runs and ten triples while driving in 81 runs to go along with a .254 batting average.", "Alto spent most of the 1957 season with the Cleveland Indians, playing in 83 games while filling a prime pinch hitter role and spotting Wertz at first base and Rocky Colavito in right field.", "As a player, Altobelli was a slugging first baseman and outfielder who enjoyed his greatest success at the AAA level.", "He batted only .210 in 166 MLB games with the Cleveland Indians (1955, 1957) and Minnesota Twins (), with five home runs, and 28 runs batted in (RBI).", "However, Altobelli reached double-digits in home runs in nine of his thirteen seasons as a AAA player.", "As a member of the Montreal Royals, he led the 1960 International League (IL) in home runs (31) and RBI (105).", "In between, Altobelli played baseball in three winter seasons in Venezuela: one year in the Liga Occidental de Béisbol Profesional (LOBP) and two in the Venezuelan Professional Baseball League (VPBL).", "He claimed a batting title with a .378 average for the 1955–56 Gavilanes de Maracaibo championship team; he then posted two solid campaigns with the Indios de Oriente (1956–57) and Industriales de Valencia (1960–61).", "As coach and manager \nIn 1966, Altobelli began an 11-year apprenticeship as a manager in the Baltimore farm system, culminating in six seasons (1971–1976) managing the IL Rochester Red Wings.", "During his tenure, the Red Wings finished first four times.", "Altobelli's first major league managerial assignment began when the San Francisco Giants hired him to succeed Bill Rigney, on October 7, 1976.", "Although Altobelli's 1978 club finished 16 games above .500 and in third place in the National League West Division, he was dismissed in 1979, his third season, with a mark of 225–239 (.485) as Giants' manager.", "Altobelli then joined the New York Yankees as manager of their AAA farm team, the Columbus Clippers.", "After another first-place IL finish in 1980, Altobelli became a Yankees coach, from 1981 to 1982, working under managers Gene Michael, Bob Lemon, and Clyde King.", "Altobelli signed a two-year contract as manager of the Orioles on November 12, 1982, succeeding Earl Weaver who had retired one month prior.", "Jim Palmer said that Altobelli was \"very compassionate and sensitive compared to most managers\" unlike Weaver who \"isn't all that compassionate and sensitive even compared to most chain gang wardens.\"", "The Altobelli-led team posted 98 wins, winning the American League East Division championship, then bested the Chicago White Sox, three games to one, in the American League Championship Series (ALCS).", "The Orioles then decimated the Philadelphia Phillies in the 1983 World Series, winning in five games.", "The Orioles fell to fifth in the AL East in 1984, despite playing eight games over .500.", "After the Orioles began the 1985 season in first place with an 18–9 record, a 11–17 slump resulted in Altobelli's dismissal on June 13 and Weaver's return as manager which ended a -year retirement.", "Altobelli then returned to coaching, working with the Yankees again (1986–1987), serving next under Don Zimmer with the Chicago Cubs from 1988 to 1991, and filled in as interim manager for one game when Zimmer was fired in 1991 before being replaced by Jim Essian.", "Return to Rochester\nAltobelli returned to Rochester in 1991 and took over as general manager of the Red Wings the following year.", "He served in this capacity for three years.", "He subsequently acted as special assistant to the club president until 1997.", "One year later, he began serving as the color commentator for Red Wings home-game broadcasts.", "He announced his retirement in early 2009, making it the first year he was out of organized baseball since 1950.", "Altobelli was referred to as Rochester's \"Mr.", "Baseball.\"", "His number 26 has been retired by the team, he was an inaugural inductee into the Red Wings Hall of Fame, and in 2010 a statue of Altobelli was installed on the Frontier Field concourse, which included a plaque noting he is the only man to have been a player, coach, manager, and general manager of the team.", "Managerial record\n\nPersonal life\nAltobelli resided in Rochester, New York.", "He married Patsy Ruth Wooten in 1952.", "Together they had six children: Mike, Mark, Jody, Jackie, Jerry, and Joe.", "They remained married for 52 years until her death in 2003.", "Altobelli suffered a stroke in November 2017, and consequently resided at a rehabilitation center.", "He made his final public appearance two years later in August 2019, when Rich Dauer – who played under Altobelli in 1976 – was inducted into the Rochester Red Wings Hall of Fame.", "Altobelli died on March 3, 2021; he was 88 years old.", "References\n\nExternal links \n\nJoe Altobelli at Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)\n\n1932 births\n2021 deaths\nAmerican people of Italian descent\nBaseball coaches from Michigan\nBaltimore Orioles coaches\nBaltimore Orioles managers\nMinor League Baseball broadcasters\nBaseball players from Detroit\nCaribes de Oriente players\nAmerican expatriate baseball players in Venezuela\nChicago Cubs coaches\nChicago Cubs managers\nCleveland Indians players\nColumbus Jets players\nGavilanes de Maracaibo players\nIndianapolis Indians players\nIndios de Oriente players\nIndustriales de Valencia players\nMajor League Baseball bench coaches\nMajor League Baseball first basemen\nMajor League Baseball third base coaches\nMinnesota Twins players\nNew York Yankees coaches\nMartin Luther King High School (Detroit) alumni\nSportspeople from Rochester, New York\nRochester Red Wings managers\nRochester Red Wings players\nSan Francisco Giants managers\nToronto Maple Leafs (International League) players\nWorld Series-winning managers" ]

[ "Altobelli was an American professional baseball player who played for the Cleveland Indians and Minnesota Twins in Major League Baseball.", "He managed the San Francisco Giants, Baltimore Orioles, and Chicago Cubs.", "He threw the ball left-handed.", "Altobelli succeeded Earl Weaver as manager of the Orioles in 1983 and they went on to win the World Series three times.", "He retired after 10 years as a color commentator for the Triple-A Rochester Red Wings.", "Altobelli was born in Detroit on May 26, 1932.", "He was an All-City player in baseball, football, and basketball.", "He was signed by the Cleveland Indians as an amateur free agent.", "Although he played in the Major Leagues, Altobelli's greatest success came in the Minor Leagues.", "He was assigned to Daytona Beach for the 1951 campaign after being signed by the Indians.", "Altobelli's 36-game hitting streak was the Florida State League record for 59 years until it was surpassed in 2010.", "In 140 games with the Islanders, he racked up 204 hits and a.341 batting average.", "After two solid seasons with the Reading Indians, he was promoted to the Eastern League and helped lead them to 101 wins.", "The Indianapolis Indians were a member of theAAA American Association in 1954.", "He was called up to the Majors the following year after he had a.300 average and 81RBI.", "On April 14, 1955, Altobelli made his big league debut in his hometown of Detroit, as a pinch runner for three-time All-Star Vic Wertz.", "His first hit was a single to left that scored Larry Doby.", "The Indians felt he could get more playing time as an everyday player when he was returned to Indianapolis on May 9.", "He played in 13 games for Cleveland after being recalled in June and hit.270 with 7 homers and 53 runs in 98 games for Indianapolis.", "Altobelli played in a total of 42 games for the big league club that season, hitting.200 BA, 2 HR, 5 RBI.", "Indianapolis posted one of the most successful seasons in franchise history, as Joe remained with the club.", "The Indians won the American Association pennant with a 92-62 record, including a 24-0 win over the Louisville Colonels on May 18.", "They swept the Denver Bears in the American Association finals and the International League's Rochester Red Wings in the Junior World Series.", "Joe was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Alto spent most of the 1957 season with the Cleveland Indians, playing in 83 games while filling a prime pinch hitter role and spotting Wertz at first base and Colavito in right field.", "Altobelli was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He played 166 MLB games for the Cleveland Indians and Minnesota Twins, batting.210 with five home runs and 28 runs batted in.", "Altobelli hit double-digits in home runs in nine of his thirteen seasons as a player.", "He was a member of the Montreal Royals and led the International League in home runs with 31.", "Altobelli played baseball in Venezuela in the winter 2014–2018, and in the summer 2014–2018.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 1966 Altobelli began an apprenticeship as a manager in the Baltimore farm system and went on to manage the Rochester Red Wings for six seasons.", "The Red Wings finished first four times.", "The San Francisco Giants hired Altobelli to be their new manager on October 7, 1976.", "Although Altobelli's 1978 club finished 16 games above.500 and in third place in the National League West Division, he was dismissed in 1979.", "Altobelli was the manager of the Columbus Clippers for the New York Yankees.", "Altobelli was a Yankees coach from 1981 to 1982, working under managers Gene Michael, Bob Lemon, and Clyde King.", "Earl Weaver retired one month before Altobelli signed a two-year contract to manage the Orioles.", "Jim Palmer said that Altobelli was very compassionate and sensitive compared to most managers and that Weaver wasn't all that compassionate and sensitive.", "The Altobelli-led team posted 98 wins, winning the American League East Division championship, then defeating the Chicago White Sox in the American League Championship Series.", "The Orioles won the World Series in five games.", "Despite playing eight games over.500, the Orioles fell to fifth in the American League East in 1984.", "After the Orioles began the 1985 season in first place with an 18–9 record, a 11–17 slump resulted in Altobelli's dismissal on June 13 and Weaver's return as manager which ended a year of retirement.", "Altobelli then returned to coaching, working with the Yankees again (1986–1987), serving next under Don Zimmer with the Chicago Cubs from 1988 to 1991, and filling in as interim manager for one game when he was fired in 1991, before being replaced by Jim Essian.", "Altobelli returned to Rochester in 1991 and took over as general manager of the Red Wings the following year.", "He was in this position for three years.", "He was the club president's special assistant until 1997.", "He became the color commentator for Red Wings broadcasts one year later.", "He retired in early 2009, his first year out of organized baseball since 1950.", "Rochester referred to Altobelli as Mr.", "Baseball.", "A statue of Altobelli, the only man to have been a player, coach, manager, was installed on the Frontier Field concourse in 2010, and his number 26 has been retired by the team.", "Altobelli lived in Rochester, New York.", "He was married to a woman in 1952.", "Their children were Mike, Mark, Jody,Jackie, Jerry, and Joe.", "They were married for 52 years.", "Altobelli resided at a rehabilitation center after suffering a stroke.", "He made his last public appearance two years later in August, when Rich Dauer, who played under Altobelli in 1976, was inducted into the Rochester Red Wings Hall of Fame.", "Altobelli died on March 3, 2021.", "There are external links to Joe Altobelli at the Pura Pelota (Venezuelan Professional Baseball League)." ]

[ "Joseph Salvatore Altobelli", "Altobelli", "Joe", "Joe", "Altobelli", "Joe", "Joe Altobell" ]

[ "Altobelli", "Altobelli", "Altobelli", "Altobelli", "Joe", "Joe", "Altobelli", "Altobelli", "Joe", "Joe Altobelli" ]

[ "Navni Parihar is an Indian film and television actress.", "She made her debut with the TV serial Mujrim Haazir as the main lead alongside Nutan and Utpal Dutt.", "In the 90s, she was one of the most sought after top lead actresses of television.", "Her first commercial film was Hulchul opposite Vinod Khanna, and starring Ajay Devgan and Kajol.", "Her career spans over three decades across various genres and formats.", "During her career she has worked with multiple actors such as Irffan Khan, Om Puri, Anupam Kher, Akshay Kumar, Priyanka Chopra, Lara Dutta, Kareena Kapoor, Abhishek Bachchan, Vidya Balan, Salman Khan, Nawazuddin Siddiqui, Kartik Aryan, and Bhumi Pednekar.", "Subsequently, she has won many awards for her work.", "Navni is best known for her work in projects such as Dastaan, Daayre, Pradhanmantri, Tanu Weds Manu, Pati Patni Aur Woh, and Motichoor Chaknachoor.", "She has had the opportunity to work with directors such as Gulzar, Anand L. Rai, Madhur Bhandarkar, Rajshree Production, Anees Bazmee, Tigmanshu Dhulia, Suneel Darshan, Mahesh Bhatt, and Raj Kawar.", "In addition to Hindi TV and movie industry, she has also starred in a few regional films (Lagyo Kasumbi No Rang, Partu) and in a German film, Wer Liebe Verspricht (2008).", "Recently, her work can be seen in web series such as Little Things alongside Mithila Palkar on Netflix, and short films such as The Wallet alongside Naseeruddin Shah.", "Her upcoming projects include Salt City alongside Gauhar Khan and Piyush Mishra, Bhuj starring Ajay Devgan, Sonakshi Sinha, Sanjay Dutt, and Norah Fatehi, and Justice Delivered alongside Amol Palkar.", "Early life \nBorn Navni Chauhan in a traditional Rajput family to her parents - Dileep Singh and B. Rajlaxmi Singh, she grew up with her 5 sisters in Indore, M.P.", "After her B.Sc she did her MSW from Indore School of Social Work with a specialisation in medical and psychiatric social work.", "During her college fieldwork she worked extensively with the deaf, mute, and blind children, giving them dance, drama and painting lessons.", "These children won many awards under her guidance.", "Navni says this was her most satisfying phase.", "Navni started working in the film and television industry only after her marriage.", "Personal life \nNavni is married to Animesh Parihar, who works in the global delivery and consultancy industry and has headed companies such as Capgemini, Oracle, and SAP and is a well known name in the IT industry.", "They have two daughters, Nibha Parihar and Sushmeena Parihar.", "Nibha did her education from Rajhans Vidyalaya, attended Sophia College, and then did her post-graduate studies from Manchester University, followed by MBA from Ross Business School.", "Sushmeena (born 1998) attended Oberoi International School, went to Lake Forest College, and is currently doing her post-graduation at New York University.", "Her younger one, Sushmeena, has expressed some interest in entering the entertainment industry and has been offered a few roles, but has largely stayed away from the camera till now.", "Navni’s maternal grandfather is from the Jung Bahadur Rana family of Nepal, and maternal grandmother is from DebBurman family of Tripura.", "Navni’s maternal great grandmother was Maharaj Kumari Kumudini Devi, and great-great grandmother was Maharani Manmohini Devi.", "Navni’s maternal great-great grandfather, Radhamohan Thakur Deb Barma, wrote the grammar of Kokborok named \"Kok-Borokma\" published in 1900 AD.", "Legendary music director S. D. Burman was 2nd cousin of Navni’s maternal grandmother Pratibhamoyi Devi Deb Burman.", "Navni’s mother-in-law was the daughter of Dheerpura princess Udaya Kumari, and father-in-law Ishwar Singh Parihar was the Director Publicity and Tourism, M.P.", "He was a very well known journalist, freedom fighter, and an author who wrote “Heart of India” which was converted into a dance-drama and inaugurated by then Prime Minister Pdt Jawaharlal Nehru.", "See also\nParihar\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n1966 births\nLiving people\nIndian television actresses\nIndian voice actresses\nActresses in Hindi cinema\nActresses from Indore\nIndian film actresses\nActresses in Hindi television\n20th-century Indian actresses\n21st-century Indian actresses" ]

[ "Navni is an Indian actress.", "She was the main lead in the TV serial Mujrim Haazir.", "She was one of the top lead actresses of television in the 90s.", "She starred in her first commercial film, which was called \"Hulchul\" and was directed by her husband.", "Her career spans over three decades.", "She has worked with many actors such as Irffan Khan, Om Puri, Anupam Kher, Akshay Kumar, and others.", "She has won many awards for her work.", "Navni is known for her work in projects such as Dastaan, Daayre, and Pati Patni Aur Woh.", "She has had the chance to work with many directors.", "She has also starred in a few regional films, including Lagyo Kasumbi No Rang, Partu and Wer Liebe Verspricht.", "Her work can be seen in a number of films and web series.", "Salt City is one of her upcoming projects along with Gauhar Khan and Piyush Mishra.", "She was born in a traditional Rajput family to Dileep Singh and B. Rajlaxmi Singh.", "She did her masters from the school of social work with a specialisation in medical and psychiatric social work.", "She gave dance, drama and painting lessons to the blind and deafness while she was in college.", "She helped these children win many awards.", "Navni said this was her most satisfying phase.", "After her marriage, Navni started working in the film and television industry.", "Navni is married to a man who works in the global delivery and consultancy industry and is a well known name in the IT industry.", "They have two daughters.", "After completing her education from Rajhans Vidyalaya, Nibha attended Sophia College and then did her post-graduate studies at Manchester University and Ross Business School.", "After attending Oberoi International School, she went to Lake Forest College and is now a student at New York University.", "Her younger one, Sushmeena, has expressed some interest in entering the entertainment industry and has been offered a few roles, but has largely stayed away from the camera till now.", "Navni's maternal grandparents are from Nepal and her maternal grandmother is from Tripura.", "Navni has two great-great grandmothers, one of which was her maternal great grandmother.", "The \"Kok-Borokma\" was written in 1900 AD by the great-great grandfather of Navni.", "The 2nd cousin of Navni was the legendary music director S. D. Burman.", "The mother-in-law and father-in-law of Navni were related to the princess Udaya Kumari.", "He was a journalist, freedom fighter, and author who wrote \"Heart of India\" which was converted into a dance-drama and inaugurated by Pdt Jawaharlal Nehru.", "External links 1966 births Living people Indian television actresses Indian voice actresses Actresses in Hindi cinema Actresses from Indore" ]

[ "Navni Parihar", "Navni", "Navni", "Navni", "Parihar", "Parihar", "Parihar", "Navni", "Singh Parihar" ]

[ "Navni", "Navni" ]

[ "Celadet Alî Bedirxan (; 26 April 1893 – 1951), also known as , was a Kurdish diplomat, writer, linguist, journalist and political activist.", "He held a master's degree in law from Istanbul University, completed his studies in Munich, and spoke several languages including Arabic, Kurdish, Russian, German, Turkish, Persian and French.", "He left Turkey in 1923 when the Kemalists declared a new republic.", "In 1927, at a Kurdish conference held in Beirut, a committee was formed, the Xoybûn.", "He is known for having been the first modern linguist to compile and organise the grammar of the modern form of the Northern Kurdish language, Kurmanji, and having designed the Latin-based Hawar alphabet, which is now the formal alphabet of Kurmanji and is also sometimes used for the other dialects of the Kurdish Language, having replaced the Arabic-based, Cyrillic-based, Persian-based and Armenian-based alphabets formerly used for Kurmanji.", "Life\nCeladet was born to Emin Ali Bedir Khan, son of the last emir of the Emirate of Bohtan, Bedir Khan Beg, and the Circassian Senihe Hanım.", "Sources differ as to his birthplace: according to Kurdish sources he was born in a suburb of Constantinople (today called Istanbul), Turkey; however, according to Encyclopædia Britannica, he was born in Syria.", "He attended the Galatasaray High School until he and his family were exiled in 1906.", "After his family returned from their exile, he followed up on his studies at the Vefa High School in Istanbul.", "He obtained a master's degree in law from Istanbul University and worked within the Ottoman juridical bureaucracy in Edirne.", "During World War I he was an officer of the Ottoman army and stationed in Eastern Anatolia.", "After the end of the war, he settled in Constantinople and began to work as a lawyer.", "In 1919, Celadet and his brother Kamuran Ali Bedirxan accompanied British officer Edward Noel in his travels through Iraq.", "Noel was assessing the possibility of the creation of an official nation of Kurdistan.", "The activities between the Bedir Khan brothers and the British diplomats were met with opposition by the Kemalists, and in 1921 Celadet left for Munich and studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University.", "In 1923 the Kemalists sentenced the two brothers to death in absentia.", "He stayed in Germany until 1925, when he joined his family in Egypt.", "In 1927, at a conference of Kurdish nationalists held in Beirut, a committee was formed, the Xoybûn, to coordinate the movement.", "Celadet Ali Badirkhan was elected as the first president of this committee.", "Three years later, the Xoybûn became involved in the Kurdish independence movement in Ağrı Province, called Republic of Ararat.", "In the course of the rebellion, he was occupied with finding support for the Kurdish cause of either the British or the Soviets.", "After the defeat of the Ararat movement, he moved to Iran.", "Reza Shah Pahlavi, King of Iran, tried to persuade him to stay away from the Kurdish nationalist movement, and offered him a consulate job, but had him expelled from the country when he did not agree.", "Then he moved to Iraq, but also the British did not want him to stay, and Bedirxan finally moved to Syria in 1931 where he lived his remaining two decades in exile.", "He and other French investors unsuccessfully attempted to achieve a development of the lands in Syria which formerly were part of the Emirate of Bohtan.", "After the defeat of Kurdish nationalist movements in Turkey, Iraq and Iran, he devoted himself to the Kurdish cultural issues.", "During his last years, he faced severe economic problems, and worked as a farmer.", "Celadet died in 1951 Damascus, involved in a traffic accident.", "Work\nHis work in exile concentrated on a Latin alphabet for the Kurdish language.", "In 1931, he published the Kurdish grammar book Bingehên gramera kurdmancî.", "The French authorities in Syria permitted his publishing of a Kurdish-oriented cultural magazine, Hawar, beginning on 15 May 1932.", "It was initially bi-monthly, and primarily in Kurdish, with three or four pages per issue in French.", "Although the first 23 issues, from 1932 to 1935, were published using both the Arabic alphabet and the Latin alphabet, his principal purpose was the further development and spread of the Latin-based alphabet he had developed for northern Kurdish (i.e., Kurmanji).", "From the issue number 24 onwards Hawar only used Latin script.", "Between 1935 and 1941 Celadet paused the publication of the magazine as he was focusing on his activities as a lawyer and professor for French in Damascus.", "Between 1941 to 1943 the remainder of the issues were published.", "From 1942 until 1945, he published a separate monthly journal named Ronahî, comprising 28 issues.", "He was also supportive of other Kurdish literature and magazines, such as the Baghdad based Gelawej.", "In 1970, the French translation of his book on Kurdish grammar was published in France.", "Personal life \nIn 1935 he married his cousin, Rewşen Bedirxan (also known as Rewşen Xanim).", "He had two children from this marriage, Cemşîd and Sînemxan.", "His daughter Sînemxan, lives in Baghdad; she has written several books on Kurdistan's history.", "Literature \n Nivêjên Êzidiyan (The prayers of Yazidis)\n Ji Mesela Kurdistanê (About the Kurdistan Problem), in Hawar journal, vol.45\n Elfabêya Kurdî û Bingehên gramera kurdmancî (Kurdish Alphabet and The Basics of Kurmanji Grammar)\n Bedir Khan, Djeladet Ali & Lescot, Roger, Grammaire kurde: (dialect kurmandji), Paris: J. Maisonneuve, (Librairie d'Amerique et d'Orient), 1991 (also Paris: Maisonneuve, 1970).", "References\n\nBibliography\n Life and Works of Celadet Alî Bedirxan, in Kurdish.", "About the Life of Celadet Elî Bedîrxan, by Mahmut Hocaoglu, in Kurdish.", "The Life of Celadet Alî Bedirxan, in German.", "\"Jeladet Bedir Xan (1893–1951)\", Kurdish Academy of Language.", "Retrieved 15 January 2015.", "\"Badr Khani Jaladat\", Encyclopædia Britannica.", "Retrieved 15 January 2015.", "Elfabêya kurdî & Bingehên gramera kurdmancî (Kurdish Alphabet and The Basics of Kurdish Grammar)\n The story of a Kurdish prince in exile: Jeladet Ali Bedir Xan\n\n1893 births\n1951 deaths\nPeople from Istanbul\nKurdish-language writers\nCreators of writing systems\nTurkish Kurdish politicians\nKurdish people of the Ottoman Empire\nPeople of the Ottoman Empire of Circassian descent\nSyrian Kurdish people\nSyrian people of Circassian descent\nIstanbul University Faculty of Law alumni\nKurdish politicians\nKurdish independence activists" ]

[ "Celadet Al Bedirxan was a Kurdish diplomat, writer, linguist, journalist and political activist.", "He obtained a master's degree in law from Istanbul University, completed his studies in Germany, and spoke several languages, including Arabic, Kurdish, Russian, German, Turkish, Persian and French.", "Kemalists declared a new republic in 1923 and he left Turkey.", "The Xoybn was formed at a Kurdish conference in 1927.", "He designed the Latin-based Hawar alphabet, which is now the formal alphabet of the Northern Kurdish language, and was the first modern linguist to organize the modern form of the Northern Kurdish language.", "Emin Ali Bedir Khan was the son of the last emir of the Emirate of Bohtan.", "According to Kurdish sources, he was born in a suburb of Constantinople in Turkey, but according to the Encyclopdia Britannica, he was born in Syria.", "He and his family were exiled in 1906.", "He followed up on his studies after his family returned from exile.", "He obtained a master's degree in law from Istanbul University.", "He was an officer in the Ottoman army during World War I.", "He settled in Constantinople after the war and began working as a lawyer.", "British officer Edward Noel traveled through Iraq in 1919 with his brother Kamuran Ali Bedirxan.", "Noel was looking at the possibility of an official nation of Kurdistan.", "The activities between the Bedir Khan brothers and the British diplomats were met with opposition by the Kemalists, and in 1921 Celadet left for Munich and studied at the Ludwig Maximilian University.", "The two brothers were sentenced to death in 1923.", "He moved to Egypt with his family in 1925.", "The Xoybn was formed in 1927 at a conference of Kurdish nationalists.", "The first president of the committee was Celadet Ali Badirkhan.", "The Xoybn became involved in the Kurdish independence movement after three years.", "He was focused on finding support for the Kurdish cause of either the British or the Soviets during the rebellion.", "He moved to Iran after the defeat of the Ararat movement.", "The King of Iran tried to convince him to stay away from the Kurdish nationalist movement, but when he didn't agree, he was kicked out of the country.", "The British did not want Bedirxan to stay in Iraq, so he moved to Syria in 1931, where he lived for two decades in exile.", "He and other French investors were unsuccessful in their attempt to develop the lands in Syria.", "He devoted himself to the Kurdish cultural issues after the defeat of Kurdish nationalist movements in Turkey, Iraq and Iran.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The traffic accident that killed Celadet happened in Damascus.", "He worked on a Latin alphabet for the Kurdish language.", "He published a Kurdish book in 1931.", "His Kurdish-oriented cultural magazine, Hawar, was published by the French authorities in Syria.", "Initially it was bi-monthly and mostly in Kurdish, with three or four pages per issue in French.", "Although the first 23 issues were published using both the Arabic and Latin alphabets, his main purpose was the further development and spread of the Latin-based alphabet he had developed for northern Kurdish.", "Hawar only used Latin script from the issue number 24 onwards.", "Between 1935 and 1941, the magazine was paused as Celadet focused on his activities as a lawyer and professor in Damascus.", "The rest of the issues were published between 1941 and 1943.", "He published a monthly journal called Ronah from 1942 to 1945.", "He was a supporter of Kurdish literature and magazines.", "The French translation of his book was published in 1970.", "He married his cousin, Rewen Bedirxan, in 1935.", "He had two children from this marriage.", "His daughter Snemxan lives in Baghdad and has written several books.", "Nivjn zidiyan was published in the Hawar journal.", "There are references to life and works of Celadet Al Bedirxan.", "About the Life of Celadet El Bedrxan was written in Kurdish.", "The life of Celadet Al Bedirxan was written in German.", "The Kurdish Academy of Language has a description of Jeladet Bedir Xan.", "The article was published on 15 January 2015.", "\"Badr Khani Jaladat\" is in the Encyclopdia Britannica.", "The article was published on 15 January 2015.", "The story of a Kurdish prince in exile has been told many times." ]

[ "Celadet Alî Bedirxan", "Celadet", "Celadet", "Bedirxan", "Alî" ]

[ "Celadet Al Bedirxan", "Celadet", "Celadet", "Bedirxan", "Celadet", "Celadet" ]

[ "Tomás Onésimo Canavery (1839–1913) was an Argentine Catholic priest and military chaplain, who served under the command of Bartolomé Mitre during the War of the Triple Alliance.", "He participated in most of the military actions against the Paraguayan forces, being promoted to lieutenant colonel in the same battlefield by order of General Juan Andrés Gelly y Obes.", "He had a long career as a parish priest of the Province of Buenos Aires, serving in the curacy of Almirante Brown, Arrecifes, Benito Juárez, Moreno, Ramallo and others.", "Biography \n\nTomás Canavery was born in Buenos Aires, the son of Tomás Canaverys and Macedonia Castillo, belonging to a distinguished family of the city.", "He did his elementary studies in Buenos Aires, and was ordained as priest in the seminary of San Lorenzo.", "He started his military career being almost a child.", "At the age of 13 years, he participated in the Battle of Caseros, as sub-lieutenant, and was among the defenders of the city, during the conflict of September 11, 1852, between Buenos Aires Province and the Argentine Confederation.", "He left the habits for a brief period and entered the Conciliar Seminary of Buenos Aires in 1860.", "He served as a military chaplain during the Paraguayan War, and for his heroic behavior was promoted to Lieutenant colonel.", "Canavery was present at the battles of Yatay, Battle of Tuyutí, Battle of Curupayty and Battle of Lomas Valentinas, occurred on December 27, 1868.", "Finished the war he was added to troops who occupied the city of Asunción.", "He was the first Chaplain who served in Villa Occidental, being replaced in the position by José Pablo Lynch y Cabrera.", "He was the most prominent member of the Canaverys family in the Río de la Plata.", "He was awarded the following medals: commemorative for the taking of Uruguaiana; cordon of Tuyutí; shield of Curupayty; star of Guardia Nacional of Buenos Aires Province.", "And the crosses granted by the Brazilian and Uruguayan government.", "He served as the Governor's Chaplain in the Gran Chaco, which also included territories of Formosa and Paraguay.", "In 1897 he obtained his retirement from the Argentine army by decree of the then President José Evaristo Uriburu.", "In 1880, Tomás Canavery served as chaplain in the Penitenciaría Nacional of Buenos Aires, and also served as parish priest in the village of Benito Juárez.", "He was holder in the municipalidad of Ramallo, city where he also served as priest in the Saint Francis Xavier Church of Ramallo.", "He was also dedicated to teaching, he served as preceptor of elementary school in the towns of Ramallo and Ministro Rivadavia (Greater Buenos Aires), being also the priest of the Parish Nuestra Señora del Tránsito of that locality in 1877.", "Tomás Canavery took part in several national events, such as the installation of the Railways in 1857.", "He also attended the inauguration of the Ramallo Railway Station of the Central Argentine Railway in 1886, and supported the privatization of the railways in 1890.", "His last public appearances was in 1908 when he attended the senses tributes celebrated to the Warriors of Paraguay in the Recoleta Cemetery, and during the Centenary of the May Revolution in 1910.", "At the moment a street of the district of Nuñez, Autonomous City of Buenos Aires takes its name in its honor.", "In the city of Ramallo is located the primary education establishment known as Escuela Nº5 Capellan Cnel.", "Tomás O. Canavery.", "Family \n\nTomás Onésimo Canavery was baptized on September 2, 1839, in the parish of San Miguel Arcángel, son of Tomás José Canaverys and Macedonia Castillo, a Creole woman related to Juan Bautista Rondeau.", "His father Tomás, was baptized with that name for being born on December 29 (St Thomas's Day).", "He had several brothers, including Ángel Canavery (1850-1916), a military man who participated in the Conquest of the Desert.", "His sister María Juana Canavery, was married to Enrico Mosconi, an engineer born in Milán, who had been hired by the government for the construction of Central Argentine Railway.", "Enrico and María Juana were the parents of Enrique Mosconi, a prestigious military and engineer, first President of the Yacimientos Petrolíferos Fiscales, the main oil company of Argentina.", "He also was brother of Justino Canavery, which is registered in the census of 1855 along with several members of the Rondeau family.", "His grandparents were Mariano Canaverys and Tiburcia Sosa Ravelo, belonging to a Creole family of Buenos Aires, Caparica and San Juan Province.", "His grandfather was tutor in Escuela de la Piedad, a primary school located in the neighborhood of San Nicolás.", "He and his wife also had opened a private school for boys and girls in the towns of Olivos.", "Like all schoolmasters of the time, Mariano was instructed by James Diego Thompson, who had arrived in Buenos Aires to apply modern techniques of education created by Joseph Lancaster.", "Tomás Canavery was linked to the family of Rafael Macedo Ferreyra, a politician who was murdered by the Mazorca in 1842.", "He attended as a sponsor at the wedding of his parents, and at the baptism of his uncle Rafael Canavery.", "Among his cousins were prominent jurists, military men and also musicians like Carlos Canaveris, a pianist and guitarist, who had participated in musical ensembles with Ernesto Ponzio, and Isabel Cecilia Canavery (1881-1945), the author of the poem El cardo azul, recorded by Carlos Gardel and José Razzano for the label Odeon Records.", "Although his paternal surname is not of Irish origin, it is possible that some of his paternal ancestors were of French-Irish roots.", "Tomás Canavery was the priest who conducted the wedding of Juan Emiliano O'Leary (father of Juan O'Leary) and Dolores Urdapilleta, event celebrated on February 3, 1870 in Villa Hayes.", "He also served as parish priest for the Irish community established in Ramallo.", "He was personal friend and comrade of Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868, and Ricardo Gutiérrez, distinguished medical doctor.", "He also maintained friendship with Cornelio Casablanca, a relative in law, who served as Manager of the Spanish Bank of the Rio de la Plata.", "Tomás Canavery died on September 13, 1913 and his remains were deposited in the pantheon of the warriors of Paraguay in the Cementerio de la Recoleta.", "He was a direct descendant of Juan Canaverys (1748-1822), employed in the Court of Auditors of Buenos Aires during the Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, and one of the neighbors that attended the Cabildo abierto of 22 of May 1810.", "References\n\nExternal links \n\n Tomás Canavery - revisionistas.com.ar\n Bautismos 1811-1819\n Bautismos 1833-1835,1837-1852\n Matrimonios 1878-1906 (vicario Tomás Canavery)\n\n1839 births\n1913 deaths\nPeople from Buenos Aires\nArgentine people of Italian descent\nArgentine people of Portuguese descent\nArgentine people of French descent\nArgentine people of Irish descent\nArgentine people of Spanish descent\nArgentine colonels\nArgentine Army officers\nArgentine military personnel of the Paraguayan War\nBurials at La Recoleta Cemetery\nPeople of Piedmontese descent\nArgentine people of Ligurian descent\n19th-century Roman Catholic priests\n20th-century Roman Catholic priests\nArgentine lieutenant colonels" ]

[ "During the War of the Triple Alliance, Toms Onésimo Canavery was an Argentine Catholic priest and military chaplain.", "He was promoted to lieutenant colonel in the same battlefield where he participated in most of the military actions against the Paraguayan forces.", "He was a parish priest for many years in the province of Buenos Aires, working in the areas of Almirante Brown, Arrecifes, Benito Jurez, and others.", "Toms Canavery was the son of Toms Canaverys and Macedonia Castillo and belonged to a distinguished family of the city.", "He was a priest in the seminary of San Lorenzo.", "He was almost a child when he started his military career.", "He was a sub-lieutenant in the Battle of Caseros when he was 13 years old.", "He left the habits and entered the Conciliar Seminary in 1860.", "He was promoted to Lieutenant colonel because of his heroic behavior during the war.", "The Battle of Tuyut took place on December 27, 1868.", "He was added to the troops who occupied the city of Asuncin.", "He was the first one to serve in Villa Occidental and he was replaced by a new one.", "He was a prominent member of the family.", "He received medals for taking Uruguaiana, the cordon of Tuyut, and the shield of Curupayty.", "The crosses were granted by the two governments.", "He was the Governor's Chaplain in the Gran Chaco, which also included territories of Formosa and Paraguay.", "He retired from the Argentine army in 1897 by decree of the President.", "Toms Canavery was a priest in the village of Benito Jurez and in the Penitenciara Nacional of Buenos Aires.", "He served as a priest in the Saint Francis Xavier Church of Ramallo, as well as being the holder of the municipalidad of Ramallo.", "He was dedicated to teaching and was the priest of the Parish Nuestra Seora del Trnsito in the town of Ramallo and Ministro Rivadavia.", "The installation of the Railways was one of the events that Toms Canavery took part in.", "He attended the inauguration of the Ramallo Railway Station in 1886 and supported the privatization of the railways in 1890.", "His last public appearance was in 1908, when he attended the commemorations of the Warriors of Paraguay in the Recoleta Cemetery and the May Revolution in 1910.", "The district of Nuez has a street named after it.", "The primary education establishment is located in the city of Ramallo.", "Toms O.", "The son of Toms José Canaverys and Macedonia Castillo was christened on September 2, 1839.", "His father was christened with that name because he was born on St Thomas's Day.", "The military man who participated in the Conquest of the Desert was one of his brothers.", "His sister Mara Juana was married to an engineer who was hired by the government to work on the Central Argentine Railway.", "The parents of the first President of the Yacimientos Petrolferos Fiscales were Enrico and Mara Juana.", "He was the brother of another member of the Rondeau family.", "His grandparents were from a Creole family of Buenos Aires, Caparica and San Juan Province.", "The neighborhood of San Nicols has a primary school called Escuela de la Piedad.", "A private school for boys and girls was opened by him and his wife.", "James Diego Thompson arrived in Buenos Aires to apply modern techniques of education created by Joseph Lancaster.", "The family of Rafael Macedo Ferreyra was murdered by the Mazorca in 1842.", "He was a sponsor at the weddings of his parents and uncle.", "The author of the poem El cardo azul, recorded by Carlos Canaveris, was one of his cousins.", "It is possible that some of his paternal ancestors were French-Irish.", "On February 3, 1870, Toms Canavery was the priest who conducted the wedding of the father and mother of Juan O'Leary.", "He was the parish priest for the Irish community in Ramallo.", "He was a close friend of Bartolomé Mitre, President of Argentina from 1862 to 1868.", "The Manager of the Spanish Bank of the Rio de la Plata was a relative of his who 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611 888-270-6611", "The Cementerio de la Recoleta is where the remains of Toms Canavery were deposited.", "He was a descendant of Juan Canaverys, who was employed in the Court of Auditors of Buenos Aires during the Viceroyalty of the Ro de la Plata.", "There are external links to Toms Canavery on revisionistas.com.ar." ]

[ "Tomás Onésimo Canavery", "Tomás Canavery", "Tomás Canaverys", "Tomás", "Tomás", "Tomás", "Tomás", "Canavery", "Tomás", "José Canaverys", "Tomás", "Ángel Canavery", "Canavery", "Canavery", "Mariano Canaverys", "Tomás", "Canavery", "Rafael Canavery", "Canavery", "Tomás", "Canavery", "Tomás", "Canavery", "Juan Canaverys", "Tomás", "Tomás" ]

[ "Toms Onésimo Canaveryante Brown", "Toms Canavery", "Toms Canaverys", "Canavery", "Canavery", "José Canaverys", "Canavery" ]

[ "Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer (19 February 1855 – 28 April 1942) was a Tamil scholar and researcher who was instrumental in bringing many long-forgotten works of classical Tamil literature to light.", "His singular efforts over five decades brought to light major literary works in Tamil and contributed vastly to the enrichment of its literary heritage.", "Iyer published over 90 books in his lifetime, on a variety of matters connected to classical Tamil literature, and collected over 3,000 paper manuscripts, palm-leaf manuscripts and notes of various kinds.", "He is affectionately called Tamil Thatha (literally, \"Tamil grandfather\").", "Early life\nUtthamadhanapuram Venkatasubramanian Swaminathan was born on 19 February 1855 in the village of Suriyamoolai near Kumbakonam in present-day Tamil Nadu.", "Academic career\nSwaminatha Iyer learned Tamil literature and grammar for five years as a devoted student to Mahavidvan Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, a great poet and scholar.", "He was also a beneficiary of the reputed Saiva Mutt at Thiruvavaduthurai.", "Tyagaraja Chettiar was the head of the Tamil Department at the Government Arts College, Kumbakonam.", "A student of Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, he was a man of great erudition and was held in high esteem alike by his pupils and by the public.", "When Chettiar retired, he recommended that Swaminatha Iyer be invited to take his place.", "Swaminatha Iyer was duly appointed to that post on 16 February 1880.", "During his tenure at the College, Swaminatha Iyer met Salem Ramaswami Mudaliar, a civil munsif who had been recently transferred to Kumbakonam.", "The friendship between them proved to be a turning point in Swaminatha Iyer's life.", "Mudaliar was responsible for persuading Iyer to edit and publish the ancient Tamil classics.", "Swaminatha Iyer had till then confined his enjoyment of Tamil literature to medieval works.", "Mudaliar also gave him a handwritten copy of Seevaga Sindhamani for publication.", "Manuscript recovery\n\nAs the Civaka Cintamani was a Jain classic, Swaminatha Iyer went to the homes of learned member of the Jain community in Kumbakonam to get some doubts cleared.", "He also read the Jain epics and collated several manuscript versions and arrived at a correct conclusion.", "It was due to his efforts that the Cevaka Cintamani was published in 1887.", "From that time onwards, he began to search for Sangam classics with a view to editing and publishing them.", "After the Cevaka Cintamani, the Pattupattu was published.", "Thus began Swaminatha Iyer's long search for the original texts of ancient literary works during which he regularly worked with C. W. Damodaram Pillai.", "It was a search that lasted until his death.", "Many people voluntarily parted with the manuscripts in their possession.", "Swaminatha Iyer visited almost every hamlet and knocked at every door.", "He employed all the resources at his command to get at the works.", "As a result, a large number of literary works which were gathering dust as palm-leaf manuscripts in lofts, storerooms, boxes and cupboards saw the light of day.", "Of them, the Cilappatikaram, Manimekalai and Purananuru were received by Tamil lovers with a lot of enthusiasm.", "Purananuru, which mirrored the lives of Tamils during the Sangam period, prompted scholarly research on the subject.", "In a span of about five decades, Swaminatha Iyer published about 100 books, including minor poems, lyrics, puranas and bhakti (devotional) works.", "He was supported financially by Tamil enthusiasts such as Pandithurai Thevar, Zamindhar of Palavanatham, in publishing the books.", "Swaminatha Iyer retired from active teaching in 1919.", "His research work increased several times after retirement.", "He travelled from place to place in search of palm leaf manuscripts so as to edit and publish them.", "From 1924 to 1927, Iyer was the Principal of the Meenakshi Tamil College in Annamalai University, Chidambaram.", "On health grounds, he resigned the post, came to Madras and continued his research.", "Contributions to Tamil music\n\nAnother significant contribution made by Swaminatha Iyer is in the realm of Tamil music.", "Until Swaminatha Iyer published the Cilappatikaram, Pattupattu and Ettuthokai, music was a grey area in Tamil research.", "During the previous four centuries, Telugu and Sanskrit dominated the music scene in Tamil Nadu in the absence of any valuable information on Tamil music.", "Swaminatha Iyer's publications threw light on the presence of Tamil music in the earlier centuries and paved the way for serious research on the subject.", "As the son of a famous musician of his time, Swaminatha Iyer learnt music from Gopalakrishna Bharathi, a musical exponent and the author of Nandan Sarithiram.", "His autobiography\nSwaminatha Iyer published his autobiography, En Saritham, serialised in the Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan, from January 1940 to May 1942.", "It was later published as a book in 1950.", "Running into 762 pages, the book is an excellent account of the life and times of villages, especially in the Thanjavur district in the late 19th century.", "The Tamil is simple and peppered with many observations on people as well as descriptions of school life, life in monasteries (Mutts).", "The book also reveals the enormous perseverance of U V Swaminatha Iyer in his quest to master Tamil and save manuscripts.", "Legacy and honours\n\nIt was primarily due to his and C. W. Damodaram Pillai's efforts that the world came to know the literary output of the ancient Tamils and their past.", "Tamil poet and nationalist Subramania Bharati, who inspired the freedom movement with his songs, admired Swaminatha Iyer.", "Paying tribute to Swaminatha Iyer in one of his poems, Bharati equated Iyer with the sage, Agastya when he called him Kumbamuni.", "(Agastya, who was among the first exponents of Tamil, was supposed to have been born in a Kumbha—a kind of vessel—hence the name Kumbamuni) and said: \"So long as Tamil lives, poets will venerate you and pay obeisance to you.", "You will ever shine as an immortal.\"", "The meeting of Rabindranath Tagore and the grand old man of Tamil literature in 1926 in Chennai was a historic moment.", "Not only did Tagore call on Swaminatha Iyer, but also penned a poem in praise of his efforts to salvage ancient classical Tamil literary works from palm leaf manuscripts.", "The honorary doctoral degree (D.Litt.)", "was conferred on Iyer by the University of Madras in 1906.", "In recognition of his outstanding literary accomplishments and contributions, he was also honoured with the title, Mahamahopathiyaya, literally: \"Greatest of great teachers\".", "In the same year, when the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Madras, a function was arranged where Swaminatha Iyer was honoured.", "Iyer was awarded the title of Dakshinathya Kalanidhi in 1925.", "In 1932, the Madras University awarded an honorary PhD to him in recognition of his services in the cause of Tamil.", "Indian Postal department issued a commemorative postage stamp on 18 February 2006.", "His house in Uthamadhanapuram has been converted as a Memorial.", "References\n\nFurther reading\n En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 1)\n En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 2)\n En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 3)\n En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 4)\n En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil (Part 5)\n Viswanathan, S., The patriarch of Tamil, Frontline Volume 22 – Issue 05, 26 Feb – 11 March 2005\n Pradeep Chakravarthy's article on \"The Hindu\" – Grand Old Man of Tamizh Grand Old Man of Tamizh – Article on \"The Hindu\"\n\nExternal links\n \n\nSwaminatha Iyer, U.V.", "Swaminatha Iyer, U.V.", "Swaminatha Iyer, U.V.", "Dravidologists\nPeople from Thanjavur district\nAnnamalai University faculty" ]

[ "Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer was a Tamil scholar and researcher who brought many long-forgotten works of classical Tamil literature to light.", "His singular efforts over five decades brought to light major literary works in Tamil and contributed greatly to the enrichment of its literary heritage.", "Iyer published over 90 books in his lifetime and collected over 3000 paper manuscripts, palm-leaf manuscripts and notes.", "He is affectionately called Tamil Thatha.", "In present-day Tamil Nadu, Utthamadhanapuram Venkatasubramanian Swaminathan was born on February 19, 1855.", "For five years, Swaminatha Iyer was a student of Mahavidvan Meenakshi Sundaram Pillai, a great poet and scholar.", "He was a beneficiary of the Saiva Mutt.", "The Tamil Department at the Government Arts College was headed by Tyagaraja.", "He was a man of great erudition and was held in high esteem by his students and the public.", "He recommended that Swaminatha Iyer be invited to take his place.", "On February 16, 1880, Swaminatha Iyer was appointed to that post.", "Salem Mudaliar, a civil munsif who had recently been transferred to Kumbakonam, met Swaminatha Iyer during his tenure at the College.", "The friendship between them turned out to be a turning point in Swaminatha Iyer's life.", "The ancient Tamil classics were edited and published by Iyer.", "Tamil literature was limited to medieval works by Swaminatha Iyer.", "Mudaliar gave him a handwritten copy of the book.", "As the Civaka Cintamani was a Jain classic, Swaminatha Iyer went to the homes of Jains to clear doubts.", "He gathered several manuscript versions and arrived at a correct conclusion after reading the Jain epics.", "His efforts resulted in the publication of the Cevaka Cintamani.", "He began to search for Sangam classics with a view to editing and publishing them.", "The Pattupattu was published after the Cevaka Cintamani.", "The search for the original texts of ancient literary works began when Swaminatha Iyer began working with C. W. Damodaram Pillai.", "His search lasted until his death.", "Many people gave up their manuscripts.", "Swaminatha Iyer went to every hamlet and knocked on every door.", "All the resources were used to get to the works.", "As a result, a large number of literary works which were gathering dust as palm-leaf manuscripts in lofts, storerooms, boxes and cupboards saw the light of day.", "The Cilappatikaram and Manimekalai were received by Tamil lovers with a lot of enthusiasm.", "The lives of Tamils were mirrored in Purananuru.", "In a span of about five decades, Swaminatha Iyer published about 100 books.", "He was supported financially by Tamil enthusiasts.", "Iyer retired from teaching in 1919.", "His research work increased after he retired.", "He traveled from place to place looking for palm leaf manuscripts to be edited and published.", "Iyer was the Principal of the Meenakshi Tamil College from 1924 to 1927.", "After quitting the post, he came to Madras and continued his research.", "Contributions to Tamil music are made by Swaminatha Iyer.", "Music was a grey area in Tamil research until Swaminatha Iyer published the Cilappatikaram.", "In the previous four centuries, the music scene in Tamil Nadu was dominated by both Sanskrit and Telugu.", "The way for serious research on the subject was paved by the publications of Swaminatha Iyer.", "As a child, Swaminatha Iyer learned music from his father's famous musician.", "His autobiography was serialised in the Tamil weekly Ananda Vikatan from January 1940 to May 1942.", "The book was published in 1950.", "The book is an excellent account of the life and times of villages in the Thanjavur district in the late 19th century.", "There are many observations on people in the Tamil, as well as descriptions of school life and life in monasteries.", "The book shows how hard U V Swaminatha Iyer worked to master Tamil and save manuscripts.", "The world came to know the literary output of the ancient Tamils thanks to his and C. W. Damodaram Pillai's efforts.", "Tamil poet and nationalist Subramania Bharati, who inspired the freedom movement with his songs, admired Swaminatha Iyer.", "In one of his poems, Bharati compared Iyer to Agastya when he called him Kumbamuni.", "\"So long as Tamil lives, poets will venerate you and pay obeisances,\" said Agastya, who was one of the first poets of Tamil.", "You will shine as an immortal.", "Rabindranath Tagore and the grand old man of Tamil literature met in Chennai in 1926.", "Rabindranath wrote a poem in praise of his efforts to save ancient classical Tamil literary works from palm leaf manuscripts.", "The degree of Doctor of Letters.", "Iyer was awarded a degree from the University of Madras in 1906.", "He was honoured with the title of \"greatest of great teachers\" in recognition of his outstanding literary accomplishments and contributions.", "When the Prince and Princess of Wales visited Madras, a function was held where Swaminatha Iyer was honoured.", "The title of Dakshinathya Kalanidhi was given to Iyer in 1925.", "The Madras University awarded him a PhD in recognition of his services in the cause of Tamil.", "A postage stamp was issued by the Indian Postal department.", "His house in Uthamadhanapuram has been turned into a memorial.", "There are two parts to En Charitram - Autobiography of U.V.Swaminatha Ayyar in Tamil.", "U.V. is home to Swaminatha Iyer.", "U.V. is home to Swaminatha Iyer.", "People from Thanjavur district are Dravidologists." ]

[ "Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer", "Iyer", "Venkatasubramanian Swaminath", "Swaminatha Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "U V", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "U V", "Swaminatha", "Swaminatha", "Swaminatha", "Swaminatha", "Viswanathan", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "U V", ". Swaminatha", "Iyer", "U V", "Swaminatha", "Iyer" ]

[ "Uttamadhanapuram Venkatasubbaiyer Swaminatha Iyer", "Iyer", "Venkatasubramanian Swaminath", "Swaminatha Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "U V", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Iyer", "U V", "Swaminatha", "Swaminatha", "Iyer", "Swaminatha", "Iyer" ]

[ "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues (born 7 April 1942) is a Portuguese communication theorist.", "As an assistant professor of the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences (Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, or FCSH) of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, he created Portugal's first communications department and undergraduate degree.", "Duarte Rodrigues advocated a theoretical approach to communication studies, rather than teaching specific techniques of journalism.", "He was named an Extraordinary Professor in 1979 and a Full Professor in 1980.", "He served as the college's director from 1988-1993 and the university's associate dean from 2001–02, retiring and becoming a professor emeritus in 2012.", "A Festschrift in Duarte Rodrigues' honor, titled Comunicação e linguagens: Novas Convergências (\"Communication and Languages: New Convergences\"), was released in December 2015.", "Biography \nAdriano Duarte Rodrigues was born in Lisbon, Portugal on 7 April 1942, to Silvina Duarte de Candida Rodrigues and Josè Rodrigues.", "As a young man, Duarte Rodrigues attended the University of Strasbourg, where he received degrees in theology (1968) and sociology (1970).", "He supported himself during his education by working in a bank and then in a bottling plant.", "From 1971 to 1977, he was an assistant professor at the Université catholique de Louvain, obtaining his PhD in his final year there.", "Immediately after graduating, Duarte Rodrigues was hired as assistant professor at the FCSH of the Universidade Nova de Lisboa, where he founded the Communication Department.", "In 1979, the college named him an Extraordinary Professor, and in 1980, he became a Full Professor.", "Duarte Rodrigues served as the Director of the FSCH from 1988-1993 and associate dean of the university from 2001-2002.", "From 2002-05, he chaired the college's Scientific Council.", "He serves on the editorial boards of the journals Contemporânea, Em Questão, Fronteiras, Communicare, Conexão, and Rastros, and has been a visiting researcher at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences (Paris), the University of Brasília and the Federal University of Pará.", "Duarte Rodrigues retired in April 2012.", "On 15 November 2012, he gave his last lecture at UNL, titled \"Acerca das regras da sociabilidade\" (\"On the Rules of Socialability\").", "In May 2014, he was the keynote speaker for the Cumulus Conference of the University of Aveiro.", "Speaking to journalists later the same year, he criticized the Portuguese national exam for a linguistically confused question, calling it \"huge nonsense\".", "A Festschrift in Duarte Rodrigues' honor, titled Comunicação e linguagens: Novas Convergências (\"Communication and Languages: New Convergences\"), was released in December 2015.", "Duarte Rodrigues and Christiane H.M.N.", "Arnold (b.", "1949) have two children, Pierre (b.", "1971) and Cécile Rodrigues (b.", "1972).", "Approach to communication theory \nDuarte Rodrigues' areas of study include communication theory, pragmatics, interaction discourse, and conversation analysis.", "In the 1960s and '70s, Portuguese universities had yet to follow the lead of most other Western European countries in establishing communications departments.", "When Duarte Rodrigues founded the FCSH communication program in 1979, it was the first in the nation to offer an undergraduate degree in the subject.", "Duarte Rodrigues' program emphasized theoretical approaches, in contrast to the then-dominant American model of emphasizing practical journalism.", "The program offered a five-year degree, with coursework equally split between the liberal arts and communication theory.", "As Peter Simonson and David W. Park write in their International History of Communication Study, \"Only two units were dedicated to journalistic techniques, which frustrated the expectations of the journalistic community that considered the new degree mocked the profession for not paying any significant attention to its practices.\"", "In 1984, FCSH became the first school in Portugal to offer a Master's degree in communications.", "Duarte Rodrigues is a skeptic of the related discipline of media studies, writing that:\nCommunication studies that claim to have the media as an object, but that ignore this feature, do not have, therefore, the media as an object of study, but other issues that have nothing to do with the media, but with particular issues that have to do with the functioning of society, such as power, social inequalities, and certain stereotypes, such as racism, sexism, violence.", "[These studies are] based on the assumption that these issues depend on the functioning of the media, as if the functioning of the media was an external reality to the experience of the world and society that invented and uses them.", "The media of enunciation devices have influence on our behavior and have power, but this influence and this power escape our perception and therefore we are unable to discern, as they coincide with the experience that we ourselves represented.", "In 2014, Duarte Rodrigues and co-author Adriana Aranade Braga endorsed an ethnomethodological approach to discourse analysis.", "Books \nO Campo dos Media (\"The Field of Media\").", "Lisbon: Vega, 1985.", "Estratégias da Comunicação.", "Questão Comunicacional e Formas de Sociabilidade (\"Communication Strategies: Communication Questions and Forms of Sociability\").", "Lisbon: Presence, 1990.", "Introdução à Semiótica (\"Introduction to Semiotics\").", "Lisbon: Presence, 1991.", "Cultura e Comunicação.", "A Experiência Cultural na Era da Informação (\"Culture and Communication: the Cultural Experience in the Information Age\").", "Lisbon: Presence, 1994.", "As Dimensões da Pragmática na Comunicação (\"The Pragmatic Dimensions of Communication\").", "Rio de Janeiro: Diadorim, 1995.", "Dimensões Pragmáticas do Sentido (\"Pragmatic Dimensions of Sense\").", "Lisbon: Cosmos, 1996.", "As Técnicas da Comunicação e da Informação (\"Technical Communication and Information\").", "Lisbon: Presence, 1999.", "Dicionário Breve da Comunicação e da Informação (\"Brief Dictionary of Communication and Information\").", "Lisbon: Presence, 2000.", "A Partitura Invisível.", "Para uma Abordagem Interactiva da Linguagem (\"The Invisible Score: Toward an Interactive Approach to Language\").", "Lisbon: Colibri, 2001.", "References\n\nFootnotes\n\nExternal links\nAdriano Duarte Rodrigues at academia.edu\n\n1942 births\nCommunication theorists\nLiving people\nUniversity of Lisbon faculty" ]

[ "Adriano is a Portuguese communication theorist.", "Portugal's first communications department and undergraduate degree was created by him as an assistant professor of the Faculty of Social and Human Sciences.", "The author advocated a theoretical approach to communication studies, rather than teaching specific techniques of journalism.", "He was a Full Professor in 1980.", "He was the college's director from 1988 to 1993 and the university's associate dean from 2001 to 2002.", "The Festschrift was released in December of 2015.", "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues was born in Lisbon, Portugal on April 7, 1942, to a family of three.", "He received degrees in theology and sociology from the University of Strasbourg when he was a young man.", "He supported himself by working in a bank and a bottle plant.", "He was an assistant professor at the Université catholique de Louvain from 1971 to 1977.", "The Communication Department was founded by Duarte Rodrigues after he was hired as an assistant professor at the FCSH.", "He became a Full Professor in 1980.", "From 2001 to 2002 he was the associate dean of the university and the director of the FSCH.", "The college's Scientific Council was chaired by him.", "He is a visiting researcher at the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences in Paris.", "In April 2012 he retired.", "He gave his last lecture at UNL on November 15, 2012.", "He was the keynote speaker at the University of Aveiro.", "The Portuguese national exam was criticized by him later in the year.", "The Festschrift was released in December of 2015.", "They are Christiane H.M.N.", "Arnold was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "Pierre is one of the two children they have.", "They were both born in 1971 and Cécile Rodrigues was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "1972", "Communication theory, pragmatics, interaction discourse, and conversation analysis are some of the areas of study studied by Duarte Rodrigues.", "Most other Western European countries established communications departments in the 1960s and '70s, but Portuguese universities did not.", "The first undergraduate degree in the nation in the subject of communication was offered by the program in 1979.", "In contrast to the American model of emphasizing practical journalism, the program emphasized theoretical approaches.", "The five-year degree offered by the program was split between the liberal arts and communication theory.", "According to Peter Simonson and David W. Park in their International History of Communication Study, only two units were dedicated to journalistic techniques, which frustrated the expectations of the journalistic community that considered the new degree mocked the profession for not paying any significant attention to its practices.", "The first school in Portugal to offer a Master's degree in communications was founded in 1984.", "Communication studies that claim to have the media as an object, but that ignore this feature, do not have, therefore, the media as an object of study, but other issues that have nothing to do with the media.", "The studies assume that these issues depend on the functioning of the media, as if the experience of the world and society that invented and uses them is an external reality to the experience of the media.", "The media of enunciation devices have influence on our behavior and have power, but this influence and power escape our perception and therefore we are unable to discern, as they coincide with the experience that we ourselves represented.", "The authors endorsed an ethnomethodological approach to discourse analysis.", "\"The Field of Media\" is a book by Books O Campo dos Media.", "Lisbon: Vega.", "Estratégias da Comunicao.", "The title of the article is \"Communication Strategies: Communication Questions and Forms of Sociability\".", "Lisbon: presence in 1990.", "The introduction to semiotics is called \"Introduo Semitica\".", "Lisbon: presence in 1991.", "There is a cultura e Comunicao.", "\"Culture and Communication: the Cultural Experience in the Information Age\" is a book.", "Lisbon: presence in 1994.", "Thematic dimensions of communication are referred to as Dimenses da Pragmtica na Comunicao.", "Diadorim was in Rio de Janeiro.", "\"Pragmatic dimensions of Sense\" is the title of the Dimenses Pragmticas do Sentido.", "Lisbon: Cosmos in 1996.", "\"Technical Communication and Information\" is what it is called as Técnicas da Comunicao e da Informao.", "There was presence in Lisbon in 1999.", "The Brief Dictionary of Communication and Information was written by Dicionrio Breve da Comunicao.", "There was presence in Lisbon in 2000.", "A partitura invisvel.", "The invisible score is an interactive approach to language.", "Lisbon: Colibri in 2001.", "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues is a communication theorist at the University of Lisbon." ]

[ "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues", "Duarte Rodrigues", "Duarte Rodrigues", "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues", "Silvina Duarte de Candida Rodrigues", "Josè Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Adriano", "Duarte", "Rodrigues" ]

[ "Adriano", "Adriano Duarte Rodrigues", "Duarte", "Rodrigues", "Adriano", "Duarte", "Rodrigues" ]

[ "Amy Duggan \"Sister\" Archer-Gilligan (October 31, 1873 – April 23, 1962) was a nursing home proprietor and serial killer from Windsor, Connecticut.", "She murdered at least five people by poisoning them.", "One of her victims was her second husband, Michael Gilligan; the others were residents of her nursing home.", "It is possible that Archer-Gilligan was involved in more deaths.", "The authorities counted 48 deaths in her nursing home, the \"Archer Home for the Elderly and Infirm.\"", "The case attracted wide publicity at the time and has been cited as an inspiration for the play Arsenic and Old Lace and for Frank Capra's later film of the same name.", "Childhood and marriages\nAmy E. Duggan was born on October 31, 1873 to James Duggan and Mary Kennedy in Milton, Connecticut, the eighth of ten children.", "She attended the Milton School and the New Britain Normal School in 1890.", "Amy Duggan married James Archer in 1897.", "A daughter, Mary J. Archer, was born in December 1897.", "The Archers first became caretakers in 1901, hired to care for John Seymour, an elderly widower.", "They moved into his home in Newington, Connecticut.", "Seymour died in 1904.", "His heirs converted the residence into a boarding house for the elderly, and the Archers remained to provide care for the elderly for a fee.", "They paid rent to Seymour's family.", "They ran the boarding house as Sister Amy's Nursing Home for the Elderly.", "In 1907, Seymour's heirs decided to sell the house.", "The Archers moved to Windsor, Connecticut, and used their savings to purchase their own residence on Prospect Street in Windsor Center.", "They soon converted it into a business, Archer Home for the Elderly and Infirm.", "James Archer died in 1910, apparently of natural causes.", "The official cause of his death was Bright's disease, a generic term for kidney diseases.", "Amy Archer had taken out an insurance policy on him a few weeks before his death.", "The policy benefit enabled her to continue operating Archer Home.", "In 1913, Amy married Michael W. Gilligan, a widower with four adult sons.", "He was reportedly wealthy and interested in both Amy and in investing in the Archer Home.", "However, on February 20, 1914, after only three months married to Amy, Michael died.", "The official cause of death was \"acute bilious attack\" (in other words, severe indigestion).", "Amy was once again financially secure because during their short marriage her new husband had drawn up a will which left his entire estate to her.", "The will would later be determined a forgery as it was apparently written in handwriting matching Amy Archer-Gilligan's own.", "Murders\nBetween 1907 and 1917, there were 60 deaths in the Archer Home.", "Relatives of her clients grew suspicious as they tallied the large number of deaths.", "Only 12 residents died between 1907 and 1910, but 48 residents died between 1911 and 1916.", "Among them was Franklin R. Andrews, an apparently healthy man.", "On the morning of May 29, 1914, Andrews was doing some gardening in the Archer house.", "His robust physical condition deteriorated in a single day and he was dead by evening.", "The official cause of death was gastric ulcer.", "After Andrews' siblings (including Nellie Pierce) came into possession of some of his letters, they noted occasions where Amy Archer-Gilligan was pressing their brother for money.", "Amy's clients showed a pattern of dying not long after giving her a large sum of money.", "As the deaths continued, Nellie Pierce reported her suspicions to the local district attorney, but he mostly ignored her.", "So she took her story to The Hartford Courant.", "On May 9, 1916, the first of several articles on the \"Murder Factory\" was published.", "A few months later, the police started to seriously investigate the case.", "The investigation took almost a year to complete.", "The bodies of Gilligan, Andrews, and three other boarders were exhumed.", "All five had died of poisoning, either arsenic or strychnine.", "Local merchants were able to testify that Amy had been purchasing large quantities of arsenic, supposedly to \"kill rats\".", "A look into Gilligan's will established that it was actually a forgery written by Amy.", "According to M. William Phelps, author of The Devil's Rooming House, investigation appeared to show that Amy was buying the arsenic to kill large numbers of rats.", "However, it appears that she did not buy all of the arsenic which killed her patients.", "The doctor and some of the patients had signed off to purchase it.", "The investigation pursued Dr. King because more evidence was piling up against him, but suspicions were focused back on Amy when someone suggested to clearly check all records of arsenic purchases.", "When evidence was found of Amy sending her patients to the drugstore to buy quantities of arsenic, the police were able to arrest and convict her.", "Trials \nArcher-Gilligan was arrested and tried for murder, originally on five counts.", "Ultimately her lawyer managed to have the charges reduced to a single count, the murder of Franklin R. Andrews.", "On June 18, 1917, a jury found her guilty, and she was sentenced to death.", "Archer-Gilligan appealed and was granted a new trial in 1919.", "At this trial, she pled insanity.", "Mary Archer testified that her mother was addicted to morphine.", "Archer-Gilligan was again found guilty of murder, but this time she was sentenced only to life imprisonment.", "Death \nIn 1924, Archer-Gilligan was declared to be temporarily insane and was transferred to the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane in Middletown, where she remained until her death on April 23, 1962.", "See also \n List of serial killers in the United States\n List of medical and pseudo-medical serial killers\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links \n \n\n1873 births\n1962 deaths\n1907 murders in the United States\n19th-century American people\n20th-century American criminals\n19th-century American women\n20th-century American women\nAmerican female serial killers\nAmerican serial killers\nAmerican people convicted of murder\nAmerican prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment\nCriminals from Connecticut\nDeaths in mental institutions\nHealth care professionals convicted of murdering patients\nPrisoners who died in Connecticut detention\nPeople convicted of murder by Connecticut\nPrisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Connecticut\nMariticides\nMurderers for life insurance money\nPeople from Newington, Connecticut\nPoisoners\n20th-century American people" ]

[ "Amy Duggan \"Sister\" Archer-Gilligan was a serial killer from Windsor, Connecticut.", "She killed at least five people.", "Her second husband, Michael Gilligan, was one of her victims.", "It is possible that he was involved in more deaths.", "The \"Archer Home for the Elderly and Infirm\" had 48 deaths.", "Arsenic and Old Lace and Frank Capra's later film of the same name were both inspired by the case.", "Amy E. Duggan was the eighth child of James and Mary Kennedy and was born on October 31, 1873.", "She attended the New Britain Normal School.", "James and Amy were married in 1897.", "Mary J. Archer was born in 1897.", "caretakers in 1901 to care for John Seymour, an elderly widower.", "They lived in Newington, Connecticut.", "Seymour died in 1904.", "The residence was converted into a boarding house for the elderly and theArchers provided care for the elderly for a fee.", "They paid Seymour's family rent.", "Sister Amy's Nursing Home for the Elderly was the boarding house they ran.", "The house was sold in 1907 by Seymour's heirs.", "The Archers used their savings to purchase their own home in Windsor Center.", "The Archer Home for the Elderly and Infirm was converted into a business.", "It is thought that James Archer died of natural causes in 1910.", "Bright's disease was the official cause of his death.", "A few weeks before his death, Amy took out an insurance policy on him.", "She was able to continue operating the home because of the policy benefit.", "Amy married a widower named Michael W. Gilligan.", "He was interested in Amy and investing in the home.", "Michael died after only three months of marriage to Amy.", "The cause of death was a bilious attack.", "Amy was once again financially secure because her new husband had drawn up a will which left his entire estate to her.", "The will was found to be a forgery as it was written in Amy's own handwriting.", "There wereoldidoldids of 60 deaths in theArcher Home between 1907 and 1917.", "Her clients' relatives were suspicious of the large number of deaths.", "Between 1912 and 1916, 48 residents died.", "Franklin R. Andrews is an apparently healthy man.", "On the morning of May 29, 1914, Andrews was doing some gardening.", "He was dead by evening after his physical condition deteriorated in a single day.", "There was an official cause of death.", "After their brother's letters came into their possession, they noticed that Amy was trying to get money from him.", "Amy's clients died after giving her large sums of money.", "The local district attorney mostly ignored her suspicions as the deaths continued.", "She took her story to The Courant.", "The first article on the \"Murder Factory\" was published on May 9, 1916.", "The police started to investigate the case after a few months.", "It took almost a year to complete the investigation.", "The bodies of several people were exhumed.", "The five had died of poisoning.", "Local merchants testified that Amy had been buying large quantities of arsenic to kill rats.", "Gilligan's will was a forgery written by Amy.", "According to the author of The Devil's Rooming House, Amy was buying arsenic to kill rats.", "She did not buy all of the arsenic that killed her patients.", "Some of the patients and the doctor agreed to purchase it.", "More evidence was piling up against Dr. King, but suspicions were focused on Amy when someone suggested to check all records of arsenic purchases.", "The police were able to arrest and convict Amy after they found 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299 888-353-1299", "There were five counts of murder against Trials Archer-Gilligan.", "Her lawyer was able to get the charges reduced to a single count.", "She was sentenced to death after a jury found her guilty.", "The new trial was granted in 1919.", "She pled insanity at the trial.", "Mary testified that her mother was addicted to the drug.", "She was sentenced to life imprisonment after being found guilty of murder again.", "When she was declared to be temporarily insane in 1924, she was sent to the Connecticut Hospital for the Insane in Middletown, where she remained until her death in 1962.", "There is a list of serial killers in the United States." ]

[ "Amy Duggan", "Amy E", "Amy Duggan", "Amy", "Amy Archer", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy Archer", "Amy Archer", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy" ]

[ "Amy Duggan", "Amy E", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy", "Amy" ]

[ "Faissal El Bakhtaoui (born 8 November 1992) is a French professional footballer who plays as a striker for Maltese side Ħamrun Spartans, and has previously played for Dunfermline Athletic, Dundee, Queen of the South, Difaâ El Jadidi and A.S.D.", "Nocerina 1910.", "Career\n\nDunfermline Athletic\nBorn in Saint-Tropez, El Bakhtaoui started his career with French club Racing Club de la Baie.", "In July 2012, Scottish First Division club Dunfermline Athletic signed El Bakhtaoui after he impressed then-manager Jim Jefferies in trial matches versus Berwick Rangers and Lochgelly.", "His first season with The Pars resulted in him mainly working on his development, with only two appearances being made in the latter stages of the season.", "With Dunfermline's financial difficulties causing many first team players to leave the club, El Bakhtaoui started to feature in more matches, mainly in the second half of the 2013–14 season, where he went on to score four goals in 18 matches; two of which were in Scottish Championship play-off matches versus Stranraer in May 2014.", "The 2014–15 season started even more brightly for El Bakhtaoui, having been included in the Pars team for most of the matches.", "In October and November 2014, he scored four goals in five league matches to help Dunfermline in their push for promotion to the Scottish Championship.", "El Bakhtaoui's start to the 2015–16 season was even more impressive than the previous season, with the forward scoring four consecutive braces in the first four competitive matches of the season, scoring a further two against Scottish Premiership side Dundee in the Scottish League Cup.", "After attracting interest from other teams, El Bakhtaoui was named Scottish League One Player of the Month for the month of August, primarily for his achievement of scoring 12 goals in eight matches.", "El Bakhtaoui was once more given the player of the month award for March, after his goals against Stenhousemuir and Ayr United, as well as his first career hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Brechin City, helped seal the Scottish League One championship for the Pars.", "With his contract due to expire at the end of May 2016, El Bakhtaoui once again started attracting interest from a number of top-tier teams, including Motherwell and Dundee.", "Although offered a new contract by the Pars, El Bakhtaoui announced in April 2016 that he was ready to move to a club in a higher league, and with the relationship between him and manager Allan Johnston breaking down due to the latter allowing the player a 15-minute cameo in the final game of the season, it appeared that El Bakhtaoui would be leaving the club at the end of his contract.", "Dundee\nIn July 2016, El Bakhtaoui went on trial with English Championship club Blackburn Rovers, after former Dunfermline striker Owen Coyle had been impressed by his goalscoring record.", "After his trial with Rovers ended, El Bakhtaoui signed a three-year deal with Scottish Premiership club Dundee on 2 August 2016.", "El Bakhtaoui's first appearance for the Dark Blues arrived as a second-half substitute for Danny Williams in a 3–1 win versus Ross County in Dingwall.", "El Bakhtaoui made a further appearance as a substitute versus Rangers at Dens Park, before making his first start six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hamilton Academical.", "El Bakhtaoui spent the season playing out wide or behind the striker and finished the season with 4 goals.", "One of which was a goal of the season contender in a 2–1 defeat versus Celtic receiving positive comments from Celtic manager Brendan Rodgers.", "At the start of the 2017–18 season in the Dundee Derby in the second round of the Scottish League Cup, El Bakhtaoui scored his first goal of the season, a half volley from 25 yards to help Dundee to a 2–1 victory.", "In 2020, his goal was voted as Dundee's 'Goal of the Decade' by fans via Twitter.", "El Bakhtaoui returned to Dunfermline on 12 July 2018, signing a one-year loan deal with his former club.", "His return to Dunfermline was met with much fanfare, however, El Bakhtaoui's second spell with the club was far less successful than his first.", "On his second debut for the Pars he scored two goals in a 7–1 Scottish League Cup win versus Brechin City.", "He scored one further goal, a penalty against Greenock Morton in December.", "After returning to Dundee he was released at the end of the 2018–19 season, having scored just eight goals in 66 appearances for the Dee.", "Queen of the South\nOn 9 August 2019, El Bakhtaoui reunited with former Pars manager Allan Johnston, signing a one-year deal with Dumfries club Queen of the South.", "On 14 January 2020, Queen of the South announced El Bakhtaoui as moving to Morocco to sign with Difaâ El Jadidi for an undisclosed fee.", "The Royal Moroccan Football Federation were reported in the announcement as interested in capping El Bakhtoui for the Moroccan national team (with their defence of the African Nations Cup scheduled to be April 2020).", "To be selected for Morocco, El Bakhtaoui would be required to be signed for a club based in Morocco.", "Difaâ El Jadidi\nDifaâ El Jadidi announced El Bakhtaoui's arrival at the club on 16 January 2020.", "A.S.D.", "Nocerina 1910 \nIn February 2021, it was announced that Italian Serie D side A.S.D.", "Nocerina 1910 were undergoing the bureaucratic process to register El Bakhtaoui.", "He officially signed on 5 March.", "Just two days later, he would have a dream debut for I Molossi, scoring twice in a 3–0 win.", "Ħamrun Spartans \nIn July 2021, El Bakhtaoui was revealed to be in advanced talks with Maltese side Ħamrun Spartans, and would sign for them the following month.", "El Bakhtaoui would record his first goal for the club in a league win against Gudja United.", "Career statistics\n\nHonours\n\nClub\nDunfermline Athletic\nScottish League One: 2015–16\n\nIndividual\nScottish League One Player of the Month: August 2015, March 2016\nPFA Scotland Scottish League One Player of the Year: 2015–16\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1992 births\nLiving people\nFrench footballers\nMoroccan footballers\nAssociation football midfielders\nScottish Football League players\nDunfermline Athletic F.C.", "players\nDundee F.C.", "players\nQueen of the South F.C.", "players\nScottish Professional Football League players\nPeople from Saint-Tropez\nFrench people of Moroccan descent\nFrench expatriate footballers\nMoroccan expatriate footballers\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Scotland\nMoroccan expatriate sportspeople in Scotland\nExpatriate footballers in Scotland\nSportspeople from Var (department)\nDifaâ Hassani El Jadidi players\nA.S.D.", "Nocerina 1910 players\nFrench expatriate sportspeople in Malta\nĦamrun Spartans F.C.", "players" ]

[ "A French professional footballer who plays for Maltese side amrun Spartans and has previously played for Dunfermline Athletic, Queen of the South, DiFA El Jadidi and A.S.D has been born.", "Nocerina was born in 1910.", "He began his career with French club Racing Club de la Baie.", "In July of 2012 he was signed by the Scottish First Division club of Dunfermline Athletic.", "His first season with The Pars resulted in him mainly working on his development, with only two appearances being made in the latter stages of the season.", "In the second half of the 2013–14 season, he scored four goals in 18 matches, two of which were in the Scottish Championship.", "After being included in the Pars team for most of the matches, the season started even more brightly for El Bakhtaoui.", "In October and November of last year, he scored four goals in five league matches to help Dunfermline in their push for promotion to the Scottish Championship.", "The forward scored four consecutive braces in the first four competitive matches of the season, and two more in the Scottish League Cup, making his start to the 2015–16 season even more impressive.", "The Scottish League One Player of the Month for August was El Bakhtaoui, who scored 12 goals in eight matches, after attracting interest from other teams.", "The player of the month award for March was once again given to the Pars' player of the month, after his goals against Stenhousemuir and Ayr United, as well as his first career hat-trick in a 3–1 win over Brechin City, helped seal the Scottish League One", "With his contract due to expire at the end of May 2016 El Bakhtaoui once again started attracting interest from a number of top-tier teams.", "The relationship between the player and the manager broke down due to the latter allowing the player a 15-minute appearance in the final game.", "Owen Coyle, a former Dunfermline player, had been impressed by El Bakhtaoui's goal scoring record and he went on a trial with the English Championship club.", "He signed a three-year deal with the Scottish club on August 2, 2016 after his trial ended.", "The Dark Blues got a 3–1 win against Ross County thanks to a second-half substitute appearance for Danny Williams.", "He made his first start six days later in a 1–1 draw with Hamilton Academical after making a further appearance as a substitute.", "During the course of the season, he played out wide or behind the strikers, and finished with 4 goals.", "A goal of the season contender in a 2–1 defeat against Celtic received positive comments from Brendan Rodgers.", "In the second round of the Scottish League Cup, at the start of the season, El Bakhtaoui scored his first goal of the season, a half volley from 25 yards, to help Dundee to a 2–1 victory.", "Fans voted his goal as the 'Goal of the Decade' in 2020.", "He signed a one-year loan deal with his former club.", "His second stint with the club was not as successful as his first.", "He scored two goals in a Scottish League Cup win for the Pars.", "He scored a penalty against Greenock Morton.", "He was released by the Dee at the end of the season after scoring just eight goals in 66 appearances.", "The Queen of the South has a one-year deal with the former Pars manager.", "On January 14, 2020, Queen of the South announced that El Bakhtaoui was moving to Morocco to sign with Difa El Jadidi for an undisclosed fee.", "The announcement stated that the Royal Moroccan Football Federation was interested in capping El Bakhtoui for the national team, with their defence of the African Nations Cup scheduled to take place in April 2020.", "To be selected for Morocco, El Bakhtaoui would need to be signed for a club in that country.", "The club was announced on 16 January 2020 by Difa El Jadidi.", "A.S.D.", "The Italian side A.S.D. was announced in February of 2021.", "Nocerina 1910 was going through the bureaucratic process to register.", "He signed on 5 March.", "On the very next day, he scored twice in a 3–0 win.", "The Maltese side amrun Spartans were in advanced talks with El Bakhtaoui in July of 2021, and he would sign for them the following month.", "He scored his first goal for the club in a league win.", "Scottish League One Player of the Month: August 2015, March 2016 PFA Scotland League One Player of the Year: 2015–16", "The players are from Dundee F.C.", "The players are from the South F.C.", "There are people from Saint-Tropez who play football in the Scottish Professional Football League.", "Nocerina 1910 played for the Spartans F.C.", "players" ]

[ "Faissal El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaoui" ]

[ "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou", "El Bakhtaoufa", "El Bakhtoui", "El Bakhtaoui", "El Bakhtaou" ]

[ "Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena (29 March 1887 – 14 February 1947) (short form: Phraya Phahon), born as Phot Phahonyothin, was a Thai military leader and politician.", "He became the second prime minister of Siam in 1933 after ousting his predecessor in a coup d'état.", "He retired in 1938 after serving five years as prime minister.", "Early life\n\nPhot was born in Phra Nakhon Province (present-day Bangkok) to a Teochew Thai Chinese father, Colonel Kim Phahonyothin (), and a Thai Mon mother, Chap Phahonyothin ().", "After attending the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, in 1903 he was sent by royal scholarship to study at the Prussian Military Academy (Preußische Hauptkadettenanstalt) in the town of Lichterfelde, near Berlin, Germany, where he was apparently a classmate of Hermann Göring and became acquainted with Hideki Tojo through sword duels.", "Phot was then sent to study at the Engineering College of Copenhagen in Denmark, he was however only able to complete one year as his scholarship funds had run out, he returned to Siam in 1912.", "In 1931 he was elevated to the title of Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena by King Prajadhipok (or Rama VII) and received the rank of colonel.", "In 1932 he became Commander of the Royal Siamese Army.", "Revolutionary leader\nPhraya Phahon was an important member of a group of conspirators known as the \"Four Musketeers\" ().", "They were part of the Khana Ratsadon (or 'People's Party') who carried out the revolution of 1932.", "After 1932 coup, three factions formed among the political and military leaders of Khana Ratsadon.", "These were: first, the senior military faction led by Phraya Phahon; second, the junior army and navy faction led by Luang Phibunsongkhram; and third, the civilian faction led by Pridi Phanomyong.", "Also he, Phraya Songsuradet, and Phraya Ritthiakhaney, were served the collective military defenders of capital, de facto national government leader, exercising power behalf the king.", "As the most senior Phraya Phahon was viewed as the de facto leader of the Khana Ratsadon and the revolution itself.", "It was Phraya Phahon who read the Declaration of the New Siamese State in the Royal Plaza that declared the end of absolute monarchy and the establishment of the constitutional Siamese state.", "Because of the key role he played in the revolution he was rewarded with a high position in the new government and was made a member of the new cabinet.", "In March 1933 a constitutional crisis developed in Siam over the \"Yellow Cover Dossier\" incident, precipitated by Pridi's draft economic plan, which contained socialist elements.", "Because of this, Phraya Manopakorn Nititada, the prime minister, expelled him from the cabinet and suspended the constitution.", "This action upset many in the People's Party who supported Pridi, including Phraya Phahon.", "On 15 June Phraya Phahon resigned from the cabinet citing health reasons.", "In truth, he and a couple of military officers planned to overthrow Phraya Mano's increasingly authoritarian government.", "On 20 June a bloodless coup was carried out, led by Phraya Phahon.", "The following day, Phraya Phahon appointed himself the second prime minister of Siam.", "He immediately sent a report to King Prajadhipok explaining the objectives of the coup and asked for the king's support.", "Reluctantly the king endorsed him.", "Phraya Mano was exiled to Malaysia.", "Premiership\n\nThe next five years were a struggle to maintain power.", "In October 1933, a royalist revolt against Phraya Phahon's government, the Boworadet Rebellion, occurred only four months after his becoming prime minister.", "After weeks of fighting, government troops emerged victorious and Phraya Phahon was able to solidify his position.", "The cabinet was divided politically.", "The government was maintained only by the force of his personality.", "Luang Phibunsongkhram, a trusted confidant, became minister of defence under the new government and he began to acquire greater power and influence in preparation for his eventual ascension to the premiership.", "The beginning of the end for Phraya Phahon's time as prime minister began in 1937 when a scandal erupted involving the sale of crown real estate to high-ranking officials at below-market prices.", "After a near collapse that year, the first direct elections for the People's Assembly took place on 7 November 1937.", "Those in Phraya Phahon's cabinet found themselves an ideological and political minority.", "After budget issues in 1938, the cabinet was forced to resign in September 1938 followed by elections in December which resulted in Luang Phibunsongkhram becoming the prime minister of Thailand.", "Retirement and death\nAfter his term as prime minister, General Phraya Phahon retired from public life, though he served as Inspector-General of the Royal Thai Armed Forces during World War II.", "He died in February 1947 at the age of 59 of cerebral haemorrhage.", "It was said that when he died, despite the fact that he had held many positions in government, his family lacked the funds to pay for his funeral.", "Luang Phibunsongkhram, his protege and the incumbent prime minister, stepped in to pay for the cost.", "Legacy\n\nPhahonyothin Road, which runs from Bangkok to the border of Burma in the north, is named after Phraya Phahon.", "Formerly known as Prachathipatai Road, Field Marshal Plaek Phibunshongkhram renamed the road in his honour.", "A hospital in Kanchanaburi Province, Paholpolpayuhasena Hospital is also named in his honour.", "A Royal Thai Army artillery base in Lopburi Province bore the name of General Phraya Phahon until 2019 when, at the order of the king Vajiralongkorn, it was renamed King Bhumibol base.", "Long-standing statues of Phraya Phahon and Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram installed at the base are to be removed and replaced by a statue of King Bhumibol.", "Honours\n\nNoble titles \n 20 April 1918: Luang Sarayuth Sorasit (หลวงสรายุทธ์สรสิทธิ์)\n 9 July 1924: Phra Sarayuth Sorasit (พระสรายุทธ์สรสิทธิ์)\n 6 November 1931: Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena (พระยาพหลพลพยุหเสนา)\n 15 May 1942: Abolition of nobility\n 15 February 1945: Title restoration.", "Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena (พระยาพหลพลพยุหเสนา)\n\nThai Decorations \n Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of the Most Exalted Order of the White Elephant\n Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand\n Knight Grand Cordon (Special Class) of The Most Illustrious Order of Chula Chom Klao\n\nForeign Decorations \n Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle with star\n Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun\n Commander of the Order of Orange-Nassau\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nGeneral references\n\n Stowe, Judith A. Siam Becomes Thailand: A Story of Intrigue.", "C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1991\n\nExternal links\n\n Phraya Phaholphol Phayuhasena (thaigov.go.th)\n\nCommanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army\nPeople from Bangkok\nPrime Ministers of Thailand\nThai politicians of Chinese descent\nThai revolutionaries\n1887 births\n1947 deaths\nKnights Grand Cordon of the Order of Chula Chom Klao\nChulachomklao Royal Military Academy alumni\nMinisters of Defence of Thailand\nPeople's Party (Thailand) politicians\nMinisters of Finance of Thailand\nMinisters of Education of Thailand\nThai people of Mon descent\nPhraya\nPeople of the Siamese revolution of 1932\nMinisters of Foreign Affairs of Thailand\nMinisters of Interior of Thailand\nMinisters of Agriculture and Cooperatives of Thailand\nLeaders who took power by coup\nThai leaders who took power by coup" ]

[ "A Thai military leader and politician was born in March of 1887 and died in February of 1947.", "After ousting his predecessor in a coup, he became the second prime minister of Siam.", "He was prime minister for five years.", "Early life Phot was born to a Teochew Thai Chinese father and a Thai Mon mother.", "He was sent by royal scholarship to study at the Prussian Military Academy in Berlin, Germany, in 1903.", "As his scholarship funds had run out, Phot returned to Siam in 1912, but only to complete one year at the Engineering College of Copenhagen.", "He received the rank of colonel in 1931 after being elevated to the title of Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena.", "He was the Commander of the Royal Siamese Army.", "The \" Four Musketeers\" were a group of conspirators.", "The revolution of 1932 was carried out by the Khana Ratsadon.", "The political and military leaders of Khana Ratsadon formed three different groups after the 1932 coup.", "There were three different groups, the senior military, junior army and navy, and civilian.", "The collective military defenders of capital, defacto national government leader, were served by the king.", "The leader of the Khana Ratsadon was seen as the most senior of them all.", "The end of absolute monarchy and the establishment of a constitutional Siamese state was declared by the Declaration of the New Siamese State in the Royal Plaza.", "He was made a member of the new cabinet because of the role he played in the revolution.", "Pridi's draft economic plan contained socialist elements and triggered a constitutional crisis in Siam in March 1933.", "The prime minister suspended the constitution because of this, expelling him from the cabinet.", "Pridi was supported by many in the People's Party.", "The cabinet member resigned due to health reasons.", "He and a couple of military officers were planning to overthrow the government.", "A bloodless coup was carried out in June.", "The second prime minister of Siam was appointed the next day.", "He asked for the king's support after sending a report explaining the objectives of the coup.", "He was endorsed by the king.", "There was a person exiled to Malaysia.", "The next five years were difficult to maintain power.", "Four months after he became prime minister, a royalist revolt against his government took place.", "After weeks of fighting, the government troops emerged victorious.", "The cabinet was made up of Democrats and Republicans.", "The government was maintained by his personality.", "After becoming minister of defence under the new government, he began to gain more power and influence in preparation for his eventual ascension to the premier.", "In 1937 a scandal involving the sale of crown real estate to high-ranking officials at below-market prices began the end of the prime minister's time.", "The first direct elections for the People's Assembly took place in 1937.", "The cabinet members were a political and ideological minority.", "After budget issues in 1938, the cabinet was forced to resign and the prime minister of Thailand was elected in December.", "After his term as prime minister, General Phraya Phahon retired from public life, though he served as Inspector-General of the Royal Thai armed forces during World War II.", "He died of cerebral haemorrhage at the age of 59.", "His family didn't have the funds to pay for his funeral despite the fact that he held many positions in government.", "The incumbent prime minister stepped in to pay for the cost.", "Legacy Phahonyothin Road runs from Bangkok to the border of Burma in the north.", "The road was renamed in honor of the field marshal.", "The Paholpolpayuhasena Hospital is named after him.", "At the order of the king Vajiralongkorn, the Royal Thai Army renamed the base after him.", "There are two statues at the base that are to be removed and replaced with a statue of King Bhumibol.", "The honours noble titles are Luang Sarayuth Sorasit, 9 July 1924, and Phra Sarayuth Sorasit, 6 November 1931.", "The Most Noble Order of the Crown of Thailand has a Knight Grand Cordon.", "The Royal Thai Army People from Bangkok are Commanders-in-chief of the Royal Thai Army." ]

[ "Phraya Phahonphonphayuhasena", "Phraya Phahon", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya", "Phraya" ]

[ "Phraya" ]

[ "Gavin John Hipkins (born 1968 in Auckland) is a New Zealand photographer and film-maker, and Associate Professor at Elam School of Fine Arts, at the University of Auckland.", "Education\n\nHipkins completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland in 1992 and a Master of Fine Arts at the University of British Columbia in 2002.", "Photography\n\nThroughout his career, Hipkins has worked with both analogue and digital forms of photography.", "His work is often produced as either discrete multi-part works or, more rarely, in ongoing series.", "Falls (1992-)\n\nHipkins began working with the format he used for a number of works, collectively known as Falls, while he was still at art school.", "These works are made up of 'vertical strip[s] of machine prints, which present the content of a single roll of film—a session of almost identical shots of one subject from more or less the same angle, like a ‘shot’ of film footage'.", "Zerfall Wellington 1 March 1996 (1996) is made up of images from a firework display.", "Falls, Zerfall (1997–1998), shown at the 1998 Biennale of Sydney, consisted of images of circular objects usually found in kitchens and bathrooms.", "A set of seven Falls, titled The Gulf, mixed images collected from pornography websites (each work was titled after a genre: Teen, Blonde, Mature, Asian, Latina, Ebony, and Red-headed) mixed with stereotypical imagery from travel advertising, photos of small accessories (buttons, ribbon) and neutral background textures.", "Westwards (1993)\n\nIn this series, Hipkins used ready-made images, sourced from kitschy offset prints made in Switzerland in 1978, which he bought in West Auckland.", "He reproduced the images as large rectangular wallpaper murals (2160 x 4800 mm each).", "New Age (1993-2003)\n\nThe New Age works are closely linked to the photographs in The Sanctuary series.", "Photographs of New Zealand's West Coast and other personally significant landscapes are overlaid with photograms of beads.", "The original photographs are sourced from Hipkins' own archive, using existing works that have rarely been printed.", "The Field (1994-1995)\n\nIn The Field 1,500 photograms produced by placing a polystyrene ball on a sheet of photographic paper and exposing it to light.", "The photograms were shown as a single massed grid on the gallery wall.", "The work was shown at Teststrip, an artist-run gallery in Auckland, and at the Dunedin Public Art Gallery.", "The Trench (1997-1998)\n\nIn 1997, Hipkins visited Chandigarh in Northern India.", "The city contains many buildings by architect Le Corbusier, and his symbolic structure, the Open Hand Monument, a metal weather vane that rotates in the wind.", "The Trench is a slide show of 80 photographs taken of the monument, each one double-exposed with an image of a rose from Chandigarh’s rose garden.", "As the images of the hand form rotate in the photographs, the roses move from red to orange to yellow.", "The Homely (1997-2000)\n\nThe 80 c-type prints in The Homely were taken over a period of several years, on trips around New Zealand and Australia.", "In this work, Hipkins explored the idea of nationhood, and the signs and symbols used to express a sense of belonging to a place, especially, as he described it, 'in the turbulent wake of British Imperialism'.", "Each work is individually titled with a date, a named object, and a location, and the 80 works were hung alongside each other in a continuous display.", "In the publication accompanying the exhibition art historian Peter Brunt wrote:\n\nThe work requires its spectator to walk by it, so that the process of looking at it transpires in time.", "These dates and names are important.", "They specify individual sites but they also map the site specificity of the work as a whole.", "They are a kind of litany accompanying the viewer in his or her passage through the work.", "Works from The Homely were shown in Flight Patterns, an exhibition curated by Connie Butler for the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art.", "The Homely evolved into an exhibition initiated by City Gallery Wellington and shown at the Sarjeant Gallery and Dunedin Public Art Gallery.", "Hipkins was nominated in the inaugural Walters Prize for this work.", "The Circuit (1999)\n\nThis site-specific work was created at the Dunedin Public Art Gallery.", "2000 small c-type prints depicting strands of liquorice were laid like raceway circuits around three gallery walls, accompanied by one large photograph of a skeletal Indian sculpture, Eurasia, and a video work showing plates of milk being slowly dyed blue or red with jelly crystals.", "The installation was produced when Hipkins was in Dunedin as part of the gallery's Visiting Artist Programme.", "The Habitat (1999-2000)\n\nThe Habitat is a series of 72 silver gelatin prints, hung in a single line as a frieze, that take late modern and Brutalist buildings in New Zealand university campuses as their subject.", "Hipkins photographed details of buildings' interiors and exteriors, and printed the resulting images on expired photo paper, producing images that were often blurred, under or over-exposed, too high or too low in contrast: the opposite of 'professional' architectural photographs.", "The Habitat was first shown at the Adam Art Gallery and Artspace in Auckland.", "The Crib (c. 2000)\n\nThe Crib is a multi-part photogram work, originally displayed as a 20 metre-long frieze.", "As with numerous other works, such as The Field, the photograms are made by exposing sheets of photographic paper over with polystyrene balls have been laid.", "The Colony (2000-2002)\n\nThis work, made up of 100 individual c-type prints of painted and glued-together hemispherical polystyrene blobs, was made for the 2002 Sao Paulo Biennale and then re-shown at the Gus Fisher Gallery in Auckland.", "Curator Robert Leonard wrote of this work:\n\nGeometric yet organic, the blobs resemble at once alien pods, igloos, pup tents, breasts, the curvaceous hills and mud pools of his native New Zealand, and bacteria.", "The psychedelic colour scheme is both candied and toxic; we could be staring into a lava lamp, perhaps furthering a boudoir subtext.", "There’s no reference for scale.", "The work could imply a macroscopic view (an imperialist invasion, a commune of hippie drop-outs in their geodesic domes, or a high-tech off-world encampment on a weirdly hued planet) or a microscopic one.", "The Next Cabin (2000-2002)\n\nWhile undertaking post-graduate study at the University of British Columbia, Hipkins decided he wanted 'one sustainable, heavyweight project' to focus on.", "The Next Cabin is a sequel of sorts to The Homely, made up of 40 c-type prints of photographs taken in the Pacific Northwest.", "The series is also influenced by the Cascadian independent movement, a hypothetical nation stretching from Southern British Columbia to Northern California.", "The Stall (2001)\n\nThe Stall was made when Hipkins was artist in residence at the Waikato Museum of Art and History.", "made up of 95 c-type prints, the work uses the 'Fall' form and features imagery as diverse as buttons, car racing, and female faces and bodies.", "The Sanctuary (2004-)\n\nThe Sanctuary is a series of square-format unique silver gelatin prints.", "In them, Hipkins documents parks, gardens and zoos in cities in various countries (including Shanghai, Rotorua, London, Melbourne, New Plymouth and Hong Kong), often selecting details to focus on rather than following the traditional formats of landscape photography.", "These images are then superimposed with photograms of sinuous abstract shapes; lengths of ribbon, strands of beads, chain necklaces and threaded sequins.", "Hipkins continued work on The Sanctuary during his time on an artist residency at the International Studio and Curatorial Program in New York in 2006.", "Tender Buttons (2006)\n\nThe Tender Buttons works were developed when Hipkins was in New York on the International Studio and Curatorial Programme residency.", "In these works, images from artworks and objects in museum collections are overlaid with oversized scans of buttons sourced from New York's garment district, located near the residency hub.", "The title of the works alludes to Gertrude Stein's Tender Buttons.", "A related work, the 12-piece The Terrace (2008) is held in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa.", "Empire (2007), Second Empire (2008)\n\nIn Empire, Hipkins first used the method of taking scans he made of colour plates in books and then overlaying them with an embroidered patches and decals bought from markets and music stores.", "Hipkins selected his images from children's Commonwealth and Empire annuals from the 1950s.", "He worked on these series over the summer of 2007/2008 on his McCahon House residency, and showed Second Empire at the Lopdell House Gallery.", "Bible Studies (New Testament) (2008)\n\nThe Bible Studies (New Testament) works were first shown at the Adam Art Gallery and then re-presented at Starkwhite Gallery in Auckland.", "Continuing the methods he used in Empire and Second Empire, the large-format c-type prints each feature a detail of an image appropriated from a 1968 illustrated children's bible, overlaid with an embroidered patch bearing a two or three-word phrase from Goethe's play Faust.", "Collaboration with Karl Fritsch (2012-)\n\nHipkins met jeweller Karl Fritsch when the two artists had concurrent exhibitions at Wellington dealer gallery Hamish McKay Gallery.", "Fritsch frequently collaborates with other artists, but this is Hipkins' first collaboration.", "Hipkins selects narrative black and white photographs from his archive, which Fritsch then applies metal and gem stones to, puncturing, filing back and variously altering the surfaces of the works.", "Their collaborative works have been presented in several dealer gallery exhibitions and in Multiple Exposures: Jewelry and Photography at the Museum of Arts and Design.", "Leisure Valley and The Port (2014)\n\nIn 2013 Hipkins returned to Chandigarh to photograph and film for two works: Leisure Valley (a 46-part photo-installation) and The Port, a short film.", "The 46 photos in Leisure Valley reflect the 46 sectors in Le Corbusier's original plan for Chandigarh; The Port combines images of the 18th century architectural instruments Jantar Mantars with imagery drawn from the New Zealand landscape, and suburban architecture from Stonefields, a new Auckland residential development, accompanied by audio of passages being read from H.G.", "Wells' novella The Time Machine.", "The two were shown together in 2014 as Leisure Valley at St Paul St Gallery in Auckland.", "Block Paintings (2015-)\n\nHipkins' latest series of works, Block Paintings, features large-format unique colour photographs of small, carefully hand-painted wooden children's blocks.", "The painted blocks are photographed against neutral backgrounds either straight-on or from above.", "Hipkins says of these works:\n\nSitting between sculpture, painting, and photography, I like to think of these new works as ‘kinder monuments’ — a reference to their ambiguous scale, and the occupation of the field plane by massively enlarged brutalist wooden blocks.", "In late 2018 Hipkins extended his experimentation in this body of work in the dealer gallery exhibition Block Units, including an 80-image slide projection of photographs of pairs of painted blocks arranged in sculptural formations alongside framed photographs.", "Film making\n\nHipkins began making experimental short films in 2010.", "In 2014, his first feature film Erewhon - based on Samuel Butler’s 1872 novel Erewhon, Or Over the Range - premiered at the New Zealand International Film Festival and the Edinburgh Art Festival.", "Hipkins' recent film work, New Age (2016), is set at Avebury and calls on the tradition of spirit photography.", "The film premiered in 2016 at the International Competition at the 62nd International Short Film Festival Oberhausen.", "In 2016 Hipkins was invited to make a work as part of a commissioned set of moving image responses to the writing of New Zealand artist Julian Dashper.", "Hipkins' resulting work New World melded extracts from an 1849 report encouraging immigration to North-East Texas, title-cards resembling abstract paintings, Google Earth footage and reproductions of plates drawn from the 1876 book American Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil as well as solarised reproductions of images from early 1980s copies of National Geographic and Penthouse.", "In 2018 Hipkins produced The Precinct for the 9th iteration of the Queensland Art Gallery's Asia Pacific Triennial.", "The film, set along the Brisbane River, uses text drawn from the first published novel set in Brisbane, Dr Thomas Pennington Lucas's The Curse and its Cure (1894).", "Trailers and excerpts from some of Hipkin's film works are available on the CIRCUIT website\n\nExcerpt from New Age\nTrailer for The Port\nTrailer for Erewhon\nThis Fine Island\nThe Dam (0)\nTrailer for City of Tomorrow\n\nExhibitions\n\nHipkins has exhibited in New Zealand and internationally for over 20 years.", "In 2017 The Dowse Art Museum staged a major survey exhibition of his work, Gavin Hipkins: The Domain, which included works from the past 25 years stretching back to his time at Elam School of Fine Arts and including new commissions produced in 2017.", "The following is a list of solo exhibitions in public art galleries.", "Robert Leonard and Kelly Carmichael (eds), The Habitat, Auckland: Artspace, 2000.", "Trevor Mahovsky, The Stall, Hamilton: Waikato Museum of Art and History, 2001.", "Lara Strongman, Peter Brunt and Blair French, Gavin Hipkins: The Homely, Wellington: City Gallery Wellington, 2001.", "Gavin Hipkins: The Colony, Auckland: Gus Fisher Gallery, 2002.", "The Next Cabin, Auckland and Wellington: Gow Langsford Gallery and Hamish McKay Gallery, 2004.", "Heather Galbraith, The Sanctuary, Auckland: Rim Books, 2006.", "Karra Rees, Gavin Hipkins: The Village, Melbourne: Centre for Contemporary Photography, 2006.", "Daniel Palmer, Empire, Auckland: Rim Books, 2008.", "Christina Barton (ed), Bible studies (New Testament), Wellington: Adam Art Gallery, Victoria University of Wellington, 2009.", "Charlotte Huddleston (ed), Gavin Hipkins: Leisure Valley, Auckland: St Paul St Gallery, 2014.", "Peter Shand, Laurence Simmons, Erewhon, Māngere, Auckland: Māngere Arts Centre Ngā Tohu o Uenuku, 2015.", "Courtney Johnston (ed), with essays by Robert Leonard and George Clark, The Domain, Wellington: Victoria University Press and The Dowse Art Museum, 2017.", "Collections\n\n Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tamaki\n University of Auckland\n Christchurch Art Gallery Te Puna o Waiwhetu\n Dunedin Public Art Gallery\n Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\n Queensland Art Gallery\n Victoria University of Wellington\n\nGallery\n\nFurther information\n\nArtist profile on CIRCUIT\nAndrew Clifford, Sanctuary (The Bird), Auckland: University of Auckland, not dated.", "Andrew Clifford, Something eerie this way comes, New Zealand Herald, 1 March 2005\n Gavin Hipkins on Erewhon, Standing Room Only, Radio New Zealand 2014\nGavin Hipkins: The Domain exhibition guide published by The Dowse Art Museum, 2017\nGavin Hipkins interviewed by Kim Hill, Saturdays with Kim Hill, Radio New Zealand, 18 November 2017\nRobert Leonard, 'The Only Show in Town' (on Gavin Hipkins: The Domain, City Gallery Wellington, 16 January 2018\n Bruce Philips, Review of Gavin Hipkins: The Domain, Art Asia Pacific, 19 February 2018\n Terrence Handscombe, Living in Dulltopia: Gavin Hipkins’ The Domain and The Homely II EyeContact, 11 April 2018\nGavin Hipkins discusses his video project 'The Precinct', Queensland Art Gallery | Gallery of Modern Art, November 2018\n\nReferences\n\n1968 births\nLiving people\nNew Zealand artists\nNew Zealand photographers\nPeople from Auckland\nElam Art School alumni" ]

[ "An Associate Professor at the Elam School of Fine Arts at the University of Auckland, Hipkins is a New Zealand photographer and film-maker.", "Hipkins received a Bachelor of Fine Arts from the University of Auckland in 1992 and a Master of Fine Arts from the University of British Columbia in 2002.", "Hipkins has worked with both analogue and digital photography.", "His work can be produced as either a multi-part work or an ongoing series.", "Hipkins began working with the format he used for a number of works, collectively known as Falls, while he was still at art school.", "These works are made up of vertical strips of machine prints, which present the content of a single roll of film, a session of almost identical shots of one subject from more or less the same angle.", "There is a firework display in the picture.", "There were images of circular objects found in kitchens and bathrooms in Falls, Zerfall.", "A set of seven Falls, titled The Gulf, mixed images from pornography websites and stereotypical images from travel advertising.", "Hipkins used ready-made images from Switzerland in his Westwards series.", "The images were reproduced as large rectangular wallpaper murals.", "The New Age works are related to the photographs in The Sanctuary series.", "Photographs of New Zealand's West Coast and other personally significant landscapes are superimposed with photograms of beads.", "Existing works that have rarely been printed are used to source the original photographs.", "1,500 photograms were produced by placing a polystyrene ball on a sheet of photographic paper and exposing it to light.", "There was a single massed grid on the gallery wall.", "The work was shown in two different places.", "Hipkins visited Chandigarh in Northern India in 1997.", "The Open Hand Monument, a metal weather vane that rotates in the wind, is part of the city and was designed by Le Corbusier.", "There are 80 photographs taken of the monument and each one has an image of a rose from the rose garden.", "The roses move from red to orange to yellow as the photographs show the hand form.", "The 80 c-type prints in The Homely were taken over a period of several years on trips around New Zealand and Australia.", "Hipkins explored the idea of nationhood, and the signs and symbols used to express a sense of belonging to a place, in the turbulent wake of British Imperialism.", "Each work is titled with a date, a named object, and a location, and the 80 works were hung alongside each other in a continuous display.", "In the publication accompanying the exhibition art historian Peter Brunt wrote, \"The work requires its spectator to walk by it so that the process of looking at it unfolds in time.\"", "The dates and names are important.", "They map the specificity of the work as a whole, even though they specify individual sites.", "They are a way for the viewer to follow the work.", "Works from The Homely were shown in an exhibition at the Los Angeles Museum of Contemporary Art.", "The Homely evolved into an exhibition that was shown at two galleries.", "Hipkins was nominated for a prize.", "The work was created at the public art gallery.", "2000 small c-type prints depicting strands of liquorice were laid like raceway circuits around three gallery walls, accompanied by one large photograph of a skeletal Indian sculpture, Eurasia, and a video work showing plates of milk being slowly dyed blue or red with jelly crystals.", "Hipkins was in Dunedin as part of the gallery's Visiting Artist programme.", "The Habitat is a series of 72 silver gelatin prints, hung in a single line as a frieze, that depict late modern and Brutalist buildings in New Zealand university campuses.", "Hipkins photographed details of buildings' interiors and exteriors, and printed the resulting images on expired photo paper, producing images that were often blurred, under or over-exposed, too high or too low in contrast to professional architectural photographs.", "The Habitat was first shown in New Zealand.", "The Crib was originally displayed as a 20 metres long frieze.", "The photograms are made by exposing sheets of photographic paper over the balls that have been laid.", "The Colony, made up of 100 individual c-type prints of painted and glued-together hemispherical polystyrene blobs, was made for the 2002 Sao Paolo Biennale and then re- shown at the Gus Fisher Gallery in New Zealand.", "Robert Leonard wrote that the blobs looked like alienpods, igloos, pup tents, breasts and mud pools of his native New Zealand.", "The colour scheme is both toxic and candied, and we could be looking into a lava lamp.", "There is no reference to scale.", "An imperialist invasion, a hippie drop-out in their geodesic domes, or a high-tech off-world encampment on a weirdly hued planet are just some of the things that could be implied by the work.", "Hipkins decided to focus on one project while he was at the University of British Columbia.", "The Homely was made up of 40 prints of photographs taken in the Pacific Northwest.", "The series is influenced by a hypothetical nation stretching from Southern British Columbia to Northern California.", "Hipkins was an artist in residence at the Waikato Museum of Art and History.", "The work uses the 'Fall' form and features imagery as diverse as buttons, car racing, and female faces and bodies.", "The Sanctuary is a series of prints.", "Hipkins documents parks, gardens and zoos in cities in various countries, often selecting details to focus on rather than following the traditional formats of landscape photography.", "There are lengths of ribbon, strands of beads, chain necklaces and threaded sequins superimposed on the images.", "During his time at the International Studio and Curatorial Program in New York, Hipkins continued to work on The Sanctuary.", "Hipkins was in New York on the International Studio and Curatorial Programme when he created Tender Buttons.", "In these works, images from artworks and objects in museum collections are superimposed with scans of buttons from New York's garment district, located near the residency hub.", "The works allude to the work of Gertrude Stein.", "The Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa has a collection of The Terrace.", "In Empire, Hipkins first used the method of taking scans he made of colour plates in books and then covering them with embroidered patches and decals bought from markets and music stores.", "Children's Commonwealth and Empire annuals from the 1950s were selected by Hipkins.", "The McCahon House residency was where he worked on these series over the summer of 2007.", "The Bible Studies (New Testament) works were first shown at the Adam Art Gallery and then re-presented at the Starkwhite Gallery.", "Continuing the methods he used in Empire and Second Empire, the large-format c-type prints each feature a detail of an image appropriated from a 1968 illustrated children's bible, with an embroidered patch bearing a two or three-word phrase from Goethe's play Faust.", "Hipkins and Karl Fritsch collaborated at a Wellington dealer gallery.", "Hipkins is the first artist to collaborate with Fritsch.", "Hipkins selects narrative black and white photographs from his archive, which Fritsch then applies metal and gem stones to, puncturing, filing back and variously altering the surfaces of the works.", "Multiple Exposures: Jewelry and Photography at the Museum of Arts and Design features their collaborative works.", "Hipkins returned to Chandigarh in 2013 to photograph and film for two works: Leisure Valley and The Port.", "The 46 photos in Leisure Valley reflect the 46 sectors in Le Corbusier's original plan for Chandigarh, while The Port combines images of the 18th century architectural instruments Jantar Mantars with imagery drawn from the New Zealand landscape.", "The Time Machine is a novella by Wells.", "The two were shown together at a gallery.", "Hipkins' latest series of works, Block Paintings, features large-format colour photographs of small, carefully hand-painted wooden children's blocks.", "The painted blocks are photographed against a neutral background.", "Sitting between sculpture, painting, and photography, I like to think of these new works as \"kinder monuments\", a reference to their ambiguous scale, and the occupation of the field plane by massive wooden blocks.", "Hipkins' work in the dealer gallery exhibition Block Units included a slide projection of photographs of pairs of painted blocks arranged in sculptural formations alongside framed photographs.", "Hipkins began making experimental short films in 2010.", "The New Zealand International Film Festival and the Edinburgh Art Festival hosted the premiere of his first feature film, Erewhon.", "New Age is a film about spirit photography and is set at Avebury.", "The film was shown at the International Competition at the 62nd International Short Film Festival Oberhausen.", "Hipkins was invited to make a work as part of a commissioned set of moving image responses to the writing of New Zealand artist Julian Dashper.", "Hipkins' resulting work New World melded extracts from an 1849 report encouraging immigration to North-East Texas, title-cards resembling abstract paintings, Google Earth footage and reproductions of plates drawn from the 1876 book American Pictures Drawn with Pen and Pencil as well as solarised reproductions of images from early", "The 9th iteration of the Asia Pacific Triennial was produced by Hipkins.", "The film is based on the novel The Curse and its Cure by Dr Thomas Pennington Lucas.", "Hipkins has exhibited in New Zealand and internationally for over 20 years.", "An exhibition of works from the past 25 years stretching back to his time at the Elam School of Fine Arts was put on by The Dowse Art Museum.", "There are solo exhibitions in public art galleries.", "Robert Leonard and Kelly Carmichael wrote The Habitat.", "The Stall, Hamilton: the Museum of Art and History.", "The Homely, Wellington: City Gallery Wellington was published in 2001.", "The Colony by Gavin Hipkins is at the Gus Fisher Gallery.", "The Next Cabin is a collection of galleries in New Zealand and Wellington.", "The Sanctuary is a book by Heather Galbraith.", "The Village was published by the Centre for Contemporary Photography.", "Rim Books, 2008, written by Daniel Palmer.", "Bible studies (New Testament), Wellington: Adam Art Gallery, Victoria University of Wellington, 2009, written by Christina Barton.", "Gavin Hipkins: Leisure Valley, Auckland: St Paul St Gallery, was written by Charlotte Huddleston.", "Peter Shand and Erewhon are from the Mngere Arts Centre.", "The domain, Wellington: Victoria University Press and The Dowse Art Museum have essays by Robert Leonard and George Clark.", "The Art Gallery of Toi o Tamaki University is one of the Collections.", "Something eerie this way comes, New Zealand Herald, 1 March 2005." ]

[ "Gavin John Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Gavin Hip", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkinsish", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins" ]

[ "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins", "Gavin Hipkins" ]

[ "Havilah Babcock (September 8, 1837 – April 21, 1905) was an American manufacturing executive and a joint founder of the Kimberly-Clark Corporation.", "Early life\nBorn in Franklin, Vermont, Babcock moved with his family to Waukesha, Wisconsin in 1846.", "In 1849 they moved again to Neenah, Wisconsin, his father had gotten a contract to excavate and construct the Neenah portion of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway.", "At age 12 he became a child laborer in his father's project, thus bringing an end to Babcock's education.", "Following his mother's death in 1851 and the completion of the waterway project in 1852, Babcock found work as a box boy at a local dry goods store where he also slept at night, as his widowed father had begun farming with a new wife six miles from town.", "At age 16 Babcock was promoted to clerk, in which he achieved notable success selling dress goods to women.", "In 1857 due to his success in sales, the wealthy father of his friend John A. Kimberly set the two young men up as equal partners in the Kimberly & Babcock Dry Goods Store, providing them with $5,000 in new goods.", "The business was an immediate success, and while still only in their teens, the partnership was quickly recognized as a formidable teaming of talent, leading to directorships with the newly organized First National Bank of Neenah (what is today Associated Banc-Corp), and to the construction in 1869 of the Reliance Mill, the largest flour mill constructed in Neenah, which helped make it the second largest flour milling center in the state behind Milwaukee, Wisconsin.", "In 1876 Babcock became a financial partner in the founding of the Bergstrom Brothers Stove Works under the direction of D. W. Bergstrom, a former clerk at Kimberly & Babcock.", "At the time of his death Babcock was planning to be a partner in the founding of the Bergstrom Paper Company.", "Kimberly-Clark\nShortly after the Reliance Mill was up and running, Kimberly became interested in the manufacture of paper, and on the strength of his partnership with Babcock the two men brought together a group of investors to form a joint stock company.", "After several unsuccessful attempts at organization with a changing roster of players, the large number of prospective shareholders was cut down to four equal partners: Kimberly, Babcock, Charles B. Clark, and Franklyn C. Shattuck.", "Organized as Kimberly, Clark & Company in 1872, their guiding principle was that they would function as an interchangeable yet complementary team of players, much in the same way Kimberly and Babcock had in their dry goods business.", "Initially, however, construction of a mill and the operational start up were undertaken by Kimberly and Clark.", "Shattuck continued operation of his Chicago-based wholesaling business, while Babcock took charge of the businesses he held in partnership with Kimberly.", "These arrangements lasted only until 1878 when the company undertook a major expansion in neighboring Appleton, Wisconsin.", "At this point the dry goods store was sold to help finance the expansion.", "Clark had begun a political career, Babcock and Shattuck took on active roles in daily operations.", "Incorporated in 1880 as Kimberly & Clark Co., Babcock was named vice-president and resumed the close partnership with Kimberly that had launched both their careers.", "In the decade that followed the company pursued an aggressive program of expansion at mill sites along the Fox River, concluding in 1890 at De Pere, Wisconsin with the Shattuck & Babcock Paper Mill, the largest producer of fine writing papers in the U.S. As a result of these efforts Kimberly & Clark transformed the surrounding valley into one of the leading centers of paper production in the U.S. By the turn of the century both Clark and Shattuck had died, and soon afterwards Kimberly retired to Redlands, California, leaving Babcock as the only original partner on site during a period of violent labor strikes and a protracted lawsuit brought against Kimberly & Clark and other paper manufacturers under the Sherman Antitrust Act.", "The strain of these years contributed to Babcock's death in 1905 at a Winnetka, Illinois sanitarium, where he had been taken by his family to recover his health.", "The importance of Babcock's role in the company's founding was recognized in 2015 when he was inducted into the Paper Industry International Hall of Fame, maintained by the Paper Discovery Center in the former Atlas Mill, built during Babcock's vice presidency.", "Personal life\nBabcock (who was a devout Presbyterian) early success in dry goods was due in part to his physical attributes.", "In the decades before the Civil War women did not generally shop in public except in dry goods stores, a fact which New York's Alexander Turney Stewart turned into one of history's largest personal fortunes by hiring handsome young men to clerk in his Manhattan department store.", "Babcock, standing six feet tall with the brooding good looks of a Midwestern Heathcliff (Wuthering Heights), similarly assisted a dedicated following of local women in adapting current fashions to flatter their personal attributes.", "Best known among his followers was the wife of territorial governor James Duane Doty.", "A voracious reader in spite of his limited education, and possessed of artistic sensibilities, Babcock was also a talented tenor and soloist in his church choir.", "He initially hoped to marry his partner's sister, Emma Kimberly, but when she rejected his proposal Babcock turned his attentions to their cousin Frances Kimberly, a graduate of the Emma Willard School, and upon whom he called at her home in Watervliet, New York while in the East buying goods for the store.", "The two married in 1872, and on their wedding tour visited Babcock's cousin Orville E. Babcock, the personal secretary of Ulysses S. Grant who was later indicted in the Whiskey Ring.", "Together the Babcocks raised five children: Helen, Caroline, Henry, George and Elizabeth.", "Although it pained him to be separated from them, all five became graduates of Eastern colleges, his daughter Caroline also studying sculpture under Daniel Chester French at his studio in Manhattan, and later at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.", "Caroline would later become a Presbyterian missionary in Korea with her husband James Edward Adams.", "A great hunter and fisherman, Babcock encouraged a taste for the out-of-doors in his children, taking them and their friends on annual camping parties at Eagle River, Wisconsin.", "His interests as a genealogist, music lover and Anglophile were similarly shared with his children, all but one of them as adults still living at home at his death in 1905.", "Three of Babcock's children subsequently married and only two had children, his granddaughter Anne becoming the wife of Theodore Roosevelt III.", "Those children that remained in Neenah were either founders or major contributors to the YWCA, the Boys' Brigade, Theda Clark Hospital, the Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, the Emergency Society, Oak Hill Cemetery, the First Presbyterian Church and the Visiting Nurse Association.", "More than 100 years since his death, Babcock's Bible study class - which was composed entirely of women - still meets at the First Presbyterian Church of Neenah and is known today as the Friends Class.", "Havilah Babcock House\nIn addition to his association with the founding of Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Babcock is known for his role in the construction and decoration of the Havilah Babcock House.", "Upon the sale of the dry goods store in 1878, Babcock focused his creativity on the construction of a family home on Neenah's East Wisconsin Avenue.", "The land was purchased in 1879, after which William Waters (architect) of neighboring Oshkosh, Wisconsin drew up the plans for a Queen Anne residence.", "Construction commenced in 1881 with Babcock acting as construction manager, personally selecting tiles, stained glass, woodwork and furnishings in Milwaukee, Chicago and New York City.", "Two years later, while the newly incorporated Kimberly & Clark was building a third mill in Appleton, the family moved in with the interior still largely bare plaster walls.", "Ultimately the first house in Neenah fitted with electricity (the Kimberly & Clark generator serving as the power source), the interior decoration was completed under Babcock's watchful eye in 1888, with the parlor carefully replicating decorations he and his wife had seen and admired at the Centennial Exhibition in 1876.", "At the time William Morris, Charles Eastlake, Henry Hudson Holly and other leaders of the Aesthetic Movement were encouraging the use of instructive narratives in fireplace tiles, advice which Babcock subtly extended to whole rooms through his choices not only of tiles but stained glass, wall coverings, and even the placement of selected paintings and objet d'art.", "Principal among the stories were those of the Etruscan goddess Pomona (mythology) and William Morris' \"The Defence of Guenevere,\" both of which challenge the conventional roles and identities of men and women, and which taken together Babcock wove into a devotional to the love he and his wife Frances shared.", "Their daughters Helen and Elizabeth, who inherited the house upon their mother's death in 1917, were unaware of these narratives but were loath to change anything their father had done.", "As a result, the Havilah Babcock House remains almost exactly as it was at Babcock's death.", "It is today held in a family trust, with the current occupants being Babcock's great-grandson Peter Adams and his wife, Patricia Mulvey.", "The house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.", "In 2010 it was identified by the Wisconsin Historical Society as one of the 20 most important homes in the state, along with Frank Lloyd Wright's Wingspread, Milwaukee's Pabst Mansion, and Ten Chimneys, the home of Broadway legends Alfred Lunt and Lynn Fontanne.", "The designation served as the basis of the Wisconsin Historical Society Press book, \"Wisconsin's Own,\" by Louis Wasserman and Caron Connelly.", "Six of these homes, including the Havilah Babcock House, were featured in the 2015 Wisconsin Public Television documentary, \"Remarkable Homes of Wisconsin.\"", "See also\nJohn A. Kimberly\nCharles B. Clark\nFranklyn C. Shattuck\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nKimberly-Clark Website\n\n1837 births\n1905 deaths\nPeople from Franklin, Vermont\nPeople from Neenah, Wisconsin\nBusinesspeople from Wisconsin\nKimberly-Clark\n19th-century American businesspeople" ]

[ "An American manufacturing executive and a co- founder of theKimberly-Clark Corporation, Havilah Babcock was born on September 8, 1837.", "Babcock moved with his family to Wisconsin in the 19th century.", "His father got a contract to build the portion of the Fox-Wisconsin Waterway in Neenah, Wisconsin, in 1849.", "Babcock's education ended at age 12 when he became a child laborer in his father's project.", "After his mother's death in 1851 and the completion of the waterway project in 1852, Babcock found work as a box boy at a local dry goods store where he also slept at night, as his widowed father had begun farming with a new wife six miles from town.", "Babcock was promoted to clerk at the age of 16 and was able to sell dress goods to women.", "Due to his success in sales, the wealthy father of his friend set the two young men up as equal partners in a dry goods store.", "The business was an immediate success, and while still only in their teens, the partnership was quickly recognized as a formidable teaming of talent, leading to directorships with the newly organized First National Bank of Neenah.", "The Bergstrom Brothers Stove Works was founded in 1876 by Babcock and D. W. Bergstrom.", "Babcock was going to be a partner in the Bergstrom Paper Company at the time of his death.", "After the Reliance Mill was up and running,Kimberly became interested in the manufacture of paper, and on the strength of his partnership with Babcock the two men brought together a group of investors to form a joint stock company.", "After several unsuccessful attempts at organization with a changing roster of players, the large number of prospective shareholders was cut down to four equal partners.", "The guiding principle of the company was that they would function as an interchangeable team of players, just as they did in their dry goods business.", "The operational start up and construction of a mill were done by the two companies.", "Babcock took charge of the businesses he held in partnership with Shattuck.", "The company expanded in Appleton, Wisconsin, in the 19th century.", "The dry goods store was sold to finance the expansion.", "Babcock and Shattuck were involved in daily operations.", "Babcock was named vice-president and resumed the close partnership withKimberly that had begun their careers.", "The Shattuck & Babcock Paper Mill, the largest producer of fine writing papers in the U.S., was expanded in 1890 by the company.", "The strain of these years contributed to Babcock's death in 1905, when he was taken by his family to recover from his health issues.", "The importance of Babcock's role in the company's founding was recognized in 2015, when he was inducted into the Paper Industry International Hall of Fame.", "Babcock's early success in dry goods was due to his physical attributes.", "Alexander Turney Stewart turned into one of history's largest personal fortunes by hiring handsome young men to work in his Manhattan department store in the decades before the Civil War.", "Babcock, standing six feet tall with the brooding good looks of a Midwestern Heathcliff, assisted a dedicated following of local women in adapting current fashions to flatter their personal attributes.", "The wife of the territorial governor was one of his followers.", "Babcock was a talented singer in his church choir and a prolific reader despite his limited education.", "He initially hoped to marry his partner's sister, Emma, but when she rejected his proposal, he turned his attention to their cousin, a graduate of the Emma Willard School.", "On their wedding tour, the two visited Babcock's cousin Orville E. Babcock, who was indicted in the Whiskey Ring.", "Helen, Henry, George, and Elizabeth were all raised by the Babcocks.", "Even though he was separated from them, all five became graduates of Eastern colleges and his daughter studied sculpture under Daniel Chester French at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.", "James Edward Adams was a Presbyterian missionary in Korea.", "A great hunter and fisherman, Babcock encouraged a taste for the out-of-doors in his children, taking them and their friends on annual camping parties at Eagle River, Wisconsin.", "All but one of his children were still living at home when he died in 1905.", "Anne became the wife of Theodore Roosevelt III and married three of Babcock's children.", "The YWCA, the Boys' Brigade, Theda Clark Hospital, the Bergstrom-Mahler Museum, the Emergency Society, Oak Hill Cemetery, the First Presbyterian Church, and the Visiting Nurse Association were all founded by children that remained in the area.", "Babcock's Bible study class, which was composed entirely of women, still meets at the First Presbyterian Church of Neenah and is known today as the Friends Class.", "In addition to his association with the founding of the company, Babcock is known for his role in the construction and decoration of the house.", "Babcock focused his creativity on the construction of a family home after the sale of the dry goods store.", "William Waters drew up the plans for a Queen Anne residence after the land was purchased.", "Babcock was the construction manager and personally selected tiles, stained glass, woodwork and furnishings in Milwaukee, Chicago and New York City.", "While a third mill was being built in Appleton, the family moved in with the interior bare of plaster walls.", "The first house in Neenah fitted with electricity was completed under Babcock's watch in 1888, with the parlor carefully replicating the decorations he and his wife had seen and admired at the 1876 exhibition.", "William Morris, Charles Eastlake, Henry Hudson Holly, and other leaders of the aesthetic movement encouraged the use of narratives in fireplace tiles, advice which Babcock subtly extended to whole rooms through his choices not only of tiles but stained glass, wall coverings, and even the placement of selected.", "Among the stories were those of the Etruscan goddess Pomona and William Morris' \"The Defence of Guenevere,\" both of which challenge the conventional roles and identities of men and women, and which Babcock wove into a devotional to the love he and his wife shared.", "Helen and Elizabeth were unaware of what their father had done but were unwilling to change anything.", "The Babcock House is almost exactly the same as it was when Babcock died.", "The current owners are Babcock's great-grandson Peter Adams and his wife.", "In 1974 the house was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.", "The Wisconsin Historical Society identified it as one of the 20 most important homes in the state, along with Frank Lloyd Wright's Wingspread, Milwaukee's Pabst Mansion, and Ten Chimneys.", "The Wisconsin Historical Society Press book, \"Wisconsin's Own,\" was based on the designation.", "The Havilah Babcock House was one of six homes featured in a Wisconsin Public Television documentary.", "There were people from Franklin, Vermont and Wisconsin who died in the 19th century." ]

[ "Havilah Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", ". Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock" ]

[ "Havilah Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", ". Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock", "Babcock" ]

[ "Stéphane Gendron (born December 22, 1967) was the mayor of Huntingdon, Quebec, Canada, from 2003 to 2013 and a radio host, a television host and a political analyst for several media outlets.", "Early life and education\n\nHe was born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu and raised in nearby Saint-Rémi in the Montérégie.", "Gendron is a graduate of Collège Jean de la Mennais in La Prairie and has a law degree from the Université de Montréal and master's degree in history from the University of Massachusetts Lowell.", "Career \nPrior to his political and media career, Gendron practised law and taught at the CEGEP level.", "He was also a political aide to former Parti Québécois politician Jean Garon.", "Mayor of Huntingdon\n\nGendron was elected Mayor of Huntingdon in November 2003 and was re-elected without opposition for a four-year term in November 2005, and re-elected in November 2009.", "He stepped down from municipal politics at the end of his mandate on November 2013.", "Controversy\n\nYouth curfew\nGendron first gained media attention by enacting a municipal curfew forcing minors to stay off the street after 10 p.m. in Huntingdon, in an attempt to reduce juvenile crime.", "Following threats of litigation, the municipal council withdrew the proposed curfew.", "It was later discovered that the authors of the crime spree were, in fact, both adults.", "Jean Charest\nIn 2005, he claimed that Quebec premier Jean Charest was a \"murderer\" (\"meurtrier\") for his government's initial refusal to subsidize Herceptin, a new drug against breast cancer; he later apologized for these comments after being served legal papers.", "Israel/Nazi analogy\nGendron has courted controversy for his statements about the state of Israel.", "During the Israel/Lebanon war of 2006, he stated in an interview with Le Soleil that Israelis are modern-day Nazis (\"Les Israéliens, ce sont les nazis des temps modernes\"); he later clarified that was referring to the current Government of Israel, but stated that it was not exaggerated to compare that government with the Nazis.", "Statement that Israel ‘does not deserve to exist’\nIn December 2011, Gendron was criticized for a broadcast of his show Face à Face in which he stated that “Products made in Israel on land stolen from the Palestinians that is walled in, in an apartheid regime where they are cut off, it’s very serious.... And a country like that does not deserve to exist.” The remarks sparked outrage from Jewish groups after a clip of the show was posted on YouTube by HonestReporting Canada, a website that monitors the media for anti-Israel bias.", "The California-based Simon Wiesenthal Center has since launched a protest against the network demanding Mr. Gendron’s show be cancelled.", "In response, Gendron stated that he was not promoting hate speech against Jews or Israel, but rather taking issue with the country’s politics, writing in an email that “I am defending a state with both Palestine and Israel living together, I may be naive, but this is my position.", "Israel as it is today is not my cup of tea.”\n\nStephen Harper\nOn January 12, 2009, Stéphane Gendron insulted Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper in a letter that he also posted on his blog.", "for his support of Israel during the 2008–2009 Israel–Gaza conflict.", "Allegations of harassment\nIn January 2009, Stéphane Gendron was accused by Huntingdon town councillor Tonya Welburn of criminal and sexual harassment over an 18-month period.", "A complaint has been lodged with the Quebec Human Rights Commission.", "Same thing for criminal accusations.", "This chapter is directly related to a fight led by a former Member of the National Assembly for Huntingdon.", "Tonya Welburn lost her seat during the general election of November 2009, as well as her father who was also a councillor but running for mayor.", "Gendron got close to 66% of the popular vote.", "Gendron denied the accusation.", "Animal cruelty\nStéphane Gendron claimed that he enthusiastically ran over cats with his pickup truck on his radio show, which aired on July 9, 2013 on CHOI 91.9 Radio X.", "His comments were denounced by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and a petition was launched that demanded he be investigated.", "He later apologized for his comments, claiming he had exaggerated.", "He also claimed it was dark humour that was taken too seriously and out of context by animal advocacy groups.", "Career in the media\n\nGendron hosted the current affairs TV show L'Avocat et le diable on the TQS network, but was fired after the network received several complaints from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commissionfor several controversial comments.", "He later hosted a radio show on Montreal-based station 98,5 FM from March 2005 until March 2007.", "He now hosts the program Sans Compromis on XM Satellite Radio's Radio Parallèle.", "Gendron is a regular columnist with the Journal de Montréal daily newspaper.", "He was also a TV commentator with the daily program Le Show du Matin on Channel V. He is also a regular radio commentator in Eastern Québec (La Pocatière, Rivière-d-Loup, Rimouski and St-Georges).", "He co- hosts a show called Face a Face on Channel V\n\nProvincial and federal politics\n\nIn February 2007, Gendron declined a bid to run for the Parti Québécois in his hometown riding of Huntingdon, claiming family reasons and the wish to complete his term as mayor.", "During the 2007 Quebec general election, he supported the Action démocratique du Québec party.", "In April 2008, Gendron called for Mario Dumont's resignation, claiming that he is especially disappointed with the way the ADQ leader has handled the immigration issue since becoming Leader of the Opposition.", "At once, Gendron was approached by the Conservative Party of Canada to be a candidate for the federal election of 2008.", "He declined the offer, distanced himself from the party's foreign policy and endorsed the Bloc Québécois.", "Following the ADQ's disappointing results in the 2008 election, Gendron expressed an interest in running for the party leadership in the event of Dumont's resignation.", "References\n\n1967 births\nLiving people\nMayors of places in Quebec\nPeople from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu\nUniversité de Montréal alumni\nUniversity of Massachusetts Lowell alumni" ]

[ "A radio host, a television host and a political analyst, Stphane Gendron was the mayor of Huntingdon, Quebec, Canada from 2003 to 2013.", "He was born in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu and raised in Saint-Rémi in the Montérégie.", "Gendron has a law degree from the Université de Montréal and a master's degree in history from the University of Massachusetts-Lowell.", "Prior to his career in politics and media, Gendron practised law and taught.", "He was an aide to Jean Garon.", "The Mayor of Huntingdon Gendron was re-elected without opposition for a four-year term in November 2005, and re-elected in November 2009.", "He left municipal politics at the end of his term.", "In an attempt to reduce juvenile crime, Gendron enacted a municipal curfew in order to keep kids off the street after 10 p.m.", "The proposed curfew was withdrawn after threats of litigation.", "The authors of the crime spree were both adults.", "In 2005, he claimed that Jean Charest was a \"murderer\" for his government's initial refusal to subsidize Herceptin, a new drug against breast cancer.", "Gendron has courted controversy with his statements about the state of Israel.", "During the Israel/Lebanon war of 2006 he stated in an interview that Israelis are modern-day Nazis, but later clarified that he was referring to the current Government of Israel.", "In December of 2011, Gendron made a statement on his show that Israel does not deserve to exist.", "The SimonWiesenthal Center launched a protest against the network and demanded the cancellation of Mr. Gendron's show.", "In response, Gendron stated that he was not promoting hate speech against Jews or Israel, but rather taking issue with the country's politics, writing in an email that \"I am defending a state with both Palestine and Israel living together, I may be naive, but this is my position", "Israel as it is today is not my cup of tea.", "He supported Israel during the Israel–Gaza conflict.", "In January 2009, Stéphane Gendron was accused of criminal and sexual harassment by a town councillor.", "There is a complaint with the Quebec Human Rights Commission.", "Same thing for criminal accusations.", "The fight was led by a former Member of the National Assembly for Huntingdon.", "During the general election of November 2009, welburn lost her seat, as well as her father who was running for mayor.", "A majority of the popular vote went to Gendron.", "Gendron denied the accusation.", "On his radio show on July 9, he claimed that he enthusiastically ran over cats with his truck.", "His comments were denounced by the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, and a petition was launched that demanded he be investigated.", "He apologized for what he had said.", "He claimed that it was dark humor that was taken too seriously by animal advocacy groups.", "Gendron hosted the current affairs TV show L'Avocat et le diable on the TQS network, but was fired after the network received several complaints from the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission.", "From March 2005 to March 2007, he hosted a radio show on 98,5 FM.", "He hosts the program Sans Compromis on Radio Parallle.", "Gendron writes for the Journal de Montréal daily newspaper.", "He is a regular radio commentator in Eastern Québec.", "He co- hosts a show called Face a Face on Channel V Provincial and federal politics.", "He was a supporter of the Action démocratique du Québec party.", "In April 2008, Gendron called for Mario Dumont's resignation, claiming that he is especially disappointed with the way the ADQ leader has handled the immigration issue since becoming Leader of the Opposition.", "Gendron was approached by the Conservative Party of Canada to be a candidate in the federal election of 2008.", "He distanced himself from the foreign policy of the party.", "In the event of Dumont's resignation, Gendron expressed an interest in running for the party leadership.", "People from Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu are alumni of the University of Massachusetts." ]

[ "Stéphane Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Stéphane", "Gendron", "Stéphane", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Stéphane", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron" ]

[ "Stphane Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Stéphane", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron", "Gendron" ]

[ "Varvara Andreyevna Gracheva (; born 2 August 2000) is a Russian tennis player.", "Gracheva has a career-high WTA singles ranking of 71, achieved on 28 February 2022.", "She has won seven singles titles on tournaments of the ITF Circuit.", "Gracheva made her main-draw debut on the WTA Tour at the 2019 Ladies Open Lausanne, where she qualified by defeating Julia Grabher in the final round.", "In July 2019, she qualified for the Washington Open and won her first WTA Tour singles main-round match, defeating Anna Blinkova in three sets.", "Career\n\nJuniors: Decent success\nGracheva reached a career-high ranking of 19 in her junior career, winning four Grade-2 events.", "2017: First professional tournaments\nGracheva played her first professional events in 2017, starting off unranked but managed to reach a ranking of No.", "647 by the end of the year, after reaching three consecutive 15k tournaments in Hammamet, Tunisia, defeating the likes of Fiona Ferro in the process.", "2018: Last junior year, top 500 debut\nAfter defeating Sofia Shapatava to win a 15k tournament in Antalya, Turkey to begin her 2018 season, Gracheva returned to playing her final junior tournaments and therefore did not compete on the ITF Circuit for six months.", "Nonetheless, she was able to reach her first 25k quarterfinal in Périgueux and made her top 500 debut in July as a result.", "Gracheva had three top 300 wins, including one over Maryna Zanevska in the qualifying rounds of the Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge.", "She ended the year with a 28-13 winning record on the professional tour, ending the year as the world No.", "447.", "2019: Rapid rise in the rankings, ITF success and WTA debut\nDespite a sluggish start to the year which saw Gracheva reach just one quarterfinal on hard courts, she achieved good results on clay.", "Coming through the qualifying rounds at a 25k event in Chiasso, she won the biggest title of her career and entered the top 400 for the first time in her career.", "She followed it up with an upset over 118th-ranked Nao Hibino at the ITF80k Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer.", "Gracheva went on to win two 25k titles, the first in Caserta, Italy, and second at the Open Montpellier Méditerranée Métropole Hérault.", "The Russian then soared into the top 300 by virtue of her outstanding performances.", "With her ranking qualifying her for some WTA tournaments, she made her debut on the WTA Tour at the Ladies Open Lausanne, where she qualified for the main draw by defeating Julia Grabher in the final round, losing just two games.", "She lost to Han Xinyun in the first round in straight sets.", "Gracheva then competed on hard courts for the first time since April at the Washington Open, where she successfully qualified for the main draw once again.", "This time, she earned her first main draw win over Anna Blinkova for her first top 100 win, and then fell to world No.", "31, Hsieh Su-wei, in a final-set tiebreak.", "Nonetheless, she secured herself a top 200 debut after this breakthrough touranment.", "Competing in a Grand Slam for the first time in her career, she advanced to the final qualifying round of the US Open after defeating Martina Trevisan and Danka Kovinić, in straight sets.", "She was defeated in the final round by Richèl Hogenkamp, in two tight sets.", "Gracheva then returned onto clay with great success, starting a 14-match winning streak with two consecutive titles at 60k events, the Open de Saint-Malo and the Open de Valencia.", "In Saint-Malo, she earned top 100 wins over Aliona Bolsova (who reached the fourth round at Roland Garros) and Natalia Vikhlyantseva before defeating Marta Kostyuk in the final.", "In Valencia, she dropped just 22 games all week and beat Tamara Korpatsch to win her second consecutive title.", "She reached a career-high ranking of 121 after the tournament.", "Playing at her home tournament, the Kremlin Cup, for the first time in her career, she qualified for the main draw and stunned Ajla Tomljanović to reach the second round.", "She led Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova by a set and a break, but could not hold onto her lead as she fell in three sets.", "She ended the year with a stunning 70-26 record, ending the year as the world No.", "105 despite starting the year as No.", "447, and was labelled as one of the biggest rising stars as a result.", "2020: Consistent presence on the WTA Tour, US Open third round\nGracheva reached the final round of qualifying at the Australian Open with wins over Chloé Paquet and Olga Danilović, but fell at the final hurdle to former world No.", "45, Johanna Larsson.", "It was the beginning of a five-match losing streak for the Russian before the COVID-19 pandemic halted the 2020 WTA Tour.", "Nonetheless, she was able to make her top 100 debut on March 2, 2020, just in time before the suspension of the tournaments.", "She was part of the first WTA tournament of the tour's resumption, the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo, as the top seed in qualifying.", "She ended her losing streak with a confident win over local wildcard Matilde Paoletti, but was stunned by Martina Trevisan in the final qualifying round.", "Gracheva finally made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the US Open, and upset the higher-ranked Paula Badosa in straight sets to triumph on her main draw debut.", "In the second round, she pulled off one of the biggest comebacks in history by overturning a 1-6, 1-5 deficit against 30th seed Kristina Mladenovic, saving multiple match points to reach the third round for the first time in her career.", "Although she eventually lost to eighth seed Petra Martić in a tight contest in the third round, her performance made her receive the limelight.", "Gracheva also made her French Open main draw debut, but lost to eventual quarterfinalist and third seed Elina Svitolina in a tight straight-setter in the first round.", "Her year ended with a second-round appearance at the Upper Austria Ladies Linz, where she defeated Katarina Zavatska in the first round.", "She ended the year inside the top 100 for the first time in her career, with a 10-14 win/loss record, but three of those wins coming at WTA main-draw level.", "2021: First full WTA Tour season, first WTA semifinal\nGracheva was part of the contingent that travelled to Melbourne for the Australian Open, starting her season with a tough three-set win over Lizette Cabrera in the first round of the Yarra Valley Classic.", "She triumphed on her Australian Open main-draw debut, defeating compatriot Anna Blinkova before losing to another compatriot, Veronika Kudermetova, in the second round.", "Gracheva ended her journey in Australia with a second-round appearance at the Phillip Island Trophy, stunning former Grand Slam champion, Sloane Stephens, in straight sets.", "She lost to eventual champion Daria Kasatkina.", "After a poor run of results, Gracheva reached the semifinals of the WTA 125 Open de Saint-Malo, upsetting second seed Rebecca Peterson in straight sets.", "She reached the third round of the French Open for the first time in her career, upsetting Camila Giorgi in the second round.", "Her first grass-court tournaments ended in defeat at the Bad Homburg Open and Wimbledon Championships, where she made her debut having not participated in the qualifying rounds previously.", "Gracheva reached her first career WTA semifinal when she defeated second seed Tamara Zidanšek and upset Marta Kostyuk in three sets, avenging her Roland Garros defeat.", "She was a set away from her maiden WTA final, but could not hold onto her lead as she lost to Alizé Cornet, winning just one game after taking the opening set having played two matches a day.", "She defended her points at the US Open, where she stunned Paula Badosa (who would reach the top 10 two months later) in straight sets to reach the third round for the second consecutive year.", "Gracheva's run ended in the hands of Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, in straight sets.", "The Russian reached her third quarterfinal of the year at the Astana Open as the seventh seed, defeating Kristýna Plíšková and Lesia Tsurenko in straight sets.", "At the Tenerife Ladies Open, she pulled off yet another big comeback, this time coming over the higher-ranked Sara Sorribes Tormo in the first round after overturning a 1-5 final set deficit to prevail after more than 3.5 hours of action.", "Performance timelines\n\nOnly main-draw results in WTA Tour, Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records.", "Singles\nCurrent after the 2022 Dubai Tennis Championships.", "Doubles\n\nITF Circuit finals\n\nSingles: 9 (7 titles, 2 runner-ups)\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n \n\n2000 births\nLiving people\nRussian female tennis players" ]

[ "Varvara Andreyevna Gracheva is a tennis player.", "Gracheva achieved a career-high singles ranking on February 28, 2022.", "She has won seven singles titles.", "Gracheva qualified for the main draw of the Ladies Open Lausanne by defeating Julia Grabher in the final round.", "She qualified for the Washington Open and won her first main-round match, defeating Anna Blinkova in three sets.", "Gracheva won four Grade-2 events and reached a career-high ranking of 19 in her junior career.", "Gracheva played her first professional tournaments without a ranking but eventually reached a ranking of No.", "By the end of the year, 647 had been achieved, after winning three consecutive 15k tournaments in Tunisia.", "Gracheva didn't compete on the ITF Circuit for six months because she returned to playing her final junior tournaments after winning a 15k tournament in Turkey.", "She made her top 500 debut in July after reaching her first 25k quarterfinals in Périgueux.", "One of Gracheva's top 300 wins was over Maryna Zanevska in the Al Habtoor Tennis Challenge.", "She ended the year with a winning record on the professional tour and ended the year as the world's top ranked player.", "437.", "Gracheva was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She entered the top 400 for the first time in her career after winning the biggest title of her career at the 25k event in Chiasso.", "She upset 118th-ranked Nao Hibino at the Open de Cagnes-sur-Mer.", "Gracheva won the first 25k title in Caserta, Italy, and the second in Montpellier, France.", "The Russian was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She qualified for the main draw of the Ladies Open Lausanne by defeating Julia Grabher in the final round, losing just two games.", "She lost to Han in straight sets.", "Gracheva qualified for the main draw once again at the Washington Open after competing on hard courts for the first time since April.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "31, Hsieh Su-wei, in a tiebreak.", "She became a top 200 debut after this breakthrough touranment.", "She competed in a Grand Slam for the first time in her career and advanced to the final qualifying round of the US Open.", "She was defeated in the final round by Richl Hogenkamp.", "Gracheva won two titles in a row at 60k events, the Open de Saint-Malo and the Open de Valencia.", "She earned top 100 wins over Aliona Bolsova and Natalia Vikhlyantseva in Saint-Malo before defeating Marta Kostyuk in the final.", "She won her second consecutive title in Valencia, dropping just 22 games all week.", "She reached a career-high ranking after the tournament.", "For the first time in her career, she qualified for the main draw of the Kremlin Cup, and then stunned the defending champion, Ajla Tomljanovi, to reach the second round.", "She led by a set and break, but could not hold onto her lead as she fell in three sets.", "She ended the year with a 70-26 record and was the world's top ranked player.", "The year started as No. 105.", "As a result, he was labelled as one of the biggest rising stars.", "At the Australian Open, Gracheva advanced to the final round with wins over Paquet and Danilovi, but fell to the final hurdle.", "The person is Johanna Larsson.", "It was the beginning of a five match losing streak for the Russian.", "She made her top 100 debut on March 2, 2020, just in time for the tournaments to be suspended.", "She was the top seed in the first tournament of the new tour, the Internazionali Femminili di Palermo.", "She ended her losing streak with a confident win over Matilde Paoletti, but was stunned in the final qualification round.", "Gracheva finally made her Grand Slam main-draw debut at the US Open, and upset the higher-ranked Paula Badosa in straight sets to triumph on her main draw debut.", "In the second round, she pulled off one of the biggest comebacks in history by coming back from a 1-6, 1-5 deficit against 30th seed Kristina Mladenovic, saving multiple match points to reach the third round for the first time in her career.", "She received a lot of attention because of her performance in the third round, when she lost to Petra Marti.", "Gracheva made her French Open main draw debut, but lost to Elina Svitolina in the first round.", "She defeated Zavatska in the first round of the Upper Austria Ladies Linz.", "She ended the year inside the top 100 for the first time in her career, with a 10-14 win/loss record, but three of those wins coming at the main draw level.", "Gracheva started her season with a tough three-set win over Lizette Cabrera in the first round of the Yarra Valley Classic, and was part of the contingent that traveled to the Australian Open.", "She defeated Anna Blinkova on her Australian Open main-draw debut, but lost to Veronika Kudermetova in the second round.", "Gracheva ended her journey in Australia with a second-round appearance at the Phillip Island Trophy, defeating a former Grand Slam champion in straight sets.", "She lost to a champion.", "After a poor run of results, Gracheva reached the semifinals of the WTA 125 Open de Saint-Malo, upsetting second seed Rebecca Peterson in straight sets.", "She reached the third round of the French Open for the first time in her career.", "Her first grass-court tournaments ended in defeat at the Bad Homburg Open and Wimbledon Championships, where she made her debut having not participated in the qualification rounds previously.", "Gracheva avenged herRoland Garros defeat when she defeated Zidanek and then beat Kostyuk in three sets.", "She was a set away from her maiden WTA final, but could not hold onto her lead as she lost to Alizé Cornet, who won just one game after taking the opening set.", "She defended her points at the US Open, where she stunned Paula Badosa (who would reach the top 10 two months later) in straight sets to reach the third round for the second year in a row.", "In straight sets, Gracheva's run came to an end.", "The Russian, the seventh seed, defeated Kristna Plkov and Lesia Tsurenko in straight sets to reach her third quarterfinals of the year.", "At the Tenerife Ladies Open, she pulled off yet another big comeback, this time coming over the higher-ranked Sara Sorribes Tormo in the first round after overcoming a 1-5 final set deficit to prevail after more than 3.5 hours of action.", "The main-draw results in Grand Slam tournaments, Fed Cup/Billie Jean King Cup and Olympic Games are included in win/loss records.", "Currently, there are singles after the Dubai Tennis Championships.", "External links 2000 births Living people Russian female tennis players" ]

[ "Varvara Andreyev", "Gracheva", "Gracheva", "Gracheva" ]

[ "Varvara Andreyev", "Gracheva", "Gracheva" ]

[ "Michael Paul Beasley Jr. (born January 9, 1989) is an American professional basketball player who last played for Cangrejeros de Santurce of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional (BSN).", "He played college basketball for Kansas State University for one year before declaring for the NBA draft in 2008.", "Beasley was the 2nd pick in the 2008 NBA Draft and was selected by the Miami Heat.", "He is regarded as one of the best freshman college basketball players of the 2000s.", "Though he is ambidextrous, he shoots left-handed.", "Early life\nBeasley was born in the Prince George's County town of Cheverly, Maryland.", "Beasley's mother Fatima Smith and his four siblings (two brothers and two sisters) moved from nearby Montgomery County to Frederick in 2005 and lived there for one year.", "High school career\nWhile growing up, Beasley played for one of the country's most successful AAU youth teams at the time, the PG Jaguars.", "Beasley won multiple national championships with this team alongside future fellow blue-chip recruits Kevin Durant (Texas) and Chris Braswell (Charlotte).", "Beasley later moved on to play AAU ball for DC Assault's 17 & Under team, playing alongside such players as future KSU teammate Ron Anderson, Nolan Smith (Duke), Chris Wright (Georgetown), Austin Freeman (Georgetown), and Julian Vaughn (Georgetown).", "Beasley attended a total of six high schools: Bowie High School in Bowie, Maryland, National Christian Academy in Fort Washington, Maryland (where he averaged 30 points and 10 rebounds per game in his freshman year, 2003–04), The Pendleton School in Bradenton, Florida, Riverdale Baptist School in Upper Marlboro, Maryland (28 points, 13 rebounds and 4 blocks per game as a sophomore, 2004–05), Oak Hill Academy in Mouth of Wilson, Virginia (20.1 points, 10.3 rebounds and 4.5 blocks per game as a junior, 2005–06), and Notre Dame Preparatory School in Fitchburg, Massachusetts.", "As a high school senior, he averaged 28 points, 16 rebounds, 4 assists, 2 steals and 4.5 blocks per game for the 2006–07 season.", "During his senior season he had single-game highs of 64 points and 31 rebounds.", "In 2006, Beasley was a second-team Parade All-American and was also named to the 2006 USA Men's U18 National Team member on June 26, 2006.", "Beasley averaged team highs of 13.8 ppg.", "and 8.3 rpg at the 2006 FIBA Americas U18 Championship for Men in San Antonio, Texas.", "He ranked fifth in rebounds per game (8.3 rpg) among all 2006 tournament leaders, and he ranks third all-time in the USA Men's U18 record book.", "He was named to the McDonald's All-American team.", "In the 2007 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, he won the MVP with 23 points and 12 rebounds.", "Rivals.com rated Beasley No.", "1 in the class of 2007 high school basketball prospects.", "College career\n\nBeasley began his freshman year at Kansas State in the fall of 2007.", "In the 2007–2008 regular season, Beasley was one of the most dominant players in the country.", "His 26.2 points (3rd in the nation) and nation-leading 12.4 rebounds were the most by a Big 12 player in any season.", "His 866 total points and 408 rebounds ranked third and second among all freshmen in NCAA history.", "He also led the nation in double-doubles (28), 40-point games (three), 30-point, 10-rebound games (13), and 20-point, 10-rebound games (22).", "His 28 double-doubles broke the freshman double-double record previously held by Carmelo Anthony who had 22 double-doubles in his only season at Syracuse in 2002–03.", "On February 23, 2008, Beasley scored a Big 12 record 44 points in a 92–86 loss at Baylor.", "(This mark has since been matched by Kansas State's Denis Clemente.)", "Beasley became known as an unstoppable force when shooting, finishing the season shooting 53.7 percent from the field (282 of 525).", "He also finished the season shooting 39.5 percent from 3-point range.", "Beasley holds 30 Kansas State career, single-season and freshman records as well as 17 Big 12 single-game and single-season marks.", "Beasley guided the Wildcats to a 20–10 record and a 10–6 Big 12 Conference record.", "Some of the key conference victories were a win at Oklahoma and, a home victory against Texas A&M, and a victory against then-unbeaten No.", "2 Kansas, marking the first time in over four years that Kansas State defeated a Top 10 team at home (Kansas State beat No.", "10 Texas, 58–48 on March 6, 2004), the first time K-State beat Kansas in Manhattan since 1983 and the first-ever victory against the Jayhawks in Bramlage Coliseum.", "The win partially backed up a boast he had made before the season about K-State's prospects against the Jayhawks:\n\nOn March 1, 2008, his boast did not come true, as Kansas won the return match in Lawrence, 88–74 despite 39 points and 11 rebounds from Beasley.", "He matched a Big 12 record by equaling former Kansas player Drew Gooden's record for most double-doubles in a season (25).", "With his 33-point, 14-rebound effort against Colorado on March 4, he eclipsed Mitch Richmond's 20-year-old school single-season points record (768; 1987–88), while he broke the Big 12 record for double-doubles in a season with his 26th for the year.", "He is just the 27th player in NCAA Division I history to post 26 or more double-doubles in a season and the first since Utah's Andrew Bogut (26) did it in 2004–05.", "Beasley led the Wildcats to a 10–6 record in conference play, earning a number 3 seed in the 2008 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament at the Sprint Center in Kansas City, Missouri.", "The Wildcats faced the No.", "6 seed Texas A&M Aggies and lost 77–71.", "Beasley had 25 points and 9 rebounds, one board short of a double-double.", "He shot 10–21 from the field and 1–4 from behind the three-point line.", "He also registered three blocks.", "The Wildcats earned a berth in the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament as the No.", "11 seed in the Midwest Region.", "They beat the No.", "6 seed USC Trojans.", "Beasley had 23 points and 11 rebounds for his 27th double-double of the year.", "However, the Wildcats lost 72–55 to No.", "3 Wisconsin in the second round of the tournament.", "Beasley added 23 points (only 6 scored in the second half) and 13 rebounds against the Badgers his 28th and final double-double.", "On April 14, 2008, Beasley announced that he would forgo his last three years of eligibility and enter the NBA draft.", "Awards and honors\nBeasley is one of just two players in Kansas State history to earn first team All-America honors from the Associated Press.", "Overall, Beasley is the fifth player in school history to earn recognition to any of organization's three All-America teams.", "Beasley was one of 24 finalists for the John R. Wooden Player of the Year award and was selected by voters to the 10-member 2008 John R. Wooden Award All American team.", "He followed Kevin Durant as the second consecutive standout freshman to win both Big 12 Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year accolades.", "Beasley became the fourth player in school history to be honored as the conference's Player of the Year and the first since the inception of the Big 12.", "He was the first player to be named league Freshman of the Year and the 12th overall to be selected as either Freshman or Newcomer of the Year since 1970.", "Beasley was named National Freshman of the Year by CBS Sports.com, Rivals.com, The Sporting News, and the U.S. Basketball Writers Association (USBWA).", "He has also been selected a first team All-American by numerous outlets, including CBS Sports.com, Dick Vitale, ESPN.com, Rivals.com, Sports Illustrated, The Sporting News and U.S. Basketball Writers Association.", "In addition, he was chosen as a first team Freshman All-American by CBS Sports.com and Rivals.com.", "In addition, he was named one of four finalists for the 2008 Naismith Player of the Year Award.", "He also was one of 10 finalists for the Oscar Robertson Player of the Year award.", "Professional career\n\nMiami Heat (2008–2010)\n\nOn June 26, 2008, Beasley was selected 2nd overall in the 2008 NBA draft by the Miami Heat.", "He signed with the Heat on July 2.", "In his NBA Summer League debut on July 7, Beasley scored 28 points and grabbed 9 rebounds (and had 2 assists) in 23 minutes played.", "He was second in the league in rebound average, and tied for third in scoring average in the 2008 Summer League.", "During his first official practice with the Heat, he was accidentally hit in the chest with an unidentified teammate's elbow.", "He was evaluated and returned to the team a day later with chest bruising, but only participated in non-contact play.", "He had slightly cracked his sternum, and resumed contact drills 2 days after that.", "In his first preseason game, Beasley scored 16 points against the Detroit Pistons.", "He followed those performances with 21 points and 7 rebounds, 12 points and 11 rebounds, 14 points and 6 rebounds, 19 points and no rebounds, 14 points and 3 rebounds, and 19 points and 9 rebounds.", "On opening night of the 2008–09 regular season, Beasley scored 9 points in a loss against the New York Knicks.", "He posted double-digit point totals for the next nine straight games, including a season-high 25 points in a loss to Charlotte on November 1.", "After the Heat's first round exit from the 2009 playoffs, it was reported that Beasley, along with fellow rookie Mario Chalmers, had been fined multiple times throughout the season for violations of team policy.", "During the 2009–10 season, he was a starter for the entire season.", "On February 19, 2010, he led the Heat to victory over the Memphis Grizzlies with a then career-high 30 points along with 8 rebounds.", "For the season, he averaged 14.8 points per game and 6.4 rebounds per game.", "In the Heat's first-round playoff series loss to Boston, those averages declined to 10.4 and 5.8, respectively.", "Minnesota Timberwolves (2010–2012)\n\nOn July 12, 2010, Beasley was traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in exchange for 2011 and 2014 second-round draft picks.", "Beasley was traded in order to clear salary cap space for Miami, allowing them to sign free agents LeBron James and Chris Bosh, as well as re-sign Dwyane Wade.", "On November 10, 2010, he led the Timberwolves to victory over the Sacramento Kings with a career-high 42 points along with 9 rebounds.", "He finished the season averaging 19.2 points per game which was ranked top 20 in the league.", "In the 2011–12 season, Beasley sprained his foot against the Cleveland Cavaliers on January 6, 2012 which kept him out for 11 straight games.", "Shortly after he returned from injury, he led the Timberwolves to victory over the Houston Rockets with 34 points.", "Over the 2011–12 season, he averaged 11.5 points per game.", "Phoenix Suns (2012–2013)\nOn July 20, 2012, Beasley signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Phoenix Suns.", "Around this time, he decided to train with former two-time NBA champion point guard Norm Nixon in order to improve his game.", "In a November 7, 2012 game against the Charlotte Bobcats, Beasley scored 21 points, grabbed 15 rebounds, and had 7 assists to help the Suns win 117–110.", "On January 30, 2013, Beasley scored a season high 27 points with 6 rebounds and 5 steals off the bench to lead the Suns to a 92–86 victory against the Los Angeles Lakers.", "On September 3, 2013, Beasley was waived by the Suns.", "The decision came shortly after Beasley had been arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession.", "Lon Babby, the Suns' president of basketball operations, said, \"We worked hard to devote ourselves to Michael's success, but we have to maintain the standards to build a championship culture.\"", "Return to Miami (2013–2014)\n\nOn September 11, 2013, Beasley signed with the Miami Heat.", "The Heat made it to the NBA Finals for the fourth straight time in 2014, with Beasley making his first Finals appearance in Game 5 of their series against the San Antonio Spurs.", "The Heat lost Game 5 and the series, as the Spurs won 4–1.", "Shanghai Sharks (2014–2015)\nOn September 25, 2014, Beasley signed a non-guaranteed contract with the Memphis Grizzlies.", "However, he was later waived by the Grizzlies on October 9.", "That same day, he signed a one-year deal with the Shanghai Sharks of the Chinese Basketball Association.", "During the 2015 CBA All-Star Game, Beasley came off the bench to score 59 points, setting a CBA record for most points in the league's All-Star Game.", "Despite averaging 28.6 points, 10.4 rebounds, 5.2 assists and 1.9 steals in 37 games, Beasley could not lead the Sharks to the CBA playoffs as they finished 12th with a 17–21 record.", "Third stint with Heat (2015)\nOn February 26, 2015, Beasley signed a 10-day contract with the Miami Heat.", "The next day, he made his return for the Heat, scoring seven points in a 104–102 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans.", "He then signed a second 10-day contract with the Heat on March 8, and for the rest of the season on March 18.", "On June 28, 2015, the Heat declined to pick up their $1.3 million team option on Beasley's 2015–16 contract, making him a free agent.", "Shandong Golden Stars (2015–2016)\nOn September 30, 2015, Beasley signed with the Shandong Golden Stars for the 2015–16 CBA season, returning to China for a second stint.", "He scored 48 points in the team's season opener on November 1, and bested that mark with 49 points ten days later.", "On January 17, 2016, he won the CBA All-Star Game MVP award for the second straight year after recording 63 points, 19 rebounds and 13 assists for the South team.", "Shandong qualified for the 2016 playoffs, but were defeated 3–0 by the Guangdong Southern Tigers in the first round.", "In 40 games for Shandong, Beasley averaged 31.9 points, 13.4 rebounds, 3.8 assists, 2.0 steals and 1.3 blocks per game.", "He was subsequently named the league's Foreign MVP for the 2015–16 season.", "Houston Rockets (2016)\nOn March 4, 2016, Beasley signed with the Houston Rockets.", "In his third game for the Rockets on March 11, he recorded 18 points and 8 rebounds in just under 15 minutes off the bench in a 102–98 win over the Boston Celtics.", "On March 19, he recorded a season-high 30 points and 9 rebounds in a 109–97 loss to the Atlanta Hawks.", "On March 31, he recorded his first double-double of the season with 20 points and 11 rebounds in a 103–100 loss to the Chicago Bulls.", "Beasley helped the Rockets finish the regular season as the eighth seed in the Western Conference with a 41–41 record.", "Down 2–0 to the first-seeded Golden State Warriors in the first round of the playoffs, Beasley scored 12 points in a 97–96 Game 3 win in Houston; he gave Houston a 95–94 lead with two free throws with 41 seconds left.", "Milwaukee Bucks (2016–2017)\nOn September 22, 2016, Beasley was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Tyler Ennis.", "On November 12, 2016, he scored a season-high 19 points in a 106–96 win over the Memphis Grizzlies.", "He missed five games in December with a foot injury.", "On January 10, 2017, he set a new season high with 28 points in a 109–107 win over the San Antonio Spurs.", "On March 31, 2017, he returned after missing 17 games with a hyperextended left knee, scoring seven points in eight minutes in a 108–105 win over the Detroit Pistons.", "New York Knicks (2017–2018)\nOn August 8, 2017, Beasley signed with the New York Knicks.", "On November 25, 2017, he had a season-high 30 points starting in place of the injured Kristaps Porziņģis in a 117–102 loss to the Houston Rockets.", "On December 16, 2017, once again starting in place of Porziņģis, Beasley tied his season high with 30 points in a 111–96 win over the Oklahoma City Thunder.", "On December 21, 2017, he scored 28 of his season-high 32 points in the second half of the Knicks' 102–93 win over the Boston Celtics.", "He also had 12 rebounds against the Celtics.", "Beasley became the first NBA player since starts were recorded in the 1970–71 season to come off the bench and have at least 32 points and 12 rebounds while playing 25 minutes or fewer.", "He also became the first Knicks sub ever with a 32–12 game.", "On January 10, 2018, he recorded 26 points and 12 rebounds off the bench in a 122–119 double overtime loss to the Chicago Bulls.", "On March 31, 2018, he had a 32-point effort in a 115–109 loss to the Detroit Pistons.", "Los Angeles Lakers (2018–2019)\nOn July 23, 2018, Beasley signed with the Los Angeles Lakers.", "He missed much of the first half of the season to be with his sick mother.", "On February 7, 2019, Beasley and Ivica Zubac were traded to the Los Angeles Clippers in exchange for Mike Muscala.", "He was waived by the Clippers two days later.", "Guangdong Southern Tigers (2019)\nOn February 20, 2019, Beasley signed with the Guangdong Southern Tigers.", "On July 9, 2020, the Brooklyn Nets announced that they had signed Beasley as substitute player for the remainder of the 2019–20 season.", "However, his contract was voided when he tested positive for COVID-19.", "Cangrejeros de Santurce (2021) \n\nBeasley joined the Portland Trail Blazers for the 2021 NBA Summer League.", "On October 5, he signed with Cangrejeros de Santurce of the Baloncesto Superior Nacional.", "Off court issues\nOn September 3, 2008, at the NBA's Rookie Transition Program, Beasley was involved in an incident along with fellow rookies Mario Chalmers and Darrell Arthur.", "Police responded to the hotel room of Chalmers and Arthur following a fire alarm at 2 am and claimed that the room smelled strongly of burning marijuana, but none was found and no charges were filed.", "Chalmers and Arthur were excused from the camp because of the incident and were later fined $20,000 each for missing the rookie camp, but were not fined or suspended for any drug-related violations.", "Both later denied any involvement with marijuana.", "Originally, ESPN reported that Beasley was also present in the room, but was not asked to leave camp.", "The story was later updated and any mention of Beasley was removed from the article.", "On September 18, 2008, Beasley was fined $50,000 by the league for his involvement in the incident after he confessed to league officials that he had slipped out the door when the police arrived.", "On August 24, 2009, Beasley reportedly checked into a Houston rehab center, just days after he posted pictures of himself on Twitter with what some have speculated to be marijuana in the background.", "It is unknown if the rehab was drug related; officially he was receiving counseling for stress-related issues.", "On June 26, 2011, Beasley was driving in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka when he was pulled over by a policeman for speeding.", "The policeman noticed that the car smelled of a strong odor of marijuana.", "The officer allegedly found marijuana in a plastic bag under the front passenger seat.", "However, Beasley said the marijuana was not his, but belonged to a friend whom he had just dropped off.", "Beasley was consequently fined and ticketed.", "In August 2011, Beasley was on a streetball tour in New York City with All-Star forward Kevin Durant when he got into an altercation with a heckler, shoving a hand in the heckler's face.", "On August 6, 2013, Beasley was arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession in Scottsdale, Arizona.", "According to police reports, narcotics were confiscated from Beasley's car after he was stopped for a traffic violation.", "That arrest was a factor in Beasley's official removal from the Suns a month later.", "In September 2014, a sexual assault case from January 2013 involving Beasley was dropped after no probable cause was established.", "On August 8, 2019, he was suspended five games for violating the NBA’s anti-drug policy.", "He has two brothers, Leroy Ellison and Malik Smith, and two younger sisters, Mychaela Beasley and Tiffany Couch.", "He has a daughter Mikaiya, born in May 2009 and a son Michael III, born in November 2010.", "Beasley grew up with Kevin Durant and Nolan Smith, and remains friends with both players.", "See also\n\n 2006 high school boys basketball All-Americans\n List of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebounding leaders\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nMichael Beasley at kstatesports.com\nMichael Beasley at cbadata.sports.sohu.com\n\n1989 births\nLiving people\nAfrican-American basketball players\nAll-American college men's basketball players\nAmerican expatriate basketball people in China\nAmerican men's basketball players\nBasketball players from Maryland\nGuangdong Southern Tigers players\nHouston Rockets players\nKansas State Wildcats men's basketball players\nLos Angeles Lakers players\nMcDonald's High School All-Americans\nMiami Heat draft picks\nMiami Heat players\nMilwaukee Bucks players\nMinnesota Timberwolves players\nNew York Knicks players\nOak Hill Academy (Mouth of Wilson, Virginia) alumni\nParade High School All-Americans (boys' basketball)\nPeople from Prince George's County, Maryland\nPhoenix Suns players\nPower forwards (basketball)\nShandong Hi-Speed Kirin players\nShanghai Sharks players\nSmall forwards\n21st-century African-American sportspeople\n20th-century African-American people" ]

[ "Michael Paul Beasley Jr. is an American professional basketball player who last played for Cangrejeros de Santurce.", "He played college basketball for Kansas State University before going to the NBA.", "The Miami Heat picked up the 2nd pick in the 2008 NBA draft.", "He was one of the best freshman college basketball players of the 2000s.", "He shoots left-handed.", "The town of Cheverly is in Prince George's County.", "The Smith family moved from Montgomery County to Frederick in 2005 and lived there for a year.", "Growing up, he was on a team that was one of the most successful in the country.", "Future blue-chip recruits Kevin Durant and Chris Braswell are also on this team.", "Future KSU teammates Ron Anderson, Nolan Smith and Chris Wright were on the 17 & Under team.", "The National Christian Academy in Fort Washington, Maryland, where he averaged 30 points and 10 rebound per game in his freshman year, was one of six high schools where he attended.", "He averaged 28 points, 16 rebound, 4 assists, 2 steals and 4.5 blocks per game as a high school senior.", "He had single-game highs of 64 points and 31 rebound in his senior season.", "The USA Men's U18 National Team member was named to the Parade All-American team in 2006 and also a second-team Parade All-American.", "The team's highest scorer was Beasley, who averaged 13 points per game.", "The 2006 FIBA Americas U18 Championship for Men was held in San Antonio, Texas.", "He ranked third all-time in the USA Men's U18 record book in terms of rebound percentage.", "He was on the McDonald's All-American team.", "He won the Most Valuable Player award in the McDonald's All-American Boys Game with 23 points and 12 rebound.", "Rivals.com rated him No.", "There are 1 high school basketball prospects in the class of 2007.", "In the fall of 2007, he began his freshman year at Kansas State.", "He was one of the most dominant players in the country in the regular season.", "His 26 points and 12.4 rebound were the most by a Big 12 player.", "His total points and rebound totals ranked third and second in NCAA history.", "He led the nation in both double-doubles and points.", "His 28 double-doubles broke the freshman double-double record previously held by Carmelo Anthony who had 22 double-doubles in his only season at Syracuse.", "On February 23, 2008, Beasley scored a Big 12 record 44 points in a 92–86 loss to Baylor.", "Denis Clemente matched this mark.", "When shooting, he finished the season shooting 54.3% from the field, becoming known as an unstoppable force.", "He finished the season shooting 38 percent from 3-point range.", "He holds 30 Kansas State career, single-season and freshman records, as well as 17 Big 12 single-game and single-season marks.", "The 20–10 record was good for a 10–6 Big 12 Conference record.", "A home victory against Texas A&M was one of the key conference victories.", "Kansas State defeated a Top 10 team at home for the first time in over four years.", "K-State beat Kansas in Manhattan for the first time since 1983 and the first time against the Jayhawks in Bramlage Coliseum.", "The win partially backed up a boast he had made before the season about K-State's prospects against the Jayhawks: On March 1, 2008, his boast did not come true, as Kansas won the return match in Lawrence, 88–74 despite 39 points and 11 rebound from Beasley.", "He equaled Drew Gooden's record for most double-doubles in a season.", "He broke the school single-season points record and the Big 12 record for double-doubles in a season with his 26th for the year.", "He is the 27th player in NCAA Division I history to post 26 or more double-doubles in a season and the first since Utah's Andrew Bogut did it in 2004.", "The 2008 Big 12 Men's Basketball Tournament will be held in Kansas City, Missouri, and the number 3 seed will be determined.", "1 team in the country.", "Texas A&M lost 77–1.", "He had a double-double with 25 points and 9 boards.", "He shot 10–21 from the field and 1–4 from behind the three-point line.", "Three blocks were registered by him.", "1 seed in the 2008 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament.", "The Midwest Region has an 11 seed.", "They beat the No. 1 team.", "The USC Trojans are a 6 seed.", "He had 23 points and 11 rebound for his 27th double-double of the year.", "The Cats lost 72–55 to the No. 1 team.", "3 Wisconsin are in the tournament.", "His 28th and final double-double came against the Badgers, as he added 23 points and 13 rebound in the second half.", "On April 14, 2008, he announced that he would forgo his last three years of eligibility and enter the NBA draft.", "Only two players in Kansas State history have earned first team All-America honors from the Associated Press.", "There are five players in school history who have earned recognition to any organization's three All-America teams.", "Wooden Player of the Year award and was selected by voters to the 10-member 2008 John R. Wooden Award All American team.", "He became the second freshman to win Big 12 Player of the Year and Freshman of the Year in the same year.", "It is the first time since the inception of the Big 12 that a player has been honored as the conference's Player of the Year.", "He was the first player to be named league Freshman of the Year and the 12th overall to be selected as either Freshman or Newcomer of the Year since 1970.", "CBS Sports.com, Rivals.com, The Sporting News, and the U.S. Basketball Writers Association named him the National Freshman of the Year.", "He was a first team All-American by several outlets, including CBS Sports.com, Dick Vitale, and Rivals.com.", "He was a first team Freshman All-American by both CBS Sports.com and Rivals.com.", "He was one of four nominees for the 2008 Naismith Player of the Year Award.", "He was a finalist for the Oscar Robertson Player of the Year award.", "On June 26, 2008, he was selected 2nd overall in the NBA draft by the Miami Heat.", "He joined the Heat on July 2.", "In his NBA Summer League debut on July 7, he scored 28 points and grabbed 9 rebound in 23 minutes.", "He was second in the league in rebound average and third in the scoring average in the Summer League.", "He was hit in the chest with a teammate's elbow during his first official practice with the Heat.", "He returned to the team a day later with chest pain, but only participated in non-contact play.", "He resumed contact drills 2 days after he cracked his sternum.", "He scored 16 points in his first preseason game.", "He followed those performances with 21 points and 7 rebound, 12 points and 11 rebound, 14 points and 6 rebound, 19 points and no rebound, and 19 points and 9 rebound.", "In the opening night of the 2008–09 regular season, Beasley scored 9 points in a loss to the New York Knicks.", "He had a season-high 25 points in a loss to Charlotte on November 1.", "After the Heat's first round 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He was a starter for the entire season.", "He scored a career-high 30 points in the Heat's victory over Memphis on February 19, 2010.", "He averaged 14 points per game and 6.4 points per game for the season.", "The averages went down in the Heat's first-round playoff series loss to Boston.", "On July 12, 2010, the Minnesota Timberwolves traded Michael Beasley to them in exchange for two second-round draft picks.", "In order to clear salary cap space for Miami, they traded Beasley to another team.", "He scored a career-high 42 points in a victory over the Kings on November 10, 2010.", "He averaged 19.2 points per game and was ranked 20th in the league.", "A foot injury kept him out for 11 games in the 2012 season.", "He came back from an injury and scored 34 points in the victory over Houston.", "He averaged 11 points per game in 2011.", "On July 20, 2012 Beasley signed a three-year, $18 million contract with the Phoenix Suns.", "He decided to train with Norm Nixon in order to improve his game.", "In a November 7, 2012 game against Charlotte, Beasley scored 21 points, grabbed 15 rebound, and had 7 assists to help the Suns win 117–110.", "The Suns defeated the Los Angeles Lakers 92–86 on January 30, thanks to a 27 point, 6 rebound, and 5 steal performance by Michael Beasley.", "The Suns nixed Beasley on September 3, 2013).", "Beasley was arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession.", "\"We worked hard to devote ourselves to Michael's success, but we have to maintain the standards to build a championship culture,\" said Lon Babby, the Suns' president of basketball operations.", "Return to Miami after signing with the Miami Heat.", "The Miami Heat made it to the NBA Finals for the fourth year in a row, with Michael Beasley making his first Finals appearance in the series against the San Antonio Spurs.", "The Spurs won the series as the Heat lost Game 5.", "On September 25, 2014, he signed a non-guaranteed contract with the Memphis Grizzles.", "He was released by the Grizzlies on October 9.", "He signed a one-year deal with the Chinese Basketball Association on the same day.", "In the All-Star Game, he came off the bench to score 59 points, setting aCBA record for most points in a game.", "Despite an average of 28.6 points, 10.4 rebound, 5.2 assists and 1.9 steals in 37 games, the Sharks were not able to make the playoffs as they finished 12th with a 17–21 record.", "On February 26, 2015, he signed a 10-day contract with the Miami Heat.", "He returned to the Heat the next day and scored seven points in a loss to New Orleans.", "He signed a second 10-day contract with the Heat on March 8 and then a final contract for the rest of the season on March 18.", "On June 28, 2015, the Heat declined to pick up their team option on his contract, making him a free agent.", "On September 30, 2015, Beasley joined the Shandong Golden Stars, returning to China for a second stint.", "He scored 48 points in the team's season opener on November 1 and 49 the next day.", "He won the All-Star Game Most Valuable Player award for the second year in a row after recording 63 points, 19 rebound and 13 assists for the South team.", "The first round 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In 40 games for Shandong, he averaged 31.9 points, 13.4 rebound, 3.8 assists, 2.0 steals and 1.3 blocks per game.", "He was named the league's foreign most valuable player.", "On March 4, 2016 Beasley joined the Houston Rockets.", "In his third game for the Rockets on March 11, he recorded 18 points and 8 rebound in just under 15 minutes off the bench in a 102–98 win over the Boston Celtics.", "He scored a season-high 30 points in a loss to the Atlanta Hawks.", "He had his first double-double of the season in a 103–100 loss to the Chicago Bulls on March 31.", "The Rockets finished the regular season with a 41–41 record and were the eighth seed in the Western Conference.", "Down 2–0 to the first-seeded Golden State Warriors in the first round of the playoffs, Beasley scored 12 points in a 97–-96 Game 3 win in Houston; he gave Houston a 95–94 lead with two free throws with 41 seconds left.", "On September 22, 2016, Tyler Ennis was traded to the Milwaukee Bucks in exchange for Beasley.", "He scored a season-high 19 points in a win over Memphis.", "He missed five games in December because of a foot injury.", "He set a new season high with 28 points in a win over the San Antonio Spurs.", "He came back after missing 17 games with a hyperextended left knee and scored seven points in eight minutes in a win over the Pistons.", "The New York Knicks signed a player on August 8, 2017.", "He had a season-high 30 points in a loss to Houston on November 25, 2017.", "On December 16, 2017, once again starting in place of Porziis, he tied his season high with 30 points in a win over Oklahoma City.", "He scored a season-high 32 points in the second half of the Knicks' win over the Boston Celtics.", "He had 12 assists against the Celtics.", "It is the first time since 1971 that an NBA player has at least 32 points and 12 rebound while playing less than 25 minutes.", "He was the first Knicks sub ever.", "He recorded 26 points and 12 rebound off the bench in a double overtime loss to the Chicago Bulls.", "He scored 32 points in a loss to the Detroit Pistons.", "The Los Angeles Lakers signed a player on July 23, 2018).", "He missed most of the first half of the season to be with his mother.", "On February 7, the Los Angeles Clippers traded for Mike Muscala.", "He was not retained by the Clippers.", "Beasley signed with the Guangdong Southern Tigers on February 20, 2019.", "On July 9, 2020, the Brooklyn Nets announced that they had signed Beasley as a substitute player.", "His contract was voided when he tested positive.", "The Cangrejeros de Santurce had a player in the NBA Summer League.", "He signed with Cangrejeros de Santurce on October 5.", "On September 3, 2008, at the NBA's rookies transition program, he was involved in an incident with two other rookies.", "The police were called to the hotel room of the two men after a fire alarm went off, but no one was found and no charges were filed.", "The rookies were excused from the camp because of the incident, but were not fined or suspended for any drug-related violations.", "Both denied being involved with marijuana.", "Initially, it was reported that Beasley was present in the room, but not asked to leave.", "Any mention of Beasley was removed from the article after the story was updated.", "On September 18, 2008, Beasley was fined $50,000 by the league for his involvement in the incident after he confessed to league officials that he had slipped out the door when the police arrived.", "On August 24, 2009, just days after he posted pictures of himself on the social networking site, he checked into a Houston rehab center.", "He was receiving counseling for stress-related issues, but it is not known if the rehab was related to drugs.", "He was pulled over for speeding in the Minneapolis suburb of Minnetonka on June 26, 2011.", "The policeman noticed the smell of marijuana in the car.", "Marijuana was found under the front passenger seat by the officer.", "He said the marijuana belonged to a friend who he had just dropped off.", "Beasley was fined and given a ticket.", "While on a streetball tour in New York City with Kevin Durant, he got into an altercation with a heckler, shoving a hand in his face.", "He was arrested on suspicion of marijuana possession in Arizona.", "After he was stopped for a traffic violation, narcotics were found in his car.", "Beasley was removed from the Suns a month after that arrest.", "After no probable cause was established, a sexual assault case was dropped in September.", "He was suspended for five games for violating the NBA's anti-drug policy.", "He has five siblings, two brothers and two sisters.", "He has two children, a daughter Mikaiya, born in May 2009, and a son Michael III, born in November 2010.", "Kevin and Nolan Smith are friends with the person who grew up with them.", "There is a list of NCAA Division I men's basketball season rebound leaders." ]

[ "Michael Paul Beasley Jr", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael III", "Michael Beasley", "Michael Beasley" ]

[ "Michael Paul Beasley Jr", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael", "Michael Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Beasley", "Michael III" ]

[ "David Christison MD FRCPE LLD (1830–1912) was a Scottish physician, botanist, writer and antiquary.", "He served as a military doctor during the Crimean War, at which time, owing to illness, he abandoned his medical career.", "From the 1860s onwards Christison travelled extensively in South America and became a travel writer, publishing an account of his journeys within Paraguay, and other books on topics relating to that country.", "He also turned to archaeology in which, through his interest in botany, he made advances in the science of dendrochronology.", "He became a pioneer of systematic field study in archaeological research and was one of the first to carry out an extensive investigation of Scotland's ancient hillforts, writing and publishing extensively on the topic in later life.", "Birth and education\n\nChristison was born on 25 January 1830 (Robert Burns Day) in Edinburgh's New Town, at 3 Great Stuart Street on the Moray Estate.", "He was the second son of Sir Robert Christison, 1st Baronet, distinguished medical physician, and Henrietta Sophia Brown.", "After his education at the Edinburgh Academy, the young Christison initially chose to follow in his father's footsteps, going on to train in Medicine at Edinburgh University.", "He began his medical career in the Old Royal Infirmary where his peer group included Joseph Lister, Patrick Heron Watson and Alexander Struthers, brother of the anatomist John Struthers.", "Christison gained his first doctorate (MD) in 1851.", "Crimea\nIn 1854, Christison volunteered to tend troops serving in the Crimean War.", "He travelled out to serve thus in the conflict zone as part of a group of fellow Scots, including his brother-in-law John Beddoe.", "In the course of his work there, while stationed at the Renkioi military hopital in the Dardanelles, he fell seriously ill and had to terminate his medical career.", "Another of his colleagues from Royal Infirmary days, Alexander Struthers, while similarly engaged, died in the British Army's infamous Scutari Hospital in Istanbul where illnesses were rife due to poor conditions.", "South America\nFrom 1867 onwards, in an effort to improve his health, Christison began to take trips to South America.", "His travels included journeys to Argentina and Uruguay principally to study the plant life, although his interests were also general.", "As a travel writer, he would later publish a series of books on the subject of the latter country in particular, including: A Journey into Central Uruguay (1880), The Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay (1881) and Thunder Squalls in Uruguay (1887).", "Archaeological observations\nAfter no longer being able to pursue his career in the medical profession, Christison threw himself into archaeology, becoming a strong advocate for methodical and rigorous observation in the discipline.", "He undertook a systematic study of Scotland's hillforts through field research, visiting a large number of sites the length and breadth of the country over a good many years, publishing meticulously considered accounts of his findings for each on a regular basis in Proceedings of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, and taking care to consider comparisons between other sites more widely.", "His careful expositions often include direct witness of examples of thoughtless loss, damage and degradation to unprotected sites in his lifetime, as for example the following on the Castle of Doon, Ayrshire, in 1893:\n\n\"This interesting ruin is situated on a small, smooth rock-island in Loch Doon, and the whole space between the walls and the water [...] is covered with loose blocks, certainly not derived from the castle wall of enciente, which still stands to nearly its full height; although, alas!", "tottering to its fall, the stones of the pediment having been disgracefully allowed to be torn away a few years ago — a wanton destruction of one of the most interesting ruins in Scotland which is to be lamented.\"", "In 1894, Christison delivered the Rhind lectures and evenually published a connected analysis of his results in his book, Early Fortifications in Scotland (1898).", "As the first comprehensive survey of hillforts in any region of the British Isles, often critical of previous neglect of the subject, it was through this work that Christison helped to pioneer a fuller and more meticulous understanding of the history and significance of these sites than had hitherto been the case.", "His example became a model for subsequent national and regional studies.", "Christison was Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland in 1891 when the society's sizable collection of objects of historical and cultural interest to Scotland was transferred to the newly opened National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland.", "This was housed in Robert Rowand Anderson's distinctive custom-built red sandstone gallery building, designed also for the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, with each institution at that time occupying one half of the building side-by-side.", "Recognition\nIn 1906 Christison was awarded an honorary doctorate (LLD) by Dean Ludovic Grant on behalf of Edinburgh University.", "His portrait in stained glass by William Graham Boss forms one of the multiple portraits of members of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on the main stair of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.", "He died on 21 January 1912 and is buried in the family plot at New Calton Burial Ground.", "Family\nIn 1870, Christison's residence in Edinburgh was at 40 Moray Place.", "In later life he lived at 20 Magdala Crescent in Edinburgh's West End.", "Part of Edinburgh's Christison dynasty, he was married to Susannah Hodgson Brown (1848-1928), a cousin.", "In 1914, their only son, John Alexander Christison (1889-1914), died suddenly of malaria while in Uganda.", "They also had three daughters.", "Selected publications\n\nA Journey to Central Uruguay (1880) \nThe Gauchos of San Jorge, Central Uruguay (1881)\nThe Life of Sir Robert Christison (1885)\nThunder Squalls in Uruguay (1887)\nThe Size, Age and Rate of Girth Increase achieved by trees of the Chief Species in Britain, particularly in Scotland (1893)\nOn the Geographical Distribution of Certain Place Names in Scotland (1893)\nPrehistoric Forts of Scotland (1896) the Rhind Lecture\nEarly Fortifications in Scotland: Motes, Camps and Forts (1898)\nExcavation of the Roman Station at Ardoch, Perthshire (1898)\nThe Excavation of Rough Castle on the Antonine Wall (1905)\n\nReferences\n \n\n1830 births\n1912 deaths\nScientists from Edinburgh\nPeople educated at Edinburgh Academy\nAlumni of the University of Edinburgh\n19th-century Scottish medical doctors\nScottish archaeologists\nYounger sons of baronets" ]

[ "David Christison was a Scottish physician, writer and antiquary.", "He abandoned his medical career due to illness after he served as a military doctor during the war.", "Christison was a travel writer who traveled extensively in South America and wrote about his experiences in his books.", "He made advances in the science of dendrochronology through his interest in archaeology.", "He was one of the first to carry out an extensive investigation of Scotland's ancient hillforts, writing and publishing extensively on the topic in later life.", "Christison was born on January 25, 1830, in Edinburgh's New Town, at 3 Great Stuart Street.", "He was the second son of Sir Robert Christison, 1st Baronet.", "Christison followed in his father's footsteps and went on to train in Medicine at Edinburgh University.", "He began his medical career in the Old Royal Infirmary, where he was a member of his peer group.", "Christison received his first doctorate in the 19th century.", "Christison volunteered to tend troops in the Crimean War.", "He and his brother-in-law John Beddoe traveled out to serve in the conflict zone.", "He had to end his medical career when he fell seriously ill while stationed at the Renkioi military hopital in the Dardanelles.", "The British Army's Scutari Hospital in Istanbul was where Alexander Struthers died due to poor conditions.", "Christison traveled to South America in an effort to improve his health.", "His interests were general and he traveled to Argentina to study the plant life.", "He was a travel writer and published a series of books on the subject of the country in question.", "Christison became a strong advocate for methodical and rigorous observation in the discipline after not being able to pursue his career in the medical profession.", "He undertook a systematic study of Scotland's hillforts through field research, visiting a large number of sites the length and breadth of the country over a good many years, publishing meticulously considered accounts of his findings for each on a regular basis.", "His careful expositions often include direct witness of examples of thoughtless loss, damage and degradation to protected sites in his lifetime, as for example the following on the Castle of Doon, Ayrshire, in 1893.", "A wanton destruction of one of the most interesting ruins in Scotland was allowed to take place a few years ago.", "In 1894, Christison published an analysis of his results in his book, Early Fortifications in Scotland.", "As the first comprehensive survey of hillforts in any region of the British Isles, Christison helped to pioneer a more thorough understanding of the history and significance of these sites than had previously been the case.", "His example was used as a model for national and regional studies.", "The large collection of objects of historical and cultural interest to Scotland was transferred to the National Museum of Antiquities of Scotland when Christison was Secretary of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.", "Robert Rowand Anderson's custom-built red sandstone gallery building was designed for the Scottish National Portrait Gallery, with each institution occupying one half of the building side-by-side.", "In 1906 Christison was awarded an honor by Edinburgh University.", "There are multiple portraits of members of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland on the main stair of the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.", "He is buried in the family plot at New Calton Burial Ground.", "Christison's residence in Edinburgh was at 40 Moray Place.", "He lived in Edinburgh's West End.", "He was married to a cousin and part of Edinburgh's Christison dynasty.", "John Alexander Christison died of Malaria in Uganda in 1914.", "They had three daughters of their own.", "The life of Sir Robert Christison was chronicled in The Life of Sir Robert Christison." ]

[ "David Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Sir Robert Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Robert Christison" ]

[ "David Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Robert Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Christison", "Robert Christison", "Robert Christison" ]

[ "William Chester Minor, also known as W. C. Minor (June 22, 1834 – March 26, 1920), was an American army surgeon, psychiatric hospital patient and lexicographical researcher.", "After serving in the Union Army during the American Civil War, he moved to England.", "Affected by paranoid delusions, he was committed to a secure British psychiatric hospital from 1872 to 1910 after he shot a man whom he believed to have broken into his room.", "While incarcerated, Minor became an important contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary: he was one of the project's most effective volunteers, reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books and compiling quotations that illustrated the way particular words were used.", "Responding to protests about Minor's treatment, in 1910, Winston Churchill, then serving as Home Secretary, ordered Minor's deportation to the United States.", "He was hospitalized and treated in Connecticut, where he died in 1920.", "Early life\nMinor was born in Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), the son of Eastman Strong Minor and his first wife, Lucy Bailey.", "His parents were Congregational church missionaries from New England.", "He had numerous half-siblings, among them Thomas T. Minor, mayor of Seattle, Washington.", "At age 14, he was sent to the United States, where he lived with relatives in New Haven while attending Russell Military Academy.", "He subsequently enrolled at the Yale School of Medicine, supporting himself during his years as a medical student with part-time employment as an instructor at the Russell Academy and as an assistant on the 1864 revision of Webster's Dictionary, then in preparation at Yale under the supervision of Noah Porter.", "Minor graduated in 1863 with a medical degree and a specialization in comparative anatomy.", "After a brief stint at Knight General Hospital in New Haven he joined the Union Army.", "Military career\nHe was accepted by the Union Army as a surgeon and may have served at the Battle of the Wilderness in May 1864, which was notable for the terrible casualties suffered by both sides.", "There is an unverified story of Minor also being given the task of punishing an Irish soldier in the Union Army by branding him on the face with a D for \"deserter\" and that this incident later played a role in Minor's delusions.", "Historians disagree as to whether the Union Army used branding as a punishment for desertion, which means that the story may be fabricated.", "Moreover, it is unlikely Minor was present at the Battle of the Wilderness, which took place May 5–7, 1864, since his military records place him at Knight USA Hospital in New Haven at that time and do not show him arriving at 2 Division Hospital USA at Alexandria, Virginia, until May 17.", "After the end of the Civil War, Minor saw duty in New York City.", "He was strongly attracted to the red-light district of the city and devoted much of his off-duty time to consorting with prostitutes.", "By 1867, his behavior had come to the attention of the army and he was transferred to a remote post in the Florida Panhandle.", "By 1868, his condition had progressed to the point that he was admitted to St. Elizabeths Hospital, a lunatic asylum (as mental hospitals were then called) in Washington, D.C. After 18 months he showed no improvement.", "Move to England and the killing of a person\n\nIn 1871, Minor went to London for a change of pace to help his mental condition.", "In 1872 he was living in Tenison Street, Lambeth, where once again he took up a dissolute life.", "On February 17, 1872 haunted by his paranoia, he fatally shot a man named George Merrett, whom Minor wrongly believed to have broken into his room.", "Merrett had been on his way to work to support his family of six children, himself, and his pregnant wife, Eliza.", "After a pre-trial period spent in London's Horsemonger Lane Gaol, Minor was found not guilty by reason of insanity and incarcerated at the asylum in Broadmoor in the village of Crowthorne, Berkshire.", "As he had his US Army pension and was judged not dangerous, he was given rather comfortable quarters and was able to buy and read books.", "Contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary\n\nIt was probably through his correspondence with the London booksellers that he heard of the call for volunteers for what was to become the Oxford English Dictionary (OED).", "He devoted most of the remainder of his life to that work.", "He became one of the project's most effective volunteers, reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books and compiling quotations that illustrated the way particular words were used.", "He was often visited by the widow of the man he had killed, and she provided him with further books.", "The compilers of the dictionary published lists of words for which they wanted examples of usage.", "Minor provided these with increasing ease as the lists grew.", "It was many years before the OEDs editor, James Murray, learned of Minor's history and visited him in January 1891.", "In 1899, Murray paid compliment to Minor's enormous contributions to the dictionary, stating, \"we could easily illustrate the last four centuries from his quotations alone\".", "Mutilation, decline, and death\nMinor's condition deteriorated and in 1902, due to delusions that he was being abducted nightly from his rooms and conveyed to places as far away as Istanbul and forced to commit sexual assaults on children, he cut off his own penis (autopenectomy) using a knife he had employed in his work on the dictionary.", "His health continued to worsen and, after Murray campaigned on his behalf, Minor was released in 1910 on the orders of the then Home Secretary, 35 year-old Winston Churchill.", "He was deported back to the United States and resided at St. Elizabeths Hospital.", "There, he was diagnosed with schizophrenia.", "He died in 1920 in Hartford, Connecticut, after being moved in 1919 to the Retreat for the Elderly Insane there.", "He is buried in Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven, Connecticut, alongside members of his family.", "In popular culture\nIn July 1915, the Washington D.C. Sunday Star published a \"sensationalized\" story beginning with the line “American Murderer Helped Write Oxford Dictionary.” The book The Surgeon of Crowthorne (published in America as The Professor and the Madman), by Simon Winchester, was published in 1998 and chronicles both Minor's later life and his contributions to the creation of the Oxford English Dictionary.", "The film rights for the book were bought by Mel Gibson's Icon Productions in 1998.", "In August 2016, it was announced that Farhad Safinia was to direct an adaptation, called The Professor and the Madman, starring Mel Gibson as Murray and Sean Penn as Minor.", "The film was released in May 2019.", "Minor's life was also detailed in an episode of Drunk History.", "He was portrayed by Bob Odenkirk.", "References\n\nOther sources\n).\n.", "External links\n\n1834 births\n1920 deaths\nMurder in 1872\n19th-century American non-fiction writers\n19th-century lexicographers\n20th-century American people\nUnion Army surgeons\nAmerican expatriates in England\nAmerican lexicographers\nBurials in Connecticut\nPeople acquitted of murder\nPeople acquitted by reason of insanity\nPeople detained at Broadmoor Hospital\nPeople with schizophrenia\nUnited States Army Medical Corps officers\nYale School of Medicine alumni\nAmerican expatriates in Sri Lanka\nPeople deported from the United Kingdom" ]

[ "William Chester Minor, also known as W. C. Minor, was an American army surgeon and lexicographical researcher.", "He moved to England after serving in the American Civil War.", "He was in a British mental hospital from 1872 to 1910 after he shot a man he thought had broken into his room.", "Minor was an important contributor to the Oxford English Dictionary while he was in prison, as he was one of the project's most effective volunteers, reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books.", "Minor was deported to the United States in 1910 after protests about his treatment.", "He died in Connecticut in 1920.", "Minor was the son of Eastman Strong Minor and his first wife, Lucy Bailey.", "His parents were missionaries.", "He had many half-siblings, including the mayor of Seattle.", "He was sent to the United States at the age of 14 and lived with his relatives in New Haven.", "During his years as a medical student at the Yale School of Medicine, he supported himself with part-time employment as an instructor at the Russell Academy and as an assistant on the 1864 revision of theWebster's Dictionary, all under the supervision of Noah Porter.", "Minor graduated with a medical degree in 1863.", "He joined the Union Army after a short time at Knight General Hospital.", "He was accepted by the Union Army as a surgeon and may have served at the Battle of the Wilderness, which was notable for the terrible casualties suffered by both sides.", "Minor was given the task of punishing an Irish soldier in the Union Army by branding him on the face with a D for deserter, and INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Historians do not agree on whether the Union Army used branding as a punishment for desertion.", "Minor's military records place him at Knight USA Hospital in New Haven at that time and do not show him arriving at 2 Division Hospital USA at Alexandria, Virginia, until May 17.", "Minor was stationed in New York City after the war ended.", "He spent a lot of his off-duty time consorting with prostitutes in the red-light district.", "He was transferred to a remote post in the Florida Panhandle after his behavior came to the attention of the army.", "He was admitted to a mental hospital in Washington, D.C. in 1868 because of his condition.", "Minor moved to London to help his mental condition after he was killed in England.", "He was living in Tenison Street in the late 19th century.", "Minor shot and killed George Merrett, whom he wrongly believed to have broken into his room, on February 17, 1872.", "Merrett was on his way to work to support his family of six children and his pregnant wife.", "Minor was found not guilty by reason of insanity after spending a pre- trial period in London's Horsemonger Lane Gaol.", "He was given comfortable quarters and was able to buy and read books because he had a US Army pension.", "The call for volunteers for the Oxford English Dictionary probably came from his correspondence with the London booksellers.", "He devoted most of his life to that work.", "He became one of the project's most effective volunteers after reading through his large personal library of antiquarian books.", "He was given more books by the widow of the man he had killed.", "The lists of words were published to give examples of usage.", "As the lists grew, Minor provided these with more ease.", "James Murray was the OEDs editor when he visited Minor in January 1891.", "Murray paid tribute to Minor's contributions to the dictionary in 1899, stating \"we could easily illustrate the last four centuries from his quotations alone\".", "Minor's condition deteriorated due to delusions that he was being kidnapped nightly from his rooms and taken to places as far away as Istanbul and forced to commit sexual assaults on children, he cut off his penis.", "Minor was released in 1910 on the orders of the then Home Secretary, who was 35 years old at the time.", "He lived at St. Elizabeths Hospital after being deported to the United States.", "He was diagnosed with a mental illness.", "He died in Connecticut in 1920, after being moved to the Retreat for the Elderly Insane in 1919.", "He is buried with his family in New Haven, Connecticut.", "The Washington D.C. Sunday Star published a story titled \"American Murderer Helped Write Oxford Dictionary\" in July 1915.", "The film rights for the book were purchased in 1998.", "The Professor and the Madman was to be directed by Farhad Safinia and starred Mel Gibson as Murray and Sean Penn as Minor.", "The film was released in May.", "In an episode of Drunk History, Minor's life was detailed.", "Bob Odenkirk portrayed him.", "References other sources.", "American non-fiction writers Murder in 1872 19th-century American people Union Army surgeons American expatriates in England American lexicographers Burials in Connecticut People acquitted of murder" ]

[ "William Chester Minor", ". Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Eastman Strong Minor", ". Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor" ]

[ "William Chester Minor", ". Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Eastman Strong Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor", "Minor" ]

[ "Drew MacIntyre (born June 24, 1983) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey goaltender.", ", he is a developmental goaltending coach and scout for the Manitoba Moose in the American Hockey League.", "Playing career\nMacIntyre played his entire junior hockey career in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League with the Sherbrooke Beavers.", "Playing four seasons with Sherbrooke, from 1999–2000 to 2002–03, he recorded seven shutouts in 188 regular season games.", "Following his second junior hockey season, MacIntyre was chosen in round four of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings, 121st overall.", "He turned pro in 2002–03 with the Toledo Storm of the ECHL.", "He remained within the Red Wings' organization for four seasons, including several American Hockey League (AHL) call-ups to the Grand Rapids Griffins.", "In the 2006 off-season, MacIntyre signed with the Vancouver Canucks and subsequently spent the 2006–07 season with the team's AHL affiliate, the Manitoba Moose.", "MacIntyre set Moose regular-season franchise records with a 2.17 goals against average (surpassed by Cory Schneider in 2008–09) and a .922 save percentage (tied with Johan Hedberg, 1997–98), while posting a 24–12–2 record.", "During the 2007–08 season, MacIntyre was called up by the Canucks on December 11, 2007, due to a minor injury to starting goaltender Roberto Luongo.", "Two days later, on December 13, MacIntyre made his NHL debut mid-way through the second period in relief of Canucks starter Curtis Sanford in a game against the San Jose Sharks.", "On January 29, 2008, MacIntyre made his second NHL appearance in relief of Sanford once more.", "He allowed one goal on 11 shots and picked up the loss in the Canucks' 4–3 defeat to the Stars.", "The two appearances marked his only NHL action during his tenure with the Canucks, recording a 2.95 goals against average and .864 save percentage.", "After being sent back to the Moose, MacIntyre became the ninth AHL goaltender to score a goal with an overtime game-winner.", "During a game against the Chicago Wolves on February 20, 2008, the Wolves had pulled their goaltender on a delayed penalty in overtime when an errant pass from Wolves forward Steve Martins travelled the length of the rink into the Wolves' net.", "MacIntyre, being the last Moose player to touch the puck on a save, was credited with the goal.", "On February 27, MacIntyre was named the AHL Player of the Week, having stopped 98 out of 101 shots over three road starts with a 0.98 goals against average and his game-winner.", "MacIntyre completed his second season with the Moose with a 2.32 goals against average, .921 save percentage and 25-18-2 record, while sharing starts with Canucks' first-rounder Cory Schneider.", "Becoming an unrestricted free agent in the 2008 off-season, MacIntyre agreed to terms with the Nashville Predators on a one-year deal on July 1, 2008.", "He played the entire year for the Milwaukee Admirals of the AHL, appearing in 55 games with an AHL career-high 34 wins.", "The following off-season, MacIntyre signed with the Atlanta Thrashers on July 4, 2009.", "He was subsequently assigned to the team's AHL affiliate, the Chicago Wolves.", "On February 28, 2011, MacIntyre was traded from the Atlanta Thrashers to the Montreal Canadiens in exchange for Brett Festerling.", "MacIntyre signed a one-year contract with the Buffalo Sabres on July 7, 2011.", "On February 13, 2013, MacIntyre was signed to a professional tryout contract with the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League.", "On April 2, 2013, Drew MacIntyre signed an NHL contract with the Toronto Maple Leafs for the remainder of the 2012–13 season.", "On June 13, 2013, the Maple Leafs re-signed MacIntyre to a one-year, two-way contract.", "In the back end of the 2013–14 season on April 10, 2014, MacInytre started his first NHL game against the Florida Panthers.", "MacInytre continued his journeyman path in signing as a free agent to a one-year two way contract with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 1, 2014.", "In the 2014–15 season, he assumed the starting goaltender role with AHL affiliate, the Charlotte Checkers.", "In 51 games he collected 20 wins as the Checkers missed the post-season.", "On May 29, 2015, MacIntyre opted to remain within the Hurricanes organization, signing a one-year two-way contract extension.", "In the following 2015–16 season, with the emergence of Hurricanes' goaltender prospects, MacIntyre was dealt at the trade deadline to the Chicago Blackhawks in exchange for Dennis Robertson on February 29, 2016.", "MacIntyre was directly assigned to the AHL to help solidify the Rockford IceHogs.", "In December 2015, he represented Team Canada at the Spengler Cup and helped capture the title.", "On April 27, 2016, MacIntyre opted to halt his North American career and put pen to paper to embark on a career abroad with a two-year deal with the Hamburg Freezers of the German top-flight Deutsche Eishockey Liga.", "However, shortly thereafter the Hamburg Freezers announced they had entered administration and ceased operations, returning MacIntyre to free agency.", "On September 7, 2016, having returned to North America, MacIntyre signed a professional try-out contract to attend the training camp of the Washington Capitals.", "After being released, he inked a deal with Medvescak Zagreb of the Kontinental Hockey League in October 2016.", "He played in 21 games for Zagreb with a 2.66 goals against average and a .925 save percentage.", "On January 8, 2017, he put pen to paper on a deal for the remainder of the season with Adler Mannheim of the Deutsche Eishockey Liga.", "After starting the 2017–18 season with Medvescak Zagreb, he moved back to Germany in October 2017, signing with Deutsche Eishockey Liga outfit Straubing Tigers.", "He officially retired from playing on April 1, 2021.", "Career statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1983 births\nLiving people\nBuffalo Sabres players\nCanadian ice hockey goaltenders\nCanadian people of Scottish descent\nCharlotte Checkers (2010–) players\nChicago Wolves players\nDetroit Red Wings draft picks\nGrand Rapids Griffins players\nHamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players\nIce hockey people from Prince Edward Island\nHC Lev Praha players\nManitoba Moose players\nMilwaukee Admirals players\nNippon Paper Cranes players\nOji Eagles players\nOntario Junior Hockey League players\nReading Royals players\nRochester Americans players\nRockford IceHogs (AHL) players\nSherbrooke Castors players\nSportspeople from Charlottetown\nStraubing Tigers players\nToledo Storm players\nToronto Maple Leafs players\nToronto Marlies players\nVancouver Canucks players\nKHL Medveščak Zagreb players\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in the Czech Republic\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in Croatia\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in Germany" ]

[ "Drew MacIntyre was born on June 24, 1983 in Canada.", "He is a scout for the Manitoba Moose in the American Hockey League.", "MacIntyre played his entire junior hockey career in the Quebec Major Junior Hockey League.", "He had seven shutouts in the regular season in his four seasons with Sherbrooke.", "MacIntyre was chosen in the fourth round of the 2001 NHL Entry Draft by the Detroit Red Wings.", "He was a pro with the Toledo Storm.", "He was in the Red Wings' organization for four years and played in the American Hockey League.", "MacIntyre spent the 2006–07 season with the team's American Hockey League affiliate, the Manitoba Moose.", "MacIntyre set Moose regular-season franchise records with a 2.17 goals against average and a.922 save percentage.", "MacIntyre was called up by theCanucks on December 11, 2007, due to a minor injury to Roberto Luongo.", "MacIntyre made his NHL debut in the second period of a game against the San Jose Sharks.", "MacIntyre made his second NHL appearance in relief of Sanford on January 29, 2008.", "He allowed one goal on 11 shots in the loss to the Stars.", "He recorded a 2.95 goals against average and.864 save percentage in two appearances in the NHL.", "MacIntyre scored a goal with an overtime game-winner after being sent back to the Moose.", "During a game against the Chicago Wolves on February 20, 2008, the Wolves had pulled their goaltender on a delayed penalty in overtime when a pass from Wolves forward Steve Martins traveled the length of the rink into the Wolves' net.", "MacIntyre was credited with the goal because he was the last player to touch the puck.", "MacIntyre was named the American Hockey League Player of the Week on February 27 after stopping 98 out of 101 shots over three road starts.", "MacIntyre finished his second season with the Moose with a 2.32 goals against average,.912 save percentage and 25-18-2 record.", "MacIntyre became an unrestricted free agent in the off-season and signed with the Nashville Preds on July 1, 2008.", "He played 55 games for the Milwaukee Admirals in the American Hockey League and had a career-high 34 wins.", "MacIntyre joined the Atlanta Thrashers on July 4, 2009.", "He was assigned to the Chicago Wolves.", "MacIntyre was traded from Atlanta to Montreal in exchange for Festerling.", "The Buffalo Sabres signed MacIntyre to a one-year contract on July 7, 2011.", "MacIntyre was signed to a professional tryout contract with the Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League.", "Drew MacIntyre signed with the Toronto Maple Leafs for the remainder of the 2012–13 season.", "The Maple Leafs re-signed MacIntyre to a one-year, two-way contract.", "MacInytre started his first NHL game in the back end of the season.", "MacInytre signed a one-year two way contract with the Carolina Hurricanes on July 1, 2014.", "He was the starting goaltender for the Charlotte Checkers during the 2014–2018.", "The Checkers missed the post-season as he collected 20 wins in 51 games.", "MacIntyre signed a two-way contract extension with the Hurricanes on May 29, 2015.", "MacIntyre was traded to the Chicago Hawks at the trade deadline in February of 2016 in exchange for Dennis Robertson.", "MacIntyre was assigned to help solidify the IceHogs.", "He helped Team Canada win the Spengler Cup in December of 2015.", "On April 27, 2016 MacIntyre decided to stop his career in North America and sign a two-year contract with the Hamburg Freezers of the German top-flight.", "MacIntyre was returned to free agency after the Freezers entered administration and ceased operations.", "After returning to North America, MacIntyre signed a professional try-out contract to attend the training camp of the Washington Capitals.", "He signed a deal with Medvescak Zagreb of the Kontinental Hockey League after being released.", "He played in 21 games for Zagreb and had a 2.66 goals against average and.925 save percentage.", "On January 8, he signed a deal with Adler Mannheim for the rest of the season.", "He moved back to Germany in October of last year after starting the season with Medvescak Zagreb.", "He retired from playing on April 1, 2021.", "References External links 1983 births Living people Buffalo Sabres players Canadian ice hockey goaltenders Canadian people of Scottish descent Charlotte Checkers players Chicago Wolves players Detroit Red Wings draft picks" ]

[ "Drew MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "Drew MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre" ]

[ "Drew MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "Drew MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre", "MacIntyre" ]

[ "Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz (19 March 1849 – 6 March 1930) was a German grand admiral, Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office, the powerful administrative branch of the German Imperial Navy from 1897 until 1916.", "Prussia never had a major navy, nor did the other German states before the German Empire was formed in 1871.", "Tirpitz took the modest Imperial Navy and, starting in the 1890s, turned it into a world-class force that could threaten Britain's Royal Navy.", "However, during World War I, his High Seas Fleet proved unable to end Britain's command of the sea and its chokehold on Germany's economy.", "The one great engagement at sea, the Battle of Jutland, ended in a narrow German tactical victory but a strategic failure.", "As the High Seas Fleet's limitations became increasingly apparent during the war, Tirpitz became an outspoken advocate for unrestricted submarine warfare, a policy which would ultimately bring Germany into conflict with the United States.", "By the beginning of 1916, he was dismissed from office and never regained power.", "Family and early life\nTirpitz was born in Küstrin (today Kostrzyn in Poland) in the Prussian province of Brandenburg, the son of lawyer and later judge Rudolf Tirpitz (1811–1905).", "His mother was the daughter of a doctor.", "Tirpitz grew up in Frankfurt (Oder).", "He recorded in his memoirs that as a child he was a mediocre pupil.", "Tirpitz spoke English fluently and was sufficiently at home in Britain that he sent his two daughters to Cheltenham Ladies' College.", "On 18 November 1884 he married Maria Augusta Lipke (born 11 October 1860 in Schwetz, West Prussia, died after 1941).", "On 12 June 1900 he was elevated to the Prussian nobility, becoming von Tirpitz.", "His son, Oberleutnant zur See Wolfgang von Tirpitz, was taken prisoner of war after the sinking of in the Battle of Heligoland Bight on 28 August 1914.", "His daughter Ilse von Hassell married diplomat Ulrich von Hassell who was executed in 1944 as an anti-Hitler activist.", "Their daughter and her young sons were then taken as hostages.", "She wrote of the experience in A Mother's War.", "Naval career\nTirpitz joined the Prussian Navy more by accident than design when a friend announced that he was doing so.", "Tirpitz decided he liked the idea and with the consent of his parents became a naval cadet at the age of 16, on 24 April 1865.", "He attended Kiel Naval School.", "Within a year Prussia was at war with Austria.", "Tirpitz became a midshipman (Seekadett) on 24 June 1866 and was posted to a sailing ship patrolling the English Channel.", "In 1866 Prussia became part of the North German Confederation, the navy officially became that of the confederation and Tirpitz joined the new institution on 24 June 1869.", "On 22 September 1869 he had obtained the rank of Unterleutnant zur See (sub-lieutenant) and served on board .", "During the Franco-Prussian War the Prussian Navy was greatly outnumbered and so the ship spent the duration of the war at anchor, much to the embarrassment of the navy.", "During the early years of Tirpitz's career, Prussia and Great Britain were on good terms and the Prussian Navy spent much time in British ports.", "Tirpitz reported that Plymouth was more hospitable to German sailors than was Kiel, while it was also easier to obtain equipment and supplies there, which were of better quality than available at home.", "At this time the British Royal Navy was pleased to assist that of Prussia in its development and Prussian officers had considerable respect for their British counterparts.", "Development of torpedoes\nUnification of Germany in 1871 again meant a change of name, to the German Imperial Navy.", "On 25 May 1872 Tirpitz was promoted to Leutnant zur See (lieutenant at sea) and on 18 November 1875 to Kapitänleutnant (captain-lieutenant).", "In 1877 he was chosen to visit the Whitehead Torpedo development works at Fiume and afterwards was placed in charge of the German torpedo section, later renamed the Torpedo Inspectorate.", "By 1879 a working device had been produced, but even under demonstration conditions Tirpitz reckoned it was as likely to miss a target as to hit it.", "On 17 September 1881 he became Korvettenkapitän (corvette captain).", "From developing torpedoes, Tirpitz moved on to developing torpedo boats to deliver them.", "The State Secretary for the Navy, Leo von Caprivi, was a distant relation, and Tirpitz now worked with him on the development of tactics.", "Caprivi envisioned that the boats would be used defensively against their most likely enemy, France, but Tirpitz set about developing plans to attack the French home port of Cherbourg.", "Tirpitz later described his time with torpedo boats as \"the eleven best years of my life\".", "Strategic development of the navy\nIn 1887 the torpedo boats escorted Prince Wilhelm to attend the Golden Jubilee celebrations of his grandmother, Queen Victoria.", "This was the first time Tirpitz met Wilhelm.", "In July 1888 Caprivi was succeeded by Alexander von Monts.", "Torpedo boats were no longer considered important, and Tirpitz requested transfer, commanding the cruisers and then .", "He was promoted to captain (Kapitän zur See) 24 November 1888 and in 1890 became chief of staff of the Baltic Squadron.", "On one occasion the Kaiser was attending dinner with the senior naval officers at Kiel and asked their opinion on how the navy should develop.", "Finally the question came to Tirpitz and he advised building battleships.", "This was an answer which appealed to the Kaiser, and nine months later he was transferred to Berlin to work on a new strategy for creating a high seas fleet.", "Tirpitz appointed a staff of officers he had known from his time with the torpedo boats and collected together all sorts of vessels as stand-in battleships to conduct exercises to test out tactics.", "On 1 December 1892 he made a presentation of his findings to the Kaiser.", "This brought him into conflict with the Navy State Secretary, Admiral Friedrich von Hollmann.", "Hollmann was responsible for procurement of ships, and had a policy of collecting ships as funding permitted.", "Tirpitz had concluded that the best fighting arrangement was a squadron of eight identical battleships, rather than any other combination of ships with mixed abilities.", "Further ships should then be added in groups of eight.", "Hollmann favoured a mixed fleet including cruisers for long-distance operations overseas.", "Tirpitz believed that in a war no number of cruisers would be safe unless backed up by sufficient battleships.", "Kapitän zur See (captain at sea) Tirpitz became chief of the naval staff in 1892 and was made a Konteradmiral (rear admiral) in 1895.", "In autumn 1895, frustrated by the non-adoption of his recommendations, Tirpitz asked to be replaced.", "The Kaiser, not wishing to lose him, asked instead that he prepare a set of recommendations for ship construction.", "This was delivered on 3 January 1896, but the timing was bad as it coincided with raids into the Transvaal in Southern Africa by pro-British forces against the pro-German Boers.", "The Kaiser immediately set his mind to demanding cruisers which could operate at a distance and influence the war.", "Hollman was tasked with obtaining money from the Reichstag for a building programme, but failed to gain funding for enough ships to satisfy anyone.", "Imperial Chancellor Hohenlohe saw no sense in naval enlargement and reported back that the Reichstag opposed it.", "Admiral Gustav von Senden-Bibran, Chief of the Naval Cabinet, advised that the only possibility lay in replacing Hollmann: Wilhelm impulsively decided to appoint Tirpitz.", "Meanwhile, however, Hollmann had obtained funding for one battleship and three large cruisers.", "It was felt that replacing him before the bill had completed approval through the Reichstag would be a mistake.", "Instead, Tirpitz was placed in charge of the German East Asia Squadron in the Far East but with a promise of appointment as secretary at a suitable moment.", "The cruiser squadron operated from British facilities in Hong Kong which were far from satisfactory as the German ships always took second place for available docks.", "Tirpitz was instructed to find a suitable site for a new port, selecting four possible sites.", "Although he initially favoured the bay at Kiautschou/Tsingtao, others in the naval establishment advocated a different location and even Tirpitz wavered on his commitment in his final report.", "A \"lease\" on the land was acquired in 1898 after it was fortuitously occupied by German forces.", "On 12 March 1896 the Reichstag cut back Hollmann's appropriation of 70 million marks to 58 million, and Hollman offered his resignation.", "Tirpitz was summoned home and offered the post of secretary of the Imperial Navy office (Reichsmarineamt).", "He went home the long way, touring the United States on the way and arriving in Berlin 6 June 1897.", "He was pessimistic of his chances of succeeding with the Reichstag.", "State Secretary of the Imperial Navy Office\nOn 15 June Tirpitz presented a memorandum on the makeup and purpose of the German fleet to the Kaiser.", "This defined the principal enemy as Great Britain, and the principal area of conflict to be that between Heligoland and the Thames.", "Cruiser warfare around the globe was deemed impractical because Germany had few bases to resupply ships, while the chief need was for as many battleships as possible to take on the British fleet.", "A target was outlined for two squadrons of eight battleships, plus a fleet flagship and two reserves.", "This was to be completed by 1905 and cost 408 million marks, or 58 million per year, the same as the existing budget.", "The proposal was innovative in several ways.", "It made a clear statement of naval needs, whereas before the navy had grown piecemeal.", "It set out the programme for seven years ahead, which neither the Reichstag nor the navy should change.", "It defined a change in German foreign policy so as to justify the existence of the fleet: Great Britain up to this point had been friendly, now it was officially an enemy.", "The Kaiser agreed the plan and Tirpitz retired to St Blasien in the Black Forest with a team of naval specialists to draft a naval bill for presentation to the Reichstag.", "Information about the plan leaked out to Admiral Knorr, head of the Naval High Command.", "Tirpitz agreed to a joint committee to discuss changes in the navy, but then arranged that it never receive any information.", "Similarly, he arranged a joint committee with the Treasury State Secretary to discuss finance, which never discussed anything.", "Meanwhile, he continued his best efforts to convince the Kaiser and Chancellor, so that in due course he could announce the issues had already been decided at a higher level and thereby avoid debate.", "Once the bill was nearly complete Tirpitz started a round of visits to obtain support.", "First he visited the former chancellor and elder statesman, Prince Bismarck.", "Armed with the announcement that the Kaiser intended to name the next ship launched Furst Bismarck, he persuaded the former chancellor, who had been dismissed from office for disagreement with Wilhelm II, to modestly support the proposals.", "Tirpitz now visited the King of Saxony, the Prince Regent of Bavaria, the Grand Duke of Baden and Oldenburg and the councils of the Hanseatic towns.", "On 19 October the draft bill was sent to the printers for presentation to the Reichstag.", "Tirpitz's approach was to be as accommodating with the deputies as he could.", "He was patient and good humoured, proceeding on the assumption that if everything was explained carefully, then the deputies would naturally be convinced.", "Groups were invited to private meetings to discuss the bill.", "Tours of ships and shipyards were arranged.", "The Kaiser and Chancellor stressed that the fleet was only intended for protection of Germany, but so that even a first class power might think twice before attacking.", "Highlights from a letter Prince Bismarck wrote were read out in the Reichstag, though not mentioning passages where he expressed reservations.", "Papers were circulated showing the relative size of foreign fleets, and how much Germany had fallen behind, particularly when considering the great power of her army compared to others.", "A press bureau was created in the Navy Ministry to ensure journalists were thoroughly briefed, and to politely answer any and all objections.", "Pre-written articles were provided for the convenience of journalists.", "University professors were invited to speak on the importance of protecting German trade.", "The Navy League was formed to popularise the idea of world naval power and its importance to the Empire.", "It was argued that colonies overseas were essential, and Germany deserved her \"place in the sun\".", "League membership grew from 78,000 in 1898, to 600,000 in 1901 and 1.1 million by 1914.", "Especial attention was given to members of the budget committee who would consider the bill in detail.", "Their interests and connections were analysed to find ways to influence them.", "Steel magnate Fritz Krupp and shipowner Albert Ballin of the Hamburg-America Line were invited to speak on the benefits of the bill to trade and industry.", "Objections were raised that the bill surrendered one of the most important powers of the Reichstag, that of annually scrutinising expenditure.", "Conservatives felt that expenditure on the navy was wasted, and that if money was available it should go to the army, which would be the deciding factor in any likely war.", "Eugen Richter of the Liberal Radical Union opposing the bill observed that if it was intended for Germany now seriously to take up the trident to match its other forces then such a small force would not suffice and there would be no end to ship building.", "August Bebel of the Social Democrats argued that there existed a number of deputies who were Anglophobes and wished to pick a fight with Britain, but that to imagine such a fleet could take on the Royal Navy was insanity and anyone saying it belonged in the madhouse.", "Yet by the end of the debates the country was convinced that the bill would and should be passed.", "On 26 March 1898 it did so, by a majority of 212 to 139.", "All those around the Kaiser were ecstatic at their success.", "Tirpitz as navy minister was elevated to a seat on the Prussian Ministry of State.", "His influence and importance as the man who had accomplished this miracle was assured and he was to remain at the centre of government for the next nineteen years.", "Second Naval Bill\nOne year after the passage of the bill Tirpitz appeared before the Reichstag and declared his satisfaction with it.", "The specified fleet would still be smaller than the French or British, but would be able to deter the Russians in the Baltic.", "Within another year all had changed.", "In October 1899 the Boer War broke out between the British and Boers in South Africa.", "In January 1900 a British cruiser intercepted three German mail steamers and searched them for war supplies intended for the Boers.", "Germany was outraged and the opportunity presented itself for a second Naval Bill.", "The second bill doubled the number of battleships from nineteen to thirty-eight.", "This would form four squadrons of eight ships, plus two flagships and four reserves.", "The bill now spanned seventeen years from 1901 to 1917 with the final ships being completed by 1920.", "This would constitute the second-largest fleet in the world and although no mention was made in the bill of specific enemies, it made several general mentions of a greater power which it was intended to oppose.", "There was only one navy which could be meant.", "On 5 December 1899 Tirpitz was promoted to Vizeadmiral (vice admiral).", "The bill passed on 20 June 1900.", "Specifically written into the preamble was an explanation of Tirpitz's risk theory.", "Although the German fleet would be smaller, it was likely that an enemy with a world spanning empire would not be able to concentrate all its forces in local waters.", "Even if it could, the German fleet would still be sufficiently powerful to inflict significant damage in any battle, sufficient damage that the enemy would be unable to maintain its other naval commitments and must suffer irreparable harm.", "Thus no such enemy would risk an engagement.", "Privately, Tirpitz acknowledged a second risk: that Britain might see the growing German fleet and attack before it grew to a dangerous size.", "A similar course had been taken before when Lord Nelson sank Danish ships at Copenhagen to prevent them falling into French hands.", "Tirpitz calculated this danger period would end in 1904 or 1905.", "In the event, Britain responded to the increased German building programme by building more ships herself and the theoretical danger period extended itself to beyond the start of the Great War.", "As a reward for the successful bill Tirpitz was ennobled with the hereditary article von before his name in 1900.", "Tirpitz noted the difficulties in his relationship with the Kaiser.", "Wilhelm respected him as the only man who had succeeded in persuading the Reichstag to start and then increase a world class navy, but he remained unpredictable.", "He was fanatical about the navy, but would come up with wild ideas for improvements, which Tirpitz had to deflect to maintain his objectives.", "Each summer Tirpitz would go to St Blasien with his aides to work on naval plans, then in September he would travel to the Kaiser's retreat at Rominten, where Tirpitz found he would be more relaxed and willing to listen to a well argued explanation.", "Three supplementary naval bills (Novelles) were passed, in June 1906, April 1908 and June 1912.", "The first followed German diplomatic defeats over Morocco, and added six large cruisers to the fleet.", "The second followed fears of British encroachment, and reduced the replacement time which a ship would remain in service from 25 to 20 years.", "The third was caused by the Agadir Crisis where again Germany had to draw back.", "This time three more battleships were added.", "The first naval law caused little alarm in Great Britain.", "There was already in force a dual power standard defining the size of the British fleet as at least that of the next two largest fleets combined.", "There was now a new player, but her fleet was similar in size to the other two possible threats, Russia and France, and a number of battleships were already under construction.", "The second naval law, however, caused serious alarm: eight King Edward VII-class battleships were ordered in response.", "It was the regularity and efficiency with which Germany was now building ships, which were seen to be as good as any in the world, which raised concern.", "Information about the design of the new battleships suggested they were only intended to operate within a short range of a home base and not to stay at sea for extended periods.", "They seemed designed only for operations in the North Sea.", "The result was that Britain abandoned its policy of isolation which had held force since the time of Nelson and began to look for allies against the growing threat from Germany.", "Ships were withdrawn from around the world and brought back to British waters, while construction of new ships increased.", "Tirpitz Plan\nTirpitz's design to achieve world power status through naval power, while at the same time addressing domestic issues, is referred to as the Tirpitz Plan.", "Politically, the Tirpitz Plan was marked by the Fleet Acts of 1898, 1900, 1908 and 1912.", "By 1914, they had given Germany the second-largest naval force in the world (roughly 40% smaller than the Royal Navy).", "It included seventeen modern dreadnoughts, five battlecruisers, twenty-five cruisers and twenty pre-dreadnought battleships as well as over forty submarines.", "Although including fairly unrealistic targets, the expansion programme was sufficient to alarm the British, starting a costly naval arms race and pushing the British into closer ties with the French.", "Tirpitz developed a \"risk theory\" whereby, if the German Imperial Navy reached a certain level of strength relative to the British Royal Navy, the British would try to avoid confrontation with Germany (that is, maintain a fleet in being).", "If the two navies fought, the German Navy would inflict enough damage on the British that the latter ran a risk of losing their naval dominance.", "Because the British relied on their navy to maintain control over the British Empire, Tirpitz felt they would opt to maintain naval supremacy in order to safeguard their empire, and let Germany become a world power, rather than lose the empire at the cost of keeping Germany less powerful.", "This theory sparked a naval arms race between Germany and Great Britain in the first decade of the 20th century.", "This theory was based on the assumption that Great Britain would have to send its fleet into the North Sea to blockade the German ports (blockading Germany was the only way the Royal Navy could seriously harm Germany), where the German Navy could force a battle.", "However, due to Germany's geographic location, Great Britain could blockade Germany by closing the entrance to the North Sea in the English Channel and the area between Bergen and the Shetland Islands.", "Faced with this option a German admiral commented, \"If the British do that, the role of our navy will be a sad one\", correctly predicting the role the surface fleet would have during the First World War.", "Politically and strategically, Tirpitz's risk theory ensured its own failure.", "By its very nature it forced Britain into measures that would have been previously unacceptable to the British establishment.", "The necessity to concentrate the fleet against the German threat involved Britain making arrangements with other powers that enabled her to return the bulk of her naval forces to home waters.", "The first evidence of this is seen in the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902 that enabled the battleships of the China squadron to be re-allocated back to Europe.", "The Japanese fleet, largely constructed in British shipyards, then proceeded to utterly destroy the Russian Navy in the war of 1904–05, removing Russia as a credible maritime opponent.", "The necessity to reduce the Mediterranean Fleet in order to reinforce the navy in home waters was also a powerful influence in its détente and Entente Cordiale with the French.", "By forcing the British to come to terms with its most traditional opponent, Tirpitz scuttled his own policy.", "Britain was no longer at risk from France, and the Japanese destruction of the Russian fleet removed that nation as a naval threat.", "In the space of a few years, Germany was faced with virtually the whole strength of the Royal Navy deployed against its own fleet, and Britain committed to her list of potential enemies.", "The Tirpitz risk theory made it more probable that, in any future conflict between the European powers, Britain would be on the side of Germany's foes, and that the full force of the most powerful navy in the world would be concentrated against her fleet.", "Tirpitz had been made a Großadmiral (grand admiral) in 1911, without patent (the document that accompanied formal promotions personally signed at this level by the Kaiser himself).", "At that time, the German Imperial Navy had only four ranks for admirals: rear admiral, (Konteradmiral, equal to a Generalmajor in the army, with no pips on the shoulders); vice admiral (Vizeadmiral, equal to a Generalleutnant, with one pip); admiral (equal to a General der Infanterie, with two pips), and grand admiral (equal to a field marshal).", "Tirpitz's shoulder boards had four pips, and he never received a grand admiral's baton or the associated insignia.", "World War I\n\nDespite the building programme he oversaw, he believed that the war had come too soon for a successful surface challenge to the Royal Navy, as the Fleet Act of 1900 had included a seventeen-year timetable.", "Unable to direct naval operations from his purely administrative position, Tirpitz became a vocal spokesman for unrestricted U-boat warfare, which he felt could break the British stranglehold on Germany's sea lines of communication.", "While the German Navy briefly abandoned the observance of prize rules in 1915, this policy was soon reversed following the outcry over the Lusitania sinking.", "When the restrictions on the submarine war were not lifted, he fell out with the Kaiser and felt compelled to resign on 15 March 1916.", "He was replaced as Secretary of State of the Imperial Naval Office by Eduard von Capelle.", "Despite his support for unrestricted U-boat warfare, Tirpitz placed a low priority on submarine construction during his leadership of the Imperial Naval Office.", "Ultimately, this decision would result in a severe shortage of newly built U-boats by 1917.", "Fatherland Party\n\nIn September 1917 Grand Admiral Tirpitz became a co-founder of the Pan-Germanic and nationalist Fatherland Party (Deutsche Vaterlandspartei).", "The party was organised jointly by Heinrich Claß, Konrad Freiherr von Wangenheim, Tirpitz as chairman and Wolfgang Kapp as his deputy.", "The party attracted the opponents of a negotiated peace; it organised opposition to the parliamentary majority in the Reichstag, which was seeking peace negotiations.", "It sought to bring together outside parliament all parties on the political right, which had not previously been done.", "At its peak, in the summer of 1918, the party had around 1,250,000 members.", "It proposed both Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff as \"people's emperors\" of a military state whose legitimacy was based on war and on war aims instead of on the parliamentary government of the Reich.", "Internally, there were calls for a coup d'etat against the German government, to be led by Hindenburg and Ludendorff, even against the Kaiser if necessary.", "Tirpitz's experience with the Navy League and with mass political agitation convinced him that the means for a coup was at hand.", "Tirpitz considered that one of the main aims of the war must be annexation of new territory in the west, to allow Germany to develop into a world power.", "This meant holding the Belgian ports of Zeebrugge and Ostend, with an eye to the main enemy, the United Kingdom.", "He proposed a separate peace treaty with Russia, giving them access to the ocean.", "Germany would be a great continental state but could maintain its world position only by expanding world trade and continuing the fight against the UK.", "He complained of indecision and ambiguity in German policy, humanitarian ideas of self-preservation, a policy of appeasement of neutrals at the expense of vital German interests, and begging for peace.", "He called for vigorous warfare without regard for diplomatic and commercial consequences and supported the most extreme use of weapons, especially unrestricted submarine warfare.", "The Fatherland Party had ceased its operations by February 1919.", "From 1908 to 1918 Tirpitz served as a member of the Prussian House of Lords.", "After 1918 \nAfter Germany's defeat Tirpitz supported the right-wing German National People's Party (Deutschnationale Volkspartei, or DNVP) and sat for it in the Reichstag from 1924 until 1928.", "Tirpitz died in Ebenhausen, near Munich, on 6 March 1930.", "He is buried in the Waldfriedhof in Munich.", "Commemoration \nThe Tirpitz Range on the island of New Hanover in Papua New Guinea takes its name from Alfred von Tirpitz.", "Honours\nHonorary doctorates from the universities of Göttingen, 16 June 1913; and Greifswald\nHonorary doctorate of engineering from the Technische Hochschule Charlottenburg\nFreeman of the city of Frankfurt (Oder), 15 January 1917\nThe German battleship Tirpitz .", "Tirpitzia, a genus of plants from China and Asia (the family Linaceae), was named after him in 1921 by Johannes Gottfried Hallier.", "German orders and decorations\n\nForeign orders and decorations\n\nWorks\n Republished in a single volume by NSNB with an introduction by Erik Empson in 2013 ASIN B00DH2E9LE.", "See also\n Anglo-German naval arms race\n German interest in the Caribbean\n\nNotes\n\nBibliography\n\nWorks\n Tirpitz, Alfred von, Erinnerungen (Leipzig: K.F.Koehler, 1919).", "Secondary source\n Berghahn, V.R.", "Germany and the Approach of War in 1914 (Macmillan, 1973).", "pp.", "25–42\n Berghahn, Volker Rolf.", "Der Tirpitz-Plan (Droste Verlag, 1971).", "in German\n Bird, Keith.", "\"The Tirpitz Legacy: The Political Ideology of German Sea Power,\" Journal of Military History, July 2005, Vol.", "69 Issue 3, pp.", "821–825\n Bönker, Dirk.", "Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I (2012) excerpt and text search; online review\n Bönker, Dirk.", "\"Global Politics and Germany's Destiny 'from an East Asian Perspective': Alfred von Tirpitz and the Making of Wilhelmine Navalism.\"", "Central European History 46.1 (2013): 61–96.", "Clark, Sir Christopher, The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 (New York: Harper 2013)\n Epkenhans, Michael.", "Tirpitz: Architect of the German High Seas Fleet (2008) excerpt and text search, 106pp\n Herwig, Holger H., 'Admirals versus Generals: The War Aims of Imperial German Navy 1914–1918', Central European History 5 (1972), pp.", "208–233.", "Hobson, Rolf.", "Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan, 1875–1914 (Brill, 2002) \n Hulsman, John C. \"To Dare More Boldly: The Audacious Story of Political Risk\" (Princeton UP, 2018 ) ch 9 on \"1898-1912: the promised land fallacy: Von Tirpitz disastrously builds a Navy.\"", "Pp 209–232.", "Kelly, Patrick J.", "\"Strategy, Tactics, and Turf Wars: Tirpitz and the Oberkommando der Marine, 1892–1895,\" Journal of Military History, October 2002, Vol.", "66 Issue 4, pp.", "1033–1060\n Kennedy, Paul.", "The rise and fall of British naval mastery (2017) pp.", "205–239.", "Primary sources\n Marinearchiv, Der Krieg zur zee 1914–1918 (18 vols, Berlin and Frankfurt: E.S.Mittler & Sohn, 1932–66).", "Marinearchiv, Der Krieg zur See 1914–1918.", "Der Handelskrieg mit U-Booten (5 vols., Berlin: E.S.", "Mittler & Sohn, 1923–66)." ]

[ "The Secretary of State of the German Imperial Naval Office was a German grand admiral from 1897 to 1916.", "Prussia did not have a navy before the German Empire was formed.", "The Imperial Navy was turned into a world-class force that could threaten Britain's Royal Navy.", "The High Seas Fleet was unable to end Britain's control of the sea and its chokehold on Germany's economy during World War I.", "The Battle of Jutland ended in a German victory but a strategic failure.", "As the High Seas Fleet's limitations became increasingly apparent during the war, Tirpitz became an outspoken advocate for unrestricted submarine warfare, a policy which would ultimately bring Germany into conflict with the United States.", "He was dismissed from office at the beginning of 1916.", "The son of a lawyer and a judge, Tirpitz was born in Kstrin in the Prussian province of Brandenburg.", "His mother was a doctor's daughter.", "He grew up in Oder.", "He said in his memoirs that he was a mediocre child.", "He sent his two daughters to college because he spoke English well at home in Britain.", "He married Maria Augusta Lipke on 18 November 1884.", "He was elevated to the nobility on June 12th, 1900.", "Wolfgang von Tirpitz was taken prisoner of war after the Battle of Heligoland Bight on August 28, 1914.", "Ilse von Hassell married a diplomat who was executed for being an anti-Hitler activist.", "Their daughter and sons were taken as hostages.", "She wrote about the experience in A Mother's War.", "When a friend announced that he was joining the Navy, it was an accident.", "He became a naval cadet at the age of 16 after he liked the idea and his parents consented.", "He attended a naval school.", "Prussia was at war with Austria within a year.", "On June 24, 1866, Tirpitz became a midshipman and was posted to a sailing ship patrolling the English Channel.", "Prussia became part of the North German Confederation in 1866 and the navy became part of the confederation in 1869.", "He was promoted to the rank of sub-lieutenant on September 22, 1869.", "During the Franco-Prussian War, the Prussian Navy was greatly outnumbered and so the ship spent the duration of the war at anchor, much to the embarrassment of the navy.", "The relationship between Prussia and Great Britain was good during the early years of Tirpitz's career.", "It was reported by Tirpitz that it was easier to get equipment and supplies in the UK than it was in Germany.", "The British Royal Navy was happy to assist Prussia in its development and the officers of the British navy had a lot of respect for the officers of Prussia.", "The German Imperial Navy was renamed in 1871 after the development of torpedoes Unification of Germany.", "On May 25, 1872, Tirpitz was promoted to lieutenant at sea and on November 18, 1875, he was promoted to captain-lieutenant.", "He was put in charge of the German torpedo section after visiting the Whitehead Torpedo development works at Fiume in 1877.", "By 1879, a working device had been produced, but even under demonstration conditions, it was likely to miss a target.", "He became Korvettenkapitn on 17 September 1881.", "From developing torpedoes, to developing torpedo boats, to delivering them, Tirpitz moved on.", "The State Secretary for the Navy was distant from the man who worked with him on the development of tactics.", "The boats would be used to defend against France, but the plan was to attack the French home port of Cherbourg.", "He described his time with torpedo boats as the best years of his life.", "The Golden Jubilee celebrations of Queen Victoria's grandson, Prince Wilhelm, were attended by torpedo boats.", "This was the first time they met.", "Alexander von Monts took over in July of 1888.", "The cruiser and the torpedo boats were no longer important.", "He became the chief of staff of the Baltic Squadron in 1890.", "The Kaiser asked the naval officers at dinner how the navy should be developed.", "He advised building battleships when the question came to him.", "He was transferred to Berlin nine months later to work on a new strategy for creating a high seas fleet.", "In order to conduct exercises to test out tactics, Tirpitz appointed a staff of officers he had known from his time with the torpedo boats and collected together all sorts of vessels as stand-in battleships.", "He presented his findings to the Kaiser in December of 1892.", "He had a conflict with the Navy State Secretary.", "Hollmann had a policy of collecting ships as funding allowed.", "The best fighting arrangement was a squadron of eight identical battleships, rather than any other combination of ships with mixed abilities.", "In groups of eight more ships should be added.", "Hollmann preferred a mixed fleet for long-distance operations.", "In a war, no cruisers would be safe unless there were enough battleships.", "In 1895, the chief of the naval staff was made a Konterraladmi, and in 1892, the captain at sea was made a Konterraladmi.", "In 1895, Tirpitz asked to be replaced because he was frustrated by the lack of adoption of his recommendations.", "The Kaiser asked that he prepare a set of recommendations for ship construction.", "This was delivered on January 3, 1896, but the timing was bad because of raids into the Transvaal in Southern Africa by pro-British forces against the pro-German Boers.", "The Kaiser wanted cruisers that could influence the war and operate at a distance.", "Hollman was tasked with obtaining money from the Reichstag for a building programme, but failed to get funding for enough ships to satisfy anyone.", "Hohenlohe reported that the Reichstag opposed naval expansion.", "The Chief of the Naval Cabinet advised that the only way to replace Hollmann was if Wilhelm decided to appoint Tirpitz.", "Hollmann was able to get funding for one battleship and three large cruisers.", "Replacing him before the bill was approved by the Reichstag would be a mistake.", "Instead, he was put in charge of the German East Asia Squadron in the Far East and promised to be the secretary at a suitable time.", "The British facilities in Hong Kong were not satisfactory as the German ships always took second place for available docks.", "Four possible sites were selected for a new port by Tirpitz.", "Even though he initially favored the bay at Tsingtao, others in the naval establishment advocated a different location and even 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "The land was occupied by German forces in 1898.", "Hollman offered his resignation after the Reichstag cut back Hollmann's appropriation.", "The secretary of the Imperial Navy office was offered the post by Tirpitz.", "He traveled to the United States and arrived in Berlin in June 1897.", "He didn't think he would succeed with the Reichstag.", "On June 15th, the State Secretary of the Imperial Navy Office presented a Memorandum on the makeup and purpose of the German fleet to the Kaiser.", "The main area of conflict was between Heligoland and the Thames.", "The need for as many battleships as possible to take on the British fleet was considered impractical because Germany had few bases to replenish ships.", "The target was for two squadrons of eight battleships, plus a fleet flagship and two reserves.", "The cost was to be the same as the budget and was to be completed by 1905.", "The proposal was innovative in many ways.", "Before the navy had grown piecemeal, it made a clear statement of naval needs.", "The programme was set out for seven years and neither the Reichstag nor the navy should change.", "It was defined as a change in German foreign policy so as to justify the existence of the fleet.", "The Kaiser agreed to the plan and Tirpitz retired to the Black Forest with a team of naval specialists to draft a naval bill for presentation to the Reichstag.", "The plan was leaked to the head of the Naval High Command.", "It was arranged that it never received any information after it agreed to a joint committee to discuss changes in the navy.", "He arranged a joint committee with the Treasury State Secretary to discuss finance.", "He continued his efforts to convince the Kaiser and Chancellor that the issues had already been decided and thus avoided debate.", "After the bill was done, Tirpitz began a series of visits to get support.", "He visited the former chancellor.", "The former chancellor was persuaded to support the proposals by the announcement that the Kaiser intended to name the next ship after him.", "The King of Saxony, the Prince Regent of Bavaria, the Grand Duke of Baden and Oldenburg, and the council of the Hanseatic towns were all visited by Tirpitz.", "The draft bill was sent to the printers on October 19th.", "The approach of the man was to be as accommodating as he could be.", "He was patient and good humored as he assumed that if everything was explained carefully, the deputies would be convinced.", "Private meetings were held to discuss the bill.", "There were tours of ships.", "The Kaiser and Chancellor made it clear that the fleet was only intended for protection of Germany, and that even a first class power might think twice before attacking.", "The Reichstag read out the highlights from the letter, but not the passages where he expressed reservations.", "Papers showing the relative size of foreign fleets and how much Germany had fallen behind were circulating.", "The Navy Ministry created a press bureau to make sure journalists were briefed thoroughly and politely.", "Pre-written articles were given to journalists.", "The professors were invited to speak about the importance of protecting German trade.", "The idea of world naval power and its importance to the Empire was popularised by the Navy League.", "Germany deserved her \"place in the sun\" because colonies overseas were essential.", "League membership grew from 78,000 in 1898 to 600,000 in 1901 and 1.1 million in 1914.", "Members of the budget committee were given special attention to consider the bill in detail.", "They analysed their interests and connections to find ways to influence them.", "The benefits of the bill to trade and industry were discussed by Krupp and Ballin.", "One of the most important powers of the Reichstag was surrendered by the bill.", "Conservatives felt that expenditure on the navy was wasted, and that if money was available it should go to the army, which would be the deciding factor in any likely war.", "If the bill was intended for Germany to take up the trident to match its other forces, it would not be enough and there would be no end to ship building.", "August Bebel of the Social Democrats argued that the idea of a fleet taking on the Royal Navy was insane, because there were a number of deputies who were Anglophobes and wanted to pick a fight with Britain.", "The country was convinced by the end of the debates that the bill would be passed.", "It did so on 26 March 1898.", "Everyone around the Kaiser was happy with their success.", "The navy minister was elevated to a seat on the ministry.", "The man who had accomplished this miracle was assured that he would remain at the centre of government for the next nineteen years.", "One year after the passage of the second naval bill, Tirpitz appeared before the Reichstag and declared his satisfaction.", "The specified fleet would still be smaller than the French or British, but would be able to deter the Russians in the Baltic.", "All had changed within a year.", "The British and the Boers fought a war in South Africa in 1899.", "In January 1900 a British cruiser stopped three German mail steamers and searched them for war supplies.", "Germany had an opportunity to get a second Naval Bill.", "The number of battleships was doubled in the second bill.", "Four squadrons of eight ships, two flagships and four reserves would be formed.", "The bill spanned seventeen years from 1901 to 1917 and the final ships were completed in 1920.", "This would constitute the second-largest fleet in the world and although no mention was made in the bill of specific enemies, it made several general mentions of a greater power which it was intended to oppose.", "Only one navy could be meant.", "Vizeadmiral was promoted to vice admiral on December 5, 1899.", "The bill was passed in June of 1900.", "An explanation of the risk theory was written into the preamble.", "Although the German fleet would be smaller, it was likely that the enemy would not be able to concentrate all of its forces in local waters.", "Even if it could, the German fleet would still be powerful enough to cause significant damage in any battle, and the enemy would not be able to maintain its other naval commitments.", "No enemy would risk an engagement.", "Britain could see the growing German fleet before it grew to a dangerous size.", "Lord Nelson sank the ships in order to prevent them from falling into the hands of the French.", "The danger period would end in 1904 or 1905.", "Britain responded to the increased German building programme by building more ships of her own and extended the theoretical danger period beyond the start of the Great War.", "The hereditary article von before his name was ennobled as a reward for the successful bill.", "There were difficulties in his relationship with the Kaiser.", "He was the only man who succeeded in persuading the Reichstag to start and increase a world class navy.", "He was fanatical about the navy, but would come up with wild ideas to improve it.", "When he traveled to the Kaiser's retreat at Rominten in September, he would be more relaxed and willing to listen to a well argued explanation.", "In June 1906, April 1908 and June 1912, three supplementary naval bills were passed.", "Six large cruisers were added to the fleet after German diplomatic defeats.", "The replacement time for a ship was reduced from 25 to 20 years because of fears of British encroachment.", "Germany had to pull back again because of the Agadir Crisis.", "Three more battleships were added.", "In Great Britain, the first naval law caused no alarm.", "The British fleet is defined by a dual power standard as being at least that of the next two largest fleets combined.", "The new player's fleet was similar in size to the other two threats, Russia and France, and a number of battleships were under construction.", "Eight King Edward VII-class battleships were ordered in response to the second naval law.", "It was the regularity and efficiency with which Germany was now building ships, which were seen to be as good as any in the world, which raised concern.", "Information about the design of the new battleships suggested they were only intended to operate within a short range of a home base and not stay at sea for extended periods.", "They were designed for operations in the North Sea.", "The result was that Britain abandoned its policy of isolation which had held force since the time of Nelson and began to look for allies against Germany.", "Construction of new ships increased as ships were withdrawn from around the world.", "The plan to achieve world power status through naval power is referred to as the Tirpitz Plan.", "The Fleet Acts of 1898, 1900, 1908 and 1912 were marked by the Tirpitz Plan.", "Germany was given the second-largest naval force in the world by 1914, roughly 40% smaller than the Royal Navy.", "It included seventeen modern dreadnoughts, five battlecruisers, twenty-five cruisers and twenty pre-dreadnought battleships.", "The expansion programme was enough to alarm the British, starting a costly naval arms race and pushing them into closer ties with the French.", "The British would try to avoid confrontation with Germany if the German Imperial Navy reached a certain level of strength.", "The British could lose their naval dominance if they fought the German Navy.", "Because the British relied on their navy to maintain control over the British Empire, they decided to keep naval supremacy and let Germany become a world power, rather than lose the empire at the cost of keeping Germany less powerful.", "The first decade of the 20th century saw a naval arms race between Germany and Great Britain.", "The theory was based on the idea that Great Britain would have to blockade the German ports in order to hurt the Germans.", "Great Britain could blockade Germany by closing the entrance to the North Sea in the English Channel and the area between Bergen and the Shetland Islands.", "\"If the British do that, the role of our navy will be a sad one\", said a German admiral, who correctly predicted the role the surface fleet would have during the First World War.", "The risk theory ensured its own failure.", "It forced Britain into measures that were previously unacceptable to the British establishment.", "In order to concentrate the fleet against the German threat, Britain made arrangements with other powers that allowed her to return the bulk of her naval forces to home waters.", "In the Anglo-Japanese treaty of 1902, the battleships of the China squadron were re-allocated back to Europe.", "The Russian Navy was destroyed in the war of 1904–05 by the Japanese fleet built in British shipyards.", "The necessity to reduce the Mediterranean Fleet in order to reinforce the navy in home waters was a powerful influence on its relationship with the French.", "The British were forced to come to terms with their traditional opponent.", "The Japanese destruction of the Russian fleet removed that nation as a naval threat, and Britain was no longer at risk from France.", "Britain committed to her list of potential enemies and Germany was faced with virtually the whole strength of the Royal Navy deployed against its own fleet.", "In a future conflict between the European powers, the full force of the most powerful navy in the world would be concentrated against the Germans.", "The document that accompanied formal promotions personally signed by the Kaiser was the one that made Tirpitz a Groadmiral.", "The German Imperial Navy had only four admirals: rear admiral, Konteradmiral, vice admiral, and a Generalleutnant.", "He never received a grand admiral's baton or the associated insignia because his shoulder boards had four pips.", "He believed that the war had come too soon for a successful surface challenge to the Royal Navy, as the Fleet Act of 1900 had included a seventeen-year timetable.", "Unable to direct naval operations from his purely administrative position, Tirpitz became a vocal spokesman for unrestricted U-boat warfare, which he felt could break the British stranglehold on Germany's sea lines of communication.", "Following the uproar over the Lusitania sinking, the German Navy reversed their policy of abandoning prize rules in 1915.", "He resigned from the Kaiser on March 15, 1916, after the restrictions on the submarine war were not lifted.", "He had been the Secretary of State of the Imperial Naval Office.", "Despite his support for unrestricted U-boat warfare, Tirpitz placed a low priority on submarine construction during his leadership of the Imperial Naval Office.", "By 1917, there would be a severe shortage of newly built U-boats.", "The Pan-Germanic and nationalist Fatherland Party was founded in September 1917.", "The party was organised by Konrad Freiherr von Wangenheim, Konrad Freiherr von Cla, and Wolfgang Kapp.", "The opposition to the parliamentary majority in the Reichstag was organised by the party.", "It wanted to bring together all the political right outside of parliament.", "The party had over a million members in the summer of 1918.", "It proposed that both Generalfeldmarschall Paul von Hindenburg and General Erich Ludendorff be \"people's emperors\" of a military state whose legitimacy was based on war and on war aims instead of on the parliamentary government of the Reich.", "There were calls for a coup d'etat against the German government, even if it was against the Kaiser.", "He was convinced that the means for a coup were at hand because of his experience with the Navy League.", "One of the main aims of the war is to allow Germany to become a world power.", "The main enemy of the Belgian ports was the United Kingdom.", "He wanted to give Russia access to the ocean.", "Germany would be a great state if it expanded world trade and continued its fight against the UK.", "He complained of indecision and ambiguity in German policy, humanitarian ideas of self-preservation, a policy of appeasement of neutrals at the expense of vital German interests, and begging for peace.", "He supported unrestricted submarine warfare and called for vigorous warfare without regard for diplomatic and commercial consequences.", "The Fatherland Party ceased operations in February 1919.", "He was a member of the House of Lords from 1908 to 1918.", "After Germany's defeat in 1918, Tirpitz supported the right-wing German National People's Party and sat in the Reichstag.", "On 6 March 1930, Tirpitz died.", "He is buried in Germany.", "The name of the range is from Alfred von Tirpitz.", "In June 1913, Greifswald received an honours degree from the universities of Gttingen and Charlottenburg.", "Johannes Gottfried Hallier named a group of plants after him in 1921.", "The works of foreign orders and decorations were re published in a single volume.", "There is an Anglo-German naval arms race and a German interest in the Caribbean.", "Berghahn, V.R. is a secondary source.", "The approach of war in Germany in 1914 was discussed.", "pp.", "25–42 Berghahn.", "The Tirpitz-Plan was published in 1971 by Droste Verlag.", "In German Bird.", "\"The Political Ideology of German Sea Power\" was published in the Journal of Military History.", "pp. 69 Issue 3", "Dirk Bnker.", "There is an online review of Militarism in a Global Age: Naval Ambitions in Germany and the United States before World War I.", "The Making of Wilhelmine Navalism and Global Politics are from an East Asian perspective.", "Central European History was published in January.", "The Sleepwalkers: How Europe Went to War in 1914 was written by Sir Christopher Clark.", "Herwig wrote 'Admirals versus Generals: The War Aims of Imperial German Navy 1914–1918' in Central European History 5.", "207–233.", "Rolf.", "Imperialism at Sea: Naval Strategic Thought, the Ideology of Sea Power, and the Tirpitz Plan were written by John C. Hulsman.", "There is a book called pp 209–233.", "Patrick J. Kelly.", "\"Strategy, Tactics, and Turf Wars: Tirpitz and the Oberkommando der Marine\" was published in the Journal of Military History.", "66 Issue 4, pp.", "Kennedy, Paul.", "The rise and fall of British naval mastery.", "The score was 205–239.", "Marinearchiv is one of the primary sources.", "The See 1914–1918.", "Berlin: E.S.", "Mittler & Sohn were born in 1923." ]

[ "Alfred Peter Friedrich von Tirpitz", "von T", "Wolfgang von", "Tirpitz", "von Hassell", "Ulrich von", "Leo von", "Alexander von", "Friedrich von", "Gustav von", "Tirpitz", "Tirpitz", "Tirpitz", "Tirpitz", "Eduard von", "von Wang", "Paul von", "Tirpitz", "Alfred von", "Alfred von", "Alfred von" ]

[ "Tirpitz", "Wolfgang von", "Tirpitz", "von Hassell", "Tirpitz", "Alexander von", "Tirpitz", "von Wangenheim", "von Cla", "Paul von", "Tirpitz", "Tirpitz", "Alfred von" ]

[ "Eric Leroy Adams (born September 1, 1960) is an American politician and retired police officer, currently serving as the 110th mayor of New York City.", "Adams served as an officer in the New York City Transit Police and then the New York City Police Department for over 20 years, retiring at the rank of captain.", "He served in the New York State Senate from 2006 to 2013, representing the 20th Senate district in Brooklyn.", "In November 2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn Borough President.", "He was reelected in November 2017 and was the first African American to hold the position.", "On November 17, 2020, Adams announced his candidacy for mayor of New York City.", "Early polls showed Adams trailing only Andrew Yang, who benefited from name recognition from his 2020 Democratic presidential run.", "On July 6, 2021, the Associated Press declared Adams the winner of the 2021 Democratic mayoral primary.", "Adams defeated Republican Curtis Sliwa in the general election in a landslide victory.", "Adams was sworn in as mayor shortly after midnight on January 1, 2022.", "Early life and education \nAdams was born in Brownsville, Brooklyn, on September 1, 1960.", "His mother, Dorothy Mae Adams-Streeter, worked double shifts as a housecleaner and had received only a third-grade education.", "His father was a butcher who struggled with alcohol abuse.", "Both of his parents moved to New York City from Alabama in the 1950s.", "Adams was raised in a rat-infested tenement in Bushwick, Brooklyn, and his family was so poor that he often brought a bag of clothes to school with him in case of a sudden eviction from his home.", "In 1968, however, his mother managed to save up enough money to buy a house and move the family to South Jamaica, Queens.", "He was the fourth of six children and as a young boy he worked as a squeegee boy.", "At age 14, Adams joined a gang, the 7-Crowns, and became known as \"a tough little guy.\"", "He would hold money for local hustlers.", "He also ran errands, including purchasing groceries, for a dancer and part-time prostitute named Micki after she became injured.", "After Micki refused to pay for the groceries he purchased or the work he had done, Adams and his brother stole her TV and a money order.", "The two were later arrested for criminal trespassing.", "While in police custody, they were beaten by NYPD officers until a black cop intervened.", "Adams was sent to a juvenile detention center for a few days before being sentenced to probation.", "Adams suffered from post-traumatic stress disorder after the incident, and has said that the violent encounter motivated him to enter law enforcement.", "Adams was particularly intrigued by the black police officer and by the swagger and respect that comes with being in law enforcement.", "A local pastor added to his motivation when he suggested that by joining the police force, he could aid in reforming police culture from within.", "Adams graduated from Bayside High School in Queens in 1978, but struggled to maintain good grades.", "He began attending college while working as a mechanic and a mailroom clerk at the Brooklyn District Attorney's office, receiving an associate degree from the New York City College of Technology, a B.A.", "from the John Jay College of Criminal Justice, and an M.P.A.", "from Marist College.", "Adams experienced an academic turnaround that he credits to a dyslexia diagnosis in college: \"I went from a D student to the dean's list.\"", "His mother died in 2020 of heart disease.", "Policing career \nAdams served as an officer in the New York City Transit Police and in the New York City Police Department (NYPD) for 22 years.", "He has described his wanting to serve as a reaction to the abuse he suffered by NYPD in his youth and separately stated that he was encouraged to join to lead reform from within.", "He attended the New York City Police Academy and graduated second in his class in 1984.", "Adams started in the New York City Transit Police, and continued with the NYPD when the transit police and the NYPD merged.", "He worked in the 6th Precinct in Greenwich Village, the 94th Precinct in Greenpoint, and the 88th Precinct covering Fort Greene and Clinton Hill.", "In 1986, white police officers raised their guns at Adams when he was working as a plainclothes officer; he was mistaken for a suspect.", "During the 1990s, Adams served as president of the Grand Council of Guardians, an African American patrolmen's association.", "Adams worked with the Nation of Islam in the 1990s because of their work in patrolling crime-ridden housing projects.", "Adams met with their leader Louis Farrakhan and appeared on stage with him at an event.", "Adams also suggested that Mayor David Dinkins meet with Farrakhan and hire the Nation of Islam's security company to patrol housing projects.", "Adams's ties to Farrakhan—who has made antisemitic comments—received criticism in the New York Post.", "In 1995, Adams served as an escort for Mike Tyson when he was released from jail following his rape conviction.", "That same year, in response to the election of Rudy Giuliani as Mayor, he co-founded 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, an advocacy group for black police officers that sought criminal justice reform and often spoke out against police brutality and racial profiling.", "The group also held tutorials that taught black male youth how to deal with the police if they are detained, which included turning on the car's dome light, putting their hands on the wheel and deescalating the situation.", "However, many activists, including Al Sharpton, criticized Adams's efforts, claiming that he was merely teaching young black people how to \"live under oppression.\"", "In 1999, Adams said on race in policing: \"Lying is at the root of our training.", "At the academy, recruits are told that they should not see black or brown people as different, but we all do.", "We all know that the majority of people arrested for predatory crimes are African-American.", "We didn't create that scenario, but we have to police in that scenario.", "So we need to be honest and talk about it.\"", "Adams was a first responder at the World Trade Center site during the aftermath of the September 11 attacks.", "He arrived at Ground Zero during the evening of September 11 and was in charge of leading a group of police officers to secure the site in the event of a second attack.", "In 2006, Adams was put under surveillance and investigated by the NYPD for appearing on television in his official capacity as a police officer and critiquing Mayor Michael Bloomberg.", "He retired with the rank of captain from the police force in 2006 after serving more than two decades in the NYPD.", "Early political career \nIn the 1990s, Adams began to eye a political career, with the ultimate goal to become the Mayor of New York City.", "He spoke to William Lynch Jr., who was an advisor to Mayor David Dinkins, about a political career.", "Lynch encouraged Adams to first obtain a bachelor's degree, rise within the NYPD's ranks and successfully run for a lower political office.", "During the 1993 mayoral election, Adams, a supporter of the incumbent candidate for mayor, David Dinkins, made a controversial comment about a candidate for New York State Comptroller, Herman Badillo.", "Adams said that if Badillo—who was Puerto Rican—were concerned about the Hispanic community, he would have married a Hispanic woman and not a Jewish woman.", "These comments became a point of turmoil in the election and caused controversy for Dinkins who ultimately lost the election.", "In 1994, Adams ran for Congress against incumbent Major Owens in the Democratic primary for New York's 11th congressional district but failed to receive the necessary signatures to make the ballot.", "Adams claims that his petition signatures had been stolen by someone on behalf of Owens, but police found no evidence of such.", "Adams registered as a Republican in 1997, before switching back to the Democratic Party in 2001, according to the Board of Elections.", "Adams has said his switch to the Republican Party was a protest move against what he saw as failed Democratic leadership.", "New York State Senate (2007–2013)\nIn 2006, Adams ran for the New York State Senate.", "He was elected and served four terms until 2013, when he was elected Brooklyn Borough President.", "He represented the 20th Senate District, which includes parts of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Park Slope, Prospect Heights, and Sunset Park.", "Adams was known for being a rabble rouser in the State Senate, who could capture the attention of the media.", "He would often flaunt his convertible BMW, and he placed billboards around parts of Brooklyn bemoaning pants sagging.", "He also published an instructional video to teach parents how to search their child's room for contraband.", "In the demonstration, Adams finds a crack pipe in a backpack, bullets behind a picture frame and marijuana secreted inside of a doll.", "As a freshman state senator, he joined other legislators requesting a pay raise for New York's lawmakers, who had not received a raise since 1999.", "At the time, they ranked third-highest in pay among state lawmakers in the United States.", "During his speech on the floor supporting a pay raise for legislators, he lamented \"show me the money.\"", "In 2009, two New York State Senate Democrats aligned with Republicans, creating a standoff over who would be the Senate's next leader.", "It was Adams who worked to foster a compromise to nominate John L. Sampson as the Minority Leader of the New York State Senate.", "That same year, Adams was one of the 24 state senators to vote in favor of marriage equality in New York State.", "He spoke in support of the freedom to marry during the debate before the vote.", "When the bill failed to become law, he again voted to legalize same-sex marriage in New York in 2011.", "On July 24, 2011, New York's Marriage Equality Act came into effect.", "In 2010, Adams became Chair of the Senate Racing and Wagering Committee and was praised for his engagement in this position.", "He would spend hours traveling and visiting racetracks to further study the issue.", "He came under investigation for his handling of choosing an operator to run the gambling operation at the Aqueduct Racetrack in Queens.", "A report conducted by the state inspector general was critical of Adams' judgment as he leaked information on the bidding process, fundraised from potential bidders and attended the victory celebration of the company that was awarded the contract.", "The matter was referred to the United States Department of Justice, but they took no action and Adams maintained no wrongdoing calling the report a \"political hit piece.\"", "In February 2010, Adams was one of just eight members of the New York Senate who voted not to expel Senator Hiram Monserrate from the legislature after he was convicted of assault for dragging his girlfriend down a hallway and slashing her face with a piece of glass.", "Adams was a vocal opponent of the NYPD's \"stop and frisk\" policy, which predominantly affected young black and Latino men, and which in 2000 the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights said constituted racial profiling.", "In 2011, he supported calling for a federal investigation into stop-and-frisk practices.", "He championed a bill to stop the NYPD from gathering data about individuals who had been stopped but not charged.", "In 2012, Adams served as co-chair of New York's State Legislators Against Illegal Guns.", "Adams and five other state lawmakers wore hooded sweatshirts in the legislative chamber on March 12, 2012, in protest of the shooting of Trayvon Martin, a Florida teen who was killed by another civilian, George Zimmerman.", "Brooklyn Borough President (2013–2021)\n\nOn November 5, 2013, Adams was elected Brooklyn Borough President with 90.8 percent of the vote, more than any other candidate for borough president in New York City that year.", "In 2017, he was elected with 83.0 percent of the vote.", "In both of his campaigns, he was unopposed in the Democratic primaries.", "Community boards \nAdams, in his role as Brooklyn Borough President, appointed the members of each of the 18 community boards in Brooklyn, half of which are nominated by local members of the City Council.", "Community board members represent their neighbors in matters dealing with land use and other specific neighborhood needs.", "In 2016, Adams launched a digital application that could be used as a paperless alternative to applying for a position on one of Brooklyn's community boards.", "Applications increased by 10 percent.", "Land use \nUnder the New York City Charter, borough presidents must submit Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) recommendations on certain uses of land throughout their borough.", "Adams has used his ULURP recommendations to propose additional permanently affordable housing units in the rezoning of East New York; the relocation of municipal government agencies to East New York to reduce density in Downtown Brooklyn and create jobs for community residents; and the redevelopment of 25 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg as manufacturing space, with increased property taxes directed to the acquisition of the remaining proposed sections of Bushwick Inlet Park and their development as a community resource.", "Adams has encouraged New York City to build affordable housing on municipally-owned properties such as the Brownsville Community Justice Center, over railyards and railways, and on space now used for parking lots.", "Adams created the Faith-Based Property Development Initiative, which supports religious institutions that want to develop property for the benefit of the community, such as affordable housing and space for community activities.", "In September 2017, Adams unveiled his recommendations for the future of the Bedford Union Armory in Crown Heights.", "His recommendation was to disapprove the application with conditions while calling for the inclusion of a greater amount of affordable housing on-site.", "The Bedford Union Armory proposals would contain recreational facilities, spaces for local non-profits, and two new residential buildings, including a condominium building along President Street in place of the Armory's stables.", "In July 2018, Adams announced a joint $10-million, 19-plaintiff lawsuit with the Housing Rights Initiative (HRI) filed in Kings County Supreme Court.", "It stemmed from a comprehensive investigation by HRI that found that New York City real estate developer Kushner Companies engaged in illegal construction practices in a 338-unit building (formerly the Austin, Nichols and Company Warehouse), located at 184 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg.", "According to independent research, families, including children and babies, were exposed to highly toxic and cancer-causing substances, including, but not limited to, the lung carcinogen crystalline silica and lead.", "Also in July 2018, Adams urged the developer involved in the Kensington Stables site in Windsor Terrace to help preserve the stables as part of a new proposal for the site.", "Education \nIn partnership with Medgar Evers College, Adams created the Brooklyn Pipeline, which provides developmental learning and enrichment opportunities to public school students in Brooklyn, teaches parents to better support their children's education, and facilitates professional development training to teachers and school leaders.", "He wrote an editorial in The New York Daily News calling on the New York City Department of Education (DOE) to test all pre-Kindergarten students for gifted and talented programs, including African-American and Latino children who have historically been excluded.", "Adams entered Brooklyn into the \"Hour of Code\" challenge with Chicago Public Schools.", "This challenge was designed to improve the computer skills of students.", "Brooklyn students were victorious, with more than 80 percent of the district schools throughout Brooklyn participating in the program.", "Based on a report prepared by the Independent Budget Office of New York City (IBO) at his request, Adams urged the City University of New York (CUNY) system to explore reinstating free tuition for two-year community colleges, which could improve graduation rates and lead to increased earnings potential and taxpayer contribution, as well as expand access to higher education.", "He has advocated for making two-year CUNY colleges free.", "Adams is a supporter of Orthodox Jewish Yeshivas, which have faced accusations of failing to properly educate students when it comes to secular subjects.", "On Yeshivas Adams has said, \"Children have a right to receive the best education, and not all communities, and not all parents take the same approach...\" He has suggested appointing community ambassadors to serve as intermediaries between Yeshivas and City Hall.", "Foreign affairs\nAdams has described himself as \"not a domesticated leader, [but] a global leader.\"", "Under the title of Borough President, Adams has traveled extensively throughout the world including to Senegal, Turkey and Cuba.", "He created at least five sister city agreements between Brooklyn and cities in other countries that he visited.", "As Borough President, Adams traveled to China seven times.", "He allocated $2 million towards a plan to build a 40-foot friendship archway in the Chinese neighborhood of Sunset Park, Brooklyn, but the Chinese government ended up rescinding gifting the archway and the deal fell through.", "Israel\nAdams is a supporter of Israel.", "He has visited Israel multiple times, including leading a 2016 delegation focused on public safety and economic development between the US and Israel.", "He opposes the BDS Movement.", "Health \n\nAdams launched the Family Friendly Brooklyn initiative by creating a lactation room in Brooklyn Borough Hall, with open access to the public.", "He introduced a bill in the New York City Council that would require all municipal buildings providing services to the public to have lactation rooms.", "The bill was passed by the City Council on July 14, 2016.", "In July 2018, Adams publicly denounced President Trump's efforts to stop Ecuador from passing a U.N. resolution stating that breastfeeding is the most beneficial way of feeding a child.", "After Adams received a personal diagnosis of type two diabetes in 2016, he adopted a plant-based diet and has since used the office to advocate for Brooklynites to adopt plant-based diets along with encouraging healthier lifestyles.", "The Office of the Brooklyn Borough President launched a plant-based nutrition page on its website with links to resources encouraging vegan and plant-based lifestyles, as well as printable handouts produced by the borough.", "Additionally, Adams has also prompted the City Council to pass a resolution called \"Ban the Baloney,\" which aims for schools across the city to stop serving processed meats.", "He has also been an avid supporter of \"Meatless Mondays\" in public schools.", "In 2021, Adams authorized a grant from the borough to SUNY Downstate College of Medicine to establish a plant-based supplemental curriculum.", "After a spike in rat complaints, Adams co-hosted a Rat Summit alongside Council Member Robert Cornegy in June 2018 to address the issue of rats throughout the borough.", "In September 2019, he promoted new traps that lured rats with nuts and seeds before knocking them out and drowning them.", "He showed a group of reporters one of the traps that had caught rats around Brooklyn Borough Hall.", "He presented their corpses in an effort to demonstrate the trap's effectiveness.", "Adams and his team said the traps were more humane than poison because they did not cause the rats to suffer in pain for an extended period.", "The group \"Voters for Animal Rights\" wrote an open letter to the borough president questioning the usefulness of these traps to achieve their goal and their purported humaneness.", "Housing \nTo address the displacement of longtime residents by gentrification, Adams has held a series of town halls in Bedford–Stuyvesant and East Flatbush to investigate cases of tenant harassment, and also organized legal clinics in East New York, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Sunset Park to provide free legal assistance to tenants.", "He stood on the damaged roof of 110 Humboldt Street, a seven-story residential building in the Borinquen Plaza II development in Williamsburg, as he called on Governor Andrew Cuomo to restore $100 million in State funding for New York City Housing Authority (NYCHA) roof repairs.", "In June 2018, Adams suggested lowering the height of the Alloy Development's Downtown Brooklyn project, 80 Flatbush, from 986 to 600 feet in order to not disrupt or overwhelm the existing community surrounding the building.", "Gentrification\nIn 2017 when speaking about gentrification, Adams said \"Our young people coming in need to understand that they are not the modern-day Christopher Columbus: They did not discover Brooklyn.", "Brooklyn was here long before they set sail, and if anything they need to be part of the greatness of Brooklyn and add their flavor, but not destroy what we are.\"", "In January 2020, Adams gave a speech at an event in Harlem celebrating Martin Luther King Jr. Day.", "During the speech, he discussed recent New York City transplants, saying, \"Go back to Iowa.", "You go back to Ohio!", "New York City belongs to the people that [were] here and made New York City what it is.\"", "Earlier in the speech, Adams spoke highly of long-term residents, saying, \"You were here before Starbucks.", "You were here before others came and decided they wanted to be part of this city.", "Folks are not only hijacking your apartments and displacing your living arrangements, they displace your conversations and say that things that are important to you are no longer important.\"", "A spokeswoman for Mayor Bill de Blasio said, \"The mayor doesn't agree with how it was said, but the borough president voiced a very real frustration.", "We need to improve affordability in this city to ensure New Yorkers can stay in the city they love, but New York City will always be a city for everyone.\"", "Adams later clarified that he only took issue with new arrivals who don't engage with longtime residents or their communities.", "Public safety \n\nAdams has criticized the use of excessive force in the arrest of Eric Garner, who died after being placed in a chokehold prohibited by NYPD regulations, and the arrest of postal carrier Glen Grays, who was determined not to have committed any crime or infraction.", "After the 2014 killings of NYPD officers Wenjian Liu and Rafael Ramos, he wrote an editorial for the New York Daily News calling on police officers and the community to work with each other to build a relationship of mutual respect.", "Together with Manhattan Borough President Gale Brewer and civil rights attorney Norman Siegel, Adams held a series of seven public forums and four Google Hangouts for community residents to share their experiences with the police.", "The information was used to compile a report, and it was concluded that New York City should work to involve the public in the work of the NYPD, improve training for police officers, and allow independent investigations when police misconduct has been alleged.", "Following the school shooting at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland, Florida, on February 14, 2018, he joined the efforts of Brooklyn students by organizing an emergency meeting at Brooklyn Borough Hall and a rally in Prospect Park to demand stricter gun laws.", "That same month, after a correctional officer endured a beating from six inmates at the George Motchan Detention Center on Rikers Island, Adams stood outside the Brooklyn Detention Center to express his support to reinstate solitary confinement in prisons.", "Technology \nAdams formed a partnership with flowthings.io, a Brooklyn-based startup, and Dell computer to access and collect real-time data on conditions in Brooklyn Borough Hall, with device counters to monitor occupancy in rooms that sometimes experience overcrowding, multi-sensors to determine whether equipment has been operating efficiently, sensors such as smart-strips and smart-plugs to measure energy usage around the building, and ultrasonic rangefinders to identify that ADA-designated entrances are accessible in real-time.", "He partnered with tech startup Heat Seek NYC to allow tenants to be able to report conditions in their apartments with sensor hardware and web applications.", "Adams opposed efforts to limit the number of new e-hail cars such as Uber, explaining that such technologies provide opportunities for people of color to find work and travel in their communities.", "Parking disputes \nAdams had been criticized during his tenure as Brooklyn Borough President for allowing his staff to abuse official \"parking placards\", which permit temporary or emergency lifting of parking restrictions for official government business.", "Critics said that it blocked access to crosswalks and sidewalks by handicapped individuals.", "At a September 2019 town hall, Adams responded, saying \"The only individuals who are allowed to park private vehicles around the building are my women employees that I have told they have to respond late at night when they call.\"", "Other initiatives \nIn 2014, Adams established One Brooklyn Fund, a non-profit organization for community programs, grant writing, and extolling local businesses, though it has been criticized as serving as a conduit for his public profile and for allowing non-campaign pay to play contributions from developers and lobbyists.", "Adams' office have been investigated twice by the city Department of Investigation (DOI) over One Brooklyn's fundraising.", "The first investigation was in 2014 over asking potential attendees if they were interested in providing \"financial support\" to One Brooklyn.", "In 2016, Adams' office was found by the DOI to wrongly license the use of Borough Hall to the Mayor's Office for an event.", "Given the success of the brewing industry in Brooklyn, Adams, since October 2017, has called for a more lenient Blue Law, allowing New York City businesses to start selling alcohol two hours earlier starting at 8a.m.", "2021 New York City mayoral campaign \n\nAdams had long been mulling a run for New York mayor, and on November 17, 2020, he announced his candidacy for Mayor of New York City in the 2021 election.", "He was a top fund-raiser among Democrats in the race, second only to Raymond McGuire in terms of the amount raised.", "Adams ran as a moderate Democrat, and his campaign focused on crime and public safety.", "He has argued against the defund the police movement and in favor of police reform.", "Public health and the economy are cited as his campaign's other top priorities.", "Initiatives promoted in his campaign include \"an expanded local tax credit for low-income families, investment in underperforming schools, and improvements to public housing.\"", "On November 20, 2020, shortly after formally announcing his run for mayor of New York City, Adams attended an indoor fundraiser with 18 people in an Upper West Side restaurant during the COVID-19 pandemic, drawing criticism.", "Adams held an already scheduled fundraiser the following day in Queens, when a 25-person limit on mass gatherings was in place.", "Adams's campaign said that there were eight people at the event and that they were required to wear masks and practice social distancing.", "While Adams opposed NYPD's \"stop and frisk\" policy, during his State Senate tenure, he supported it during his 2021 mayoral campaign.", "In February 2020, Adams stated that \"if you have a police department where you're saying you can't stop and question, that is not a responsible form of policing...\" For much of the race, Adams trailed entrepreneur Andrew Yang in public polling.", "However, Adams's standing in the polls grew stronger in May, and he emerged as the frontrunner in the final weeks of the election.", "In the months leading up to the election, crime rose in New York, which may have benefited Adams, a former police officer, who ran as a tough-on-crime candidate.", "During his run, Adams's residency was questioned by various media outlets.", "Adams and his partner, Tracey Collins, own a co-op in Bergen County, New Jersey in Fort Lee, New Jersey near the George Washington Bridge, where some critics allege he actually resides.", "On July 6, Adams completed a come-from-behind victory and was declared the winner of the Democratic primary, ahead of Kathryn Garcia, Maya Wiley and Andrew Yang.", "Following his primary victory, Adams hosted a series of political fundraisers in The Hamptons and Martha's Vineyard and vacationed in Monte Carlo, which critics contended contradicted his message of being a \"blue-collar\" mayor.", "Adams faced Republican Curtis Sliwa in the general election and was heavily favored to prevail.", "He was elected on November 2, 2021, winning 67.4% of the vote to Sliwa's 27.9%.", "Endorsements \nAdams received support in the primary from New York elected officials including US Representatives Thomas Suozzi, Adriano Espaillat and Sean Patrick Maloney, as well as fellow Borough Presidents Rubén Díaz Jr. from The Bronx and Donovan Richards from Queens, along with a number of city and state legislators.", "Adams also received endorsements from labor union locals, including the Uniformed Fire Officers Association, District Council 37, and Service Employees International Union, Local 32BJ.", "Various local media outlets endorsed Adams, including El Especialito, The Irish Echo, The Jewish Press, New York Post, Our Time Press, and the Queens Chronicle.", "He was ranked as the second choice in the Democratic primary by the New York Daily News behind Kathryn Garcia.", "Mayor of New York City (2022–present)\n\nMayoral transition\n\nIn August 2021, Adams named Sheena Wright, CEO of United Way of New York City as chair of his transition team.", "In November, Adams named nine additional co-chairs, including CUNY Chancellor Félix Matos Rodríguez, SEIU 32BJ President Kyle Bragg, Goldman Sachs CFO Stephen Scherr, YMCA of Greater New York President and CEO Sharon Greenberger, Infor CEO Charles Phillips, and Ford Foundation President Darren Walker.", "After getting elected, Adams reconfirmed his pledge to reinstate a plainclothes police unit that deals with gun violence.", "Some Black Lives Matter activists denounced the effort, but Adams labeled the behavior \"grandstanding\".", "On November 4, 2021, Adams tweeted that he planned to take his first three paychecks as Mayor in bitcoin and that New York City would be \"the center of the cryptocurrency industry and other fast-growing, innovative industries\".", "Adams announced he would bring back the \"gifted and talented\" school program, improve relations with New York State, review property taxes, and reduce agency budgets by 3% to 5%.", "On December 2, 2021, Adams took a trip to Ghana where he visited the Elmina Castle.", "Tenure \nAdams took office shortly after the New Year's Eve Ball Drop at midnight in Times Square, holding a picture of his late mother, Dorothy, while being sworn in.", "He became the city's second mayor of color to hold the position and the first since David Dinkins left office in 1993.", "On his first day in office (January 1), Adams rode the New York City Subway to City Hall.", "On the subway ride, Adams witnessed a street fight and called 9-1-1.", "Shortly after becoming mayor, Adams sought a waiver from the Conflicts of Interest Board to hire his brother, Bernard, for a $210,000 paying job in the NYPD where he would serve as his \"personal security detail\".", "Bernard started working the job on December 30, 2021, two days before Adams was inaugurated as mayor.", "Adams was accused of nepotism for this pick.", "Adams said white supremacy and anarchists are on the rise and \"suggested that he can trust no one in the police department as much as he can his own kin.\"", "He was also criticized for his hiring of Philip Banks III, a former NYPD commander, to serve as deputy mayor for public safety.", "Banks had been the subject of a federal investigation by the FBI in 2014, the same year he resigned from the police force.", "New York City faced a significant uptick in crime during the first month of Adams's tenure as Mayor and he has held a tough-on-crime stance.", "The uptick in crime was highlighted by the shooting deaths of two NYPD officers, Jason Rivera and Wilbert Mora, when responding to a domestic disturbance in Harlem.", "In response, Adams announced that he would be bringing back a police unit made up of plainclothes officers, which was disbanded by de Blasio in 2020 following the murder of George Floyd.", "In the midst of the crime spree, President Joe Biden and Attorney General Merrick Garland visited New York City and vowed to work with Adams to crackdown on homemade firearms, which lack traceable serial numbers and can be acquired without background checks.", "In February 2022, a video of Adams from 2019 was leaked where the then-Borough President boasted about being a better cop than his \"cracker\" colleagues.", "The term \"cracker\" is a racial epithet for white people.", "Adams apologized for the comments saying \"I apologize not only to those who heard it but to New Yorkers because they should expect more from me and that was inappropriate.\"", "As part of his efforts to improve the standard of living in New York City, Adams implemented a zero-tolerance policy for homeless people sleeping in subway cars or in subway stations that began in February 2022.", "Under the plan, police officers, assisted by mental health professionals, are tasked with removing homeless people from the subway system and directing them to homeless shelters or mental health hospitals.", "Personal life \nAdams has never been married, but has a son, Jordan Coleman, with former girlfriend Chrisena Coleman.", "His son is a graduate of American University and is a filmmaker and television actor.", "Adams is currently in a relationship with Tracey Collins, the Senior Youth Development Director for the New York City Department of Education.", "Plant-based diet\nIn 2016, Adams became a vegan after his diagnosis of type 2 diabetes.", "Adams researched alternatives to lifelong insulin injections and sought opinions of physicians including Dr. Caldwell B. Esselstyn Jr. of the Cleveland Clinic Adams made lifestyle changes rather than pursuing traditional treatments for diabetes.", "He switched to a whole food plant-based diet, removing animal products, processed sugar, salt, oil and processed starches.", "He also began exercising regularly, including using an exercise bike and treadmill in his office.", "Within six months, he lost , reversed his diabetes, and reduced his blood pressure and cholesterol levels.", "He has stated that he wants to encourage others to switch to a healthier diet and that public health spending for diabetes should go towards lifestyle changes rather than treating disease.", "However, in February 2022, after Adams was seen eating fish on multiple occasions, questions emerged about whether Adams was truly a vegan or if he was actually a pescatarian.", "In response, he stated that he follows eats \"a plant-based centered-life.\"", "In October 2020, Adams published Healthy at Last: A Plant-Based Approach to Preventing and Reversing Diabetes and Other Chronic Illnesses, a book about his health journey that advocates for healthier lifestyles.", "He is also a contributor to the 2021 anthology Brotha Vegan: Black Men Speak on Food, Identity, Health, and Society.", "Bibliography\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n\n Government website\n Campaign website\n New York State Senate profile (archived)\n \n\nHealthy at Last: The Eric Adams Story, The Exam Room Podcast, Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, September 24, 2020.", "1960 births\nLiving people\n20th-century African-American politicians\n21st-century African-American writers\n21st-century American male writers\n21st-century American non-fiction writers\n21st-century American politicians\nAfrican-American police officers\nAfrican-American mayors in New York (state)\nAfrican-American state legislators in New York (state)\nAmerican male non-fiction writers\nBayside High School (Queens) alumni\nBrooklyn borough presidents\nCandidates in the 1994 United States elections\nIlleists\nJohn Jay College of Criminal Justice alumni\nMarist College alumni\nMayors of New York City\nNew York (state) Democrats\nNew York (state) state senators\nNew York (state) Republicans\nNew York City Police Department officers\nPeople from Bushwick, Brooklyn\nPeople with dyslexia\nPlant-based diet advocates\nPoliticians from Brooklyn\nVeganism activists\nAfrican-American male writers\nEric Adams" ]

[ "Eric Adams is an American politician and retired police officer who is currently the mayor of New York City.", "Adams retired from the New York City Police Department at the rank of captain after 20 years of service.", "He represented the 20th Senate district in Brooklyn in the New York State Senate.", "Adams was elected Brooklyn's president in November.", "He was the first African American to hold the position.", "Adams is running for mayor of New York City.", "Adams was the only one who benefited from name recognition from his 2020 Democratic presidential run.", "The Associated Press declared Adams the winner of the Democratic mayoral primary.", "Adams defeated Sliwa in the general election.", "Adams was sworn in as the new mayor.", "Adams was born in Brooklyn on September 1, 1960.", "His mother worked double shifts as a housecleaner and had only a third grade education.", "His father struggled with alcohol abuse.", "His parents moved to New York City from Alabama.", "Adams' family was so poor that he had to bring a bag of clothes to school in case of an eviction from his home.", "In 1968, his mother was able to save enough money to buy a house and move the family to South Jamaica, Queens.", "He worked as a squeegee boy when he was a child.", "Adams became known as a tough little guy after joining a gang at the age of 14.", "He would give money to local hustlers.", "He bought groceries for a dancer named Micki after she became injured.", "Adams and his brother stole Micki's TV and money order after she refused to pay for the groceries or work Adams had done.", "The two were taken into custody.", "They were beaten by NYPD officers while in police custody.", "Adams was sent to a juvenile detention center for a few days.", "Adams said that the violent encounter motivated him to enter law enforcement.", "Adams was interested in the swagger and respect that comes with being in law enforcement and the black police officer.", "A local pastor added to his motivation by suggesting that he join the police force to help reform police culture from within.", "Adams was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "He received an associate degree from the New York City College of Technology while working at the Brooklyn District Attorney's office.", "An M.P.A. is 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "From a college.", "Adams said that he went from a D student to the dean's list because of his dyslexia diagnosis.", "His mother died of heart disease.", "Adams was an officer in the New York City Police Department for 22 years.", "He stated that he was encouraged to join to lead reform from within because of the abuse he suffered at the hands of the NYPD.", "He graduated second in his class from the New York City Police Academy.", "Adams joined the NYPD after the transit police and the NYPD merged.", "He worked in the 6th Precinct in Greenwich Village, the 94th Precinct in Greenpoint, and the 88th Precinct covering Fort Greene and Clinton Hill.", "Adams was mistaken for a suspect by police officers when he was working as a plainclothes officer.", "Adams was president of the African American patrolmen's association during the 1990s.", "Adams and the Nation of Islam worked together to patrol crime-ridden housing projects.", "Adams was on stage with Louis Farrakhan at an event.", "Adams suggested that the mayor hire the Nation of Islam's security company to patrol the housing projects.", "The New York Post criticized Adams's ties to Farrakhan.", "Adams was an escort for Mike Tyson when he was released from jail.", "In response to the election of Rudy Giuliani as Mayor, he co-founded 100 Blacks in Law Enforcement Who Care, an advocacy group for black police officers that sought criminal justice reform and spoke out against police brutality and racial profiling.", "The group taught black male youth how to deal with the police if they are arrested, which included turning on the car's dome light, putting their hands on the wheel and deescalating the situation.", "Many activists, including Al Sharpton, criticized Adams for teaching young black people how to live under oppression.", "In 1999, Adams said that lying is the root of police training.", "At the academy, recruits are told not to see black or brown people in a different way.", "Most of the people arrested for predatory crimes are African-American.", "We have to police that scenario because we didn't create it.", "We need to talk about it.", "Adams was one of the first responders at the World Trade Center.", "He arrived at Ground Zero during the evening of September 11 and was in charge of leading a group of police officers to secure the site in the event of a second attack.", "Adams was investigated by the NYPD for appearing on television in his official capacity as a police officer and critic of the mayor.", "After more than two decades in the NYPD, he retired with the rank of captain.", "Adams wanted to become the Mayor of New York City in the 1990s.", "He talked to William Lynch Jr., who was an advisor to the mayor.", "Adams was encouraged by Lynch to get a bachelor's degree, rise within the NYPD's ranks and run for a lower political office.", "During the 1993 mayoral election, Adams, a supporter of the incumbent candidate for mayor, made a controversial comment about a candidate for New York State Comptroller, Herman Badillo.", "Adams said that if Badillo were concerned about the Hispanic community, he would have married a Hispanic woman and not a Jewish woman.", "These comments became a point of controversy in the election as they became a point of turmoil.", "Adams ran against Owens in the Democratic primary for New York's 11th congressional district but failed to get enough signatures to make the ballot.", "Police found no evidence that Adams' petition signatures had been stolen.", "According to the Board of Elections, Adams switched back to the Democratic Party in 2001.", "Adams said his switch to the Republican Party was a protest against the failed leadership of the Democrats.", "Adams ran for the New York State Senate.", "He served four terms before he was elected Brooklyn's president.", "The 20th Senate District includes parts of the Brooklyn neighborhoods of Brownsville, Crown Heights, East Flatbush, Park Slope, and Sunset Park.", "Adams was known for his ability to grab the attention of the media.", "He put billboards around parts of Brooklyn complaining about sagging pants.", "He created an instructional video to teach parents how to look for things in a child's room.", "In the demonstration, Adams finds a crack pipe in a backpack, bullets behind a picture frame, and marijuana inside of a doll.", "He joined other legislators in requesting a pay raise for New York's lawmakers, who had not received a raise in over a decade.", "They were the third-highest paid state lawmakers in the United States.", "He lamented \"show me the money\" during his speech on the floor.", "Two New York State Senate Democrats aligned with Republicans in 2009, creating a standoff over who would be the Senate's next leader.", "The compromise was worked out by Adams, who was nominated as the Minority Leader of the New York State Senate.", "One of the 24 state senators voted in favor of marriage equality in New York State.", "He supported the freedom to marry during the debate.", "Same-sex marriage was legalized in New York in 2011.", "New York's Marriage Equality Act came into effect.", "Adams was praised for his work as Chair of the Senate Racing and Wagering Committee.", "He traveled and visited racetracks to further study the issue.", "He was investigated for his handling of choosing an operator to run the gambling operation.", "A report conducted by the state inspector general was critical of Adams' judgement as he leaked information on the bidding process, fundraised from potential bidders and attended the victory celebration of the company that was awarded the contract.", "The matter was referred to the United States Department of Justice, but they took no action and Adams maintained that the report was a political hit piece.", "The New York Senate voted not to expel Senator Hiram Monserrate from the legislature after he was convicted of assault for dragging his girlfriend down a hallway and slashing her face with a piece of glass.", "The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights said in 2000 that the NYPD's \"stop and frisk\" policy constituted racial profiling.", "He supported a federal investigation into stop-and-frisk practices.", "The bill he championed stopped the NYPD from gathering data about people who were stopped but not charged.", "Adams was a co-chair of New York's State Legislators Against Illegal Guns.", "Adams and five other state lawmakers wore hooded sweatshirts in the legislative chamber in protest of the shooting of Martin.", "Adams was elected Brooklyn Borough President with 90.8 percent of the vote, more than any other candidate in New York City.", "He won the election with 83.0% of the vote.", "He had no opposition in the Democratic primaries.", "Half of the members of the community boards in Brooklyn are nominated by members of the City Council.", "Land use and other neighborhood needs are represented by community board members.", "Adams launched a digital application that could be used as a paperless alternative to apply for a position on one of Brooklyn's community boards.", "There was a 10 percent increase in applications.", "Uniform Land Use Review Procedure (ULURP) recommendations on certain uses of land are required by the New York City Charter.", "The ULURP recommendations have been used by Adams to propose additional permanently affordable housing units in the re-zoning of East New York, the relocation of municipal government agencies to East New York to reduce density in Downtown Brooklyn, and the creation of jobs for community residents.", "Adams has encouraged New York City to build affordable housing on municipally-owned properties such as the Brownsville Community Justice Center, over railyards and railways, and on space now used for parking lots.", "The Faith-Based Property Development Initiative supports religious institutions that want to develop property for the benefit of the community, such as affordable housing and space for community activities.", "Adams made recommendations for the future of the Armory.", "His recommendation was for the application to be disapproved and for more affordable housing to be included.", "The Armory's stables would be replaced by a condominium building along President Street, as well as recreational facilities, spaces for local non-profits, and two new residential buildings.", "Adams and the Housing Rights Initiative filed a lawsuit in Kings County Supreme Court.", "A comprehensive investigation by HRI found that New York City real estate developer Kushner Companies engaged in illegal construction practices in a 338-unit building located at 184 Kent Avenue in Williamsburg.", "According to independent research, families, including children and babies, were exposed to highly toxic and cancer-causing substances.", "Adams urged the developer to help preserve the stables as part of a new proposal for the site.", "Adams collaborated with Medgar Evers College to create the Brooklyn Pipeline, which provides learning opportunities for public school students in Brooklyn, as well as professional development training for teachers and school leaders.", "He wrote an editorial in The New York Daily News that called on the New York City Department of Education to test all pre-Kindergarten students for gifted and talented programs, including African-American and Latino children who have historically been excluded.", "Adams entered Brooklyn into the \"Hour of Code\" challenge.", "The goal of the challenge was to improve the computer skills of students.", "More than 80 percent of the district schools in Brooklyn participated in the program.", "Adams urged the CUNY system to explore reinstating free tuition for two-year community colleges, which could improve graduation rates and lead to increased earnings potential, based on a report prepared by the Independent Budget Office of New York City.", "Two-year CUNY colleges should be free.", "Adams supports Orthodox Jewish Yeshivas, which have faced accusations of failing to properly educate students when it comes to secular subjects.", "Children have a right to receive the best education, and not all communities, and not all parents take the same approach, according to Adams.", "Adams has described himself as a global leader.", "Adams has traveled all over the world under the title of president.", "At least five sister city agreements between Brooklyn and other countries were created by him.", "Adams traveled to China seven times.", "He allocated $2 million towards a plan to build a friendship archway in the Chinese neighborhood of Sunset Park, Brooklyn, but the Chinese government withdrew their gift and the deal fell through.", "Israel Adams supports Israel.", "He has been to Israel many times, including leading a 2016 delegation focused on public safety and economic development between the US and Israel.", "He dislikes the movement.", "The Family Friendly Brooklyn initiative was launched by Health Adams with the creation of a lactation room in Brooklyn Borough Hall.", "He introduced a bill in the New York City Council that would require all municipal buildings to have lactation rooms.", "The bill was passed by the council.", "In July of last year, Adams publicly denounced President Trump's efforts to stop the U.N. from passing a resolution stating that breastfeeding is the most beneficial way of feeding a child.", "Adams used the office to advocate for Brooklynites to adopt a plant-based diet after he was diagnosed with type two diabetes.", "There are links to resources on the plant-based nutrition page on the office of the Brooklyn president's website.", "The City Council passed a resolution calling for schools to stop serving processed meats.", "He supports \"Meatless Mondays\" in public schools.", "Adams granted a grant to the college to establish a plant-based supplemental curriculum.", "Adams and Cornegy hosted a Rat Summit in June of last year to address the issue of rats.", "He promoted traps that killed rats with nuts and seeds.", "A group of reporters were shown one of the traps that caught rats.", "He presented their corpses in order to show how effective the trap is.", "Adams and his team said the traps were more humane than poison because they did not cause rats to suffer in pain.", "The group \"Voters for Animal Rights\" wrote an open letter to the president questioning the usefulness of the traps.", "Adams has held a series of town halls to investigate cases of tenant harassment, and also organized legal clinics in East New York, Prospect Lefferts Gardens, and Sunset Park to provide free legal assistance.", "He stood on the damaged roof of a seven-story residential building in the Borinquen Plaza II development and called on Governor Andrew Cuomo to restore $100 million in State funding for New York City Housing Authority roof repairs.", "Adams suggested lowering the height of the Downtown Brooklyn project, 80 Flatbush, from 986 to 600 feet in order to not disrupt or overwhelm the existing community surrounding the building.", "Adams said \"our young people coming in need to understand that they are not the modern-day Christopher Columbus: They did not discover Brooklyn.\"", "Brooklyn needs to be part of the greatness of Brooklyn and add their flavor, but not destroy what we are.", "In January 2020, Adams gave a speech at an event in Harlem.", "He said to go back to Iowa after talking about recent New York City transplants.", "You go back to Ohio!", "New York City is owned by the people who made it what it is.", "Adams spoke highly of long-term residents, saying, \"You were here before Starbucks.\"", "You were here when other people decided they wanted to be a part of this city.", "Folks are hijacking your apartments and displacing your living arrangements, they are also saying that things that are important to you are no longer important.", "The mayor doesn't agree with how it was said, but the president voiced a lot of frustration.", "New York City will always be a city for everyone, but we need to improve affordability so that New Yorkers can stay in the city they love.", "Adams said he only took issue with new arrivals who don't engage with long time residents.", "Public safety Adams has criticized the use of excessive force in the arrest of Eric Garner, who died after being placed in a chokehold prohibited by NYPD regulations, and the arrest of postal carrier Glen Grays, who was determined not to have committed any crime or infraction.", "He wrote an editorial for the New York Daily News that called on police officers and the community to build a relationship of mutual respect after the killings of NYPD officers.", "Adams, Brewer and Siegel held a series of public forums for community residents to share their experiences with the police.", "The report concluded that New York City should work to involve the public in the work of the NYPD, improve training for police officers, and allow independent investigations when police misconduct has been alleged.", "He joined the efforts of Brooklyn students to demand stricter gun laws after the school shooting in Florida.", "Adams stood outside the Brooklyn Detention Center to support solitary confinement after a correctional officer was beaten by six inmates at Rikers Island.", "Technology Adams formed a partnership with flowthings.io, a Brooklyn-based startup, and a Dell computer to access and collect real-time data on conditions in Brooklyn.", "Tenants will be able to report conditions in their apartments with sensor hardware and web applications as a result of his partnership with Heat Seek NYC.", "Adams opposed efforts to limit the number of new e-hail cars, explaining that such technologies provide opportunities for people of color to find work and travel in their communities.", "Adams was criticized for allowing his staff to abuse official \"parking placards\", which allow temporary or emergency lifting of parking restrictions for official government business.", "Critics said that it made it difficult for handicapped people to cross the street.", "At a town hall in September, Adams said that he had told his women employees to respond late at night because he only allowed private vehicles to be parked around the building.", "Adams established One Brooklyn Fund, a non-profit organization for community programs, grant writing, and extolling local businesses, though it has been criticized as serving as a conduit for his public profile and for allowing non-campaign pay to play contributions from developers and lobbyists.", "The office of Adams has been investigated twice by the city Department of Investigation.", "Potential attendees were asked if they were interested in providing financial support to One Brooklyn.", "Adams' office was found to have wrongly licensed the use of Borough Hall to the Mayor's Office for an event.", "New York City businesses should be allowed to sell alcohol two hours earlier starting at 8a.m. because of the success of the brewing industry in Brooklyn, according to Adams.", "On November 17, 2020, Adams announced his candidacy for Mayor of New York City in the 2021.", "He was one of the top fund-raisers for the Democrats in the race.", "Adams ran as a moderate Democrat and focused on crime and public safety.", "He has argued against the defund of the police movement.", "His campaign's top priorities are public health and the economy.", "An expanded local tax credit for low-income families is one of the initiatives promoted in his campaign.", "On November 20, 2020, shortly after formally announcing his run for mayor of New York City, Adams attended an indoor fundraiser with 18 people in an Upper West Side restaurant.", "There was a limit on the number of people that could attend a mass gathering in Queens the next day.", "Adams's campaign said that there were eight people at the event and that they were required to wear masks.", "During his mayoral campaign, Adams supported the NYPD's \"stop and frisk\" policy.", "\"If you have a police department where you're saying you can't stop and question, that is not a responsible form of policing,\" Adams said in February 2020.", "Adams emerged as the leader in the final weeks of the election after his standing in the polls grew stronger.", "In the months leading up to the election, crime rose in New York, which may have aided Adams, a former police officer, who ran as a tough-on-crime candidate.", "Adams's residency was questioned during his run.", "Adams and his partner, Tracey Collins, own a co-op in Bergen County, New Jersey in Fort Lee, New Jersey near the George Washington Bridge, where some critics say he actually resides.", "Adams was declared the winner of the Democratic primary on July 6 after completing a come-from-behind victory.", "Adams vacationed in Monte Carlo after his primary victory, which critics said was contrary to his message of being a \"blue-collar\" mayor.", "Adams was heavily favored to win the general election.", "He won 67.4% of the vote to Sliwa's 27.9%.", "New York elected officials who supported Adams in the primary included US Representatives Thomas Suozzi, Adriano Espaillat and Sean Patrick Maloney, as well as fellow Borough Presidents Rubén Daz Jr. from The Bronx and Donovan Richards from Queens.", "The Uniformed Fire Officers Association, District Council 37 and Service Employees International Union endorsed Adams.", "El Especialito, The Irish Echo, The Jewish Press, New York Post, Our Time Press, and the Queens Chronicle endorsed Adams.", "He was ranked second in the Democratic primary by the New York Daily News.", "Adams named Sheena Wright, CEO of the United Way of New York City as chair of his transition team.", "In November, Adams named nine more co-chairs, including CUNY Chancellor Félix Rodrguez, SEIU 32BJ President Kyle Bragg, Goldman Sachs CFO Stephen Scherr, YMCA of Greater New York President and CEO Sharon Greenberger, and Infor CEO CharlesPhillips.", "Adams promised to restore the plainclothes police unit that deals with gun violence after he was elected.", "Adams labeled the behavior \"grandstanding\" despite some Black Lives Matter activists condemning the effort.", "New York City would be the center of thecryptocurrencies industry and other fast-growing, innovative industries when Adams took his first three paychecks as Mayor.", "Adams said he would bring back the \"gifted and talented\" school program, improve relations with New York State, review property taxes, and reduce agency budgets by 3% to 5%.", "Adams visited the Elmina Castle on December 2, 2021.", "Tenure Adams took office shortly after the New Year's Eve Ball Drop at midnight in Times Square, holding a picture of his late mother.", "He became the city's second mayor of color to hold the position and the first since David Dinkins left office in 1993.", "Adams rode the New York City Subway to City Hall on his first day in office.", "Adams called for help when he saw a street fight on the subway ride.", "The Conflicts of Interest Board allowed Adams to hire his brother, Bernard, for a $210,000 paying job in the NYPD where he would serve as his \"personal security detail\".", "Two days before Adams was inaugurated as mayor, Bernard started working.", "Adams was accused of cronyism.", "Adams suggested that he can trust no one in the police department more than he can his own kin.", "He was criticized for hiring Philip Banks III, a former NYPD commander, to serve as deputy mayor for public safety.", "The FBI investigated Banks in the year he resigned from the police force.", "New York City faced an increase in crime during the first month of Adams's tenure as Mayor.", "The shooting deaths of two NYPD officers when responding to a domestic dispute in Harlem highlighted the increase in crime.", "The police unit made up of plainclothes officers was abolished by de Blasio in 2020 after George Floyd's murder.", "In the midst of the crime spree, President Joe Biden and Attorney General Merrick Garland visited New York City and promised to work with Adams to crack down on homemade firearms, which can be obtained without background checks.", "The then-Borough President bragged about being a better cop than his \"cracker\" colleagues in a leaked video.", "\"cracker\" is a racial epithet for white people.", "Adams apologized for the comments and said that New Yorkers should expect more from him.", "As part of his efforts to improve the standard of living in New York City, Adams implemented a zero-tolerance policy for homeless people sleeping in subway cars or subway stations.", "Police officers, assisted by mental health professionals, are tasked with removing homeless people from the subway system and directing them to homeless shelters or mental health hospitals.", "Adams has never been married but has a son with a former girlfriend.", "His son is an actor and a graduate of American University.", "Adams is in a relationship with the Senior Youth Development Director for the New York City Department of Education.", "Adams became a vegan after being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.", "Adams was interested in alternatives to lifelong injections and sought opinions from physicians.", "He removed animal products, processed sugar, salt, oil and processed starches from his diet.", "He began using an exercise bike and treadmill in his office.", "He lost weight, reversed his diabetes, and reduced his cholesterol levels in six months.", "He wants to encourage others to switch to a healthier diet and wants public health spending to go towards lifestyle changes rather than treating disease.", "Questions were raised about whether Adams was a vegan or pescatarian after he was seen eating fish multiple times.", "He stated that he follows a plant-based centered-life.", "Adams published Healthy at Last: A Plant-Based Approach to Preventing and Reversing Diabetes and Other Chronic Illnesses, a book about his health journey that advocates for healthier lifestyles.", "He is a contributor to the anthology Brotha vegan: black men speak on food, identity, health, and society.", "The New York State Senate profile \"Healthy at Last: The Eric Adams Story\" can be found here.", "20th-century African-American politicians, 21st-century African-American writers, and 21st-century American non-fiction writers." ]

[ "Eric Leroy Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams Street", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Israel Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Eric Garner", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Eric Adams", "Eric Adams" ]

[ "Eric Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Israel Adams", "Health Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Eric Garner", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Adams", "Eric Adams" ]

[ "Brandon Charles Boyd (born February 15, 1976) is an American singer, songwriter, musician, author, and visual artist.", "He is best known as the lead vocalist of the American rock band Incubus.", "Early life\nBoyd graduated from Calabasas High School in 1994 and attended Moorpark College for two years before committing to Incubus.", "Brandon grew up in Calabasas, California with Ricky Taylor who inspired him to write music.", "His parents, Priscilla \"Dolly\" Wiseman and Charles Boyd, both of whom had experience in entertainment, had nurtured his artistic side since he was a child.", "Other notable family members include his younger brother, Jason Boyd, the former lead singer of the band Audiovent, his cousin Berto Boyd, an accomplished Flamenco guitarist and composer, as well as cousin Sam Boyd, a professional motocross rider.", "In an interview, Brandon explained that he had \"yet to stumble across his best work\" because he lacked the ability to read music.", "Incubus\nBoyd designed concert fliers that advertised Incubus' early performances.", "He occasionally plays guitar during live performances and is known for bringing unusual instruments into his songs, such as the didgeridoo and djembe.", "Boyd's voice was part of what enticed Sony's Epic/Immortal Records, along with the self-released album Fungus Amongus.", "The band was signed in 1996.", "Incubus' first two releases on the label, Enjoy Incubus and S.C.I.E.N.C.E.", "went largely unnoticed in the mainstream, but subsequent releases Make Yourself and Morning View were commercial successes.", "Boyd attracted a large number of female fans.", "In a 2001 interview, Spin wrote \"Considering his androgynous beauty and sweet demeanor, plus Incubus' kid-tested/mother-approved guitar rock, it's no surprise he's MTV's newest weapon of mass heartbreak.", "Girls scream for him to take his shirt off at Incubus shows (he usually obliges), and Teen People recently voted him one of 'The Hottest Guys in Music.'", "His sensitive-guy appeal sets him apart from today's testosterone-drunk rock\".", "The band's 2004 release A Crow Left of the Murder... has continued their success, nominating the band for Best Hard Rock Performance in the 2005 Grammy Awards.", "On November 28, 2006, the band released Light Grenades.", "On June 16, 2009, Incubus released a greatest hits album titled Monuments and Melodies.", "In 2011 Incubus finished their seventh studio album If Not Now, When?, released on July 12, 2011, followed by a tour.", "It was their final release under Sony.", "On December 13, 2014 they performed their upcoming single entitled \"Trust Fall\" at KROQ.", "They announced the release of two EP's in 2015 with the first, Trust Fall, released on March 24, 2015 through Island Records.", "On February 5, 2015, the single \"Absolution Calling\" was released.", "Two years later, in February 2017, Boyd and Incubus teamed with Skrillex on a collaboration that was released under the title \"8\" in April, 2017.", "Literature and fine art\nAlthough Boyd had been drawing his entire life, between 2003 and 2008 he focused more seriously on creating fine art, specifically painting.", "During this time he participated in many different group and solo art shows, using his artwork as a means for environmental activism.", "September 8, 2008 marked the opening of his first solo show, \"Ectoplasm,\" at Mr. Musichead Gallery in Los Angeles, California.", "In March 2020, Boyd had planned to debut a new large-scale solo exhibit, \"Impossible Knots,\" at the Samuel Lynne Galleries in Dallas, Texas.", "However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the in-person exhibit had to be postponed.", "On April 18, 2020, his work debuted online via a virtual exhibition preview on Instagram LIVE.", "This online debut will be followed by the in-person exhibition in Fall 2020 or Spring 2021.", "Boyd released a card-matching game called \"Two Doors/Deux Portes,\" based on a series of his watercolor paintings.", "Boyd has written and curated three books, each of which comprise his personal illustrations, photography, song lyrics, and additional thoughts and writings.", "His books are White Fluffy Clouds (2003), From the Murks of the Sultry Abyss (2007), and So the Echo (2013), all published under his book imprint, Endophasia Publications.", "So the Echo \"visually weaves\" the years that Boyd spent honing his craft and his talents, both in music and art.", "Charity and activism \nIn the spring of 2011, Boyd made a large mural at the Hurley Space Gallery in order to raise awareness about single use plastics and their harmful effects on the world's oceans.", "Boyd is involved with many organizations and charitable causes and in 2003, along with his Incubus bandmates, he founded the 501(c)(3) non-profit The Make Yourself Foundation, which has raised over $1.4 million for various philanthropic causes locally and globally.", "The organization has awarded grant funding to over 60 nonprofit organizations.", "Jesus Christ Superstar Arena Spectacular 2014\nBoyd was selected to play the role of Judas Iscariot for the North American arena tour of Andrew Lloyd Webber's rock opera Jesus Christ Superstar.", "He was to play the role starting June 9 through August 17.", "On May 31, the tour was canceled.", "Solo career\nOn July 6, 2010, Boyd announced that his debut solo album, The Wild Trapeze was released.", "On June 21, 2010, a music video for Boyd's first single from The Wild Trapeze, entitled \"Runaway Train,\" was released online.", "A second music video was released for the album, for the song \"Last Night a Passenger\" in October 2010.", "On January 18, 2013 Brandon announced his new band, Sons of the Sea.", "With Incubus on indefinite hiatus, Sons of the Sea will tour 2013 and 2014.", "On May 29, 2013 Brandon released a teaser video announcing the name of the album, Sons of the Sea.", "That same year, he embarked on a book-signing tour of the Northeast to coincide with his latest publication \"So The Echo,\" as well as the release of \"Sons of the Sea\"'s eponymous record.", "Tattoos\nBoyd is known for his wide variety of tattoos.", "On his forearms he carries the widely known mantra Om Mani Padme Hum, referring to the qualities of generosity, ethics, patience, diligence, renunciation and wisdom.", "Underneath that is a koi fish in red ink by Lars Johansson.", "On the inside of his right arm he has several tattoos, one once again incorporating the Tibetan mantra.", "Following the release of their album \"A Crow Left of the Murder,\" he got an elaborate back tattoo featuring the common image of the All Seeing-Eye embedded in a pyramid.", "He also has a tattoo of the Eye of Horus on his right ankle.", "Other tattoos include his parents' names (Priscilla and Charles) on his forearms, an owl on his back, one teardrop on his index finger on both hands, and a picture inspired by Aubrey Beardsley's famous piece, The Peacock Skirt, on his left arm.", "Discography\n\nWith Incubus\nFungus Amongus (1995)\nEnjoy Incubus (EP) (1997)\nS.C.I.E.N.C.E.", "(1997)\nMake Yourself (1999)\nMorning View (2001)\nA Crow Left of the Murder... (2004)\nLight Grenades (2006)\nMonuments and Melodies (2009)\nIf Not Now, When?", "(2011)\nTrust Fall (Side A) (EP) (2015)\n8 (2017)\nTrust Fall (Side B) (EP) (2020)\n\nSolo\nThe Wild Trapeze (2010)\n\nWith Sons of the Sea\nCompass (EP) (2013)\nSons of the Sea (2013)\n\n Guest Appearances\nStrait Up - Snot (2000)\nLeave on Your Makeup - Ben Kenney (2013)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\n1976 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American writers\n21st-century American painters\nAlternative metal musicians\nAmerican male singers\nAmerican rock singers\nAmerican tenors\nIncubus (band) members\nMoorpark College alumni\nSingers from California\nPeople from Van Nuys, Los Angeles\nPeople from Calabasas, California\nAmerican male painters\nNu metal singers\n21st-century American singers" ]

[ "Brandon Charles Boyd is an American singer, musician, author, and visual artist.", "He is the lead vocalist of Incubus.", "After graduating from Calabasas High School in 1994, he attended Moorpark College for two years before committing to Incubus.", "Brandon was inspired to write music by Ricky Taylor.", "His parents had experience in entertainment and nurtured his artistic side since he was a child.", "His brother is the former lead singer of the band Audiovent, his cousin is an accomplished guitarist and his cousin is a professional motocross rider.", "Brandon explained in an interview that he didn't have the ability to read music.", "Incubus' early performances were advertised in concert fliers.", "He occasionally plays guitar during live performances and is known for bringing unusual instruments into his songs.", "The self-released album Fungus Amongus was part of what attracted Sony's Epic/Immortal Records.", "In 1996 the band was signed.", "Enjoy Incubus and S.C.I.E.N.C.E are the first two releases on the label.", "Morning View and Make Yourself were commercial successes and went largely unrecognized in the mainstream.", "There was a large number of female fans.", "Spin wrote in a 2001 interview that he's MTV's newest weapon of mass heartbreak because of his androgynous beauty and sweet demeanor.", "At Incubus shows, girls scream for him to take his shirt off, and Teen People recently voted him one of the hottest guys in music.", "His appeal is different from today's rock.", "The band was nominated for Best Hard Rock Performance in the 2005 Grammys for their 2004 release A Crow Left of the Murder...", "Light Grenades was released by the band.", "On June 16, 2009, Incubus released a greatest hits album.", "If Not Now, When?, Incubus' seventh studio album, was released in July of 2011.", "It was their last release.", "They performed \"Trust Fall\" at KROQ.", "The first Trust Fall was released on March 24, 2015, through Island Records.", "\"Absolution calling\" was released on February 5, 2015.", "The title of the collaboration was \"8\" and it was released in April of last year.", "Although he had been drawing his entire life, between 2003 and 2008 he focused more on creating fine art, specifically painting.", "He used his artwork as a means for environmental activism and participated in many different art shows.", "His first solo show, \"Ectoplasm,\" opened on September 8, 2008 at Mr. Musichead Gallery in Los Angeles, California.", "\"Impossible Knots\" was going to be a large-scale solo exhibit in Dallas, Texas, in March 2020.", "The in-person exhibit had to be postponed due to the COVID-19 Pandemic.", "On April 18, 2020, his work went online.", "There will be an in-person exhibition in Fall 2020 or Spring 2021.", "The game \"Two Doors/Deux Portes\" was based on a series of watercolors by the artist.", "Each of the three books is comprised of his personal illustrations, photography, song lyrics, and additional thoughts and writings.", "White Fluffy Clouds was published in 2003 and is one of the books he has published.", "The years that Boyd spent honing his craft and his talents, both in music and art, are visually interwoven by the Echo.", "In order to raise awareness about single use plastic and their harmful effects on the world's oceans, a large mural was painted at the Hurley Space Gallery.", "In 2003 he founded The Make Yourself Foundation, a non-profit that has raised over a million dollars for various philanthropic causes.", "Over 60 nonprofits have received grant funding from the organization.", "The role of Judas Iscariot was played by Boyd in Jesus Christ Superstar Arena Spectacular.", "He was to play the role from June 9 to August 17.", "The tour was canceled on May 31.", "His debut solo album, The Wild Trapeze, was released on July 6, 2010.", "\"Runaway Train\" is the first single from The Wild Trapeze and was released on June 21, 2010.", "The second music video for the album was released in October of 2010.", "Brandon announced his new band, Sons of the Sea.", "Sons of the Sea will tour in the next two years.", "Brandon announced the name of the album, Sons of the Sea, in a video.", "He embarked on a book-signing tour of the Northeast in order to coincide with the release of \"Sons of the Sea\"'s eponymous record.", "He has a wide variety of tattoos.", "He carries the Om Mani Padme Hum on his forearms, referring to the qualities of generosity, ethics, patience, diligence, renunciation and wisdom.", "There is a fish in red ink.", "He has a number of tattoos on his arm, one of which is a Tibetan slogan.", "He got an elaborate back tattoo after the release of their album \"A Crow Left of the Murder.\"", "He has a tattoo of the Eye of Horus on his ankle.", "His parents' names are on his forearms, an owl is on his back, and a picture of The Peacock Skirt is on his left arm.", "Discography with Incubus Fungus Amongus (1995).", "A Crow Left of the Murder..., Make Yourself Morning View, Light Grenades, and If Not Now, When?", "Trust Fall (side A) and The Wild Trapeze (side B) were both released in the same year." ]

[ "Brandon Charles Boyd", "Boyd", "Brandon", "Charles Boyd", "Jason Boyd", "Berto Boyd", "Sam Boyd", "Brandon", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Brandon", "Brandon", "Boyd" ]

[ "Brandon Charles Boyd", "Brandon", "Brandon", "Boyd", "Boyd", "Brandon", "Brandon" ]

[ "Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego (; born 19 April 1960) is a Colombian politician and a presidential candidate who previously served as mayor of Bogotá.", "A left-wing politician, Petro was a member of the guerrilla group M-19 in the 1980s.", "The group later evolved into the Alianza Democrática M-19, a political party in which Petro participated as a member of the national congress in the 1990s.", "Petro served as a senator as a member of the Alternative Democratic Pole party following the 2006 legislative elections with the second largest vote in the country.", "In 2009, he resigned his position to aspire to the presidency of Colombia in the 2010 Colombian presidential election, finishing fourth in the race.", "His more recent results show great improvement, finishing second in the 2018 Colombian presidential election.", "After problems and ideological differences with the leaders of the Alternative Democratic Pole, he founded the democratic socialist Progresistas movement to compete for the mayoralty of Bogotá, the Capital City of the country.", "On 30 October 2011, he was elected Mayor of Bogotá in the local elections of the city, a position he assumed on 1 January 2012.", "On 27 May 2018 he came second in the first round of the presidential election with over 25% of the votes and lost in the run-off election on 17 June.", "Early life\nPetro was born in rural Ciénaga de Oro, in the department of Córdoba, in 1960.", "His parents were farmers.", "He was baptized Gustavo Francisco in honor of his father and grandfather and milkman.", "Petro was raised in the Roman Catholic faith and has stated on numerous occasions that he holds this religious belief.", "Seeking a better future, Petro's family decided to migrate to the more prosperous Colombian inland town of Zipaquirá – just north of Bogotá during the 1970s.", "Petro studied at the Colegio de Hermanos de La Salle, where he founded the student newspaper Carta al Pueblo (\"Letter to the People\").", "At the age of 18 he became a member of the 19th of April Movement, and was involved in activities.", "During his time in 19 April Petro became a leader, and was elected ombudsman of Zipaquirá in 1981 and councilman from 1984 to 1986.", "M-19 militancy \nAt a young age (around 17) Petro became a member of the 19th of April Movement (M-19), a Colombian revolutionary organisation movement that emerged in 1974 in opposition to the National Front coalition after allegations of fraud in the 1970 presidential elections.", "In 1985, Petro was arrested by the army for the crime of illegal possession of arms.", "He was convicted and sentenced to 18 months in prison.", "Education \nPetro graduated in economics from the Universidad Externado de Colombia and began graduate studies at the Escuela Superior de Administración Pública (ESAP).", "Later, he earned a master's degree in economics from the Universidad Javeriana.", "He then traveled to Belgium, enrolling (but not graduating) in graduate studies in Economy and Human Rights in Université catholique de Louvain.", "He also has unfinished studies towards a doctoral degree in public administration from the University of Salamanca, in Spain.", "Early political career \nAfter the demobilization of the M-19 movement, former members of the group (including Petro) formed a political party called the M-19 Democratic Alliance which won a significant number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia in 1991, representing the Cundinamarca Department.", "In 2002, Petro was elected to the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia representing Bogotá, this time as a member of the Vía Alterna political movement he founded with former colleague Antonio Navarro Wolff and other former M-19 members.", "During this period he was named \"Best Congressman\", both by his own Congress colleagues and the press.", "As a member of Vía Alterna, Petro created an electoral coalition with the Frente Social y Político to form the Independent Democratic Pole, which in 2005 fused with the Alternativa Democrática to form the Alternative Democratic Pole, joining a large number of leftist political figures.", "In 2006, Petro was reelected Senator of Colombia, mobilizing the second highest voter turnout in the country.", "During this year he also exposed the Parapolitics scandal, accusing members and followers of the government of mingling with paramilitary groups in order to \"reclaim\" Colombia.", "Opposition to the Uribe Government\n\nSenator Petro has vehemently opposed the government of Álvaro Uribe.", "In 2005, while a member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia, Petro denounced the lottery businesswoman Enilse López (also known as \"La Gata\" [the cat]).", "As of May 2009, she was imprisoned and under investigation for ties to the (now disbanded) paramilitary group United Self-Defense Forces of Colombia (AUC).", "Senator Petro alleged that the AUC financially contributed to the presidential campaign of Álvaro Uribe in 2002.", "Uribe refuted these statements by Petro but, during his presidential reelection campaign in 2006, admitted to having received financial support from Enilse López.", "During Álvaro Uribe's second term as president, Petro encouraged debate on the Parapolitics scandal.", "In February 2007 Petro began a public verbal dispute with President Uribe when Petro suggested that the president should have recused himself from negotiating the demobilization process of paramilitaries in Colombia; this followed accusations that Uribe's brother, Santiago Uribe, was a former member of the Twelve Apostles paramilitary group in the mid-1990s.", "President Uribe responded by accusing Petro of being a \"terrorist in civilian clothing\" and by summoning the opposition to an open debate.", "On 17 April 2007, Senator Petro began a debate in Congress about CONVIVIR and the development of paramilitarism in Antioquia Department.", "During a two-hour speech he revealed a variety of documents demonstrating the relationship between members of the Colombian military, the current political leadership, narcotraffickers and paramilitary groups.", "Petro also criticized the actions of Álvaro Uribe as Governor of Antioquia Department during the CONVIVIR years, and presented an old photograph of Álvaro Uribe's brother, Santiago, alongside Colombian drug trafficker Fabio Ochoa Vázquez.", "The Minister of Interior and Justice, Carlos Holguín Sardi and the Minister of Transport, Andrés Uriel Gallego were asked to defend the president and his government.", "Both of them questioned Petro's past as a revolutionary member and accused him of \"not condemning the warfare of violent people\".", "Most of Petro's arguments were condemned as mud-slinging.", "The day after this debate the president said \"I would have been a great guerrilla, because I wouldn't have been a guerrilla of mud, but a guerrilla of rifles.", "I would have been a military success, not a fake protagonist\".", "President Uribe's brother, Santiago Uribe, affirmed that his father and the Ochoa brothers had grown up together and were in the Paso Fino horse business together.", "He then mentioned that he also had many photographs, taken with many people.", "On 18 April 2007 the Vigilance and Security Superintendency released a communique rejecting Petro's accusations concerning the CONVIVIR groups.", "The Superintendency said that many of the groups mentioned were authorized by the Departments of Sucre and Córdoba, but not by the Antioquia government; it also added that Álvaro Uribe, then Antioquia's governor, had eliminated the legal liability of eight CONVIVIR groups in 1997.", "It was also mentioned that the paramilitary leader known as \"Julian Bolívar\" had not yet been identified as such and was not associated with any CONVIVIR during the authorization of these groups.", "Death threats \nPetro has frequently reported threats against his life and the lives of his family, as well as persecution by government-run security organizations.", "On 7 May 2007 the Colombian army captured two Colombian Army intelligence non-commissioned officers that had been spying on Petro and his family in the municipality of Tenjo, Cundinamarca.", "These members had first identified themselves as members of the Departamento Administrativo de Seguridad (DAS) the Colombian Intelligence Agency but their claims were later denied by Andrés Peñate, director of the agency.", "2010 Presidential campaign\nIn 2008, Petro announced his interest in a presidential candidacy for 2010.", "He distanced himself from government policies and, along with Lucho Garzón and Maria Emma Mejia, led a dissenting faction within the Polo Democrático Alternativo.", "Following Garzón's resignation from the party, Petro proposed a \"great national accord to end Colombia's war,\" based on removing organized crime from power, cleaning up the judicial system, land reform, democratic socialism and a security policy differing considerably from the policies of President Uribe.", "On 27 September 2009, Gustavo Petro defeated Carlos Gaviria in a primary election as the Alternative Democratic Pole candidate for the 2010 presidential election.", "In the presidential election held on 30 May 2010, Petro did better than polls had predicted.", "He obtained a total of 1,331,267 votes, 9.1% of the total, finishing as the fourth candidate in the vote total, behind Germán Vargas Lleras and ahead of Noemí Sanín.", "Mayoralty of Bogota\n\nDuring Petro's administration, measures such as the prohibition on the carrying of firearms were advanced, which led to the reduction of the homicide rate, reaching the lowest figure of the last two decades.", "In his government, various interventions were carried out by the police in El Bronx sector of the city, where seizures of drugs and weapons were made.", "During the Petro administration, the Women's Secretariat was created and the LGBTI Citizenship Center was inaugurated, where 49 centers for birth control and abortion care were also created in cases permitted by law.", "It was proposed as a government policy to conserve the wetlands of Bogotá and plan for the preservation of water in the face of global warming.", "Following order of the Constitutional Court, began a process of suppression of animal-drawn vehicles used by waste pickers, some were replaced by automotive vehicles and subsidies.", "In the area of public health, Mobile Attention Centers for Drug Addicts (CAMAD) were created.", "With these measures, the aim was to reduce the dependency of the destitute in the streets of the sector to the providers of narcotic drugs, providing psychological and medical assistance.", "During its administration, the District put into operation two primary-care clinics at the San Juan de Dios Hospital, closed in 2001.", "The Mayor promised that he would allocate resources to purchase the Hospital grounds and reopen one of the buildings of the complex.", "The project remained stopped due to the Cundinamarca government's suspension of the sale of the properties.", "On February 11, 2015, as mayor of Bogotá, the protocol ceremony for the reopening of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Complex was finally formalized.", "The District bought the hospital with a view to reopening it.", "During his last month in office, before the liquidation of Saludcoop on 1 December 2015, the district had difficulties with the new patients who became part of the EPS Capital Salud.", "In his government, the application of the Integrated Public Transport System (SITP) began, inaugurated in mid-2012.", "Likewise, during the administration of Petro, subsidies paid by the District to reduce Transmilenio tariffs were created.", "In turn, since early 2014 the administration provided a 40% subsidy for the value of the ticket for the population affiliated to SISBEN 1 and 2, for which it allocated 138 billion pesos.", "This subsidy is not delivered immediately, as it requires registration in a database, and is valid only for 21 passages when using the blue buses of the SITP.", "The construction of a subway for the city was one undelivered proposal.", "During his administration, he contracted studies of the subway infrastructure to a Colombian-Spanish company for $70,000 million pesos, which successfully ended at the end of 2014.", "Approval from the federal government was necessary to begin construction, but the Santos' administration refused to authorize it.", "The subway plans contracted by Petro's administration were discarded by his successor Enrique Peñalosa, who opted for an elevated railway system with lower investment required and better coverage, allegedly.", "These claims have been refuted by several independent studies who have found out that both the social and economic cost of an elevated railway system is higher than the original underground railway system planned by the previous administration.", "Recall \nDuring his administration as mayor, he faced a recall process started by opposition parties and supported by the signatures of more than 600,000 citizens.", "After the legal verification 357,250 signatures were validated, many more than legally required to start the process.", "On 9 December 2013, Petro was removed from his seat and banned from political activity for 15 years, by Inspector General Alejandro Ordóñez Maldonado, following the sanctions stipulated by the law.", "His sanction was allegedly caused by mismanagement and illegal decrees signed during the implementation of his waste collection system.", "This led to a series of protests citizens who deemed the Inspector's move as controversial, politically biased and un-democratic.", "Despite being granted an Injunction by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which suspended the sanction imposed by Inspector General Ordoñez, President Juan Manuel Santos upheld the removal and Petro was removed from office 19 March 2014.", "For his temporary replacement, Santos appointed as Mayor the current Labor Minister, Rafael Pardo.", "On 19 April 2014, a magistrate from the Superior Tribunal of Bogota ordered the president to obey the recommendations laid out by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.", "Petro was reinstated as mayor on 23 April 2014 and finished the length of his term.", "2018 presidential campaign\n\nIn 2018, Gustavo Petro was again a presidential candidate, this time getting the second best result in voting counting, in the first round (27 May 2018).", "With this vote, Petro advanced to the second round and became eligible to run for President of Colombia.", "His campaign was run by publicists Ángel Beccassino, Alberto Cienfuegos and Luis Fernando Pardo \nA lawsuit has been filed by citizens against Duque alleging bribery and fraud.", "The News chain Wradio made public the law suit 11 July, which was presented to the CNE (Consejo Nacional Electoral, National Electoral Council, by its acronym in Spanish).", "The state of the law suit will be defined by the Magistrado Alberto Yepes.", "Petro's platform emphasized support for universal health care, public banking, rejecting proposals to expand fracking and mining in favor of investing in clean energy, and land reform.", "In the second round of voting, Petro's right-wing opponent, Iván Duque, won the election with more than 10 million votes, while Petro took second place with 8 million votes.", "Duque was inaugurated on 7 August; meanwhile, Petro returned to the Colombian Senate.", "He received death threats from the super paramilitary group Águilas Negras.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Progresistas Official Website\n Colombia Politics political biography, Gustavo Petro\n Interview with Gustavo Petro\n Petro's profile at CityMayors\n\n|-\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Córdoba Department\nColombian Roman Catholics\nMayors of Bogotá\n19th of April Movement members\nMembers of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia\nMembers of the Senate of Colombia\nColombian economists\nUniversidad Externado de Colombia alumni\nAlternative Democratic Pole politicians\nAlternative Way politicians\nUniversity of Salamanca alumni" ]

[ "A politician and a presidential candidate who was once the mayor of Bogot, was born on April 19 1960.", "Petro was a member of the guerrilla group M-19.", "Petro was a member of the national congress of the Alianza M-19 in the 1990s.", "The second largest vote in the country was cast by Petro as a senator for the Alternative Democratic Pole party.", "He resigned from his position in order to run in the 2010 presidential election and finish fourth.", "He finished second in the presidential election in the country.", "He founded the democratic socialist progresistas movement to compete for the mayoralty of Bogot after disagreements with the leaders of the Alternative Democratic Pole.", "He was elected Mayor of Bogot in the local elections of the city on October 30, 2011.", "He came second in the first round of the presidential election with 25% of the votes, but lost in the run-off election on 17 June.", "Petro was born in 1960 in the department of Crdoba.", "His parents were farmers.", "His father and grandfather were both milkman.", "Petro has stated on many occasions that he holds a religious belief in the Roman Catholic faith.", "Petro's family moved to Zipaquir, just north of Bogot, in the 1970s to find a better future.", "Petro founded the student newspaper \"Letter to the People\" at the Colegio de Hermanos de La Salle.", "He became a member of the 19th of April movement at the age of 18.", "Petro was elected ombudsman of Zipaquir in 1981 and was a councilman from 1984 to 1986.", "The 19th of April Movement (M-19) was formed in 1974 in opposition to the National Front coalition after allegations of fraud in the 1970 presidential elections.", "Petro was arrested in 1985 for the crime of illegal possession of arms.", "He was sentenced to 18 months in prison.", "Petro began graduate studies at the Escuela Superior de Administracin Pblica after graduating from the Universidad Externado de Colombia.", "He earned a master's degree in economics.", "He traveled to Belgium to enroll in graduate studies in Economy and Human Rights at the Université catholique de Louvain.", "He is studying for a PhD degree in public administration from the University of Salamanca in Spain.", "After the demobilization of the M-19 movement, Petro formed a political party called the M-19 Democratic Alliance which won a number of seats in the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia.", "Petro was elected to the Chamber of Representatives of Bogot in 2002 as a member of the Va Alterna political movement he founded with other former M-19 members.", "He was named the \"best congressman\" both by his own colleagues and the press.", "Petro joined the Alternative Democratic Pole in 2005 after forming an electoral coalition with the Frente Social y Poltico.", "The second highest voter turnout in the country was achieved by Petro in 2006 when he was reelected Senator.", "He exposed the Parapolitics scandal, accusing members and followers of the government of mingling with paramilitary groups in order to \"reclaim\" the country.", "The government of lvaro Uribe has been opposed by Senator Petro.", "The lottery businesswoman \"La Gata\", also known as \"Eni Lpez\", was denounced by a member of the Chamber of Representatives of Colombia.", "She was imprisoned and under investigation for her ties to a paramilitary group.", "Senator Petro claimed that the AUC contributed to the presidential campaign of lvaro Uribe.", "During his reelection campaign in 2006 he admitted to receiving financial support from Lpez.", "During lvaro Uribe's second term as president, Petro encouraged debate on the Parapolitics scandal.", "In February 2007, Petro began a public verbal dispute with the president when he suggested that the president should not have been involved in the demobilization process of the paramilitaries because his brother was a member of the Twelve.", "The president accused Petro of being a terrorist and summoned the opposition to an open debate.", "On 17 April 2007, Senator Petro began a debate in Congress about CONVIVIR and the development of paramilitarism in Antioquia Department.", "A number of documents showing the relationship between members of the military, political leadership, narcotraffickers and paramilitary groups were revealed during a two-hour speech.", "During the CONVIVIR years, Petro criticized the actions of lvaro Uribe as Governor of Antioquia Department, and presented an old photograph of his brother, Santiago.", "Carlos Holgun Sardi and the Minister of Transport were asked to defend the president and his government.", "Both of them questioned Petro's past as a revolutionary member and accused him of not condemning the warfare of violent people.", "Petro's arguments were condemned as mud-slinging.", "The president said after the debate that he would have been a guerrilla of rifles.", "I would have been a military success.", "Santiago Uribe said that his father and the Ochoa brothers were in the Paso Fino horse business.", "He mentioned that he had many pictures taken with people.", "The Vigilance and Security Superintendency denied Petro's accusations regarding the CONVIVIR groups.", "Many of the groups were authorized by the Departments of Sucre and Crdoba, but not by the Antioquia government, according to the Superintendency.", "The leader of the paramilitary group known as \"Julian Bolvar\" was not associated with any CONVIVIR during the authorization of these groups.", "Petro has reported death threats against his life and the lives of his family, as well as persecution by government-run security organizations.", "The two intelligence non-commissioned officers were captured by the army on May 7, 2007, after they had spied on Petro and his family.", "The director of the agency denied the members' claims that they were members of the agency.", "Petro was interested in running for president in 2010.", "He and Lucho Garzn were part of a group that opposed government policies.", "Following Garzn's resignation from the party, Petro proposed a \"great national accord\" to end the war in the country.", "The Alternative Democratic Pole candidate for the 2010 presidential election was defeated in a primary election.", "Petro did better than expected in the presidential election.", "He finished as the fourth candidate in the vote total, behind Germn Lleras and Noem Sann.", "During Petro's administration, measures such as the prohibition on the carrying of firearms were advanced, which led to the reduction of the homicide rate.", "Drugs and weapons were seized by the police in the El Bronx sector of the city.", "The Women's secretariat and the LGBTI Citizenship Center were created during the Petro administration, as well as 49 centers for birth control and abortion care.", "As a government policy, it was proposed to conserve the wetlands of Bogot and plan for the preservation of water in the face of global warming.", "The Constitutional Court ordered the suppression of animal-drawn vehicles used by waste pickers.", "CAMAD was created in the area of public health.", "The aim was to reduce the dependency of the homeless in the streets of the sector to the providers of narcotic drugs, providing psychological and medical assistance.", "Two primary-care clinics at the San Juan de Dios Hospital were closed in 2001.", "The Mayor promised to reopen one of the buildings of the complex and purchase the Hospital grounds.", "The project was stopped due to the Cundinamarca government suspending the sale of the properties.", "On February 11, 2015, as mayor of Bogot, the protocol ceremony for the reopening of the San Juan de Dios Hospital Complex was finalized.", "The hospital was bought by the District.", "The district had difficulties with the new patients when he was in office.", "The Integrated Public Transport System began in his government.", "Subsidies were created to reduce Transmilenio tariffs during the administration of Petro.", "The administration gave a 40% subsidy for the value of the ticket for the population affiliated to SISBEN 1 and 2.", "The subsidy888-607-888-607-3166888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-3166 is not delivered immediately as it requires registration in a database and888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-888-607-3166 is only valid for 21 passages when using the blue buses of the SITP.", "One proposal for the construction of a subway was not delivered.", "He contracted studies of the subway infrastructure to a Spanish company for $70,000 million at the end of his administration.", "It was necessary for approval from the federal government to begin construction.", "The subway plans contracted by Petro's administration were discarded by his successor, who chose an elevated railway system with lower investment required and better coverage.", "The social and economic cost of an elevated railway system is higher than the original underground railway system planned by the previous administration according to several independent studies.", "The recall process was started by opposition parties and supported by more than 600,000 citizens.", "Many more signatures were required to start the process after the legal verification.", "The inspector general banned Petro from political activity for 15 years after he was removed from his seat.", "The implementation of his waste collection system caused his sanction to be caused by mismanagement.", "The Inspector's move was deemed controversial, politically biased and un-democratic by a group of citizens.", "Despite being granted an Injunction by the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, which suspended the sanction imposed by Inspector General Ordoez, the President upheld the removal and Petro was removed from office.", "The current Labor Minister was appointed as the temporary replacement forSantos.", "The president was ordered to obey the recommendations of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights.", "Petro finished his term as mayor on April 23, 2014.", "The second best result in voting counting in the first round of the presidential election was obtained by Gustavo Petro.", "Petro became eligible to run for president of the country after this vote.", "A lawsuit has been filed by citizens against Duque, who was run by publicists.", "The law suit was made public by the News chain Wradio.", "The state of the law suit will be determined by the Magistrado.", "Universal health care, public banking, and investing in clean energy were all emphasized in Petro's platform.", "Ivn Duque won the election with more than 10 million votes, while Petro took second place with 8 million votes.", "On 7 August, Duque was inaugurated, while Petro returned to the Senate.", "He was threatened by the super paramilitary group guilas Negras.", "There are links to External links on the official website of progresistas." ]

[ "Gustavo Francisco Petro Urrego", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Gustavo Francisco", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Gustavo Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Gustavo Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Gustavo Petro", "Gustavo Petro", "Petro" ]

[ "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "PetroSantos", "Petro", "Gustavo Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro", "Petro" ]

[ "Claudio Benjamín Naranjo Cohen (24 November 1932 – 12 July 2019) was a Chilean-born psychiatrist of Arabic/Moorish, Spanish and Jewish descent who is considered a pioneer in integrating psychotherapy and the spiritual traditions.", "He was one of the three successors named by Fritz Perls (founder of Gestalt Therapy), a principal developer of Enneagram of Personality theories and a founder of the Seekers After Truth Institute.", "He was also an elder statesman of the US and global human potential movement and the spiritual renaissance of the late 20th century.", "He was the author of various books.", "Background and education\n\nNaranjo was born in Valparaíso, Chile.", "He grew up in a musical environment and after an early start at the piano he studied musical composition.", "Shortly after entrance to medical school, he stopped composing as he became more involved in philosophical interests.", "Important influences from this time were the Chilean visionary poet and sculptor Tótila Albert Schneider, the poet David Rosenmann-Taub, and the Polish philosopher Bogumił Jasinowski.", "Career\n\nAfter graduating as a medical doctor in 1959, Naranjo was hired by the University of Chile medical school to form part of a pioneering studies center in medical anthropology (CEAM) founded by Franz Hoffman.", "At the same time, he served his psychiatry residency at the University Psychiatry Clinic under the direction of Ignacio Matte Blanco.", "Involved in research on the effects of traditional medical education, Naranjo traveled briefly to the United States during a mission assigned by the University of Chile to explore the field of perceptual learning.", "It is at that time that he became acquainted with the work of Samuel Renshaw and Hoyt Sherman at the Ohio State University.", "In 1962, Naranjo was at Harvard as a visiting Fulbright scholar at the Center for Studies of Personality and Emerson Hall, where he was a participant in Gordon Allport's Social Psychology Seminar and a student of Paul Tillich.", "He became Raymond Cattell's associate at the Institute of Personality and Ability Testing (IPAT) in 1963.", "After a brief return to his native country, he was invited to Berkeley, California, for a year and a half to participate in the activities of the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research (IPAR).", "After another period at the University of Chile Medical School's Center of Medical Anthropology Studies and at the Instituto de Psicología, Naranjo returned once again to Berkeley and to IPAR, where he continued his activities as a research associate.", "It was during this period of time that he became an apprentice of Fritz Perls and part of the early Gestalt Therapy community, where he began conducting workshops at Esalen Institute as a visiting associate.", "He eventually became one of Perls' three successors, along with Jack Downing and Robert Hall.", "In the years that led up to his becoming a key figure at Esalen, Naranjo also received additional training and supervision from Jim Simkin in Los Angeles and attended sensory awareness workshops with Charlotte Selver.", "He became Carlos Castaneda's close friend and became part of Leo Zeff's pioneering psychedelic therapy group (1965–66).", "These meetings resulted in Naranjo’s contribution of the use of harmaline, MDA, and ibogaine.", "In the 1960s, Naranjo introduced ibogaine and harmaline into psychotherapy as a \"fantasy enhancing drug.\"", "Richard Evans Schultes allowed for Naranjo to make a special journey by canoe up the Amazon River to study yage with the South American Indians.", "He brought back samples of this drug and published the first scientific description of the effects of its active alkaloids.", "In 1969 he was sought out as a consultant for the Education Policy Research Center, created by Willis Harman at Stanford Research Institute.", "His report as to what in the domain of psychological and spiritual techniques in vogue was applicable to education later became his first book, The One Quest.", "During this same period, he co-authored a book with Robert Ornstein on meditation.", "Also, an invitation from Ravenna Helson to examine the qualitative differences between books representative of the \"Matriarchal\" and \"Patriarchal\" factors lead to his writing The Divine Child and the Hero, which would be published at a much later time.", "The accidental death of his only son in 1970 marked a turning-point in his life.", "Naranjo set off on a six-month pilgrimage under the guidance of Oscar Ichazo and a spiritual retreat in the desert near Arica, Chile, which he considered the true beginning of his spiritual experience, contemplative life and inner guidance.", "After leaving Arica, he began teaching a group that included his mother, Gestalt trainees and friends.", "This Chilean group, which began as an improvisation, took shape as a program and originated a non-profit corporation called the SAT Institute.", "These early years of the SAT Institute were implemented by a series of guest teachers, including Zalman Schachter, Dhiravamsa, Ch'u Fang Chu, Sri Harish Johari, and Bob Hoffman.", "In 1976, Naranjo was a visiting professor at the Santa Cruz Campus of the University of California for two semesters and later intermittently at the California Institute of Asian Studies.", "He also began to offer workshops in Europe, refining aspects of the mosaic of approaches in the SAT program.", "In 1987, he began the reborn SAT Institute in Spain for personal and professional development, with its program that includes Gestalt therapy and its supervision, applications of the Enneagram of Personality, interpersonal meditation, music as a therapeutic resource and as an extension of meditation, guided self-insight and communication processes.", "Since then, the SAT program has extended to Italy, Brazil, Mexico, and Argentina and more recently to France and Germany.", "Since the late 1980s, Naranjo had divided each year between his activities abroad and his writing at home in Berkeley.", "Among his many publications, he revised an early book on Gestalt therapy and published two new ones.", "He published three books on the Enneagram of Personality, as well as The End of Patriarchy, which is his interpretation of social problems as the expression of a devaluation of the nurturance and human instinct and their solution in the harmonious development of our \"three brained\" potential.", "He also published a book on meditation, The Way of Silence and the Talking Cure, and Songs of Enlightenment on the interpretation of the great books of the West as expressions of \"the inner journey\" and variations on the \"tale of the hero\".", "From the 1990s and onward he attended many education conferences and sought to influence the transformation of the educational system in various countries.", "It was his conviction that “nothing is more hopeful in terms of social evolution than the collective furthering of individual wisdom, compassion and freedom”.", "His book Changing Education to Change the World published in Spanish in 2004, was meant to stimulate the efforts of teachers among SAT graduates who are beginning to be involved in a SAT-in- Education project, that offers the staff of schools and the students in schools of education a \"supplementary curriculum\" of self-knowledge, relationship-repair and spiritual culture.", "In 2006 the Foundation Claudio Naranjo was founded to implement his proposals regarding the transformation of traditional education into an education that does not neglect the human development that he believed our social evolution depends on.", "His most recent book (2010), Healing Civilization: Bringing Personal Transformation into the Societal Realm through Education and the Integration of the Intra-Psychic Family, is both a continuation of and a turning point in Naranjo's lifelong work.", "For in this book, which has a foreword by Jean Houston, Naranjo explored what he saw as the root cause of the destruction of human civilization (as evidenced in the 2000s (decade) as war, violence, oppression of women, child abuse, environmental endangerment, etc.", ")—patriarchy—and brought both the problem and the solution home to an intra-psychic level.", "Patriarchy, he said, has taken root over millennia in the workings of our own conditioned minds.", "He also offered a remedy, which derives from the work of Tótila Albert regarding the \"triune\" being of our nature: the \"Inner Father\" (corresponding to the head), the \"Inner Mother\" (corresponding to the heart), and the \"Inner Child\" (corresponding to the instincts).", "As people learn to integrate these three \"brains\", Naranjo believed, they may bring about a functional, even divine, family within.", "And this, he believed, in addition to transforming education oriented to personal and collective evolution, could bring about the healing of civilization.", "In the Watkins' Mind Body Spirit Magazine he was listed as one of the 100 Most Spiritually Influential Living People of 2012.", "Writings \n On the Psychology of Meditation (1971) \n The One Quest (1972) \n The Healing Journey: New Approaches to Consciousness (1973) \n Enneatypes and Psychotherapy \n Enneatype Structures \n Character and Neurosis \n The End of Patriarchy \n The Enneagram of Society \n The Divine Child and the Hero \n The Way of Silence and the Talking Cure \n Techniques of Gestalt Therapy \n Gestalt Therapy \n Consciousness and Creativity \n Transformation Through Insight \n How To Be: Meditation in Spirit and Practice (1989) \n Changing Education to Change the World\n Between Meditation and Psychotherapy\n Healing Civilization: Bringing Personal Transformation into the Societal Realm through Education and the Integration of the Intra-Psychic Family (2011) \nalso published in French, German, Italian, Portuguese, and Spanish.", "References\n\nExternal links\n Naranjo's personal website\n Fundación Claudio Naranjo website\n Profile of Naranjo by Ginger Lapid-Bogda\n\n \n\nAnthropologists of religion\nChilean psychologists\nGestalt therapists\nPeople from Valparaíso\nIbogaine activists\n1932 births\n2019 deaths\nPsychedelic drug researchers\nChilean psychiatrists\nUniversity of Chile faculty\nHarvard University alumni\nPsychedelic drug advocates\nChilean Jews" ]

[ "He was a pioneer in integrating psychotherapy and the spiritual traditions.", "He was one of the three successors named by Perls, who was the founder of Gestalt Therapy.", "He was an elder leader of the US and global human potential movement.", "He was the author of many books.", "Naranjo was born in Valparaso.", "He studied musical composition after starting at the piano.", "He stopped writing after entering medical school.", "The visionary poet and sculptor Ttila Albert Schneider was one of the important influences from this time.", "After graduating as a medical doctor in 1959 Naranjo was hired by the University of Chile medical school to form part of a pioneer studies center in medical anthropology.", "The University Psychiatry Clinic was where he served his psychiatry residency.", "Naranjo traveled to the United States to explore the field of perceptual learning after being involved in research on the effects of traditional medical education.", "He became acquainted with the work of Samuel Renshaw and Hoyt Sherman at the Ohio State University.", "At Harvard in 1962, Naranjo was a visiting scholar at the Center for Studies of Personality and was a participant in Gordon Allport's Social Psychology Seminar.", "He became an associate of Raymond Cattell in 1963.", "He was invited to Berkeley, California, for a year and a half to participate in the activities of the Institute of Personality Assessment and Research after a brief return to his native country.", "After working as a research associate at IPAR, Naranjo returned to Berkeley, where he worked at the Center of Medical Anthropology Studies.", "He began conducting workshops at Esalen Institute as a visiting associate after he became an apprentice of Perls.", "He was one of the three successors to Perls.", "In the years that led up to his becoming a key figure at Esalen, Naranjo also received additional training and supervision from Jim Simkin in Los Angeles and attended sensory awareness workshops with Charlotte Selver.", "He became close to Carlos Castaneda and became a member of his therapy group.", "INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals INRDeals", "Ibogaine and harmaline were introduced as a \"fantasy enhancing drug\" by Naranjo in the 1960s.", "Naranjo was allowed to canoe up the Amazon River to study with the South American Indians.", "The first scientific description of the effects of active alkaloids was published after he brought back samples of this drug.", "He was hired as a consultant in 1969 by the Education Policy Research Center.", "His report as to what in the domain of psychological and spiritual techniques in vogue was applicable to education later became his first book.", "He co-authored a book with Robert Ornstein.", "The Divine Child and the Hero was written after he was invited to examine the qualitative differences between books representing the \"Matriarchal\" and \"Patriarchal\" factors.", "His only son's death in 1970 marked a turning point in his life.", "Naranjo set off on a six-month pilgrimage under the guidance of Oscar Ichazo and a spiritual retreat in the desert near Arica, which he considered the true beginning of his spiritual experience, contemplative life and inner guidance.", "He started teaching a group that included his mother and friends after leaving Arica.", "A non-profit corporation called the SAT Institute was formed by this group, which began as an experiment.", "The early years of the SAT Institute were implemented by a number of guest teachers.", "In 1976, Naranjo was a visiting professor at the Santa Cruz Campus of the University of California and intermittently at the California Institute of Asian Studies.", "He began to offer workshops in Europe, refining aspects of the SAT program.", "The SAT Institute in Spain was reborn in 1987 as an extension of meditation, guided self-insight and communication processes.", "More recently, the SAT program has been extended to France and Germany.", "Each year, Naranjo divided his time between his writing in Berkeley and his activities abroad.", "He published two new books, one of which was revised.", "The End of Patriarchy is one of the three books he published on the Enneagram of Personality, which is his interpretation of social problems as the expression of a devaluation of the human instinct and their solution in the harmonious development of our \"three brained\" potential.", "He wrote Songs of Enlightenment, The Way of Silence and the Talking Cure, and the Interpretation of the Great Books of the West as expressions of \"the inner journey\" and variations on the \"tale of the hero\".", "He attended many education conferences to influence the transformation of the educational system in various countries.", "Nothing is more hopeful in terms of social evolution than the collective furthering of individual wisdom, compassion and freedom.", "In 2004, his book Changing Education to Change the World was published in Spanish and it was intended to encourage the efforts of teachers who are beginning to be involved in a SAT-in- Education project that offers the staff of schools and the students in schools of education a \"supplementary curriculum\".", "The foundation was founded in 2006 to implement the idea of transforming traditional education into an education that does not neglect the human development that he believed our social evolution depends on.", "Naranjo's most recent book, Healing Civilization: Bringing Personal Transformation into the Societal Realm through Education and the Integration of the Intra-Psychic Family, is a continuation of and a turning point in Naranjo's lifelong work.", "In this book, Naranjo explored what he saw as the root cause of the destruction of human civilization, as evidenced in the 2000s (decade) as war, violence, oppression of women, child abuse, environmental endangerment, etc.", "Both the problem and the solution were brought home to an emotional level.", "He said that patriarchal has taken root in the minds of our conditioned minds.", "The \"Inner Father\" (corresponding to the head), the \"Inner Mother\" (corresponding to the heart), and the \"Inner Child\" were offered as remedies.", "Naranjo believed that the integration of the three \"brains\" may bring about a family within.", "He believed that education oriented to personal and collective evolution could bring about the healing of civilization.", "He was listed as one of the most spiritually influential living people of the year.", "The Healing Journey: New Approaches to Consciousness Enneatypes and Psychotherapy Enneatype Structures Character and Neurological Disorders and the Way of Silence and the Talking Cure Techniques of were written.", "There are external links to Naranjo's personal website." ]

[ "Claudio Benjamín Naranjo Cohen", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjoranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjoran" ]

[ "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo", "Naranjo" ]

[ "David Wayne Baria (born December 4, 1962) is an American politician, attorney, and former contractor.", "A trial lawyer by trade, Baria was a Democratic member of the Mississippi House of Representatives representing the 122nd district until the end of the 2019 legislative session.", "He also served as the House Minority Leader.", "Baria was a member of the Mississippi Senate before he was elected to the retiring J. P. Compretta's seat in the Mississippi House of Representatives.", "Baria was the Democratic nominee for the 2018 United States Senate election in Mississippi.", "Baria is the former chairman of the NCSL Gulf and Atlantic States Task Force.", "He is also a member of the National Conference of Environmental Legislators, Bay St. Louis Rotary Club, Leadership Hancock County, Mississippi Bar, and a fellow of the Mississippi Bar Foundation.", "The Board of United Policyholders, a national advocacy group for insureds, includes Baria on their board of directors.", "He was also chairman of the Hancock County Youth Court Task Force dedicated to combatting the foster care crisis in that area.", "In March 2019, Baria announced he would not seek re-election to the legislature.", "Early life and education\n\nBaria was born in Pascagoula, Mississippi in 1962.", "He earned a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice from the University of Southern Mississippi and a Juris Doctor at the University of Mississippi School of Law.", "Career\n\nMississippi Senate \nIn 2007, Baria ran for district 46 of the Mississippi Senate and defeated James Overstreet, 77% to 23%.", "He attributes his initial call to public service to seeing and experiencing the devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina.", "Baria represented the 46th District from 2008 to 2011.", "The American Lung Association and the American Federation of Teachers awarded Baria with selective legislative awards for his work in the Senate.", "Mississippi House of Representatives \nBaria ran for the 122nd district of the Mississippi House of Representatives in 2011, and defeated his Republican challenger Dorothy Wilcox 58% to 41%.", "Baria was then reelected to district 122 in 2015 after narrowly defeating Republican Mickey Lagasse 51% to 49%, after Governor Phil Bryant and Lieutenant Governor Tate Reeves campaigned for Lagasse.", "Baria was a member of five different committees in the House: Appropriations, Universities and Colleges, Judiciary B, Judiciary En Banc, and Youth and Family Services.", "Baria was selected as one of three Democratic Floor Leaders for the Mississippi House Democratic Caucus in 2012, and in 2016 his colleagues selected him to serve as Minority Leader.", "Insurance reform \nSince Hurricane Katrina, Baria has introduced several bills to cap the premiums that insurance companies can charge for homeowners and flood insurance.", "Baria has also introduced legislation to create a \"Policy Holder's Bill of Rights,\" which would prohibit \"anti-concurrent causation clauses,\" which allow insurance companies to avoid paying for any damage to homes where wind acts concurrently with flooding to cause damage to the insured property.", "BP oil spill settlement \n\nIn 2015, Baria introduced a bill to require that 80% of the funds from the Deepwater Horizon oil spill be sent back to the Gulf Coast.", "The bill was defeated by the Republican controlled legislature, however, which opted to keep the money in the state's general fund.", "Baria renewed these efforts in 2017 with the support of several Republican legislators from the Gulf Coast, but they were unsuccessful.", "Other legislation and policy positions \nIn 2010, Baria proposed bills in the senate offering tax incentives for homeowners who install solar power, as well as allowing net metering.", "After joining the Mississippi House in 2012, Baria successfully sponsored a bill to require safety enclosures for swimming pools.", "That same year, he introduced several other bills, including bills to increase the death benefit payable to law enforcement officers and firefighters killed in the line of duty; authorize individuals to brew beer at home; create a \"Patient's Bill of Rights; prohibit smoking in certain public places and private places of employment; and create a state version of the False Claims Act to allow whistleblowers who report fraud against the government to collect part of the award.", "All of these bills died in committee, however.", "After controversy in 2012 over then-Governor Haley Barbour's pardon of two convicted murderers who worked at the Mississippi Governor's Mansion, Baria introduced legislation prohibiting governors from issuing pardons during the last 90 days of their term.", "The bill died in committee.", "In 2015, Baria filed a bill to legalize industrial hemp production, and in 2017 Baria filed bills to raise the minimum wage and require equal pay for men and women performing the same work.", "The Republican controlled legislature blocked these efforts, however.", "Baria penned an op-ed after the 2017 murder of a protester during the Unite the Right rally, calling for the state to remove the Confederate imagery from the Mississippi state flag.", "In 2018, Baria voted for a bill to exempt recent college graduates from state income taxes if they stay in the state for three years after graduation from a four-year college or university and to grant them an additional two-year exemption if they buy a house or establish a business with at least one additional employee.", "During his tenure, Baria has been a vocal critic of the corporate tax cuts passed by the Republican controlled legislature, stating that they deprive the state of revenue that could be used to pay for other state programs.", "He has also been a vocal supporter of expanding Medicaid to cover more than 300,000 Mississippians who lack health insurance.", "Baria also supports state-funded universal preschool and two tuition-free years of community college.", "2018 U.S. Senate race \n\nOn February 28, 2018, Baria declared his candidacy for the Senate seat held by Republican Roger Wicker.", "On June 26, he defeated businessman and venture capitalist Howard Sherman in a runoff to officially claim the Democratic nomination.", "James Carville was an unpaid campaign consultant and has held New Orleans fundraisers for the candidate.", "Baria finished second of four candidates, getting 39.1% of the vote.", "Retirement \nOn March 1, 2019, with the publishing of both political parties' nomination lists, it was revealed that Baria chose not to seek re-election to the 122nd district.", "Had he run, Baria would have faced a Republican challenger Brent Anderson, the public works director of Waveland, Mississippi.", "Wendy McDonald was the Democratic candidate in November's general election.", "Controversy\n\nDuring Baria's 2011 Mississippi House of Representatives campaign, the Advance Mississippi PAC, a proponent of the Republican candidate, Dorothy Wilcox, sent out direct-mail campaign material with inaccurate information about his voting record.", "The PAC falsely accused Baria of voting to raise his pay and raise taxes on food.", "Baria also contended that the PAC falsely accused him of taking money from his clients.", "Baria filed a defamation suit against the PAC.", "Baria stated, \"It's not illegal to run a negative campaign, or to make fun of people.", "I don't like that, but it's not illegal.", "But we do have laws saying you cannot publish lies about people.", "These PACs are going to push the envelope as far as they can, and somebody needs to hold them accountable.\"", "However, Baria stated that he was willing to dismiss the case if the PAC published an apology.", "The executive director of the Advance Mississippi PAC, Steve Simmons, and the PAC's treasurer, Randy Stephens, issued a full-page advertisement to apologize to Representative Baria.", "The ad read: \"On behalf of themselves individually and the PAC offer their sincere apology to Rep. David Baria, D-Bay St. Louis, for their publication of false and defamatory ads during the 2011 legislative campaign.\"", "The ad was placed in two coastal newspapers.", "Personal life\n\nDavid Baria is married to Marcie Baria.", "They have four children.", "Baria is an avid sportsman and enjoys fishing and boating with his family.", "He is also a member of his local Rotary Club and Kiwanis.", "References\n\nExternal links\nProject Vote Smart - Senator David W. Baria (MS) old profile\nFollow the Money - David Baria\n2007 campaign contributions\n\n|-\n\n1962 births\n21st-century American politicians\nCandidates in the 2018 United States Senate elections\nLiving people\nMembers of the Mississippi House of Representatives\nMississippi Democrats\nMississippi state senators\nPeople from Pascagoula, Mississippi\nUniversity of Mississippi School of Law alumni\nUniversity of Southern Mississippi alumni" ]

[ "David Wayne Baria is an American politician, attorney, and former contractor.", "Baria was a Democratic member of the Mississippi House of Representatives, representing the 122nd district, until the end of the legislative session.", "He was the House Minority Leader.", "Before he was elected to the Mississippi House of Representatives, Baria was a member of the Mississippi Senate.", "The Democratic nominee for the United States Senate in Mississippi was Baria.", "The NCSL Gulf and Atlantic States Task Force was chaired by Baria.", "He is a member of the National Conference of Environmental Legislators and a fellow of the Mississippi Bar Foundation.", "Baria is on the board of directors of the Board of United Policyholders.", "He was the chairman of the task force dedicated to fighting the foster care crisis in that area.", "In March, Baria said he wouldn't seek re-election.", "In 1962, Baria was born in Pascagoula, Mississippi.", "He received a Bachelor of Science degree in criminal justice from the University of Southern Mississippi and a Juris Doctor degree from the University of Mississippi School of Law.", "In 2007, Baria ran for district 46 of the Mississippi Senate and defeated James Overstreet.", "He attributes his initial call to public service to seeing the destruction caused by Hurricane Katrina.", "Baria was a member of the 46th District from 2008 to 2011.", "The American Lung Association and the American Federation of Teachers gave Baria an award for his work in the Senate.", "In 2011, Baria ran for the 122nd district of the Mississippi House of Representatives and defeated Wilcox 42% to 42%.", "In 2015, Baria narrowly defeated Republican Mickey Lagasse in the reelection of district 122.", "The Appropriations, Universities and Colleges, Judiciary B, Judiciary En Banc, and Youth and Family Services committees were all chaired by Baria.", "In 2012 Baria was selected as one of three Democratic Floor Leaders for the Mississippi House Democratic Caucus, and in 2016 his colleagues selected him to serve as Minority Leader.", "Baria has introduced several bills to cap the premiums that insurance companies can charge for homeowners and flood insurance.", "Anti-concurrent causation clauses allow insurance companies to avoid paying for any damage to homes where wind acts concurrently with flooding to cause damage to the insured property.", "Baria introduced a bill to require that 80% of the funds from the oil spill be returned to the Gulf Coast.", "The Republican controlled legislature decided to keep the money in the state's general fund after the bill was defeated.", "Several Republican legislators from the Gulf Coast supported Baria's renewed efforts, but they were unsuccessful.", "Tax incentives for homeowners who install solar power, as well as allowing net metering, were proposed in 2010 by Baria.", "Baria sponsored a bill to require safety enclosures for swimming pools.", "He introduced several other bills that year, including bills to increase the death benefit payable to law enforcement officers and firefighters killed in the line of duty, authorize individuals to brew beer at home, and prohibit smoking in certain public places.", "The bills died in committee.", "Baria introduced legislation prohibiting governors from issuing pardons during the last 90 days of their term after controversy over Haley Barbour's pardon of two murderers who worked at the Mississippi Governor's Mansion.", "The bill was not passed in the committee.", "Baria filed bills to raise the minimum wage and require equal pay for men and women performing the same work in the last two years.", "The legislature was controlled by Republicans.", "Baria wrote an op-ed after the murder of a protester during the Unite the Right rally, calling for the state to remove the Confederate imagery from the Mississippi state flag.", "Baria voted for a bill to exempt recent college graduates from state income taxes if they stay in the state for three years after graduation from a four-year college or university and to grant them an additional two-year exemption if they buy a house or establish a business with at least one.", "Baria has been a critic of the corporate tax cuts passed by the Republican controlled legislature, stating that they deprive the state of revenue that could be used to pay for other state programs.", "He supports expanding Medicaid to cover more than 300,000 Mississippians who don't have health insurance.", "State-funded universal preschool and two tuition-free years of community college are supported by Baria.", "On February 28, Baria declared his candidacy for the Senate seat held by Roger Wicker.", "He defeated Howard Sherman in a second round of voting to claim the Democratic nomination.", "James Carville held New Orleans fundraisers for the candidate.", "Baria got 39.1% of the vote.", "On March 1, it was revealed that Baria wouldn't be seeking re-election to the 122nd district.", "The public works director of Waveland, Mississippi would have faced Baria if he had run.", "Wendy McDonald was a candidate for the general election.", "During Baria's Mississippi House of Representatives campaign, the Advance Mississippi PAC sent out direct-mail campaign material with incorrect information about Baria's voting record.", "Baria was wrongly accused of voting to raise his pay and taxes.", "The PAC accused Baria of taking money from his clients.", "The defamation suit was filed by Baria.", "It's not illegal to run a negative campaign or make fun of people.", "It's not illegal, but I don't like it.", "There are laws that say you can't publish lies about people.", "People need to hold these people accountable because they are going to push the envelope as far as they can.", "Baria was willing to dismiss the case if the PAC apologized.", "Steve Simmons, the executive director of Advance Mississippi, and Randy Stephens, the treasurer, apologized to Representative Baria in a full-page advertisement.", "The apology was for the publication of false and defamatory ads during the legislative campaign.", "There was an ad in two newspapers.", "David Baria is married to a woman.", "They have four children.", "Baria enjoys fishing and boating with his family.", "He is a member of several organizations.", "Project Vote Smart is an old profile of Senator David W. Baria. Follow the Money is an old profile of David Baria." ]

[ "David Wayne Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "David Baria", "David Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "David W", ". Baria", "David Bari" ]

[ "David Wayne Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "Baria", "David Baria", "Baria", "David W", ". Baria", "David Baria" ]

[ "Michael Dennis Rogers (born July 16, 1958) is an American lawyer and politician serving as the U.S. representative for since 2003.", "He is a member of the Republican Party of Alabama.", "Since 2021, he serves as the Ranking Member of the House Armed Services Committee.", "From 2019 to 2021, he served as the Ranking Member of the House Homeland Security Committee.", "Early life and education\nA sixth-generation resident of Calhoun County in East Alabama, Rogers graduated from Saks High School and earned both his undergraduate degree in political science and Master's of Public Administration at Jacksonville State University.", "Early political career \nAt age 28, Rogers became the youngest person to join the Calhoun County Commission.", "In 1994, Rogers won a seat in the Alabama House of Representatives, and became minority leader in his second term.", "In 2002, Bob Riley was elected governor, leaving the 3rd district seat vacant.", "Rogers won the Republican nomination.", "In the general election, he defeated Democratic veteran Joe Turnham, Jr., who had served three years as state party chairman and had run against Riley for Congress in 1998.", "U.S. House of Representatives\n\nTenure\n\n112th Congress (2011-2013)\nIn December 2011, Rogers voted in support of H.R.", "10, the Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act, which would have required Congressional approval for any \"major regulations\" issued by the executive branch but, unlike the 1996 Congressional Review Act, would not require the president's signature or override of a probable presidential veto.", "He earned the title of \"April 2012 Porker of the Month\" and has a 23% rating from Citizens Against Government Waste.", "115th Congress (2017-2019)\nIn 2017, Rogers worked with Representative Jim Cooper on a proposal to establish a Space Corps under the Department of the Air Force.", "The proposal passed the House and failed in the Senate.", "A bill with very similar language was signed into law two years later to create the United States Space Force.", "117th Congress (2021-2023)\n\nRogers was at the U.S. Capitol on January 6, 2021, when it was stormed.", "The next day, he tweeted, \"there is no place for political violence in America\" and called for law and order.", "Even after the attack, Rogers supported efforts to overturn the 2020 presidential election results, voting to oppose the certification.", "He voted against impeaching Donald Trump a second time in the wake of the attack.", "His rationale for his decision was that it was a partisan action by Nancy Pelosi that would \"further divide our nation\".", "Rogers voted against the American Rescue Plan in February 2021.", "His rationale for opposing the bill was that it was full of \"extreme socialist initiatives\" and too expensive, and that it was too soon for another bill after the December 2020 Consolidated Appropriations Act.", "He also said the bill did not support schools reopening and that it funded abortions.", "As of October 2021, Rogers had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 10.3% of the time.", "Committees\n Committee on Armed Services (Ranking Member)\n Subcommittee on Readiness\n Subcommittee on Strategic Forces\n Committee on Homeland Security\n\nCaucus memberships \n Congressional Cement Caucus\nUnited States Congressional International Conservation Caucus\n Veterinary Medicine Caucus\n Congressional NextGen 9-1-1 Caucus\n Republican Study Committee\n\nPolitical positions\n\nIn 2020, Rogers received a lifetime rating of 86% from the American Conservative Union, one of the most moderate voting records of a Southern Republican that year.", "He supported an amendment to declare that people retain the right to pray and to recognize their religious beliefs, heritage, and traditions on public property, including schools.", "He co-sponsored legislation to prohibit the physical desecration of the U.S flag.", "Rogers sponsored a bill expressing Congress's continued support for equal access of military recruiters to institutions of higher education.", "He also introduced legislation making it illegal to satirize or in any way parody the Transportation Security Administration.", "Abortion\n\nRogers is anti-abortion.", "As of 2020, he has a 100% rating from National Right to Life and a 0% rating from NARAL in 2018 for his abortion-related votes.", "He opposes banning federal health coverage if abortion is included and opposes using human embryos for stem cell research.", "Rogers has voted in support of efforts to restrict interstate transport of minors for abortions and allowing partial-birth abortion only if the mother's life is at risk.", "He also opposes human cloning and signed the No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act.", "He co-sponsored the Sanctity of Human Life Act.", "Civil rights\n\nAs of 2019, Rogers has a 19% rating regarding civil rights-related legislature from the NAACP.", "Rogers voted against the Violence Against Women Act in 2013.", "Rogers believes that marriage is between a man and a woman and voted for the Marriage Protection Amendment in 2004.", "In 2007, he voted against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.", "Rogers has a 0/100 rating from the Human Rights Campaign regarding pro-LGBTQ policies.", "Crime\n\nRogers opposed expanding federal hate crime law to include LGBTQ hate crimes.", "He voted for the Second Chance Act of 2007.", "Economy\n\nRogers is a signer of Americans for Tax Reform’s Taxpayer Protection Pledge.", "He voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017.", "Foreign affairs \nIn June 2016, Rogers called for the United States withdrawal from the United Nations in the wake of Brexit.", "On January 3, 2017, Rogers once again called for the U.S. to withdraw from the U.N., introducing the American Sovereignty Act of 2017.", "The bill still needs House, Senate, and presidential approval.", "On January 3, 2019, Rogers submitted a similar bill, H.R.204 - American Sovereignty Restoration Act of 2019.", "Juneteenth \nIn June 2021, Rogers was one of 14 House Republicans to vote against establishing June 19, or Juneteenth, as a federal holiday.", "Terrorism\nRogers voted for the Patriot Act.", "2020 presidential election\nIn December 2020, Rogers was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election.", "The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state.", "Rogers is one of 147 Republican lawmakers who voted to overturn results in the 2020 presidential election.", "Political campaigns\nIn a very close election, the Turnham-Rogers contest was one of the most closely watched in 2002.", "Both Democratic and Republican national parties targeted the district, with Speaker Dennis Hastert promising Rogers a seat on the Armed Services Committee should he win.", "Rogers outspent Turnham, raising and spending $1,656,290 to Turnham's $1,015,132 and enjoying an even greater margin in independent expenditures.", "Rogers won the election, 50% to 48%.", "In this election, he was a rare Republican endorsee of The Anniston Star.", "Rogers has only faced one other contest nearly that close.", "In 2008, Joshua Segall held him to only 54% of the vote—the only time since his initial election that Rogers has fallen below 59%.", "2008 Rogers defeated Democratic nominee Joshua Segall, a Montgomery attorney, and Independent Mark Layfield.", "2010 Rogers defeated Democratic nominee Steve Segrest.", "Campaign contributions from ARMPAC\n\nRogers was a recipient of former House Majority Leader Tom DeLay's ARMPAC campaign contributions.", "DeLay was prosecuted and convicted on charges of felony money laundering of campaign finances and conspiracy to launder money.", "As of August 2016, Rogers has not offered to return any of the $30,000 he received.", "Rogers said that DeLay is innocent until proven guilty, and that he would not return the money \"while the judicial process runs its course.\"", "Honors \nRogers was made Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania on June 8, 2017\n\nElectoral history\n\nPersonal life\nRogers is married, with three children.", "He and his family reside in Saks and are members of a Baptist Church.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Congressman Mike Rogers official U.S. House website\n Mike Rogers for Congress\n \n \n \n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n1958 births\n21st-century American politicians\nAlabama Republicans\nBaptists from Alabama\nBirmingham School of Law alumni\nCounty commissioners in Alabama\nJacksonville State University alumni\nLiving people\nMembers of the Alabama House of Representatives\nMembers of the United States House of Representatives from Alabama\nPeople from Hammond, Indiana\nPoliticians from Anniston, Alabama\nCommanders of the Order of the Star of Romania\nRepublican Party members of the United States House of Representatives" ]

[ "Michael Dennis Rogers has been the U.S. representative for since 2003 and is an American lawyer and politician.", "He is a member of a political party.", "He is the Ranking Member of the House Armed Services Committee.", "He was the Ranking Member of the House Homeland Security Committee.", "Rogers grew up in East Alabama and graduated from the high school with a degree in political science and a master's degree in public administration.", "Rogers was the youngest person to join the commission.", "Rogers became the minority leader in his second term after winning a seat in the Alabama House of Representatives.", "The 3rd district seat was left vacant when Bob Riley was elected governor.", "Rogers was the Republican nominee.", "He defeated Joe Turnham, Jr., who had run against Riley for Congress in 1998, in the general election.", "Rogers voted in favor of H.R. in December 2011.", "The Regulations from the Executive in Need of Scrutiny Act, which would have required Congressional approval for any \"major regulations\" issued by the executive branch but, unlike the 1996 Congressional Review Act, would not require the president's signature or veto.", "He earned the title of \"April 2012 Porker of the Month\" and has a 23% rating from Citizens Against Government Waste.", "Rogers and Jim Cooper worked on a proposal to establish a Space Corps in the 115th Congress.", "The proposal was defeated in the Senate.", "Two years after the bill was signed, the United States Space Force was created.", "Rogers was at the U.S. Capitol when it was attacked.", "He called for law and order the next day and said there was no place for political violence in America.", "Rogers voted to oppose the certification of the 2020 presidential election results after the attack.", "He voted against impeaching Donald Trump a second time after the attack.", "It was a partisan action by Nancy Pelosi that caused him to make the decision.", "The American Rescue Plan was voted against by Rogers.", "It was too soon for another bill after the December 2020 Consolidated Appropriations Act because it was full of extreme socialist initiatives.", "He said that the bill funded abortions and did not support reopening schools.", "Rogers voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 10.3% of the time.", "Rogers received a lifetime rating of 86% from the American Conservative Union.", "He supported an amendment to make it clear that people have the right to pray on public property.", "Legislation was co-sponsored by him to prohibit the physical desecration of the U.S flag.", "Equal access of military recruiters to institutions of higher education is supported by Congress.", "He introduced legislation making it illegal to make fun of the Transportation Security Administration.", "Rogers is an anti-abortion MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE MzE", "He has a 100% rating from National Right to Life and a zero rating from NARAL for his abortion-related votes.", "He does not want to ban federal health coverage if abortion is included.", "Rogers supports restrictions on interstate transport of children for abortions and partial-birth abortions only if the mother's life is at risk.", "The No Taxpayer Funding for Abortion Act was signed by him.", "The Sanctity of Human Life Act was co-sponsored by him.", "According to the NAACP, Rogers has a 19% rating regarding civil rights-related legislature.", "Rogers voted against the act.", "Rogers voted for the Marriage Protection Amendment because he believes that marriage is between a man and a woman.", "He voted against the Employment Non-Discrimination Act.", "Rogers has a rating from the Human Rights Campaign.", "Rogers was against expanding federal hate crime law.", "The Second Chance Act was voted on by him.", "Rogers is a signer of the Taxpayer Protection Pledge.", "He voted for the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act.", "Rogers called for the United States to leave the United Nations in the wake of the United Kingdom's decision to leave the European Union.", "Rogers called for the U.S. to withdraw from the U.N. on January 3, 2017.", "The bill needs congressional approval.", "Rogers submitted a bill on January 3, 2019.", "Rogers was one of 14 House Republicans who voted against establishing June 19 as a federal holiday.", "Rogers voted for the act.", "In December 2020, Rogers was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v. Pennsylvania, a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election.", "The Supreme Court declined to hear the case because Texas did not have the authority to challenge the results of an election held in another state.", "Republican lawmakers voted to overturn the results of the 2020 presidential election.", "The Turnham-Rogers contest was one of the most watched in 2002.", "Speaker Dennis Hastert promised Rogers a seat on the committee should he win the election.", "Rogers raised and spent more money than Turnham, and enjoyed a greater margin in independent expenditures.", "Rogers won the election by a wide margin.", "He endorsed The Anniston Star in the election.", "Rogers only faced one other contest that was close.", "In 2008, Joshua Segall held him to only half of the vote, the only time since his initial election that Rogers has fallen below half of the vote.", "Independent Mark Layfield was defeated by Rogers in 2008.", "Rogers defeated Steve Segrest.", "Rogers was a recipient of Tom DeLay's campaign contributions.", "DeLay was found guilty of conspiracy to launder money and felony money-laundering of campaign finances.", "Rogers didn't offer to return any of the money he received.", "Rogers said that DeLay wouldn't return the money until the judicial process was over.", "Rogers was made Commander of the Order of the Star of Romania on June 8, 2017.", "He and his family are members of a church.", "Mike Rogers is a congressman for the U.S. House of Representatives." ]

[ "Michael Dennis Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Mike Rogers", "Mike Rogers" ]

[ "Michael Dennis Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Rogers", "Mike Rogers" ]

[ "Lonnie \"Meganut\" Marshall is an American bass player, singer, and songwriter from Los Angeles.", "He is best known as the frontman and founder of Weapon of Choice, and is the inventor of the Nutmeg Potty Plunger.", "Early life \nMarshall is the second of five children born to an African-American father and a Jewish mother.", "He grew up and attended school in South Central Los Angeles, graduating from Mid City Alternative Magnet School.", "While in school, Marshall was exposed to P-Funk through a classmate whose father worked for Parliament / Funkadelic.", "That connection allowed Marshall and his brother Arik to experience the original P-Funk up close and proved to be a highly influential event in his life, inspiring him to pursue a career in music and to create his own brand of funk music which he calls Nutmeg.", "He briefly attended Los Angeles City College after high school, majoring in Music, and worked for a short time as a walking messenger for downtown Los Angeles law firms.", "He got his start in music by joining the bands Accent founded by Lebo M., Animal Dance, and Shrine with Xan Cassavetes and Steve Hufsteter.", "Music career\n\nMarshall Law \n\nIn 1988, Marshall and his brother Arik Marshall, a guitarist, formed a band called Marshall Law.", "They performed around Los Angeles and signed a development deal with Island records.", "They recorded a demo for the record company, but the band dissolved after having only released two tracks on a Ska Parade compilation.", "They later reunited in 2006 to release an album titled Another X-cuse.", "Immediately following the breakup of Marshall Law, Lonnie formed the band Weapon of Choice while Arik joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers and later became a permanent member of Macy Gray's band.", "Weapon of Choice \n\nLonnie founded Weapon of Choice in 1992 with himself on bass and lead vocals and members Keefus Ciancia (keyboards), Finn Hammer (guitar), Tom-Bone Ralls (trombone), Scott Garrett (drums), Audra Cunningham (vocals) and Angelica \"Jellybean\" Arnado (vocals/dance).", "After a video directed by Geoff Moore for their song, Uppity, Yuppity Doolittle, came to the attention of Stone Gossard, the band was signed to Gossard's record label Loosegroove.", "They released three albums with Loosegroove before the company folded in 2000: Nut-meg says Bozo the Town (1994), Highperspice (1996), and Nutmeg Phantasy (1998).", "In 2002, the band released \"Illoominutty\" on Fishbone's Nuttsactor 5 record label, and in 2004, they released \"Color Me Funky.\"", "An independently produced Weapon of Choice DVD, Weapon of Choice: Uncut Nut 1992-2006, was released in 2007.", "The band continues to perform, mainly in the Los Angeles area.", "Many of the original members have gone on to other bands or pursuits and have been replaced by newer members.", "Other work \n\nOutside of Weapon of Choice, Marshall has recorded and performed with a variety of artists and has participated in a number of side projects.", "He has performed alongside members of P-Funk and Fishbone, among others, as part of Trulio Disgracias, a group formed by Norwood Fisher of Fishbone in 1987.", "The band's lineup changes from show to show.", "He is also an emcee and bassist for Dakah, a 65 piece hip hop orchestra which performs periodically in the Los Angeles area.", "He recorded and toured with Joe Strummer of The Clash, promoting Strummer's 1989 solo release Earthquake Weather.", "He cowrote one song on the album with Strummer and Zander Schloss, \"Boogie With Your Children'\".", "He has contributed to recordings by Tone Loc, Ice Cube, George Clinton, Funkadelic, Dionne Farris (Arrested Development), Perry Farrell (Jane's Addiction), Fishbone, Les Claypool (Primus), Stone Gossard (Pearl Jam) and Arik Marshall.", "He performed with the Red Hot Chili Peppers and George Clinton at the 1993 Grammy Awards Show.", "He has also performed with Chaka Khan, Queen Latifah, Kurupt (Tha Dogg Pound), Daniel Lanois, N'dea Davenport, Shock G (Digital Underground), Mike Shrieve (Santana) and Doug Wimbish (Sugar Hill Records (hip hop label)) (Living Colour).", "He partnered with Gabby Lang a.k.a.", "Gabby La La as a duo called Love Balm to record an album c. 2002.", "He released a solo album, That Would Be Dope, in 2005 under the name Meganut and Friends.", "The Friends included Skerik, Pete Droge, Stone Gossard and Matt Chamberlain.", "In 2009, the Life Drum Core, a group of young musicians he put together, performed at the Nokia Theatre in Los Angeles for Earth Day and garnered local news coverage.", "The group performed on drums they had created from recycled plastic buckets on which they painted Earth Day designs.", "He partnered with Fishbone member Angelo Moore, and young musicians Malik Deering and Tevin Douglas to form a group called the Unstoppabros which performed in Los Angeles in 2009.", "He has taught guitar and bass and led Funk Workshops and camps for kids at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music (founded by Flea from the Red Hot Chili Peppers) since its inception in 2001.", "Television and film \n\nMarshall had a Public-access television show in Los Angeles on cable TV called the Late Nutt Snack.", "In 2010, he filmed a pilot for a children's television program called the Lil Big Ups.", "He appeared on an episode of the 2000-2001 Bette Midler sitcom on CBS performing a rap with her that he wrote.", "He, and members of Weapon of Choice, appeared on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as the backup band for Snoop Dogg.", "A Weapon of Choice song, \"Nutty Nutmeg Phantasy\", was adapted and rerecorded by Macy Gray and appeared in the 2002 movie Spider-Man and on the soundtrack.", "Marshall played MC Madd, the dance battle emcee in the opening scene of the 2007 film Stomp the Yard.", "Awards and recognition \n\nIn 1996, he was voted one of the top five funk bassists in Bass Player Magazine.", "Discography \nanother X-cuse (2006)\n\nWith Joe Strummer\nEarthquake Weather (1989)\n\n With Weapon of Choice\nNut-Meg Sez \"Bozo the Town\" (1994)\nHighperspice (1996)\nNutmeg Phantasy (1998)\nIlloominutty (2001)\nColor Me Funky (2003)\nReally Relevant (2013)\n\n With Meganut and Friends\nThat Would Be Dope (2005)\n\nReferences \n\nLiving people\nAmerican rock bass guitarists\nAmerican male bass guitarists\nYear of birth missing (living people)\nGuitarists from Los Angeles" ]

[ "A bass player and singer named Meganut Marshall is from Los Angeles.", "He is the founder of Weapon of Choice and the inventor of the Nutmeg Potty Plunger.", "Marshall is the second of five children born to an African-American father and a Jewish mother.", "He graduated from the Mid City Alternative Magnet School.", "Marshall was exposed to P-Funk when he was in school.", "Marshall and his brother Arik were able to experience the original P-Funk up close and personal, which inspired Marshall to pursue a career in music and to create his own brand of funky music called Nutmeg.", "After graduating from high school, he attended Los Angeles City College, majoring in Music, and worked as a walking messenger for downtown Los Angeles law firms.", "He started playing music when he joined the bands Accent founded by Lebo M., Animal Dance, and Shrine with Xan Cassavetes and Steve Hufsteter.", "Marshall and his brother Arik formed a band called Marshall Law.", "They signed a development deal with Island records.", "After recording a demo for the record company, the band dissolved after only releasing two tracks on a Ska Parade compilation.", "They released an album in 2006 called Another X-cuse.", "Arik joined the Red Hot Chili Peppers and became a permanent member of Macy Gray's band after the break up of Marshall Law.", "Weapon of Choice was founded in 1992 by Lonnie, who was on bass and lead vocals.", "The band was signed to Stone Gossard's record label after a video for their song, Uppity, Yuppity Doolittle, came to their attention.", "They released three albums before the company folded.", "In 2002 and 2004, the band released records on the Nuttsactor 5 label.", "Weapon of Choice: Uncut Nut was released in 2007.", "The band performs in the Los Angeles area.", "Many of the original members went on to other bands and have been replaced by newer members.", "Marshall has recorded and performed with a variety of artists and has participated in a number of side projects.", "He has performed with members of P-Funk and Fishbone, among others, as part of Trulio Disgracias, a group formed by Norwood Fisher of Fishbone in 1987.", "The band's lineup can change from show to show.", "Dakah is a 65 piece hip hop orchestra which performs occasionally in the Los Angeles area.", "He toured with Strummer to promote his 1989 solo release Earthquake Weather.", "\"Boogie With Your Children'\" is a song he wrote with Strummer and Schloss.", "He has contributed to recordings by Tone Loc, Ice Cube, George Clinton, and others.", "He performed with the Red Hot Chili Peppers and George Clinton.", "He has performed with a number of artists, including Queen Latifah, Kurupt, Daniel Lanois, N'dea Davenport, Shock G, and Santana.", "He and Gabby Lang were partners.", "The duo called Love Balm was formed in 2002.", "He released a solo album under the name Meganut and Friends.", "The friends were Skerik, Pete Droge, Stone Gossard and Matt Chamberlain.", "The Life Drum Core, a group of young musicians he put together, performed in Los Angeles for Earth Day and received local news coverage.", "The drums that the group performed on were made from recycled plastic buckets.", "A group of people, including a Fishbone member, formed a band in Los Angeles in 2009.", "Since 2001, he has taught guitar and bass at the Silverlake Conservatory of Music, founded by Flea from the Red Hot Chili Peppers.", "The Late Nutt Snack was a public access television show hosted by Marshall.", "He filmed a pilot for a children's television show.", "He wrote a rap for the show and performed it on an episode.", "Weapon of Choice was on The Tonight Show with Jay Leno as a backup band.", "A Weapon of Choice song, \"Nutty Nutmeg Phantasy\", was adapted and re recorded by Macy Gray and appeared in the 2002 movie Spider-Man and on the soundtrack.", "Marshall played MC Madd in the opening scene of Stomp the Yard.", "In 1996, he was voted one of the top five funk bassists in Bass Player Magazine.", "Discography of another X-cuse with Joe Strummer Earthquake Weather (1989) and Weapon of Choice Nut-Meg Sez (1994)." ]

[ "Lonnie", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall Law", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall Law", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall" ]

[ "Meganut Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall Law", "Lonnie", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall" ]

[ "Linda Maxine Godwin Ph.D. (born July 2, 1952) is an American scientist and retired NASA astronaut.", "Godwin joined NASA in 1980 and became an astronaut in July 1986.", "She retired in 2010.", "During her career, Godwin completed four space flights and logged over 38 days in space.", "Godwin also served as the Assistant to the Director for Exploration, Flight Crew Operations Directorate at the Johnson Space Center.", "Since retiring from NASA, she accepted the position of Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Missouri.", "Early life \nGodwin was born July 2, 1952, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, but her hometown is Jackson, Missouri.", "She graduated from Jackson High School in Jackson, Missouri, in 1970, then received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State University in 1974, and a Master of Science degree and a Doctorate in physics from the University of Missouri in 1976 and 1980.", "Personal life \nGodwin is a member of the American Physical Society, the Ninety-Nines, Inc., Association of Space Explorers, Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association.", "Godwin was engaged to NASA engineer James Simons at the time of his death in a plane crash, which also killed astronaut Steve Thorne in May 1986.", "Godwin later married fellow astronaut Steven Nagel (who had been her Commander on her first spaceflight) and remained married until his death from cancer on August 21, 2014.", "Awards and honors \n NASA Outstanding Performance Rating\n Sustained Superior Performance Award\n NASA Outstanding Leadership Medal\n NASA Exceptional Service Medal\n NASA Distinguished Service Medal\n\nAcademic experience \nAfter completing undergraduate studies in physics and mathematics at Southeast Missouri State University, Godwin attended graduate school at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri.", "During that time she taught undergraduate physics labs and was the recipient of several research assistantships.", "She conducted research in low temperature solid state physics, including studies in electron tunneling and vibrational modes of absorbed molecular species on metallic substrates (surfaces) at liquid helium temperatures.", "Results of her research have been published in several journals.", "Godwin is an instrument rated private pilot.", "NASA career \nGodwin joined NASA in 1980, in the Payload Operations Division, Mission Operations Directorate, where she worked in payload integration (attached payloads and Spacelabs), and as a flight controller and payloads officer on several Space Shuttle missions.", "Selected by NASA as an astronaut candidate in June 1985, Godwin became an astronaut in July 1986.", "Her technical assignments have included working with flight software verification in the Shuttle Avionics Integration Laboratory (SAIL), and coordinating mission development activities for the Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), deployable payloads, and Spacelab missions.", "She also has served as Chief of Astronaut Appearances, Chief of the Mission Development Branch of the Astronaut Office and as the astronaut liaison to its Educational Working Group, Deputy Chief of the Astronaut Office, and Deputy Director, Flight Crew Operations Directorate.", "Godwin is currently the Assistant to the Director for Exploration, Flight Crew Operations Directorate at the Johnson Space Center.", "A veteran of four space flights, Godwin has logged over 38 days in space, including over ten EVA hours in two spacewalks.", "In 1991 she served as a Mission Specialist on STS-37, was the Payload Commander on STS-59 in 1994, flew on STS-76 in 1996, a Mir docking mission, and served on STS-108/International Space Station Flight UF-1 in 2001.", "Spaceflight experience\n\nSTS-37 \n\nGodwin served as Mission Specialist 1 on the crew of STS-37.", "Atlantis was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B April 5, 1991, 14:22:45 UTC and returned to land at Edwards Air Force Base, California \tApril 11, 1991, 13:55:29 UTC.", "During the 93 orbits of the mission, the crew deployed the Gamma Ray Observatory (GRO) to study gamma ray sources in the universe.", "GRO, at about , was the heaviest payload deployed to date by the Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS).", "The crew also conducted an unscheduled spacewalk to free the GRO high gain antenna, and conducted the first scheduled extravehicular activity in 5½ years to test concepts for moving about large space structures.", "Several middeck experiments and activities were conducted including test of elements of a heat pipe to study fluid transfer processed in microgravity environments (SHARE), a chemical processing apparatus to characterize the structure of biological materials (BIMDA), and an experiment to grow larger and more perfect protein crystals than can be grown on the ground (PCG II).", "Atlantis carried amateur radio equipment for voice contact, fast scan and slow scan TV, and packet radio.", "Several hundred contacts were made with amateur radio operators around the world.", "Mission duration was 143 hours, 32 minutes, 44 seconds.", "STS-59 \n\nGodwin served as Payload Commander on the crew of STS-59.", "Endeavour launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A April 9, 1994, 11:05 UTC.", "STS-59 was the Space Radar Laboratory (SRL) mission.", "SRL consisted of three large radars, SIR-C/X-SAR (Shuttle Imaging Radar C/X-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar), and a carbon monoxide sensor that were used to enhance studies of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.", "The imaging radars operated in three frequencies and four polarizations.", "This multispectral capability of the radars provided information about the Earth's surface over a wide range of scales not discernible with previous single-frequency experiments.", "The carbon monoxide sensor MAPS (Measurement of Air Pollution by Satellite) used gas filter radiometry to measure the global distribution of CO in the troposphere.", "Real-time crew observations of surface phenomena and climatic conditions augmented with over 14,000 photographs aided investigators in interpretation and calibration of the data.", "The mission concluded with a landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California April 20, 1994, 16:55 UTC after orbiting the Earth 183 times in 269 hours, 29 minutes.", "STS-76 \n\nGodwin served as Mission Specialist 3 on the crew of STS-76.", "Atlantis launched Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B from March 22, 1996, 08:13:04 UTC.", "STS-76 was the third docking mission to the Russian space station Mir.", "Following rendezvous and docking with Mir, transfer of a NASA astronaut to Mir for a 5-month stay was accomplished to begin a continuous presence of United States astronauts aboard Mir for the next two-year period.", "The crew also transferred of science and mission hardware, food, water and air to Mir and returned over of U.S. and ESA science and Russian hardware.", "Godwin performed a six-hour spacewalk, the first while docked to an orbiting space station, to mount experiment packages on the Mir docking module to detect and assess debris and contamination in a space station environment.", "The packages will be retrieved by a future shuttle mission.", "The Spacehab module carried in the Shuttle payload bay was utilized extensively for transfer and return stowage of logistics and science and also carried Biorack, a small multipurpose laboratory used during this mission for research of plant and animal cellular function.", "This mission was also the first flight of Kidsat, an electronic camera controlled by classroom students via a Ku-band link between JSC Mission Control and the Shuttle, which uses digital photography from the Shuttle for science and education.", "The STS-76 mission concluded with a successful landing at Edwards Air Force Base, California March 31, 1996, 13:28:57 UTC after 145 orbits of the Earth, traveling in 221 hours and 15 minutes.", "STS-108 \n\nGodwin served as Mission Specialist 1 on the crew of STS-108.", "Endeavour launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B 5 December 2001 22:19:28 UTC.", "STS-108 was the 12th shuttle flight to visit the International Space Station.", "Endeavour's crew delivered the Expedition-4 crew and returned the Expedition-3 crew.", "The crew unloaded over of supplies, logistics and science experiments from the Raffaello Multi-Purpose Logistics Module and repacked over of items no longer needed on the station for return to Earth.", "Godwin used the Shuttle's robotic arm to install the MPLM onto the Station Node, and participated in a spacewalk to wrap thermal blankets around ISS Solar Array Beta Gimbal Assemblies.", "STS-108 concluded with a successful landing at the Shuttle Landing Facility 17 December 2001 17:56:13 UTC after 185 Earth orbits, traveling in 283 hours and 36 minutes.", "References \n\n1952 births\nLiving people\nPeople from Cape Girardeau, Missouri\nWomen astronauts\nUniversity of Missouri physicists\nPhysicists from Missouri\nScientists from Missouri\nSoutheast Missouri State University alumni\nUniversity of Missouri alumni\nNASA civilian astronauts\nUniversity of Missouri faculty\nSpace Shuttle program astronauts\nAmateur radio people\nSpacewalkers\nMir crew members" ]

[ "Linda is an American scientist and retired NASA Astronaut.", "In July 1986 he became an astronauts with NASA.", "She retired in 2010.", "She flew in four space flights and spent 38 days in space.", "The Assistant to the Director for Exploration, Flight Crew Operations at the Johnson Space Center was Godwin.", "She accepted the position of Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of Missouri after retiring from NASA.", "Her hometown is Jackson, Missouri, where she was born on July 2, 1952.", "She received a Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State University in 1974 and a Master of Science degree in physics from the University of Missouri in 1976 and 1980.", "The American Physical Society, the Ninety-Nines, Inc., Association of Space Explorers, and the Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association are some of the organizations that Godwin is a member of.", "The death of NASA engineer James Simons in a plane crash happened at the same time as that of Steve Thorne.", "Steven Nagel, who had been her Commander on her first spaceflight, died of cancer on August 21, 2014).", "After completing undergraduate studies in physics and mathematics at Southeast Missouri State University, Godwin attended graduate school at the University of Missouri.", "She received several research assistantships and taught undergraduate physics labs.", "She conducted research in the field of low temperature solid state physics.", "Her research results have been published.", "Godwin is a private pilot.", "She was a flight controller on several Space Shuttle missions and worked in the Payload Operations Division at NASA.", "In June 1985 Godwin was selected by NASA as a candidate for anastronomy position.", "Her technical assignments have included coordinating mission development activities for the Inertial Upper Stage and Spacelab missions.", "She served as Chief of Astronaut Appearances, Chief of the Mission Development Branch of the Astronaut Office, and as the Astronaut liaison to its Educational Working Group.", "At the Johnson Space Center, Godwin is the assistant to the director for exploration.", "A veteran of four space flights, Godwin has spent 38 days in space, including over ten hours in two spacewalks.", "She flew on the Mir docking mission in 1996 and served on the International Space Station Flight UF-1 in 2001.", "Godwin served as Mission Specialist 1 on the crew of the space flight.", "The Atlantis was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B on April 5, 1991, and returned to land in California on April 11, 1991.", "The crew deployed the GRO to study the sources of gamma rays in the universe.", "The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System (RMS) has deployed the heaviest payloads to date.", "The first scheduled extravehicular activity in 512 years was conducted to test concepts for moving about large space structures.", "Several middeck experiments and activities were conducted including test of elements of a heat pipe to study fluid transfer processed in microgravity environments, a chemical processing apparatus to characterization the structure of biological materials, and an experiment to grow larger and more perfect protein crystals than can be grown on Earth.", "Atlantis had amateur radio equipment for voice contact, fast Scan and slow Scan TV, and packet radio.", "Hundreds of contacts were made with amateur radio operators.", "The mission lasted 141 hours, 32 minutes, 44 seconds.", "Godwin was Payload Commander on the crew.", "The shuttle was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on April 9, 1994.", "The mission was called SRL.", "Three large radars, SIR-C/X-SAR, and a carbon monoxide sensor were used to enhance studies of the Earth's surface and atmosphere.", "The radars operated in different frequencies.", "The multispectral capability of the radars gave a wide range of information about the Earth's surface.", "The global distribution of CO in the troposphere was measured using the carbon monoxide sensor MAPS.", "Real-time crew observations of surface phenomena and climatic conditions augmented with over 14,000 photographs aided investigators in interpretation and calibration of the data.", "The mission ended with a landing in California on April 20, 1994.", "Mission Specialist 3 on the crew was Godwin.", "The Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B was launched by Atlantis.", "There were three docking missions to the Russian space station Mir.", "After docking with Mir, a NASA Astronaut was transferred to Mir for a 5-month stay to begin a continuous presence of US astronauts for the next two years.", "The crew brought back U.S. and Russian hardware, as well as food, water, and air to Mir.", "The six-hour spacewalk was the first while docked to the space station and was to mount experiment packages on the Mir docking module to detect and assess debris in a space station environment.", "A future shuttle mission will retrieve the packages.", "During this mission, the Spacehab module was used extensively for transfer and return of cargo and science, as well as carrying a small laboratory used for research of plant and animal cellular function.", "This mission was the first flight of Kidsat, an electronic camera controlled by classroom students via a Ku-band link between JSC Mission Control and the Shuttle, which uses digital photography from the Shuttle for science and education.", "The mission ended with a successful landing at the Air Force Base in California on March 31, 1996.", "Mission Specialist 1 on the crew was Godwin.", "The shuttle was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B on December 5, 2001.", "The International Space Station was visited by the 12th shuttle flight.", "The expedition-4 crew was delivered and the expedition-3 crew was returned.", "The crew unloaded items from the Multi-Purpose Logistics Module and repacked them for return to Earth.", "The Shuttle's robotic arm was used by Godwin to install the MPLM onto the Station.", "The shuttle landed at the Shuttle Landing Facility on 17 December 2001 after 185 Earth orbits.", "University of Missouri physicists, University of Missouri alumni, NASA civilian astronauts, University of Missouri faculty, Space Shuttle program astronauts, amateur radio people, and 1952 births are some of the people mentioned." ]

[ "Linda Maxine Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin" ]

[ "Linda", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin", "Godwin" ]

[ "K. E. Radhakrishna (born 22 Dec 1946) an Indian educationalist, writer, playwright, musicologist, columnist and political leader.", "He holds an M.A.", "in English Literature and LLB from Bangalore University.", "Early and family life\n\nProf Radhakrishna is a Hindu Brahmin born to a poor agricultural family in the village of Peraje, Dakshina Kannada district in Karnataka, to parents Eshwarappiah (father) and Kaveramma (mother).", "After his initial schooling\nin Dakshina Kannada, he obtained his BA degree in RPD college in Belagavi, MA in English Literature in Central College, Bangalore and LLB from Bangalore University.", "His wife, Ramadevi Radhakrishna, is a sociology professor at BSVP College for Women in Bangalore.", "His son Dr. Raghu Vikram serves as a Professor of Radiology in M.D.", "Anderson Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA and daughter Ashwini Radhakrishna is a Director of a software company in San Diego, California, USA.", "Varshavikram, Nayan, Gowri and Madhav are his grandchildren.", "As a Professor\nIn 1972, he joined as a lecturer in English Literature in Seshadripuram College, Bangalore.", "In 1987, he became the youngest professor in the Department of Collegiate Education.", "He became principal of Seshadripuram college in 1988, a post he held till 2002 when he took Voluntary retirement and joined Surana College, Bangalore as the Principal.", "Beginning career as a teacher in English at Sheshadripuram College, he\nbecame the youngest professor in collegiate education and adored the principalship of the\ncollege for 20 years and later as the principal of Surana College.", "He has the distinction of\nbeing one the longest-standing principals of the degree colleges in India.", "He is an institution\nbuilder and institution by himself.", "In 2007, he left Surana college and started the Sa-Mudra foundation and currently serves as its managing director.", "He also assisted in the founding of YUVA helpline, a 24-hour counselling service for distressed students.", "Nationally he has been a Member of Expert Committee-University Grants Commission, Peer Committee-National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Joint Consultative Committee, High Power Committee-Higher Educational Policies, In-house Committee-Higher Education, Coordinating Secretary-Think Tank of Collegiate Education, Government of Karnataka.", "Bangalore Management Association and National Institute of Personnel Management\nHe has been the past president, Indian Colleges Forum, New Delhi, Federation of Karnataka State Principals' Association and Professionals Action Committee for Educational Reforms (PACER).", "Prof.K.E.", "Radhakrishna has held various key positions spread over the entire canvas\nof education and related fields during the last three decades, as the National President of\nIndian Colleges Forum – as President of Federation of Principals Association of Karnataka\nand held almost all positions of importance in the Bangalore University as a member of\nSyndicate, Academic Council, Board of Studies, Chairman of Board of Examiners and expert\nCommittees of University Grants Commission – New Delhi.", "He served as a member of the\nSyndicates of Bangalore, Mangalore and Bijapur Universities and the Sanskrit University, Karnataka.", "Public life\nProf. K.E.", "Radhakrishna is one of the very well-known Educationists and Social/Public\nActivists not only in Karnataka, but all over India and an important writer both in Kannada and\nEnglish.", "He is a very well-known Public Personality of Karnataka.", "Prof. Radhakrishna was a Member of the General Council of National Assessment &\nAccreditation Council and Member of the Academic Advisory Board, NAAC nominated by the\nUniversity Grants Commission.", "Prof. K.E Radhakrishna was active since his student days.", "He was the President of\nBangalore University Students Council (During 1969-70 – the Prestigious Central College\nBangalore).", "He has presented his ideas to several academic meetings held both nationally and internationally including Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil; Cincinnati, USA; SanDiego – California USA etc.", "He has attended and presented in several International Conferences such as International Kannada Conference held at Manchester, U.K and Baltimore USA; Commonwealth Legal Educators Conference,'University Management systems' Maryland University 1995 at City Polytechnic of Hong Kong.", "He is a regular speaker in All India Radio, Doordarshan and a regular columnist writing for several Kannada dailys such as Mungaru, Janavahini Samyukta Karnataka etc., and has written for Daily News & Analysis.", "Involvement in Culture\n\nProf. Radhakrishna is a keen promoter and lover of Art and Culture.", "Himself being a\nYakshagana and theatre artist, he served Karnataka Sangeetha Nritya Academy as a\nmember and he is associated with many cultural forums of Bangalore.", "He was the executive\ncommittee member of South Zone Cultural center – Tanjavore.", "His poetic work Gopikonmada has been adopted and found repeated performances as a Dance Ballet and into Yakshagana.", "He is also a well-known Poet, and Writer both in Kannada and English.", "He is a regular\nand Long-standing columnist in Kannada continuously writing a Weekly column in Samyukta\nKarnataka.", "He is a award-winning Tulu Writer, the second one to write in Shivalli Tulu Dialect.", "As a writer\n1.", "Kannakadu – Kavya Prabhandha (this book had won Attimobbe Prshasthi and Kannada Sahitya Pradhikara Prashasithi)\n\n2.", "Gopikonmada – Poetry translated from Sanskrit this poem has come in the form of CD\nSung by several important artists of Karnataka and was presented as Dance Drama and popular in YouTube and Wynk.", "It is translated into music languages of Malayalam, Telugu, Tamil, Tulu, Hindi, Marathi and Bengali.", "3.", "Prabhuthva Khathana (the Governance according to Ramanayana)\n\n4.", "Bharithi Samudra – Poetry collection\n\n5.", "Akashadalli Benki- Collection of articles\n\n6.", "Aavarthamana\n\n7.", "Jagatika-Chanduraya\n\n8.", "VishwaGrama\n\n9.", "Mugilagala\n\n10.Kalaprasanga\n\n11.Waree Nota\n\n12.Maryade Mathu\n\n13.Satyappe Balelu (A Collection of Tulu Short Stories as won the best book award 2012\nfrom Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy) both in Kannada and Tulu\n\n14.", "Pretham Bhattara Ninthilaru (A highly acclaimed novel in Kannada & Tulu)\n\nTranslations into Kannada\n15.", "Nandan Nilekani's Imaging India As Bimba Bharatha\n\n16.", "Jairam Ramesh's – Chindia\n\n17.", "Indira Gandhi Life in Nature- as Indira Gandhi Prakriti Sangatya\n\n18.", "Yaru Bharathamaate?", "Into Kannada (English by Purushottama Agarwal)\n\nTranslations into English\n19.", "Jain Mahapurana- 7 Vol- 6000pages- 20000shlokas from Sanskrit to English\n(Originally written by Bhagawath Jinasenacharya and Guna Bhadracharya in 16th century and translated into Kannada by Erturu Shantiraja Shastry into Kannada in 1927)\n\nAs an Editor\n17.DVG – Baduku Baraha\n\n18.Gopalakrishna Adiga – Anusandhana\n\n19.", "Manjeshwara Govindapai – Samskriti Loka\n\n20.Allamna –Anubhava\n\n21.Pampaadhyayana\n\n22.Kumarvysa Kathana\n\n23.Lakmisha Kavya Vaibhava\n\n24.Rathnakarvarni Iti-Vrutha\n\n25.Reminiscences on Raja Rao and R.K.Narayan (English)\n\n26.Jagannnatha Panditha\n\n27.Anuhya\n\n28.Bhaktikavya in Hindi\n\n29.Aaloka\n\nAwards\n\nHe has been awarded with Rajyotsava Award, a prestigious award honored by\nGovernment of Karnataka, Guru Raghavenra Sadbhavana Prashasthi, Gorakanatha Prashahsthi DVG Puraskar for his contribution to literature.", "The Public Relations\nCouncil of India has bestowed on him the National Chanikya Award for Education.", "He was\nawarded Sandesha Prashasiti as Best Teacher.", "His students honored him with the title\n‘Loka Mitra’ on the occasion of his 60th Birthday.", "Prof. Radhakrishna has\nbeen awarded Honorary Doctorate by the Karnataka State Open University Mysore for\nhis contribution to Literature and Education.", "He has been awarded several recognitions such as:\nKempegowda Prashasti' for serving the cause of education by the Bangalore City Corporation.", "Bhargava Prashasti – For service in the field of education\n'Eminent Educationist' – By Lions International\n'Untiring academician'.", "Title given by \"Technoworld\" – a professional magazine.", "'Samsa Award' for theatre by Karnataka Nataka Academy & Bharath Yatra Kendra\nUdaya TV introduced and interviewed him under 'Parichay' Programme telecast in two episodes.", "Indian Express interviewed him in 'Face to Face' and 'Profile'\nDD-1 Chandana introduced him as an Eminent Educationist.", "Govt.", "of Karnataka made a documentary on him titled Nelada Siri.", "Political Activist\nHe is the Vice President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Party, the chairman of Media and Communication cell and the Manifesto Committee for 2013 Karnataka Assemble Elections.", "He had contested as a JDS candidate from Bengaluru South Parliamentary Constituency and had lost to BJP stalwart Sri Anantakumar.", "He has held several important positions such as Member of Syndicate, Academic Council, Faculty of Arts and Board of Studies in English, Exam Review Committee, Sports Committee and College Development Council in Bangalore University.", "He is a member of Karnataka State Women's University Syndicate.", "References\n\nLiving people\nPoliticians from Bangalore\nJanata Dal (Secular) politicians\n1946 births\nBangalore University faculty\nPeople from Dakshina Kannada district\nKarnataka politicians" ]

[ "An Indian educationalist, writer, playwright, musicologist, columnist and political leader, K. E. Radhakrishna was born in 1946.", "He has an M.A.", "A degree in English Literature and a law degree from Bangalore University.", "A poor agricultural family in the village of Peraje in the district of Karnataka gave birth to a Hindu Brahmin named Prof. Radha Krishna.", "He obtained a degree in English Literature from Central College, Bangalore and a degree in law from Bangalore University.", "His wife is a professor at BSVP College for Women in Bangalore.", "His son is a professor at the M.D.", "Anderson Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA, has a daughter who is a Director of a software company in San Diego, California, USA.", "His grandsons are Varshavikram, Nayan, Gowri and Madhav.", "He was a lecturer in English Literature at Seshadripuram College in Bangalore.", "He was the youngest professor in the department.", "He took voluntary retirement in 2002 and became the Principal of Surana College in Bangalore.", "He became the youngest professor in collegiate education and the principal of the college for 20 years after starting his career as a teacher.", "He is one of the longest-standing principals of degree colleges in India.", "He builds institutions by himself.", "In 2007, he left the college and started the Sa-Mudra foundation.", "The founding of the YUVA helpline was assisted by him.", "He is a member of Expert Committee-University Grants Commission, Peer Committee-National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC), Joint Consultative Committee, High Power Committee-Higher Educational Policies, In-house Committee-Higher Education.", "He is the past president of the Indian Colleges Forum, the Federation of Karnataka State Principals' Association, and the Professionals Action Committee for Educational Reforms.", "Prof.K.E.", "During the last three decades, the National President of Indian Colleges Forum, as well as the President of the Federation of Principals Association of Karnataka, have been held by him.", "He was a member of the Sanskrit University, Karnataka.", "Prof. K.E. is a public life professor.", "One of the most well-known Educationists and Social/Public Activists in India, and one of the most important writers in both English and Kannada, is Radhakrishna.", "He is a well-known person in the state.", "A member of the Academic Advisory Board was nominated by the University Grants Commission.", "Prof. K.E Radhakrishna has been active since he was a student.", "The Prestigious Central College Bangalore was where he was the President of the Bangalore University Students Council.", "Rio-de-Janeiro, Brazil is one of the places where he presented his ideas to several academic meetings.", "He presented at the University Management systems' Maryland University 1995 at City Polytechnic of Hong Kong at the Commonwealth Legal Educators Conference.", "He is a regular speaker in All India Radio, Doordarshan and a regular columnist for several Kannada dailys.", "He is a lover of Art and Culture.", "He is associated with many cultural forums of Bangalore and served as a member of the Karnataka Sangeetha Nritya Academy.", "He was a member of the executive committee.", "Repeated performances of Gopikonmada as a Dance Ballet and into Yakshagana have been found in his work.", "He is a writer in both English and Kannada.", "He writes a weekly column in Samyukta Karnataka.", "He is the second writer to write in Shivalli Tulu Dialect.", "As a writer.", "The Kannakadu book had won two awards.", "Gopikonmada is a poem that was translated from Sanskrit and was presented as a dance drama on Wynk.", "It is translated into many other languages.", "3.", "The Governance according to Ramanayana is called Prabhuthva Khathana.", "Bharithi Samudra has a poetry collection.", "There is a collection of articles.", "Aavarthamana 7.", "Jagatika-Chanduraya 8.", "There is a ninth VishwaGrama.", "Satyappe Balelu, a collection of Tulu Short Stories, won the best book award in 2012 from the Karnataka Tulu Sahitya Academy.", "Pretham Bhattara Ninthilaru is a novel that has been translated into 15 other languages.", "Nilekani's work is called Bimba Bharatha 16.", "Jairam Ramesh's song is called Chindia 17.", "Gandhi Prakriti Sangatya 18 is Gandhi Indira Life in Nature.", "Are you talking about Yaru Bharathamaate?", "The translations into English 19 were done by Purushottama Agarwal.", "The Jain Mahapurana was originally written in Sanskrit and translated into English in the 16th century.", "Samskriti Loka is a song by Manjeshwara Govindapai.", "He received the National Chanikya Award for Education from the Public Relations Council of India.", "Sandesha Prashasiti was the best teacher.", "His students honored him with a title on his 60th birthday.", "The Karnataka State Open University Mysore awarded Prof. Radhakrishna an Honorary Doctorate for his contribution to literature and education.", "Kempegowda Prashasti' was awarded for serving the cause of education by the Bangalore City Corporation.", "Bhargava Prashasti is for service in the field of education.", "\"Technoworld\" is a professional magazine.", "The 'Samsa Award' for theatre was introduced and interviewed by Udaya TV.", "He was introduced as an Eminent Educationist when he was interviewed by Indian Express.", "Government.", "A documentary was made on him.", "He is the Vice President of the Karnataka Pradesh Congress Party and the chairman of the Media and Communication cell.", "He lost to Sri Anantakumar in the Bengaluru South Parliamentary Constituency.", "He has held a number of important positions in Bangalore University.", "He is a member of the women's university syndicate.", "There are people who are politicians from Bangalore Janata Dal (Secular) and people who are professors at the Bangalore University." ]

[ ". Radhakrishna", "Radhakrishna", "Eshwarappiah", "Kaveram", "Ramadevi Radhakrishna", ". Radhakrishna", ". Radhakrishna", "Radhakrishna", "E Radhakrishn", "Kannakadu", "Kavya", "Khathana", "Kalaprasanga", "Erturu", "Kumarvysa", "Kat", "Ka", "Radhakrishna", "Kemp" ]

[ ". Radhakrishna", "Radha Krishna", "K E", "Radhakrishna", "E Radhakrishn", "Radhakrishna", "Kempego" ]

[ "Michael Francis Welch (July 4, 1859 – July 30, 1941), nicknamed \"Smiling Mickey\", was a Major League Baseball pitcher.", "He stood tall and weighed .", "He was the third pitcher to accumulate 300 career victories.", "Welch was born in Brooklyn, New York, and played 13 seasons in the major leagues, three with the Troy Trojans, and 10 with the New York Gothams/Giants.", "He was very successful with an effective curveball, a change of pace, and a version of the screwball.", "During his 13 major league seasons, he posted 20 or more wins nine times, seven in succession.", "Early life\nWelch was born Michael Francis Walsh in the 18th Ward of Brooklyn, New York, to Irish immigrant parents John and Mary Walsh.", "He later adopted the last name Welch.", "The name change may have been spurred by a sportswriter's mistaken recording of the name in a box score.", "The new last name may have distinguished him from the high number of men in Brooklyn at the time named Michael Walsh.", "Off the baseball field, Welch used his birth name throughout his life.", "Welch's nickname of \"Smiling Mickey\" derived from his cheerful disposition.", "When he was growing up in the Williamsburg section of Brooklyn, baseball was the popular sport among Irish children.", "Welch recalled that he had to learn unique baseball skills because of his small size; he depended on strong control of his pitches, a good curveball and change-of-pace, and a studious approach to opposing batters.", "Major league career\n\nEarly career\nWelch's earliest professional baseball engagement was in Poughkeepsie, New York, as an outfielder-pitcher for the Volunteers baseball club in 1877, and in the following year he would briefly play for a club in Auburn before joining the Holyoke Shamrocks of the National Association.", "During the 1879 season with the Shamrocks, his pitching would be credited to their 23–14 record, during which he was supported by the likes of later MLB players Roger Connor, Larry Corcoran, Jerry Dorgan, Peter Gillespie, and Fergy Malone.", "In 1880, Welch made his major league debut in 1880.", "His first game was not very successful, as Troy was defeated 13–1 by the Worcester Ruby Legs.", "However, he won 34 games for the Troy Trojans, teaming up with Tim Keefe to give Troy a devastating two-man starting rotation.", "On July 6, 1880, he pitched a one-hitter against the Cleveland Blues.", "Welch's totals dipped during the following two seasons, when Keefe, who also went on to win more than 300 games, began getting a greater share of the starts.", "The duo would only enjoy moderate success over the course of three seasons with the Trojans, a team that never finished higher than fourth in the National League during its four-season run.", "After the Trojans disbanded after the 1882 season, the New York Gothams replaced them, taking many of the Troy players, including Welch.", "He resumed a heavy workload in 1883, throwing 426 innings in 54 games.", "This time he split pitching duties with John Montgomery Ward in what turned out to be Ward's final season as a regular pitcher.", "In 1884, he went 39–21 with 345 strikeouts (a franchise record) and a 2.50 ERA.", "Strikeout record\nWelch holds the record for most consecutive batters struck out to begin a game, with nine, set on August 28, 1884.", "The record was not recognized for many years because of confusion over a dropped third strike.", "In the third inning of that game, a third strike was dropped by New York catcher Bill Loughran.", "As a result, that batter safely reached first base.", "Though modern scorekeeping credits a pitcher with a strikeout in this situation, such an event was not always recorded as a strikeout by sportswriters of that era.", "Baseball historian Harry Simmons helped Welch to receive official recognition of the feat in the 1940s.", "Only three pitchers in the National League and two in the American League have come close to matching Mickey Welch's record nine strikeouts.", "In the National League, Germán Márquez of the Colorado Rockies on September 26, 2018, Jacob deGrom of the New York Mets in 2014, and Jim Deshaies of the Houston Astros in 1986 struck out the first eight batters they faced.", "In the American League, Carlos Rodón of the Chicago White Sox in 2016 and Joe Cowley of the Chicago White Sox in 1986 struck out the first seven batters they faced.", "Tom Seaver struck out 10 consecutive batters in 1970, though not at the beginning of the game.", "Middle career\n\nIn 1885, he went 44–11 with 258 strikeouts and a 1.66 ERA.", "In the 1885 season, Welch and Keefe reunited as a two-man pitching rotation, with Keefe having a 32–13 win–loss record.", "The team, now called the Giants, had an incredible record of 85–27, with Welch winning 17 consecutive games at one point, but finished second to the Chicago White Stockings, who finished with a record of 87–25.", "Welch had negotiated a clause in his contract, beginning in 1884, that prevented the team from pitching him more than every other day.", "After the 1885 season, Welch was one of nine Giants players to form baseball's first union, which was known as the Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players.", "The players were upset about the way they had been treated by baseball owners.", "The reserve clause, which restricted player movement and tempered increases in player salaries, had been instituted in 1880.", "The union spent the next several years recruiting new members and talking about the cause of player salaries.", "Though Welch was still an active player, he began saving money with the goal of opening a hotel.", "In 1886, Welch won 33 games, which was second on the Giants to Keefe's 44 victories.", "Despite this win total from Welch and Keefe, the team fell to third place in the league.", "Though they enjoyed a 47–12 record at the Polo Grounds, they were 28–32 while on the road that year.", "As Keefe and Welch were so overworked by 1887, the Giants picked up young pitchers Bill George and Ledell Titcomb, but both of them struggled and the Giants finished fourth.", "Later career\nOn September 10, 1889, he is credited as having become the first pinch hitter in major league history; he batted for Hank O'Day and struck out.", "Conventional wisdom indicates that this must have been an injury situation since a rule allowing pinch hitters in non-injury situations was not instituted until 1892.", "The first pinch-hitter under that rule is generally agreed to be Jack Doyle‚ on June 7‚ 1892.", "The Giants won the 1889 World Series, but morale was low on the club.", "Relationships had become strained between players and owners across the league.", "The league was planning to implement a system of player ratings which would be used to determine player salaries.", "Welch and the other members of the Brotherhood were outraged by such a system and they began to plan a new baseball league, inviting players to join even if they were not Brotherhood members.", "The new eight-team league became known as the Players' League.", "Before the Players' League began its season in 1890, Welch realized that he was coming to the end of his playing career.", "Saying that he was in baseball to earn money, Welch agreed to re-sign with the Giants on a three-year contract.", "Welch said that he had been willing to accept $2,000 less to play in the Players' League, but that deal fell through when the league could only guarantee one year of salary.", "He met with sharp criticism from Jim O'Rourke and other Brotherhood members, but the Players' League lasted only one season.", "On April 24, 1890, with the score tied at 2 in the 7th inning between his Giants and the Boston Beaneaters‚ Welch got into an argument with umpire McDermott, an argument that resulted in the umpire declaring the game forfeited to host Boston.", "With Welch and Keefe still on the same club, the 1891 New York Giants had two 300-game winners.", "Until the 1980s, this was the only time that a major league team featured two pitchers with 300 wins each.", "After one start in the 1892 season, Welch was sent to the minor leagues, earning a 16–14 record and a 0.87 ERA for the Eastern League's Troy Trojans.", "He retired from baseball after the season, having compiled 307 victories, 210 losses, 1850 strikeouts and a career 2.71 ERA.", "As of 2015, Welch ranks third on the all-time list of career wild pitches.", "He had unique hitting skills for a pitcher, finishing his career with a .224 batting average, 93 doubles, 16 triples and 12 home runs.", "In addition to his 607 games pitched, Welch made 59 career appearances as an outfielder.", "Welch attributed his durability to his ability to get hitters out with slower pitches.", "His main offerings to hitters were a curveball and a screwball.", "Personal life\nAuthor David Fleitz writes that Welch did not swear, smoke or drink hard liquor.", "Welch liked beer enough that he would write poems about it, reciting them for sportswriters or for fans on the carriage ride to the ballpark on game days.", "Sometimes his poetry also advertised local bars and restaurants.", "He did not drink nearly as much as many of his contemporary ballplayers.", "Giants bat boy Fred Engle speculated that this was because Welch had seen too many ballplayers fall prey to alcoholism.", "Welch and his wife Mary had nine children, two of which died in infancy.", "Mary died in 1936.", "During his career, Welch, along with most of his Giants teammates, lived at New York's Broadway Central Hotel.", "After baseball\n\nAfter retiring as a player, Welch lived in Holyoke, Massachusetts.", "He joined an Elks lodge and remained in the organization for more than 50 years.", "He owned a saloon for a while and after he sold it, he went into the dairy business with one of his sons.", "Welch spent summers in New York.", "He worked as an attendant at the Polo Grounds.", "In a 1911 book on baseball history, Welch was described as the owner of a hotel in Troy, New York.", "In 1912, he returned to New York, serving as an usher at the Polo Grounds and captivating fans with tails of his playing days.", "Welch and Keefe remained friends long after they retired from baseball.", "In July 1941, Welch had been staying with his grandson in Nashua when he had to be taken to a Concord hospital with complications of gangrene of the foot.", "He died there on July 30 at the age of 82 and was interred in Section 4, Range 17, Plot 2, Grave 6 of the Calvary Cemetery in Woodside, Queens, New York, under his birth name of Walsh.", "Welch was elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame by the Veterans Committee in 1973.", "He was represented at the Hall of Fame induction ceremony by his elderly daughter, Julia Weiss.", "See also\n\n300 win club\nList of Major League Baseball career wins leaders\nList of Major League Baseball annual saves leaders\nList of Major League Baseball career strikeout leaders\n\nNotes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n\n1859 births\n1941 deaths\n19th-century baseball players\nNational Baseball Hall of Fame inductees\nBurials at Calvary Cemetery (Queens)\nAmerican people of Irish descent\nMajor League Baseball pitchers\nBaseball players from New York (state)\nNew York Giants (NL) players\nNew York Gothams players\nSportspeople from Brooklyn\nTroy Trojans players\nPittsburgh Allegheny players\nHolyoke (minor league baseball) players\nTroy Trojans (minor league) players\nPeople from Williamsburg, Brooklyn" ]

[ "\"Smiling Mickey\" was a Major League Baseball pitcher.", "He weighed in and stood tall.", "He was the third pitcher to win 300 games.", "He played 13 seasons in the major leagues, three with the Troy Trojans and 10 with the New York Giants, and was born in Brooklyn, New York.", "He had an effective curve, a change of pace, and a version of the screwball.", "He won 20 or more times nine times and seven times in a row.", "John and Mary Walsh were Irish immigrants who lived in the 18th Ward of Brooklyn, New York.", "He later changed his name to Welch.", "The mistaken recording of the name in a box score may have led to the name change.", "The new last name may have made him stand out from the crowd of men named Michael Walsh.", "He used his birth name throughout his life.", "The nickname of \"Smiling Mickey\" was derived from his cheerful disposition.", "Baseball was a popular sport among Irish children when he was growing up in Brooklyn.", "He had to learn unique baseball skills because of his small size, and he depended on strong control of his pitches, a good curve and change-of-pace, and a studious approach to opposing batters.", "In 1877, as an outfielder-pitcher for the Volunteers baseball club in New York, he was the first professional baseball player to play in a major league.", "During the 1879 season with the Shamrocks, his pitching would be credited to their 23–14 record, during which he was supported by the likes of later MLB players.", "He made his major league debut in the year 1880.", "Troy was defeated 13–1 by the Ruby Legs in his first game.", "He and Tim Keefe gave Troy a devastating two-man starting rotation.", "He pitched a one-hitter against the Cleveland Blues.", "Keefe, who went on to win more than 300 games, was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "The duo would only enjoy moderate success over the course of three seasons with the Trojans, a team that never finished higher than fourth in the National League during its four-season run.", "The New York Gothams took many of the Troy players, including Welch.", "He was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "In what turned out to be John Montgomery Ward's final season as a regular pitcher, he split pitching duties with him.", "He went 39–21 with a franchise record 345 strikeouts and a 2.50 ERA in 1884.", "The previous record for most consecutive batters struck out to begin a game was nine, set on August 28, 1884.", "The record was not recognized for a long time because of confusion over the dropped third strike.", "New York catcher Bill Loughran dropped a third strike in the third.", "The batter reached first base safely.", "Sportswriters of that era did not always record a pitcher's strikeout as a strikeout.", "The feat was recognized in the 1940s by baseball historian Harry Simmons.", "Only three pitchers in the National League and two in the American League have the same number of strikeouts.", "In the National League, Germn Mrquez of the Colorado Rockies and Jacob deGrom of the New York Mets both struck out the first eight batters they faced.", "In the American League, Carlos Rodn and Joe Cowley struck out the first seven hitters they faced.", "At the beginning of the game, Tom Seaver struck out 10 consecutive batters.", "He went 44–11 with 258 strikeouts and a 1.66 ERA in the middle career.", "Keefe had a 32–13 win–loss record in the 1885 season, which was a two–man pitching rotation.", "The Giants finished second to the Chicago White Stockings, who had a record of 84–5, despite the fact that the team had an incredible record of 85–27.", "A clause in his contract prevented the team from pitching him more than once a day.", "The Brotherhood of Professional Base Ball Players was formed by nine Giants players after the 1885 season.", "The baseball players were upset with the way they were treated.", "The reserve clause restricted player movement and increases in player salaries.", "The union talked about the cause of player salaries while recruiting new members.", "He began saving money in order to open a hotel.", "In 1886, Welch won 33 games, which was second to Keefe's 44 victories.", "The team fell to third place in the league despite the win total.", "They were 28–32 on the road that year, despite having a 47–12 record at the Polo Grounds.", "The Giants picked up two young pitchers, but both of them struggled and the team finished fourth.", "On September 10, 1889, he became the first pinch hitter in major league history, batting for Hank O'Day and striking out.", "Since a rule allowing pinch hitters in non-injury situations was not instituted until 1892, this must have been an injury situation.", "Jack Doyle was the first pinch-hitter under that rule.", "The Giants won the World Series in 1889, but there was low spirits on the club.", "The relationship between players and owners had become strained.", "The player ratings system was going to be used to determine player salaries.", "The members of the Brotherhood were angry with the system and began to plan a new baseball league, inviting players to join even if they weren't Brotherhood members.", "The league became known as the Players' League.", "In 1890, before the Players' League began, Welch realized that he was about to end his playing career.", "He agreed to re-sign with the Giants on a three-year contract because he was in baseball to make money.", "When the Players' League could only guarantee one year of salary, the deal fell through.", "The Players' League lasted only one season.", "On April 24, 1890, with the score tied at 2 in the 7th, with his Giants and the Boston Beaneaters, Welch got into an argument with the umpire, which resulted in the umpire declaring the game forfeited to Boston.", "The New York Giants had two 300-game winners.", "The last time a major league team had two pitchers with 300 wins was in the 1980s.", "After one start in the 1892 season, he was sent to the minor leagues and went on to have a 16–14 record and a 0.87 ERA for the Eastern League's Troy Trojans.", "He retired from baseball after a career in which he compiled over 300 victories, over 200 losses, and over 1850 strikeouts.", "Welch is third on the all-time list of career wild pitches.", "He finished his career with a.224 batting average, 93 doubles, 16 triples and 12 home runs.", "He made 59 career appearances as an outfielder, in addition to his 607 games pitched.", "He attributed his longevity to his ability to get hitters out with slower pitches.", "His pitches to hitters were a screwball and a curveball.", "David Fleitz wrote that Welch did not smoke or drink hard liquor.", "He liked beer so much that he would write poems about it for sportswriters or fans on the carriage ride to the ballpark.", "Local bars and restaurants were advertised by his poetry.", "He drank less than many of his contemporary ballplayers.", "The Giants bat boy speculated that it was because so many ballplayers had fallen prey to alcoholism.", "Mary had nine children, two of which died in infancy.", "Mary died in 1936.", "Most of the Giants teammates lived at New York's Broadway Central Hotel.", "After retiring as a player, he lived in Massachusetts.", "He was in the organization for more than 50 years.", "After selling his saloon, he went into the dairy business with one of his sons.", "The summers were in New York.", "He was an attendant at the Polo Grounds.", "The owner of a hotel in Troy, New York was described in a book.", "He returned to New York in 1912 and became an employee at the Polo Grounds.", "They were friends after they retired from baseball.", "In July 1941, he had to be taken to a Concord hospital with gangrene of the foot after staying with his grandson in Nashua.", "He was buried in Section 4, Range 17, Plot 2, Grave 6 of the Calvary Cemetery in Queens, New York, under his birth name of Walsh.", "The Veterans Committee elected him to the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1973.", "Julia Weiss was present at the Hall of Fame ceremony.", "List of Major League Baseball career wins leaders List of Major League Baseball saves leaders List of Major League Baseball strikeouts leaders" ]

[ "Michael Francis Welch", "Smiling Mickey", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Smiling Mickey", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Mickey Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch" ]

[ "Smiling Mickey", "Welch", "Smiling Mickey", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch", "Welch" ]

[ "Marios Tofi (Greek: Μάριος Τοφή, ; born 24 February 1990 in Athens, Greece) is a Greek Cypriot singer and songwriter.", "He is best known for representing Cyprus at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004 with the song \"Onira\".", "Biography \n\nMarios Tofi was born on 24 February 1990 in Athens, Greece to Cypriot parents.", "Marios Tofi has been living in Famagusta, Cyprus since five years old.", "From the age of eight, Marios has demonstrated an interest and passion for music, singing and dance.", "He has got the proper musical education from the beginning.", "He has been studying piano, guitar, tenor saxophone, theory of music and taking vocal courses.", "He also studied Classical Ballet, Latin and Flamenco for seven years.", "He speaks Greek, English and now is studying Spanish and French lessons.", "He sings in Greek, English, Spanish, Italian, French and other languages.", "Marios, loves performing live in big music events and festivals, he likes close contact with the audience when performing and his performances are always dynamic, full of energy and passion.", "He performed in several concerts and festivals in United Kingdom, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Spain, Italy, Malta, Norway, Estonia, Macedonia, Czech Republic, Belarus, Germany, Romania, Greece, Cyprus, and much more.", "Marios also collaborated with Greek, Cypriot and European famous artists in live concerts and live TV shows in several countries.", "1999 - The Beginning \nIn April 1999, Marios participated in the 1st Pancyprian Performing Contest where he placed 1st.", "The contest was organized by the Cypriot broadcaster CyBC.", "In June 1999, he participated in the local contest of \"Kataklysmos\" Festival in Larnaca, Cyprus where he placed 1st.", "In September 2003, the company \"Chris Cash & Carry\" and Marios collaborated for a school advertisement.", "It was a very successful advertisement and as a result the sales of the supermarket doubled.", "After this success, in December 2003 he accepted a second proposal from the supermarket \"Chris Cash & Carry\" for their Christmas advertisement, again with a successful outcome.", "2004 - Junior Eurovision Song Contest \nOn 7 September 2004, Marios was selected from 54 entries to represent Cyprus at the 2nd Junior Eurovision Song Contest on 20 November 2004 in Norway by televoting and by jury.", "After that, he has had a tour in order to present his very successful song \"Onira\" (Music/Lyrics: Marios Tofi).", "Also he had many appearances in Malta, United Kingdom, Latvia, Greece and other countries.", "On 20 November 2004, in Lillehammer, Norway he took the very well 8th place from eighteen countries.", "After Junior Eurovision Song Contest he accepted many invitations from several countries to participate in their festivals.", "On 27 November 2004, in Barcelona, Spain he invited to present his song on their victory celebration in Junior Eurovision Song Contest 2004.", "It was a special invitation to perform among famous Spanish artists and having in mind that he was the only guest star from the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.", "2005 - Tours / Festivals / Awards / Collaboration with Chiara \nIn June 2005, Marios participated in the International Song Festival \"Song – Magic\" in Varna, Bulgaria and won the \"Special Award by the Jury\" as the best of all among 15 countries and more than 100 songs with the songs \"Xehnas\" (\"You forget\") (Music/Lyrics: Andreas Gerolemou) and \"Unbreakable\" (Music: Michael Roussos, Lyrics: John Vickers).", "This Festival takes place every year and this is the first time after 15 years that they awarded Marios with this prize.", "In August 2005, Marios participated in the International Song Festival \"Palangos Gaida – 2005\" in Palanga, Lithuania and won the \"Audience Award\" with the song \"M' ena fili\" (\"With a kiss\") (Music: Andrius Kulikausko, Lyrics: Andreas Gerlemou).", "In August 2005, Marios also performed as a guest in the Festival \"Heart of Gold\" in Marsaskala, Malta.", "This is one of the biggest festivals in Malta and was for charities purposes.", "Dancers from the No.1 Dancing School in Malta, \"YADA\", danced behind Marios and both they impressed the audience.", "In November 2005, Marios participated in the 7th International Song Contest \"Universetalent\" in Prague, Czech Republic.", "He was one of the 12 finalists who pre-selected among 100 entries.", "He won the \"Journalist Jury Award\" and the 3rd Prize, \"Best Singer\" with the song \"Agapi Magiki\" (\"Magic Love\") (Music: Michael Roussos, Lyrics: George Ioannou).", "In December 2005, Marios collaborated with Chiara from Malta (2nd place – Eurovision Song Contest 2005) and made a duet with title \"Once upon a dream\" (Music: Michael Roussos, Greek lyrics: George Ioannou, English lyrics: John Vickers).", "2006 - Tours / Festivals / Awards / Eurovision Song Contest (Cyprus Final) \nIn February 2006, Marios was one of the 10 finalists who pre-selected among 114 participations in order to select the one who will represent Cyprus in Eurovision Song Contest 2006.", "After a hard competition he took the 2nd place by televoting with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino).", "In May 2006, he participated in the International Pop Song Festival \"Discovery 2006\" in Bulgaria and he won the \"Special Award by The Jury\" with the song \"Xehnas\" (\"You forget\") (Music/Lyrics: Andreas Gerolemou) and the 2nd prize as \"Best Singer\" with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino).", "In June 2006, Marios participated in the International Song and Dance Festival \"Konin 2006\" in Konin, Poland among 2500 participants from 11 countries and won 2nd prize \"Silver Prize\" with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino).", "In July 2006, Marios invited to participate in the XV International Festival of Arts \"Slavianski Bazaar\" in Vitebsk, Belarus.", "He was accompanied by the National Concert Orchestra of Belarus conducted by Maestro Mikhail Finberg.", "He impressed the audience with his performance and sang Greek and Russian songs.", "In August 2006, Marios participated in the International Song Festival \"Ohrid 2006\" in Ohrid, Macedonia.", "He was one of the 26 finalists from 11 countries.", "He won the 2nd prize from the Jury with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino).", "In September 2006, Marios participated in the International Pop Festival \"Canzoni Dal Mondo\" in Naples, Italy and won the 1st prize, \"Best Song\" among 10 countries with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino).", "In November 2006, he participated in the International Song Festival \"Berliner Perle\" in Berlin, Germany.", "He was one of the 19 finalists who pre-selected among 53 participations from 13 countries.", "He won the \"Special Award by The Jury\" as the best performance with the songs \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino) and \"There’s no sunshine anymore\" by Jon Secada in a new version.", "In December 2006, Marios invited to represent Cyprus into the International TV Song Festival held in Malta where the Maltese audience appreciated his participation.", "2007 - Tours / Festivals / Awards \nIn April 2007, he took part in the 10th International Song Contest for youths \"Tahtede Laul 2007\" in Tallinn, Estonia.", "He won the award \"Best Performance\" with the song \"There’s no sunshine anymore\" by Jon Secada in a new version.", "In May 2007, the organizing committee of the International Pop Song Festival \"Discovery 2007\" in Bulgaria invited Marios to participate as a guest.", "The audience and the media appreciated his impressive performance.", "In July 2007, Marios participated in the International Music Festival \"Universong\" in Canary Islands, Spain.", "He won the 2nd prize (Silver Prize) \"Best Singer\" with the song \"Congratulations\" (Music: Christodoulos Siganos, Lyrics: Christodoulos Siganos & Valentino) among 12 countries.", "Awards\n\nSee also\nJunior Eurovision Song Contest 2004\nCyprus in the Eurovision Song Contest 2006\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links \n Official Website\n Official YouTube Channel\n \n \n\n1990 births\nLiving people\n21st-century Cypriot male singers\nCypriot musicians\nCypriot pop singers\nCypriot male singer-songwriters\nEnglish-language singers from Cyprus\nJunior Eurovision Song Contest entrants\nGreek Cypriot singers\nCypriot child singers" ]

[ "Marios Tofi was born on February 24, 1990 in Athens, Greece.", "He is best known for his song \"Onira\", which he represented Cyprus at the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.", "Marios Tofi was born on February 24, 1990 in Athens, Greece.", "Marios Tofi has been living in Cyprus for five years.", "Marios has an interest in music, singing and dance from the age of eight.", "He knows how to play music from the beginning.", "He has been studying a lot of music.", "Classical Ballet, Latin and Flamenco were all studied by him.", "He is studying Spanish and French.", "He sings in many languages.", "Marios loves performing live in big music events and festivals, he likes close contact with the audience, and his performances are always dynamic, full of energy and passion.", "He performed in many concerts and festivals in the United Kingdom, Latvia, Lithuania, Bulgaria, Poland, Spain, Italy, Malta, Norway, Estonia, Macedonia, Czech Republic, Belarus, Germany, Romania, Greece, Cyprus, and much more.", "Greek, Cyprus and European famous artists collaborated with Marios in live concerts and live TV shows.", "Marios placed 1st in the 1st Pancyprian Performing Contest.", "The contest was hosted by CyBC.", "He placed 1st in the local contest of \"Kataklysmos\" Festival in Cyprus in 1999.", "The company \"Chris Cash & Carry\" collaborated with Marios for a school advertisement.", "The sales of the supermarket doubled because of the successful advertisement.", "He accepted a second proposal from the supermarket \"Chris Cash & Carry\" for their Christmas advertisement in December of 2003 with a successful outcome.", "Marios was selected from 54 entries to represent Cyprus at the 2nd Junior Eurovision Song Contest in Norway by televoting and a jury.", "He had a tour to present his song \"Onira\" after that.", "He had appearances in many countries.", "In Lillehammer, Norway, on November 20, 2004, he took the 8th place from eighteen countries.", "He accepted invitations from several countries to participate in their festivals.", "On November 27, 2004, in Barcelona, Spain, he invited to present his song on their victory.", "It was a special invitation to perform among famous Spanish artists and having in mind that he was the only guest star from the Junior Eurovision Song Contest.", "In June 2005, Marios won the \"Special Award by the Jury\" at the International Song Festival in Varna, Bulgaria, for his song \"X\", which was one of more than 100 songs.", "This is the first time in 15 years that Marios has been awarded this prize at the festival.", "Marios won the \"Audience Award\" with his song \"M' ena fili\" at the International Song Festival in 2005.", "In August 2005, Marios performed at the Festival \"Heart of Gold\" in Marsaskala, Malta.", "One of the biggest festivals in Malta was for charities.", "Two dancers from the No.1 Dancing School in Malta, \"YADA\", impressed the audience by dancing behind Marios.", "The 7th International Song Contest \"Universetalent\" was held in the Czech Republic in 2005.", "He was one of the 12 who were chosen.", "He won two awards, the \"Journalist Jury Award\" and the \"Best Singer\" with the song \"Agapi Magiki\".", "In December 2005, Marios collaborated with Chiara from Malta and made a duet with the title \" Once upon a dream\".", "In February of 2006 Marios was one of the 10 people who were pre-selected to represent Cyprus in the 2006 Eurovision Song Contest.", "After a hard competition, he took the 2nd place by televoting with the song \"Congratulations\".", "He won the \"Special Award by The Jury\" with the song \"Xehnas\" at the International Pop Song Festival \"Discovery 2006\" in Bulgaria.", "In June 2006 Marios participated in the International Song and Dance Festival \"Konin 2006\" in Konin, Poland among 2500 participants from 11 countries and won 2nd prize with the song \"Congratulations\".", "Marios was invited to participate in the XV International Festival of Arts \"Slavianski Bazaar\" in July of 2006", "He was accompanied by an orchestra.", "He impressed the audience with his performance.", "The International Song Festival \"Ohrid 2006\" was held in Ohrid, Macedonia.", "He was a finalist from 11 countries.", "He won the 2nd prize with the song \"Congratulations\".", "Marios won the Best Song prize at the International Pop Festival \"Canzoni Dal Mondo\" in Naples, Italy in September of 2006 with his song \"Congratulations\".", "The International Song Festival \"Berliner Perle\" was held in Berlin, Germany.", "Among 53 participants from 13 countries, he was one of 19 who pre-selected.", "He won the \"Special Award by The Jury\" for his performance with the songs \"Congratulations\" and \"There's no sunshine anymore\".", "The Maltese audience appreciated the fact that Marios was representing Cyprus at the International TV Song Festival.", "In April 2007, he took part in the 10th International Song Contest for youths.", "He won the award for best performance for the song \"There's no sunshine anymore\" by Jon Secada.", "Marios was invited to be a guest at the International Pop Song Festival \"Discovery 2007\" in Bulgaria.", "The media and audience liked his performance.", "The International Music Festival \"Universong\" was held in Canary Islands, Spain.", "He won the 2nd prize for \"best singer\" with the song \"Congratulations\" in 12 countries.", "The Junior Eurovision Song Contest was held in Cyprus in 2004." ]

[ "Marios Tofi", "Marios Tofi", "Marios Tofi", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios" ]

[ "Marios Tofi", "Marios Tofi", "Marios Tofi", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios", "Marios" ]

[ "Brian K. Vaughan (born July 17, 1976) is an American comic book and television writer, best known for the comic book series Y: The Last Man, Ex Machina, Runaways, Pride of Baghdad, Saga, and Paper Girls.", "Vaughan was a writer, story editor and producer of the television series Lost during seasons three through five.", "He was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Dramatic Series at the February 2009 ceremony for his work on the fourth season.", "The writing staff was nominated for the award again at the February 2010 ceremony for their work on the fifth season.", "He was formerly the showrunner and executive producer of the TV series Under the Dome.", "Wired describes Vaughan's comics work as \"quirky, acclaimed stories that don't pander and still pound pulses\".", "His creator-owned comics work is also characterized by \"finite, meticulous, years-long story arcs\", on which Vaughan comments, \"That's storytelling, with a beginning, a middle, and an end.", "Something like Spider-Man, a book that never has a third act, that seems crazy.\"", "In 2007, Erik Malinowski, also of Wired, called Vaughan \"the greatest comic book visionary of the last five years\", comparing him to Frank Miller, Alan Moore, Paul Pope, and Steve Niles, and praised his addition to the TV series Lost as redeeming that series' third season.", "For his writing, Vaughan has won 14 Eisner Awards, 14 Harvey Awards, as well as a Hugo Award.", "Early life\nBrian K. Vaughan was born July 17, 1976 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Geoffrey and Catherine Vaughan.", "He grew up in Rocky River and Westlake.", "Vaughan and his older brother are both fans of writer Peter David, and according to Vaughan, their adolescent comics reading was largely defined by a shared love of David's 12-year run on The Incredible Hulk.", "Vaughan also cites Joss Whedon as the reason he wanted to become a writer, a decision he made while attending St. Ignatius High School, from which he graduated in 1994.", "Vaughan attended the New York University Tisch School of the Arts to study film.", "While a student there, Vaughan took part in Marvel Comics's Stan-hattan Project, a class for fledgling comic book writers.", "Career\nVaughan's first credit was for Marvel Comics' Tales from the Age of Apocalypse #2 (December 1996).", "He would eventually write for some of the highest-profile characters at Marvel, including X-Men, Spider-Man, and Captain America.", "He would also write Batman and Green Lantern for DC Comics, and Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight for Dark Horse Comics.", "From 2002 to 2008, Vaughan, who came to prefer writing his own characters, wrote the creator-owned monthly series Y: The Last Man, a post-apocalyptic science fiction series about the only man to survive the apparent simultaneous death of every male mammal on Earth.", "The series was published in sixty issues by Vertigo and collected in a series of ten paperback volumes (and later a series of five hardcover \"Deluxe\" volumes).", "The series received Eisner Awards in 2005 and 2008, and numerous other nominations.", "The film rights to the series were acquired by New Line Cinema.", "Vaughan wrote his own screenplay for the project, though it was reported in March 2012 that Matthew Federman and Stephen Scaia were in final negotiations to write their own version.", "In 2006, Vaughan published the graphic novel Pride of Baghdad, which centers on a group of lions who escape from an Iraqi zoo after the start of the Iraq War.", "The book was praised by IGN, who named it the Best Original Graphic Novel of 2006, calling it a \"modern classic\", lauding it for combining a tale of survival and family with a powerful analogy of war, and praising Vaughan for representing various viewpoints through the different lion characters.", "From 2004 to 2010 Vaughan wrote another creator-owned series, Ex Machina, a political thriller that depicts the life of Mitchell Hundred, a former superhero known as the Great Machine who, in the wake of his heroism during the September 11, 2001 attacks, is elected Mayor of New York City.", "The story is set during Hundred's term in office, and interwoven with flashbacks to his past as the Great Machine.", "Through this, the series explores both the political situations Hundred finds himself in, and the mysteries surrounding his superpowers.", "New Line Cinema purchased the film rights to the series in July 2005, and commissioned Vaughan to write one of the two commissioned scripts, which he was reported to be working on in 2007.", "Following the conclusion of Ex Machina in 2010, Vaughan reiterated his previous statement that he would concentrate on creator-owned work, saying, \"I realized when I turned in this final Ex Machina script that it would be the first time I wasn't under some kind of deadline at Marvel or DC since 1996.", "That's a huge chunk of my life to spend with those characters.", "I love them, and I still read Marvel and DC's superhero books.", "I just think I'm better when I'm working on my own creations.", "When there are so many talented creators out there who are better at that stuff than me, I should leave those characters to them.", "I should do what I'm fortunate enough to be in the position to do, which is to create more new stuff.\"", "Vaughan was a writer, executive story editor and producer for seasons 3 to 5 on the ABC TV series Lost, a job he earned on the basis of his work on Y: The Last Man, of which Lost co-creator and executive producer Damon Lindelof was an ardent fan.", "Lindelof showed that book to series showrunner and executive producer Carlton Cuse.", "Lindelof relates, \"And I told him, 'We need a guy like this on the show, but I don't think he'd ever do it.", "I don't think he even works in L.A.' And the next thing we knew, he was on the show.\"", "He began his stint on the series as executive story editor with the episode \"The Man from Tallahassee\", which premiered in March 2007.", "Vaughan continued as story editor on several episodes until he began writing episodes, beginning with the episode \"Catch-22\", which Vaughan co-wrote with Jeff Pinker, and premiered in April that year.", "That episode was praised by Wired writer Erik Malinowski, who stated that the themes that Vaughan carried over to Lost from his comics work, including intricately weaved storylines typified by pathos and hope, as well as pop culture references, redeemed that series' third season.", "Vaughan would write a total of 7 episodes, the last of which was the April 2009 episode \"Dead Is Dead\".", "He was first credited as a producer with the fourth-season premiere \"The Beginning of the End\", eventually acting as producer on a total of 29 episodes.", "He was also a co-producer on Lost: Missing Pieces, a spinoff Internet short film series produced during the hiatus between the show's third and fourth seasons.", "In November 2011 Steven Spielberg selected Vaughan to adapt the Stephen King novel Under the Dome into a television series for Showtime, which is Vaughan's first television work since Lost.", "Vaughan was the showrunner and executive producer of the series.", "He exited the show before the second season premiered in 2014.", "On March 14, 2012, Image Comics published the first issue of Vaughan and Fiona Staples' epic space opera/fantasy series, Saga, which he conceived to be a concept strictly relegated to comics, and not adapted to other media.", "Although Vaughan was a child when he first conceived of the ideas for the book – which owes its inspiration to Star Wars – it was not until his wife became pregnant with his second child that he began to write the series, which harbors parenthood as an underlying theme.", "The series depicts two aliens from warring races trying to survive with their newborn daughter.", "The book is Vaughan's first publication for Image Comics, and represents the first time he has employed first-person narration in his comics writing.", "The first issue sold out of its first printing ahead of its March 14 release date, with a second printing ordered for April 11, the same release date for issue #2.", "The series has received positive reviews from MTV, Ain't it Cool News, Comic Book Resources, IGN, Publishers Weekly and Time magazine.", "It has also appeared on the New York Times Graphic Books Best Seller List, won three 2013 Eisner Awards, won a Hugo Award and was nominated for seven Harvey Awards.", "In March 2013, Vaughan published the first issue of The Private Eye with artist Marcos Martín on Panel Syndicate, a pay-what-you-want host for their creative efforts.", "Panel Syndicate offers DRM-Free comics available for purchase/download for whatever price readers wish to pay.", "Through Panel Syndicate, Vaughan and Martin published 10 issues of The Private Eye and released the first issue of Barrier in late 2015.", "At the Image Expo in January 2015, it was announced that Vaughan would release two new books through Image Comics in 2015: Paper Girls with Cliff Chiang and Matthew Wilson, and We Stand On Guard with Steve Skroce.", "Personal life\nVaughan and his wife, a native of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and playwright, live in Los Angeles.", "They have two children and a pet Dachshund named Hamburger that has been repeatedly referenced as Vaughan's aide in selecting letters for the Saga letter column.", "Hamburger has also appeared in an illustration of Vaughan and Fiona Staples that was included in a 2013 Time magazine story on Saga.", "Awards and nominations\n\nBibliography\n\nMarvel Comics\nX-Men:\nTales from the Age of Apocalypse #2: \"Sinister Bloodlines\" (with Steve Epting and Nick Napolitano, 1997)\n Scripted by Vaughan, plotted by John Francis Moore.", "Collected in X-Men: The Complete Age of Apocalypse Volume 1 (tpb, 376 pages, 2006, )\n Collected in X-Men: The Age of Apocalypse Omnibus Companion (hc, 992 pages, 2014, )\nCable #43: \"Broken Soldiers\" (co-written by Vaughan and Todd Dezago, art by Randy Green and Chap Yaep, 1997)\nWolverine vol.", "vol.", "2 #112: \"New York...", "The New Savage Land... No Escape!\"", "(with Koi Turnbull, anthology, 1998)\nCaptain America: Sentinel of Liberty (hc, 360 pages, 2011, ) includes:\nCaptain America: Sentinel of Liberty (anthology):\n \"The Great Pretender\" (script by Vaughan from a plot by Mark Waid, art by Doug Braithwaite, in #5, 1999)\n \"An Ending\" (with N. Steven Harris, in #7, 1999)\nThe Hood #1–6 (with Kyle Hotz, Marvel MAX, 2002) collected as The Hood: Blood from Stones (tpb, 144 pages, 2003, ; hc, 2007, )\n411 #2: \"The Clarion Call\" (with Leonardo Manco, anthology, 2003)\nRunaways (with Adrian Alphona, Takeshi Miyazawa and Mike Norton (vol.", "2 #19–21), Tsunami, 2003–2007) collected as:\nRunaways: The Complete Collection Volume 1 (collects vol.", "1 #1–18, tpb, 448 pages, 2014, )\nRunaways: The Complete Collection Volume 2 (collects vol.", "2 #1–18, tpb, 472 pages, 2014, )\n Includes the title feature from the Free Comic Book Day 2006: X-Men/Runaways special (written by Vaughan, art by Skottie Young, 2006)\nRunaways: The Complete Collection Volume 3 (includes vol.", "2 #19–24, tpb, 528 pages, 2015, )\nRunaways by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona Omnibus (collects vol.", "1 #1–18, vol.", "2 #1–24 and the X-Men/Runaways special, hc, 1,072 pages, 2018, )\nDoctor Octopus: Negative Exposure #1–5 (with Staz Johnson, 2003–2004) collected as Spider-Man/Doctor Octopus: Negative Exposure (tpb, 120 pages, 2004, )\nWha... Huh?", "(with Jim Mahfood, among other writers, one-shot, 2005) collected in Secret Wars Too (tpb, 208 pages, 2016, )\nDoctor Strange: The Oath #1–5 (with Marcos Martín, 2006–2007) collected as Doctor Strange: The Oath (tpb, 128 pages, 2007, )\n\nDC Comics\nBatman: False Faces (hc, 160 pages, 2008, ; tpb, 2009, ) collects:\nGotham City Secret Files: \"Skull-Duggery\" (with Marcos Martín, co-feature in one-shot, 2000)\nWonder Woman vol.", "2 #160–161: \"A Piece of You\" (with Scott Kolins, 2000)\nBatman #588–590: \"Close Before Striking\" (with Scott McDaniel, 2001)\nDetective Comics #787: \"Mimsy Were the Borogoves\" (with Rick Burchett, 2003)\nThe Titans #14 (co-written by Vaughan and Devin K. Grayson, art by Cully Hamner, 2000)\nYoung Justice (with Scott Kolins):\nSins of Youth: Wonder Girls (one-shot, 2000) collected in Young Justice: Sins of Youth (tpb, 320 pages, 2000, )\nYoung Justice #22: \"Other Interests\" (co-feature, 2000) collected in Young Justice Book Four (tpb, 320 pages, 2019, )\nJLA Annual #4: \"Ruins\" (with Steve Scott, 2000)\nSuperman vol.", "2 Annual #12: \"Whispers of the Earth\" (with Carlo Barberi, 2000)\n Dialogue by Vaughan, story by Oscar Pinto and Francisco Haghenbeck.", "Green Lantern: Circle of Fire (tpb, 224 pages, 2002, ) includes:\nGreen Lantern: Circle of Fire #1–2 (with Norm Breyfogle and Robert Teranishi, 2000)\nGreen Lantern/Adam Strange: \"We Rann All Night\" (with Cary Nord, one-shot, 2000)\nGreen Lantern/Atom: \"Unusual Suspects\" (with Trevor McCarthy, one-shot, 2000)\n9-11 Volume 2: \"For Art's Sake\" (with Pete Woods, anthology graphic novel, 224 pages, 2002, )\nSuperman/Batman #26 (with Tim Sale, two-page sequence among other writers and artists, 2006) collected in Superman/Batman Volume 2 (tpb, 336 pages, 2014, )\n\nVertigo\nSwamp Thing vol." ]

[ "Brian K. Vaughan is an American comic book and television writer, best known for the comic book series Y: The Last Man, Ex Machina, Runaways, Pride of Baghdad, Saga, and Paper Girls.", "He was a writer, story editor and producer of Lost.", "He was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award for Best Dramatic Series for his work on the fourth season.", "The writing staff was nominated for an award again in February 2010 for their work on the fifth season.", "He was the executive producer of Under the Dome.", "The work of Vaughan is described as \"quirky, acclaimed stories that don't pander and still pound the pulse\".", "His creator-owned comics work is characterized by a beginning, a middle, and an end.", "Spider-Man, a book that never has a third act, seems crazy.", "The greatest comic book visionary of the last five years was compared to Frank Miller, Alan Moore, Paul Pope, and Steve Niles, and was praised for his addition to the TV series Lost.", "He has won 14 Eisner Awards, 14 Harvey Awards, and a Hugo Award for his writing.", "Brian K. Vaughan was born on July 17, 1976 in Cleveland, Ohio.", "He grew up in two places.", "Vaughan and his older brother are both fans of writer Peter David, and according to Vaughan, their adolescent comics reading was largely defined by a shared love of David's 12-year run on The Incredible Hulk.", "The reason he wanted to become a writer was due to the fact that he attended St. Ignatius High School, where he graduated in 1994.", "The New York University Tisch School of the Arts is a film school.", "The Stan-hattan Project is a class for new comic book writers.", "His first credit was for Tales from the Age of Apocalypse #2.", "He would eventually write for some of the most famous characters in the world, including Spider-Man, X-men, and Captain America.", "He wrote Batman and Green Lantern for DC and Buffy the Vampire Slayer for Dark Horse.", "The creator-owned monthly series Y: The Last Man was written by a man who preferred to write his own characters.", "The series was collected in a series of ten paperback volumes and five hardcover \"Deluxe\" volumes.", "In 2005, and 2008, the series received Eisner Awards.", "New Line Cinema acquired the film rights to the series.", "Matthew Federman and Stephen Scaia were in final negotiations to write their own version of the script that was written by Vaughan.", "Pride of Baghdad is a graphic novel about a group of lions who escape from an Iraqi zoo after the start of the Iraq War.", "The book was praised by IGN, who named it the Best Original Graphic Novel of 2006 and praised it for combining a tale of survival and family with a powerful analogy of war.", "The life of Mitchell Hundred, a former superhero known as the Great Machine who was elected Mayor of New York City in the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, is depicted in the creator-owned series Ex Machina.", "The story is set during Hundred's term in office, and interwoven with his past as the Great Machine.", "The series explores both the political situations that Hundred finds himself in and the mysteries surrounding his powers.", "New Line Cinema purchased the film rights to the series in July 2005, and commissioned Vaughan to write one of the two commissioned scripts, which he was reported to be working on in 2007.", "\"I realized when I turned in this final Ex Machina script that it would be the first time I wasn't under some kind of deadline at either DC or Marvel,\" he said.", "I spend a lot of my life with those characters.", "I still read superhero books.", "I think I'm better when I'm on my own.", "I should leave those characters to those who are better at that stuff.", "I should do what I can to create more new things.", "He was a writer, executive story editor and producer for seasons 3 to 5 on the ABC TV series Lost, a job he earned on the basis of his work on Y: The Last Man, which Lost co-creator and executive producer Damon Lindelof was an ardent fan of.", "Carlton Cuse was shown the book by Lindelof.", "Lindelof said that he didn't think he'd ever do it on the show.", "I don't think he works in L.A., and the next thing we knew, he was on the show.", "He was the executive story editor for the first episode of the series, \"The Man from Tallahassee\".", "When he began writing episodes, he began with the episode \"Catch-22\", which he co-wrote with Jeff Pinker.", "The third season of Lost was redeemed by the themes of pathos and hope, as well as pop culture references, that were present in that episode.", "The last of the 7 episodes was \"Dead Is Dead\" in April 2009.", "He was first credited as a producer with the fourth-season premiere of \"The Beginning of the End\".", "During the hiatus between the show's third and fourth seasons, he was a co-producer on Lost: Missing Pieces, an Internet short film series.", "The Stephen King novel Under the Dome was adapted into a television series by Steven Spielberg in November of 2011.", "The series was executive produced by Vaughan.", "He left the show before the second season started.", "The first issue of the epic space opera/fantasy series, Saga, was published by Image Comics on March 14, 2012.", "Although he was a child when he first conceived of the ideas for the book, it wasn't until his wife became pregnant with his second child that he began to write the series, which harbors parenthood as an underlying theme.", "The aliens are trying to survive with their baby.", "The book is Vaughan's first publication for Image Comics, and is the first time he has used first-person narration in his comics writing.", "The first issue sold out before its March 14 release date, with a second printing ordered for April 11, the same release date for issue #2.", "MTV, Ain't it Cool News, Comic Book Resources, IGN, Publishers Weekly and Time magazine have all written positive reviews of the series.", "It won three Eisner Awards, a Hugo Award and was nominated for seven Harvey Awards.", "The first issue of The Private Eye was published by Panel Syndicate, a pay-what-you- want host for their creative efforts.", "Readers can purchase and download comics from Panel Syndicate for whatever price they want.", "The Private Eye and Barrier were both published through Panel Syndicate.", "Paper Girls with Matthew Wilson and Steve Skroce, as well as We Stand On Guard with Steve Skroce, will be released by Vaughan in 2015.", "A native of Canada and playwright, Vaughan and his wife live in Los Angeles.", "They have two children and a pet dachshund named Hamburger that is frequently referred to as the aide in selecting letters for the Saga letter column.", "There was a Time magazine story on Saga in which Hamburger was included.", "\"Sinister Bloodlines\" was written by John Francis Moore and was part of the X-men: Tales from the Age of Apocalypse.", "The Complete Age of Apocalypse Volume 1 was collected in X-Men: The Age of Apocalypse Omnibus Companion.", "vol.", "\"New York...\"", "No Escape!", "Anthology: \"The Great Pretender\" is part of Captain America: Sentinel of Liberty.", "Runaways: The Complete Collection Volume 1 was collected.", "Runaways: The Complete Collection Volume 2 is the second volume.", "The title feature from the Free Comic Book Day 2006: X-Men/Runaways special is included.", "Runaways was written by Brian K. Vaughan and Adrian Alphona.", "1st edition, vol. 1", "The X-Men/Runaways special, hc, 1,072 pages, is one of 2 #1– 24 and the Spider-Man/Doctor Octopus: Negative Exposure collection.", "Doctor Strange: The Oath was collected as Doctor Strange: The Oath.", "Batman #588–590: \"Close Before Striking\" and Detective Comics #787: \"Mimsy Were the Borogoves\".", "\"Whispers of the Earth\" is a story by Oscar Pinto and Francisco Haghenbeck.", "Green Lantern: Circle of Fire was written by Norm Breyfogle and Robert Teranishi." ]

[ "Brian K", ". Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Brian K", ". Vaughan", "Catherine Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Stephen King", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Koi", "Vaughan", "Kyle Hotz", "Vaughan", "Brian K", "Vaughan", "Scott Ko", "Vaughan" ]

[ "Brian K", ". Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Brian K", ". Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Stephen King", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Vaughan", "Brian K", ". Vaughan" ]

[ "Abraham Isaac Quintanilla Jr. (born February 20, 1939) is an American singer, songwriter and producer.", "He is the father of Tejano singer Selena, and was an executive producer of a biographical film about her life in 1997, in which he was portrayed by actor Edward James Olmos.", "Early life \nQuintanilla was born in Corpus Christi, Texas, the middle child of six siblings, to Abraham Gonzalez Quintanilla Sr. and Maria Tereza Calderon.", "Quintanilla's parents worked along the Rio Grande in Texas, gleaning vegetables, cotton and fruits.", "When he was fourteen, his parents left the Catholic Church and converted to Jehovah's Witnesses.", "Quintanilla's father later worked as an autobody repairman.", "Quintanilla attended Roy Miller High School and soon joined with two of his friends to form a high school choir called the Gumdrops.", "Abraham dropped out of Roy Miller High School when he was a senior to pursue his career.", "Maria strongly disapproved of her son's desire to become a professional singer.", "Career\n\nEarly years \nIn 1956, Quintanilla encountered his alumni classmates performing at a high school dance.", "He immediately recognized their voices and was hooked.", "While learning that one of their lead vocalists was quitting the band: Abraham immediately approached the \"Dinos\" and asked if he could be part of their singing group.", "The group decided to give Abraham a chance by inviting him to practice with them.", "Quintanilla's request was granted when the Dinos crowned him as the \"third voice\".", "During the beginning stages of the group, the Dinos were paid thirty US dollars in booked venues.", "Los Dinos cited their musical inspirations as having originated from the musical ensembles The Four Aces and Mills Brothers.", "In 1959, Los Dinos released their first single \"So Hard to Tell\" on the J.W.", "Fox label that was owned by Johnny Herrera.", "The single became a classic hit on KEYS and helped the band to obtain bookings at sock hops in Corpus, Kingsville and Woodsboro, Texas.", "The Dinos' second single \"Give Me One Chance\", which was composed by Teddy Randazzo who had written songs for Little Anthony and the Imperials, sold 150,000 copies.", "The single began getting extensive airplay throughout south Texas and on KILT-FM.", "Los Dinos' popularity prospered after the record sales of \"Give Me One Chance\".", "The band recorded ten English-language revolutions per minutes and covered songs of The Beatles, Ray Stevens, Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe, Sam & Dave and the Five Americans.", "The band experienced racism and discrimination due to being of Mexican descent.", "A club owner, who thought the band was Italian, was surprised to learn that Los Dinos were Mexican Americans, and refused to pay them.", "Los Dinos were also turned down for motel rooms and other venues in predominantly white neighborhoods.", "The band's next singles \"Twistin' Irene\", \"Ride Your Pony\", and \"Lover's Holiday\" sold poorly.", "In October 1961, Quintanilla was drafted into the United States Air Force.", "After boot camp, he was stationed at McChord Air Force Base in Tacoma, Washington.", "While there, he met the half-Mexican American and half-Cherokee Indian Marcella Samora.", "Samora's father originated from Amarillo, while her mother was from Colorado.", "Quintanilla and Samora married on June 8, 1963.", "After Quintanilla's discharge from active duty in November 1963, his wife gave birth to their first child, Abraham \"A.B.\"", "Quintanilla III on December 13 of the same year.", "Within a month after their son's birth, the family moved out of Washington to Corpus Christi, Texas.", "Following the return to his hometown, Quintanilla re-joined Los Dinos and began singing American pop and Rock and roll music.", "While performing to a crowd of concertgoers of Mexican descent, Los Dinos were chided to play Spanish-language Mexican music.", "When they continued playing their planned pop and rock music lineup, they were heckled and called \"queers\".", "The people at the club were refunded their money after the band confessed to not knowing any Mexican music.", "This angered people who wanted to dance and they chased the band out of the building.", "Local Corpus Christi police had to be called in to escort the band out.", "The band changed their musical genre to Chicano rock due to costs in creating English-language popular music and the popularity of the band.", "Los Dinos recorded their first record Con Esta Copa (With This Cup) in 1964 on Arnoldo Ramirez label Falcon Records.", "The single \"Con esta copa\" became an instant hit in Texas and had heavy airplay at the time of its release on Epitome.", "The single was also played in neighboring states.", "The band released three more records with Falcon until they moved on to Bernal records.", "On June 29, 1967, Marcella gave birth to their second child and first daughter, Suzette Michelle Quintanilla.", "By 1969, Los Dinos' popularity had faded and their record sales began to decline.", "Quintanilla later quit the band while the rest of the group went on without him.", "Los Dinos continued to record music and by 1974, the band had recorded twenty 45s and six LP records.", "The band members then officially ended their careers.", "With Selena y Los Dinos \n\nQuintanilla moved to Lake Jackson, Texas in the early 1970s and began working full-time to support his wife and children.", "He worked for Dow Chemical, putting his passion for music aside.", "They were settling into life in Lake Jackson when Marcella was told by doctors that she had a tumor that needed to be removed immediately.", "Marcella and Quintanilla decided to get a second opinion before they agreed to surgery.", "The second doctor informed them that there was no tumor; Marcella was pregnant.", "They were told this baby was a boy and began planning for a son.", "They picked the name Marc Antony (Quintanilla), but Marcella instead delivered a daughter on April 16, 1971, at Freeport Community Hospital.", "A woman who shared Marcella's semi-private hospital room suggested the name \"Selena\".", "Quintanilla was teaching his oldest child, A.B., to play a guitar when Selena entered and began singing along with her father.", "Quintanilla noticed Selena's fine voice, and, believing she was truly gifted, wasted no time working to develop her vocal talent.", "Quintanilla formed a new group and based its name on his childhood band, Selena y Los Dinos (Selena And The Guys).", "Quintanilla, with the help of his former recording studio manager and friend, began recording songs with Selena and building a foundation for a music career for his children.", "In 1979, Quintanilla opened up a Mexican restaurant called PapaGayo's (Roosters) and built a stage platform so his children could perform for the restaurant's patrons as they enjoyed their meal.", "The restaurant suffered from the recession of 1981 and was forced to close.", "This economy had severe impact on the Quintanillas and other South Texas families.", "Abraham took his musical aspirations and relocated to Corpus Christi after his family was forced to sell their home to avoid bankruptcy.", "Selena y Los Dinos and their father performed at street corners, parties, weddings, and any other social function that provided income for the family.", "In 1984, Selena y Los Dinos were signed to Freddie Records.", "They recorded and released their début album entitled Selena Y Los Dinos.", "Selena was criticized by Freddie Martinez (CEO of Freddie Records) for being a young female in a male-dominated genre.", "Quintanilla transferred his children to Cara Records and released their second album, The New Girl in Town.", "This album led to Selena y Los Dinos' appearance as musical guests on the Johnny Canales Show.", "By 1989 Selena had released eight long plays on Manny Guerra's independent labels, GP Productions and Record Producer Productions.", "These albums launched Selena's domination of the Tejano Music Awards, beginning in 1986.", "Selena's performance at the TMAs caught the eye of Jose Behar, the former head of Sony Music Latin.", "Behar signed Selena with Capitol/EMI.", "He later said that he signed Selena because he thought he had discovered the next Gloria Estefan.", "Selena won the 1993 Grammy Award for \"Best Mexican-American Album\" for Selena Live!.", "Selena's 1994 album Amor Prohibido became the biggest-selling Latin album of all time.", "Amor Prohibido was certified 20x Platinum (Latin type) by the RIAA for selling over two million copies, and eventually sold over five million worldwide.", "Selena's sales and fan base increased and paved the way to achieve her dream of recording an English crossover album in prospective.", "Death of Selena \n\nOn March 31, 1995, Quintanilla's youngest child, Selena, was murdered by the president of the Selena Fan Club, manager of Selena's boutiques, Selena Etc.", "and friend, Yolanda Saldívar.", "After Selena's death, Quintanilla has been involved in every development of albums, documentaries, and other productions that involves or talks about Selena.", "Soon after Selena's death, Abraham Quintanilla and his family started The Selena Foundation, a charitable organization which assists children in crisis.", "Abraham Quintanilla has appeared in numerous television specials about Selena.", "Quintanilla continues to produce new acts in the music and film industries with his record company, Q-Productions.", "In the 1997 biopic-film, Selena, Quintanilla was portrayed by Edward James Olmos while Quintanilla himself served as co-producer.", "In the 2020 Netflix miniseries Selena: The Series, he was portrayed by Ricardo Chavira.", "In 2021, Quintanilla released his memoir A Father's Dream: My Family's Journey in Music .", "Discography \nStudio albums\n\nFilmography\n\nReferences\n\nWorks cited\n\nExternal links \n\nQ-Productions.com website\n\n1939 births\nLiving people\nA.", "B. Quintanilla\nAmerican folk singers\nAmerican Jehovah's Witnesses\nAmerican male singers\nAmerican male television actors\nAmerican music video directors\nAmerican musicians of Mexican descent\nAmerican ranchera singers\nRecord producers from Texas\nChicano rock musicians\nDow Chemical Company employees\nLatin pop singers\nSelena y Los Dinos members\nMariachi musicians\nPeople from Corpus Christi, Texas\nPolka musicians\nSelena\nSingers from Texas\nSpanish-language singers of the United States\nConverts to Jehovah's Witnesses\nFormer Roman Catholics\nPeople from Lake Jackson, Texas\nHispanic and Latino American musicians" ]

[ "Abraham Quintanilla Jr. was born on February 20, 1939.", "He was an executive producer of a biographical film about Selena, which was portrayed by Edward James Olmos.", "Quintanilla was the middle child of six siblings and was born in Texas.", "Quintanilla's parents worked along the Rio Grande in Texas.", "He was fourteen when his parents left the Catholic Church.", "Quintanilla's father was an autobody repairman.", "Quintanilla and two of his friends formed a high school choir called the Gumdrops.", "Abraham dropped out of Roy Miller High School to pursue his career.", "Maria did not approve of her son's desire to become a singer.", "Quintanilla encountered his classmates at a high school dance.", "He immediately recognized their voices.", "While learning that one of their lead vocalists was quitting the band, Abraham immediately approached the \"Dinos\" and asked if he could be part of their singing group.", "Abraham was invited to practice with the group.", "The \"third voice\" was granted Quintanilla's request.", "The Dinos were paid 30 US dollars in booked venues during the beginning stages of the group.", "The Four Aces and Mills Brothers were cited as the musical inspiration for Los Dinos.", "\"So Hard to Tell\" was the first single by Los Dinos.", "Johnny Herrera owned the Fox label.", "A classic hit on KEYS, the single helped the band get booked at sock hops in Texas.", "Teddy Randazzo, who had written songs for Little Anthony and the Imperials, composed the second single for the Dinos.", "The single was playing on KILT-FM in south Texas.", "After the record sales of \"Give Me One Chance\", Los Dinos' popularity increased.", "The band covered songs of The Beatles, Ray Stevens, Johnny Tillotson, Tommy Roe, Sam & Dave and the Five Americans.", "Being of Mexican descent caused the band to experience discrimination.", "The club owner thought the band was Italian and refused to pay them.", "Los Dinos were turned down for motel rooms in white neighborhoods.", "The band's next three singles sold poorly.", "Quintanilla was drafted into the United States Air Force.", "He was stationed at McChord Air Force Base in Washington after boot camp.", "He met the half-Mexican American and half-Cherokee Indian.", "Samora's parents were from Amarillo and Colorado.", "On June 8, 1963, Quintanilla and Samora were married.", "Quintanilla's wife gave birth to their first child after he left active duty.", "Quintanilla III was born on December 13 of the same year.", "The family moved to Texas after their son's birth.", "Quintanilla began singing American pop and Rock and roll music after returning to his hometown.", "While performing to a crowd of concertgoers of Mexican descent, Los Dinos were chided to play Spanish-language Mexican music.", "They were called \"queers\" when they played their planned pop and rock music lineup.", "The people at the club were refunded their money after the band confessed to not knowing any Mexican music.", "The band was chased out of the building by people who wanted to dance.", "The band had to be escort out by local police.", "The band had to change their genre due to the costs of creating English-language popular music and the popularity of the band.", "The first record by Los Dinos was recorded in 1964.", "At the time of its release on Epitome, the single \"Con esta copa\" was an instant hit in Texas.", "The single was played in other states.", "The band released three more records with Falcon.", "On June 29, 1967, Marcella gave birth to their second child and first daughter.", "Los Dinos' popularity waned by 1969 and their record sales began to decline.", "The rest of the group went on without Quintanilla.", "By 1974 the band had recorded twenty 45s and sixLP records.", "The band members ended their careers.", "Quintanilla moved to Lake Jackson, Texas in the early 1970s to be with his wife and children.", "He put his passion for music aside to work for a chemical company.", "When they moved to Lake Jackson, Marcella was told that she had a tumor that needed to be removed.", "They decided to get a second opinion before having surgery.", "The doctor told them that there was no tumor and that Marcella was pregnant.", "They were told the baby was a boy and began planning for a boy of their own.", "Marcella gave birth to a daughter on April 16, 1971, but they chose the name Marc Antony.", "The name \"Selena\" was suggested by a woman who shared a hospital room with Marcella.", "Quintanilla was teaching his oldest child, A.B., to play the guitar when Selena entered and began singing along with her father.", "Quintanilla believed Selena was gifted and wasted no time in developing her vocal talent.", "Quintanilla formed a new group with the name Selena y Los Dinos.", "Quintanilla began recording songs with Selena and built a foundation for a music career for his children with the help of his former recording studio manager and friend.", "In 1979 Quintanilla opened up a Mexican restaurant called PapaGayo's and built a stage platform so his children could perform for the patrons as they enjoyed their meal.", "The recession of 1981 forced the restaurant to close.", "The Quintanillas and other South Texas families were affected by the economy.", "After his family was forced to sell their home to avoid bankruptcy, Abraham relocated to Corpus Christi.", "Selena y Los Dinos and their father performed at street corners, parties, weddings, and any other social function that provided income for the family.", "Freddie Records signed Selena y Los Dinos in 1984.", "They recorded and released their first album.", "Selena was criticized for being a young female in a male-dominated genre.", "The New Girl in Town was released by Quintanilla's children.", "Selena y Los Dinos appeared on the Johnny Canales Show as musical guests.", "By 1989 Selena had released eight plays on independent labels.", "Selena's domination of the Tejano Music Awards began in 1986.", "Jose Behar was the former head of Sony Music Latin.", "Selena was signed by Behar.", "He said he signed Selena because he thought he had found the next Gloria Estefan.", "Selena won the best mexican-american album award in 1993", "Selena's 1994 album became the biggest-selling Latin album of all time.", "The RIAA certified 20x Platinum for Amor Prohibido, and it sold over five million copies worldwide.", "Selena's sales and fan base increased and paved the way for her to record an English album.", "Selena, Quintanilla's youngest child, was murdered on March 31, 1995 by the president of the Selena Fan Club.", "They are friends, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend, and friend,", "Quintanilla has been involved in every project that involves or talks about Selena.", "The Selena Foundation was started by Abraham Quintanilla and his family after Selena's death.", "Abraham Quintanilla has appeared in many specials about Selena.", "Quintanilla's record company, Q-Productions, continues to produce new acts in the music and film industries.", "Quintanilla was portrayed by Edward James Olmos in the 1997 film, Selena.", "He was portrayed in Selena: The Series by Ricardo Chavira.", "Quintanilla's memoir A Father's Dream: My Family's Journey in Music was released in 2021.", "Discography Studio albums Filmography References Works cited External links.", "A Quintanilla is an American folk singer, a male singer, a television actor, a video director, a musician of Mexican descent, and a record producer." ]

[ "Abraham Isaac Quintanilla Jr", "Quintanilla", "Abraham Gonzalez Quintanilla Sr", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "\" Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Michelle Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham Quintanilla", "Abraham Quintanilla", "Quintanilla" ]

[ "Abraham Quintanilla Jr", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Abraham", "Quintanilla", "Abraham Quintanilla", "Abraham Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "Quintanilla", "A Quintanilla" ]

[ "Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar (13 December 1955 – 17 March 2019) was an Indian politician and leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party who served as Chief Minister of Goa from 14 March 2017 until his death.", "Previously, he was Chief Minister of Goa from 2000 to 2005 and from 2012 to 2014 and from 2017 to 2019.", "He also served as the Minister of Defence from October 2014 to March 2017.", "In January 2020, he was posthumously awarded Padma Bhushan.", "Parrikar proposed the name of Narendra Modi as the prime ministerial candidate before 2013 BJP parliamentary elections convention in Goa.", "He served in the National Democratic Alliance government under Prime Minister Narendra Modi as Defence Minister of India from 2014 to 2017.", "He was a former member of Rajya Sabha from Uttar Pradesh.", "He was the first IIT alumnus to serve as MLA of an Indian state, the first IITian to become the Chief Minister of a state in India, the first Goan to become a cabinet-rank minister at the Centre, and also the first Chief Minister of a state to continue in office for over a year despite being diagnosed with terminal-stage cancer.", "Early life and education\nManohar Parrikar was born to Gaud Saraswat Brahmin (GSB) family in Mapusa, Goa.", "He studied at Loyola High School, Margao.", "He completed his 10th Standard Board Examination at G.S.", "Amonkar Vidya Mandir, Mapusa which was previously known as New Goa High school.", "He completed his secondary education in Marathi and went on to graduate in Metallurgical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IIT Bombay), in 1978.", "He was awarded the Distinguished Alumnus Award by IIT Bombay in 2001.", "Political career\nParrikar joined the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) at a young age and became a mukhya shikshak (chief instructor) in the final years of his schooling.", "After graduating from IIT, he resumed RSS work in Mapusa while maintaining a private business, and became a sanghchalak (local director) at the age of 26.", "He was active in the RSS's North Goa unit, becoming a key organiser of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement.", "He was seconded by RSS to Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) with the objective of fighting the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party.", "He is sometimes described as having been a pracharak of the RSS.", "Chief Minister of Goa (200005), (201214), (201719)\nAs a member of the BJP, Parrikar was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Goa in 1994.", "He was leader of the opposition from June to November 1999.", "He successfully contested the election to become Chief Minister of Goa for the first time on 24 October 2000, but his tenure lasted only until 27 February 2002.", "In 2001, the Parrikar government had turned over fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas to Vidya Bharati, the educational wing of the Hindu nationalist group Sangh Parivar, inviting criticism from certain educationists.", "On 5 June 2002, he was re-elected and served another term as Chief Minister.", "On 29 January 2005, his government was reduced to a minority in the Assembly after four BJP MLAs resigned from the House.", "Pratapsing Rane of the Indian National Congress would subsequently replace Parrikar as Chief Minister.", "In 2007, the Parrikar led BJP was defeated in the Goa state elections by the Congress led by Digambar Kamat.", "BJP and their party-allies won twenty-four seats against the Congress' nine in the Goa Assembly Elections held in March 2012.", "In 2014, Parrikar drew criticism for approving a junket costing at least for six MLAs from the ruling party, including three ministers, to attend the FIFA World Cup in Brazil.", "The Indian National Congress termed the trip \"wasteful expenditure\" and criticized the lack of other government officials or soccer experts in the delegation.", "On 14 March 2017, Parrikar was sworn in as Chief Minister of Goa.", "Goa Forward Party led by Vijai Sardesai, one of the parties who allied with BJP in Goa after election results were announced, had said that it would extend support to the BJP only if Parrikar was brought back to the state as Chief Minister.", "Union Minister for Defence (201417)\n\nIn the 2014 general elections, BJP won both the Lok Sabha seats in Goa.", "Parrikar was reluctant to leave Goa and move to Delhi in November 2014, by his own admission but was persuaded by Prime Minister Narendra Modi to join central government.", "Parrikar was preceded by Laxmikant Parsekar as Goa's CM.", "Parrikar had represented the Panaji constituency in the Goa Legislative Assembly when he was a player in the state politics.", "In November 2014, Parrikar was chosen as the Minister of Defence replacing Arun Jaitley, who, till then, held additional charge of the Ministry.", "His entry into the parliament was facilitated by choosing him as the party's candidate for the elected Rajya Sabha seat from Uttar Pradesh.", "Controversies\nIn 2001, the Parrikar government turned over fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas to Vidya Bharati, the educational wing of the Sangh Parivar, inviting criticism from educationists.", "He also drew criticism for approving a junket costing at least for six government MLAs from the ruling party, including three ministers, to attend the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil.", "The Indian National Congress termed the trip \"wasteful expenditure\" and criticized the lack of other government officials or football experts in the delegation.", "Parrikar has often made remarks of controversial nature.", "In wake of the debate on religious intolerance in India and actor Aamir Khan stating that his wife Kiran Rao had asked to move out of India, Parrikar made a controversial remark that \"if anyone speaks like this, he has to be taught a lesson of his life\".", "He later clarified that he had not targeted any specific individual.", "In August 2016, Parrikar stated that going to Pakistan is the same thing as \"going to hell\".", "In November 2016, Parrikar, while serving as Minister of Defence of India, raised a question about why India should bind itself to the no first use policy.", "Illness and death \nDuring March–June 2018, Parrikar was undergoing treatment for what would turn out to be pancreatic cancer at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York, USA.", "He returned to India and in September was admitted in the AIIMS, Delhi for treatment.", "On 27 October 2018 the Goa government announced that CM Manohar Parrikar had pancreatic cancer.", "He died on 17 March 2019 at the age of 63 from pancreatic cancer at his residence in Panaji.", "His death was announced by the president of India, Ram Nath Kovind in a tweet condoling his Death..His Death Was condoled by Prime Minister \nNarendra Modi, Home Minister Rajnath Singh , Bhartiya Janta Party President Amit Shah, Indian National Congress President Rahul Gandhi, and Several Other Political Leaders From National & Goa Politics.", "On the evening of 18 March, Parrikar was cremated with full state honours at Miramar in Panaji.", "Biography \nIn June 2020, a biography on the late Parrikar entitled \"An Extraordinary Life : A Biography of Manohar Parrikar\" was published by Penguin Random House India.", "The book penned by journalists Sadguru Patil and Mayabhushan Nagvenkar documents Parrikar's life and ascent to power in detail.", "The biography was published a little over a year after Parrikar’s passing away, and recaps three decades of political events in Goa.", "This book was preceded by one of the author’s– Sadguru Patil- Marathi book on the politician, entitled \"Goan Politics and Parrikar\", which came out in 2019.", "\"An Extraordinary Life\" contains heretofore little known details and anecdotes about Parrikar's personal life and preferences, as well as memories and quotes from his family and friends.", "The biography takes readers through his childhood and family situation, early years and dedication to the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), his days at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai, his marriage, setting up business as a young entrepreneur, and his first steps into electoral politics.", "The book offers insights into the complex personality of the multiple-term Goa Chief Minister.", "It portrays him as someone who won as a legislator from Panaji on an anti-corruption and clean governance agenda, but later made several compromises while in power, often going back on his election promises.", "Awards\n2020: Padma Bhushan by Government of India\n2018: Honorary Doctorate by National Institute of Technology Goa on 28 September 2018.", "2012: CNN-IBN Indian of the Year in politics category\n2001: Distinguished Alumnus Award IIT-Mumbai\n\nLegacy\nThe Indian Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses was renamed the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses.", "References\n\nExternal links\n\n Detailed Profile: Shri Manohar Parrikar\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\n|-\n\nRecipients of the Padma Bhushan in public affairs\n1955 births\n2019 deaths\nBharatiya Janata Party politicians from Goa\nChief ministers from Bharatiya Janata Party\nChief Ministers of Goa\nDefence Ministers of India\nIIT Bombay alumni\nLeaders of the Opposition in Goa\nMembers of the Goa Legislative Assembly\nNarendra Modi ministry\nPeople from Mapusa\nPeople from North Goa district\nRajya Sabha members from Uttar Pradesh\nRashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh pracharaks\nDeaths from cancer in India\nDeaths from pancreatic cancer\nMembers of the National Cadet Corps (India)" ]

[ "The leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party and the former Chief Minister of the state ofGoa died on 17 March.", "From 2000 to 2005 he was Chief Minister of the state.", "He was the Minister of Defence from October to March.", "He was posthumously awarded the award in January 2020.", "The name of Narendra Modi was proposed by the leader of the party.", "He served as Defence Minister of India in the National Democratic Alliance government.", "He was a member of the upper house.", "He was the firstIITian to become the Chief Minister of a state in India, the first Goan to become a cabinet-rank minister at the Centre, and the first Chief Minister of a state to continue in office.", "Manohar Parrikar was born to a Brahmin family in Mapusa.", "He attended Loyola High School.", "He finished his 10th Standard Board Examination.", "The school used to be known as New Goa High school.", "He graduated from the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay (IIT Bombay) in 1978 with a degree in Metallurgical Engineering.", "He received an award from the Indian Institute of Technology Bombay in 2001.", "He became a mukhya shikshak in the final years of his education after joining the RSS at a young age.", "He became a sanghchalak at the age of 26 after returning to RSS work in Mapusa while maintaining a private business.", "He became a leader of the Ram Janmabhoomi movement after he was active in the RSS's North Goa unit.", "The objective was to fight the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party.", "He is sometimes described as a member of the RSS.", "In 1994, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the state.", "He was the leader of the opposition from June to November 1999.", "He became the Chief Minister of Goa on 24 October 2000 but only lasted until 27 February 2002.", "Fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas were turned over to the educational wing of the Hindu nationalist group in 2001.", "He was re-elected on June 5, 2002, and served a second term as Chief Minister.", "The government was reduced to a minority in the Assembly on January 29, 2005.", "The Chief Minister would be replaced by Pratapsing Rane of the Indian National Congress.", "The Congress led by Digambar Kamat defeated the saffron party in the state elections in 2007.", "The Congress won nine seats in the Assembly Elections in the state.", "The approval of a junket costing at least six legislators from the ruling party, including three ministers, to attend the World Cup in Brazil drew criticism.", "The Indian National Congress characterized the trip as wasteful expenditure and criticized the lack of other government officials or soccer experts in the delegation.", "The Chief Minister of Goa was sworn in on March 14th.", "After the election results were announced, one of the parties allied with the saffron party in the state said that it would extend its support only if the Chief Minister was brought back to the state.", "The Union Minister for Defence won two seats in the general elections.", "Prime Minister Narendra Modi persuaded him to join the central government, even though he was reluctant to leave Goa and move to Delhi.", "Laxmikant Parsekar was the first CM of the state.", "When he was a player in the state politics, Parrikar represented the Panaji constituency in the Legislative Assembly.", "In November of 2014, the Ministry of Defence was taken over by Manohar Parrikar, who held the additional charge of the Ministry.", "His entry into the parliament was made easier by the fact that he was the party's candidate for the seat in UP.", "Fifty-one government primary schools in rural areas were turned over to the educational wing of the RSS in 2001.", "He was criticized for approving a junket costing at least six government legislators from the ruling party to attend the World Cup in Brazil.", "The Indian National Congress characterized the trip as wasteful expenditure and criticized the lack of other government officials or football experts in the delegation.", "In the past, Parrikar has made controversial comments.", "\"If anyone speaks like this, he has to be taught a lesson of his life\", said the defence minister after the debate on religious tolerance in India.", "He said that he had not targeted anyone.", "Going to Pakistan is the same thing as going to hell.", "The Minister of Defence of India asked why India should bind itself to the no first use policy.", "There was an illness and death during March and June of last year.", "He was admitted to the All India Institute of Medical Sciences in Delhi for treatment after returning to India.", "CM Manohar Parrikar was diagnosed with cancer on October 27th.", "He died of Pancreatic Cancer on 17 March at the age of 63.", "His death was announced by the president of India, Ramnath Kovind. His death was condoled by Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Home Minister Rajnath Singh, and several others.", "On the evening of 18 March, Parrikar was cremated with full state honours.", "In June 2020, a biography on the late Manohar Parrikar was published by Penguin Random House India.", "There is a book written by two journalists about the life and rise to power of Manohar Parrikar.", "The biography was published a little over a year after the death of Parrikar.", "The author's book on the politician, entitled \"Goan Politics and Parrikar\", came out in 2019.", "\"An extraordinary life\" contains hitherto little known details and anecdotes about Parrikar's personal life and preferences, as well as memories and quotes from his family and friends.", "The biography takes readers through his childhood and family situation, early years and dedication to the RSS, his days at Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Mumbai, his marriage, and his first steps into electoral politics.", "The book gives insight into the personality of the Chief Minister.", "He won as a legislator from Panaji on an anti-corruption and clean governance agenda, but later made several compromises while in power, often going back on his election promises.", "The Government of India gave the highest award, the Padma Bhushan, to the National Institute of Technology.", "The Indian Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses was renamed the Manohar Parrikar Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses.", "There are links to External links to the profile of Manohar Parrikar." ]

[ "Manohar Gopalkrishna Prabhu Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Shri Manohar", "Parrikar" ]

[ "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Parrikar", "Manohar", "Parrikar" ]

[ "Walter Raleigh Gilbert (16 September 1853 – 26 July 1924) was an English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket for Middlesex and Gloucestershire between 1873 and 1886.", "A cousin of W. G. Grace, he played for Gloucestershire when, dominated by the Grace family, it was the leading county.", "Gilbert's best season was 1876, when he scored 205 not out for the county, but he was subsequently less successful.", "Closely connected with the United South of England Eleven, a professional touring team of which he eventually became secretary, Gilbert was financially affected by a declining interest in such teams.", "With insufficient income to continue as an amateur he became a professional in 1886, but played only one match before he was caught stealing from teammates in a minor match, ending his first-class career.", "After serving a 28-day prison sentence Gilbert moved to Canada, where he worked for the Land Titles Office in Calgary while remaining a prominent cricketer.", "He died aged 70 in 1924, but for nearly 60 years after his death, there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence over his fate.", "Early life and career\nWalter Gilbert was born in London on 16 September 1853.", "He spent some time living in Downend with his maternal aunt, Martha Grace, the mother of W. G. Grace, as a result of which he became friendly with Grace and his brothers.", "Between 1869 and 1871 Gilbert made several appearances in minor cricket for teams representing Worcestershire and went on to play for the United South of England Eleven, one of several fully professional teams that toured the country playing mainly minor matches.", "In 1871 he made his first-class debut, playing as an amateur in a team chosen by for a match against Kent.", "He scored 13 and 1, kept wicket in at least the first innings, held two catches, and achieved a stumping.", "By virtue of his London birth, Gilbert was qualified to play cricket for Middlesex.", "He made nine appearances for the county during the 1873 and 1874 seasons, achieving a highest score of 49, averaging 17.40 with the bat and taking two wickets.", "His first score of over fifty runs in first-class matches came for the United South of England XI, for whom he continued to play regularly, against the United North of England XI in 1874.", "He also achieved some success as a bowler, taking five wickets for W. G. Grace's team against Kent in 1873.", "Achieving prominence\nIn the English winter of 1873–74, Gilbert was chosen by W. G. Grace to accompany his touring team to Australia.", "Gilbert had a string of single-figure scores and a highest score of 33 not out.", "Nevertheless, he and Grace got on well, and he was a popular member of the touring party.", "Grace enjoyed his company to the extent of hunting kangaroos with him.", "During the 1874 season Gilbert made a double century in minor cricket, scoring 254 not out for Thornbury against Sneyd Park.", "Later in the season he made a further representative appearance, playing for the Gentlemen against the Players at Prince's Cricket Ground and opening the batting with W. G. Grace; he scored 14 and 16 and took four wickets in the Players' first innings.", "He also played in the corresponding fixture the following year.", "By 1876 Gilbert had qualified to play for Gloucestershire, as he had lived in the county for the length of time required by the rules.", "In his first season for the club he finished fifth in the first-class batting averages, scoring 907 runs at an average of 36.28.", "His highest score was 205 not out for an England XI against Cambridge University, the third-highest score of the season after W. G. Grace's two triple centuries.", "His innings lasted about seven hours, and he batted on each of the three days of the match.", "This was his maiden first-class century; he scored another hundred later in the season when he made 143 runs for a combined Kent and Gloucestershire side against a team representing England.", "In the same season he took 28 wickets at an average of 19.64, including seven wickets for 65 runs in the match between the United South of England XI and the United North of England XI.", "Decline and disgrace\nOver the next few seasons Gilbert was not as successful with the bat; in 1877 he failed to exceed 47 in any innings, he scored about half the number of runs that he had during the previous year, and his average dropped to 15.70.", "His average remained below 20 in four of the next five seasons and never passed 23.", "In six seasons, he scored only six fifties.", "On the other hand, he took 56 wickets in both 1877 and 1878, averaging under 17 with the ball.", "He achieved some notable performances as a bowler, including bowling unchanged throughout a game in partnership with W. G. Grace.", "But from 1879 he bowled less frequently, and never passed 23 wickets in a season again.", "Even so, Gilbert represented the Gentlemen against the Players twice in 1877, his final appearances in the fixture; in four games, he scored just 43 runs and took 16 wickets.", "By this time Gilbert faced financial difficulty as an amateur cricketer.", "Most amateurs were from privileged backgrounds, whereas professionals mainly came from the working class.", "It was almost unthinkable for an amateur to become a professional, although many did receive financial inducements such as generous expenses and sinecure positions within county organisations.", "Unlike the Grace brothers, Gilbert did not have a profession outside cricket to provide a supplementary income allowing him to live comfortably.", "A solution seemed to arrive in 1880, when Fred Grace, the manager of the United South of England XI touring side and one of W. G. Grace's brothers, died and Gilbert took over his paid job as secretary.", "But the popularity of professional touring teams was already in decline, and the increasing number of matches between county teams attracted more interest.", "An indication of trouble came in 1882 when a professional cricketer took Gilbert to court over unpaid fees for an appearance in a match.", "In three seasons between 1883 and 1885 Gilbert's batting form improved somewhat.", "Appearing mainly for Gloucestershire, Gilbert increased his first-class batting average beyond 20, and in 1885 he hit his third first-class century when he scored 102 against Yorkshire.", "At the start of the 1886 season Gilbert was featured in the popular biographical article in the weekly magazine Cricket, a significant accolade suggesting that he was highly regarded.", "A few days after the article's appearance Gilbert announced that he would in future play for Gloucestershire as a professional, but after only one appearance for the county he disappeared from first-class cricket.", "Official sources, including Cricket magazine in which Gilbert had recently been featured, James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual and Wisden Cricketers' Almanack offered no explanation.", "Wisden ended its match report on Gilbert's only professional appearance: \"... about [Gilbert's] subsequent disappearance from cricket there is no need to speak\".", "Gilbert had also been engaged by a club called East Gloucestershire, based in Cheltenham, which played minor cricket.", "The explanation for Gilbert's disappearance was to be found in a match he played for the club on 4 and 5 June 1886.", "Before the second day's play, Gilbert arrived early at the ground and went into the pavilion.", "Because several sums of money had recently gone missing from the pavilion, a policeman was hidden in the team's dressing room and he saw Gilbert searching clothes and stealing money.", "On being confronted, Gilbert produced the coins, one of which had been marked so that it could be identified.", "The East Gloucestershire match continued, but Gilbert's name was omitted from the published scorecard; the wickets he had taken on the first day were credited to \"Smith\", and either only ten players were listed or Gilbert's position in the batting order was taken by \"Mr E. L. Even\", who did not bat.", "Gilbert had been selected for Gloucestershire's first-class match against Sussex on 7 June, but he was dropped from the side and his place taken by a player making his only appearance in the side.", "Gilbert was in Police Court while the match was taking place, charged with theft.", "He admitted stealing from two men and expressed remorse.", "According to the report in The Times, he stated that if he were forgiven, he would move to Australia; his solicitor argued that Gilbert had been \"harassed and worried\" for some time and was suffering from erysipelas and could barely control his own behaviour.", "His solicitor requested that any punishment should allow Gilbert to go overseas, but Gilbert was sentenced to 28 days imprisonment.", "Gilbert's family then arranged for him to move to Canada; at the time it was common for families to send disgraced members to distant parts of the British Empire to minimise scandal.", "In first-class cricket, Gilbert scored 5,290 runs at an average of 19.16 with three hundreds.", "With the ball, he took 295 wickets at an average of 17.93.", "His Wisden obituary stated: \"His fielding at deep-leg to W. G. Grace's bowling was always excellent, for he covered much ground and was a sure catch.", "Although overshadowed by his famous cricketing cousins, he played a prominent part in the victories gained during Gloucestershire's greatest years.\"", "Final years\nIn Canada Gilbert found employment with the Land Titles Office in Calgary, for whom he worked for 17 years.", "Cricket historian Benny Green wrote: \"No breath of scandal or disgrace ever attached to Gilbert's thirty-eight years of exile, nor was there found to be even one square inch missing from the Land Titles Office when Gilbert finally retired from it.\"", "Gilbert had four children from his marriage to the daughter of cricketer James Lillywhite senior.", "His son was killed in the First World War, flying with the Royal Flying Corps, and his three daughters joined the Royal Army Medical Corps.", "He continued to play cricket and became one of Canada's leading cricketers.", "Gilbert died in Calgary on 24 April 1924, aged 70.", "Continued controversy\nAfter Gilbert's retirement, and even following his death, controversy remained attached to his name; there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence surrounding his fate.", "Cricket historians rarely mentioned him, despite his varied career.", "W. G. Grace, although including Gilbert in an appendix of leading batsmen in his 1891 book Cricket, did not include him in the text at all, despite the book's more than 400 pages; in his Cricketers I Have Met, Grace described 121 cricketers but did not mention his cousin.", "Further evidence of Gilbert's disgrace came in the pages of Wisden.", "Although Gilbert began as an amateur cricketer, which entitled him to have \"Mr.\" before his name in the \"Births and Deaths\" section, he was referred to until his death as \"Gilbert, W. R.\", which denoted a professional.", "However, in his Wisden obituary he received the title \"Mr. W. R. Gilbert\", even though the \"Births and Deaths\" still listed him as a professional, and in 1935 he was once again restored to amateur status in \"Births and Deaths\", for reasons which are unclear.", "The same obituary glossed over Gilbert's enforced retirement from cricket, simply observing: \"At the beginning of 1886 he became a professional, and the season was not far advanced before his career in first-class cricket ended abruptly.", "He then left England for Canada.\"", "Even in 1970, the silence continued; historian Rowland Bowen wrote about the story but concluded by saying: \"Another indication of the recurring instinct for suppression was a suggestion to me that if this story had not appeared in print before (it has not) it should not now.\"", "It is not clear who made this suggestion, whether it was descendants of the Grace family, a cricket administrator or someone else.", "It was not until 1984 that the full story was published by historian Robert Brooke.", "In reviewing what he considered to be the injustice of the case, and reflecting on Gilbert's success in Canada, Green wrote: \"No wonder that those responsible for this act of appalling cruelty went to such fatuous lengths to keep its details a secret.\"", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nEnglish cricketers\nGloucestershire cricketers\nMiddlesex cricketers\n1853 births\n1924 deaths\nGentlemen cricketers\nGentlemen of the South cricketers\nNorth v South cricketers\nUnited South of England Eleven cricketers\nBritish people convicted of theft\nEnglish emigrants to Canada\nGentlemen of England cricketers\nOver 30s v Under 30s cricketers\nGrace family\nW. G. Grace's XI cricketers" ]

[ "Walter Raleigh Gilbert was an English amateur cricketer who played first-class cricket between 1886 and 1924.", "He played for the county when it was dominated by the Grace family.", "Gilbert's best season was 1876, when he scored 205 not out for the county, but he was less successful after that.", "Gilbert was financially affected by the decline in interest in touring teams like the United South of England Eleven.", "He became a professional in 1886 but only played one match before he was caught stealing from his teammates, ending his first-class career.", "Gilbert moved to Canada after serving a prison sentence and worked for the Land Titles Office.", "After his death in 1924, there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence over his fate.", "Walter Gilbert was born in London in September of 1854.", "He became friendly with Grace and his brothers as a result of living in Downend with his aunt.", "Gilbert played for the United South of England Eleven, one of several fully professional teams that toured the country playing mainly minor matches, between 1869 and 1871.", "He made his first-class debut as an amateur in 1871, playing in a match against Kent.", "He scored 13 and 1 and achieved a stumping.", "Gilbert was qualified to play cricket because of his London birth.", "During the 1873 and 1874 seasons, he made nine appearances for the county and averaged 17.40 with the bat and 2.40 with the ball.", "He scored his first fifty runs for the United South of England XI against the United North of England XI in 1874.", "He was a bowler for W. G. Grace's team against Kent in 1873.", "Gilbert was chosen by W. G. Grace to accompany his team to Australia.", "Gilbert's highest score was 33 not out and he had a string of single-figure scores.", "He was a popular member of the touring party and he and Grace got on well.", "Grace enjoyed hunting with him.", "Gilbert scored a double century in minor cricket for Thornbury against Sneyd Park in 1874.", "He played for the Gentlemen against the Players at Prince's Cricket Ground and opened the batting with W. G. Grace.", "He played in the fixture the following year.", "Gilbert was able to play for Gloucestershire because he had lived in the county for the length of time required by the rules.", "He finished fifth in the first-class batting averages in his first season with the club, scoring 905 runs at an average of 36.28.", "After W. G. Grace's two triple centuries, his highest score of the season was 205 not out for England XI against Cambridge University.", "He was batting for seven hours on each of the three days of the match.", "He made his first-class century for Kent and Gloucestershire in the same season that he scored a hundred for England.", "He took 28 wickets at an average of 19.64, including seven for 65 runs in the match between the United South of England XI and the United North of England XI.", "Gilbert's batting average dropped from 15.70 to 15.70 over the next few seasons, as he failed to score more than 47 runs in any single season.", "His average went below 20 in four of the next five seasons.", "He scored six fifties in six seasons.", "He averaged under 17 with the ball in both 1877 and 1878.", "He achieved some notable performances as a bowler, including bowling unchanged throughout a game in partnership with W. G. Grace.", "He never passed 23 pins in a season again from 1879.", "Gilbert played in the Gentlemen against the Players twice in 1877, but he only scored 43 runs and took 16 strikeouts in four games.", "Gilbert was an amateur cricketer.", "Professionals mostly came from the working class, whereas most amateurs were from a privileged background.", "It was almost impossible for an amateur to become a professional because of the financial incentives.", "Gilbert didn't have a profession outside cricket to provide a supplementary income that would allow him to live comfortably.", "Gilbert took over as secretary when Fred Grace, the manager of the United South of England XI touring side, died.", "The number of matches between county teams attracted more interest than the popularity of professional touring teams.", "A professional cricketer took Gilbert to court for not paying his fees for an appearance in a match.", "Gilbert's batting form improved in three seasons.", "Gilbert increased his first-class batting average beyond 20 and in 1885 he hit his third first-class century when he scored against Yorkshire.", "Gilbert was featured in a biographical article in the weekly magazine Cricket at the start of the 1886 season, suggesting that he was highly regarded.", "After only one appearance for the county he disappeared from first-class cricket, but a few days after the article's appearance Gilbert announced that he would in future play for Gloucestershire as a professional, but after only one appearance for the county he disappeared from first-class cricket.", "James Lillywhite's Cricketers' Annual and Wisden Cricketers' Almanack offered no explanation as to why Gilbert had recently been featured in Cricket magazine.", "There is no need to speak about Gilbert's disappearance from cricket.", "Gilbert was engaged by a club called East Gloucestershire, which played minor cricket.", "Gilbert was last seen playing in a match for the club on 4 and 5 June 1886.", "Gilbert went into the pavilion before the second day of play began.", "A policeman was hidden in the team's dressing room and he saw Gilbert rummaging through clothes and stealing money, because several sums of money had gone missing from the pavilion.", "Gilbert produced one of the coins that had been marked so that it could be identified.", "Gilbert's place in the batting order was taken by \"Mr E. L.\", but his name was not included in the published scorecard, as he had taken the first two East Gloucestershire wickets.", "Gilbert was dropped from the side and his place was taken by a player who only played one match.", "Gilbert was charged with theft while in Police Court.", "He apologized for stealing from two men.", "According to the report in The Times, he stated that if he were forgiven, he would move to Australia because he was suffering from erysis and had been harassed.", "Gilbert was sentenced to 28 days imprisonment after his solicitor requested that he be allowed to go overseas.", "It was common for disgraced members of the British Empire to be sent to distant parts of the Empire to avoid scandal.", "Gilbert scored 5,290 runs at an average of 19.16 with three hundreds in first-class cricket.", "He took 295 pins with the ball, an average of 17.93.", "His obituary stated that his fielding at deep-leg to W. G. Grace was a sure catch.", "Although overshadowed by his famous cricketing cousins, he played a prominent part in the victories gained.", "Gilbert worked for the Land Titles Office in Canada for 17 years.", "There was no scandal or disgrace attached to Gilbert's thirty-eight years of exile or the fact that there was only one square inch missing from the Land Titles Office when he retired.", "James Lillywhite senior's daughter had four children from Gilbert's marriage.", "His son was killed in the First World War and his three daughters joined the Royal Army Medical Corps.", "He became one of Canada's leading cricket players.", "Gilbert died in Canada on April 24, 1924, at the age of 70.", "After Gilbert's retirement and death, there seemed to be a conspiracy of silence surrounding his fate.", "Despite his varied career, cricket historians rarely mentioned him.", "In his Cricketers I Have Met, Grace described 121 cricketers but did not mention Gilbert, despite the fact that Gilbert was included in an appendix of leading hitters.", "There was more evidence of Gilbert's disgrace in the pages of Wisden.", "Gilbert had \"Mr.\" before his name in the \"Births and Deaths\" section, but he was referred to as a professional after his death.", "Even though the \"Births and Deaths\" still listed him as a professional, he was once again restored to amateur status in 1935.", "Gilbert's career in first-class cricket ended abruptly when he became a professional at the beginning of 1886, according to the obituary.", "He left England for Canada.", "\"Another indication of the recurring instinct for suppression was a suggestion to me that if this story had not appeared in print before, it should not now.\"", "It's not clear if it was descendants of the Grace family, a cricket administrator or someone else.", "Robert Brooke published the full story in 1984.", "\"No wonder that those responsible for this act of appalling cruelty went to such lengths to keep its details a secret,\" Green wrote in reviewing what he considered to be the injustice of the case and reflecting on Gilbert's success in Canada.", "Gentlemen of the South cricketers North v South cricketers United South of England Eleven cricketers British people convicted of theft English emigrants to Canada" ]

[ "Walter Raleigh Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Walter Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Walter Raleigh Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Walter Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert", "Gilbert" ]

[ "Brett Allen Scallions (born December 21, 1971) is an American singer.", "He is best known for being the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for the late 1990s-early 2000s rock band Fuel (1993–2006, 2010–2020).", "Born in Brownsville, Tennessee, Scallions gained recognition as the original lead vocalist for the rock band Fuel from 1993 to 2006 and 2010 to 2020.", "He is the longest standing member of the band.", "During that time, the band released four major-label albums including the double platinum Something Like Human.", "His initial stint with the band ended in February 2006.", "Scallions has been ranked in the Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists by Hit Parader (#50).", "Post-Fuel/other projects\n\nAfter leaving Fuel, Scallions joined bands with The X's and Circus Diablo playing bass.", "Both bands ultimately became one-album projects and concluded shortly after subsequent tours.", "In March 2007, Scallions was selected as the lead singer for Riders on the Storm, a project featuring former members of The Doors, Robby Krieger and Ray Manzarek.", "Brett Scallions contributed lead vocals to the charity single \"Something to Believe\", released by the band Hollow on iTunes via Koch Records on March 9, 2010.", "World Fire Brigade \nOutside Re-Fueled, Scallions was busy with Sean Danielsen of Smile Empty Soul and producer Eddie Wohl, writing and recording an album under the name World Fire Brigade.", "\"It's much heavier than anything I ever did with Fuel,\" Scallions said of World Fire Brigade's sound in August 2009.", "\"We've done a lot of stuff in lower tones which is a first for me also, it's very deep, heavy, and even growly at times.\"", "He also said that the World Fire Brigade album was \"almost three-quarters of the way complete, and planned to be released early next spring, fingers crossed\".", "Two new tracks \"Shot Down\" and \"Take Me Away\" were available on MySpace since March 2011.", "The album is currently available for streaming through Riptide Music website (under working title Weight of the World).", "The debut album titled Spreading My Wings was released by FrostByte Media Inc. on August 28, 2012.", "The World Fire Brigade line-up consisted of Scallions (vocals/guitar), Sean Danielsen (vocals/guitar), and Eddie Wohl (keyboards).", "Guest musicians on the album included former Candiria drummer Ken Schalk, Mike McCready (Pearl Jam), Rob Caggiano (Anthrax), and Andy Andersson (Black Robot).", "Brad Stewart had been announced as the group's touring bassist.", "Even though he recorded bass tracks for the album, Scallions had stated that he will be playing rhythm guitar when the group goes on tour.", "On April 3, 2013, the following message was posted on the World Fire Brigade Facebook page:\n\n\"Thanks to everyone that has discovered our music and has questions about touring and new music.", "Right now we're all too busy with our other bands to tour, but that doesn't mean it will never happen.\"", "The post went on to invite fans to support the bands Fuel and Smile Empty Soul \"on the road all year\".", "Return to Fuel\nScallions left Fuel in early 2006.", "According to an interview with Alternative Addition, Scallions cited the reason due to the band becoming a \"one-man band\" throughout the years.", "The three remaining members of the band, however, chose to continue with new vocalist Toryn Green.", "With Green, Fuel would record one unsuccessful album, 2007's Angels & Devils and would largely be inactive by 2008 due to legal issues with their then-label Epic Records.", "During Fuel's inactivity, Brett Scallions and bassist Jeff Abercrombie teamed up for the first time since Scallions' departure in 2006 to tour as \"Re-Fueled\".", "Scallions and Abercrombie recruited guitarist Yogi Lonich of Chris Cornell and Buckcherry fame and drummer Ken Schalk, formerly of Candiria to round out the unit.", "Their debut performance was a free event that took place on August 28, 2009 at the Tempe Marketplace, playing songs from the Sunburn and Something Like Human albums exclusively.", "Still without word from the official incarnation of Fuel and with Re-Fueled increasing its tour schedule, speculation surrounding the future for Fuel began to increase including some confusion on the part of vocalist Toryn Green.", "Green explained he had not heard anything from the other members, but expressed his support for seeing Scallions back on stage singing classic Fuel songs again.", "Finally, On April 8, 2010, it was announced that Re-Fueled had disbanded, and that original guitarist/songwriter Carl Bell, and bassist Jeff Abercrombie had left Fuel to pursue other endeavors.", "Toryn Green and drummer Tommy Stewart left the band as well.", "On the same day, Brett Scallions reformed Fuel with Lonich, Schalk, and former Shinedown bassist Brad Stewart.", "A couple of new songs worked their way into Fuel's live sets between 2010 and 2013, beginning with a track titled \"Headache\", and in March 2012 it was announced that Fuel intended to release a new album, which would be the first Fuel contribution to include Scallions since 2003's Natural Selection.", "By the end of April 2013, tracking for the new album had been completed and the band promised that a new single was soon to come.", "On December 5, 2013, the first new track from the forthcoming Puppet Strings album was unveiled, and the first official single was set for a January 2014 release with the album release to follow on March 4.", "In June 2014, the album release was followed-up with the song \"Cold Summer\" being released as a single.", "Scallions has stated that he penned the song during his original tenure in Fuel, somewhere around 2002.", "Originally known as \"Hit and Sorry\", he recalls having recorded it so many times he almost gave up on the track.", "After adding a new chorus with contributions from producer Eddie Wohl and consulting the opinions of his bandmates, the decision was made to include the song on the album.", "In 2015, Scallions embarked on his first unplugged tour.", "He performed Fuel songs as well as covering some of his favorite songs that were seminal in his musical journey.", "Scallions again chose to leave Fuel after internal conflicts within the band arose in October 2020.", "Personal life\nScallions is married to Abby Gennet, guitarist and lead singer of Slunt.", "They have two sons together; Jagger Song Scallions (born September 7, 2007), and Sawyer Cruz Scallions (born December 9, 2010).", "References\n\nFuel (band) members\nAlternative metal musicians\nAmerican rock singers\nPeople from Brownsville, Tennessee\n1971 births\nLiving people\n21st-century American singers\n21st-century American male singers" ]

[ "The American singer is named Brett Allen Scallions.", "He was the original lead vocalist and rhythm guitarist for Fuel, which was formed in the late 1990s.", "The original lead vocalist of Fuel from 1993 to 2006 and 2010 to 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "He has been a member of the band for a long time.", "The band released four major-label albums during that time.", "His stint with the band ended in February of 2006", "The Top 100 Heavy Metal Vocalists are ranked by Hit Parader.", "After leaving Fuel, Scallions joined bands with The X's and Circus Diablo playing bass.", "Both bands ended shortly after tours.", "Riders on the Storm is a project featuring former members of The Doors and Ray Manzarek.", "The charity single \"Something to Believe\" was released by the band Hollow on March 9, 2010.", "World Fire Brigade Outside Re-Fueled, Scallions was busy with Sean Danielsen of Smile Empty Soul and producer Eddie Wohl, writing and recording an album under the name World Fire brigade.", "\"World Fire brigade's sound is much heavier than anything I've ever done with Fuel,\" he said.", "\"We've done a lot of stuff in lower tones which is a first for me, it's very deep, heavy, and even growly at times.\"", "He said that the World Fire brigade album was almost three-quarters of the way complete and would be released early next spring.", "The two new tracks \"Shot Down\" and \"Take Me Away\" were released on March 31, 2011.", "Weight of the World is the title of the album that is currently available for streaming.", "Spreading My Wings was released on August 28, 2012", "The line-up of the World Fire brigade was made up of Scallions, Sean Danielsen, and Eddie Wohl.", "Former Candiria drummer Ken Schalk was one of the guest musicians on the album.", "Brad Stewart would be the group's touring bassist.", "When the group goes on tour, he will be playing rhythm guitar, even though he recorded bass tracks for the album.", "\"Thanks to everyone that has discovered our music and has questions about touring and new music\" was posted on the World Fire brigade Facebook page.", "We're too busy with our other bands to tour right now, but that doesn't mean it won't happen.", "Fans were invited to support the bands on the road all year.", "Fuel was left in early 2006 by the return of Fuel Scallions.", "The band became a \"one-man band\" throughout the years, according to an interview with Alternative Addition.", "The three remaining members of the band decided to continue with the new vocalist.", "Fuel would largely be inactive by 2008 due to legal issues with their previous label, and would record one unsuccessful album with Green.", "The band \"Re-Fueled\" was formed during Fuel's inactive period to tour as a duo.", "Chris Cornell, guitarist of Buckcherry fame, and Ken Schalk, drummer of Candiria, have joined the unit.", "Their debut performance was a free event that took place on August 28, 2009, playing songs from the Sunburn and Something Like Human albums exclusively.", "With no word from the official incarnation of Fuel and Re-Fueled increasing its tour schedule, speculation surrounding the future of Fuel began to increase, including confusion on the part of vocalist Toryn Green.", "Green expressed his support for the return of the Scallions to the stage and said he had not heard anything from the other members.", "On April 8, 2010, it was announced that Re-Fueled had ceased to exist, and that the original guitarist and bassist had left Fuel to pursue other endeavors.", "Tommy Stewart and Toryn Green left the band as well.", "Fuel was reformed with Brad Stewart and Schalk on the same day.", "A couple of new songs worked their way into Fuel's live sets between 2010 and 2013, beginning with a track titled \"Headache\", and in March 2012 it was announced that Fuel intended to release a new album, which would be the first Fuel contribution to include Scallions since 2003", "Tracking for the new album was finished by the end of April and the band promised a new single soon after.", "On December 5, 2013, the first new track from the forthcoming Puppet Strings album was unveiled, and the first official single was set for January, with the album release to follow on March 4.", "The song \"Cold Summer\" was released as a single after the album release.", "The song was written by Scallions during his tenure in Fuel.", "He recalls recording it many times and almost giving up on the track.", "The decision was made to include the song on the album after adding a new chorus with contributions from producer Eddie Wohl and consulting the opinions of his bandmates.", "In 2015, he embarked on his first unplugged tour.", "He covered some of his favorite songs that were seminal in his musical journey.", "There were internal conflicts within the band in October 2020.", "The lead singer of Slunt is married to a personal life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life life", "They have two sons together.", "The members of Fuel are Alternative metal musicians American rock singers." ]

[ "Brett Allen Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Brett Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Brett Scallions", "Scallions", "Brett Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Scallions", "Song Scallions", "Scallions" ]

[ "Brett Allen Scallions" ]

[ "Raja Amari (born 4 April 1971) is a Tunisian film director and script writer.", "She is best known for her films Satin Rouge/Red Satin (2002), and Dowaha/Les Secrets/Buried Secrets (2009), both of which have earned international awards and recognition.", "Early life and education\nBorn in Tunis, Amari trained in dance at the Conservatoire de Tunis, gaining first prize in dance in 1992.", "She then studied Italian at the Società Dante D'Alighieri in Tunis and later studied French Literature at the University of Tunis.", "For two years she wrote for Cinécrits, a film magazine edited by the \"Association Tunisienne pour la promotion de la critique cinematographic.\"", "In 1995, Amari attended FEMIS (L'Institut de Formation et d'Enseignement pour les Metiers de l'Image et du Son) in Paris to study screenwriting.", "After graduating in 1998, she began to work on her film portfolio.", "Her film Satin Rouge was screened at la Berlinale 2002.", "Her film Buried Secrets was an official selection at the 2009 Venice International Film Festival.", "Career \nRaja Amari has been said to have a \"transvergent\" style in her work.", "Stacey Weber-Fève, argued Amari's style means her work transcends national cinema and has the ability to connect with a \"national identity\" depending on the given context and temporality of her films.", "Will Higbee furthers the idea of \"transvergent\" filmmaking as a cinema that, \"views the exchange between the global and the local not as taking place within some abstract or undefined 'global framework'.\"", "Rather, \"difference and imbalances of power\" between and within film industries tend to shape cinema.", "When asked about her influences, Amari responded in an interview with Indiewire that they include François Ozon and Arnaud Desplechin.", "\"I have always wanted to make a film revolving around belly dancing.", "I trained for many years as a belly dancer at the Conservatoire de Tunis [Academic Dance Institute in Tunis].", "I also grew up watching musicals of the golden age of Egyptian cinema from the 1940s and 1950s that are still played on television today.", "My mother and I loved the well-known belly dancer Samia Gamal and the singer Farid al-Atrash.\"", "-Raja Amari, Interview with Bouziane Daoudi in Zeitgeist Films\n\nFilm\n\nSatin Rouge / Red Satin (2002) \nSatin Rouge follows widowed Tunisian mother Lilia, (Hiam Abbas) as she radically transforms from housewife to cabaret dancer.", "Her transformation begins when she becomes suspicious of her teenage daughter, Selma (Hend el Fahem) of engaging in a secret relationship with Chokri (Maher Kamoun), a darbouka drummer in Selma's dance class.", "To find out more, Lilia decides to follow Chokri one day.", "On her escapade, she follows him into his second workplace: a cabaret club.", "After overcoming her initial shock, Lilia becomes drawn towards the dancers and drum music.", "The women are very different from Lilia: they wear colourful clothing, they are showing their midriffs, and they are dancing in a sensual manner to the drumbeat.", "After befriending the lead dancer, Folla (Monia Hichri), Lilia is convinced to start dancing in the cabaret club.", "While Lilia begins dancing nightly, she simultaneously begins a romantic relationship with Chokri, who is still unaware that Lilia is Selma's mother.", "When Chokri ends his affair with Lilia, she is heartbroken.", "She later finds out it is because Selma has asked Chokri to meet her and Chokri, realizing his relationship with Selma is getting serious, accepts.", "The uneasy 'first' meeting Selma organizes between Chokri and Lilia solidifies Lilia's full transformation.", "When at the start of the film she is seen as a sad, bored, and submissive woman who rarely leaves the comforts of home, she is now a dominant matriarchal figure, which is reestablished with Lilia's glance in the mirror at herself prior to Chokri and Selma's arrival.", "\"Typically, in Arab films and Tunisian films you have a woman who is in conflict with the society, and she'll fight against it.", "I didn't want that.", "That was not my subject.", "Lilia, the character played by Haim Abbass, actually finds her freedom in the context of what I call social hypocrisy.", "She is involved in a society that is hypocritical in the sense that there are two worlds out there: the world of the night and the world of the day.", "What you do--what you really do--you do not show.", "She finds a compromise in the sense that society is like that.", "She just adapts to society.", "She does what she wants, but she doesn't show it to the world.\"", "-Raja Amari, Indiewire, August 20, 2002Amari’s work, particularly Red Satin has been argued to have opened up new avenues and opportunities for the portrayal of Tunisian women in film and society.", "Author Stacey Weber-Fève asserts that Amari’s portrayal of the protagonist, Lilia, performing housework in the first few scenes of the film, “captures concretely the possibility for (re)appropriating female representation in contemporary North African cinema.” She also asserts that Amari, “levies new debates addressing interpretations of performances of women’s traditional roles and desire for self-expression in contemporary Tunisian society by engaging in a multilayered manner the ideological implications of this traditional social construct of the housewife and her comportment.”\n\nPrintemps Tunisien / Tunisian Spring (2014) \nIn Melissa Thackway and Olivier Bartlet's review of the 2015 Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma de Ouagadougou, FESPACO) in \"FESPACO 2015: After the Transition, What Next?", "\", they remark that Amari's film about the Tunisian Spring was the only film that stood out among the 'Features' portion of the festival.", "They noted that the film was \"a quality television drama about a group of young musicians' diverging response to the turbulence of the Arab Spring.\"", "Personal life \nRaja Amari currently resides in Paris, France.", "Filmography \n Le Bouquet / The Bouquet, 1995\n Avril / April, 1998\n Un soir de juillet / An Evening in July, 2000\n al-Sitar al-ahmar / Satin Rouge / Red Satin, 2002\n Seekers of Oblivion, [DOC] 2004\n Dowaha / Les secrets / Secrets, 2009\n Tunisian Spring, 2014\n Foreign Body, 2016\n\nAwards and nominations\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1971 births\nLiving people\nTunisian women film directors\nTunisian film directors" ]

[ "Raja Amari was born in 1971 and is a film director and script writer.", "She has two films that have earned international awards and recognition.", "The first prize in dance was won by Amari in 1992.", "She studied French Literature and Italian at the University of Tunisia.", "She wrote for a film magazine for two years.", "In 1995 Amari went to Paris to study screenwriting.", "She began working on her film portfolio after graduating.", "At la Berlinale 2002, her film was shown.", "Buried Secrets was 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780 800-313-5780", "Raja Amari is said to have a \"gent\" style in her work.", "The ability to connect with a \"national identity\" depends on the given context and temporality of her films.", "Will Higbee furthers the idea of \"transvergent\" filmmaking as a cinema that views the exchange between the global and the local not as taking place within a \"global framework\".", "Cinema is shaped by differences and imbalances of power within film industries.", "When asked about her influences, she said that they include Franois Ozon and Arnaud Desplechin.", "I have always wanted to make a film about belly dancing.", "I have been a belly dancer for many years.", "I grew up watching musicals from the golden age of Egyptian cinema from the 1940s and 1950s on television.", "My mother and I were fond of the belly dancer Samia Gamal.", "The film Satin Rouge follows widowed Tunisia mother Lilia as she transforms from housewife to cabaret dancer.", "Her transformation began when she became suspicious of her daughter's relationship with a darbouka drummer in her dance class.", "One day, Lilia decides to follow Chokri.", "She follows him into his second workplace.", "Lilia became drawn to the dancers and drum music after overcoming her initial shock.", "The women are very different from Lilia, they are showing their midriffs, and they are dancing to the drums.", "Lilia is convinced to start dancing in the cabaret club after befriending Folla.", "Lilia is in a romantic relationship with Chokri, who is unaware that she is Lilia's mother.", "She is sad when he ends his affair with Lilia.", "She learns that it's because she was asked to meet her by Selma, who realized his relationship with her is getting serious.", "Lilia's transformation is solidified by the uneasy 'first' meeting between her and Chokri.", "At the start of the film she is seen as a sad, bored, and submissive woman who rarely leaves the comforts of home and Lilia's glance in the mirror reestablishes her as a dominant matriarchal figure.", "In Arab and Tunisia films you will usually see a woman who is in conflict with the society fighting against it.", "I didn't want that.", "That wasn't my topic.", "Lilia, the character played by Haim Abbass, finds her freedom in the context of social hypocrisy.", "There are two worlds out there, the world of the night and the world of the day, and she is involved in a society that is hypocritical.", "You don't show what you do.", "She finds a compromise in society.", "She is adapting to society.", "She does what she wants, but she doesn't show it to the world.", "The portrayal of Tunisia's women in film and society has been argued to have been opened up by Amari's work.", "The author asserts that the portrayal of Lilia in the first few scenes of the film captures the possibility for re-appropriating female representation in contemporary North African cinema.", "The only film that stood out was Amari's film about the Tunisia Spring.", "The film was a quality television drama about a group of young musicians' diverging response to the turbulence of the Arab Spring.", "Raja Amari lives in Paris, France.", "Filmography Le Bouquet, The Bouquet, An Evening in July, 2000 al-Sitar al-ahmar, and the Seekers of Oblivion." ]

[ "Raja Amari", "Raja Amari", "Raja Amari", "Raja AmariAmar", "Amari", "Raja Amari" ]

[ "Raja Amari", "Raja Amar", "Amari", "Raja Amari" ]

[ "Alla Sergeyevna Demidova (; born 29 September 1936, Moscow) is a Russian actress internationally acclaimed for the tragic parts in innovative plays staged by Yuri Lyubimov in the Taganka Theatre.", "She was awarded the USSR State Prize (1977) and the Order of Merit for the Fatherland (twice, 2007, 2001).", "Biography \nAlla Demidova was born on 29 September 1936 in Zamoskvorechye, Moscow, and spent her early years at the Osipenko (now Sadovnicheskaya) Street.", "Her father Sergey Alekseyevich Demidov, an heir to the Russian industrialists' family, was jailed in 1932 in the course of the Great Purge, but soon got acquitted.", "In 1941 he joined the Red Army as a volunteer and was killed in action 1944, near Warsaw.", "Alla's mother, Aleksandra Dmitriyevna Demidova (née Kharchenko) was working at the Economy department of the Moscow University (later at its Cybernetics and economic programming section).", "Mother and daughter spent the World War II years in Vladimir, to the East of Moscow.", "\"I received too little love from the people around me in those early years to remember them fondly,\" Demidova later confessed.", "She debuted as an actress on her school's amateur stage, enjoying her first taste of success.", "Career \nWhile still at school, Demidova joined the well-known Moscow actress Tatyana Shchekin-Krotova's courses to study drama.", "After the graduation she took the examinations at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute but failed due to flawed diction and enrolled in the Moscow University's Economy faculty.", "In 1959, after the graduation, she started teaching political economy at the University's Philosophy faculty.", "Before that, as a third year student, she joined the university Students' Theater, led by first Igor Lipsky, then Rolan Bykov.", "It was under the latter's guidance that in 1958 Demidova made her stage debut as Lida Petrusova in Such Kind of Love (Takaya lyubov), an adaptation of Pavel Kohout's play.", "Having joined the Shchukin School on the second attempt, Demidova started studying at the class of actress Anna Orochko, who experimented with her young protégé, and even suggested once that she should play Hamlet, something the actress would return to some forty years later.", "While still studying at the Shchukun Institute, Demidova performed in Vakhtangov Theatre's production of Death of Gods (Gibel bogov), in Princess Turandot and in The Cookie (\"Stryapukha\").", "It was then that she was noticed by the French theatre specialist Jean Vilar who, after seeing the girl fencing in a gym, invited her to join the Theatre National Populaire, an offer that she had to decline.", "On the Shchukin stage she performed the leading role in Aleksander Afinogenov's Distant Things (Dalyokoye), played Mrs.", "Moon in The Scandalous Affair of Mr. Kettle and Mrs.", "Moon (after J.", "B. Priestley's play of the same name) and Madame Frisette in Frisette by Eugene Marin Labiche.", "In 1957 Demidova debuted on screen in the director Zakhar Agranenko's Leningrad Symphony.", "That was followed by Nine Years of One Year (director Mikhail Romm, 1961), What's a Relativity Theory?", "(Semyon Raitburg, 1963) and Komask (1965), the films she would later refer to as \"my reconnaissance raid.\"", "In 1964 Demidova graduated from the Shchukin Institute, having presented as her diploma work the role of Mrs. Young in Yuri Lyubimov's adaptation of Bertholt Brecht's The Good Person of Szechwan.", "\"Her role was peripheral but that didn't matter.", "The effect of her physical presence was enormous,\" the actor Boris Khmelnitsky later remembered.", "The young actress unsuccessfully tried to return to the Vaktangov's, spent several months at the Mayakovsky Theatre again without any role to cling to, and in the end of 1964 joined Taganka (which opened officially in April that year) to be employed there regularly, but mostly in unsubstantial roles.", "The reason for Lyubimov's mistrust might have been the fact that in her first leading role here, that of Vera in A Hero of Our Time, Demidova, admittedly, 'failed miserably'.", "Several years of hard work in mass scenes and pantomimes followed.", "This master-and-servant type of relationship between the theater director and his actress continued for decades.", "1966 – 1979\nThe leading role in Igor Talankin's Daylight Stars (Dnevnye zvyozdy, 1966), that of Olga Berggolts, proved to be the starting point of Demidova's film career.", "\"The part was very close to my heart and artistically intriguing too.", "I had to play not just an ordinary woman, but a poet, which involved exploring the process of giving birth to poetry, as well as discovering this fine line between my heroine's every day tribulations and the film's sublime philosophical essence,\" she explained, speaking to the Yunost magazine in 1968.", "This success did little to dispel Demidova's intrinsic mistrust in the cinema as an art form.", "\"What a pity such a full-bloodied role had been given to me in film, not in theater,\" she complained in the same interview.", "1968 was the year of Demidova's major breakthrough when six of her films came out.", "Some of her roles (like that in Vladimir Basov's War-time thriller The Shield and the Sword) Demidova later dismissed as unworthy of attention, describing others (like that of a comissar in Two Comrades Were Serving) as \"curious\".", "More significant to her was the character of the SR party activist Maria Spiridonova in The 6th of July (1968), a rebel the actress was in many ways identifying herself with.", "\"I've never been a dissident, I've always shied politics, may be because my grandmother was staroobryadka.", "Still for some reason 1917 always seemed to me a catastrophe and never in my life have I dabbled in politics – either in reality, or in films.", "Spiridonova, of course, was an exception, but then again, she was Lenin's opponent,\" Demidova said in a 2006 interview.", "Her Liza Protasova in The Living Corpse (1968) was praised by critics, even if Vladimir Vengerov's film itself received mixed reviews.", "In 1969 she appeared in Igor Talankin's Tchaikovsky as Yulia von Mekk.", "In 1968 Demidova started to get major roles in Taganka, Elmyra in Molière's Tartuffe being the first in the line.", "Much lauded was Demidova's Pani Bozhentska in the adaptation of Jerzy Stawinski's The Rush Hour, the role she soon came to detest, though.", "\"Outstanding\" was how her Gertrude in Hamlet (with Vladimir Vysotskyin the leading role) was described.", "\"In the play which was both phantasmagoric and strikingly real, Demidova artfully portrayed a woman, misguided rather than vile,\" wrote Raisa Benyash.", "Critics admired the actresses' willingness to approach the new dimensions in classics, bringing new light and shade to the well known characters of Russian theater's past.", "Still, Demidova felt underrated and ignored at Taganka and defined herself as an Efros's kind of actress.", "This was later corroborated by her colleagues.", "\"She definitely wasn't what one may call a director's favourite, her life in Taganka was difficult.", "She managed to retain her individuality and refine her distinctive style only by using all of her inner strength, intelligence and talent,\" wrote fellow actor and author Veniamin Smekhov.", "After the success of Hamlet, Demidova started to receive numerous offers, but felt disappointed with the way directors tried to exploit the most obvious aspects of her stage persona.", "Still, lauded were her performances as Arkadina in Yuli Karasik's 1970 movie Seagull (based on Anton Chekhov's play The Seagull), where the actress, making her character going through unexpected metamorphoses, totally outplayed her colleagues, as well as Lesia Ukrainka in I'm Going to You (Idu k tebe, 1971, directed by Nikolai Mashchenko).", "Her Anne Stanton (in All The King's Men, 1971) impressed Oleg Efremov, who reportedly remarked: \"Of all our actresses, Demidova is the one who's got the liveliest eyes\".", "Demidova played Lizaveta Pavlovna in Andrey Tarkovsky's The Mirror (1974), the Magic Woman in Irina Povolotskaya's Scarlet Flower (Alenky tsvetochek, 1977), a fairytale which she \"single-handedly transformed into a fable,\" according to critic A.Smolyakov, and the Duchess of Marlborough in Yuli Karasik's The Glass of Water (1979), alongside Kirill Lavrov's Lord Bolingbroke.", "As Yuri Lyubimov, invited to direct at Milan's La Scala, left Taganka, Anatoly Efros entered in.", "He decided to produce The Cherry Orchard, aiming from the start to come up with something quite different from the old-fashioned textbook Moscow Art Theater version of the Chekhov's classic.", "Demidova as a 'modernist' Ranevskaya, managed to aesthetically re-vamp this character, merging tragedy and eccentricity, sentimentality and irony.", "Critics were divided in their assessment of Efros' concept and the quality of the production in general, but even detractors had to agree that what saved the experiment from flopping were Demidova and Vladimir Vysotsky as Lopatin.", "\"Initially the [Chekhov's] heroine for me was totally alien.", "As time went by, I was beginning to see myself as 'me-as-Ranevskaya' more and more,\" Demidova remarked years later.", "One of the Efros interpretation's harshest critics was Lyubimov who described Demidova's performance as \"mannered\" and \"grotesque.\"", "Tellingly, several years later he asked Demidova to reproduce what he called \"the Ranevskaya algorithm\" in the final act of Chekhov's Three Sisters (1981) where her Masha, initially ironic and aloof, demonstrated the disturbing outburst of emotions in the play's final stages.", "Among Demidova's other roles in Taganka of the time were Raskolnikov's mother in Dostoyevsky's Crime and Punishment (1979) and Marina Mnishek in Pushkin's Boris Godunov (1982), the latter banned by the Ministry of Culture's special decree (and premiered on 12 June 1988).", "Demidova and Vysotsky \nIn the late 1970s Demidova and Vysotsky, both irritated by Lyubimov's artistic dictatorship, gravitated into a tandem (where, as one critic put it, \"ice and fire clashed\") to experiment with ideas of their own.", "\"We both were beginning to realize that the time of massive, colourful theatrical shows has come to an end, and the new era of private, chamber theater was approaching,\" Demidova recalled.", "Having in mind the Vysotsky and Demidova's project, Vitaly Vulf translated into Russian Tennessee Williams' Out Cry, a play for two characters, brother and sister.", "Lyubimov saw it as an \"ego act\" (seeing as the original had been written for a couple of Broadway stars) and the fellow Taganka actors apparently took their boss's side.", "\"As the first Act was ready, we advertised it locally, inviting everybody to come and see.", "Only two people showed up: [stage designer] David Borovsky and his friend.", "What would you expect: it's...", "theatre!\"", "Demidova later bitterly remarked.", "The experiment was shelved, along with another project, their own version of Jean Racine's Phaedra.", "Months later Vysotsky died.", "\"It was only after he was gone that I suddenly realized how much he'd meant to me as a partner...", "He was an exceptional actor, especially in his last years, the one who reigned the audience by literally magnetizing the air around him,\" she later remembered.", "1980s \nIn the early 1980s Demidova started to stage her own recital shows, each produced as a miniature theatrical play.", "Some, shown by the Soviet TV, became popular.", "In Pushkin's The Queen of Spades (directed by Igor Maslennikov, 1982) she not just recited the poem but acted out its characters, \"casting a shade of Silver Age over the whole of this three cards' story.\"", "Demidova's collaboration with Anatoly Vasilyev in the film Stone Guest and Other Poems involved some role-juggling too.", "On stage she recited Anna Akhmatova (Requiem, Poem Without a Hero), Pushkin, Ivan Bunin, assorted Silver Age poets.", "Her own act's stage director, Demidova was now viewed as a star in a genre of her own.", "As a major influence she cited Giorgio Strehler, then a Theatre of Nations director, who in May 1987 invited Efros with two of his shows (At the Bottom and Cherry Orchard) to Milan.", "\"It was Strehler who shaped my whole vision of the way those solo performances should be staged and designed... An easel, a candle, some music, synchronized translation – those were the elements of his original stage concept which I've made my own,\" Demidova remembered.", "\"Just music and me, totally alienated from the audience: that was the idea that since then remained unchanged,\" she said in a 2010 interview.", "It was in her solo stage projects that Demidova managed finally to fulfil what's been left of her potential that Lyubimov and Efros, two renown Russian theater directors failed to notice and use, critic Tatyana Moskvina opined.", "After Lyubimov's departure to the West, Demidova gradually withdrew from Taganka.", "In 1986 Efros revived the Cherry Orchard production, casting Demidova in the leading role.", "It won the 1st Prize at BITEF, then had a successful run in Paris, in the wake of its director's death.", "With Lyubimov coming back, Demidova returned to Taganka where she performed as Marina Mnishek (Boris Godunov, 1988) and Donna Anna (Feast Amidst Plague, 1989).", "In 1988 Alla Demidova joined forces with theatre director Roman Viktyuk who staged Marina Tsvetayeva's Phaedra.", "\"The result was intriguing, it just never fitted into the Taganka's repertoire.", "We were invited to festivals, toured a lot but were being accused by Lyubimov for allegedly exploiting 'his brand'.", "Grabbing the first opportunity, I just bought the whole production off: costumes, decorations and everything, never sure what to do with this purchase,\" Demidova recalled.", "In the Modern History of the Soviet and Russian Cinema Phaedra was described as the best Soviet theatre production of the 1980s and arguably Viktyuk's most serious work.", "1990s\nDemidova's performance as Electra in Sophocles' Electra which premiered in Athens, Greece, in 1992, happened to be her final one under Lyubimov.", "The production was short-lived, but the actress's performance garnered fine reviews.", "As the major conflict broke out in the theatre and Taganka split into two, Demidova supported Lyubimov.", "\"I just refused to see how could a pupil betray their master,\" she later explained.", "Once it became obvious that the confrontation started to seriously undermine the quality of Taganka's work, Demidova quit the theatre.", "In 1992 Demidova's own A Theater opened, with the production of Phaedra.", "In 1993 came out Quartet, a play by Heiner Mueller based on de Laclos' Dangerous Liaisons novel, produced by Demidova in collaboration with the Greek director Theodoros Terzopoulos.", "Quartet, which for the first time introduced the Russian audiences to the works of Mueller, was rated as one of the best premieres in Russian theatre that year by A.Smolyakov.", "The A Theater's next work (again with Terzopoulos), Mueller's version of Medea, premiered on 29 April 1996; Russian critics saw it as an attempt to create the new style of contemporary tragedy by reviving the \"arch-myth, buried in human subconscious.\"", "Working with Terzopoulos changed Demidova's perception of theater.", "\"After Electra, Phaedra and Medea all things that went before them tasted insipid,\" she confessed.", "In 2001 Hamlet the Master Class, the A Theatre and the Greek Attis theatres' joint production, came out.", "Premiered at the Moscow Theatrical Olympiad, it featured Demidova as Hamlet (her early tutor Anna Orochko's idea finally realised), as well as Gertrude and Ophelia.", "In the 1990s Demidova appeared in several films, playing Lebyadkina (The Obsessed, 1992), Miss Minchin (Little Princess, 1997) and Elizaveta Alekseevna (Unseen Traveller, 1998).", "For two years she was teaching at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute (refusing to be paid, \"so as not to feel tied up by it\") but left, disappointed by her young students' response.", "Now firmly under the impression that theatre in Russia, as well as abroad, was in crisis, Demidova quit the stage altogether.", "2000 – present \nIn 2000–2002 Demidova appeared on screen twice, first as Lora Lyons (in Remembering Sherlock Holmes, a Russian TV serial) then as mad Elsa (in Letters to Elsa, a film based on Vladimir Vysotsky's son Arkady's screenplay).", "In Boris Blank's Death of Tairov (2004) Demidova played Alisa Koonen.", "\"Enchanted by the character, I longed for that role, but the film proved to be devoid of dramatic scenes, and the script was bizarre, to put it mildly.", "Nevertheless, I managed to achieve some things: visual and aural similarity, by reproducing her voice and plastics – people who remembered her assured me as much,\" she later commented.", "Yuri Lyubimov was supposed to be cast as Tairov, but fell ill, was hospitalized and Mikhail Kozakov came in, making a disappointing substitution, as far as Demidova was concerned.", "For the leading role in Kira Muratova's The Tuner (2005) Demidova received the Nika Award and the Golden Eagle Award for the Best Actress, having portrayed a kind of \"modern day Ranevskaya,\" as she put it, a pure and pathetic post-Chekhov character.", "After two more films – Igor Maslennikov's Russian Money (after Alexander Ostrovsky) where she played Murzavetskaya, and Sergey Kostin's historical documentary Waiting for the Empress (about Maria Fyodorovna, both 2006, – Demidova declared she's lost all interest in being filmed.", "Throughout the 2000s Alla Demidova was staging her poetry recitals regularly (performing in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Israel) and continued to do so in the early 2010s.", "As of 2014 she published nine books on theater, including Vladimir Vysotsky (1989), My Memory's News Ticker (2000) and Akhmatova's Mirrors (2004)." ]

[ "Alla Sergeyevna Demidova is an internationally acclaimed Russian actress who plays tragic parts in innovative plays in the Taganka Theatre.", "She was awarded the Order of Merit for the Fatherland twice.", "Alla was born on September 29, 1936 in Zamoskvorechye, Moscow, and spent her early years at the Osipenko Street.", "In the course of the Great Purge, her father was jailed, but was acquitted.", "He joined the Red Army in 1941 and was killed in action in 1944.", "The Moscow University's Cybernetics and economic programming section was where Alla's mother worked.", "The mother and daughter lived in the East of Moscow during World War II.", "\"I didn't get a lot of love from the people around me in those early years,\" she confessed.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "While still at school, she joined the courses of the well-known Moscow actress.", "She failed the exams she took at the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute after graduation and ended up in the Moscow University's Economy faculty.", "She taught political economy at the University's philosophy faculty.", "She joined the university Students' Theater as a third year student.", "It was under her guidance that she made her stage debut in Such Kind of Love.", "After joining the Shchukin School on the second attempt, she began studying at the class of actress Anna Orochko, who encouraged her to play Hamlet, something the actress would return to forty years later.", "In addition to performing in Death of Gods, she also performed in Princess Turandot and The Cookie.", "After seeing the girl fencing in a gym, Jean Vilar, a French theatre specialist, invited her to join the Theatre National Populaires, an offer that she had to decline.", "She played Mrs. in the 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846 888-666-1846", "There is a Moon in The Scandalous Affair of Mr. Kettle and Mrs.", "The moon after J.", "Madame Frisette in Frisette was written by Eugene Marin Labiche.", "The director Zakhar Agranenko had a film called the Leningrad Symphony.", "Nine Years of One Year was directed by Mikhail Romm.", "She would later refer to the films as her \"recce raid.\"", "She graduated from the Shchukin Institute in 1964 with a degree in drama and played the role of Mrs. Young in the adaptation of The Good Person of Szechwan.", "Her role was unimportant.", "Boris Khmelnitsky remembered that the effect of her presence was enormous.", "The young actress tried to return to the Vaktangov's, spent several months at the Mayakovsky Theatre again without any role to cling to, and in the end of 1964 joined Taganka, which opened officially in April that year.", "Vera in A Hero of Our Time failed miserably in her first leading role, which may have been the reason for Lyubimov's distrust.", "There were many years of hard work in pantomimes.", "The theater director and his actress had a long-term relationship.", "The leading role in Daylight Stars (Dnevnye Zvyozdy, 1966) was the beginning of her film career.", "The part was intriguing and very close to my heart.", "She explained to the Yunost magazine that she had to play not just an ordinary woman, but a poet, which involved exploring the process of giving birth to poetry.", "This success did not change the fact that Demidova distrusts the cinema as an art form.", "She complained in the same interview that she had been given a full-bloodied role in film, not in theater.", "Six of her films came out in 1968.", "Her roles in The Shield and the Sword and Two Comrades Were Serving were dismissed as \"curious\" by her.", "In The 6th of July, she played the role of a party activist who was in many ways identifying herself with a rebel.", "I've always shied politics and may be because my grandmother was a dissident.", "For some reason 1917 seemed to me to be a catastrophe and never have I done politics in my life.", "She said in a 2006 interview that she was Lenin's opponent.", "Even if Vengerov's film received mixed reviews, Liza Protasova's film was praised by critics.", "In 1969 she appeared in a movie.", "In 1968, Elmyra was the first in the line to get major roles in Taganka and Molire's Tartuffe.", "In the adaptation of Jerzy Stawinski's The Rush Hour, the role of Pani Bozhentska was well received, but she soon came to dislike it.", "Her character in Hamlet was described as \"outstanding\".", "In the play, which was both phantasmagoric and strikingly real, she portrayed a woman who was misguided rather than vile.", "The actresses' willingness to approach the new dimensions in classics brought new light and shade to the well known characters of Russian theater's past.", "She defined herself as a kind of actress, even though she was ignored at Taganka.", "Her colleagues agreed with this.", "She wasn't a director's favourite, her life in Taganka was difficult.", "She was able to retain her individuality and refine her style only by using her inner strength, intelligence and talent.", "After the success of Hamlet, Demidova started to receive numerous offers, but felt disappointed with the way directors tried to exploit the most obvious aspects of her stage persona.", "In Yuli Karasik's 1970 movie Seagull, where the actress made her character going through unexpected metamorphoses totally outplayed her colleagues, she was praised for her performances.", "\"Of all our actresses, Demidova is the one who's got the liveliest eyes\".", "She played Lizaveta Pavlovna in The Mirror and the Magic Woman in Scarlet Flower.", "As Anatoly Efros entered, he was left by Taganka, who was invited to direct at Milan's La Scala.", "He wanted to come up with something different from the Moscow Art Theater version of Chekhov's classic.", "This character was re-vamp by Demidova as a modernist, merging tragedy and eccentricity.", "Critics were divided in their assessment of the concept and the quality of the production, but they all agreed that the experiment saved it from flopping.", "The hero ofChekhov's was completely alien to me.", "\"As time went by, I began to see myself as'me-as-Ranevskaya' more and more.\"", "One of the Efros interpretation's harshest critics was, according to him, \"mannered\" and \"grotesque.\"", "In the final act of Chekhov's Three Sisters (1981), he asked Demidova to reproduce what he called the \"ranevskaya algorithm\", which he said was the most disturbing scene in the play.", "Marina Mnishek was banned by the Ministry of Culture's special decree for her roles in Boris Godunov and Crime and Punishment.", "As one critic put it, \"ice and fire clashed\" when Demidova and Vysotsky decided to experiment with their own ideas in the late 1970s.", "The time of massive, colourful theatrical shows has come to an end, and the new era of private, chamber theater was approaching.", "Out Cry is a play for two characters, brother and sister, and was translated into Russian by Vitaly Vulf.", "The fellow Taganka actors apparently took their boss's side, despite the fact that the original had been written for a couple of Broadway stars.", "\"As the first Act was ready, we advertised it locally, inviting everybody to come and see it.\"", "David Borovsky and his friend showed up.", "It's what you would expect.", "theatre!", "She bitterly remarked.", "The experiment was put on hold along with their own version of the novel.", "Vysotsky died months later.", "I realized how much he meant to me after he left.", "She remembered that he was an exceptional actor, especially in his last years, the one who reigned the audience by literally magnetizing the air around him.", "In the early 1980s, Demidova started to stage her own recital shows.", "Some were shown on the Soviet TV.", "\"casting a shade of Silver Age over the whole of this three cards' story\" is what she did in The Queen of Spades.", "Stone Guest and Other Poems involved some role-juggling as well as the collaboration with Anatoly Vasilyev.", "She read poems from various Silver Age poets on stage.", "Her own act's stage director was now viewed as a star in her own genre.", "She cited Giorgio Strehler, the Theatre of Nations director who invited Efros with two of his shows to Milan, as a major influence.", "An easel, a candle, some music, and synchronized translation were elements of Strehler's original stage concept which I've made my own.", "She said in a 2010 interview that since then it had remained the same.", "It was in her solo stage projects that she finally fulfilled what's been left of her potential.", "After Lyubimov's departure to the West, Demidova gradually withdrew from Taganka.", "Demidova was cast in the leading role in the revival of the production.", "In the wake of its director's death, it had a successful run in Paris.", "She performed as Marina Mnishek and Donna Anna in \"Feast Amidst Plague\" and \"Boris Godunov\", respectively.", "Alla and Roman collaborated on a performance of Marina Tsvetayeva's Phaedra.", "The result was intriguing but never fit in with the Taganka's philosophy.", "We toured a lot and were invited to festivals, but were accused of exploiting his brand.", "After grabbing the first opportunity, I bought the whole production off, but I didn't know what to do with it.", "The best Soviet theatre production of the 1980s was described in the Modern History of the Soviet and Russian Cinema.", "In 1992, she played the role of Electra in Sophocles' Electra and it was her last one.", "The actress's performance received good reviews.", "The major conflict broke out in the theatre and Taganka split into two.", "She refused to see how a student could betray their master.", "The quality of Taganka's work was seriously undermined when the confrontation began.", "The production of Phaedra opened the A Theater in 1992.", "In 1993 a play based on de Laclos' Dangerous Liaisons novel was produced and directed by Theodoros Terzopoulos.", "According to A.Smolyakov, the premiere of Quartet was one of the best in Russian theatre that year.", "The A Theater's next work (again with Terzopoulos), Muller's version of Medea, premiere on 29 April 1996; Russian critics saw it as an attempt to create the new style of contemporary tragedy by reviving the \"arch-myth, buried in human subconscious.\"", "The perception of theater was changed by working with Terzopoulos.", "She confessed that things that went before them tasted insipid.", "The A Theatre and the Greek Attis theatres collaborated on a production of Hamlet in 2001.", "At the Moscow Theatrical Olympiad, it featured Hamlet, as well as Gertrude and Ophelia, and was the brainchild of Anna Orochko.", "The Obsessed, Little Princess, and Unseen Traveller were some of the films in which she appeared.", "She left the Boris Shchukin Theatre Institute after two years because she was not happy with her students' response.", "Under the impression that theatre in Russia and abroad was in crisis, she quit the stage.", "In 2000–2002, she appeared in two films, first as Lora Lyons in a Russian TV serial and then as mad Elsa in a film based on Vladimir Vysotsky's son.", "Boris Blank's Death of Tairov was written in 2004.", "The film was devoid of dramatic scenes and the script was weird, but I wanted that role.", "She later commented that she was able to achieve some things by reproducing her voice and plastics.", "As far as Demidova was concerned, there was a disappointing substitution for the role of Tairov, which was supposed to be played by Yuri Lyubimov.", "The Nika Award and the Golden Eagle Award for the Best Actress were 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884 888-349-8884", "She played Murzavetskaya in Russian Money and Sergey Kostin's historical documentary Waiting for the Empress.", "In the early 2010s, Alla Demidova continued to perform her poetry in Russia, Ukraine, Poland, Israel and other places.", "Her books on theater include Vladimir Vysotsky (1989), My Memory's News ticker (2000), and Mirrors 2004." ]

[ "Alla Sergeyevna Demido", "Alla Demido", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Alla", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Alla" ]

[ "Alla Sergeyev", "Demidova", "Demidova", "Alla" ]

[ "Willie Hebert Jefferson III (born January 31, 1991) is a Canadian football defensive end for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers of the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "Jefferson is a 3-time Grey Cup champion, winning his first ring at the 103rd Grey Cup with Edmonton in 2015.", "He then won the 107th and 108th Grey Cups when his Blue Bombers defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats 33–12 in 2019, and then again in 2021, 33-25.", "He was named the CFL's Most Outstanding Defensive Player in 2019 with the Bombers, and is a three-time CFL and CFL West All-Star.", "Jefferson played college football at Stephen F. Austin University, he has also been a member of the Houston Texans, Edmonton Eskimos, Saskatchewan Roughriders, and Washington Redskins.", "Early years\nHe attended Ozen High School.", "He was selected to the 4A all-state second-team in his senior year in high school.", "He was selected to the First-team All-District 20-4 and Port Arthur News Super Team while at high school.", "College career\nHe started his career as a wide receiver at Baylor University but was kicked off of the team after he and teammate Josh Gordon were found asleep in Jefferson's car at a local Taco Bell with marijuana in the car.", "Jefferson, who was driving, was kicked off the team due to it being his second violation.", "He transferred to Stephen F Austin and was named 2011 Southland Conference Newcomer of the Year in his Junior season.", "He led the Southland Conference in sacks with 16.", "He was selected to the Sports Network All-America second team, Phil Steele's Magazine All-America third team.", "Professional career\n\nHouston Texans\nOn April 27, 2013, he signed with the Houston Texans as an undrafted free agent following the 2013 NFL Draft.", "The Texans released Jefferson, along with two others players, on October 21, 2013 for unspecified violations of team rules prior to a game in Kansas City.", "Edmonton Eskimos\nIn 2014, Jefferson signed with the Edmonton Eskimos of the Canadian Football League (CFL).", "Jefferson played for two seasons with the Eskimos, playing in 35 games, contributing 40 defensive tackles, 10 quarterback sacks, and three forced fumbles.", "Washington Redskins\nJefferson signed a futures contract with the Washington Redskins on January 14, 2016.", "On August 27, 2016, Jefferson was waived by the Redskins.", "Saskatchewan Roughriders \nIn September 2016, Jefferson returned to the CFL and signed with the Saskatchewan Roughriders rejoining his head coach from Edmonton.", "Jefferson was named a CFL All-Star in 2017, and in 2018 was nominated as the teams Most Outstanding Player and Most Outstanding Defensive Player after recording his first season with double digit sacks, and a pair of interceptions returned for touchdowns.", "Jefferson was again named to the CFL All-Star Team alongside teammate Charleston Hughes.", "Winnipeg Blue Bombers \nOn February 12, 2019, it was announced that Jefferson had signed a one-year deal with the Winnipeg Blue Bombers through the 2019 season.", "Jefferson felt the Roughriders' offer did not match his market value; he was also courted by the Toronto Argonauts, but signed with the Blue Bombers for $210,000 CND.", "Jefferson's most notable performance came against Edmonton, where he recorded four tackles (two for a loss), three sacks, two forced fumbles, recovered another fumble, knocked down two passes, recovered an onside kick attempt, and scored a rouge when he kicked a fumble through the endzone.", "By season's end, Jefferson played in all 18 games and made 24 tackles and caught an interception; he also set new career highs for sacks and forced fumbles, with 12 and 6 respectively, he also set the CFL record for a defensive lineman with 16 pass knockdowns.", "Jefferson's strong play in the playoffs, together with his fellow defensive linemen Jackson Jeffcoat, Drake Nevis, and Jake Thomas saw the Bombers defence control the games against the Calgary Stampeders and Saskatchewan Roughriders, to lead the Bombers to the 107th Grey Cup.", "In the championship game Jefferson had two tackles, three sacks, two forced fumbles, with a dominant performance that saw the Bombers end their 29 year Grey Cup drought.", "After the game he said that \"I just had to come out here and give it my all.", "I had my dad, my mom, my wife and my daughter.", "I couldn't come out here and play a mediocre game in front of my family.\"", "For the second consecutive year, Jefferson won the award for both Most Outstanding Player, and Defensive Player for his team, he ultimately won the CFL Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award for his performance over the course of the 2019 CFL season.", "After the season, Jefferson had a tryout with the Miami Dolphins which had gone well and he turned down other NFL tryouts.", "Prior to the next season, Jefferson signed a two year contract extension keeping him in Winnipeg through the 2021 season at approximately $265,000 a year.", "Unfortunately the 2020 CFL season was cancelled as a result of the pandemic but Jefferson would return to the Winnipeg Blue Bombers for the 2021 season.", "Jefferson would help the Blue Bombers thrive in their title defending season.", "Winnipeg finished the season with the best record in the CFL and Jefferson and the Bombers defence led the league in yards and points allowed.", "He finished the season with seven sacks, 18 tackles, three forced fumbles, and two interceptions with one of those returned for a touchdown.", "Jefferson's stellar play meant that he was named a CFL All-Star for the fourth season in a row.", "The Bombers would defeat the Roughriders to go to the 108th Grey Cup and defend their title.", "In the 2021 Grey Cup final game, Willie Jefferson and the Blue Bombers top rated defensive unit helped the team to their 12th Grey Cup title, and second in a row, defeating the hometown Hamilton Tiger-Cats in Overtime, 33 - 25.", "After the extra time win Jefferson said that \"We’re behind enemy lines, fans on our backs, city against us and we had to come out here and show these guys who we are.", "If it had to go into overtime to do that, that’s where we did it.", "It was tense, but we just had to stick it out.", "I had no doubt at all.\"", "Statistics\n\nCFL\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nEdmonton Eskimos bio \nBaylor Bears bio\nStephen F. Austin bio\nHouston Texans bio\n\n1991 births\nLiving people\nAmerican football defensive ends\nAmerican football linebackers\nAmerican players of Canadian football\nEdmonton Elks players\nHouston Texans players\nWashington Redskins players\nSaskatchewan Roughriders players\nSportspeople from Beaumont, Texas\nStephen F. Austin Lumberjacks football players\nBuffalo Bills players\nCanadian football defensive linemen\nPlayers of American football from Texas\nBaylor Bears football players\nWinnipeg Blue Bombers players\nCanadian Football League Most Outstanding Defensive Player Award winners" ]

[ "Willie Hebert Jefferson III is a Canadian football defensive end who plays in the Canadian Football League.", "Jefferson won his first Grey Cup ring at the 103rd Grey Cup with the Eskimos.", "He won the 105th and 106th Grey Cups when his Blue Bombers defeated the Hamilton Tiger-Cats.", "He was named the most outstanding defensive player in the Canadian Football League in 2019.", "Jefferson played college football at Stephen F. Austin University, he has also been a member of the Houston Texans, the Eskimos, and the Roughriders.", "He was a student at Ozen High School.", "He was selected to the all-state second team in high school.", "He was a member of the Port Arthur News Super Team.", "After he and teammate Josh Gordon were found asleep in Jefferson's car with marijuana in the car, they were kicked off of the team.", "Jefferson was kicked off the team for his second violation.", "He was named the Newcomer of the Year in his Junior season after transferring to Stephen F Austin.", "He had 16 sacks in the conference.", "He was on the Phil Steele's Magazine All-America third team.", "He signed with the Houston Texans as a free agent after the 2013 NFL draft.", "Jefferson and two other players were released by the Texans for violating team rules before a game in Kansas City.", "Jefferson joined the Eskimos of the Canadian Football League.", "Jefferson was a member of the Eskimos for two seasons, playing in 35 games and contributing 40 defensive tackles, 10 quarterback sacks, and three forced turnovers.", "Jefferson signed a futures contract with the Washington Redskins.", "Jefferson was not retained by the Redskins.", "In September of 2016 Jefferson signed with the Roughriders, rejoining his head coach from the Eskimos.", "Jefferson was nominated as the teams Most Outstanding Player and Most Outstanding Defensive Player after recording his first season with double digit sacks and a pair of touchdown returns.", "Jefferson and Hughes were named to the All-Star Team.", "On February 12th, it was announced that Jefferson had signed a one-year deal with the Blue Bombers.", "The Roughriders' offer did not match Jefferson's market value, so he signed with the Blue Bombers for $210,000 CND.", "Jefferson's most notable performance came against the Eskimos, where he recorded four tackles (two for a loss), three sacks, two forced fumbles, recovered another, knocked down two passes, recovered an onside kick, and scored a rouge.", "By the end of the season, Jefferson played in all 18 games and made 24 tackles and caught an intercept; he also set new career highs for sacks and forced turnovers, with 12 and 6 respectively.", "In the playoffs, Jefferson, Jackson Jeffcoat, Drake Nevis, and Jake Thomas helped the defence control the games against the Stampeders and Roughriders to win the Grey Cup.", "In the Grey Cup, Jefferson had two tackles, three sacks, two forced turnovers and a dominant performance.", "He said after the game that he just had to give it his all.", "My parents, my wife, and my daughter were with me.", "I didn't want to play a mediocre game in front of my family.", "For the second year in a row, Jefferson won both the Most Outstanding Player and the Defensive Player award for the same team.", "After the season, Jefferson had a tryout with the Miami Dolphins and he turned it down.", "Jefferson signed a two year contract extension that will keep him in the city through the 2021 season.", "The 2020 season of the Canadian Football League was canceled due to the Pandemic, but Jefferson would return to the Blue Bombers for the 2021 season.", "The Blue Bombers would benefit from Jefferson's help.", "The Bombers finished the season with the best record and Jefferson and the defence led the league in yards and points allowed.", "He finished the season with seven sacks, 18 tackles, three forced turnovers, and two picks, one of which was returned for a touchdown.", "Jefferson was named to the All-Star team for the fourth year in a row.", "The Bombers defeated the Roughriders to go to the Grey Cup and defend their title.", "In the Grey Cup final game, Willie Jefferson and the Blue Bombers top rated defensive unit helped the team to their 12th Grey Cup title, and second in a row, defeating the hometown Hamilton Tiger-Cats in Overtime, 33 - 25.", "\"We had to come out here and show these guys who we are because we are behind enemy lines, fans on our backs, city against us and we had to win this game,\" Jefferson said after the extra time win.", "We did it if it had to go into overtime.", "We had to stick it out.", "I had no doubts about it.", "Austin bio Houston Texans bio 1991 births Living people American football defensive ends American football linebackers American players of Canadian football" ]

[ "Willie Hebert Jefferson III", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Willie Jefferson", "Jefferson" ]

[ "Willie Hebert Jefferson III", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Jefferson", "Willie Jefferson", "Jefferson" ]

[ "Mark Gonzales (born June 1, 1968), also known as \"Gonz\" and \"The Gonz\", is an American professional skateboarder and artist.", "He is known as a pioneer of modern street skateboarding and was named the \"Most Influential Skateboarder of All Time\" by the Transworld Skateboarding magazine in December 2011.", "Early life\nGonzales was born and raised in South Gate, California, United States, and is of Mexican descent.", "Professional skateboarding\nGonzales entered the skateboarding scene at the age of thirteen in South Gate, California, U.S. At the age of fifteen, as Tommy Guerrero and Natas Kaupas were developing their own styles of progressive street skating around the same time, Gonzales adopted a more modern, innovative approach to skateboarding in a street context (subsequently dubbed \"street skateboarding\").", "He was featured on the cover of Thrasher magazine's November 1984 issue riding a board from the Alva company, his board sponsor at the time, while performing a trick known as a \"beanplant\".", "Vision to ATM Click\nShortly after his Thrasher magazine cover, Gonzales then joined the Vision skateboard team and attained the status of a professional skateboarder.", "Gonzales won the 1985 Oceanside street contest while sponsored by Vision.", "Gonzales proceeded to further influence the progression of street skateboarding with the 1991 Blind Skateboards video Video Days (a company he formed with Steve Rocco in 1989).", "Gonzales left Blind after experiencing frustrations that were similar to his time with Vision and then started another company called ATM Click and followed it with a venture with Ron Chatman called 60/40 who sponsored future Menace skaters Fabian Alomar and Joey Suriel.", "In 1993, Gonzales created controversy after he appropriated a Vision design that was used for one of his signature model boards for an ATM Click design; Gonzales then proceeded to also use the graphic for Real and Krooked signature skateboard models following his move to Deluxe Distribution.", "Deluxe Distribution\nUnder the Deluxe Distribution company, Gonzales skated for Real Skateboards and appeared in three of the company's videos: Kicked Out of Everywhere, Non Fiction, and Real to Reel.", "In 2002, Gonzales then launched Krooked Skateboards in partnership with the Deluxe company and, as of February 2016, Krooked is an operational company that has released four full-length videos.", "In 2007, Gonzales appeared in the skateboarding video game EA Skate and filmed a commercial to promote the game's release.", "Sponsorship\nAs of 2013, Gonzales was sponsored by adidas, Krooked, Spitfire, Independent, and Supreme.", "In 2016, Gonzales joined the Pro-Tec skate team.", "Influence\nIn the summer of 1986 Gonzales performed an ollie from one wall down to another platform at The Embarcadero in San Francisco, U.S. and the obstacle had been known as the \"Gonz Gap\" since his completion of the trick; the trick also helped to popularize The Embarcadero as a location for skateboarders to skateboard.", "Later that year, Gonzales - along with fellow progressive street skater Natas Kaupas - was the first person to skate handrails.", "Gonzales was also the first person to ollie the Wallenberg Set, a four-block, nineteen feet-long, four feet-tall gap in San Francisco, California, US.", "In reference to the early era of street skateboarding, professional skateboarder Mike Vallely stated in a 2007 interview: \"At the time, the best street skaters in the world were Mark Gonzales, Jesse Martinez, Tommy Guerrero, who all three were Mexican kids, and Natas Kaupas, who was a Lithuanian dude that lived at the beach in Santa Monica.\"", "In an interview for the Adidas website, Gonzales explained in reply to a question about his influence with the Blind company, \"I wanted to work with my big brother doing construction—at the time I felt old, but had a young chick.\"", "In 2006 Gonzales was awarded the Legend Award by Transworld Skateboarding, and the magazine selected him as the most influential skateboarder of all time (followed by Tony Hawk and Rodney Mullen) in December 2011.", "Art and writing\nLondon-based art curator Emma Reeves has explained in an introduction that she wrote for Interview magazine: \"He makes art all the time, and he has been making art in some form or another for almost as long as he has been skateboarding.", "But it's rare to see an actual show of the work\".", "An interview that Reeves completed with Gonzales is also published in Interview and he reveals that he likes creating \"zines\" the most, as \"it is the most free thing to do\".", "In 2008, Drag City released a book called The Collected Fanzines that consists of reproductions of old zines that he created together with director Harmony Korine.", "Gonzales was featured in the music video for the song \"West Coast\" by Jason Schwartzman's band, Coconut Records; the music video featured a sequence that was originally filmed in 1998 at a German museum, but was edited for the purpose of the music video with Gonzales' permission.", "Gonzales also directed and appears in the Coconut Records music video \"Any Fun\", alongside actress Chloë Sevigny and skateboarder Alex Olson.", "Gonzales is also a poet and author, and his published body of work includes Social Problems, High Tech Poetry, Broken Dreams, and Broken Poems.", "Gonzales has revealed that he is constantly writing poetry.", "In 2011, Gonzales designed and painted the London Flagship Supreme (brand) Store.", "Gonzales would send letters to the New York store entitled “Supream” during the early years of the brand.", "This led to many collaborations with Gonzales and Supreme, with the latest being in the S/S21 collection.", "Gonzales has designed sculptures and paintings for Supreme's retail locations in New York (Manhattan), San Francisco, London, Paris, Tokyo (Shibuya), Nagoya, and Osaka.", "Personal life\nAs of 2018, Gonzales resides in New York City, New York with his wife, Tia, and their 2 children.", "Filmography\nThe following is a list of films in which Gonzales appears:\n\nHow They Get There (1992)\nGummo (1997) – he appears in a scene in which he wrestles a chair\nSouthlander (2003) Gonzales plays Vince, a good friend of the main character\nBeautiful Losers (2008) – a film about contemporary art and street culture (released on August 2, 2008)\n\nVideography\nSure -Grip Beach Style (1985)\nNSA 86' Vol.", "References\n\nExternal links\nDeluxe Distribution\n\nMark Gonzales - YouTube channel\n\nAmerican skateboarders\nLiving people\n1968 births\nPeople from South Gate, California\nSportspeople from Los Angeles County, California\nSportspeople from New York City\nHispanic and Latino American sportspeople\nArtist skateboarders\nAmerican artists of Mexican descent\nAmerican sportspeople of Mexican descent" ]

[ "Mark Gonzales, also known as \"Gonz\" and \"The Gonz\", is an American professional skateboarder and artist.", "Transworld Skateboarding magazine named him the \"most influential skateboarder of all time\" in December 2011.", "He was born and raised in South Gate, California, the United States, and is of Mexican descent.", "At the age of fifteen, as Tommy Guerrero and Natas Kaupas were developing their own styles of progressive street skating, Gonzales adopted a more modern, innovative approach to skateboarding.", "He was featured on the cover of the November 1984 issue of Thrasher magazine riding a board from the Alva company, his board sponsor at the time, while performing a trick known as a \"beanplant\".", "After attaining the status of a professional skateboarder, Gonzales joined the Vision skateboard team.", "The Oceanside street contest was sponsored by Vision.", "The progression of street skateboarding was further influenced by the 1991 Blind Skateboards video Video Days.", "After leaving Blind, he started another company called ATM Click and then formed a venture with Ron Chatman called 60/40 who sponsored future Menace skaters.", "In 1993, Gonzales created controversy after he appropriated a Vision design that was used for one of his signature model boards for an ATM Click design, and then proceeded to also use the graphic for Real and Krooked signature skateboard models.", "The Real Skateboards skater appeared in three of the company's videos: Kicked Out of Everywhere, Non Fiction, and Real to Reel.", "Krooked Skateboards is an operational company that has released four full-length videos.", "In 2007, the skateboarder appeared in a video game and filmed a commercial to promote the game's release.", "Gonzales was sponsored by a number of companies.", "The Pro-Tec skate team had a new member.", "The \"Gonz Gap\" was a trick performed by Gonzales in the summer of 1986 that helped to popularize The Embarcadero.", "Natas Kaupas was the first person to skate handrails.", "The Wallenberg Set is a four-block, nineteen feet-long, four feet-tall gap in San Francisco, California, US.", "In reference to the early era of street skateboarding, professional skateboarder Mike Vallely stated in a 2007 interview: \"At the time, the best street skaters in the world were Mark Gonzales, Jesse Martinez, Tommy Guerrero, who all three were Mexican kids, and Natas Kaupas.\"", "\"I wanted to work with my big brother doing construction, at the time I felt old, but had a young chick,\" he said in an interview for the Adidas website.", "In 2006 Gonzales was awarded the Legend Award by Transworld Skateboarding, and the magazine selected him as the most influential skateboarder of all time.", "He makes art all the time, and he has been making art in some form or another for almost as long as he has been skateboarding.", "It is rare to see an actual show of the work.", "In the Interview, he reveals that he likes creatingzines the most, as \"it is the most free thing to do\".", "In 2008, Drag City released a book called The Collected Fanzines, a collection of reproductions of oldzines that he created together with director Harmony Korine.", "In the music video for the song \"West Coast\", a sequence that was originally filmed in 1998 at a German museum, but was edited for the purpose of the music video, was featured.", "In the Coconut Records music video \"Any Fun\", Gonzales directed and appeared with actress Chlo Sevigny and skateboarder Alex Olson.", "His published work includes Social Problems, High Tech Poetry, and Broken Poems.", "He is constantly writing poetry.", "The London Flagship Supreme Store was painted by Gonzales in 2011.", "During the early years of the brand, Gonzales would send letters to the New York store.", "The latest collaboration was in the S/S21 collection.", "Supreme has retail locations in New York, San Francisco, London, Paris, Tokyo, Nagoya, and Osaka.", "Gonzales lives in New York City with his wife and 2 children.", "In the film How They Get There, he appears in a scene in which he wrestles a chair and in the film Southlander, he plays Vince, a good friend of the main character.", "American skateboarders living in South Gate, California, sports people from Los Angeles County, California, and Hispanic and Latino sports people from New York City are some of the people depicted in Mark Gonzalez's channel." ]

[ "Mark Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Mark Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Mark Gonzales" ]

[ "Mark Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Mark Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Gonzales", "Mark Gonzalez" ]

[ "Kimberly Marshall (born May 8, 1959, Winston-Salem, North Carolina) is an organist and organ scholar, holder of the Patricia and Leonard Goldman Endowed Professorship in Organ at Arizona State University.", "Education\nMarshall began her organ studies with John Mueller in 1974, earning her high school diploma from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts in 1977.", "A Morehead Scholar, she completed a BA in French while simultaneously taking music classes at Duke University with R. Larry Todd and with Fenner Douglass.", "Her early interest in French music took her to France where she worked with Louis Robilliard at the Conservatoire National de Région in Lyon (Médaille d’Or, 1979) and Xavier Darasse at the Conservatoire National de Région in Toulouse (Premier prix, 1981) before returning to North Carolina to complete her undergraduate studies in 1982.", "While a student in Toulouse, she recorded Darasse’s Organum III for Radio France.", "Marshall pursued doctoral studies from 1982-86 at University College, Oxford as a recipient of a Marshall Scholarship from the British government.", "During this time she worked with John Caldwell, specialist in early keyboard music, and with Christopher Page, who advised her DPhil thesis, Iconographical Evidence for the Late-Medieval Organ (1986; published by Garland in 1989).", "She has developed this work in several articles and lecture/presentations and the CD recording Gothic Pipes.", "She is known as an expert on late-medieval organ music and was invited to contribute entries for the Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages (2010) as well as to present the keynote lecture for the inauguration of the medieval Blockwerk in Amsterdam's Orgelpark (2013).", "In 1985, Marshall was awarded first prize at the St. Albans Organ Playing Competition, earning her a recording contract with the BBC and a recital in London's Royal Festival Hall.", "Marshall has been invited to play throughout Europe, including concerts at Westminster Cathedral, London; King's College, Cambridge, Chartres Cathedral, Uppsala Cathedral, and historical organs, such as the Couperin organ at Saint-Gervais, Paris, the Gothic organ in Sion, Switzerland, and the Cahmann organ in Leufstabruk, Sweden.", "Career\nMarshall was appointed Assistant Professor of Music and University Organist at Stanford University in 1986.", "She was responsible for the supervision of DMA and Ph.D. organ students and worked to establish a guest organist recital series on the dual-temperament Fisk organ in Memorial Church.", "She was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship to continue her research and teaching during 1991 at the Sydney Conservatorium in Australia.", "Her edition of articles on female traditions of music making, Rediscovering the Muses, was published by Northeastern University Press in 1993.", "Marshall was recruited by the Royal Academy of Music in 1993 to serve as Dean of Postgraduate Studies.", "During her tenure there 1993-1996, she set up and implemented a Master of Music degree between the Academy and King's College London to enable postgraduate musicians to pursue academic research alongside their performance studies.", "She described this adaptation of the American model for training musicians in her Musical Times article, \"Home and Away: an American Invasion?\"", "(January 1995).", "Marshall has been a recitalist and workshop leader during many National Conventions of the American Guild of Organists (Dallas, 1994; New York, 1996; Denver; 1998; Seattle 2000, Denver 2002; Los Angeles 2004; Minneapolis, 2008; Washington 2010; Boston 2014).", "From 1996-2000, she was affiliated with the Organ Research Center in Göteborg, Sweden, where she taught and performed; under the aegis of GOArt, she organized in 2002 the first-ever conference devoted to sound recordings of the organ, the proceedings of which were published as The Organ in Recorded Sound: An Exploration of Timbre and Tempo.", "Göteborg: Göteborg Organ Art Center, 2012.", "Marshall's anthologies of late-medieval and Renaissance organ music were published by Wayne Leupold Editions in 2000 and 2004.", "In 1998, Marshall was appointed Associate Professor of Music at Arizona State University, where she directed the program of organ studies and served as Associate Director for Graduate Studies.", "In 2002, she was promoted to Full Professor, holding the Patricia and Leonard Goldman Endowed Professorship in Organ, a position she retained while serving as Director of the School from 2006-2012.", "Marshall's compact disc recordings feature music of the Italian and Spanish Renaissance, French Classical and Romantic periods, and works by Johann Sebastian Bach.", "Her CD of the complete organ works of Arnolt Schlick was released in 2012, the 500th anniversary year of its publication.", "A CD/DVD set entitled A Fantasy through Time was released on the Loft label in 2009, receiving effusive reviews, as did her recording of Chen Yi’s organ concerto with the Singapore Symphony on the BIS label (2003).", "She has also made a recording of works for organ by female composers, Divine Euterpe, that includes music by Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, Elfrida Andrée, and Ethyl Smyth.", "She does not limit herself to early music.", "While at Stanford and the Royal Academy of Music, she gave performances of organ works by Ligeti in the presence of the composer, and she has been an advocate for music by Margaret Sandresky, Dan Locklair and Ofer Ben-Amots.", "Marshall spent the spring of 2005 on sabbatical in Pistoia, Italy, where she researched early Italian organ music and performed on many historical organs, including those in Roskilde Cathedral (Denmark), the St. Laurenskerk, Alkmaar (Netherlands), the Jacobikirche Hamburg, as well as the famous Zacharias Hildebrandt instrument in Naumburg, Germany, which Bach examined in 1746.", "During the summer of 2006, she presented concerts and workshops on early music in Sweden and Israel, and she was a featured artist for the 2007 Early English Organ Project in Oxford and the Festival for Historical Organs in Oaxaca, Mexico.", "Important engagements since then include the Lufthansa Festival of Baroque Music in London (2012), inaugural recital series on the Acusticum Organ in Piteå, Sweden (2012), guest artist for the national conference of the Korean Association of Organists in Seoul (2013), and the London Handel Festival (2014).", "Marshall is the advisor on organs for the Musical Instrument Museum (MIM) in Phoenix and has made videos for their exhibits in Guanajuato (Mexico), Toulouse (France) and Florence (Italy).", "She is an experienced adjudicator, having served on the jury of the National AGO competition in 2008, of the Sweelinck competition in Amsterdam in 2010, as chair of the jury for the Northern Ireland International Organ Competition in 2012 and on the Pistoia International Organ Competition and the Westfield Center's Organ Competition in 2013.", "Discography\n\nSolo recordings\n “From Modules to Music: Recreating Late-Medieval Organs in the Last Quarter Century,” Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies.", "42 (2018), 79-98.", "“Variable Plena in the ‘Bach’ Organs of Thuringia and Saxony,” Keyboard Perspectives, Vol.", "X (2018): 91-111.", "“Interlude: Recollecting the Westfield Center Bach Organ Tour of 1989,” co-authored with David Yearsley.", "Keyboard Perspectives, Vol.", "X (2018): 113-118.", "“Rhythmic Considerations in Twentieth-Century Recordings of Bach’s Organ Music,” in Organ\n Prospects and Retrospects: Text and Music in Celebration of Organ Acusticum, Piteå, Sweden eds.", "Sverker Jullander (texts) and Hans-Ola Ericsson (CD).", "Luleå Institute of Technology, 2016: 137-150.", "“Is this still medieval?", "Contextualizing the Van Straten Organ in Amsterdam’s Orgelpark” Orgelpark Report 4 (March, 2016).", "“A Renaissance for the Organ Historical Society?” The Tracker, Vol.", "59/1 (Winter 2015): 18-20.", "“The ‘Organ of the Future’ in Sweden's Studio Acusticum, “The American Organist (February 2013): 62-65\n The First Printed Organ Music: Arnolt Schlick (on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of this collection), recorded on the Paul Fritts organ at Arizona State University; Loft recordings, LRCD -1124, 2012.", "A Fantasy Through Time: Five Centuries of organ Fantasies on the Richards-Fowkes organ at Pinnacle Presbyterian Church, Scottsdale, Arizona (with accompanying DVD); Loft Recordings, LRCD -1108, 2009.", "Gothic Pipes: The Earliest Organ Music, recorded on the Edskes-Blank organ in the Predigerkirche, Basel, Switzerland; Loft Recordings, LRCD 1047, 2004.", "Bach Encounters Buxtehude, recorded on the Fritts organ at Arizona State University; Loft Recordings, LRCD 1029, 2002.", "Divine Euterpe: 15th-20th Century Organ Music by Women Composers, recorded on the Rosales organ at Trinity Episcopal Church, Portland, Oregon; Loft Recordings LRCD 1021; 2000 (originally released by Gamut Recordings GAMCD 539).", "Bach and the French Influence, recorded on the Fisk organ at Stanford University; Loft Recordings, LRCD 1024; 2000.", "Bach and the Italian Influence, recorded on the Fisk organ at Stanford University; Loft Recordings LRCD 1025; 2000 (originally released by the Pickwick Group, PCD 965).", "El Órgano historico español: Antonio de Cabezón, project sponsored by the Quinto Centenario España; Auvidis Valois, V 4645; 1992.", "A Little French Music: Organ Music from four centuries played on the Littlefield house organ; Pickwick Group, PCD 1005; 1992.", "Sienese Splendor: Italian Renaissance Organ Music on the Piffaro Organ, 1519; Pickwick Group, PCD 971; 1991; reissued by Loft Recordings, 2002.", "Kimberly Marshall plays the Cavaillé-Coll organ of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse; Priory Records’ Great Organs of Europe series, number 11, PRCD 261; 1989.", "A European Organ Tour, Track 3: Dupré's Variations sur un vieux Noël; Priory Records PRCD 903; 1989.", "Collaborations\n Chen Yi's Dunhuang Fantasy for organ and orchestra, with the Singapore Symphony BIS 2003.", "How Excellent is thy Name: Liturgical Music of the Emancipated Jew, with Erik Contzius, cantor, recorded on the Murray-Harris Organ at Stanford University; Loft Recordings LRCD 1011; 1999.", "Publications\n\nBooks\n Iconographical Evidence for the Late-Medieval Organ in French, Flemish and English Manuscripts.", "New York: Garland, 1989.", "Rediscovering the Muses: Women's Musical Traditions.", "Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1993.", "(edited collection of essays).", "According to WorldCat, the book is held in 723 libraries\n The Organ in Recorded Sound: An Exploration of Timbre and Tempo.", "Göteborg: Göteborg Organ Art Center, 2012.", "(edited collection of essays)\n Historical organ techniques and repertoire : an historical survey of organ performance practices and repertoire / Vol.", "3, Late-medieval, before 1460 (editor) Colfax, NC : Wayne Leupold.", "Translation\n \"The Organ Works of César Franck: A Survey of Editorial and Performance Problems\" by Marie-Louise Jaquet-Langlais [L'Oeuvre d'orgue de César Franck et notre temps,\" L'Orgue'' 167 (1978), 5-42], co-translator Matthew Dirst.", "Ibid, pp.", "143–188.", "References\n\n \"Kimberly Marshall, St. Albans Winner 1985\" The Diapason (March 1986), p. 6.", "\"Orgelprofessor i ökenklimat,\" Kyrkomusikernas Tidning, no.", "4 (April 2013): pp.", "8–10.", "External links\n Link 1\n Link 2\n\n1959 births\nLiving people\nPeople from North Carolina\nAmerican classical organists\nWomen organists\nDuke University alumni\nAlumni of University College, Oxford\n21st-century organists\n21st-century American women musicians\n21st-century American keyboardists" ]

[ "A professor at Arizona State University, Marshall is an organist and organ scholar.", "Marshall graduated from the University of North Carolina School of the Arts with a high school degree in 1977.", "A Morehead Scholar, she completed her degree in French while taking music classes at Duke University.", "Her interest in French music took her to France where she worked with Louis Robilliard at the Conservatoire National de Région in Lyon.", "She recorded Darasse's Organum III for Radio France while she was a student.", "Marshall was a recipient of a Marshall Scholarship from the British government.", "She worked with John Caldwell, a specialist in early keyboard music, and with Christopher Page, who advised her DPhil thesis, Iconographical Evidence for the Late-Medieval Organ.", "She has a CD recording of Gothic Pipes.", "She was invited to contribute entries for the Oxford Dictionary of the Middle Ages as well as to present a keynote lecture for the inauguration of the medieval Blockwerk in Amsterdam.", "Marshall won the first prize at the St. Albans Organ Playing Competition in 1985 and went on to win a recording contract and a recital in London.", "King's College, Cambridge, Chartres Cathedral, and the Gothic organ in Sion, Switzerland, are just a few of the places where Marshall has played.", "The Assistant Professor of Music and University Organist at the time was Career Marshall.", "She worked to establish a guest organist recital series on the dual-temperament Fisk organ in Memorial Church.", "She was awarded a scholarship in 1991 to continue her research and teaching.", "Her edition of articles on female traditions of music making was published in 1993.", "Marshall was hired by the Royal Academy of Music in 1993 to be the Dean of Postgraduate Studies.", "She set up and implemented a Master of Music degree between the Academy and King's College London to enable postgraduate musicians to pursue academic research alongside their performance studies.", "She wrote about the adaptation of the American model for training musicians in her Musical Times article.", "January 1995", "During many National Conventions of the American Guild of Organists, Marshall has been a recitalist and workshop leader.", "She was associated with the Organ Research Center in Gteborg, Sweden, from 1996-2000, where she taught and performed, and she organized the first-ever conference devoted to sound recordings of the organ in 2002.", "The Organ Art Center is in Gteborg.", "In 2000 and 2004, Wayne Leupold Editions published Marshall's anthology of late-medieval and Renaissance organ music.", "Marshall was appointed Associate Professor of Music at Arizona State University in 1998, where she directed the program of organ studies.", "She was promoted to Full Professor in 2002 and held the Goldman Endowed Professorship in Organ from 2006 to 2012 while she was the Director of the School.", "The music of the Italian and Spanish Renaissance, French Classical and Romantic periods can be found on Marshall's compact disc recordings.", "The 500th anniversary of the publication of the complete organ works of Arnolt Schlick was celebrated in 2012 with the release of her CD.", "A CD/DVD set entitled A Fantasy through Time was released on the Loft label in 2009, receiving effusive reviews, as did her recording of Chen Yi's organ symphony with the Singapore Symphony.", "She has made a recording of works by female composers that include music by Elfrida Andrée.", "She doesn't limit herself to early music.", "While at the Royal Academy of Music, she gave performances of organ works by Ligeti in the presence of the composer, and she has been an advocate for music by Margaret Sandresky, Dan Locklair and Ofer Ben-Amots.", "Marshall spent the spring of 2005 on sabbatical in Pistoia, Italy, where she researched early Italian organ music and performed on many historical organs.", "She was a featured artist for the Early English Organ Project in Oxford and the Festival for Historical Organs in Oaxaca, Mexico, as well as presenting concerts and workshops on early music in Sweden and Israel.", "The inaugural recital series on the Acusticum Organ in Pite, Sweden, the London Handel Festival, and the national conference of the Korean Association of Organists are some of the important engagements since then.", "Marshall is the advisor on organs for the Musical Instrument Museum in Phoenix and has made videos for their exhibits in Guadalajara, Mexico, Toulouse, France, and Florence, Italy.", "She is an experienced adjudicator, having served on the jury of the National AGO competition in 2008, of the Sweelinck competition in Amsterdam in 2010, as chair of the jury for the Northern Ireland International Organ Competition in 2012 and the Pistoia International Organ Competition.", "Discography solo recordings, \"From Modules to Music: Recreating Late-Medieval Organs in the Last Quarter Century,\" Journal of the British Institute of Organ Studies.", "There were 42 articles in this year's edition of 42.", "The 'Bach' Organs of Thuringia and Saxony haveVariable Plena.", "There is a new edition of X.", "The duo co-authored \"Interlude: Recollecting the Westfield Center Bach Organ Tour of 1989.\"", "The second volume of keyboard perspectives.", "X was published on 113-118.", "Organ Prospects and Retrospects: Text and Music in Celebration of Organ Acusticum, Pite, Sweden is a book.", "There are two texts and a CD.", "The Institute of Technology is located in Lule.", "Is this still medieval?", "The Orgelpark Report 4 was about contextualizing the Van Straten Organ.", "The tracker asks, \"A Renaissance for the Organ Historical Society?\"", "59/1 Winter 2015: 18-20.", "The American Organist was recorded on the Paul Fritts organ on the occasion of the 500th anniversary of this collection.", "A Fantasy Through Time: Five Centuries of organ Fantasies on the Richards-Fowkes organ is available on DVD.", "Gothic Pipes: The Earliest Organ Music was recorded on the Edskes-Blank organ.", "The Fritts organ at Arizona State University was used for the recording.", "The 15th-20th Century Organ Music by Women Composers was recorded on the Rosales organ at Trinity Episcopal Church in Portland, Oregon.", "The French Influence was recorded on the Fisk organ at the university.", "The Pickwick Group, PCD 9655, originally released the album \"Bach and the Italian Influence\" in 2000.", "The Antonio de Cabezn project was sponsored by the Quinto Centenario Espaa.", "The Littlefield house organ has four centuries of music played on it.", "Sienese Splendor: Italian Renaissance Organ Music on the Piffaro Organ was released in 1991.", "The Great Organs of Europe series, number 11, PRCD 261, features the Cavaillé-Coll organ of Saint-Sernin, Toulouse.", "Track 3 of A European Organ Tour is Dupré's Variations sur un vieux Nol.", "The Singapore symphony collaborated with Chen Yi's Dunhuang Fantasy.", "The Murray-Harris Organ was used to record the music of the Emancipated Jew.", "There isconographical evidence for the Late-Medieval Organ in French, Flemish and English manuscripts.", "Garland was in New York in 1989.", "Women's musical traditions are Rediscovering the Muses.", "Northeastern University Press was published in Boston in 1993.", "There is an edited collection of essays.", "The Organ in Recorded Sound: An Exploration of Timbre and Tempo is held in 723 libraries.", "The Organ Art Center is in Gteborg.", "An historical survey of organ performance practices and repertoire is part of the edited collection of essays.", "The late-medieval was edited by Wayne Leupold.", "\"The Organ Works of César Franck: A Survey of Editorial and Performance Problems\" was written by Marie-Louise Jaquet-Langlais.", "Ibid, pp.", "143–188.", "\"Kimberly Marshall, St. Albans Winner 1985\" is a reference.", "\"Orgelprofessor i kenklimat,\" is the word.", "The 4th of April is pp.", "8–10.", "Links 1 and 2 1959 births Living people from North Carolina American classical organists Women organists Alumni of University College Oxford 21st-century American women musicians" ]

[ "Kimberly Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Kimberly Marshall", "Kimberly Marshall" ]

[ "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Career Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Marshall", "Kimberly Marshall" ]

[ "John Joseph Cardinal Carberry (July 31, 1904 – June 17, 1998) was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.", "He served as Archbishop of St. Louis from 1968 to 1979, and was created a cardinal in 1969.", "He previously served as Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana (1957–65) and Bishop of Columbus (1965–68).", "Biography\n\nEarly life and education\nJohn Joseph Carberry was born in Brooklyn, New York, the youngest of ten children of James Joseph and Mary Elizabeth (née O'Keefe) Carberry.", "His father worked as a clerk at Kings County Court.", "He received his early education at the parochial school of St. Boniface Church in his native city.", "In 1919, at age 15, he enrolled at Cathedral College.", "He there excelled in both baseball and the violin.", "From 1924 to 1930, Carberry studied for the priesthood in Rome, where he resided at the Pontifical North American College.", "He earned a doctorate in philosophy (1929) and a doctorate in theology (1930) from the Pontifical Urbaniana University.", "Ordination and ministry\nOn June 28, 1929, Carberry was ordained a priest by Cardinal Francesco Marchetti Selvaggiani in Rome.", "Following his return to New York, he was assigned as a curate at St. Peter's Church in Glen Cove, where he remained for one year.", "He continued his studies at the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., where he received a doctorate in canon law in 1934.", "He then served as a curate at St. Patrick's Church in Huntington for one year.", "From 1935 to 1940, Carberry was on loan to the Diocese of Trenton in New Jersey, serving as secretary to Bishop Moses E. Kiley and assistant chancellor of the diocese.", "He also taught at Cathedral High School in Trenton from 1939 to 1940.", "Returning to New York, he taught at St. Dominic High School in Oyster Bay before serving as professor of canon law at Immaculate Conception Seminary in Huntington from 1941 to 1945.", "Carberry was an officialis of the Diocese of Brooklyn from 1945 to 1956, serving as chief judge of the diocesan court.", "He also served as diocesan director for radio and television, becoming known as the \"radio priest.\"", "He was named a papal chamberlain on February 3, 1948, and raised to the rank of domestic prelate on May 7, 1954.", "From 1955 to 1956, he was president of the Canon Law Society of America.", "Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana\nOn May 3, 1956, Carberry was appointed coadjutor bishop of the Diocese of Lafayette, Indiana, and titular bishop of Elis by Pope Pius XII.", "He received his episcopal consecration on the following July 25 from Bishop Raymond Augustine Kearney, with Bishops George W. Ahr and John Benjamin Grellinger serving as co-consecrators, at the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church.", "He selected as his episcopal motto: Maria, Regina Mater (Latin: \"Mary, Queen and Mother\").", "His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. Mary on August 22 of that year.", "Upon the death of Bishop John George Bennett, Carberry succeeded him as the second Bishop of Lafayette on November 20, 1957.", "He convened the first diocesan synod and established the Diocesan Council of Men and the Society for Priestly Vocations during his tenure.", "He attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council between 1962 and 1965.", "During its third session, he addressed the Council on Dignitatis humanae, the declaration on religious liberty.", "Bishop of Columbus, Ohio\nCarberry was appointed the seventh Bishop of Columbus, Ohio, by Pope Paul VI on January 16, 1965.", "He was installed at St. Joseph's Cathedral on the following March 25.", "During his tenure in Columbus, he implemented the reforms of the Second Vatican Council and supported the Civil Rights Movement and ecumenical movement.", "He established the Clergy Advisory Council, and oversaw the renovation of St. Joseph's Cathedral after issuing regulations for liturgical changes.", "He also bought a new building to centralize the offices of the diocesan chancery.", "In 1966, he was named by Cardinal Francis Spellman as vicar delegate of the Military Ordinariate for Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama.", "As a member of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops, Carberry served as chairman of the Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs from 1965 to 1969.", "He helped found the Inter-Church Board for Metropolitan Affairs, the first organization in the United States uniting Protestants and Catholics for ecumenism and social action.", "In January 1968, he became the first Catholic bishop to receive the Ohio Council of Churches' annual \"Pastor of Pastors\" award.", "Archbishop of St. Louis\nOn February 14, 1968, Carberry was appointed the fifth Archbishop of St. Louis, Missouri.", "His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. Louis on March 25 of that year.", "Carberry was considered more theologically conservative than his predecessor, Cardinal Joseph Ritter.", "One publication even described him as being \"threatened by a world he does not understand.\"", "He strongly defended Humanae vitae, and created the Archdiocesan Pro-Life Commission.", "Paul VI created him Cardinal Priest of S. Giovanni Battista de Rossi a via Latina in the consistory of April 28, 1969.", "In 1969 he removed about 60 of his seminarians from a class at the Saint Louis University Divinity School, in objection to their being taught Pauls' epistles by the Presbyterian scholar Keith Nickle.", "In 1971 he made a controversial decision to close McBride High school in largely black North St. Louis, while subsidizing a swimming pool at Kennedy High School in a wealthy suburb; the Kennedy High School closed in 2017 for lack of enrollment.", "Carberry moved his own residence from the episcopal residence in town to suburban Creve Coeur.", "In 1972, Carberry established the Urban Services Apostolate for inner-city parishes in the archdiocese.", "He was elected vice-president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1974, and was a delegate to the World Synod of Bishops in 1972, 1974 and 1976.", "Carberry initially opposed the reception of communion by hand, believing it was irreverent and risked the possibility of stealing Hosts to use at Black Masses.", "However, he later permitted this practice in St. Louis in 1977.", "That same year, he ordained the first permanent deacons in the archdiocese.", "He was one of the cardinal electors who participated in the conclaves of August and October 1978, which selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II, respectively.", "Carberry helped lead an internal campaign against the liberal Archbishop Jean Jadot, the Apostolic Delegate to the United States, whom he perceived as \"destroying the Catholic Church in the United States.\"", "He was a vocal critic of the television sitcom Maude, which he said \"injected CBS-TV as advocate of a moral and political position that many not only oppose but find positively offensive as immoral.", "...The decision to secure an abortion or the decision to have a vasectomy, even for those who choose them, is hardly a joke.\"", "Later life and death\nUpon reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75, Carberry resigned as Archbishop of St. Louis on July 31, 1979.", "He was succeeded by Bishop John L. May, then serving as Bishop of Mobile.", "After suffering a stroke in 1988, he moved into St. Agnes Home in Kirkwood, where he died at age 93.", "He died soon after his only living relative, sister, Loretto Carberry.", "He is buried in the crypt of the Cathedral of St. Louis.", "References\n\nExternal links\nRoman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette, Indiana Official website\n\n1904 births\n1998 deaths\n20th-century American cardinals\nClergy from St. Louis\nAmerican Roman Catholic clergy of Irish descent\nPeople from Brooklyn\nPeople from Columbus, Ohio\nPeople from Lafayette, Indiana\nRoman Catholic bishops of Lafayette in Indiana\nRoman Catholic bishops of Columbus\nRoman Catholic archbishops of St. Louis\nParticipants in the Second Vatican Council\nBurials at the Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis (St. Louis)\nCardinals created by Pope Paul VI\nPontifical Urban University alumni\nCatholic University of America alumni\nCatholics from New York (state)" ]

[ "John Joseph Cardinal Carberry was an American prelate of the Roman Catholic Church.", "He was made a cardinal in 1969 after serving as the archbishop of St. Louis from 1968 to 1979.", "He was the Bishop of Lafayette in Indiana and Columbus in the 1960's.", "John Joseph Carberry was the youngest of ten children of James Joseph and Mary Elizabeth Carberry.", "His father was a clerk at the court.", "He attended the parochial school in his hometown.", "He attended Cathedral College at the age of 15.", "He excelled in both violin and baseball.", "Carberry studied for the priesthood in Rome from 1924 to 1930.", "He received two doctorates from the Pontifical Urbaniana University.", "Carberry became a priest in Rome on June 28, 1929.", "He stayed at St. Peter's Church in Glen Cove for a year after returning to New York.", "He received a doctorate in canon law from the Catholic University of America in Washington, D.C., in 1934.", "He worked at St. Patrick's Church in Huntington for a year.", "Carberry served as secretary to Bishop Kiley and the assistant chancellor of the diocese from 1935 to 1940.", "He was a teacher at Cathedral High School from 1939 to 1940.", "He returned to New York and taught at St. Dominic High School in Oyster Bay.", "The chief judge of the diocesan court was Carberry.", "He became known as the \"radio priest\" because he was the diocesan director for radio and television.", "He was elevated to the rank of domestic prelate on May 7, 1954.", "He was president of the Canon Law Society of America from 1955 to 1956.", "Pope Pius XII appointed Carberry as bishop of Lafayette in Indiana on May 3, 1956.", "His consecration took place on July 25 at the Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church.", "His motto was Maria, Regina Mater (Latin: \"Mary, Queen and Mother\").", "His installation took place at the Cathedral of St. Mary.", "Carberry became the second Bishop of Lafayette on November 20, 1957.", "The Society for Priestly Vocations and the Diocesan Council of Men were established during his tenure.", "Between 1962 and 1965, he attended all four sessions of the Second Vatican Council.", "The declaration on religious liberty was addressed by him during the third session.", "Pope Paul VI appointed Carberry as the seventh Bishop of Columbus, Ohio.", "He was installed at St. Joseph's Cathedral on March 25.", "The reforms of the Second Vatican Council were implemented during his time in Columbus.", "He oversaw the renovation of St. Joseph's Cathedral and established the Clergy Advisory Council.", "The offices of the chancery were centralized with the purchase of a new building.", "He was named delegate of the Military Ordinariate for Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, and Alabama in 1966.", "Carberry served as chairman of the Committee on Ecumenical and Interreligious Affairs from 1966 to 1969 while he was a member of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops.", "The Inter-Church Board for Metropolitan Affairs was formed to unite Protestants and Catholics for social action.", "He was the first Catholic bishop to receive an award from the Ohio Council of Churches.", "Carberry was appointed the fifth Archbishop of St. Louis, Missouri, on February 14, 1968.", "His installation took place in the Cathedral of St. Louis.", "Cardinal Joseph Ritter was considered more conservative than Carberry.", "He was described as being \"threatened by a world he does not understand\" by one publication.", "He created the Archdiocesan Pro-life Commission.", "The consistory of April 28, 1969 was when Paul VI created him as a Cardinal Priest.", "About 60 seminarians were removed from a class at the Saint Louis University Divinity School in 1969 because they objected to being taught Pauls' epistles.", "In 1971 he made a controversial decision to close a mostly black high school in North St. Louis while subsidizing a swimming pool in a wealthy suburb.", "The residence of Carberry in town was moved to Creve Coeur.", "The Urban Services Apostolate was established in 1972 by Carberry.", "He was elected vice-president of the National Conference of Catholic Bishops in 1974 and was a delegate to the World Synod of Bishops in 1972, 1974 and 1976.", "Carberry initially opposed the reception of communion by hand because it risked the possibility of stealing Hosts to use at Black Mass.", "He allowed this practice in St. Louis in 1977.", "The first permanent deacons were in that year.", "The conclaves of August and October 1978 selected Popes John Paul I and John Paul II.", "Carberry helped lead an internal campaign against the liberal Archbishop Jean Jadot, who he believed was destroying the Catholic Church in the United States.", "CBS-TVinjected a moral and political position that many not only oppose but find positively offensive as immoral, according to a vocal critic of the sitcom.", "The decision to have an abortion or have a vasectomy is not a joke.", "Carberry died on July 31, 1979 at the age of 75.", "Bishop John L. May became the Bishop of Mobile.", "He died at the age of 93 after suffering a stroke in 1988.", "He died after his sister.", "The crypt of the Cathedral of St. Louis is where he is buried.", "There are links to the official website of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette, Indiana." ]

[ "John Joseph Cardinal Carberry", "John Joseph Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "John Benjamin", "John George", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "John Paul", "John Paul", "Carberry", "Carberry", "John L", "Carberry" ]

[ "John Joseph Cardinal Carberry", "John Joseph Carberry", "Mary Elizabeth Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "Carberry", "John Paul", "John Paul", "Carberry", "Carberry", "John L" ]

[ "Hawise Lestrange (died 1310) was the daughter of the Marcher lord John Lestrange (d.1269) of Great Ness, Cheswardine and Knockin (Shropshire).", "Married at a young age to the ruler of southern Powys, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn, she became a key figure in border affairs and in the management of her family and estates until her death at a great age.", "She was deeply implicated in a plot to overthrow the prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, in 1274, and with her husband sided with Edward I in the English king's conquest of Wales.", "Early life and marriage \nThe date of Hawise's birth is unknown, but she was probably still a teenager when she was married to Gruffudd around 1242.", "In that year that Gruffudd gained the king's permission to dower Hawise with land in the royal manor of Ashford in Derbyshire.", "Hawise and Gruffudd are unlikely to have been complete strangers at marriage, for Gruffudd - part-English by birth - had spent most of his life to that point in exile in England and the Marches.", "His mother Margaret was a member of the prominent Corbet family from the nearby Marcher lordship of Caus, and appears to have considerable contact with her son and daughter-in-law until her death around 1250.", "During the early years of the marriage, the couple resided mainly in the castle of Pool or Powis Castle, lying to the west of the town of Welshpool.", "Gruffudd served Henry III loyally, for which he received various rewards and inducements to further loyalty.", "In 1248 Hawise received two stags from the king, perhaps for her own loyal service.", "In 1257, however, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd and would-be ruler of Wales at large, invaded southern Powys and Hawise and Gruffudd were driven out.", "Finding a lack of royal support for their plight, in 1263 Gwenwynwyn transferred his allegiance to Llywelyn.", "Attitude toward Llywelyn ap Gruffudd \n\nAlthough her husband allied himself to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1263, Hawise's natal family were (with one or two exceptions) notable allies of the Crown.", "Hawise herself seems to have remained hostile to Llywelyn for much of her career.", "Attempt to overthrow Llywelyn \n\nBy 1274, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn was firmly back in royal favour.", "In that year his family became involved in an attempt on the life of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.", "Hawise and her eldest son, Owain, were leading participants in the plot, which also involved Llywelyn's disaffected younger brother, Dafydd ap Gruffudd.", "The intention had been for Dafydd and Owain to murder Llywelyn at his court and for Dafydd to take his place, while Owain would marry Dafydd's daughter and take the commotes of Ceri and Cydewain as a marriage settlement.", "Ultimately the plot failed, foiled by a snowstorm that prevented the would-be assassins from carrying out their mission, and Llywelyn's suspicions were aroused.", "Owain was taken into captivity.", "Our knowledge of Hawise's involvement comes from a confession allegedly made by Owain in the presence of the bishop of Bangor and others, and set down in a letter written by the Bangor clergy to the archbishop of Canterbury in the spring of 1276.", "In this confession Owain identified his mother as the designated guardian of the conspirators' plot documents, keeping them under lock and key in her own private chest in the family residence at Pool.", "The historian Emma Cavell argues that Hawise's status as a married woman, and her resulting centrality to family and household management, made her an\"ideal focus for the protection and/or transmission of privileged information.\"", "Conquest of Wales \nThere is no explicit mention of Hawise Lestrange in any of the contemporary sources relating to the killing of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and the fall of native Wales, in December 1282.", "Yet, the pattern of her activities to that point, combined with the clear, central involvement of her husband, several of her sons, and several neighbours in tracking Llywelyn's movements and engaging him in the field, make it highly likely that she did play her part.", "She also had a kinswoman, Margaret Lestrange, who was married to a prominent defector from Llywelyn's court, and who may have been among those channeling sensitive information back and forth between Gwynedd and the Marches in the run-up to Llywelyn's defeat.", "Middle and later years \nFrom the 1270s Hawise began to take more a prominent role in the management of the family estates, in part perhaps because she was much younger than her aging, though still active, husband Gruffudd.", "Around 1270 she took personal control of her brother Hamon's manor of Church Stretton, Shropshire, while he went on crusade, and ultimately assumed full responsibility for the manor in her own right when Hamon died on crusade.", "She was a figure of family authority, seemingly central to the arrangements made both for her children's marriages and for the future of her husband's patrimonial lands.", "In providing for the family after his death, Gruffudd ap Gwenwynwyn made sure his Hawise's dower was preserved.", "In 1277 he issued a charter to his wife granting her dower interests then included the township of Buttington, the commotes of Deuddwr and Caereinion and pastures in Cyfeiliog and Arwystli.", "Certain of these territories had also been held in dower by her mother-in-law Margaret Corbet.", "After Gruffudd's death in 1286, Hawise ruled her family and much of their territory with something of an iron fist, becoming involved in (among other things) the determined harassment of her daughter-in-law Joan, the widow of her eldest son Owain.", "By 1302, however, Hawise was finding estate administration a burden, and between that year and 1306 she was granted permission by the crown to present her debts at the Exchequer of Chester, rather than at Westminster, 'for her easement'.", "In 1308 she relinquished the custody of the barony of Pool to her only surviving son, Gruffudd Fychan.", "Hawise Lestrange died in November 1310, probably aged in her mid-late eighties.", "There is evidence to suggest that she was buried at the Cistercian Abbey of Strata Marcella Abbey, the foundation of her husband's ancestor Owain Cyfeiliog.", "Family\nHawise's first child with Gruffudd was a daughter, Margaret, possibly named after her mother-in-law Margaret Corbet.", "Several sons followed, of which six sons survived into adulthood:\n Margaret, married Fulk, son of Fulk FitzWarin of Whittington\n Owain 'de la Pole', married Joan Corbet\n Llywelyn, married Sybil Turberville, and widow of Grimbald Pauncefoot, a knight of Edward I\n Gruffudd Fychan, married a kinswoman of Roger Springhose of Shropshire\n Gwilym, married Gwladus, whose background is unknown.", "Dafydd, a cleric\n Ieuan, a cleric\n\nSeal\nHawise's seal matrix was discovered in Oswestry in the 19th century.", "It shows a standing female wearing a loose-fitting kirtle, a flowing mantle, cap and gorget, and a pair of pointed shoes.", "In her right hand she holds a shield with the arms of her husband, and in her left hand the shield of her natal Lestrange family.", "The legend reads 'Hawise, Lady of Cyfeiliog' (S' HAWISIE DNE KEVEOLOG).", "References \n\n1310 deaths\n13th-century Welsh women\nMedieval Wales\nLe Strange family" ]

[ "Hawise Lestrange was the daughter of the Marcher lord John Lestrange.", "She was married at a young age to the ruler of southern Powys, Gruffudd ap Gwenwyn, and became a key figure in border affairs and in the management of her family and estates.", "In 1274, she was implicated in a plot to overthrow the prince of Wales, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, and with her husband sided with Edward I in the English king's conquest of Wales.", "Hawise was probably still a teenager when she married Gruffudd around 1242.", "The king gave Gruffudd permission to dower Hawise with land in the royal manor of Ashford.", "Gruffudd had spent most of his life in England and the Marches, so he was unlikely to have been a complete stranger at marriage to Hawise.", "Margaret was a member of the prominent Corbet family from the nearby Marcher lordship of Caus, and she had a lot of contact with her son and daughter-in-law.", "In the early years of their marriage, the couple lived in the castle of Pool, which was to the west of Welshpool.", "Gruffudd was rewarded for serving Henry III loyally.", "Hawise received two stags from the king.", "In 1257, Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, prince of Gwynedd and would-be ruler of Wales at large, invaded southern Powys and Hawise and were driven out.", "Llywelyn had a lack of support from the royals.", "Although her husband allied himself to Llywelyn ap Gruffudd in 1263, Hawise's family were notable allies of the Crown.", "Hawise was hostile to Llywelyn for most of her career.", "By 1274, Gruffudd was back in favor of the royal family.", "His family was involved in an attempt on the life of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd.", "The plot involved Llywelyn's disaffected younger brother, and was led by Hawise and Owain.", "The plan was for Owain to marry Dafydd's daughter and take the commotes of Ceri and Cydewain as a marriage settlement, and for Llywelyn to be murdered at his court.", "The plot failed because a snowstorm prevented the would-be assassins from carrying out their mission, and Llywelyn's suspicions were aroused.", "Owain was taken captive.", "Our knowledge of Hawise's involvement comes from a confession allegedly made by Owain in the presence of the bishop of Bangor and others, and set down in a letter written by the Bangor clergy to the archbishop of Canterbury in the spring of 1276.", "The conspirators' plot documents were kept under lock and key in Owain's mother's private chest.", "Hawise's status as a married woman made her an ideal focus for the protection and transmission of privileged information according to the historian Emma Cavell.", "The killing of Llywelyn ap Gruffudd and the fall of native Wales are not mentioned in contemporary sources.", "It is highly likely that she played her part because of the pattern of her activities and the involvement of her husband, several of her sons, and neighbours in tracking Llywelyn's movements and engaging him in the field.", "She had a kinswoman, Margaret Lestrange, who was married to a prominent defector from Llywelyn's court.", "In the 1270s, Hawise began to take more a prominent role in the management of the family estates, perhaps because she was younger than her aging husband Gruffudd.", "She assumed full responsibility for the manor in her own right after her brother died on a crusade around 1270.", "She was central to the arrangements made for her children's marriages and for the future of her husband's patrimonial lands.", "After his death, Gruffudd ap Gwenwyn made sure his dower was preserved.", "He granted his wife dower interests in the township of Buttington and the commotes of Deuddwr and Caereinion.", "Her mother-in-law Margaret Corbet held certain territories.", "Hawise became involved in the harassment of her daughter-in-law Joan, the widow of her oldest son, after Gruffudd's death in 1286.", "Between that year and 1306, Hawise was granted permission by the crown to present her debts at the Exchequer of Chester because she was finding estate administration a burden.", "She gave the barony of Pool to her only child, Gruffudd Fychan.", "Hawise Lestrange died in November of 1310.", "She is believed to have been buried at the foundation of Owain Cyfeiliog's ancestors.", "Margaret may have been named after Margaret Corbet, Hawise's mother-in-law.", "Margaret, son of Fulk FitzWarin of Whittington Owain 'de la Pole', married Joan Corbet Llywelyn, the widow of Grimbald Pauncefoot.", "Seal Hawise's matrix seal was discovered in Oswestry in the 19th century.", "A woman is wearing a loose-fitting kirtle, a flowing mantle, cap and gorget, and a pair of pointed shoes.", "She has a shield in her right hand and a shield in her left hand.", "The legend reads 'Hawise, Lady of Cyfeiliog'.", "13th-century Welsh women were associated with the Le Strange family." ]

[ "Hawise Lestra", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Margaret Lestrange", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise" ]

[ "Hawise Lestra", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Hawise", "Lestrange", "Hawise", "Seal Hawise", "Hawise" ]

[ "José Dira Avelino (August 5, 1890 – July 21, 1986) was the first President of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second President of the Liberal Party.", "He was Senate President pro tempore to President Manuel Quezon prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth.", "Early life and career\nAvelino was born in a town called Calbayog in Samar to Ildefonsa Dira and Baltazar Avelino.", "Avelino was educated at the Ateneo de Manila where he received his Bachelor of Arts degree and the University of Santo Tomas where he graduated with his Bachelor of Laws.", "Calbayog became a City in 1948 at Avelino's instance, when as President of the Senate he pulled together three contiguous municipalities (Oquendo, Calbayog and Tinambacan) and made it into the 19th city of the Philippines, July 15, 1948, the date President Elpidio Quirino signed Republic Act 328.", "Personal life\nAvelino was married to Enriqueta Casal and had four sons (Jose Jr., Enrique, Antonio, Baltazar II) and has one daughter named Pilar.", "He is the great-grandfather of actor Paulo Avelino.", "National Politics\nHe served concurrently as Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Public Works and Transportation under President Manuel L. Quezon.", "As Secretary of Labor, Avelino accomplished something unprecedented in the Philippines and perhaps the world – he unified the labor unions by organizing them into two commissions: the National Commission of Labor (NCL) and the National Commission of Peasants (NCP) – and he was designated chairman of these two Commissions.", "To quote Manila Bulletin: \"The new Secretary of Labor José Avelino became not merely the head of the Department of Labor in the government but the head of labor organization, the head of labor in fact.\"", "Avelino is known as the Father of the Philippine Workmen’s Compensation Law; one of the most famous bills which he authored during his term in Senate, which focused on creating a contingency insurance fund for workers as a way to protect the workers from the various economic problems that plagued the post-war economy.", "Avelino also founded the first labor union in Eastern Visayas, Gremio Obrero de Stevedores and considered to be a founding member of the Liberal Party.", "He was instrumental in the passage of the Social Security System and pushed for the establishment of public high schools in every province in the Philippines.", "The final office held by Avelino before retiring was Ambassador Plenipotentiary under President Elpidio Quirino.", "An LP stalwart, Avelino was infamously quoted as saying \"What are we in power for?\"", "which was said during a party caucus in Malacañang.", "The whole statement being:\n\n\"Why did you have to order an investigation Honorable Mr. President?", "If you cannot permit abuses, you must at least tolerate them.", "What are we in power for?", "We are not hypocrites.", "Why should we pretend to be saints when in reality we are not?", "We are not angels.", "When we die we will all go to hell.", "It is better to be in hell because in that place there are no investigations, no secretary of justice, no secretary of the interior to go after us.\"", "The above account is disputed by historian Quintin Doroquez.", "Doroquez claims that Avelino was willfully misquoted as corrupt by Celso Cabrera, a newsreporter who did not speak Spanish.", "Doroquez claims that Congressman Faustino Tobia of Ilocos Norte confessed to the Avelino family later that the entire quote was fabricated and that the original context of Avelino's comment at the said party caucus on January 15, 1949 was the failure of the Quirino administration to deal with the problems of the country.", "According to Doroquez, Congressman Tobia offered the following paraphrase as closer to what Avelino actually said in Spanish at the meeting.", "\"Señor Presidente, ¿no es la verdad que sin hacerlos vigorosamente es traicionar y negar esencialmente nuestros deberes como sirvientes públicos?", "¿Para que esta el nuestro mandato del pueblo?\"", "Doroquez provided a translation of Congressman Tobia's paraphrase.", "\"Mr. President, is it not the truth that not addressing vigorously these problems [i.e., of losing the Liberal Party's insight into the postwar reconstruction, the country’s peasant plight that is fueling the Huk's insurgency, and the moral discipline of those who use their position or influence in government to advance their selfish ends, like appointing less qualified men from the opposition party] is to betray and negate fundamentally our duties as public servants?", "What for is our mandate from the people?\"", "In any case, the quote \"What are we in power for?\"", "was the quote attributed to Avelino and reported in The Manila Chronicle which was owned by the Lopez family, the family of then-Senator Fernando Lopez who later would be chosen as Quirino's running mate and be elected as his Vice President.", "Avelino ran for being President of the Philippines in the 1949 election, where he became third in a race between incumbent president Elpidio Quirino and former president José P. Laurel.", "Avelino tried to divide the Liberal Party votes for Quirino by declaring his faction as the other wing of the Liberal Party, but the latter still won with 50.93% of the votes.", "Avelino garnered a mere 11.85%.", "His vice presidential mate, Vicente Francisco, garnered a far lower percentage (1.73%).", "Later life\nAvelino retired from public life and devoted himself to the practice of law.", "Avelino died at the age of 95 on July 21, 1986.", "References\n\nExternal links\nBiography of Jose Avelino - Senate of the Philippines\nCalbayog Ko page about Jose Avelino\nQuintin Lambino Doroquez's biographical article about Jose Avelino\n\n1890 births\n1986 deaths\nPeople from Calbayog\nNacionalista Party politicians\nLiberal Party (Philippines) politicians\nSecretaries of Public Works and Highways of the Philippines\nSecretaries of Transportation of the Philippines\nSecretaries of Labor and Employment of the Philippines\nPresidents of the Senate of the Philippines\nPresidents pro tempore of the Senate of the Philippines\nSenators of the 2nd Congress of the Philippines\nSenators of the 1st Congress of the Philippines\nSenators of the 10th Philippine Legislature\nSenators of the 9th Philippine Legislature\nSenators of the 8th Philippine Legislature\nMembers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines from Samar (province)\nCandidates in the 1949 Philippine presidential election\nAteneo de Manila University alumni\nUniversity of the Philippines alumni\nUniversity of Santo Tomas alumni\nQuezon Administration cabinet members\nPresidents of the Liberal Party of the Philippines\nMembers of the Philippine Legislature" ]

[ "He was the first President of the Senate of the Third Republic of the Philippines and the second President of the Liberal Party.", "Prior to the establishment of the Commonwealth, he was Senate President pro tempore.", "Avelino was born in a town called Calbayog in Samar to Ildefonsa Dira and Baltazar Avelino.", "Avelino received his Bachelor of Arts degree from the Ateneo de Manila and his Bachelor of Laws degree from the University of Santo Tomas.", "Calbayog became a City in 1948 at Avelino's instance, when as President of the Senate he pulled together three contiguous municipalities (Oquendo, Calbayog and Tinambacan) and made it into the 19th city of the Philippines.", "Avelino was married to Enriqueta Casal and had four sons and a daughter.", "He is the great-grandson of an actor.", "He was both Secretary of Labor and Secretary of Public Works and Transportation.", "The National Commission of Labor (NCL) and the National Commission of Peasants (NCP) were created by the Secretary of Labor, Avelino, to unify the labor unions in the Philippines.", "The head of labor in the government is not the head of the Department of Labor, but the head of labor organization.", "Avelino is known as the Father of the Philippine Workmen's Compensation Law; one of the most famous bills he authored during his term in Senate, which focused on creating a contingency insurance fund for workers as a way to protect the workers from the various economic problems that plagued the post-", "Gremio Obrero de Stevedores was founded by Avelino and is considered to be a founding member of the Liberal Party.", "He pushed for the establishment of public high schools in every province of the Philippines, as well as the passage of the Social Security System.", "Ambassador Plenipotentiary was the final office held by Avelino.", "Avelino was quoted as saying \"What are we in power for?\"", "During a party caucus in Malacaang, it was said.", "Why did you have to order an investigation?", "You must at least tolerate abuses if you can't permit them.", "What are we doing with the power we have?", "We aren't hypocrites.", "When we are not saints, why should we pretend to be?", "We are not angels.", "We will go to hell when we die.", "There are no investigations, no secretary of justice, and no secretary of the interior in that place.", "Historian Quintin Doroquez disagrees with the above account.", "Avelino was wrongly quoted as corrupt by a newsreporter who did not speak Spanish, according to Doroquez.", "The original context of Avelino's comment at the party caucus on January 15, 1949 was the failure of the Quirino administration, according to Doroquez, who claims that Congressman Faustino Tobia confessed to the Avelino family later that the entire quote was fabricated.", "According to Doroquez, Congressman Tobia said something similar to what Avelino said at the meeting.", "\"Seor Presidente, es una verdad, es traicionar, nuestros deberes, sirvientes pblicos?\"", "Is there a nuestro mandato del pueblo?", "Congressman Tobia's paraphrase was translated by Doroquez.", "The country's peasant plight that is fueling the Huk's insurgency, the moral discipline of those who use, and the loss of the Liberal Party's insight into the postwar reconstruction are all problems that need to be addressed.", "What is the mandate from the people?", "The quote is \"What are we in power for?\"", "The quote was attributed to Avelino and reported in The Manila Chronicle which was owned by the Lopez family, the family of then-Senator Fernando Lopez who later would be chosen as Quirino's running mate and be elected as his Vice President.", "Avelino was third in the 1949 election for President of the Philippines, behind incumbent president Elpidio Quirino and former president José P. Laurel.", "The other wing of the Liberal Party won with 50.93% of the votes despite Avelino's attempt to divide them.", "Avelino got 11.85%.", "Vicente Francisco got a far lower percentage.", "Avelino devoted himself to the practice of law after retiring from public life.", "Avelino died at the age of 95.", "There are external links to the Biography of Jose Avelino - Senate of the Philippines Calbayog Ko page." ]

[ "José Dira Avelino", "Avelino", "Baltazar Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Paulo Avelino", "Avelino", "José Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "José P", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Jose Avelino", "Jose Avelino", "Jose Avelino" ]

[ "Avelino", "Baltazar Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "José P", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Avelino", "Jose Avelino" ]

[ "Eufrásia Teixeira Leite (1850, in Vassouras – 1930, in Rio de Janeiro) was an heiress, financial investor and Brazilian philanthropist.", "She left in testament a fortune that could buy 1,850 kg of gold, at the prices of the time, having been one of the richest people in the world that time, and whose greater part was bequeathed to assisting educational institutions of the city of Vassouras.", "Alone, Eufrásia multiplied the family fortune several times and would be a billionaire by today's standards.", "Early life\n\nShe was the youngest daughter of Dr. Joaquim José Teixeira Leite and Ana Esméria Correia e Castro, being the paternal granddaughter of the Baron of Itambé, maternal granddaughter of the Baron of Campo Belo, niece of Baron of Vassouras and grand-niece of Baron of Aiuruoca.", "She had a single sister, Francisca Bernardina Teixeira Leite (1845-1899), and a brother who died as a child.", "Her paternal grandfather's family was already very wealthy when she moved from Conceição da Barra de Minas to Vassouras.", "Her father and uncle Baron of Vassouras established themselves as capitalists, founding in Rio de Janeiro the company \"Casa Teixeira Leite & Sobrinhos\", which lent money to interest and made financial intermediation with the prosperous coffee farmers.", "On the other hand, his mother's family was composed only of rich coffee planters, being a member of the traditional Correia e Castro family.", "By Brazilian standards at the time, she received an aristocratic education, having studied at the Madame Grivet Girls' School, which existed in the locality of Comércio, today Sebastião Lacerda, in Vassouras.", "In addition to basic education, she learned good manners, speaking French and playing the piano.", "Heritage\n\nOn the death of her parents, in 1872, Eufrásia and her sister inherited a fortune of 767:937$876 réis (767 contos, nine hundred and thirty-seven thousand, eight hundred and seventy-six réis), which at the time was equivalent to the endowment Personnel of the Emperor Dom Pedro II or 5% of Brazilian exports.", "Soon after, in 1873, her grandmother, the Baroness of Campo Belo, died, and the sisters received as their inheritance another 106:844$886 (one hundred and six contos, eight hundred and forty-eight thousand, eight hundred and eighty-six réis) in form of titles and slaves, which were soon sold.", "At the time, the region of Vassouras fell into decay, due to the exhaustion of the soil and the aging of the slaves, but the sisters' assets were not coffee farms; They had public debt securities of the National Loan of 1868, Banco do Brasil shares, bank deposits, personal loans, only 12 slaves, a house in Rio de Janeiro and a large urban property in Vassouras, now known as Casa da Hera or Chácara da Hera, where they lived with their parents.", "Young and unmarried, the sisters sold shares, titles and the house of Rio de Janeiro, collected credits, freed the slaves, closed the farmhouse, left two employees in charge of their conservation, and departed in 1873 to reside in Paris.", "Romance\n\nEufrásia, besides being intelligent and skilled with business, was a very beautiful woman, as shown by several pictures and portraits.", "When she traveled to Europe, she met the diplomat Joaquim Nabuco on the ship and began a relationship with him.", "The amorous letters she received from Joaquim Nabuco were, tradition says, by her express instructions, enclosed in her coffin.", "Already the letters and tickets that she sent to Joaquim Nabuco, are stored in the Instituto Joaquim Nabuco de Pesquisas Sociais, in Recife.", "Some of these letters suggest that something very intimate, beyond the standards of the time, would have occurred between the two.", "Most of the romance took place in Europe, where Eufrásia had financial and worldly interests.", "Joaquim Nabuco, however, had political ambitions in Brazil.", "The romance lasted from 1873 to 1887, when Eufrásia sent the last letter to Joaquim Nabuco.", "Two years later, he married Evelina Torres Soares Ribeiro.", "Eufrásia was never married.", "Life in Europe\n\nEufrásia had the entrepreneurial spirit of the family and invested her fortune and that of her sister in several European countries, buying shares of companies that produced with the new technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution and participating in the internationalization of capitals that happened at the time.", "She is said to have been the first woman to enter the Paris Stock Exchange.", "She settled in Paris, residing after 1884 with her sister in a hôtel particulier of five floors, in the street Bassano 40, 8th arrondissement, next to the Arc de Triomphe, sophisticated address until the present day.", "The sisters lived a modest life, but participated in the social life of Paris.", "Eufrásia joined the circle of friends closest to Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil, when she was already in exile in France.", "Her sister, Francisca Bernardina, had a serious deformation in the basin and died in Paris in 1899 without having been married.", "Thus, Eufrásia also inherited the fortune of the sister.", "Between 1874 and 1928 she came only twice to Brazil, but traveled to several other countries.", "She saw World War I in Europe and lamented the damage to buildings.", "Return to Brazil and death\n\nShe returned to Brazil permanently in 1928 and spent several seasons at the Casa da Hera in Vassouras.", "She remained almost a recluse, so much so that she even bought, in 1924, the farm of Dr. Calvet, next to the Hera farm, only to keep away from the neighbors.", "She lived her last years in Rio de Janeiro, in an apartment in Copacabana, surrounded by faithful, eccentric and solitary employees.", "She wanted to return to Paris, but she had kidney problems that prevented her from traveling.", "Without \"descendants or ascendants,\" her first will bequeathed all her fortune to the Institute of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a Catholic institution based in Rome, but which ran several educational establishments in Brazil.", "A second will, on the eve of her death, bequeathed practically all her fortune to works of charity, to be carried out by institutions of the city of Vassouras.", "She was buried in Rio de Janeiro.", "Subsequently, her body was exhumed and buried in the mausoleum of her grandfather, the 1st Baron of Itambé, in Vassouras.", "In the place there is no tombstone that indicates the grave of Eufrásia.", "See also\nVassouras\nJoaquim Nabuco\n\nReferences\n\n1850 births\n1930 deaths\nBrazilian Roman Catholics\nBrazilian philanthropists\nBrazilian investors\nBrazilian women in business\nBrazilian women philanthropists" ]

[ "Eufrsia Leite was a Brazilian philanthropist and financial investor.", "She was one of the richest people in the world at the time and left a fortune that could buy 1,850 kilograms of gold.", "Eufrsia would be a billionaire if she were alone.", "She was the granddaughter of the Baron of Itambé and the niece of the Baron of Vassouras.", "She had a brother who died when he was a child and a sister who died when she was a child.", "Her paternal grandfather's family was very wealthy when she moved to Vassouras.", "Her father and uncle Baron of Vassouras established themselves as capitalists, founding the company \"Casa Teixeira Leite & Sobrinhos\", which lent money to interest and made financial intermediation with the prosperous coffee farmers.", "His mother's family was made up of rich coffee planters who were members of the traditional Correia e Castro family.", "She studied at the Madame Grivet Girls' School in Comércio, Vassouras, which DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "She learned how to speak French and play the piano.", "In 1872, after the death of her parents, Eufrsia and her sister were given a fortune of over one million dollars.", "After the death of her grandmother, the Baroness of Campo Belo, the sisters received another 106:844$886 in the form of two hundred and six contos, eight hundred and forty-eight thousand, eight hundred and eighty-six réis.", "The region of Vassouras fell into decay due to the exhaustion of the soil and the aging of the slaves, but the sisters' assets were not coffee farms.", "Young and unmarried, the sisters sold shares, titles and the house of Rio de Janeiro, collected credits, freed the slaves, closed the farmhouse, and left two employees in charge of their preservation.", "Romance Eufrsia, besides being intelligent and skilled with business, was also a very beautiful woman.", "She met the diplomat on the ship when she traveled to Europe.", "Tradition says that the letters she received from Joaquim Nabuco were enclosed in her coffin.", "The letters and tickets that she sent to Joaquim Nabuco are currently in the Instituto Joaquim Nabuco de Pesquisas Sociais.", "Some of the letters suggest that something very intimate would have happened between the two.", "Eufrsia had financial and worldly interests and most of the romance took place in Europe.", "Joaquim Nabuco had political ambitions in Brazil.", "The last letter to Joaquim Nabuco was sent by Eufrsia.", "He married Evelina Soares Ribeiro two years later.", "Eufrsia was never married.", "Eufrsia had the entrepreneurial spirit of the family and invested her fortune and that of her sister in several European countries, buying shares of companies that produced with the new technologies of the Second Industrial Revolution.", "She was the first woman to enter the Paris Stock Exchange.", "She and her sister lived in a htel particulier of five floors in the street Bassano 40, 8th arrondissement, next to the Arc de Triomphe, until the present day.", "The sisters were involved in the social life of Paris.", "When Isabel, Princess Imperial of Brazil was in exile in France, Eufrsia joined her circle of friends.", "Her sister, Francisca Bernardina, died in Paris in 1899 without having been married.", "The fortune of the sister was passed on to Eufrsia.", "She traveled to many other countries between 1874 and 1928.", "She was upset by the damage to buildings during World War I.", "She spent several seasons at the Casa da Hera in Vassouras after returning to Brazil permanently in 1928.", "She kept away from the neighbors and even bought a farm next to the Hera farm in 1924.", "In the last years of her life, she lived in an apartment in Copacabana, surrounded by faithful, eccentric and solitary employees.", "She wanted to go back to Paris, but her health problems prevented her from doing so.", "She left her fortune to the Institute of the Missionaries of the Sacred Heart of Jesus, a Catholic institution based in Rome, but which ran several educational establishments in Brazil.", "The institutions of the city of Vassouras were bequeathed almost all of her fortune on the eve of her death.", "She was buried in Brazil.", "She was buried in the mausoleum of her grandfather, the 1st Baron of Itambé, in Vassouras.", "There isn't a tombstone that shows the grave of Eufrsia.", "There were 1850 births and 1930 deaths of Brazilian Roman Catholics." ]

[ "Erásia Teixeira Leite", "Jouim José Teixeira Le", "Francisca Bernardina Teixeira Leite" ]

[ "Ersia Leite" ]

[ "Guillaume Latendresse (born May 24, 1987) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey player.", "He was drafted by the Montreal Canadiens of the National Hockey League (NHL) in the second round, 45th overall, of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft, and played in the NHL with Montreal, the Minnesota Wild and the Ottawa Senators.", "Latendresse was born in LaSalle, Quebec, but grew up in Sainte-Catherine, Quebec.", "Playing career \nAs a youth, Latendresse played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the minor ice hockey team from Collège Charles-Lemoyne in Sainte-Catherine, Quebec.", "Junior \nLatendresse was selected by the Drummondville Voltigeurs second overall in the 2003 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (QMJHL) Entry Draft, just after Sidney Crosby, who was taken first overall by the Rimouski Océanic.", "Latendresse played two seasons with the Voltigeurs before being selected by the Montreal Canadiens in the second round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.", "He attended the Canadiens' training camp in 2005, but was ultimately returned to the Voltigeurs for another season of development.", "He was a member of the Canadian World Junior Team that won the gold medal in 2006.", "On January 7, 2017, Latendresse's number 22 was retired by the Voltigeurs as part of their 35th season celebrations.", "He scored 96 goals, 114 assists and 210 points in 169 games with the Voltigeurs.", "His linemate Derick Brassard had his number 61 retired earlier the same season.", "Professional \nLatendresse's successful training camp in 2006 prompted then-Canadiens Head Coach Guy Carbonneau to give the 19-year-old a roster spot on the team; General Manager Bob Gainey made Carbonneau's decision official by signing Latendresse to a three-year deal worth US$850,000 per year, the NHL rookie maximum.", "Latendresse was given the number 84 jersey prior to the start of his first season.", "While unaware of its significance, he became the first player in NHL history to ever wear the number 84 during a regular season game, which was the last number (from 1–99) to have never been worn by a player.", "During his rookie NHL season, Latendresse moved up to the first line after forward Chris Higgins suffered an ankle injury.", "On November 7, 2006, during his first game on the Canadiens' top line, Latendresse tapped in a rebound past goaltender Dwayne Roloson to record his first career NHL goal against the Edmonton Oilers, 1:04 into the third period.", "At a press conference after that game, Latendresse was asked about the comments of former Canadiens goaltender and Hall of Famer Patrick Roy.", "Just a few weeks earlier, Roy had said he thinks the only reason 19-year-old rookie Latendresse remains with the Canadiens is because he's a francophone, suggesting if his surname was \"Smith\" or \"Brown,\" he would have been back in QMJHL.", "Latendresse talked briefly about it: \"It's me who's supposed to be 19, not him,\" said Latendresse.", "\"I will act like a man.", "I'll leave it to him to act like a child.", "I don't know why he's acting like that.", "I've never spoken to him.", "He should be delighted by the success of young Québecers in the NHL instead of making stupid comments.\"", "In 2005, Latendresse posed topless for Montreal's gay magazine La Voix du Village (\"The Voice of the Village\"), creating a mild controversy and raising questions about his sexual orientation at the time.", "Latendresse's agent, Pat Brisson, stated that his client was aware of the nature of the publication he was being interviewed and photographed for, and that he is, in fact, homosexual.", "Midway through his fourth season in Montreal, Latendresse was traded to the Minnesota Wild on November 23, 2009, for forward Benoît Pouliot.", "In his first 20 games with the Wild, Latendresse scored ten goals; he had scored only two in his previous 23 games in Montreal.", "On October 7, 2010, Latendresse scored the first goal of the 2010–11 season, just 3:33 into the first period, on Carolina Hurricanes goaltender Cam Ward in Helsinki, Finland.", "Latendresse's 2010–11 season was plagued with injuries; he required surgery to repair a sports hernia and a torn labrum in his hip, and he ultimately was forced to miss all but 11 games.", "At the end of the season, Wild Owner Craig Leipold accused Latendresse of not taking his off-season training regimen seriously, and stated that Latendresse was expected to show up for the beginning of the 2011–12 season in top shape.", "However, Latendresse played just 16 games for the Wild in 2011–12, suffering from a hip injury and recurring concussion problems.", "On July 1, 2012, Latendresse signed a one-year contract as a free agent with the Ottawa Senators.", "Latendresse was among a small group of Senators players who had planned on attending the 2013 Boston Marathon.", "Latendresse and the other players had originally intended to be at the marathon's finish line during the time at which bombs exploded, killing three and injuring several spectators and runners.", "Scratches for that night's game against the Boston Bruins, the players changed their plans at the last minute and elected to return to their hotel for a nap instead.", "\"We probably would have been in that exact same spot [of the explosion], within a block or so,\" Latendresse's teammate Jared Cowen said.", "Latendresse's time with the Senators was short, as he played in only 27 games, missing the remainder of the season either with injuries or as a healthy scratch.", "He was later informed by Senators General Manager Bryan Murray on May 29, 2013, that he was being released by the team, allowing him to become an unrestricted free agent.", "After an unsuccessful try-out with the Phoenix Coyotes, Latendresse signed a European contract with the ZSC Lions of the National League A in Switzerland.", "In the 2013–14 season, he featured in just 12 games for 6 points before opting to end his professional career.", "On April 16, 2014, it was announced that Latendresse would coach at the Quebec Midget AAA level with the Collège Charles-Lemoyne Riverains.", "Career statistics\n\nRegular season and playoffs\n\nInternational\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n1987 births\nLiving people\nCanadian ice hockey right wingers\nDrummondville Voltigeurs players\nFrench Quebecers\nSportspeople from Montreal\nMinnesota Wild players\nMontreal Canadiens draft picks\nMontreal Canadiens players\nOttawa Senators players\nIce hockey people from Quebec\nZSC Lions players\nCanadian expatriate ice hockey players in Switzerland" ]

[ "Guillaume Latendresse is a former professional ice hockey player.", "He was drafted in the second round, 45th overall, in the 2005 NHL Entry Draft and played in the NHL with Montreal, the Minnesota Wild and the Senators.", "Latendresse grew up in Sainte-Catherine, Quebec.", "Latendresse played in the 2001 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the minor ice hockey team from Collge Charles-Lemoyne in Sainte-Catherine, Quebec.", "After Sidney Crosby was taken first overall by the Rimouski Océanic in the 2003 Quebec Major Junior Hockey League Entry Draft, Junior Latendresse was selected by the Drummondville Voltigeurs.", "After two seasons with the Voltigeurs, Latendresse was selected by the Montreal Canadiens in the second round of the 2005 NHL Entry Draft.", "He was returned to the Voltigeurs for another season of development after attending the training camp of the Habs.", "He was on the Canadian World Junior Team that won the gold medal.", "The Voltigeurs retired Latendresse's number 22 as part of their 35th season celebrations.", "He scored over 200 points in 169 games with the Voltigeurs.", "His linemate Derick Brassard retired his number 61.", "General Manager Bob Gainey signed Latendresse to a three-year deal after he was given a roster spot by then-Canadiens Head Coach Guy Carbonneau.", "The number 84 was given to Latendresse prior to his first season.", "While unaware of its significance, he became the first player in NHL history to wear the number 84 during a regular season game, which was the last number to have never been worn by a player.", "Latendresse moved up to the first line after Chris was injured.", "On November 7, 2006 in his first game on the top line, Latendresse tapped in a rebound past Roloson to record his first career NHL goal.", "At a press conference after the game, Latendresse was asked about Patrick Roy's comments.", "Roy said a few weeks ago that he thinks the only reason 19-year-old Latendresse remains with the Habs is because he's a francophone.", "\"It's me who's supposed to be 19, not him,\" said Latendresse.", "I will act like a man.", "I will let him act like a child.", "I don't know why he's acting that way.", "I have never spoken to him.", "He should be happy by the success of young Québecers in the NHL.", "In 2005, Latendresse posed topless for Montreal's gay magazine La Voix du Village, creating a mild controversy and raising questions about his sexual orientation at the time.", "Pat Brisson, Latendresse's agent, stated that his client was aware of the nature of the publication he was being interviewed and photographed for, and that he is, in fact, homosexual.", "Latendresse was traded to the Minnesota Wild in the middle of his fourth season in Montreal.", "Latendresse had only scored two goals in 23 games in Montreal before he joined the Wild.", "On October 7, 2010, Latendresse scored the first goal of the 2010–11 season, just 3:33 into the first period, on Carolina Hurricanes goaltender Cam Ward.", "Latendresse was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "Latendresse was accused of not taking his off-season training seriously by Wild owner Craig Leipold at the end of the season.", "Latendresse played just 16 games for the Wild in 2011.", "On July 1, 2012 Latendresse signed a one-year contract with the Senators.", "Latendresse was part of a group of players who planned to attend the Boston Marathon.", "Three people were killed and several others were injured when bombs exploded at the marathon's finish line.", "At the last minute, the players decided to go back to their hotel for a nap instead of going to the game.", "\"We probably would have been in that exact same spot, within a block or so,\" Latendresse's teammate said.", "Latendresse only played 27 games for the Senators, missing the rest of the season with injuries or as a healthy scratch.", "He became an unrestricted free agent when he was released by the Senators on May 29, 2013).", "Latendresse signed a European contract with the ZSC Lions of the National League A in Switzerland after an unsuccessful try-out with the Phoenix Coyotes.", "He played in just 12 games for 6 points in the last season of his professional career.", "On April 16, it was announced that Latendresse would be the coach of the Riverains.", "The career statistics include regular season and playoffs." ]

[ "Guillaume Latendresse" ]

[ "Guillaume Lateresse", "Latendresse", "Latendresse" ]

[ "Martin Vaughn-James (December 5, 1943 in Bristol – July 3, 2009 in Provence) was a cartoonist, painter, and illustrator.", "After spending time in London, Toronto, Tokyo and Paris, he lived for a long time in Brussels.", "He is best known for a series of graphic novels he published while living in Canada in the 1970s: Elephant (1970), The Projector (1971), The Park (1972) and The Cage (1975).", "The Cage is perhaps his best known work, the subject of critical study, including a monograph by French critic Thierry Groensteen, La construction de la cage (Impressions Nouvelles, 2002), and has been reprinted in several editions in French and English.", "From the mid-1980s, Vaughn-James devoted himself primarily to painting, exhibiting regularly in France, Belgium and Germany.", "He was the co-founder with the painter Hastaire of the Groupe Mémoires (1999) group of painters.", "Biography\n\nSon of Clifford Howard James, an itinerant teacher, and Kathleen Florence Stevens, he was born in Bristol, England on December 5, 1943.", "He and his family moved to Australia in 1958 where he studied for four years at the National Art School in Sydney.", "On May 3, 1967 he married poet Sarah McCoy (Noddy), in Kensington, London.", "In 1968, the couple emigrated to Toronto, Canada.", "After returning to England in 1977, in September 1978, they settled permanently in France in Paris.", "In 1991, they moved to \"domaine de la Hêtraie\" in Doudeville, and then to \"La Cour Rabault\" in Calvados at La Chapelle-Yvon.", "They returned to Paris in 1995.", "In 2006, after selling their Parisian apartment, they emigrated again, to live in place Louis Morichar Saint-Gilles, Belgium.", "He died in Provence on July 3, 2009.", "Graphic Novels\n\nWhile living in Toronto, Vaughn-James published his first surrealist cartoon in the monthly Saturday Night magazine.", "He would go on to provide monthly cartoons and comic strips (from one to eight panels without text) for the magazine until August 1980.", "From May, 1970, he also contributed many illustrations for articles, beginning with Myrna Kostash's \"Canada's no place to be a guerrilla\".", "In the same issue appeared an ad for Vaughn-James' Elephant, published by New Press [84 Sussex avenue, Toronto 179] for $3.50, and advertised as a \"boovie\", Vaughn-James's neologism combining the words \"book\" and \"movie\".", "In Vaughn-James's words from the ad:\n\n« The age of reason has inflicted man with an asphyxia of the mind.", "We live in an age of corporate bodies.", "We experience collectively approved emotions on a national scale.", "Any deviation is considered neurotic, insane or subversive.", "Our individual vision has been sacrificed for an amazingly limited range of collective perceptions which we learn from childhood by repetition and limitation the way a parrot learns to swear.", "Our society believes in words, not people or things.", "We are abstract.", "When we perceive an object or person or feeling we see a word first, and, if we are not already too far gone, the thing later.", "Our world is no longer populated with trees and storms and stones and blood but the words « trees », « storms », « stones », « blood ».", "Our mania for equality and affluence achieved through systems of logic and order has meant that we must reject our natural chaos and all accept the same way of perceiving the so-called « real-world ».", "Elephant is NOT a fantasy.", "The modern world is a fantasy; a fantasy of our reason, our logic, our insistence on problems and solutions.", "Elephant is a man living subjectively, illogically and mysteriously.", "Elephant is a confused whimper in a corridor of steam-irons and bank buildings.", "Elephant is a heart in a cardboard box, its beat almost inaudible as it stands in an empty parking-lot »\n\nFour pages of the book are previewed in the June, 1970 issue of The Canadian Forum, alongside Vaughn-James' explication of the term \"boovie\":\n\n« The boovie: it is not a book, not a comic-strip, not a de-animated cartoon, not a scenario for a film.", "It is a new form, which, granted, like any new form owes something to those already in existence.", "The Boovie is primarily a visual experience.", "The book has been transformed into an object in its own right.", "It is not, any more, an abstract vehicle for ideas or feelings with no existence of its own, but a thing in itself.", "Unlike certain other forms (painting) it is truly democratic for it is a multiple object available to all in the same form at the same price.", "It exists in time, like the novel and the film, and in space, like the painting and the sculpture.", "Art is Anarchy of the Spirit.", "»\n\nThe book itself is essentially a comic, with large, full-page panels and minimal text, and using many tools of the cartoonist.", "As the critic Andrei Molotui notes, \"\"Elephant,\" especially, can be seen as a (non-proto) graphic novel, arising directly out of the underground comix movement.", "Admittedly, it is experimental, and it substitutes a kind of modernist strangeness for the usual humor of the underground; nevertheless, it is in complete control of the language of comics.\"", "Vaughn-James' next book was published by Toronto's Coach House Books in 1971.", "The Projector is \"a novel-length story told in a dissociated second-person (the “you” of the narrative captions is never apparent in the images) where part of the broad-ranging, discontinuous narrative involves Vaughn-James's bald-pated stand-in traveling toward, and trying to avoid, a monolithic, meat-grinder-like projector.\"", "Coach House also released 1972's The Park: A Mystery; at 32-pages long, Vaughn-James' most comic book-like publication, despite being wordless.", "In 1975, Coach House released The Cage: A Visual Novel, the book that much of Martin Vaughn-James' reputation rests on.", "Composed entirely of single page illustrations or panels, with short typeset pieces of text positioned at the top of each page, the book is an enigmatic story without human characters that examines a series of deserted rooms and outdoor spaces, in a seemingly post-apocalyptic landscape.", "The critic Domingos Isabelinho has suggested the book's main character is the image of bed that appears on several pages throughout, noting that, \"The Cage is a book about our desire to communicate (in the book we were substituted by, we are made of, modern communicating, recording, and measuring devices), our struggle to perpetuate our memory, our ideas, and our feelings against something that's sublimely far bigger than ourselves: Time.", "We are cages trying to reach other cages.", "We, the cages, and our pathetic inventions, will inevitably be destroyed.", "Even something as grandiose as a pyramid will eventually disappear.\"", "The book has been said to be influenced by the nouveau roman writers of the 1950s and 60s.", "The Cage has been reprinted several times in France and was reprinted in 2013 by Coach House.", "In addition to his longer comics work, during the 1970s and 1980s, Vaughn-James created several shorter comics-style pieces for various publications, as well as many illustrations and book covers.", "He is also the author of two prose novels.", "Honours\n\nMartin Vaughn-James was posthumously inducted into Giants of the North: The Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame in 2010.", "Exhibitions\n\n 1975 - \"Image, Word, Sequence\" - Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto\n 1976 - Gallery Cocorocchia, Toronto\n 1982 - Galerie Art Contemporain, Paris\n 1984 - Librairie Macondo, Bruxelles\n\nBibliography\n\nBooks\n{| class=\"wikitable\"\n|-\n!", "scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Year\n!", "scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Title\n!", "scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Publisher\n!", "scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | ISBN\n!", "scope=\"col\" style=\"background:#B0C4DE;\" | Notes\n|-\n|1970\n|Elephant\n|New Press\n|\n|\n|-\n|1971\n|The Projector: A Visual Novel\n|Coach House Books\n|\n|\n|-\n|1973\n|The Park\n|Coach House Books\n|\n|\n|-\n|1975\n|The Cage\n|Coach House Books\n|\n|\n|-\n|1984\n|L'Enquêteur\n|Futuropolis\n|\n|\n|-\n|2013\n|The Cage\n|Coach House Books\n|\n|introduction by Seth (cartoonist)\n|-\n|}\n\nFurther reading\n\n Benoît Peeters, « L'enquêteur », dans Les Cahiers de la bande dessinée 59, septembre-octobre 1984, .", "References\n\n1943 births\nAlternative cartoonists\nCanadian comics artists\nCanadian comics writers\nCanadian cartoonists\nCanadian graphic novelists\n2009 deaths\nArtists from Bristol\nArtists from Brussels\nNational Art School alumni" ]

[ "Martin Vaughn-James was born on December 5, 1943 in Bristol and died on July 3, 2009, in Provence.", "After living in London, Toronto, Tokyo and Paris, he moved to Brussels.", "He published a number of graphic novels in Canada in the 1970s, including Elephant, The Projector, The Park, and The Cage.", "The Cage is his best known work, the subject of critical study, including a monograph by French critic Thierry Groensteen, La construction de la cage (Impressions Nouvelles, 2002), and has been reprinted in several editions in French and English.", "In the 1980's, Vaughn-James exhibited frequently in France, Belgium and Germany.", "He was one of the founding members of the Groupe Mémoires.", "He was born in Bristol, England on December 5, 1943, the son of Clifford Howard James and Kathleen Florence Stevens.", "He studied at the National Art School in Sydney for four years after moving to Australia with his family.", "On May 3, 1967, he married Sarah McCoy.", "The couple moved to Toronto in 1968.", "They settled in France in 1978 after returning to England.", "They moved to \"La Cour Rabault\" in Calvados at La Chapelle-Yvon in 1991.", "They came back to Paris in 1995.", "After selling their apartment in Paris, they moved to Louis Morichar Saint-Gilles, Belgium.", "He passed away in Provence on July 3, 2009.", "While living in Toronto, Vaughn-James published his first cartoon in a magazine.", "He provided monthly cartoons and comic strips from one to eight panels without text for the magazine until August 1980.", "He illustrated \"Canada's no place to be a guerrilla\" in May, 1970.", "The ad for Elephant was published by New Press in the same issue and advertised as a \"boovie\", combining the words \"book\" and \"movie\".", "The age of reason has caused man to lose his mind.", "Corporate bodies are what we live in.", "On a national scale, we experience collectively approved emotions.", "Any deviation is considered crazy.", "Our individual vision has been sacrificed for an amazingly limited range of collective perceptions which we learn from childhood by repetition and limitation.", "Our society doesn't believe in people or things.", "We are not static.", "If we are not already too far gone, we see a word first when we perceive an object or person.", "The words trees, storms, stones, and blood are no longer used in our world.", "Our mania for equality and affluence achieved through systems of logic and order has meant that we must reject our natural chaos and all accept the same way of seeing it.", "The elephant isn't a fantasy.", "Our reason, logic, insistence on problems and solutions are what makes the modern world a fantasy.", "The elephant is a strange man.", "There is an elephant in a corridor of steam-irons and bank buildings.", "There are four pages of the book in the June, 1970 issue of The Canadian Forum.", "It is a new form that owes something to those already in existence.", "The Boovie is a visual experience.", "The book has been turned into an object.", "It is not an abstract vehicle for ideas or feelings, but a thing in itself.", "It is democratic for it is a multiple object available to all in the same form at the same price.", "It exists in time, like the novel and the film, and in space, like the painting and sculpture.", "Art is a state of being.", "The book is a comic with large, full-page panels and minimal text.", "\"Elephant\" can be seen as a non-proto graphic novel, arising directly out of the underground comix movement.", "It is experimental, but it is in complete control of the language of comics.", "The next book was published by Toronto's Coach House Books.", "The Projector is a novel-length story told in a dissociated second-person (the \"you\" of the narrative caption is never apparent in the images) where part of the broad-ranging, discontinuous narrative involves Vaughn-James's bald-pated stand-in traveling toward.", "The Park: A Mystery was the most comic book-like publication of all time.", "The Cage: A visual novel was released by Coach House in 1975.", "The book is composed of single page illustrations or panels, with short typeset pieces of text positioned at the top of each page, and is an enigmatic story without human characters that examines a series of deserted rooms and outdoor spaces.", "According to the critic, the book's main character is the image of bed that appears on several pages throughout.", "We are trying to get to other cages.", "The cages and pathetic inventions will be destroyed.", "A pyramid will eventually disappear.", "The book is said to have been influenced by the writers of the 1950s and 60s.", "The Cage was re-released in France by Coach House.", "During the 1970s and 1980s, Vaughn-James created several shorter comics-style pieces for various publications, as well as many illustrations and book covers.", "He is the author of two novels.", "Giants of the North: The Canadian Cartoonist Hall of Fame inducted Martin Vaughn-James in 2010.", "The Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto 1976, Gallery Cocorocchia, Toronto 1982 and Galerie Art ContemporAIN, Paris 1984 held exhibitions.", "The background of the year is #B0C4DE.", "Title!", "The style of the background is #B0C4DE.", "The style of the background is #B0C4DE.", "The Projector is a visual novel.", "References 1943 births Alternative cartoonists Canadian comics writers Canadian graphic novelists 2009 deaths Artists from Bristol" ]

[ "Martin Vaughn James", "Martin Vaughn", "Martin Vaughn" ]

[ "Martin Vaughn James", "Martin Vaughn" ]

[ "Alexander Guagnini (, ; 1538 in Verona, Republic of Venice – 1614 in Kraków, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth) was an Venetian-born Polish writer, military officer, chronicler and historian of Italian heritage.", "He is known as a Crown Rotmistrz of Poland and Commandant of Vitebsk.", "Guagnini fought for the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the Livonian War and the Moldavian Magnate Wars.", "Gwagnin is known for publishing the Latin book Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, quae Regnum Poloniae, Lituaniam, Samogitiam, Russiam, Masoviam, Prussiam, Pomeraniam... complectitur, usually translated as \"A Description of Sarmatian Europe\" (printed in Kraków, 1578), which contained descriptions of the countries of Eastern Europe (history, geography, religion, traditions, etc.).", "The full name of his work is called \"Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, quae regnum Poloniae, Litvaniam, Samogitiam, Rvssiam, Massoviam, Prvssian, Pomeraniam, Livoniam, et Moschoviae, Tartariaeque partem complectitur\".", "Along with his father, Guagnini came to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth during the Livonian War.", "He spent almost his entire life in Poland and considered it his other Motherland and wrote about that in his Description of Sarmatian Europe.", "During his years of service Guanini was close to the Great Hetman Lithuanian and at the end of it he was closely connected with the court of Cracow Archbishop.", "He was referred in front of the Polish Sejm by the first persons of European states.", "Biography\n\nResearch\nThe earliest biographic information about Alexander Guagnini is recorded by Szymon Starowolski in his \"Scriptorum Polonicorum εχατοντας\" in 1622.", "Later briefly Guagnini was mentioned by Franciszek Bohomolec in the fourth volume of his \"Zbior dziejopisow polskich w czterych tomach zawarty\" (Work collection of Polish chroniclers in four volumes).", "It is possible that the information about the Italian was based on the excerpt from the Szymon Starowolski's book.", "A new source was introduced for the scientific circulation by Michał Wiszniewski in the mid 19th century, which was a recommendation letter of Russian voivode Mikołaj Sieniawski for Guagninis father and son to the King of Poland Sigismund Augustus dated 25 February 1561.", "It contained the following phrase in Old Polish language, \"Wloch z Werony pan Ambrozy, z szynem ssvym Alexandrem\" (Italian out of Verona Mister Ambrosius with his son Alexander).", "In 1860 Kazimierz Józef Turowski published excerpts out of the \"Description of Sarmatian Europe\".", "In his brief article about life and works of the Italian he provides extended quotes of the Franciszek Bohomolec foreword to the 1768 edition.", "In 1887 Italian historian Carlo Cipolla published a big research \"One Italian in Poland and in Sweden on the border of the 17th century.", "Biographic information\" ().", "As a result of his search in archival storages of Venetia and Verona, the historian discovered unknown earlier sources to biography of his countryman.", "Among other researchers about Guagnini was Polish author Antoni Pietkiewicz who edited the Guagnini's information in the Polish \"Great General Illustrated Encyclopedia\".", "In general, researchers were more interested in the issue of authorship of \"Description of Sarmatian Europe\".", "With a turn of the 20th century, the interest in Guagnini has dissipated.", "In 1960 Włodzimierz Budka edited an article about the chronicler in \"Polish biographic dictionary\" adding few more interesting details that he found in the Cracow's Archives.", "Based on documents from the archives, Budka discovered facts a rector's court appeal of a translator Grzegorz Czaradzki in reference of not payment by the Italian an agreed sum of money as well as a court appeal of Guagnini himself against a publisher Mikolaj Loba.", "In 1967 another article about Guagnini was published by Polish historian Andrzej Wyrobisz who specializes in history of Polish glass production industry.", "Outlook\nAlessandro Guagnini is of Italian origin.", "He was born in the city of Verona which was indicated at the publishing of his work, in Latin as Alessandri Guagnini Veronensis and in Polish as Przez Alexandra Gwagnina z Werony.", "Mykola Kovalskyi pointed out that in literature could be met two dates of his birth.", "One is 1534, while the other is mostly used 1538.", "Ukrainian writer Oksana Pakhlyovska, a daughter of a Polish writer Jerzy Jan Pachlowski, provided both dates in the \"Ukrainian Literary Encyclopedia\".", "The discrepancy could be solved after checking the Verona's archives that were found by professor Carlo Cipollo.", "According to them, the Guagnini family was quite famous and well respected in the city.", "Its representatives were members of the city council as early as the 15th century.", "His grandfather Ambrogio Guanini de'Rizzoni in 1529 at age of 48 lived in Veronian district Ferrabo and had six children.", "The oldest son Ambrogio was 23 years old.", "During the 1541 census his age was recorded as 32 instead of 35.", "Along with him to the list was added a wife Bertholomea 33 y.o.", "and three children Francesca 9, Alessandro 7, and Clara 4.", "In 1545 census Alessandro is recorded as 11 year old.", "Cipolla recalls also a list composed in 1555 where the age of future chronicler is indicated as 20.", "It is probably could be explain that to the document was entered a number of full years.", "Regardless of it, Carlo Cipollo who entered in scientific circulation the mentioned sources argued that Guagnini was born in 1538.", "Some writers (i.e.", "Wiszniewski, Turowski, others) did not indicated his year of birth, but wrote that the chronicler died in 1614 at age 76.", "Practically nothing is known about childhood and adolescence of Alessandro.", "Possibly during that time he learned military engineering and military topography that became useful during his service in the Polish military.", "Without referring to sources, S.Grzybowski, Julia Radziszewska and others were pointing to his skills in topography and map drawing.", "Military skills Allesandro, possibly, learned already in Poland from his father Ambrogio who quoting the words of voivode Seniawski was \"a person educated in knightly affairs\".", "More than likely yet in Italy Guagnini learned Latin in which he was writing freely as well as adopted some humanistic ideas of Italian culture.", "Particularly his historic and geographical work is noted for its great tolerance towards people of other nationalities and religious background.", "It is known that Ambrogio left Verona in 1555 along with his family.", "However, Alessandro stayed back for couple of year, possibly due to his education.", "Gassenkamp shared a thought that Guagnini senior left for Poland where since 1548 ruled Sigismund the Augustus, a son of Italian who was sympathetic towards former countrymen of his mother.", "After being able to save up some money, by 1558 Ambrogio invited his son.", "Gassenkamp and Budka expressed a guess that departure of Ambrogio could have been with political foundation.", "Grounds for that was exchange of letters between the King of Poland and the Herzog of Prussia during the winter of 1563 which included mentioning of Guagnini.", "Out of that Gassenkamp made a conclusion that before entering military service in Poland, Guagnini offered his service to Albrecht of Prussia.", "In 1571 he received an indygenat (a type of naturalisation through adaptation of nobility) from the King of Poland.", "At that time Gwagnin also adapted his family coat of arms with a hedgehog (according to Włodzimierz Budka), due to his official last name dei Rizzoni where riccio in Latin means hedgehog.", "European Sarmatia Chronicles\nMaciej Stryjkowski, who was his subordinate, alleged that Guagnini stole a manuscript of the Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia from him and was not the author of the book.", "Stryjkowski protested before the Polish king and his claims were recognized in 1580, but the book continued to be printed under Guagnini's name and was translated into Polish.", "An expanded edition appeared in 1611.", "The chronicle included portraits of Lithuanian dukes for the first time.", "Despite the images being purely fictional and having nothing to do with actual dukes, anachronistic clothes and weapons, and that some of the images illustrated multiple people, the portraits highly influenced future depictions of the grand\ndukes of Lithuania.", "To this day they remain the most popular portraits used in many history books.", "Copies of the book are preserved, among other places, in the Vilnius University Library and in the Francis Skaryna Belarusian Library and Museum in London.", "Notes\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n Julia Radziszewska, Maciej Stryjkowski, historyk-poet z epoki Odrodzenia, Katowice, 1978.", "External links\n Gwagnin: scan of the original book (Latin)\n Guagnini: The Description of Muscovy, part 1 \n Guagnini: The Description of Muscovy, part 2 \n Dyachok, O.", "Chronicler Alessandro Guagnini.", "M.P.Kots Publishing: \"Ukrainian archaeographic annals\".", "Kiev–New York, 2004.", "1538 births\n1614 deaths\nMilitary personnel from Verona\nEmigrants from the Republic of Venice to Poland\n16th-century historians\n16th-century Latin-language writers\nItalian chroniclers\nLithuanian chronicles\nPolish indigenes\nPolish historians\nPolish male non-fiction writers\nHistorians of Russia\nHistorians of Poland\nHistorians of Ukraine\nHistorians of Lithuania\nHistorians of Belarus\nItalian historians\nMilitary personnel of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth\nPeople of the Livonian War\nWriters from Verona" ]

[ "Alexander Guagnini was a Venetian-born Polish writer, military officer, chronicler and historian of Italian heritage.", "He is the Commandant of Vitebsk in Poland.", "The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had a war with theMoldavian Magnate Wars.", "Gwagnin is known for publishing Latin books.", "His work is called \"Sarmatiae Europeae descriptio, quae regnum Poloniae, Rvssiam, Massoviam, Prvssian, Pomeraniam, and Moscho\".", "Guagnini came to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth with his father.", "He spent most of his life in Poland and wrote about it in his description of sarmatian europe.", "At the end of his service, Guanini was very close to the court of the Cracow Archbishop.", "The first people of European states referred him to the Polish Sejm.", "In 1622, Szymon Starowolski recorded the earliest biographic information about Alexander Guagnini.", "In the fourth volume of the \"Zbior dziejopisow polskich w czterych tomach zawarty\", Guagnini was mentioned.", "It is possible that the information about the Italian was based on the excerpt from the book.", "In the mid 19th century, a new source for scientific circulation was introduced by Micha Wiszniewski, which was a recommendation letter from Russia to the King of Poland Sigismund Augustus.", "The Old Polish language has a phrase in it called \"Wloch Z Werony pan Ambrozy, Z szynem ssvym Alexandrem\".", "The \"Description of Sarmatian Europe\" was published in 1860 by Kazimierz Jzef Turowski.", "In his article about the life and works of the Italian, he provided quotes from the Franciszek Bohomolec's foreword to the 1768 edition.", "One Italian in Poland and in Sweden on the border of the 17th century was the subject of a big research by Carlo Cipolla.", "There is biographic information.", "The historian discovered unknown earlier sources to biography of his countryman as a result of his search in archival storages.", "Antoni Pietkiewicz is a Polish author who edited the Guagnini's information in a Polish Encyclopedia.", "Researchers were more interested in the issue of who wrote the description of sarmatian europe", "The interest in Guagnini waned in the 20th century.", "Wodzimierz Budka edited an article about the chronicler in the \"Polish biographic dictionary\" in 1960, adding few more interesting details.", "Budka discovered facts about a court appeal of a translator and a publisher against each other, based on documents from the archives.", "Andrzej Wyrobisz is a Polish historian who specializes in the history of Polish glass production industry.", "He is of Italian origin.", "He was born in the city of Verona and his work was published in both Latin and Polish.", "Mykola Kovalskyi said that in literature there could be two dates of his birth.", "One is 1534 and the other is mostly used.", "The daughter of a Polish writer provided two dates in the \"Ukrainian Literary Encyclopedia\".", "The discrepancy could be solved with the help of the Verona's archives.", "The Guagnini family was well respected in the city.", "The city council had its representatives as early as the 15th century.", "His grandfather lived in Veronian district Ferrabo and had six children.", "The oldest son was 23 years old.", "His age was recorded as 32 in the 1541 census.", "He and a wife were added to the list.", "There are three children and their parents.", "Alessandro was recorded as 11 years old in the 1545 census.", "The age of the future chronicler is indicated on the 1555 list.", "The document was entered a number of years.", "Carlo Cipollo, who entered in scientific circulation, argued that Guagnini was born in 1538.", "Some writers.", "Wiszniewski wrote that the chronicler died in 1614 at age 76.", "There is nothing known about childhood and adolescence of Alessandro.", "He may have learned military engineering and military topography while in the Polish military.", "800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266 800-381-0266", "Allesandro may have learned military skills in Poland from his father, who was educated in knightly affairs.", "In Italy, Guagnini probably learned Latin in which he was writing freely as well as adopting some Italian culture ideas.", "His historic and geographical work has a great tolerance towards people of other nationalities and religious background.", "It is known that Ambrogio and his family left Verona in 1555.", "Possibly due to his education, Alessandro stayed back for a couple of years.", "Sigismund the Augustus, a son of Italian who was sympathetic towards former countrymen of his mother, was the reason why Guagnini senior left for Poland.", "After saving some money, Ambrogio invited his son.", "According to Gassenkamp and Budka, the departure of Ambrogio could have been linked to the political foundation.", "During the winter of 1563, there was an exchange of letters between the King of Poland and the Herzog of Prussia.", "According to Gassenkamp, Guagnini offered his service to Albrecht of Prussia before he entered military service in Poland.", "He received an indygenat from the King of Poland.", "According to Wodzimierz Budka, Gwagnin's family coat of arms was changed due to his official last name being riccio.", "The Chronicle of Poland, Lithuania, Samogitia and all of Ruthenia was not the author of the book according to Maciej Stryjkowski.", "The Polish king's claims were recognized in 1580, but the book continued to be printed under Guagnini's name and was translated into Polish.", "The expanded edition appeared in 1611.", "There were portraits of dukes for the first time in the chronicle.", "The portraits highly influenced future depictions of the grand dukes ofLithuania despite the images being purely fictional and having nothing to do with actual dukes, anachronistic clothes and weapons.", "They are the most popular portraits used in history books.", "There are copies of the book in a number of places.", "Julia radziszewska, Maciej Stryjkowski, and Odrodzenia are references further reading.", "Guagnini: The Description of Muscovy, part 1 and 2 are the original books.", "Chronicler.", "\"Ukrainian archaeographic annals\" was published by M.P.Kots Publishing.", "New York, 2004.", "Military personnel from the Republic of Venice to Poland died in the 16th century." ]

[ "Alexander Guagnini", "Alexander Guagni", "Alexander", "Alessandro Guagnini" ]

[ "Alexander Guagnini", "Alexander Guagni", "Guagnini" ]

[ "William Mansfield, Jr. (born 1956) is an American serial killer, child molester and sex offender, responsible for the murders of five women and girls between 1975 and 1980.", "He buried the bodies of four victims at the family home in Spring Hill, Florida, and later traveled with his brother to California, where he raped and strangled a Watsonville woman.", "He was convicted of the latter homicide, and later pleaded guilty to the previous murders to avoid the death penalty in Florida, receiving four life sentences.", "Mansfield is currently incarcerated at the California Health Care Facility.", "Early life\nWilliam Mansfield, Jr. was born in 1956 in Grand Rapids, Michigan, the eldest in a family of five children.", "His father, William Sr., was a convicted child molester who had served sentences in both Michigan and Nevada, who often encouraged fights between his sons.", "Despite this the younger Mansfield claimed that he had a good upbringing and got along with his family, but that changed when he was 14, when he dropped out of school and altered his birth certificate so he could serve in the Army.", "While serving, he became an alcoholic; not long after this, he also began experimenting with various drugs.", "As a result of his addiction he was sent for treatment at a Veterans Administration Hospital in Tampa in 1978 and 1980.", "In 1975, he married Phyllis Spielmaker and had two children with her, but they divorced in 1979, his ex-wife deciding to stay in Grand Rapids with the kids.", "According to Spielmaker, Billy, a closeted bisexual, often brought men from gay bars home and had sex with them in front of her, and one time discussed a murder with her.", "She described him as easygoing, but very violent when drunk.", "Murders\n\nElaine Zeigler\nOn New Year's Eve in 1975, a 15-year-old girl from Parkman, Ohio, named Elaine Louise Zeigler went missing from a KOA campground near Brooksville.", "She was on vacation with her family, and was last seen going to the camp showers.", "By the next day Elaine still had not returned, and her parents reported her missing.", "Search parties organized by the local police department and volunteers were spread out to search the area in order to find Zeigler, who, at that time, was thought to be a runaway.", "Several people claimed that they had seen a girl matching her description riding a motorbike, and when asked where she was going, the girl claimed to be returning to her home state of Ohio.", "On the other hand, there were also reported sightings of Elaine talking to a man in his twenties near the shower area, and later boarding his car, a light blue 1966 Ford Fairlane with Florida license plates.", "After staying an additional week to aid in the search for their daughter, realizing that nothing could be done, the Chalkers returned to their home in Parkman without Elaine.", "Sex crimes\nOn January 31, 1977, Billy pleaded guilty to a sexual misconduct charge against a babysitter in Grand Rapids, receiving six months' imprisonment and 36 months' probation.", "Not long after leaving jail he assaulted two teenagers in a rural area of the city, and was sent back to prison for violating the conditions of his parole.", "There he shared a cell with 27-year-old Albert Lee III, whom confided to Mansfield that he had murdered an 11-year-old girl named Linda Vanderveeen.", "Using this information, Billy testified against Lee in exchange for a lesser sentence, and was released from jail after a year.", "On June 19, 1980, he forced 18-year-old Pamela Sherrell into his van and drove to a rented trailer, where he proceeded to hit her, cutting her lip and bruising her neck.", "Sherrell reported the incident to the police, but when they went to arrest him, he was not there.", "On November 23, he was arrested in Santa Cruz, but posted bail and was set free again.", "René Saling\nOn December 7, 1980, the half-naked body of 29-year-old René Saling was found at a drainage ditch at the side of the Buena Vista Road in Watsonville, California by passing motorists.", "A mother of three, René had been last seen by her husband Raymond the previous day.", "Her clothes had been torn apart, with her blouse and pants lowered to her ankles.", "The coroner ruled the cause of death as strangulation.", "Four days later, Billy and his 23-year-old brother, Gary, were arrested by a rookie police officer at Winnemucca, Nevada for questioning in Saling's murder.", "The two men lied about their identities and ages, but the officer noticed that their physical description matched the Mansfield brothers, and took them into custody at the Humboldt County jail.", "On December 16, the two brothers were arraigned at a Watsonville court on murder charges concerning Saling's death.", "They were dubbed \"The Bag Brothers\" by the media, due to the fact that they wore paper bags over their heads to protect the testimonies of any potential witnesses.", "The Mansfields pleaded not guilty to the murder charges, and were ordered to stand trial for Saling's murder by Justice John Marlo on February 4, 1981.", "Discovery of bodies\nIn mid-March 1981, the Hernando County Sheriff's Department obtained a search warrant to excavate the Mansfield family property in Spring Hill, based on information provided by an informant who claimed that there was a body underneath the property.", "The authorities searched and dug through the area until they located a skull and bones in a shallow grave covered with a blanket.", "Unsure if the bones were Zeigler's, they were sent for examination, where pathologist Dr. William Whitman concluded that they belonged to a female under 20 years of age.", "Despite the search warrant naming only Zeigler, authorities, suspecting that there could possibly be more bodies, continued with the excavations.", "Additional officers from Tampa and metal-detecting experts also aided in the excavations.", "The located body was tentatively identified as that of the missing Zeigler, based on the skeleton's characteristics, skull and missing tooth.", "Jewelry was also located, but the Chalkers didn't recognize it as belonging to Elaine.", "Over the following weeks, there were continuous excavations with varying success, with the investigators initially uncovering bones from chickens and cows.", "On March 24, a small sack of human bones was found underneath the fireplace.", "Encouraged by this discovery, investigators continued digging and plowing the water pipes and electrical wiring installed over the bodies.", "Eventually, three more skeletons were unearthed, all belonging to young women.", "They were determined to be the following:\n Jane Doe – found buried under a concrete slab in the family workshop.", "Described as a young white teenage girl with possible African-American heritage, she was initially thought to be less than 13 years old.", "Jane Doe – Described as a white female, aged 22–30.", "It was speculated that she might have been 21-year-old Melinda Harder, who had gone missing from St. Petersburg on July 27, 1980, but this was ruled out when Harder's remains were identified in 2008.", "Sandra Jean Graham (21) – A Tampa native and employee of the Hillsborough Community College, Graham was last seen at the parking lot of Pam's Liquor Lounge on April 27, 1980, accompanied by a man described as a \"biker\".", "She had left her cigarettes, car keys and eyeglasses at the bar.", "Her decomposed body was recovered from a wooded homestead, and positively identified through a forensic dentist.", "The skulls of the two Jane Does were later sent for reconstruction at the Colorado State University, with the task headed by retired anthropology professor Dr. Michael Charney.", "No positive matches were made, and the victims remain unidentified.", "Mansfield was also briefly considered a suspect in the murders of 19-year-old Cynthia Clements, 19-year-old Elizabeth Margaret Graham and 18-year-old Carol Ann Barrett, all of whom were killed in a similar manner and sexually assaulted.", "James Delano Winkles would later be convicted of the Graham homicide, and remains a suspect in the Clements murder.", "No suspect has been identified in the Barrett killing.", "Following the arrest of his brother, Gary Mansfield, for drug charges on October 27, 2020, more remains have been located at the family home in Spring Hill, FL.", "Trials and imprisonment\nFollowing the discoveries of the skeletons, it was decided that the trial be moved to San Rafael in order to avoid a publicity bias against Mansfield.", "At trial, his previous escapades with the law and alleged sightings on the night of Saling's death were recalled.", "Despite this, the jury were deadlocked, and a new trial was ordered.", "At the request of Assistant State Attorney Chip Harp, the trial was granted a six-month stay.", "Prison escape and recapture\nOn October 27, 1981, aided by 22-year-old fellow inmate Ben Barrigan, Billy unchained himself while at the recreation yard and climbed up a roof, where, together with Barrigan, jumped to the ground and fled.", "However, they were spotted by a woman, whom initially ignored them, thinking they were joggers in orange tracksuits, before eventually notifying police.", "Patrols and sniffer dogs were quickly dispatched, and the surrounding areas searched.", "At about 11:45 PM, a man reported two suspicious men running by his house, and the policemen investigated the area, finding two sets of footprints leading up the river.", "After 11 hours of searching, a tired and disheveled Mansfield was arrested without incident at Paradise Park, hiding in some bushes and still wearing his prison uniform.", "About half an hour after, Barrigan was arrested at Lighthouse Point after being spotted by a citizen.", "Both prisoners were successfully returned to jail, and their captors praised in the media.", "Second trial\nWhile in the Santa Cruz County jail, a Hernando County judge indicted Mansfield for the murder of one of the four victims found buried underneath his property.", "In addition, he was charged with attempted sexual battery in the Sherrell case.", "The new trial was scheduled for February 8, 1982, with Billy's brother Gary and woman known as \"Cindy\" agreeing to testify against him.", "After a two-week long trial, Billy Mansfield was convicted of René Saling's murder, and sent back to prison to await his sentencing.", "He was later handed a 25-year-to-life sentence.", "Concerning the Florida homicides, after initially claiming to be innocent, Mansfield pleaded guilty to all four, and was given four life terms as part of a plea bargain.", "In a prepared statement, he said the following:\n\nNot long after his sentencing, several inmates at the Hernando County Prison, among them serial killer Robert Dale Henderson, attempted to break out, but were thwarted by the authorities.", "During the escape attempt, Mansfield was offered freedom, but declined.", "He was later moved to the California Health Care Facility in Stockton.", "See also\n List of serial killers in the United States\n\nReferences\n\nBibliography\n\nExternal links\n Sandra Graham Missing Persons Photo\n\n1956 births\nLiving people\n20th-century American criminals\nAmerican male criminals\nMale serial killers\nAmerican serial killers\nAmerican people convicted of murder\nAmerican people convicted of rape\nAmerican people convicted of child sexual abuse\nPeople convicted of murder by California\nPeople convicted of murder by Florida\nPrisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by Florida\nPrisoners and detainees of California\nCriminals from Michigan\nPeople from Grand Rapids, Michigan" ]

[ "Between 1975 and 1980 he was responsible for the murders of five women and girls.", "He killed four people at the family home in Spring Hill, Florida, and then traveled with his brother to California, where he raped and killed a woman.", "He received four life sentences after pleading guilty to the previous murders to avoid the death penalty in Florida.", "He is at the California Health Care Facility.", "The oldest in a family of five children was born in 1956.", "William's father was a convicted child molester who often encouraged fights between his sons.", "When he was 14 he dropped out of school and changed his birth certificate so he could serve in the Army, despite the fact that he had a good upbringing and got along with his family.", "After serving, he became an alcoholic and began experimenting with drugs.", "In 1978 and 1980 he was sent for treatment at a Veterans Administration Hospital because of his addiction.", "His ex-wife decided to stay in Grand Rapids with the kids after they divorced in 1979.", "Billy, a bisexual, often brought men from gay bars home and had sex with them in front of her, and one time discussed a murder with her.", "She said he was very violent when drunk.", "On New Year's Eve 1975, a 15-year-old girl from Parkman, Ohio, named Elaine Louise Zeigler went missing.", "She went to the camp showers while on vacation with her family.", "Elaine's parents reported her missing the next day.", "At that time, the local police department and volunteers organized search parties in order to find Zeigler, who was thought to be a runaway.", "Several people claimed that they had seen a girl matching her description riding a motorbike, and when asked where she was going, the girl claimed to be returning to her home state of Ohio.", "There were also reports of Elaine talking to a man in his twenties near the shower area and boarding his car, a light blue 1966 Ford Fairlane with Florida license plates.", "After staying an additional week to aid in the search for their daughter, the Chalkers realized that nothing could be done.", "Billy was sentenced to six months' imprisonment and 36 months' parole after pleading guilty to sex crimes against a babysitter.", "He was sent back to prison for violating the conditions of his parole after attacking two teenagers in a rural area of the city.", "He shared a cell with Albert Lee III, who confessed to murdering an 11-year-old girl.", "Billy was released from jail after a year after he testified against Lee in exchange for a lesser sentence.", "On June 19, 1980, he forced Pamela Sherrell into his van and drove to a rented trailer, where he hit her and cut her lip.", "Sherrell reported the incident to the police, but when they went to arrest him, he wasn't there.", "He was released on bail after he was arrested in Santa Cruz.", "On December 7, 1980, the half-naked body of 29-year-old René Saling was found at a drainage ditch by passing motorists.", "René was last seen by her husband the previous day.", "Her clothes were torn apart and her pants were lowered to her ankle.", "The cause of death was strangulation.", "Billy and his brother, Gary, were arrested by a police officer in Nevada for questioning in the murder.", "The two men who lied about their ages and identities were taken into custody after the officer noticed that their physical description matched that of the Mansfield brothers.", "The two brothers were indicted on murder charges in December.", "The media dubbed them \"The Bag Brothers\" due to the fact that they wore paper bags over their heads.", "Justice John Marlo ordered the Mansfields to stand trial for the murder of Saling after they pleaded not guilty to the murder charges.", "In March 1981 the Hernando County Sheriff's Department obtained a search warrant to dig up the property after receiving information that there was a body underneath the property.", "The authorities found a skull and bones in a shallow grave covered with a blanket after searching the area.", "The bones were sent for an examination and found to be of a female under the age of 20.", "Authorities suspected that there could possibly be more bodies and continued with the excavations.", "Additional officers from the city aided in the excavations.", "The skeleton's characteristics, including a missing tooth and skull, led to the identification of the body.", "The Chalkers didn't recognize the jewelry as belonging to Elaine.", "The investigators began to uncover bones from chickens and cows in the following weeks.", "There was a sack of bones underneath the fireplace.", "The investigators continued digging and plowing the water pipes and electrical wiring that were installed over the bodies.", "Three more skeletons were found, all belonging to young women.", "They were determined to be the person who was buried under a concrete slab in the family workshop.", "She was thought to be less than 13 years old when she was first described.", "The person is described as a white female.", "When Harder's remains were identified in 2008, it was ruled out that she was the 21-year-old who went missing in 1980.", "On April 27, 1980, Graham was last seen at the parking lot of Pam's Liquor Lounge with a man described as a \"biker\".", "She left her things at the bar.", "A forensic dentist positively identified her body after it was recovered from a wooded homestead.", "The skulls of the two Jane Does were sent to the Colorado State University to be reconstructed.", "The victims remain unidentified, and no positive matches were made.", "The murders of 19-year-old Cynthia Clements, 19-year-old Elizabeth Margaret Graham, and 18-year-old Carol Ann Barrett, all of whom were killed in a similar manner and sexually assaults, were briefly considered a suspect in the case.", "James Delano Winkles was convicted of Graham's murder and remains a suspect in the murder of Clements.", "There is no suspect in the killing.", "More remains have been found at the family home in Spring Hill, FL, following the arrest of his brother Gary on drug charges.", "The trial was moved to San Rafael in order to avoid a publicity bias against the accused.", "His previous escapades with the law were brought up at his trial.", "A new trial was ordered despite the jury being hopelessly deadlocked.", "The trial was granted a six-month stay at the request of the assistant state attorney.", "Billy and Ben Barrigan escaped from the prison on October 27, 1981 by climbing up a roof and jumping to the ground.", "They were spotted by a woman, who initially ignored them, thinking they were joggers in orange tracksuits.", "Patrols and dogs were immediately dispatched to the area.", "At about 11:45 PM, a man reported two men running by his house, and the policemen investigated the area, finding two sets of footprints leading up the river.", "After 11 hours of searching, a tired and disheveled Mansfield was arrested without incident at Paradise Park, hiding in some bushes and still wearing his prison uniform.", "Barrigan was arrested at Lighthouse Point after being spotted by a citizen.", "Both prisoners were returned to jail and praised in the media.", "While in the Santa Cruz County jail, a judge indicted him for the murder of one of the victims.", "He was charged with attempted sexual battery.", "Billy's brother Gary and a woman known as \"Cindy\" were going to testify against him in the new trial.", "Billy was sent back to prison after being found guilty of René's murder.", "He was sentenced to 25 years to life.", "After initially claiming to be innocent, Mansfield was given four life terms as part of a plea bargain for the Florida homicides.", "Several inmates at the Hernando County Prison, including serial killer Robert Dale Henderson, attempted to break out, but were stopped by the authorities.", "During the escape attempt, he was offered freedom, but he declined.", "He was moved to the California Health Care Facility.", "There is a list of serial killers in the United States." ]

[ "William Mansfield", "Mansfield", "William Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Billy", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Billy", "Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Gary Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Billy Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Mansfield" ]

[ "Billy", "Billy", "Billy", "Billy", "Mansfield", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Mansfield", "Billy", "Billy", "Mansfield" ]

[ "Dennis Anthony John Sharp (16 June 1915, in Highgate, London, England – 23 July 1984, in London, England) was an English actor, writer and director.", "Stage career \nAnthony Sharp was a graduate of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art (LAMDA) and made his stage debut in February 1938 with HV Neilson's Shakespearean touring company, playing the Sergeant in Macbeth at the De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea.", "Repertory engagements in Wigan, Hastings, Peterborough and Liverpool were followed by war service, after which he resumed his stage career at the Mercury Theatre, Notting Hill Gate in September 1946, playing Hansell in Tangent.", "He first appeared in the West End in Family Portrait at the Strand Theatre in February 1948.", "Among his many subsequent appearances were Cry Liberty (Vaudeville Theatre 1950), Who Goes There!", "(Vaudeville Theatre 1951), For Better, For Worse (Comedy Theatre 1952), Small Hotel (St Martin's Theatre 1955), No Time for Sergeants (Her Majesty's Theatre 1956), The Edwardians (Saville Theatre 1959), She's Done It Again (Garrick Theatre 1969), The Avengers (Prince of Wales Theatre 1971) and Number One (Queen's Theatre 1984).", "Other London credits included The Rivals (Sadler's Wells 1972), She Stoops to Conquer (Lyric Hammersmith 1982) and several appearances at the Open Air Theatre Regent's Park.", "There he played Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing in 1958 and Malvolio in Twelfth Night the following year, rejoining the company in 1978 for such plays as The Man of Destiny.", "Writer and director\nSharp was also a playwright.", "His stage version of the Thomas Love Peacock novel Nightmare Abbey was a big hit at the Westminster Theatre in 1952, opening there on 27 February.", "\"Anthony Sharp's altogether delightful adaptation provided one of the most unusual as well as most amusing offerings of the season,\" commented Theatre World editor Frances Stephens.", "After a try-out in Sheffield, the historical drama The Conscience of the King was remounted at the Theatre Royal Windsor, starting on 14 March 1955; Sharp himself played 17th century parliamentarian John Hampden.", "A third play, Tale of a Summer's Day, was written in 1959.", "In addition Sharp was a prolific director, particularly of comedy-thrillers and 'boardroom' dramas.", "His credits included Any Other Business (Westminster Theatre 1958), Caught Napping (Piccadilly Theatre 1959), Wolf's Clothing (Strand Theatre 1959), Billy Bunter Flies East (Victoria Palace 1959), The Gazebo (Savoy Theatre 1960), Guilty Party (St Martin's Theatre 1961), Critic's Choice (Vaudeville Theatre 1961), Act of Violence (1962 UK tour), Devil May Care (Strand Theatre 1963), Difference of Opinion (Garrick Theatre 1963), Hostile Witness (Haymarket Theatre 1964), Wait Until Dark (Strand Theatre 1966), Justice is a Woman (Vaudeville Theatre 1966) and Harvey (1970 UK tour).", "He also directed several productions in Hong Kong and Australia.", "Cinema, television and radio\n\nCinema\nSharp was frequently cast as supercilious professional or aristocratic types, notably in the Stanley Kubrick films A Clockwork Orange (as Minister of the Interior) and Barry Lyndon (as Lord Hallam).", "Other film credits include Cornel Wilde's No Blade of Grass, two for Michael Winner (The Jokers and I'll Never Forget What's'isname), Russ Meyer's Black Snake and the Disney film One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing.", "His only starring role in a feature film was the homicidal priest Father Xavier Meldrum in Pete Walker's 1975 horror picture House of Mortal Sin.", "His final feature film, in which he played foreign secretary Lord Ambrose, was the James Bond picture Never Say Never Again, released in 1983.", "Television\nIn 1977 he had a leading role in the children's television series The Flockton Flyer.", "Other TV dramas in which he appeared included Angel Pavement, The Plane Makers, Doomwatch, The Rivals of Sherlock Holmes, Crown Court, Upstairs, Downstairs, Schalcken the Painter and The Life and Times of David Lloyd George.", "He also played numerous cameo parts in sitcoms, notably Dad's Army (1969, 1977), Steptoe and Son (three episodes, 1970–74), Nearest and Dearest (1973), Man About the House (1975), Rising Damp (1975), George & Mildred (1976, 1978), Wodehouse Playhouse, (1978), and To the Manor Born (eight episodes, 1979–81).", "He worked frequently with such TV comedians as Benny Hill, Morecambe and Wise, Frankie Howerd and Bernie Winters, and towards the end of his life appeared in the early-1980s alternative comedy programmes The Young Ones and The Comic Strip.", "Radio\nIn 1978, he appeared as both Garkbit, the waiter at the Restaurant at the End of the Universe 1974 as the vicar in the radio version of Steptoe and son, and The Great Prophet Zarquon, in Fit the Fifth of the original radio series of The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy.", "In 1981, he appeared as the town clerk of the fictional Frambourne Town Council in the pilot episode of It Sticks Out Half a Mile, the radio sequel to Dad's Army; it was in that episode that Arthur Lowe reprised his role of Captain Mainwaring for the very last time several months before his death.", "In 1982–84 Sharp was a regular as Major Dyrenforth on the Radio 2 series The Random Jottings of Hinge and Bracket, his last few episodes being broadcast posthumously.", "Personal life\nHe was born Dennis Anthony John Sharp in Highgate in 1915 and was an insurance policy draughtsman before training as an actor.", "From 1940 to 1946 he served with the Royal Corps of Signals and the Royal Artillery in North Africa, Italy and Austria.", "\"Once the war was over,\" he recalled, \"I wangled a transfer to the Army Broadcasting Service and helped run radio stations at Naples and Rome.", "These were very full and very pleasant days—announcing, script-writing, disc-jockeying, organising programmes, producing, acting.", "\"<ref>Anthony Sharp, 'About the Author', Curtain Up: The Only Repertory Theatre Magazine vol 12 no 8, 28 February 1955</ref> He married the actress Margaret Wedlake in July 1953 and a son, Jonathan, was born in 1954.", "In Who's Who in the Theatre he listed his favourite part as Malvolio and his recreations as church architecture and watching cricket.", "He died of natural causes aged 69 in his native London; at the time of his death he was playing the Doctor in the West End production of Jean Anouilh's Number One at the Queen's Theatre." ]

[ "Dennis Anthony John Sharp was an English actor, writer and director.", "A graduate of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, Anthony Sharp made his stage debut in February of 1938, playing the Sergeant in Macbeth at the De La Warr Pavilion, Bexhill-on-Sea.", "After war service, he resumed his stage career at the Mercury Theatre in September 1946, playing Hansell in Tangent.", "The first time he appeared in the West End was in Family Portrait.", "Who Goes There! and Cry Liberty were among his subsequent appearances.", "For Better, For Worse, Small Hotel, No Time for Sergeants, The Edwardians, and She's Done It Again all appeared in the Vaudeville Theatre.", "The Rivals, She Stoops to Conquer, and several appearances at the Open Air Theatre Regent's Park were all London credits.", "He played Benedick in Much Ado About Nothing and Malvolio in Twelfth Night after rejoining the company in 1978.", "Sharp was also a playwright.", "The stage version of the Thomas Love Peacock novel was a big hit at the Westminster Theatre in 1952.", "One of the most unusual and amusing offerings of the season was Anthony Sharp's delightful adaptation.", "The Conscience of the King was remounted at the Theatre Royal Windsor in 1955, with Sharp playing a 17th century parliamentarian.", "Tale of a Summer's Day was written in 1959.", "Sharp was a prolific director of comedy-thrillers and 'boardroom' dramas.", "His credits include Any Other Business, Caught Napping, Wolf's clothing, Billy Bunter Flies East, The Gazebo, and Guilty Party.", "Several productions were directed by him in Hong Kong and Australia.", "Cinema, television and radio were often cast as supercilious professional types, such as in the films A Clockwork Orange and Barry Lyndon.", "Russ Meyer's Black Snake, Michael Winner's I'll Never Forget What's'isname, and the Disney film One of Our Dinosaurs is Missing all have film credits.", "His only starring role was in Pete Walker's 1975 horror picture House of Mortal Sin.", "He played foreign secretary Lord Ambrose in the James Bond movie Never Say Never Again.", "He played a leading role in a children's television show in 1977.", "The Life and Times of David Lloyd George was one of the TV dramas in which he appeared.", "Dad's Army, Steptoe and Son, Nearest and Dearest, Man About the House, and George & Mildred were some of the sitcoms he played in.", "He appeared in The Comic Strip and The Young Ones after his death, and worked with many TV comedians.", "He played both Garkbit, the waiter at the Restaurant at the End of the Universe 1974, and The Great Prophet Zarquon, in Fit the Fifth of the original radio series of The Hitchhiker'.", "In 1981 he played the town clerk of the fictional Frambourne Town Council in the pilot episode of It Sticks Out Half a Mile, the radio sequel to Dad's Army.", "The last few episodes of Major Dyrenforth's last show on Radio 2 were broadcast posthumously.", "Dennis Anthony John Sharp was born in Highgate in 1915 and trained as an actor.", "He served in North Africa, Italy and Austria with the Royal Corps of Signals.", "He helped run radio stations at Naples and Rome after the war ended.", "The days were full and pleasant, with announcing, script-writing, disc-jockeying, arranging programmes, producing, acting.", "His son, Jonathan, was born in 1954.", "He listed his favourite parts as Malvolio and church architecture in Who's Who in the Theatre.", "At the time of his death, he was playing the Doctor in the West End production of Number One at the Queen's Theatre." ]

[ "Dennis Anthony John Sharp", "Anthony Sharp", "Sharp", "Anthony Sharp", "Sharp", "Sharp", "Sharp", "Dennis Anthony", "John Sharp", "Anthony Sharp" ]

[ "Dennis Anthony John Sharp", "Anthony Sharp", "Sharp", "Anthony Sharp", "Sharp", "Sharp", "Dennis Anthony", "John Sharp" ]

[ "Stuart Hamm (born February 8, 1960) is an American bass guitar player, known for his session and live work with numerous artists as well as for his unconventional playing style and solo recordings.", "Career\nBorn in New Orleans, Hamm spent his childhood and youth in Champaign, Illinois, where he studied bass and piano, played in the stage band at Champaign Central High School, and was selected to the Illinois All-State Band.", "Hamm graduated from Hanover High in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1978, while living in Norwich, Vermont.", "Following high school, he attended the Berklee College of Music in Boston, where he met guitarist Steve Vai and, through him, met Joe Satriani.", "Hamm played bass on Vai's debut solo album, Flex-Able, which was released in 1984.", "Hamm has performed and recorded with Steve Vai, Frank Gambale, Joe Satriani and many other well-respected guitarists.", "It was his playing live on tour with Satriani that brought Hamm's skills to national attention.", "Subsequent recordings with Satriani and other rock/fusion artists, along with the release of his own solo recordings, solidified his reputation as a bassist and performer.", "Style\nHamm's first solo album, Radio Free Albemuth, inspired by the Philip K. Dick novel of the same name, was released in 1988.", "On it, Hamm demonstrated his abilities on a number of original compositions spanning a variety of genres including fusion, country, and classical.", "On solo pieces like \"Country Music (A Night in Hell),\" he demonstrates his slapping and two-handed tapping proficiency as well as the ability to make the bass imitate the sounds of a wide range of instruments; the piece has since become a popular live piece.", "On the same album, he performs an arrangement of Beethoven's \"Moonlight Sonata\".", "Early in his career, Hamm was associated with Philip Kubicki's Factor basses.", "Later, Fender musical instruments produced two signature model electric basses designed and endorsed by Hamm himself, the first artist model bass ever made by Fender: the \"Urge Bass\" and the \"Urge II Bass\" upgrade with a D-Drop Tuner.", "Features include a sleek alder body, a graphite reinforced maple neck with a 2-octave rosewood fingerboard, a pair of dual-coil Ceramic Noiseless Jazz Bass single-coils (neck/bridge), a custom-wound split-coil Precision Bass humbucking pickup (middle) and a 3-band active EQ with 18V power supply.", "These basses were discontinued in 2010.", "Hamm then had his own Washburn signature models since 2011, the AB40SH acoustic bass and the Hammer, featuring EMG pickups, Hipshot bridge/tuners and a 3-band active EQ - followed by a fretless version (SHBH3FLTSS) and the Stuart Hamm Electric Bass series, introduced on January 20, 2012.", "In 2014, he moved to Warwick basses and started work on a signature model based on his Washburn with the Warwick Streamer model shape.", "Hamm's slapping, popping and two-handed tapping techniques are demonstrated on his solo recordings, as well as in his instructional videos, Slap, Pop & Tap For The Bass and Deeper Inside the Bass.", "A popular part of his live performance often includes a two-handed tapping arrangement of Vince Guaraldi's \"Linus and Lucy\" (from the animated television special A Charlie Brown Christmas).", "Since March 2011, Hamm has performed with \"The Deadlies,\" houseband for KOFY-TV's Creepy KOFY Movie Time.", "In July 2011, Hamm accepted the position of Director of Bass Programs at Musician's Institute in Hollywood, California.", "For the past two decades, Hamm has also toured as one of the world's premier bass clinicians.", "Discography\n\nSolo albums\n Radio Free Albemuth (1988)\n Kings of Sleep (1989)\n The Urge (1991)\n Outbound (2000)\n Live Stu X 2 (2007)\n Just Outside of Normal (2010)\n The Book Of Lies (2015)\n The Diary of Patrick Xavier (2018)\n\nWith Frank Gambale\n The Great Explorers (1993)\n\nWith Frank Gambale and Steve Smith\n Show Me What You Can Do (1998)\n The Light Beyond (2000)\n GHS3 (2002)\n\nWith Joe Satriani\n Dreaming #11 (1988) -- Ice 9, Memories and Hordes of Locusts\n Flying in a Blue Dream (1989) -- Strange and The Bells of Lal (Part Two)\n Time Machine (1993) -- Disc One: Time Machine, The Mighty Turtle Head and All Alone.", "Disc Two: Circles, Lords of Karma and Echo\n Crystal Planet (1998) -- All Tracks except Time and Z.Z.", "'s Song\n Live in San Francisco (2001)\n Live In Paris: I Just Wanna Rock (2010)\n\nWith Joe Satriani, Eric Johnson, and Steve Vai\n G3 Live in Concert (1997) -- Tracks 1-3\n\nWith Steve Vai\n Flex-Able (1984)\n Passion and Warfare (1990)\n Fire Garden (1996) -- Track 3\n\nWith other artists\n Richie Kotzen, Richie Kotzen (1989)\n Michael Schenker Group, Arachnophobiac (2003)\n Working Man, a Rush tribute album, tracks #7, #10, #11 (1996)\n Yngwie Malmsteen, Ronnie James Dio, for Not The Same Old Song and Dance, an Aerosmith tribute album, track #6, \"Dream On\" (1999)\n George Lynch, Gregg Bissonette, and Vince Neil, for Bat Head Soup, an Ozzy Osbourne tribute album, track #9, \"Paranoid\" (2006)\n Caifanes (band) on the El nervio del volcán (album) on track #8 Quisiera Ser Alcohol.", "Adrian Legg, Mrs. Crowe's Blue Waltz (1992)\n Bill Lonero, \"Slather\" (2004)\n David Stockden, \"Reflections of Themes\" (2009)\n Thomas Tomsen, \"Sunflickers\" (2010)\n Matthias Arp, \"Endorphin Overdose\" (2010) - Track 1+10\n Marco Iacobini, \"The Sky There'll Always Be\" (2013)\n Gretchen Menn, \"Oleo Strut\" (2011)\n\nInstructional videos\n Slap, Pop & Tap for the Bass (1987)\n \"Deeper Inside the Bass\" (1993)\n \"Bass Basics\" (2008) \n \"Fretboard Fitness\" (2010)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n Interview with Stu Hamm..., 10/01/2009\n Interview with Stuart Hamm at AltGuitarBass.com\n\n1960 births\nLiving people\nMusicians from New Orleans\nAmerican blues guitarists\nAmerican male bass guitarists\nAmerican rock guitarists\nMichael Schenker Group members\n20th-century bass guitarists\n21st-century American bass guitarists\nGuitarists from Louisiana\n20th-century American bass guitarists\n20th-century American male musicians\n21st-century American male musicians\nFavored Nations artists" ]

[ "Stuart Hamm is an American bass guitar player who is known for his session and live work with numerous artists as well as for his unconventional playing style and solo recordings.", "He was selected to the Illinois All-State Band after playing in the stage band at his high school.", "While living in Vermont, he graduated from a New Hampshire high school.", "He met Joe Satriani after attending the Berklee College of Music in Boston.", "Flex-Able was the debut solo album of Vai.", "Steve Vai, Frank Gambale, Joe Satriani, and many other well-respected guitarists have performed with Hamm.", "He brought his skills to the attention of the nation when he played live on tour with Satriani.", "Subsequent recordings with Satriani and other rock/fusion artists, along with the release of his own solo recordings solidified his reputation as a bassist and performer.", "Radio Free Albemuth was released in 1988 and was inspired by Philip K. Dick's novel.", "On it, he demonstrated his abilities on a number of original compositions, including fusion, country, and classical.", "His ability to make the bass imitate the sounds of a wide range of instruments is demonstrated in his solo piece, \"Country Music (A Night in Hell),\" which has since become a popular live piece.", "He performs an arrangement of Beethoven's \"Moonlight Sonata\" on the same album.", "Philip Kubicki's Factor basses were associated with Hamm early in his career.", "The \"Urge Bass\" and the \"Urge II Bass\" are the first artist model bass ever made by Fender, and both have a D-Drop tuner.", "A pair of dual-coil Ceramic Noiseless Jazz Bass single-coils, a custom-wound split-coil Precision Bass humbucking pickup, and a 3- are all included.", "The basses were discontinued in 2010.", "The Stuart Hamm Electric Bass series features a fretless version, a 3-band active EQ, and a Hipshot bridge/tuners.", "He started work on a signature model based on his Washburn with the Warwick Streamer model shape.", "On his solo recordings, as well as in his instructional videos, Slap, Pop & Tap For The Bass and Deeper Inside the Bass, he demonstrates his slap, popping, and two-handed tapping techniques.", "A popular part of his live performance is a two-handed tapping arrangement of Vince Guaraldi's \"Linus and Lucy\" from A Charlie Brown Christmas.", "\"The Deadlies\" is a houseband for the show \"CreepyKOFY Movie Time\".", "The Director of Bass Programs at Musician's Institute was named in July 2011.", "One of the world's premier bass clinicians has toured with him for the past two decades.", "The Urge, Kings of Sleep, and Just Outside of Normal are all solo albums.", "All Tracks except Time and Z.Z. are included in the second disc of circles, lords of karma and echo crystal planet.", "'s Song Live in San Francisco (2001) Live In Paris: I Just Wanna Rock (2010) With Joe Satriani, Eric Johnson, and Steve Vai.", "Adrian Legg, Bill Lonero, \"Slather\", David Stockden, Thomas Tomsen, and \"Endorphin Overdose\" are featured." ]

[ "Stuart Hamm", "Stuart Ham" ]

[ "Stuart Hamm" ]

[ "Oscar Sherman Wyatt, Jr. (born July 11, 1924) is an American businessman and self made millionaire.", "He was the founder of Coastal Corporation and a decorated bomber pilot in World War II.", "In 2007 the U.S. federal court in Manhattan tried him for illegally sending payments to Iraq under the Oil-for-Food Program.", "Early history\nIn 1924 Oscar Wyatt was born into poverty in Beaumont, Texas, left by an alcoholic father and raised by a single mother in Navasota, Texas.", "At age 16 he began earning money by flying planes, working as a crop duster for a nearby farm.", "A strong student, Wyatt was accepted to attend Texas A&M University but, in the midst of World War II, he left after a year of school in 1942 to enlist in the United States Army Air Forces as a pilot.", "Serving as a combat aviator in the South Pacific, Wyatt was wounded twice during battle and was decorated by age 21.", "After the war, he worked as a farmer to pay his way through Texas A&M and earn a degree in Mechanical Engineering.", "Out of college, he sold drill bits to small oil companies from the trunk of his Ford Coupe, and worked for Kerr-McGee and Reed Roller Bits before becoming a partner in Wymore Oil Company.", "In 1955, he took an $800 loan on his car and used it to found Coastal.", "Texas oilman\nA 2007 Texas Monthly magazine article called Wyatt the real \"J. R. Ewing\" of the Oil Business and described Oscar and his fourth wife Lynn Sakowitz, a fixture of Houston social, fashion together as the beauty and the beast.", "Known as a shrewd businessman, Wyatt was both beloved and hated, litigious and charitable.", "A personal friend of Iraq's Saddam Hussein and business partner to Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, Wyatt urged President George H. W. Bush not to go to war with Iraq over Kuwait and later negotiated with Saddam to secure the release of western hostages being held in Baghdad.", "Wyatt entered the refining industry in the early 1960s, and he began to attend Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) meetings in Vienna, Austria.", "The U.S. refineries were optimized for high sulfur (\"sour\") crude oil, so Wyatt began to buy Iraqi oil in 1972.", "Wyatt retired as the Coastal Corporations chairman in 1997 yet continued to serve as Executive Committee chairman until Coastal's sale to the El Paso Natural Gas Company in January 2001.", "The Coastal Corporation\nWyatt founded Coastal States Gas Producing Company in 1955.", "Coastal began business in modest circumstances, with 68 miles of pipeline and 78 employees.", "He produced gas, and collected it from other smaller producers to sell at a better rate to larger pipeline companies.", "Expanding through acquisitions and expanding across multiple sectors, Coastal became a diversified energy company.", "Coastal produced and marketed petroleum, natural gas, electricity, and coal.", "It also sold gasoline at Coastal-branded gas stations: by 1999, Coastal Refining and Marketing operated 962 gas stations across in 33 states and was supplied by four refineries, including a 150,000 bbl per day refinery in Corpus Christi, Texas, a 180,000 bbl per day refinery in Eagle Point, New Jersey, a 250,000 barrel per day refinery on Aruba, and a 25,000 bbl per day refinery geared for asphalt production in Chickasaw, Alabama.", "Coastal Corporation also owned and operated a fleet of oil tankers, tugs, and barges.", "Sales in 1991 totaled $9.549 billion.", "Coastal Corporation was a major supplier of marine diesel in the Caribbean, natural gas in Colorado, and heating oil in the Northeast.", "Coastal was a key natural gas producer and distributor along with competitors Enron, Williams, and El Paso Energy, which Coastal later merged with.", "Coastal produced, gathered, processed, transported, stored and marketed natural gas throughout the United States and by the 1990s Coastal's 20,000-mile pipeline network, including the Iroquois and Great Lakes pipeline, completed in 1991, and the Empire State Pipeline, completed in 1992, transported five billion cubic feet of natural gas daily.", "As of 1999, Coastal was a Fortune 500 company with 13,300 employees and annual Revenues of $8.2 billion.", "Proxy fight\n\nIraq\nWhile El Paso Energy was selling Coastal's petroleum marketing and production assets off piece by piece to competitors Valero, Sunoco, and ConocoPhillips, Wyatt was being investigated for illegally doing business with Iraq in violation of sanctions imposed by the United Nations that strictly regulated Iraqi sales of crude oil.", "In 2007 Wyatt pleaded guilty in a U.S. federal court for illegally sending payments to Iraq under the Oil for Food program.", "At his sentencing hearing, Wyatt's attorney, Gerald Shargel, pointed to a commission report led by former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker that concluded that about half of the 4,500 companies in the Oil-for-Food Program paid a total of $1.8 billion in kickbacks and illicit surcharges to Saddam's regime.", "Wyatt's defense also floated the issue of \"vindictive prosecution\"—that is, the Bush administration singling out its old nemesis in both the oil patch and politics for punishment while leaving other possible violators of the sanctions alone.", "Prosecutors, in turn, amassed a daunting paper trail and rewarded a few former Iraqi petrocrats with help in obtaining U.S. green cards—as long as they agreed to testify against sanction breakers like Wyatt.", "In October 2007 Wyatt pleaded guilty to conspiring to, under the Oil for Food program, make illegal payments to Saddam Hussein's Iraq.", "Wyatt received a one-year prison sentence, and was sentenced to serve in the minimum security camp at the Federal Correctional Complex, Beaumont, in Beaumont, Texas.", "Comeback\nAfter stepping down from Coastal, Wyatt continued to consult with other petroleum related interests to help them improve their processes and procedures, and maximize their pipeline and refinery operations, resulting in better returns for common shareholders.", "Wyatt invested in frozen foods distribution and, in July 2001, created a new company - the NuCoastal Corporation, renamed Coastal Energy - to explore energy opportunities available across the globe, including Malaysia, and sold Coastal Energy for $500 million in 2013.", "References\n\n Coastal Energy\n Texas Monthly 2001\n Forbes\n Texas Monthly 2007\n\nFurther reading\n\nExternal links\n\n1924 births\nLiving people\nAmerican businesspeople convicted of crimes\nAmerican businesspeople in the oil industry\nAmerican chief executives\nAmerican prisoners and detainees\nAmerican white-collar criminals\nAviators from Texas\nBusinesspeople from Texas\nCriminals from Texas\nMilitary personnel from Texas\nPeople from Beaumont, Texas\nPeople from Houston\nPeople from Navasota, Texas\nPrisoners and detainees of the United States federal government\nTexas A&M University alumni\nUnited States Army Air Forces bomber pilots of World War II" ]

[ "Oscar Sherman Wyatt, Jr. is an American businessman and self made millionaire.", "He was a decorated bomber pilot in World War II.", "The oil-for-food program was the subject of a trial in the U.S. federal court in Manhattan.", "Oscar was born into poverty in Texas in 1924, left by an alcoholic father and raised by a single mother.", "He started working as a crop duster for a nearby farm at the age of 16.", "A strong student who was accepted to Texas A&M University, but left after a year of school in 1942 to join the US Army Air Force as a pilot in World War II.", "He was decorated for his service in the South Pacific at the age of 21.", "He graduated from Texas A&M with a degree in mechanical engineering.", "He sold drill bits from the trunk of his car to small oil companies and later became a partner in Wymore Oil Company.", "He used an $800 loan on his car to found Coastal.", "Oscar and his fourth wife Lynn Sakowitz, a fixture of Houston social, fashion together as the beauty and the beast, were described in a 2007 Texas Monthly magazine article.", "He was both beloved and hated, litigious and charitable.", "A personal friend of Iraq's Saddam Hussein and business partner to Libya's Muammar Qaddafi, Wyatt urged President George H. W. Bush not to go to war with Iraq over Kuwait and later negotiated with Saddam to secure the release of western hostages being held in Baghdad.", "In the early 1960s, when he entered the refining industry, he attended the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries meetings in Vienna, Austria.", "The U.S. refineries were designed to process high sulfur crude oil.", "The sale of the Coastal Corporations to the El Paso Natural Gas Company took place in 2001.", "Coastal States Gas Producing Company was founded in 1955 by The Coastal Corporation.", "There were 78 employees when Coastal began business.", "He collected gas from other smaller producers and sold it to larger companies.", "Coastal became a diversified energy company through acquisitions.", "Natural gas, electricity, and coal are produced and marketed on the coast.", "By 1999, it operated 962 gas stations across 33 states and was supplied by four refineries, including a 150,000 bbl per day refinery in Texas.", "Oil tanker, tugs, and barges were owned and operated by Coastal Corporation.", "In 1991, sales totaled $9.548 billion.", "Natural gas in Colorado, heating oil in the Northeast, and marine diesel in the Caribbean were all supplied by Coastal Corporation.", "Along with competitors, Coastal was a key natural gas producer and distributor.", "Natural gas was produced, gathered, processed, transported, stored and marketed by Coastal throughout the United States by the 1990s.", "The company had 13,300 employees and annual revenues of $8.2 billion.", "While El Paso Energy was selling Coastal's petroleum marketing and production assets off piece by piece to competitors, it was being investigated for illegally doing business with Iraq in violation of sanctions imposed by the United Nations that strictly regulated Iraqi sales of crude oil.", "The Oil for Food program was used to send payments to Iraq.", "At his sentencing hearing, Gerald Shargel pointed to a commission report led by former Federal Reserve Board Chairman Paul Volcker that concluded that half of the companies in the Oil-for-food Program paid a total of $1.8 billion in kickbacks.", "The issue of \"vindictive prosecution\" was raised by the defense, which said that the Bush administration was singling out its old nemesis in both the oil patch and politics for punishment while leaving other possible violators alone.", "As long as they agreed to testify against sanction breakers, prosecutors rewarded a few former Iraqi petrocrats with help in obtaining U.S. green cards.", "The Oil for Food program was used to make illegal payments to Saddam Hussein's Iraq.", "He was sentenced to serve in the minimum security camp at the Federal Correctional Complex in Texas after receiving a one-year prison sentence.", "After stepping down from Coastal, Wyatt continued to consult with other petroleum related interests to help them improve their processes and procedures, and maximize their refinery operations, resulting in better returns for common shareholders.", "The NuCoastal Corporation, renamed Coastal Energy, was created in July 2001 to explore energy opportunities across the globe, including Malaysia, and was sold in 2013 for $500 million.", "References Coastal Energy Texas Monthly 2001 Forbes Texas Monthly 2007 Further reading External links 1924 births Living people American business people convicted of crimes American business people in the oil industry" ]

[ "Oscar Sherman Wyatt", "Oscar Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Oscar", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt", "Wyatt" ]

[ "Oscar Sherman Wyatt", "Oscar", "Oscar", "Wyatt", "Wyatt" ]

[ "Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston (12 June 1858 – 31 July 1927), known as Harry Johnston, was a British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, and linguist who travelled widely in Africa and spoke many African languages.", "He published 40 books on African subjects and was one of the key players in the Scramble for Africa that occurred at the end of the 19th century.", "Early years\nBorn at Kennington Park, south London, the son of John Brookes Johnstone and Esther Laetitia Hamilton.", "He attended Stockwell grammar school and then King's College London, followed by four years studying painting at the Royal Academy.", "In connection with his study he travelled to Europe and North Africa, visiting the little-known (by Europeans) interior of Tunisia.", "Exploration in Africa\nIn 1882 he visited southern Angola with the Earl of Mayo, and in the following year met Henry Morton Stanley in the Congo, becoming one of the first Europeans after Stanley to see the river above the Stanley Pool.", "His developing reputation led the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association to appoint him leader of an 1884 scientific expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro.", "On this expedition he concluded treaties with local chiefs (which were then transferred to the British East Africa Company), in competition with German efforts to do likewise.", "British colonial service and the Cape to Cairo vision\nIn October 1886 the British government appointed him vice-consul in Cameroon and the Niger River delta area, where a protectorate had been declared in 1885, and he became acting consul in 1887, deposing and banishing the local chief Jaja.", "While in West Africa in 1886, Johnston sketched what has been termed a \"fantasy map\" of his ideas of how the African continent could be divided among the colonial powers.", "This envisaged two blocks of British colonies, one of continuous territory in West Africa, the Nile valley and much of East Africa as far south as Lake Tanganyika and Lake Nyasa, the other in southern Africa south of the Zambezi.", "This left a continuous band in Portuguese occupation from Angola to Mozambique and Germany in possession of much of the East African coast.", "The original proposal for a Cape to Cairo railway was made in 1874 by Edwin Arnold, the then editor of the Daily Telegraph, which was joint sponsor of the expedition by H.M. Stanley to Africa to discover the course of the Congo River.", "The proposed route involved a mixture of railway and river transport between Elizabethville, now Lubumbashi in the Belgian Congo and Sennar in the Sudan rather than a completely rail one.", "Johnston later acknowledged his debt to Stanley and Arnold and when on leave in England in 1888, he revived the Cape-to-Cairo concept of acquiring a continuous band of British territory down Africa in discussion with Lord Salisbury.", "Johnston then published an supporting the idea article in Times anonymously, as \"by an African Explorer\" and later in 1888 and 1889 published a number of articles in other newspapers and journals with Salisbury's tacit approval.", "Scramble for Katanga\nThe Berlin Conference had allocated Katanga to the sphere of influence of King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State, but under the Berlin Conference's Principle of Effectivity this was only provisional.", "In July 1890, Leopold protested to Lord Salisbury that Johnston, as agent for Cecil Rhodes, was circulating maps showing that the Congo Free State did not include Katanga, and in response to Salisbury's enquiries, in August 1890 Johnston presented Rhodes' claim, which included the false information that Msiri, King of Garanganze in Katanga had asked for British protection.", "In November 1890, to justify his claim, Johnston sent Alfred Sharpe (who would become his successor in Nyasaland) to act for Rhodes and the British South Africa Company (BSAC), to obtain a treaty with Msiri, a move which had the potential to precipitate an Anglo-Belgian crisis.", "Sharpe failed with Msiri, though he obtained treaties with Mwata Kazembe covering the eastern side of the Luapula River and Lake Mweru, and with other chiefs covering the southern end of Lake Tanganyika.", "When Leopold again protested to Salisbury in May 1891, the latter had to admit Msiri had not signed a treaty asking for British protection and left Katanga open to Belgian colonisation.", "In 1891 Leopold sent the Stairs Expedition to Katanga.", "Johnston dissuaded it from accessing Katanga through Nyasaland, but it went through German East Africa instead, and took Katanga after killing Msiri.", "The southern border of the Congo Free State was settled by an Anglo-Congo agreement of 1894.", "Nyasaland (British Central Africa Protectorate)\n\nIn 1879, the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the Ruo River (currently the southeastern border of Malawi) and then, in 1882, occupied the lower Shire River valley as far north as the Ruo.", "It attempted to gain British acceptance of this claim without success, and also failed in a claim that the Shire Highlands was part of Portuguese East Africa, as it was not under effective occupation As late as 1888, the British Foreign Office would not accept responsibility for British missionaries and settlers in the Shire Highlands after the African Lakes Corporation had tried but failed to become a Chartered company with interests there and around the western shore of Lake Malawi.", "However, in 1885–86 Alexandre de Serpa Pinto had undertaken an expedition which reached Shire Highlands, which had failed to make any treaties of protection with the Yao chiefs west of Lake Malawi.", "To prevent possible Portuguese occupation, in November 1888, Johnston was appointed as Commissioner and Consul-general for the Mozambique and the Nyasa districts, and arrived in Blantyre in March 1889.", "On his way to take up his appointment, Johnston spent six weeks in Lisbon attempting to negotiate an acceptable agreement on Portuguese and British spheres of influence in southeastern Africa.", "However, as the draft agreement did not expressly exclude the Shire Highlands from the Portuguese sphere, it was rejected by the Foreign Office.", "Among several pressing problems was the Karonga War, a dispute between Swahili traders in slaves and ivory with their Henga allies on one side and the African Lakes Trading Company and factions of the Ngonde people on the other which had broken out in 1887.", "As Johnston had no significant forces at that time, he agreed to a truce with the Swahili leaders in October 1889, but the Swahili traders did not adhere to its terms.", "In late 1888 and early 1889, the Portuguese government sent two expeditions to make treaties of protection with local chiefs, one under Antonio Cardoso set off toward Lake Malawi, the other under Alexandre de Serpa Pinto moved up the Shire valley.", "Between them, they made over twenty treaties with chiefs in what is now Malawi.", "Johnston met Serpa Pinto in August 1889 east of the Ruo and advised him not to cross the river, but Serpa Pinto disregarded this and crossed the river to Chiromo, now in Malawi.", "In September, following minor clashes between Serpa Pinto's force and local Africans, Johnston's deputy declared a Shire Highlands Protectorate, despite the contrary instructions.", "Johnston's proclamation of a further protectorate west of Lake Malawi, the Nyasaland Districts Protectorate, was endorsed by the Foreign Office in May 1891.", "Johnston arrived in Chiromo, in the south of Nyasaland, on 16 July 1891.", "By that time he had already selected a team of men who were to assist in forming the administration of the new protectorate.", "They included Alfred Sharpe (Johnston's Deputy Commissioner), Bertram L. Sclater (Surveyor, Roadmaker, and Commandant of the Constabulary), Alexander Whyte (a zoologist who was to discover several new species in Nyasaland), Cecil Montgomery Maguire (Military Commandant), Hugh Charlie Marshall (Customs Officer, Collector of Revenues and Postmaster for the Chiromo district), John Buchanan (an agriculturalist who had been in Nyasaland since 1876, and was appointed Vice Consul by Johnston), and others.", "In 1891, Johnston only controlled a fraction of the Shire Highlands, itself a small part of the whole protectorate.", "He was provided with a small force of Indian troops in 1891, and began to train African soldiers and police.", "At first, Johnston used his small force in the south of the protectorate to suppress slave trading by Yao chiefs, who had established links with Swahili traders in ivory and slaves from the early 19th century.", "As the Yao people had no central authority, Johnston was able to defeat one group at a time, although this took until 1894, as he left the most powerful chief, Makanjira, until almost last, starting an amphibious operation against him in late 1893.", "Before the British Central Africa Protectorate was proclaimed in May 1891, a number of European companies and settlers had made, or claimed to have made, treaties with local chiefs under which the land owned by the African communities that occupied it was transferred to the Europeans in exchange for protection and some trade goods.", "The African Lakes Company claimed over 2.75 million acres in the north of the protectorate, some under treaties that claimed to transfer sovereignty to the company, and three others individuals claimed to have purchased large areas of land in the south.", "Eugene Sharrer claimed 363,034 acres, Alexander Low Bruce claimed 176,000 acres, and John Buchanan and his brothers claimed a further 167,823 acres.", "These lands were purchased for trivial quantities of goods under agreements signed by chiefs with no understanding of English concepts of land tenure.", "Johnston had the task of reviewing these land claims, and began to do so in late 1892, as the proclamation of the protectorate had been followed by a wholesale land grab, with huge areas of land bought for trivial sums and some claims overlapping.", "He rejected any suggestion that treaties made before the protectorate was established could transfer sovereignty to individuals or companies, but accept that they could be evidence of land sales.", "Although Johnston accepted that the land belonged to its African communities, so their chiefs had no right to alienate it, he suggested that each community had given their chief this right.", "Despite having no legal training, he claimed that, as Commissioner, he was entitled to investigate these land sales and to issue Certificates of Claim registering freehold title to the European claimants.", "He rejected very few claims, despite the questionable evidence for several major ones.", "The existing African villages and farms were exempted from these sales, and the villagers were told that their homes and fields were not being alienated.", "Despite this, the concentration of much of the most fertile land in the Shire Highlands in the hands of European owners had profound economic consequences that lasted throughout the colonial period.", "In April 1894, Johnston returned to England and was away for a year.", "He had quarrelled with Cecil Rhodes who had so far provided most of his funds, and during the first three years the administration had run up a deficit of £20,000.", "During his leave he managed to persuade the British Government to agree to take over the financing of the country.", "On his way back he visited Egypt and India with a view to recruiting soldiers, and eventually arrived back in Nyasaland with a flotilla of boats, 202 Sikh soldiers, and over 400 other men.", "4000 porters were recruited in the Shire Highlands to carry stores and equipment.", "Johnston reached Zomba on 3 May 1895.", "Johnston visited Karonga in June 1895 to try to make a settlement but the Swahili leaders refused either to meet him curtail their raiding activities, so Johnston decided on military action.", "In November 1895, Johnston embarked with a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen, with artillery and machine guns on steamers, to Karonga and surrounded the traders' main stockaded town, bombarding it for two days and finally assaulting it on 4 December.", "The Swahili leader, Mlozi, was captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December and between 200 and 300 of fighters and several hundred non-combatants were killed, many while attempting to surrender.", "Other Swahili stockades did not resist and were destroyed.", "North-Eastern Rhodesia and Nyasaland\nJohnston realised the strategic importance of Lake Tanganyika to the British, especially since the territory between the lake and the coast had become German East Africa forming a break of nearly in the chain of British colonies in the Cape to Cairo dream.", "However the north end of Lake Tanganyika was only from British-controlled Uganda, and so a British presence at the south end of the lake was a priority.", "Although the northern boundaries of North-Eastern Rhodesia and Nyasaland were eventually settled by negotiations between Britain, Germany.", "Portugal and the Congo Free State, Johnston ensured that British bomas were established (in addition to those in Nyasaland) east of Luapula-Mweru at Chiengi and the Kalungwishi River, at the south end of Lake Tanganyika at Abercorn, and at Fort Jameson between Mozambique and the Luangwa valley to demonstrate effective occupation.", "Until 1899, Johnson had administrative control of the territory which became North-Eastern Rhodesia (the north-eastern half of today's Zambia), and he helped to set up and oversee the British South Africa Company's administration in that area.", "North-Eastern Rhodesia was little developed in this period, being regarded principally as a labour reserve, with only a handful of company administrators.", "Despite missed out in Katanga, altogether he helped to consolidate an area of nearly half a million square kilometres into the British Empire – nearly , or twice the area of the United Kingdom in 2009 – lying between the lower Luangwa River valley and lakes Nyasa, Tanganyika, and Mweru.", "Later years\n\nIn 1896 in recognition of this achievement he was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB), but afflicted by tropical fevers, transferred to Tunis as consul-general.", "In the same year, he had married the Hon.", "Winifred Mary Irby, daughter of Florance George Henry Irby, fifth Baron Boston.", "In 1899 Sir Harry was sent to Uganda as special commissioner to reorganize the administration of that protectorate after the suppression of the mutiny of the Sudanese soldiers and to end an ongoing war with Unyoro.", "He improved the colonial administration, and concluded the Buganda Agreement of 1900, dividing the land between the UK and the chiefs.", "For his services in Uganda, he received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George (GCMG) in the King's Birthday Honours list in November 1901.", "Also in 1901, Johnston was the first recipient of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Livingstone Medal, and in the following year he was appointed a member of the council of the Zoological Society of London.", "He received the honorary degree Doctor of Science (D.Sc.)", "from the University of Cambridge in May 1902.", "The Royal Geographical Society awarded him their 1904 Founder's Gold Medal for his services to African exploration.", "In 1902 his wife gave birth to twin boys, but neither survived more than a few hours, and they had no more children.", "His sister, Mabel Johnston, married Arnold Dolmetsch, an instrument maker and member of the Bloomsbury set, in 1903.", "In 1903 and in 1906 he stood for parliament for the Liberal Party, but was unsuccessful on both occasions.", "In 1906, the Johnstons moved to the hamlet of Poling, near Arundel in West Sussex, where Harry Johnston largely concentrated on his literary endeavours.", "He took to writing novels, which were frequently short-lived, while his accounts of his own voyages through central Africa were rather more enduring.", "Harry Johnston suffered two strokes in 1925, from which he became partially paralysed and never recovered, dying two years later in 1927 at Woodsetts House near Worksop in Nottinghamshire.", "He was buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas, Poling, West Sussex, where there is a commemorative wall plaque within the nave of the church designed and cut by the Arts and Crafts sculptor and typeface designer Eric Gill who lived in nearby Ditchling.", "Legacy\nHarry Johnston is commemorated in the scientific names of the okapi, Okapia johnstoni and of two species of African lizards, Trioceros johnstoni and Latastia johnstoni.", "The falls at Mambidima on the Luapula River were named Johnston Falls by the British in his honour.", "Sir Harry Johnston Primary school in Zomba, Malawi is also named after him.", "Prominent Bengali author Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay mentioned the influence of Sir H. H. Johnston's works, one of many, in helping him portray scenes convincingly in his famous Bengali adventure novel Chander Pahar.", "1958.", "James A. Casada, \"Sir Harry H. Johnston: A Bio-Bibliographical Study.", "1977.", "External links \n\n Full text of Johnston's book British Central Africa (1897).", "(text only)\n\n Full text of Johnston's book British Central Africa (1897).", "(facsimile)\n \n \n \nThe International Primary School which bears Sir Harry Johnston's name was founded in the early 1950s in Zomba, Malawi\n \n\n1858 births\n1927 deaths\nEnglish explorers\nExplorers of Africa\nKnights Commander of the Order of the Bath\nKnights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George\nAlumni of King's College London\nBritish expatriates in Tunisia\nBritish expatriates in Angola\nBritish expatriates in Nigeria\nBritish expatriates in Malawi\nBritish expatriates in Mozambique\nBritish expatriates in the Democratic Republic of the Congo\nBritish expatriates in Zambia\nLiberal Party (UK) parliamentary candidates\nPeople from Arun District\nit:Harry Johnston" ]

[ "A British explorer, botanist, artist, colonial administrator, and linguist who traveled widely in Africa and spoke many African languages was known as Harry Johnston.", "The Scramble for Africa occurred at the end of the 19th century and he was one of the key players.", "The son of John Brookes Johnstone and Esther Laetitia Hamilton was born early.", "He studied painting at the Royal Academy after graduating from King's College London.", "He traveled to Europe and North Africa to visit the little-known interior of Tunisia.", "He was one of the first Europeans after Henry Morton Stanley to see the river above the Stanley Pool.", "He was appointed leader of an 1884 scientific expedition to Mount Kilimanjaro by the Royal Geographical Society and the British Association.", "He concluded treaties with local chiefs in order to compete with German efforts to do the same.", "The British government appointed him vice-consul in October 1886 in the area where a protectorate had been declared in 1885, and he became acting consul in 1887.", "While in West Africa in 1886, he drew a \"fantasy map\" of how the African continent could be divided among the colonial powers.", "One of the two blocks of British colonies was in West Africa and the other was in southern Africa and the Nile valley.", "Much of the East African coast was left in the hands of the Portuguese.", "The original proposal for a Cape to Cairo railway was made by the editor of the Daily Telegraph in 1874.", "The proposed route involved a mixture of railway and river transport between Elizabethville, now Lubumbashi in the Belgian Congo and Sennar in the Sudan rather than a completely rail one.", "After acknowledging his debt to Stanley and Arnold, he revived the idea of acquiring a continuous band of British territory down Africa in discussion with Lord Salisbury.", "A number of articles in other newspapers and journals with Salisbury's tacit approval were published in the late 19th and early 20th century.", "Under the Berlin Conference's Principle of Effectivity, the sphere of influence of King Leopold of Belgium's Congo Free State was only temporarily allocated.", "In July 1890, Leopold protested to Lord Salisbury that Cecil Rhodes was lying when he claimed that the Free State of the Democratic Republic of the Congo did not include Msiri.", "In November 1890, to justify his claim, Johnston sent Alfred Sharpe to act for Rhodes and the British South Africa Company to obtain a treaty with Msiri, a move which had the potential to cause an Anglo-Belgian crisis.", "The eastern side of the Luapula River and Lake Mweru, as well as the southern end of Lake Tanganyika, were covered by treaties with other chiefs.", "When Leopold protested to Salisbury in May 1891, he had to admit that Msiri had not signed a treaty asking for British protection.", "Leopold sent the Stairs expedition in 1891.", "It went through German East Africa instead of going through Nyasaland after killing Msiri.", "The Anglo-Congo agreement of 1894 settled the southern border of the Free State.", "In 1879, the Portuguese government formally claimed the area south and east of the Ruo River, and then in 1882, they occupied the lower Shire River valley.", "The British Foreign Office would not accept responsibility for British missionaries and settlers in the Shire Highlands after 1888, despite the fact that it was not under effective occupation.", "There were no treaties of protection with the Yao chiefs west of Lake Malawi because of an expedition undertaken by Alexandre de Serpa Pinto in 1885–86.", "He arrived in Blantyre in March 1889 to prevent the Portuguese from taking over.", "He spent six weeks in Lisbon trying to negotiate an acceptable agreement on Portuguese and British spheres of influence in southeastern Africa.", "The Foreign Office rejected the draft agreement because it did not explicitly exclude the Shire Highlands from the Portuguese sphere.", "The Karonga War, a dispute between Swahili traders in slaves and ivory with their Henga allies on one side and the African Lakes Trading Company on the other, was one of several pressing problems.", "The Swahili traders did not follow the terms of the truce that was agreed to in October 1889.", "In late 1888 and early 1889, the Portuguese government sent two expeditions to protect local chiefs, one under Antonio Cardoso and the other under Alexandre de Serpa Pinto.", "In what is now Malawi, they made over twenty treaties with chiefs.", "Serpa Pinto crossed the river to Chiromo after being advised not to by Johnston, but he did it anyway.", "In September, after minor skirmishes between Serpa Pinto's force and local Africans, the deputy declared a s ree Highlands protectorsate.", "The Nyasaland Districts Protectorate was endorsed by the Foreign Office in May 1891.", "Chiromo is in the south of Nyasaland.", "The administration of the new protectorate was to be formed by a team of men.", "They included Alfred Sharpe, who was the deputy commissioner, and Bertram L. Sclater, who was theSurveyor, Roadmaker, and Commandant of the constabulary.", "In 1891, only a small part of the protectorate was controlled by Johnston.", "He began to train African soldiers and police after he received a small force of Indian troops.", "The south of the protectorate was used to suppress slave trading by the Yao chiefs, who had established links with Swahili traders in ivory and slaves from the early 19th century.", "Although he was able to defeat one group at a time, it took until 1894 for him to leave the most powerful chief, Makanjira, and start an amphibious operation against him.", "Before the British Central Africa Protectorate was proclaimed in May 1891, a number of European companies and settlers had made treaties with local chiefs under which the land owned by the African communities that occupied it was transferred to the Europeans in exchange for protection and some trade goods.", "The African Lakes Company claimed over two million acres in the north of the protectorate, some under treaties that claimed to transfer sovereignty to the company, and three others who claimed to have purchased large areas of land in the south.", "Alexander Low Bruce claimed 176,000 acres, Eugene Sharrer claimed 363,034 acres, and John Buchanan and his brothers claimed 167,823 acres.", "Under agreements signed by chiefs with no understanding of English concepts of land tenure, these lands were purchased for trivial quantities of goods.", "The review of these land claims began in the late 19th century, as the protectorate was followed by a wholesale land grab, with huge areas of land bought for trivial sums and some claims overlap.", "He rejected the idea that treaties made before the protectorate was established could transfer sovereignty to individuals or companies, but accepted that they could be evidence of land sales.", "Although he accepted that the land belonged to the African communities, he suggested that each community had the right to give their chief this right.", "He claimed that he was able to investigate land sales and issue certificates of claim because he was the Commissioner.", "Despite the questionable evidence for several major ones, he rejected very few claims.", "The existing African villages and farms were not included in the sales.", "The economic consequences of the concentration of the most fertile land in the Shire Highlands in the hands of European owners DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch DropCatch", "He was away from England for a year in 1894.", "During the first three years of the administration's existence, he had argued with Cecil Rhodes, who had provided most of his funds.", "He succeeded in persuading the British Government to take over the financing of the country.", "He went to Egypt and India with a plan to recruit soldiers, but ended up in Nyasaland with a flotilla of boats, 202 Sikh soldiers and over 400 other men.", "Thousands of people were recruited to carry stores and equipment.", "Zomba was reached by Johnston on 3 May 1895.", "When he tried to make a settlement in June 1895, the Swahili leaders refused to meet him, so he decided to take military action.", "The main stockaded town of Karonga was bombarded for two days by a force of over 400 Sikh and African riflemen, with machine guns on steamers, in November 1895.", "Between 200 and 300 fighters and several hundred non-combatants were killed, many while attempting to surrender, after Mlozi was captured, given a cursory trial and hanged on 5 December.", "Other stockades were destroyed.", "The territory between the lake and the coast became German East Africa and formed a break in the chain of British colonies in the Cape to Cairo dream.", "The north end of Lake Tanganyika was British-controlled Uganda, and so a British presence at the south end of the lake was a priority.", "The northern boundaries of North-Eastern Rhodesia and Nyasaland were settled by negotiations between Britain and Germany.", "The British were established at Chiengi and the Kalungwishi River at the south end of Lake Tanganyika.", "Johnson helped to set up and oversee the British South Africa Company's administration in the territory which became North-Eastern Rhodesia in 1899.", "In this period, North-Eastern Rhodesia was seen as a labour reserve, with only a few company administrators.", "He helped to consolidate an area of nearly half a million square kilometres into the British Empire, which was twice the area of the United Kingdom in 2009.", "He was appointed Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath (KCB) in 1896, but was afflicted by tropical diseases and transferred to Tunisia as consul-general.", "He married the Hon. in the same year.", "The daughter of the fifth Baron Boston was Winifred Mary Irby.", "Sir Harry was sent to Uganda in 1899 to reorganize the administration after the suppression of the Sudanese soldiers and to end the war with Unyoro.", "The Buganda Agreement of 1900 divided the land between the UK and the chiefs.", "He received the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George for his services in Uganda in 1901.", "In 1901, he was the first recipient of the Royal Scottish Geographical Society's Livingstone medal, and the following year he was appointed a member of the council of the Zoological Society of London.", "He received a Doctor of Science degree.", "In May of 1901, I received my degree from the University of Cambridge.", "He received a gold medal from the Royal Geographical Society for his services to African exploration.", "His wife gave birth to twin boys, but neither survived more than a few hours, and they had no more children.", "His sister's husband was an instrument maker and member of the Bloomsbury set.", "He stood for parliament in 1903 and 1906, but was unsuccessful.", "The hamlet of Poling, near Arundel in West SUS, was where Harry Johnston concentrated on his literary work in 1906.", "His accounts of his voyages through central Africa were more enduring than his novels, which were often short-lived.", "After suffering two strokes in 1925, he became partially paralyzed and died two years later at Woodsetts House near Worksop.", "He was buried in the churchyard of St Nicholas, Poling, West Sussex, where there is a plaque in the nave of the church designed and cut by Eric Gill who lived nearby.", "The okapi, Okapia johnstoni, and two species of African lizards are named after Harry Johnston.", "The British named the falls at Mambidima after him.", "The school in Zomba is named after him.", "Prominent Bengali author Bibhutibhushan Bandyopadhyay mentioned the influence of Sir H. H.", "In 1958.", "Sir Harry H. Johnston: A Bio-Bibliographical Study was written by James A. Casada.", "1977.", "The full text of British Central Africa can be found in the External links.", "The full text of the book British Central Africa.", "The International Primary School which bears Sir Harry Johnston's name was founded in the early 1950s in Zomba, Malawi, and the Explorers of Africa Knights Commander of the Order of the Bath Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George died in 1927." ]

[ "Sir Henry Hamilton Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "John Brookes Johnstone", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Harry", "Johnston", "Mabel Johnston", "Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "Sir Harry", "Johnston", ". Johnston", "Harry H", ". Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "Harry Johnston" ]

[ "Harry Johnston", "John Brookes Johnstone", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Johnston", "Harry", "Harry Johnston", "Harry Johnston", "Harry H", ". Johnston", "Harry Johnston" ]

[ "Sir William Hawte (also Haute or Haut) (c. 1430- 2 Jul 1497) was a prominent member of a Kentish gentry family of long standing in royal service, which, through its near connections to the Woodville family, became closely and dangerously embroiled in the last phases of the Wars of the Roses.", "It is claimed that he is the same Sir William Hawte who was a composer of liturgical and devotional choral music (who flourished c. 1460–1470), represented in a number of manuscript choirbooks that survive to this day.", "Two settings of the Benedicamus Domino are found in the Pepys Manuscript, and another work attributed to him, a Stella coeli, extirpavit (a Latin prayer to the Virgin, for protection from plague) exists in the Ritson Manuscript.", "Family \nHawte the composer is identified as a son of William Haute of Bishopsbourne, Kent, M.P., by his second wife, Joan Wydeville, daughter of Richard Wydeville, M.P.", "(1385–1441), of Grafton, Northamptonshire and Maidstone, Kent, who married c. 1429.", "William the father did have a child by his first wife, and there is mention of a young William Haute seeking a novitiate at Christ Church priory in Canterbury around 1430.", "However the weight of evidence is that Sir William was Joan Wydeville's son.", "He was therefore, by affinity and probably by blood, nephew of the 1st Earl Rivers and first cousin to Elizabeth Woodville, Queen Consort of King Edward IV.", "Young life and marriage \nWilliam therefore grew up, probably at Bishopsbourne, with an elder half-sibling and with three younger brothers and various sisters, one of whom, Alice, was by 1462 married to Sir John Fogge (as his second wife).", "William also was married before that date, and had a son of his own called William by his wife, Joan Horne (daughter of Henry Horne, M.P.", "), both of whom are mentioned in his father's will.", "Made in May 1462 and proved in October, this document is concerned mainly with the furnishings and chattels, the estates themselves having been disposed of by a testament now lost.", "Old William asked to be buried between his two wives before the image of St Katherine in the church of the Fraternity of St Augustine's, Canterbury.", "Among other things William inherited from his father the residue of his interesting collection of religious relics, after some of the choicer items had been allocated to selected recipients.", "Both William and his father were included in commissions of array of December 1459 and 1460 to resist the rebellious adherents of Richard Earl of Warwick.", "William junior had already entered the service of Edward IV in 1461 when he was granted for life the office of Keeper of the King's Warren, near Sandwich, and soon afterwards received instructions to cause beacons to be set up along the Kentish coast to give warning of the approach of the king's enemies.", "He was created a knight at the queen's coronation on 26 May 1465, and rode before the queen's litter in the procession; in 1466–1467 he was for the first time High Sheriff of Kent (an office in which his father, his grandfather and his great-uncle had preceded him), and received the freedom of Canterbury in 1467.", "Sir William Haute and Richard Haute, Esq.", "In 1470 Hawte's cousin Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, appointed William his attorney for entry into his Kentish estates.", "William's sister Anne was in the later 1460s and earlier 1470s engaged to marry Sir John Paston, but was released from the arrangement.", "William's brother Richard inherited some estates jointly with his brother by grant from their father, and in 1463 and 1468 released tenements in Canterbury to William.", "The full estates were finally granted among the brothers by their father's trustees in 1480, in tail, with mutual remainders.", "In the meantime Richard married Dame Elizabeth Darcy, widow of Sir Richard Darcy of Maldon and Danbury, and daughter of Sir Thomas Tyrrell of Heron, Essex, restoring the familial bond formed by his grandfather Nicholas Haute's second marriage.", "Like William Haute, Darcy was knighted at Elizabeth Woodville's coronation, but died in 1469 leaving a son Thomas aged 10.", "Elizabeth remarried almost immediately to Richard Haute who held commissions for the peace for Worcestershire in 1472 and 1473 and for Shropshire, Gloucestershire and Herefordshire in May 1474.", "Richard was, from 1472 to 1475, Member of Parliament for Essex and from 1472 to 1480 held commission for the peace in that county.", "He was further Sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire in 1474–1475.", "In the latter year Richard was granted the freedom of the city of Canterbury by birth, and represented it in parliament in 1478.", "He was appointed a justice in eyre of the queen's forests in 1477.", "By the partition indentures of 1480 Sir William received the old family manors of Bourne, Ford and Wadenhall, and the de Marinis lands of Otterpool, Blackmanstone and Elmsted, while Hastingleigh, Alderlose and Ightham Mote fell to Richard, their brother Edward taking the manor of Crofton, lands in Hougham near Dover and rents in Canterbury.", "Through this period Sir William, the eldest brother, held a prominent position among the gentry of Kent.", "Although only two of his sons, William and Thomas, and a daughter Alice, reached maturity, there were besides four other sons and two daughters born in this time who appear to have died in their youth.", "He was a justice of the peace for Kent in 1461, 1462, 1464, 1465, 1467, 1469 and 1471–1475.", "With a commission of oyer and terminer to judge certain alleged traitors in 1463, in 1465 he was appointed to a commission against smugglers, and was reappointed in 1474 and 1475.", "Often in association with Sir John Fogge, Sir John Scott, Sir John Colepeper and Ralph St Leger the younger (who married Richard Haute's daughter Isabel), he took musters of soldiers in 1468, held commissions of array in 1469–1472, and mustered at Sandwich in the latter year.", "He was (with Lord Rivers) commissioned to arrest rebels in 1471, to investigate fees owing to the king's progenitors in 1473, and to survey walls and ditches in 1474 and 1479.", "He made an important lease of his lands at Shelvingford in 1474, at much the same time that he received lands from his cousins, the daughters of his grandfather's nephew John Haute of Pluckley.", "His second term as Sheriff of Kent was in 1475–1476.", "In 1478, when the king granted him an annuity of 20 marks, he was appointed to conduct an inquest into the castles and lands of the Duke of Clarence.", "And in that year, 1478–79, Richard Haute of Ightham served as Sheriff of Kent.", "Towards revolt \nQueen Elizabeth had appointed Richard Haute to be a tutor to her son Edward the Prince of Wales in 1472, a duty which took him to Ludlow Castle, and he became comptroller of the prince's household: but it is questioned whether this Richard was Sir William's brother, or their cousin the younger (Sir) Richard Haute, of Swerdling in Petham, Kent, (a descendant in a junior line from Sir Nicholas, William's grandfather), who was knighted in c. 1482.", "In 1478 one Richard Haute had distinguished himself in the tourneys at the marriage of Prince Richard, Duke of York to Anne Mowbray, and in 1481 Richard Haute the younger was made steward of the Gower lordship of that prince during his minority, and constable of Swansea Castle.", "Close association with the Wydevilles brought the Hautes into the sphere of the Duke of Gloucester's enmity.", "In 1480 Sir William granted family manors and possessions in Canterbury to trustees for the purposes of a will, though none survives.", "Richard Haute of Ightham was again Sheriff of Kent in 1481–82, and from Michaelmas 1482 Sir William Haute was his immediate successor, in that year making a lease of lands in Waltham near the old Haute seat of Wadenhall.", "He was also holding a commission for walls and ditches.", "The story is attributed to Sir Thomas More, that \"Sir\" Richard Haute was with Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, Sir Richard Grey and Sir Thomas Vaughan bringing Prince Edward from Ludlow to London, when they were intercepted by the Duke of Gloucester and arrested at Stony Stratford; and that afterwards Haute was beheaded with the others, \"and buryed naked in the monastery at Poumfret\".", "(Woodville made Richard Haute Esq.", "an executor of his will.)", "But while this all appears clearly in Edward Hall's Chronicle, and Hawte may have been arrested, yet Richard Hawte is not named where the story appears in More's History of King Richard the Third, according to William Rastell's 1557 edition from More's manuscript.", "In fact both Richard Hautes, and also Sir William, survived the reign of Richard III.", "When Richard III was proclaimed king on 22 June 1483, Sir William Haute was immediately removed from office as Sheriff of Kent and replaced with Sir Henry Ferrers.", "In Buckingham's rebellion, in the insurrection which occurred in Kent in the middle weeks of October 1483, Sir William was held by the December 1483 proclamation to be a ringleader, and was outlawed among the principals, with Sir John Guildford and Sir Thomas Lewknor, as being \"the king's rebels and traitors, which imagined and utterly conspired the destruction of the king\", yet is seemingly absent from the general act of attainder of January 1484, where instead the name of \"Richard Haute, late of Ightham, squyer\" appears prominently.", "This is certainly Richard the brother of Sir William, and his lands were seized and granted instead to his brother James Haute, who had not rebelled.", "Sir William, however, was able to perform a second lease of his lands in Shelvingford in 1484.", "Last years \nFollowing the Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard Haute of Ightham was then included in the general act of restitution which was issued in the first year of King Henry VII.", "Anthony Woodville, awaiting execution, had made him an executor of his will, and Richard is also mentioned in the will of young Thomas Darcy his stepson, made 5 March 1483/4 and proved 16 June 1486.", "Richard of Ightham died in 1487, a writ for his inquisition being issued on 11 May and the inquest held on 14 November 1487: Edward Haute, aged 11 and more, was his son and heir, and Ightham Mote his inheritance.", "Richard left a will making Elizabeth Darcy (his widow) his executrix, but it is not recorded except from a pardon which she received in January 1488.", "It refers to Richard as \"late Sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire\" and \"late justice of sewers to Edward IV\".", "Elizabeth's will was proved in January 1506/07.", "Sir William's life of service was not yet concluded.", "He held commissions of the peace (Kent) and of gaol delivery (principally for Canterbury) from 1485 continuously through to 1493, and in that latter year granted a lease of a house in Canterbury.", "His cousin Sir Richard Haute died at the end of 1492, leaving his lands to his wife and little son Henry at Swerdling (in Petham), and providing that his mother Margaret should have convenient lodging there, with £5 rent to be paid at Warehorne: he left several riding horses to his servants, and \"maister Thomas Haute\" (perhaps Sir William's son) was among the witnesses.", "Sir Richard's widow was Katherine, daughter of Thomas Boston, whom he had married after the death in 1486 of her second husband John Green of Wicken Bonhunt, Essex.", "(Sir Richard's first wife Eleanor, daughter of Sir Robert Roos, had brought him Yorkshire manors forfeit by Thomas Roos.)", "Katherine Hawte died in the following year, and Sir William in 1495 made an agreement with Edward, his brother Richard's son, that Swerdling should be held to his use in tail.", "In 1505 Edward, who married Elizabeth Frognall, was a gentleman of Petham.", "In 1496 Sir William was commissioned to participate in taking a muster of Kentish soldiers for the defence of Berwick against attack by the Scots.", "Sir William Hawte of Bishopsbourne died on 2 July in the 12th year of Henry VII (1497).", "His inquest, for which the writ was issued on 7 September 1499, showed that he died seised of the manors of Wadenhall, Bishopsbourne, Elmsted, Blakmanston, Otterpool, Warehorne and Snave, in fee.", "His elder son William having died before him, the next son Thomas Haute, then aged 33 and more, was his heir.", "In 1512 Sir William's sister Dame Alice Fogg made a grant from lands at Ashford to provide for an Obit of 10s.", "6d., at the anniversary of her husband, to pray for the souls of her husband, her own soul, for William Haute and Joan his wife, their children and all their friends.", "Literary interests \nThe literary interests of this family in this or the next generation are suggested by early ownership of the Middle English prose Merlin, derived from an Old French prose cycle of Arthurian literature.", "It is also remarked that the only surviving manuscript copy of the English version (attributed to Anthony Wydeville) of Christine de Pizan's Livre du corps de policie has an opening embellishment of the Haute family arms; and that a volume of French vulgate romances in the British Library (from the English Royal Library), including Estoire del Saint Graal, La Queste del Saint Graal, and Morte Artu, belonged to Sir Richard Roos (\"my grete book called Saint Grall bounde in boordes covers with rede leder and with plates of laton\"), who in 1482 bequeathed it to his niece Eleanor Haute (née Roos), the first wife of Sir Richard Haute.", "It was apparently afterwards given to Elizabeth Wydeville.", "Related interest attaches to the books of John Goodere the elder (whose grandson Thomas married William Hawte's granddaughter Joan), who possessed print copies of Dives et Pauper and Knight of the Tower (presumably William Caxton's), a parchment Canterbury Tales, '', 'an olde boke of Bonuauentur' (more likely pseudo-Bonaventure), and '' (De Secretis Mulierum, of pseudo-Albertus Magnus).", "Children \nSir William and Dame Joan were the parents of:\n Alicia Hawte, who married Sir William Crowmer\n William Hawte, who died before his father.", "Thomas Hawte (c.1464-28 November 1502), who married Elizabeth (Isabella), sister of the distinguished judge Sir Thomas Frowyk.", "He was thus uncle to Frideswyde Frowyk, wife of Sir Thomas Cheyne.", "He was made Knight of the Bath in November 1501 at the marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon.", "The inquisition post mortem of Sir Thomas Haute, which is lost, was held in the 18th year of King Henry VII (1502/03).", "A Chancery suit (brought by Isabella) of May 1517 to January 1517/18 shows that Thomas and Isabella had two sons (William and Herry) and five daughters (Jane, Margery, Agnes, Elizabeth and Alice), and supplies other useful information.", "Their son (Sir) William Hawte of Bishopsbourne (c. 1489–1539), whose wardship was granted to Sir Henry Frowyk in 1503, married Mary Guildford (daughter of Sir Richard Guildford, and relict of Christopher Kempe), and was by her father of Jane Haute, the wife of Sir Thomas Wyatt the Younger.", "William remarried to Margaret, daughter of Oliver Wood.", "Their daughter Joan Hawte married (1) Thomas Goodere of Monken Hadley, Middlesex (died 1518): they have monumental brasses there.", "Their children included Francis Goodere, M.P., and Alice, wife of Sir George Penruddock of Ivychurch.", "Joan Hawte married (2) Robert Wroth of Enfield, by whom she was mother of Sir Thomas Wroth and mother-in-law of Edward Lewknor (died 1556).", "The following children probably died in youth:\n John Haute\n Robert Haute\n James Haute\n Richard Haute\n Joan Haute\n Cecily Haute\n\nReferences \n\n1430s births\n1497 deaths\n15th-century English composers\nPeople of the Wars of the Roses\nYear of birth unknown\nPlace of birth unknown\nPlace of death unknown\nHigh Sheriffs of Kent" ]

[ "A prominent member of a Kentish gentry family of long standing in royal service, Sir William Hawte became closely and dangerously involved in the last phases due to his close connections to the Woodville family.", "A number of manuscript choirbooks that survive to this day claim that he is the same Sir William Hawte who was a composer of liturgical and devotional choral music.", "Two settings of the Benedicamus Domino are found in the Pepys Manuscript, and there is a work attributed to him in the Ritson Manuscript.", "Joan Wydeville, daughter of Richard Wydeville, M.P., identified the composer as a son of William Haute of Bishopsbourne, Kent, M.P.", "A person who married in 1429 is from Grafton, Northamptonshire and Maidstone, Kent.", "William the father had a child by his first wife, and there is a mention of a young William Haute seeking a novitiate at Christ Church priory.", "The weight of evidence shows that Sir William was Joan Wydeville's son.", "He was the nephew of the 1st Earl Rivers and the first cousin to the Queen of Edward IV.", "William grew up with an elder half-sibling and with three younger brothers and sisters, one of whom, Alice, was his second wife.", "William was married before that date and had a son called William by his wife, Joan.", "Both of them are mentioned in his father's will.", "The furnishings and chattels are the subject of this document, which was made in May and proved in October.", "Old William wanted to be buried between his two wives in the church of the Fraternity of St Augustine's.", "After some of the choicer items had been allocated to selected recipients, William received the remnants of his father's religious relics.", "The commission of December 1459 and 1460 included both William and his father.", "When William junior was granted for life the office of Keeper of the King's Warren, near Sandwich, he received instructions to set up a beacon along the Kentish coast to give warning of the approach of the king.", "He rode before the queen's litter in the procession and was the first High Sheriff of Kent.", "The Hautes are Sir William Haute and Richard Haute.", "William was appointed by Anthony Woodville to enter his Kentish estates.", "Anne was released from her engagement to Sir John Paston in the 1470s.", "William's brother Richard was given some estates with his brother by grant from their father.", "In 1480, the full estates were granted to the brothers by their father's trustees.", "Richard married Dame Elizabeth Darcy, widow of Sir Richard Darcy of Maldon and Danbury, and daughter of Sir Thomas Tyrrell of Heron, Essex, restoring the bond formed by his grandfather Nicholas Haute's second marriage.", "Thomas was 10 years old when his father died in 1469.", "Richard Haute was Elizabeth's husband for almost immediately after she remarried.", "From 1472 to 1480, Richard was a Member of Parliament for Essex and held commission for the peace in that county.", "He was Sheriff of Essex in the 14th century.", "Richard was granted the freedom of the city of Canterbury when he was a child, and went on to represent it in parliament.", "He was appointed a justice in the queen's forests.", "By the partition indentures of 1480, Sir William received the old family manors of Ford and Ford, as well as the de Marinis lands of Otterpool, Blackmanstone and Elmsted.", "Sir William held a prominent position among the gentry of Kent.", "Although only two of his sons, William and Thomas, and a daughter Alice, reached maturity, there were besides four other sons and two daughters born in this time who appear to have died in their youth.", "He was a justice of the peace for Kent many times.", "He was appointed to a commission against smugglers in 1465 and was reappointed in 1474 and 1465.", "He was often associated with Sir John Fogge, Sir John Scott, Sir John Colepeper and the younger, who married Richard Haute's daughter Isabel.", "He was hired by Lord Rivers to investigate the king's progenitors in 1473 and to survey the walls and ditches in 1474 and 1479.", "He received lands from his cousins, the daughters of his grandfather's nephew, at the same time that he made an important lease of his lands at Shelvingford.", "His second term was as Sheriff of Kent.", "He was appointed to conduct an inquest into the castles and lands of the Duke of Clarence after the king granted him an annuity of 20 marks.", "Richard Haute of Ightham was the Sheriff of Kent in 1478–79.", "Queen Elizabeth appointed Richard Haute to be a tutor to Edward the Prince of Wales and he became comptroller of the prince's household, but it is questionable if he was Sir William's brother.", "The younger Richard Haute was made steward of the lordship of the prince during his minority in 1481, after he had distinguished himself in the tourneys at the marriage of Prince Richard, Duke of York to Anne Mowbray.", "The Duke of Gloucester disliked the Hautes because of their close association with the Wydevilles.", "Sir William granted family manors and possessions to trustees for the purpose of wills, though none survive.", "Sir William Haute took over from Richard Haute as Sheriff of Kent in 1481–22, and he leased land near the old Haute seat of Wadenhall.", "He had a commission for walls and ditches.", "The story is said to have been told by Sir Thomas More that Sir Richard Haute was with Anthony Woodville, 2nd Earl Rivers, Sir Richard Grey and Sir Thomas Vaughan when they were arrested by the Duke of Gloucester.", "Woodville made Richard Haute.", "An individual who was in his will.", "While Edward Hall's Chronicle states that this all appears, Richard Hawte is not named where the story appears in More's History of King Richard the Third.", "Both Richard Hautes and Sir William survived the reign of Richard III.", "Sir William Haute was removed from office as Sheriff of Kent after Richard III was proclaimed king.", "In Buckingham's rebellion, in the middle weeks of October 1483, Sir William was held by the December 1483 proclamation to be a ringleader, and was outlawed among the principals, with Sir John Guildford and Sir Thomas Lewknor as being.", "Richard's lands were seized and granted to his brother James Haute, who had not rebelled.", "The second lease of Sir William's lands in Shelvingford was performed in 1494.", "After the Battle of Bosworth Field, Richard Haute of Ightham was included in the general act of restitution which was issued in the first year of King Henry VII.", "Anthony Woodville, awaiting execution, had made him an executor of his will, and Richard is also mentioned in the will of his stepson.", "Richard of Ightham died in 1487, a writ for his inquisition was issued on 11 May, and the inquest was held on 14 November, Edward Haute, aged 11 and more, was his son and heir.", "The last will and testament of Richard was not recorded until January 1488, after Elizabeth received a pardon.", "Richard is referred to as the \"late sheriff of Essex and Hertfordshire\" and the \"late justice of the sewer to Edward IV\".", "In January 1506/07, Elizabeth's will was proved.", "Sir William's life of service was still going on.", "He granted a lease of a house in Canterbury in the last year of his commission of the peace and gaol delivery.", "His cousin Sir Richard Haute died at the end of 1492, leaving his lands to his wife and little son Henry at Swerdling, and providing that his mother Margaret should have convenient lodging there, with £5 rent to be paid at Warehorne.", "After the death in 1486 of her second husband John Green, Sir Richard's widow was the daughter of Thomas Boston.", "Eleanor, Sir Richard's first wife, brought him Yorkshire manors forfeited.", "Sir William made an agreement with Edward, his brother Richard's son, that Swerdling should be held to his use in tail.", "Edward was a gentleman of Petham.", "Sir William was commissioned to take part in a muster of Kentish soldiers for the defence of Berwick against the Scots.", "The 12th year of Henry VII saw the death of Sir William Hawte.", "The writ was issued on 7 September 1499 and it showed that he died in the manors of Warehorne and Snave.", "Thomas Haute, who was 33 at the time, was the heir to his father's throne.", "Dame Alice Fogg gave a grant from lands at Ashford to provide for an Obit of 10s.", "At the anniversary of her husband's death, she wanted to pray for the souls of her husband and her own soul.", "The literary interests of this family in this or the next generation are suggested by early ownership of Middle English prose, derived from an Old French prose cycle of Arthurian literature.", "The only surviving manuscript copy of the English version of Christine de Pizan's Livre du corps de policie has an opening embellished of the Haute family arms.", "It was given to Elizabeth Wydeville.", "William Caxton's print copies of Dives et Pauper and Knight of the Tower are related to the books of John Goodere the elder, whose grandson Thomas married William Hawte's granddaughter Joan.", "Sir William and Dame Joan were the parents of two children.", "Elizabeth was the sister of the distinguished judge Sir Thomas Frowyk.", "He was an uncle to the wife of Sir Thomas Cheyne.", "The marriage of Arthur, Prince of Wales to Catherine of Aragon made him Knight of the Bath.", "The post mortem of Sir Thomas Haute was held in the 18th year of King Henry VII.", "The Chancery suit shows that Thomas and Isabella had two sons, William and Herry, and five daughters, Jane, Margery, Agnes, Elizabeth and Alice.", "Their son was granted wardship to Sir Henry Frowyk in 1503 and married Mary Guildford, daughter of Sir Richard Guildford and Christopher Kempe.", "Margaret is the daughter of Oliver Wood.", "They have monumental brasses where their daughter was married to Thomas Goodere.", "Their children were Francis and Alice.", "The mother of Sir Thomas Wroth and mother-in-law of Edward Lewknor was married to Robert Wroth.", "The following children died in youth: John Haute, Robert Haute, James Haute, Richard Haute, Joan Haute, and Cecily Haute." ]

[ "William Hawte", "William Hawte", "William Haute", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Haute", "William Rastell", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Hawte", "William", "William", "William Haute", "William Hawte", "William Caxton", "William", "Alicia Hawte", "William Crowmer", "William Hawte", "Thomas Hawte", "William", "William Hawte", "William", "Joan Hawte" ]

[ "William Hawte", "William Hawte", "William Haute", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Haute", "Richard Hawte", "William", "William Haute", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William", "William Ha", "William Caxton", "William Haw", "William", "William" ]

[ "David Bruce Vitter (born May 3, 1961) is an American lobbyist, lawyer, and politician who served as United States Senator for Louisiana from 2005 to 2017.", "A Republican, Vitter served in the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999.", "He then represented Louisiana's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.", "Vitter was first elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004.", "He was the first Republican to represent Louisiana in the Senate since the Reconstruction Era, and the first ever Republican to be popularly elected.", "In 2007, Vitter admitted to and apologized for past involvement with a Washington, D.C. escort service.", "In 2010, Vitter won a second Senate term by defeating Democratic U.S. Representative Charlie Melançon.", "Vitter unsuccessfully ran for governor to succeed the term-limited Bobby Jindal in the 2015 gubernatorial election.", "He lost the general election to Democrat John Bel Edwards.", "While conceding defeat to Edwards, Vitter announced that he would not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and would retire from office at the completion of his term.", "Following the conclusion of his second Senate term, Vitter became a lobbyist.", "Early life and education\n\nDavid Bruce Vitter was born on May 3, 1961 in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "He is the son of Audrey Malvina (née St. Raymond) and Albert Leopold Vitter.", "Vitter graduated in 1979 from De La Salle High School in New Orleans.", "While a student at De La Salle, Vitter participated in the Close Up Washington civic education program.", "He received a Bachelor of Arts from Harvard College in 1983; a second B.A.", "from Magdalen College, Oxford in 1985, as a Rhodes Scholar; and a Juris Doctor degree in 1988 from the Tulane University Law School in New Orleans.", "He was a practicing lawyer, and adjunct law professor at Tulane and Loyola University New Orleans.", "Vitter and his wife Wendy, a former prosecutor, have three daughters, Sophie, Lise, and Airey, and a son, Jack.", "Vitter's brother Jeffrey is a notable computer scientist who has served as chancellor of the University of Mississippi from January 2016 to January 2019.", "Early political career\n\nLouisiana House of Representatives\nVitter was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999.", "As a freshman representative, he filed two complaints against Governor Edwin W. Edwards before the Louisiana Ethics Board.", "One questioned the financing of a trip Edwards took to Las Vegas, Nevada, where he attended an Evander Holyfield fight and gambled at Caesars Palace.", "The other questioned the involvement of Edwards' children in riverboat casinos.<ref>\"Vitter's complaint filed against Edwards\", Minden Press-Herald, November 8, 1993, p. 1</ref>\n\nVitter has argued for ethics reform and term limits since he was in the Louisiana Legislature in the early 1990s.", "As a Louisiana state legislator, Vitter successfully pushed through a term limits amendment to the state constitution to oust the largely Democratic legislature.", "The first election legislators affected by the reform occurred in 2007.", "In order to leverage the term limits advantage in that election, Vitter formed a Political Action Committee with the goal of winning a legislative Republican majority.", "While the Republicans saw gains, the Democrats maintained majority control.", "Vitter opposed gambling during his tenure in the Louisiana House.", "United States House of Representatives\nVitter won a special election to Louisiana's 1st congressional district in 1999, succeeding Republican U.S. Representative Bob Livingston, who resigned after disclosure that he had committed adultery.", "In the initial vote on May 1, 1999, former Congressman and Governor David C. Treen finished first with 36,719 votes (25 percent).", "Vitter was second, with 31,741 (22 percent), and white nationalist David Duke finished third with 28,055 votes (19 percent).", "Monica L. Monica, a Republican ophthalmologist, had 16 percent; State Representative Bill Strain, a conservative Democrat, finished fifth with 11 percent; and Rob Couhig, a Republican lawyer and the owner of New Orleans's minor league baseball team, garnered 6 percent.", "In the runoff, Vitter defeated Treen 51–49 percent.", "In 2000 and 2002, Vitter was re-elected with more than 80 percent of the vote in what had become a safe Republican district.", "In 2001, Vitter co-authored legislation to restrict the number of physicians allowed to prescribe RU-486, a drug used in medical abortions.", "The bill died in committee.", "In 2003, Vitter proposed to amend the U.S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage.", "In 2004, he said, \"This is a real outrage.", "The Hollywood left is redefining the most basic institution in human history...We need a U.S.", "Senator who will stand up for Louisiana values, not Massachusetts values.\"", "2003 gubernatorial election\nIn 2002, Vitter was preparing to run for governor in 2003, with the incumbent, Republican Mike Foster, prevented by term limits from running again.", "But in June 2002, shortly before the Louisiana Weekly reported on a claim from Vincent Bruno, a campaign worker for Treen in 1999, about Vitter's alleged relationship with a prostitute, Vitter dropped out of the governor's race, saying he and his wife were dealing with marital problems.", "Bruno said on a New Orleans-based radio show that he had been told by a prostitute that she had interactions with Vitter.", "However, Treen and his campaign decided to not publicize this information during the election.", "United States Senate\n2004 election\n\nIn 2004, Vitter ran to replace Democrat John Breaux in the U.S. Senate.", "Former state Senator Daniel Wesley Richey, a Baton Rouge political consultant, directed Vitter's grassroots organization in the race, with assistance from Richey's longtime ally, former state Representative Louis E. \"Woody\" Jenkins of Baton Rouge, himself a defeated U.S. Senate candidate in 1978, 1980, and 1996.", "During the campaign, Vitter was accused by a member of the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee of having had a lengthy affair with a prostitute in New Orleans.", "Vitter responded that the allegation was \"absolutely and completely untrue\" and that it was \"just crass Louisiana politics.\"", "On November 2, 2004, Vitter won the jungle primary, garnering a majority of the vote, while the rest of the vote was mostly split among the Democratic contenders.", "Vitter was the first Republican in Louisiana to be popularly elected as a U.S.", "Senator.", "The previous Republican Senator, William Pitt Kellogg, was chosen by the state legislature in 1876, in accordance with the process used before the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1914.", "State Representative Mike Futrell of Baton Rouge resigned early in 2005 to become Vitter's state director.", "Futrell remained in the position until 2008, when he was engaged in East Baton Rouge Parish municipal/parish government.", "2010 election\n\nVitter began fundraising for his 2010 reelection run in December 2008.", "He raised $731,000 in the first quarter of 2009 and $2.5 million for his 2010 campaign.", "He had wide leads against potential Democratic opponents in aggregate general election polling.", "He faced intraparty opposition from Chet D. Traylor of Monroe, a former associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court, in the August 28 Republican primary election and defeated him.", "He faced the Democratic U.S. Representative Charlie Melançon of Napoleonville in the November 2 general election.", "State Representative Ernest Wooton of Belle Chasse in Plaquemines Parish, an Independent, also ran.", "On Nov 4, 2010, Vitter was re-elected as Louisiana Senator, defeating his Democratic rival, Melancon.", "Vitter got 715,304 votes while Melancon got 476,423 votes.", "Vitter received about 57% of the total vote while Melancon got 38%.", "The Independent candidate Wooton finished with 8,167 votes, or 1 percent of the total cast.", "Tenure\nVitter has identified himself as a political conservative throughout his political career.", "His legislative agenda includes positions ranging from anti-abortion to pro-gun rights while legislating against gambling, same-sex marriage, civil unions, federal funding for abortion providers, increases in the State Children's Health Insurance Program, the United Nations, and amnesty for America's illegal immigrants.", "Vitter's stated positions include a balanced budget constitutional amendment, abolishing the federal and state estate tax, increasing local police forces, and an assortment of health care, tax and national defense reforms.", "After conceding defeat to John Bel Edwards in the 2015 Louisiana gubernatorial election, Vitter announced that he would not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and would retire from office at the completion of his term.", "Abortion\nIn October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment barring all federal public funds to health care providers and Planned Parenthood that provide services that include abortion.", "Federal law bars any funding to directly finance elective abortions in accordance with the Hyde amendment.", "Vitter argued that the funds are used for overhead costs that benefit the abortion services.", "The amendment failed to pass.", "Following the rejection, Vitter and others urged\nthe Senate to pass a similar bill introduced by Vitter in\nJanuary 2007.", "The bill failed to pass.", "In January 2008, Vitter proposed an amendment to prohibit the funding of abortions with Indian Health Service funds except in the case of rape, incest, or when the life of the woman is at risk.", "The amendment would have held future presidential administrations to an executive principle first crafted in 1982 by the Ronald Reagan White House.", "Vitter's amendment passed the Senate but later was stalled in the House.", "Later that year, Vitter co-sponsored the Pregnant Women Health and Safety Act which – along with other oversight regulations – required doctors performing abortions to have the authority granted by a nearby hospital to admit patients.", "The bill was never reported to committee.", "Abstinence education\nVitter advocated abstinence-only sex education, emphasizing abstinence over sex education that includes information about birth control, drawing criticism from Planned Parenthood.", "He said, \"Abstinence education is a public health strategy focused on risk avoidance that aims to help young people avoid exposure to harm...by teaching teenagers that saving sex until marriage and remaining faithful afterwards is the best choice for health and happiness.\"", "Automotive industry bailout\nVitter was one of 35 Senators to vote against the Big 3 Bailout bill.", "The financial bailout package was for GM, Chrysler, and Ford, but failed to pass on December 11, 2008.", "During the Senate debate Vitter referred to the approach of giving the automotive industry a financial package before they restructured as \"ass-backwards\".", "He soon apologized for the phrasing of the comment, which did not appear in the Congressional Record.", "BP Horizon oil spill\nIn response to the April 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill at an offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico threatening the coast of Louisiana, Vitter introduced legislation along with Jeff Sessions of Alabama to increase the liability cap of an oil company from $75 million to its most recent annual profits (or $150 million if greater).", "In the case of BP, the owner of the oil lease, its liability would be $20 billion.", "Vitter later introduced an amendment that would remove the cap entirely for this particular spill.", "Competing Democratic proposals would have raised the liability to $10 billion regardless of profits or removed the cap altogether.", "Sessions argued that large caps unrelated to company profits would harm smaller companies.", "Chemical safety\nIn May 2013, Vitter introduced the Chemical Safety Improvement Act, a bipartisan bill to reform the Toxic Substances Control Act, which would have regulated the introduction of new or already existing chemicals.", "The bill would have given additional authority to the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate chemicals and streamline the patchwork of state laws on chemicals under federal authority.", "Child protection\nIn April 2008, Vitter introduced an amendment to continue funding the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act which was excluded from the 2008/2009 budget.", "The federal program maintains a national sex offender registry, provides resources for tracking down unregistered sex offenders and increases penalties for the sexual assault of children.", "His amendment received bipartisan support.", "Children's health insurance program\nIn September 2007, Vitter opposed an increase of $35 billion for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the national program to provide health care for children from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance.", "He said he preferred that private health insurance provide the needed care and deemed the bill as \"Hillarycare\", a reference to the 1993 Clinton health care plan created by Hillary Clinton which proposed universal health care.", "Ethics and term limits\nVitter refused to pledge to a voluntary term limit when running for the U.S. Congress in 1999.", "His opponent characterized this stance as hypocritical, and Vitter countered that unless it were universally applied, the loss of seniority would disadvantage his district.", "As a Senator, he has proposed term limit constitutional amendments for members of Congress three times.", "Vitter eventually decided to retire from the Senate in 2016 after serving two terms.", "In 2007, in response to lobbying scandals involving, among others, Jack Abramoff and Duke Cunningham, Congress passed a lobbying and ethics reform package to which Vitter proposed a package of five amendments.", "The Senate approved three that limited which legislators' spouses could lobby the Senate, created criminal penalties for legislators and executive branch officials who falsify financial reports, and doubled the penalties for lobbyists who failed to comply with disclosure requirements.", "The Senate rejected prohibiting legislators from paying their families with campaign funds with some saying it was unrelated to the current legislation and others that the payments were not a problem.", "Additionally, they tabled his proposal to define Indian tribes as corporations and its members as shareholders so that they are required to contribute to candidates through political action committees instead of their tribal treasury.", "Senators objected saying that they are already subjected to campaign laws for unincorporated entities and individuals and that the proposal was singling them out unfairly.", "The reform package became law in September 2007.", "In 2009, Vitter and Democratic former Senator Russ Feingold announced an effort to end automatic pay raises for members of Congress.", "Franken Amendment\n\nIn October 2009, the Senate passed Democratic Senator Al Franken's amendment to the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that would forbid federal contractors from forcing victims of sexual assault, battery and discrimination to submit to binding arbitration (where a third-party typically chosen by the contractor adjudicates) and thereby prohibiting them from going to court.", "The impetus for the amendment came from the story of Jamie Leigh Jones who alleged that she was drugged and gang-raped by employees of Halliburton/KBR, a federal contractor.", "The amendment passed 68 to 30 with all opposition coming from Republicans including Vitter (all four female Republicans, six other Republicans and all present Democrats voted for passage).", "Vitter's 2010 Democratic Senatorial opponent Charlie Melancon criticized Vitter for his vote saying, \"David Vitter has refused to explain why he voted to allow taxpayer-funded companies to sweep rape charges under the rug.", "We can only guess what his reasons were.\"", "However, The Washington Post columnist Kathleen Parker argued that the 30 senators were being \"unfairly smeared for doing the harder thing, maybe even for the right reasons.\"", "Republican senators said they voted against it because it was unenforceable, a position also taken by the Department of Defense (DOD) and the Obama administration.", "However, the DOD and the White House stated they agreed with the intent of the legislation and suggested it would be better if it was broadened to prohibit the use of arbitration in cases of sexual assault for any business contract, not just federal contractors.", "Senators explained their vote against the legislation by saying it was a political attack on Halliburton and that the Senate shouldn't regulate contracts.", "The latter argument is countered with many examples of similar restrictions on contractors such as discrimination, bonuses and health care.", "Others felt it was unconstitutional and that arbitration is useful in resolving disputes, often faster, privately and cheaper.", "Later, a Baton Rouge rape survivor confronted Vitter at a town hall meeting saying, \"[it] meant everything to me that I was able to put the person who attacked me behind bars ... How can you support a law that tells a rape victim that she does not have the right to defend herself?\"", "Vitter replied, \"The language in question did not say that in any way shape or form.\"", "Gambling\nVitter opposed a bid by the Jena Band of Choctaw Indians to build a casino in Louisiana, arguing that the build site was not historically part of their tribal lands.", "He lobbied the Interior Department and included language in an appropriations bill to stop the casino.", "Although the Interior Department gave its approval, the casino has not yet been approved by the state.", "The Jena chief accused Vitter of ties with disgraced lobbyist Jack Abramoff, who simultaneously lobbied against the casino.", "The chairman of the Senate committee investigating the lobbyist said, \"The committee has seen absolutely no evidence whatsoever that Senator Vitter's opposition to (the proposed casino) had to do with anything other than his long-standing opposition to gambling.\"", "In 2007 and 2008, Vitter introduced a bill to prohibit Indian casinos such as Jena's.", "Neither bill became law.", "Gun rights\nRated \"A\" by the National Rifle Association, Vitter has been a consistent defender of gun rights.", "In April, 2006, in response to firearm confiscations in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Vitter was the Senate sponsor of the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act, to prohibit federal funding for the confiscation of legally held firearms during a disaster.", "Later, Vitter included the provisions of the act in an amendment to an appropriation bill for the Department Of Homeland Security.", "The bill became law in September 2006, with the amendment modified to allow for the temporary surrender of a firearm as a condition for entering a rescue or evacuation vehicle.", "On April 17, 2013, Vitter voted against the Toomey-Manchin Gun Control Amendment.", "The amendment failed to reach the sixty senatorial votes necessary to overcome a Republican-led filibuster.", "The Toomey-Manchin Gun Control Amendment is a bipartisan deal on gun background checks.", "Under the proposal, federal background checks would be expanded to include gun shows and online sales.", "All such sales would be channeled through licensed firearm dealers who would be charged for keeping record of transactions.", "The proposal does not require background checks for private sales between individuals.", "In February 2008, Vitter – along with Senators Larry Craig and Mike Crapo of Idaho – blocked the confirmation of Michael J. Sullivan as head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF) saying Sullivan supports \"burdensome regulations\" on gun owners and dealers and is \"overly aggressive\" enforcing gun laws.", "An editorial writer for The Boston Globe wrote that Vitter's position was \"unreasonable\" because the guns Sullivan sought to control are those commonly used in crimes: those stolen or purchased on the black market.", "On the other hand, gun rights advocates say that many gun dealers have lost their licenses for harmless bureaucratic errors.", "Sullivan stayed on as acting head of the ATF until January 2009 to make way for President Barack Obama to name his own nominee.", "Hurricane Katrina\n\nIn the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Vitter and the rest of the Louisiana congressional delegation worked to bring aid to the Gulf Coast region to rebuild broken levees, schools and hospitals, restore coastal wetlands, and provide assistance for its many victims.", "In early September, Vitter said that he would give \"the entire big government organized relief effort a failing grade, across the board.\"", "He said that state and local governments shared in the blame as well.", "Vitter's actions during Hurricane Katrina are described in historian Douglas Brinkley's May 2006 book, The Great Deluge.", "In September 2007, Vitter announced that he got \"a critical concession\" from the White House that decreased Louisiana's obligations for hurricane recovery by $1 billion.", "However, the White House said that was false.", "Immigration\nVitter has been actively involved with legislation concerning illegal immigrants.", "In June 2007, he led a group of conservative Senators in blocking the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act, a piece of federal legislation that would have granted a pathway to legal residence to 12 million illegal immigrants coupled with increased border enforcement.", "The bill's defeat won Vitter national attention as the bill was supported by President George W. Bush, John McCain, and Ted Kennedy, among others.", "Vitter characterized the bill as amnesty, which supporters denied.", "Bush accused the bill's opponents of fear mongering.", "In October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment withholding Community Oriented Policing Services funds from any sanctuary city which bans city employees and police officers from asking people about their immigration status in violation of the Illegal Immigration Act.", "Democratic Senator Dick Durbin, in opposition to the amendment, said these cities do not want to inquire about someone's status if they report a crime, are a victim of domestic violence or get vaccinations for their children.", "The amendment was defeated.", "In November 2007, Vitter introduced a bill requiring banks to verify that no customer was an illegal immigrant before issuing banking or credit cards.", "The bill never made it out of committee.", "In March 2008, Vitter reintroduced the latter two proposals and cosponsored ten of eleven other bills in a Republican package of tough immigration enforcement measures including jail time for illegal border crossing; deportation for any immigrant (legal or illegal) for a single driving while intoxicated; declaration of English as the official language (thereby terminating language assistance at voting booths and federal agencies)' additional construction of a border fence; permission for local and state police to enforce immigration laws and penalties for states who issue drivers licenses to illegals.", "None of these proposals passed, partially because the Democratic-controlled Senate preferred a comprehensive approach which would include a guest-worker program and a path to citizenship for the current population more akin to the package defeated by Vitter in 2007.", "In April 2008, Vitter introduced a joint resolution proposing a constitutional amendment that a child born in the United States is not a citizen unless a parent is a citizen, lawful permanent resident, or alien serving in the military.", "Currently the Constitution grants citizenship to children born within the U.S. regardless of the legal status of the parents.", "The bill never made it out of the Democratic-led committee.", "Louisiana Family Forum earmark \n\nIn September, 2007, Vitter earmarked $100,000 in federal money for a Christian group, the Louisiana Family Forum, known for challenging evolution by means of \"teaching the controversy\" which promotes intelligent design.", "According to Vitter, the earmark was \"to develop a plan to promote better science education\".", "The Times-Picayune alleged the group had close ties with Vitter.", "However, they have criticized Vitter for his support of Rudy Giuliani.", "On October 17, 2007, the liberal organization People For the American Way, along with several other groups asked the Senate to remove the earmark.", "Vitter later withdrew it.", "Military\nIn May 2008, Vitter voted with the majority, despite the opposition of Bush and other Republicans, for the passage of the Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 to expand educational benefits for veterans similar to the level provided for returning World War II veterans in the G.I.", "Bill.", "Network neutrality\nVitter was one of six senate Republicans to propose an amendment to a bill which would stop the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) from enforcing network neutrality which they allege is a violation of the First Amendment.", "New Orleans public housing \nIn September 2007, The Times-Picayune reported that Vitter and the Bush administration opposed a provision of The Gulf Coast Housing Recovery bill which required that every public housing apartment torn down be replaced with another form of low-income housing on a one-for-one basis.", "The administration testified that there was not sufficient demand for public housing units, a position contested by several senators.", "Vitter stated it would recreate \"housing projects exactly as they were\", isolated and riddled with crime.", "However, Mary Landrieu, the Louisiana Democratic Senator, said the intent was to make certain there were affordable places for working-class people who returned.", "The bill requires that demolished housing projects be replaced with mixed income communities which local housing advocates say is different from the massive public housing developments that Vitter is referring to.", "However, the bill does not include a ban on large-scale projects.", "The city housing authority is planning on replacing 4,000 low-income units with mixed-income projects providing a smaller inventory of low-income units.", "In December 2007, Vitter prevented the bill from leaving the committee.", "Obama nominations\nVitter and Jim DeMint were the only two Senators that voted against Hillary Clinton's confirmation for the position of Secretary of State under the new Obama administration, on January 21, 2009.", "He blocked President Obama's nominee for the new Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) administrator until he received a written commitment on flood control issues from the nominee and FEMA.", "The New York Times, along with some Republican Senators, criticized Vitter for what it characterized as political posturing, given that the hurricane season was quickly approaching.", "He lifted his hold on May 12, 2009.", "Obamacare\nVitter opposed President Barack Obama's health reform legislation; he voted against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act in December 2009, and he voted against the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.", "Same-sex marriage\nVitter opposes both same-sex marriage and civil unions.", "In June 2006, he said \"I don't believe there's any issue that's more important than this one ...", "I think this debate is very healthy, and it's winning a lot of hearts and minds.", "I think we're going to show real progress.\"", "In 2006, he told The Times-Picayune, \"I'm a conservative who opposes radically redefining marriage, the most important social institution in human history.\"", "In October 2005, at a Lafayette Parish Republican Executive Committee luncheon, Vitter compared gay marriage to hurricanes Katrina and Rita, which came through the same geographical areas.", "Vitter said \"It's the crossroads where Katrina meets Rita.", "I always knew I was against same-sex unions.\"", "School board prayer\nIn 2005 Vitter introduced a resolution supporting prayer at school board meetings in response to an earlier district court decision that the Louisiana's Tangipahoa Parish practice of opening meetings with Christian prayers was unconstitutional.", "The bill died in committee after receiving little support from colleagues on both sides of the aisle.", "Alt URL Vitter later reintroduced the resolution in January 2007 after a panel of the Fifth Circuit Court concluded that Christian prayers were unconstitutional but was undecided whether nonsectarian prayers were allowed.", "In July 2007, the full Fifth Circuit dismissed the case because of a lack of standing.", "The school board subsequently resumed prayer evocations but opened it to diverse community religions.", "Vitter's bill died in committee.", "Alt URL\n\nTea Party movement\nIn recognition of the Tea Party protests opposing President Barack Obama's policies, Vitter proposed Senate Resolution 98, which would designate April 15 in years both 2009 and 2010 as \"National TEA Party Day\".", "As of April 2009, the bill has no cosponsors and has been referred to the Committee on the Judiciary with no scheduled action.", "In September 2010, Vitter signed a candidate pledge from the North Central Louisiana TEA Party Patriots.", "It included a promise to \"Conduct myself personally and professionally in a moral and socially appropriate manner.\"", "United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea\nIn September 2007, during hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Vitter expressed serious doubts about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty concerning issues of U.S. sovereignty echoing an array of conservative groups against the treaty including the National Center for Public Policy Research, the Heritage Foundation and the Center for Security Policy.", "The treaty, which sets up countries' jurisdiction over their coasts and ocean including exploration and navigation rights, was supported by the Bush administration, a majority of the United States Senate, the Pentagon, the State Department and Navy as do a coalition of business and environmental groups.", "The committee approved the treaty 17–4, with Vitter voting no.", "Water Resources and Development Act \nVitter helped write the Water Resources and Development Act for flood-control, hurricane-protection and coastal-restoration projects including $3.6 billion for Louisiana.", "He called it the \"single most important\" legislation for assisting Louisiana with its recovery from hurricane Katrina.", "President George W. Bush vetoed the act, objecting to its cost.", "Congress overrode his veto, enacting the bill.", "Committee assignments\n Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs\n Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development\n Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection\n Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment\n Committee on Environment and Public Works\n Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety\n Subcommittee on Oversight\n Subcommittee on Transportation and Infrastructure (Chairman)\n Committee on the Judiciary\n Subcommittee on Crime and Terrorism\n Subcommittee on Immigration and The National Interest\n Subcommittee on Oversight, Agency Action, Federal Rights and Federal Courts\n Subcommittee on the Constitution\n Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship (Chairman)\n\n2007 prostitution scandal\nIn early July 2007, Vitter's phone number was included in a published list of phone records of Pamela Martin and Associates, a company owned and run by Deborah Jeane Palfrey, also known as the \"D.C. Madam\", who was convicted by the U.S. government for running a prostitution service.", "Hustler identified the phone number and contacted Vitter's office to ask about his connection to Palfrey.", "The following day, Vitter issued a written statement in which he took responsibility for his \"sin\" and asked for forgiveness.", "On July 16, 2007, after a week of self-imposed seclusion, Vitter emerged and called a news conference.", "As his wife stood next to him, Vitter asked the public for forgiveness.", "Following Vitter's remarks, his wife Wendy Vitter spoke, but both refused to answer any questions.", "In 2004, Vitter had denied allegations that he had patronized prostitutes.", "While the Louisiana state Republican Party offered guarded support, national Republicans offered forgiveness.", "The Nation'' predicted that the Republican Party would be in a \"forgiving mood\", because if he were to resign, Governor of Louisiana Kathleen Blanco, a Democrat, would likely appoint a Democrat to take Vitter's place until a special election could be held, thus increasing Democratic control over the US Senate.", "On September 8, 2015, reporter Derek Myers was fired from WVLA-TV after asking Vitter, who was running for governor, about allegations that the senator had frequented prostitutes.", "After Myers' question, Myers said an unnamed coworker overheard a conversation about the Vitter campaign's ad dollars at the station, possibly with a threat from the campaign to pull the ads.", "Democrat John Bel Edwards released an ad about the prostitution scandal two weeks before the run-off election and won by more than 12%.", "2015 gubernatorial election\n\nVitter announced on January 21, 2014, that he would run for governor of Louisiana in the 2015 election.", "Then-Governor Bobby Jindal was ineligible to seek re-election due to term limits.", "Vitter was the first sitting or ex-U.S.", "Senator to launch a gubernatorial bid in Louisiana since 1904, when Democrat Newton Blanchard was elected.", "Vitter's major opponents were Republicans Scott Angelle, Louisiana Public Service Commissioner and former lieutenant governor, and Jay Dardenne, the current lieutenant governor; and Democrat John Bel Edwards, Minority Leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives.", "On November 5, Dardenne, who finished fourth in the primary election, endorsed Democrat Edwards in the general election race against his intraparty rival Vitter.", "Dardenne made the announcement at \"Free Speech Alley\" in front of the LSU Student Union building in Baton Rouge.", "After the primary, polls showed Edwards with a commanding lead over Vitter.", "Verne Kennedy of Market Research Insight placed Edwards ahead, 54 to 38 percent or 51 to 40 percent, depending on the level of turnout among African-American voters, either 25 or 20 percent, accordingly.", "In the November 21 runoff election, Edwards defeated Vitter by 56% to 44%.", "Other political involvement\nVitter became involved in the Louisiana State Senate District 22 special election held in January 2011, a vacancy created by the resignation of Troy Hebert, who accepted an appointment in the Jindal administration in Baton Rouge.", "Vitter endorsed and made telephone calls on behalf of a Democrat-turned-Republican state representative, Simone B.", "Champagne of Jeanerette in Iberia Parish.", "However, Champagne was soundly defeated by another Democrat-turned-Republican state lawmaker, Fred Mills, Jr., a banker and pharmacist from St. Martin Parish.", "In August 2014, Vitter endorsed the Common Core curriculum for Louisiana schools, a position shared by his Republican intraparty rival for governor, Lieutenant Governor Jay Dardenne.", "Vitter said that he regards Governor Bobby Jindal's attempt to withdraw from Common Core before the start of another school year to be \"very disruptive\".", "Vitter described Common Core as \"very strong, significant, positive standards\".", "In 2016, Vitter succeeded after a five-year battle in passing through the Senate landmark legislation to reform the country's chemical safety laws.", "Vitter called the legislation a \"big accomplishment.", "This is an area of federal law that everybody, every stakeholder, every group, whether it's some far-left environmental group or industry, said needed to be updated.", "The trick was getting agreement on doing that.\"", "Democratic colleague Richard Durbin of Illinois, a frequent critic of Vitter, said that if the bill is enacted with President Obama's signature \"it's quite an accomplishment for him and for Congress to pass historic legislation.\"", "Post-Senate career\nAfter his Senate term ended, Vitter joined the Washington, D.C. lobbying firm, Mercury LLC.", "As of October 2019, Vitter lobbies for sanctioned Chinese surveillance company Hikvision as well as for the Libyan Government of National Accord and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.", "Also lobbied for sanctioned Russian bank Sovcombank." ]

[ "David Bruce Vitter is an American lobbyist, lawyer, and politician who served as United States Senator for Louisiana from 2005 to 2017.", "Vitter was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999.", "He represented Louisiana's 1st congressional district in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1999 to 2005.", "Vitter was first elected to the Senate in 2004.", "He was the first Republican to represent Louisiana in the Senate since the Reconstruction Era and the first ever Republican to be elected.", "Vitter apologized for his past involvement with a Washington, D.C. escort service.", "Vitter won a second Senate term in 2010 by defeating Melanon.", "Vitter ran for governor in 2015, but lost.", "He lost the election.", "Vitter will not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and will retire from office at the end of his term.", "Vitter became a lobbyist after his second Senate term.", "David Bruce Vitter was born in New Orleans, Louisiana.", "He is the son of two people.", "Vitter attended De La Salle High School in New Orleans.", "Vitter was a student at De La Salle.", "He graduated from Harvard College with a Bachelor of Arts in 1983.", "In 1985 I was a Rhodes Scholar and in 1988 I received a Juris Doctor degree.", "He was a practicing lawyer and law professor.", "Vitter has a son, Jack, and three daughters, Lise, and Airey.", "Jeffrey Vitter was the chancellor of the University of Mississippi from January 2016 to January 2019.", "Vitter was a member of the Louisiana House of Representatives from 1992 to 1999.", "He was a freshman representative when he filed two complaints against the governor.", "He attended an Evander Holyfield fight and gambled at a casino in Las Vegas.", "Vitter has argued for ethics reform and term limits since he was in the Louisiana Legislature.", "Vitter was a state legislator in Louisiana when he pushed through a term limits amendment to the state constitution.", "In 2007, the first election legislators were affected by the reform.", "Vitter formed a Political Action Committee to win a legislative Republican majority in order to leverage the term limits advantage.", "The Democrats maintained majority control.", "Vitter was against gambling when he was in the Louisiana House.", "Vitter was elected to the United States House of Representatives in 1999 in Louisiana's 1st congressional district, succeeding Bob Livingston, who resigned after it was revealed that he had committed adultery.", "David C. Treen finished first with 36,719 votes.", "Vitter received more votes than David Duke and finished second.", "Monica, a Republican, had 16 percent; State Representative Bill Strain, a conservative Democrat, finished fifth with 11 percent; and Rob Couhig, a Republican lawyer and the owner of New Orleans's minor league baseball team, had 6 percent.", "Vitter defeated Treen in the second round.", "Vitter was re-elected in 2000 and 2002 with more than 80 percent of the vote.", "Legislation was co-authored by Vitter in 2001 to restrict the number of physicians allowed to prescribe the drug.", "The bill was not passed in the committee.", "Vitter wanted to amend the U.S. Constitution to ban same-sex marriage.", "He said in 2004 that it was a real outrage.", "The most basic institution in human history is being redefined by the Hollywood left.", "Senator who will stand up for Louisiana values.", "The incumbent, Republican Mike Foster, was prevented by term limits from running again, so in 2003 Vitter was preparing to run for governor.", "In June 2002, shortly before the Louisiana Weekly reported on a claim fromVincent Bruno, a campaign worker for Treen in 1999, Vitter dropped out of the governor's race, saying he and his wife were dealing with marital problems.", "Bruno said on a New Orleans-based radio show that he had been told by a woman that she had sex with Vitter.", "Treen and his campaign decided not to give out this information during the election.", "Vitter was elected to the U.S. Senate in 2004.", "Vitter's grassroots organization was directed by a Baton Rouge political consultant and a former state Representative.", "A member of the Louisiana Republican State Central Committee accused Vitter of having an affair with a woman in New Orleans.", "Vitter said that the allegation was absolutely and completely untrue and that it was just Louisiana politics.", "Vitter won the jungle primary with a majority of the vote, but the rest of the vote was mostly split between the Democrats.", "The first Republican in Louisiana to be elected as a U.S. senator was Vitter.", "Senator.", "The process used before the Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution went into effect in 1914 allowed the previous Republican Senator, William Pitt Kellogg, to be chosen by the state legislature in 1876.", "Vitter's state director, Mike Futrell of Baton Rouge, resigned early in 2005.", "Futrell was engaged in East Baton Rouge Parish municipal/parish government.", "Vitter began raising money for his reelection campaign in December 2008.", "He raised over a million dollars in the first quarter of 2009.", "He had wide leads against potential Democratic opponents.", "He was defeated in the August 28 Republican primary by a former associate justice of the Louisiana Supreme Court.", "He faced Charlie Melanon in the general election.", "State Representative Ernest Wooton ran as an Independent.", "Vitter was re-elected as Louisiana Senator, defeating Melancon.", "Melancon got 476,423 votes while Vitter got 715,304.", "Vitter received more votes than Melancon.", "Wooton received 8,167 votes, or 1 percent of the total cast.", "Throughout his political career, Tenure Vitter has identified himself as a political conservative.", "His legislative agenda includes positions against gambling, same-sex marriage, civil unions, federal funding for abortion providers, and increases in the State Children's Health Insurance Program.", "Vitter's stated positions include a balanced budget constitutional amendment, abolishing the federal and state estate tax, increasing local police forces, and an assortment of health care, tax and national defense reforms.", "After losing the Louisiana governor's race in 2015, Vitter announced that he would not seek reelection to his Senate seat in 2016 and would retire from office at the end of his term.", "In October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment barring federal public funds from being used for abortion services.", "The Hyde amendment bars federal funding for abortions.", "Overhead costs that benefit the abortion services are what the funds are used for.", "The amendment did not pass.", "Following the rejection, Vitter and others urged the Senate to pass a similar bill.", "The bill did not pass.", "In January 2008, Vitter proposed an amendment to prohibit the funding of abortions with Indian Health Service funds except in the case of rape, incest, or when the life of the woman is at risk.", "Ronald Reagan's White House created an executive principle in 1982 that would have held future presidential administrations to.", "The Senate passed Vitter's amendment, but it was not approved by the House.", "Vitter co-sponsored the Pregnant Women Health and Safety Act, which required doctors performing abortions to have the authority granted by a nearby hospital to admit patients.", "The bill wasn't reported to the committee.", "Sex education that includes information about birth control was criticized by Vitter.", "He said, \"Abstinence education is a public health strategy focused on risk avoidance that aims to help young people avoid exposure to harm...by teaching teenagers that saving sex until marriage and remaining faithful afterwards is the best choice for health and happiness.\"", "Vitter voted against the Big 3 bailout bill.", "The financial rescue package for GM, Chrysler, and Ford failed to pass on December 11, 2008.", "Vitter referred to the approach of giving the automotive industry a financial package before they restructured as \"ass-backwards\".", "He apologized for the wording of the comment, which did not appear in the Congressional Record.", "In response to the April 2010 oil spill at an offshore drilling rig in the Gulf of Mexico threatening the coast of Louisiana, Vitter introduced legislation along with Jeff Sessions of Alabama to increase the liability cap of an oil company from $75 million to its most recent annual profits.", "The owner of the oil lease is liable for $20 billion.", "Vitter introduced an amendment that would remove the cap for this particular spill.", "The Democratic proposals would have raised the liability to $10 billion regardless of profits.", "Smaller companies would be hurt by large caps unrelated to profits.", "The Chemical Safety Improvement Act was introduced by Vitter in May and would have regulated the introduction of new or already existing chemicals.", "The bill would have given the EPA more authority to regulate chemicals and made it easier for states to regulate them.", "The Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act was not included in the 2008/09 budget.", "The federal program provides resources for tracking down sex offenders, as well as increasing penalties for the sexual assault of children.", "bipartisan support was given to his amendment.", "In September 2007, Vitter opposed an increase of $35 billion for the State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP), the national program to provide health care for children from families who earn too much to qualify for Medicaid but cannot afford private health insurance.", "The 1993 Clinton health care plan created by Hillary Clinton was referred to as \"Hillarycare\" by him because he preferred private health insurance to provide the needed care.", "Vitter refused to pledge to a voluntary term limit when he ran for Congress in 1999.", "Vitter countered that the loss of seniority would hurt his district if it were not universally applied.", "He has proposed term limits for members of Congress three times.", "Vitter decided to retire from the Senate after two terms.", "Congress passed a lobbying and ethics reform package in 2007, which Vitter proposed a package of five amendments.", "The Senate voted to limit which legislators' spouses could lobby the Senate, created criminal penalties for legislators and executive branch officials who fudge financial reports, and doubled the penalties for lobbyists who fail to comply with disclosure requirements.", "Some senators said the payments were not a problem and others said it was unrelated to the current legislation.", "They tabled his proposal to define Indian tribes as corporations and its members as shareholders so that they are required to contribute to candidates through political action committees instead of their tribal treasury.", "Senators said that they are already subject to campaign laws for unincorporated entities and that the proposal was unfair.", "The reform package became law.", "Automatic pay raises for members of Congress were announced by Vitter and Feingold in 2009.", "In October 2009, the Senate passed an amendment to the 2010 Defense Appropriations bill that would forbid federal contractors from forcing victims of sexual assault, battery and discrimination to submit to binding arbitration.", "The story of Jamie Leigh Jones, who alleged that she was drugged and gang-raped by employees of a federal contractor, inspired the amendment.", "All four female Republicans, six other Republicans and all present Democrats voted for the amendment to pass.", "Vitter's 2010 Democratic Senatorial opponent Charlie Melancon criticized Vitter for his vote saying, \"David Vitter has refused to explain why he voted to allow taxpayer-funded companies to sweep rape charges under the rug.\"", "We don't know what his reasons were.", "The Washington Post columnist argued that the 30 senators were being unfairly smeared for doing the harder thing.", "Republican senators said they voted against it because it was impossible to enforce.", "The DOD and the White House agreed with the intent of the legislation and suggested that it would be better if it was expanded to prohibit the use of arbitration in cases of sexual assault for any business contract, not just federal contractors.", "The Senate shouldn't regulate contracts after they explained their vote against the legislation.", "Discrimination, bonuses and health care are examples of similar restrictions on contractors.", "It was felt that it was unconstitutional and that it was useful in resolving disputes.", "A rape survivor confronted Vitter at a town hall meeting, saying that he was able to put the person who attacked him behind bars because of the law.", "Vitter said that the language in question did not say that.", "Gambling Vitter argued that the site of the casino was not part of the tribal lands.", "He worked with the Interior Department to stop the casino.", "The casino has not yet been approved by the state.", "Vitter was accused of ties with a lobbyist who was against the casino.", "The chairman of the Senate committee investigating the lobbyist said there was no evidence that Senator Vitter's opposition to the casino had anything to do with his long-standing opposition to gambling.", "Vitter introduced a bill to ban Indian casinos.", "The bills became law.", "Vitter has been a consistent defender of gun rights.", "Vitter was the Senate sponsor of the Disaster Recovery Personal Protection Act to prohibit federal funding for the confiscation of legally held firearms during a disaster.", "The act was included in an amendment to an appropriation bill.", "The bill became law in September of 2006 with an amendment that allowed for the temporary surrender of a firearm as a condition for entering a rescue or evacuate vehicle.", "Vitter voted against the gun control amendment.", "The amendment did not get the 60 votes needed to overcome the Republican-led filibuster.", "The gun control amendment is a bipartisan deal.", "Federal background checks would be expanded to include gun shows and online sales.", "All sales would be routed through licensed dealers who would keep a record of transactions.", "Background checks are not required for private sales between individuals.", "Vitter was one of three senators who blocked the confirmation of Sullivan as head of the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives.", "An editorial writer for The Boston Globe wrote that Vitter's position was unreasonable because the guns Sullivan sought to control are those commonly used in crimes: those stolen or purchased on the black market.", "Many gun dealers have lost their licenses because of bureaucratic errors, according to gun rights advocates.", "Sullivan was acting head of the ATF until January 2009, when President Barack Obama named his own nominee.", "Vitter and the rest of the Louisiana congressional delegation worked to bring aid to the Gulf Coast region to rebuild broken levees, schools and hospitals, restore coastal wetlands, and provide assistance for its many victims.", "Vitter said in September that he would give the entire relief effort a failing grade.", "He said that both state and local governments were to blame.", "In Douglas Brinkley's book, The Great Deluge, Vitter's actions are described.", "In September 2007, Vitter announced that he got a critical concession from the White House that decreased Louisiana's obligations for hurricane recovery by $1 billion.", "The White House said that was not true.", "Legislation concerning illegal immigrants has been worked on by Immigration Vitter.", "In June 2007, he led a group of conservative Senators in blocking the Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act, a piece of federal legislation that would have granted a pathway to legal residence to 12 million illegal immigrants.", "George W. Bush, John McCain, and Ted Kennedy supported the bill that was defeated.", "The bill was characterized by Vitter as \"amnesiac\".", "The bill's opponents were accused of fear mongering by Bush.", "In October 2007, Vitter introduced an amendment that would prevent any sanctuary city from receiving Community Oriented Policing Services funds if they asked people about their immigration status in violation of the Illegal Immigration Act.", "Some cities don't want to inquire about someone's status if they report a crime, are a victim of domestic violence or get vaccinations for their children, according to Dick Durbin.", "The amendment was defeated.", "In November 2007, Vitter introduced a bill requiring banks to verify that no customer was an illegal immigrant before issuing banking or credit cards.", "The bill didn't make it out of the committee.", "In March 2008, Vitter reintroduced the latter two proposals and cosponsored ten of eleven other bills in a Republican package of tough immigration enforcement measures.", "The Democratic-controlled Senate preferred a comprehensive approach which would include a guest-worker program and a path to citizenship for the current population more akin to the package defeated by Vitter in 2007.", "A child born in the United States is not a citizen unless the parent is a citizen, lawful permanent resident, or alien serving in the military, according to a resolution introduced by Vitter in April 2008.", "The Constitution grants citizenship to children born in the U.S. regardless of their parents' legal status.", "The bill didn't make it out of the committee.", "In September of 2007, Vitter earmarked $100,000 in federal money for the Louisiana Family Forum, a Christian group known for challenging evolution by means of \"teaching the controversy\" which promotes intelligent design.", "Vitter said it was to develop a plan to promote better science education.", "The group had close ties with Vitter according to the Times-Picayune.", "They criticized Vitter for his support of Giuliani.", "On October 17, 2007, the liberal organization People For the American Way, along with several other groups asked the Senate to remove the earmark.", "Vitter later withdrew it.", "The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 was passed by the majority despite the opposition of Bush and other Republicans.", "Bill.", "Vitter was one of six senators who proposed an amendment to a bill that would stop the FCC from enforcing network neutrality, which they say is a violation of the First Amendment.", "In September 2007, The Times-Picayune reported that Vitter and the Bush administration opposed a provision of The Gulf Coast Housing Recovery bill which required that every public housing apartment torn down be replaced with another form of low-income housing on a one-for-one basis.", "Several senators disagreed with the administration's testimony that there wasn't enough demand for public housing units.", "Vitter said it would recreate housing projects exactly as they were.", "Mary Landrieu said the intent was to make sure there were affordable places for working-class people who returned.", "The bill requires that demolished housing projects be replaced with mixed income communities which local housing advocates say is different from the massive public housing developments that Vitter is referring to.", "Large-scale projects are not included in the bill.", "Replacing 4,000 low-income units with mixed-income projects will provide a smaller inventory of low-income units.", "The bill was prevented from leaving the committee by Vitter.", "On January 21, 2009, Vitter and DeMint voted against Hillary Clinton's confirmation for the position of Secretary of State under the new Obama administration.", "The nominee for the FEMA administrator was blocked until he received a written commitment from the nominee and FEMA on flood control issues.", "The New York Times, along with some Republican Senators, criticized Vitter for what it characterized as political posturing, given that the Hurricane season was quickly approaching.", "On May 12, 2009, he lifted his hold.", "President Barack Obama's health reform legislation was opposed by Vitter, who voted against it in December 2009, as well as the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010.", "Civil unions and same-sex marriage are against Vitter's beliefs.", "\"I don't believe there's any issue that's more important than this one,\" he said in June.", "The debate is winning a lot of hearts and minds, and I think it's healthy.", "I think we're going to make progress.", "He told The Times-Picayune in 2006 that he was a conservative who opposed changing the definition of marriage.", "In October 2005, at a Lafayette Parish Republican Executive Committee luncheon, Vitter compared gay marriage to hurricanes.", "Vitter said, \"It's the crossroads where Rita and Katrina meet.\"", "I knew I was against same-sex unions.", "The Louisiana's Tangipahoa Parish practice of opening meetings with Christian prayers was found to be unconstitutional by a district court.", "The bill received little support from colleagues on both sides of the aisle.", "The resolution was reintroduced in January 2007, after a panel of the Fifth Circuit Court decided that Christian prayers were unconstitutional.", "The case was dismissed by the Fifth Circuit due to lack of standing.", "The school board reopened prayer evocations to diverse community religions.", "The bill died in the committee.", "In recognition of the Tea Party protests opposing President Barack Obama's policies, Vitter proposed Senate Resolution 98, which would designate April 15 of each year as \"National TEA Party Day\".", "The bill was referred to the Committee on the Judiciary with no scheduled action as of April 2009.", "Vitter was a candidate for the North Central Louisiana TEA Party.", "It promised to conduct myself personally and professionally in a moral and socially appropriate manner.", "In September 2007, during hearings of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Vitter expressed serious doubts about the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea treaty.", "The Bush administration, a majority of the United States Senate, the Pentagon, the State Department and Navy, as well as a coalition of business and environmental groups supported the treaty.", "The treaty was approved by the committee with Vitter voting no.", "The Water Resources and Development Act was written by Vitter for flood-control, hurricane-protection and coastal-restoration projects.", "He said it was the most important legislation for Louisiana's recovery from hurricanes.", "The act was vetoed by President George W. Bush.", "The bill was enacted after Congress overrode his veto.", "Committee assignments are as follows: Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs Subcommittee on Housing, Transportation, and Community Development Subcommittee on Financial Institutions and Consumer Protection Subcommittee on Securities, Insurance, and Investment Committee on Environment and Public Works Subcommittee on Clean Air and Nuclear Safety", "Vitter's office was contacted by Hustler to inquire about his connection to Palfrey.", "On the day after, Vitter issued a written statement in which he apologized and asked for forgiveness.", "On July 16, 2007, after a week of self-imposed seclusion, Vitter emerged and called a news conference.", "Vitter asked the public for forgiveness as his wife stood next to him.", "Wendy Vitter did not answer any questions after her husband's remarks.", "Vitter denied allegations that he had used prostitutes.", "National Republicans offered forgiveness while the Louisiana state Republican Party offered guarded support.", "The Nation predicted that the Republican Party would be in a \"forgiving mood\" because the Governor of Louisiana would likely appoint a Democrat to take Vitter's place until a special election could be held.", "On September 8, 2015, a reporter for WVLA-TV was fired after asking Vitter about allegations that the senator had frequented prostitutes.", "An unnamed coworker overheard a conversation about the Vitter campaign's ad dollars at the station, possibly with a threat from the campaign to pull the ads.", "Two weeks before the run-off election, John Bel Edwards released an ad about the prostitution scandal.", "On January 21, 2014, Vitter announced that he would run for governor of Louisiana.", "Governors are not allowed to seek re-election due to term limits.", "Vitter was the first to leave the U.S.", "Since 1904, when DemocratNewton Blanchard was elected, a senator has launched a gubernatorial bid in Louisiana.", "Republicans Scott Angelle, the former lieutenant governor, and Jay Dardenne, the current lieutenant governor, were Vitter's main opponents.", "On November 5, Dardenne, who finished fourth in the primary election, endorsed DemocratEdwards in the general election race against Vitter.", "The announcement was made in front of the LSU Student Union building.", "After the primary, polls showedEdwards with a big lead over Vitter.", "Depending on the level of turnout among African-American voters,Edwards was placed ahead, 54 to 38 percent or 51 to 40 percent, by Verne Kennedy of Market Research Insight.", "In the November 21 election, Vitter was defeated byEdwards.", "Vitter was involved in the Louisiana State Senate District 22 special election that was held in January of 2011.", "Vitter made calls on Simone B.'s behalf.", "Jeanerette has champagne in her possession.", "Champagne was defeated by Fred Mills, Jr., a Republican state lawmaker from St. Martin Parish.", "In August of last year, Vitter endorsed the Common Core curriculum for Louisiana schools, a position shared by his Republican rival for governor.", "Vitter said that the Governor's attempt to withdraw from Common Core before the start of another school year was very disruptive.", "Common Core was described by Vitter as \"very strong, significant, positive standards\".", "Vitter succeeded in passing the landmark legislation to reform the country's chemical safety laws.", "Vitter said the legislation was a big accomplishment.", "This is an area of federal law that everybody, every stakeholder, every group, needs to be updated.", "Getting agreement on doing that was the trick.", "\"If the bill is enacted with President Obama's signature, it's quite an accomplishment for him and for Congress to pass historic legislation,\" said Richard Durbin, a frequent critic of Vitter.", "After his Senate term ended, Vitter joined a lobbying firm.", "Vitter lobbies for Chinese companies as well as the Libyan Government of National Accord and the Zimbabwean Ministry of Foreign Affairs and International Trade.", "Lobbying for a Russian bank." ]

[ "David Bruce Vitter", "David Bruce", "Vitter", "Vitter", "David C", "David Duke", "Vitter", "Vitter", "David Vitte" ]

[ "David Bruce Vitter", "David Bruce", "Vitter", "David C", "David Duke", "Vitter", "David Vitte", "Immigration Vitter", ". Vitter", "Vitter" ]

[ "Alexandra Lowe Riley (born 30 October 1987) is an American-born New Zealand professional footballer who plays as a defender for Angel City of the NWSL and captains the New Zealand women's national football team.", "As a collegiate athlete, she captained the Stanford soccer team to two NCAA semi-finals and one final.", "Early life\nBorn in Los Angeles, California to parents John Graham Riley and Beverly Fong Lowe, Ali attended St. Matthew's Parish School in Pacific Palisades and Harvard-Westlake School in North Hollywood, California.", "She was named captain of the soccer team during her senior season and was a two-time Mission League Offensive MVP as well as a two-time first-team San Fernando Valley selection.", "As a senior, she helped lead the Wolverines to the 2006 Southern Section Division I final and was named to the All-CIF Southern Section Division I first team.", "Riley also competed for local soccer clubs, LA Breakers FC (formerly Westside Breakers) and Real SoCal (formerly SoCal United).", "Stanford University\nRiley attended Stanford University and played for the Stanford Cardinal from 2006 to 2009.", "During her freshman year, she started in fifteen of the eighteen matches she played.", "She played forward and scored four goals with two assists.", "As a sophomore, she played sixteen games and started in fourteen of them.", "She scored two goals and had two assists.", "During her junior year, Riley converted from her position at forward to an outside back, which is what she plays for the New Zealand National Team.", "As a senior, Riley started in each of the twenty-four games and scored one goal with one assist.", "Club career\n\nFC Gold Pride\nIn January 2010, Riley was selected as the tenth pick in the first round of the 2010 WPS Draft by FC Gold Pride.", "While she plays on her natural right wing-back position for the NZ Women's National Team, she plays professionally as a left wing-back and had three assists in the 2010 run to the WPS championship by FC Gold Pride.", "Riley won the WPS Rookie of the Year award.", "Western New York Flash\nRiley signed for Western New York Flash for the 2011 season becoming a free agent after FC Gold Pride failed to find financial backers.", "In the 2011 season Riley was a finalist for Defender of the year as the Flash swept both the league season title and then won the 2011 WPS Championship.", "In 2012, Riley re-signed with Western New York Flash for the 2012 season, however, the league folded before play began.", "LdB FC Malmö/FC Rosengård\nWith the suspension of the WPS, she signed in 2012 with LdB FC Malmö, 2011 Swedish League Champions.", "In her first game, (the Super Cupen) she assisted on the winning goal.", "She played her first full season in the Damallsvenskan in 2013.", "With LdB FC Malmö she finished top of the table.", "In September 2013 Riley re-signed with LdB FC Malmö (since December 2013 renamed FC Rosengård) for the 2014 and 2015 seasons.", "FC Rosengård again won gold in the Damallsvenskan.", "In March 2015 she played both at full-back and forward in her second Super Cupen victory with Rosengård.", "In September 2015 she re-signed with Rosengård.", "The team went on to win the Damallsvenskan for the third straight year earning Riley earned her fifth league championship in her eight-year career.", "Chelsea\nOn 26 June 2018, it was announced that Riley would be leaving Rosengård in July to join Chelsea in the English FA Women's Super League.", "Bayern Munich\nOn 18 July 2019, Riley moved to Bayern Munich of the Frauen Bundesliga.", "Orlando Pride\nOn 10 February 2020, Ali Riley returned to the US and signed for Orlando Pride on a one-year contract with an option for an additional year.", "The season was postponed due to the coronavirus pandemic with the NWSL eventually scheduling a smaller schedule 2020 NWSL Challenge Cup tournament.", "However, on 22 June 2020, the team withdrew from the tournament following positive COVID-19 tests among both players and staff.", "Loan to FC Rosengård\nOn 13 July 2020, having been unable to feature for Orlando Pride, Riley returned to Sweden to be with her partner during the pandemic and rejoined Rosengård on loan.", "Angel City FC\nOn 27 January 2022, Riley was traded to Angel City FC in exchange for $15,000 in allocation money and a third-round pick in the 2023 NWSL Draft.", "International\n\nAli Riley's father is from New Zealand.", "Riley represented New Zealand at the 2006 Women's U-20 World Cup finals.", "She was named Player of the game v. Russia.", "She made her Football Ferns debut in a 0–5 loss to Australia on 6 February 2007, and represented New Zealand at the 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup finals in China, where they lost to Brazil 0–5, Denmark (0–2) and China (0–2).", "Riley also played every minute for the New Zealand squad in the 2008 Summer Olympics where they drew with Japan (2–2) before losing to Norway (0–1) and the United States (0–4).", "Riley's first international goal was scored in the final of the OFC Women's Nations Cup as New Zealand qualified for the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup with an 11–0 win over Papua New Guinea.", "On 27 June 2011, Riley earned her 50th A-international cap in a 2–1 loss to Japan in New Zealand's opening group stage match at the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "In the final seconds of extra time in the match v. Mexico she assisted on the tying goal that gave the Football Ferns their first point in a World Cup final.", "In the 2012 Olympics Riley played every minute of the Football Ferns' four games.", "In the preliminary round games the Ferns lost 0–1 to Great Britain and Brazil and beat Cameroon 3–1.", "This was the first victory by a NZ football team in the Olympics.", "With the victory the Ferns advanced to the second round based on goal differential.", "In the quarter-final the Ferns played the USA losing 0–2.", "In 2013 Riley started for New Zealand in a series of games establishing the Football Ferns as a growing force in international competition.", "The Ferns won the Vallais Cup beating #4 Brazil 1–0 and #16 China 4–0 and also had ties playing #10 Australia, #3 Japan and #1 USA.", "She featured in all New Zealand's three matches at the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup in Canada.", "In the 2016 Rio Olympics Riley played every minute of the Football Ferns' three games.", "The Ferns lost 0–2 to USA, 0–3 to France and beat Colombia 1–0.", "Riley has been the captain of the Football Ferns since the 2017 Cyprus Cup.", "In April 2019, Riley was named to the final 23-player squad for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.", "Career statistics\n\nClub \n.", "International goals \n New Zealand score listed first, score column indicates score after each Riley goal.", "Women players\nFA Women's Super League players\nExpatriate women's footballers in England\nSoccer players from California\nWomen's association football midfielders\nWomen's association football defenders\nNew Zealand women's international footballers\nFIFA Century Club\nFootballers at the 2016 Summer Olympics\nAmerican people of New Zealand descent\nNew Zealand people of American descent\nNew Zealand people of Chinese descent\nAmerican women's soccer players\nHarvard-Westlake School alumni\n2019 FIFA Women's World Cup players\nFC Bayern Munich (women) players\nExpatriate sportspeople in Germany\nFrauen-Bundesliga players\nOrlando Pride players\nAngel City FC players\nFootballers at the 2020 Summer Olympics\nNational Women's Soccer League players\nWomen's Professional Soccer players" ]

[ "The captain of the New Zealand women's national football team is an American-born New Zealand professional footballer who plays for Angel City of the NWSL.", "She captained the soccer team to two NCAA semi-finals and one final.", "Ali was born in Los Angeles, California to parents John Graham Riley and Beverly Fong Lowe.", "She was named captain of the soccer team her senior year and was a two-time first-team San Fernando Valley selection.", "She was named to the All-CIF Southern Section Division I first team as a senior and helped lead the Wolverines to the 2006 Southern Section Division I final.", "LA Breakers FC and Real SoCal are soccer clubs that Riley competed for.", "Riley played for the Cardinal from 2006 to 2009.", "She started in fifteen of eighteen matches during her freshman year.", "She was 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217 800-273-3217", "She started in fourteen of the sixteen games she played as a sophomore.", "She had two assists.", "Riley moved from forward to outside back during her junior year in order to play for the New Zealand National Team.", "In twenty-four games as a senior, Riley scored one goal and had one assist.", "Riley was selected as the tenth pick in the first round of the 2010 WPS Draft by FC Gold Pride.", "She plays for the New Zealand Women's National Team on her natural right wing-back position, but she also plays professionally as a left wing-back for FC Gold Pride.", "Riley won the award.", "Riley became a free agent after FC Gold Pride failed to find financial backers.", "Riley was a finalist for defender of the year in the 2011 season as the Flash swept both the league season title and the championship.", "The league folded before the start of the 2012 season after Riley re-signed with Western New York.", "She joined LdB FC Malm in 2012 after the suspension of the WPS.", "She assisted on the winning goal in her first game.", "She played her first full season in the Damallsvenskan.", "She finished at the top of the table.", "Riley re-signed with LdB FC Malm in September of 2013).", "FC Rosengrd won gold again.", "In her second Super Cupen victory, she played both at full-back and forward.", "She re-signed with Rosengrd in September of 2015.", "The team won the Damallsvenskan for the third straight year, earning Riley her fifth league championship in her eight-year career.", "Riley will be leaving Rosengrd in July to join the English FA Women's Super League.", "Riley moved to the FCB on 18 July 2019.", "Ali Riley returned to the US on February 10, 2020 and signed a one-year contract with an option for an additional year.", "The 2020 NWSL Challenge Cup tournament was scheduled after the season was postponed due to the coronaviruses.", "The team withdrew from the tournament on June 22, 2020 after positive COVID-19 tests among both players and staff.", "Riley returned to Sweden to be with her partner during the Pandemic and rejoined Rosengrd on loan.", "Riley was traded to Angel City FC in exchange for $15,000 in allocation money and a third-round pick in the NWSL draft.", "Ali Riley's father is from New Zealand.", "The Women's U-20 World Cup finals were held in New Zealand.", "She was named the player of the game.", "She made her Football Ferns debut in a 0–5 loss to Australia on February 6, 2007, and went on to represent New Zealand at the Women's World Cup finals in China, where they lost to Brazil 0–5 and China 0–2.", "In the 2008 Summer Olympics, Riley played every minute for the New Zealand squad as they lost to the United States and Norway.", "Riley's first international goal was scored in the final of the OFC Women's Nations Cup as New Zealand qualified for the 2011.", "Riley earned her 50th A-international cap in a 2–1 loss to Japan in New Zealand's opening group stage match at the 2011 Women's World Cup.", "She assisted on the tying goal that gave the Football Ferns their first point in a World Cup final.", "The Football Ferns played in the 2012 Olympics.", "The Ferns lost to Great Britain and Brazil in the preliminary round.", "The first victory by a New Zealand football team in the Olympics was 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519 800-211-2519", "The Ferns advanced to the second round based on goal differential.", "The Ferns lost to the USA in the quarter-finals.", "The Football Ferns became a force in international competition after Riley started for New Zealand.", "The Ferns beat Brazil 1–0 and China 4–0 to win the Vallais Cup and had ties with Australia, Japan, and the USA.", "She played in all three of New Zealand's matches at the Women's World Cup.", "The Football Ferns played three games in the Rio Olympics.", "The Ferns defeated France 1–0 and lost to the USA 0–2.", "The Football Ferns won the Cyprus Cup under Riley's leadership.", "The final 23 players for the Women's World Cup were named in April.", "The club deals with career statistics.", "The score column indicates the score after each Riley goal.", "Football players from California, New Zealand, and American people of New Zealand descent play in the FA Women's Super League." ]

[ "Alexandra Lowe Riley", "John Graham Riley", "Ali", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Ali Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Ali Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley" ]

[ "Ali", "John Graham Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Ali Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Ali Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley", "Riley" ]

[ "Hans Freudenthal (17 September 1905 – 13 October 1990) was a Jewish-German-born Dutch mathematician.", "He made substantial contributions to algebraic topology and also took an interest in literature, philosophy, history and mathematics education.", "Biography\nFreudenthal was born in Luckenwalde, Brandenburg, on 17 September 1905, the son of a Jewish teacher.", "He was interested in both mathematics and literature as a child, and studied mathematics at the University of Berlin beginning in 1923.", "He met Brouwer in 1927, when Brouwer came to Berlin to give a lecture, and in the same year Freudenthal also visited the University of Paris.", "He completed his thesis work with Heinz Hopf at Berlin, defended a thesis on the ends of topological groups in 1930, and was officially awarded a degree in October 1931.", "After defending his thesis in 1930, he moved to Amsterdam to take up a position as assistant to Brouwer.", "In this pre-war period in Amsterdam, he was promoted to lecturer at the University of Amsterdam, and married his wife, Suus Lutter, a Dutch teacher.", "Although he was a German Jew, Freudenthal's position in the Netherlands insulated him from the anti-Jewish laws that had been passed in Germany beginning with the Nazi rise to power in 1933.", "However, in 1940 the Germans invaded the Netherlands, following which Freudenthal was suspended from duties at the University of Amsterdam by the Nazis.", "In 1943 Freudenthal was sent to a labor camp in the village of Havelte in the Netherlands, but with the help of his wife (who, as a non-Jew, had not been deported) he escaped in 1944 and went into hiding with his family in occupied Amsterdam.", "During this period Freudenthal occupied his time in literary pursuits, including winning first prize under a false name in a novel-writing contest.", "With the war over, Freudenthal's position at the University of Amsterdam was returned to him, but in 1946 he was given a chair in pure and applied mathematics and foundations of mathematics at Utrecht University, where he remained for the rest of his career.", "He served as the 8th president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction from 1967 to 1970.", "In 1971 he founded the Institute for the Development of Mathematical Education (IOWO) at Utrecht University, which after his death was renamed the Freudenthal Institute.", "In 1972 he founded and became editor-in-chief of the journal Geometriae Dedicata.", "He retired from his professorship in 1975 and from his journal editorship in 1981.", "He died in Utrecht in 1990, sitting on a bench in a park where he always took a morning walk.", "Contributions\nIn his thesis work, published as a journal article in 1931, Freudenthal introduced the concept of an end of a topological space.", "Ends are intended to capture the intuitive idea of a direction in which the space extends to infinity, but have a precise mathematical formulation in terms of covers of the space by nested sequences of compact sets.", "Ends remain of great importance in topological group theory, Freudenthal's motivating application, and also in other areas of mathematics such as the study of minimal surfaces.", "In 1936, while working with Brouwer, Freudenthal proved the Freudenthal spectral theorem on the existence of uniform approximations by simple functions in Riesz spaces.", "In 1937 he proved the Freudenthal suspension theorem, showing that the suspension operation on topological spaces shifts by one their low-dimensional homotopy groups; this result was important in understanding the homotopy groups of spheres (since every sphere can be formed topologically as a suspension of a lower-dimensional sphere) and eventually formed the basis of stable homotopy theory.", "The Freudenthal magic square is a construction in Lie algebra developed by Freudenthal (and independently by Jacques Tits) in the 1950s and 1960s, associating each Lie algebra to a pair of division algebras.", "In 1968, Freudenthal founded the journal, Educational Studies in Mathematics (ESM).", "Becoming one of the top-rated journals in the field of mathematics education, ESM was focused on publishing research around finding better ways to teach mathematics.", "Later in his life, Freudenthal focused on elementary mathematics education.", "In the 1970s, his single-handed intervention prevented the Netherlands from following the worldwide trend of \"new math\".", "He was also a fervent critic of one of the first international school achievement studies.", "He interpreted mathematics as a human activity where students should open a scientific eye on the world around them, mathematizing real situations, in a context that makes sense for the students.", "This approach is called Realistic Mathematics Education (RME).", "Freudenthal published the Impossible Puzzle, a mathematical puzzle that appears to lack sufficient information for a solution, in 1969.", "He also designed a constructed language, Lincos, to make possible communication with extraterrestrial intelligence.", "Selected publications\n\n.", ".\n.\n.\n.\n.\n.\n [Children's story left unfinished in 1943, completed and translated into Spanish by his son Matijs (Matías)].", "Awards and honors\nIn 1951, Freudenthal became a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "He was also an honorary member of the International Academy of the History of Science.", "He was awarded the Gouden Ganzenveer award in 1984.", "In 2000, the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction instituted an award named in honor of Freudenthal, the Hans Freudenthal Medal.", "It is given in odd-numbered years (beginning in 2003) for an \"outstanding achievement in mathematics education research\" in the form of \"a major cumulative program of research\".", "Recipients of the medal have included Celia Hoyles, Paul Cobb, Anna Sfard, Yves Chevallard, Luis Radford and Frederick Leung.", "The asteroid 9689 Freudenthal is named after him.", "See also\n Freudenthal algebra\n Sum and Product Puzzle\n\nReferences\n\nFurther reading\n\n Autobiography by Hans Freudenthal, Hans, schrijf dat op\n.", ".\n.\n.\n.\n\n1905 births\n1990 deaths\nPeople from Luckenwalde\n20th-century German Jews\n20th-century Dutch mathematicians\nHistorians of mathematics\nJewish scientists\nConstructed language creators\nInterstellar messages\nMathematics educators\nMembers of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences\nTopologists\nUniversity of Amsterdam faculty\nUtrecht University faculty\n20th-century historians\nFunctional analysts\nEducational Studies in Mathematics editors" ]

[ "Hans Freudenthal was a Jewish-German-born Dutch mathematician.", "He had an interest in literature, philosophy, history and mathematics education.", "The son of a Jewish teacher, Freudenthal was born in 1905.", "He studied mathematics at the University of Berlin from 1923 to 1923 and was interested in both mathematics and literature.", "In 1927, Freudenthal visited the University of Paris and met Brouwer, who was in Berlin to give a lecture.", "He was awarded a degree in 1931 after completing his thesis work at Berlin, as well as defending his thesis on the ends of topological groups.", "He moved to Amsterdam in 1930 to work as an assistant to Brouwer.", "He was promoted to lecturer at the University of Amsterdam and married a Dutch teacher.", "Although he was a German Jew, Freudenthal's position in the Netherlands insulated him from the anti-Jewish laws that had been passed in Germany.", "After the Germans invaded the Netherlands in 1940, Freudenthal was suspended from his job at the University of Amsterdam.", "In 1943 Freudenthal was sent to a labor camp in the village of Havelte in the Netherlands, but with the help of his wife, he escaped in 1944 and went into hiding with his family.", "Freudenthal won the first prize in a novel-writing contest under a false name.", "After the war ended, Freudenthal's position at the University of Amsterdam was returned to him, but in 1946 he was given a chair in pure and applied mathematics and foundations of mathematics at Utrecht University, where he remained for the rest of his career.", "He was the 8th president of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction.", "After his death, the Institute for the Development of Mathematical Education was renamed the Freudenthal Institute.", "The journal Geometriae Dedicata was founded in 1972 by him.", "His journal editorship ended in 1981 and he retired from his professorship in 1975.", "He died on a bench in the park where he used to take a morning walk.", "Freudenthal introduced the concept of an end of a topological space in his thesis work.", "The ends are intended to capture the idea of a direction in which the space extends to infinite, but have a precise mathematical formula in terms of covers of the space by nested sets.", "The study of minimal surfaces is one of the areas where ends are important.", "The existence of uniform approximations by simple functions in Riesz spaces was proved by Freudenthal in 1936.", "In 1937 he showed that the suspension of a lower-dimensional sphere can be shifted by one of its low-dimensional homotopy groups.", "The magic square is a Lie algebra construction created by Freudenthal and Jacques Tits in the 1950s and 1960s.", "The journal Educational Studies in Mathematics was founded in 1968.", "One of the top-rated journals in the field of mathematics education, ESM was focused on publishing research around finding better ways to teach mathematics.", "Freudenthal was interested in elementary mathematics education.", "The Netherlands was prevented from following the worldwide trend of \"new math\" by his single-handed intervention.", "He was a critic of the first international school achievement studies.", "He thought mathematics was a human activity where students should look at the world around them in a way that makes sense for them.", "This approach is called realistic mathematics education.", "The Impossible Puzzle was published in 1969 by Freudenthal.", "Lincos is a language that could be used to communicate with extraterrestrial intelligence.", "There are selected publications.", "The children's story was completed and translated into Spanish by his son Matijs.", "Freudenthal was a member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.", "He was a member of the International Academy of the History of Science.", "The Gouden Ganzenveer award was given to him in 1984.", "The Hans Freudenthal medal was instituted in 2000 by the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction.", "It is given in odd-numbered years for an \"outstanding achievement in mathematics education research\" in the form of a major cumulative program of research.", "The recipients of the medal have included a number of people.", "The asteroid 9689 Freudenthal is named after him.", "There are also references to Freudenthal math and product puzzles.", "People from Luckenwalde 20th-century German Jews 20th-century Dutch mathematicians are historians." ]

[ "Hans Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Hans Freudenthal", "Hans" ]

[ "Hans Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Freudenthal", "Hans Freudenthal" ]

[ "{{hatnote|In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gonzalo and the second or maternal family name is Otamendi}}\n\nNicolás Hernán Gonzalo Otamendi (born 12 February 1988) is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Portuguese Primeira Liga club Benfica and the Argentina national team.", "Otamendi played for Vélez Sarsfield and Porto in his early career, winning eight major titles with Porto, including three Primeira Liga championships and the 2011 Europa League.", "He signed for Valencia in 2014 and spent four months on loan to Atlético Mineiro of Brazil.", "In 2015 he moved to Manchester City and won the Premier League in 2017–18 and 2018–19, as well as four League Cups and an FA Cup.", "An Argentina international since 2009, Otamendi represented his country at two World Cups and four Copas América, in which he contributed to consecutive runner-up finishes before winning the latter honour at the fourth attempt in 2021.", "Club career\nVélez\nBorn in Buenos Aires, Otamendi made his Primera División debut for Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield on 10 May 2008, in a 2–1 home win against Rosario Central for the Clausura tournament.", "During manager Hugo Tocalli's spell he was only fifth-choice stopper, behind Waldo Ponce, Fernando Tobio, Marco Torsiglieri and Mariano Uglessich.", "However, his role in the first team changed during Ricardo Gareca's first season as head coach, the 2009 Clausura: he replaced Ponce for the third game after the Chilean was injured while playing for his national team, and eventually won a starting position alongside Sebastián Domínguez, playing 17 of the 19 games in Vélez's winning campaign.", "Otamendi scored his first professional goal during the 2009 Apertura, in a 3–1 victory over Arsenal de Sarandí.", "During that season he also made his debuts in an international club competition, appearing in the Copa Sudamericana; in recognition of his performances throughout the year he was chosen for the South American Team of the Year, in a traditional continent-wide journalists' poll conducted by the newspaper El País.", "Porto\n\nOn 23 August 2010, Otamendi was transferred to Portuguese side FC Porto on a €4 million fee, signing a five-year contract.", "Vélez also retained 50% of his registration rights, with the player having a pre-set price of another €4 million to be met by Porto prior to September 2011.", "He netted in his first match, a 2–0 home victory over S.C. Olhanense, finishing his first season with 15 appearances and five goals (notably both in a 2–0 away win against S.C. Braga) as the northerners won the Primeira Liga championship.", "On 6 September 2011, Porto exercised the rights to sign the remainder of Otamendi's playing rights.", "He played 30 official games during the season to help the club to another two major titles, notably the back-to-back domestic league.", "Valencia\n\nOn 5 February 2014, Otamendi was sold to Valencia CF in La Liga for €12 million, on a five-year contract starting on 1 July.", "He was immediately loaned to Clube Atlético Mineiro in Brazil, and played 19 times for the team from Belo Horizonte, scoring once to open a 4–1 win at city rivals América Futebol Clube (MG) on 23 March in the first leg of the semi-finals of the state championship.", "Otamendi made his debut in the Spanish top level on 23 August 2014, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Sevilla FC.", "He scored his first goal for his new club on 4 October, helping to a 3–1 home success over Atlético Madrid.", "On 4 January 2015, Otamendi headed Valencia's winner in a 2–1 home win over Real Madrid, ending their opponents' club record 22-match winning streak as a result.", "After helping Los Che qualify for the UEFA Champions League for the first time in four years, becoming the first club stopper to score six goals in the league in the process, he was the only player from his team to be named in the La Liga Team of the Year.", "Manchester City\nLate into the 2015 pre-season, Otamendi refused to train or play with Valencia to avoid thwarting his chances of signing with another club.", "On 20 August, he joined Manchester City on a five-year deal for a fee of £32 million.", "He made his debut on 15 September, coming on as a 75th-minute substitute for Vincent Kompany in a 1–2 home loss against Juventus for the Champions League group phase; his Premier League debut came four days later, in a 1–2 defeat to West Ham United at the City of Manchester Stadium.", "On 31 October 2015, Otamendi scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 home win over Norwich City.", "He played the full 120 minutes as they won the Football League Cup on 28 February 2016, defeating Liverpool on a penalty shootout in the final.", "On 10 December 2017, Otamendi scored the winning goal in the Manchester derby at Old Trafford, helping City stretch their lead at the top of the Premier League to 11 points.", "City would go on to lift the Premier League title that season with a record-breaking 100 points, this was Otamendi's first league title in England.", "On 18 April 2018, Otamendi was named in the PFA Team of the Year alongside Manchester City teammates Kyle Walker, David Silva, Kevin De Bruyne and Sergio Agüero.", "In the 2018-19 season, Otamendi helped Manchester City become the first English side to win a domestic men's treble, consisting of the League Cup, Premier League title and FA Cup.", "In his final season at Manchester City, Otamendi made 39 appearances in total.", "He also helped his side retain the League Cup for the third season in a row in March 2020, his final trophy with City.", "Benfica\nOn 29 September 2020, Otamendi joined Benfica on a three-year contract, for a €15 million fee, with Benfica defender Ruben Dias moving to Manchester City for a larger fee as part of the deal.", "He made his league debut in a 3–2 win against Farense on 4 October.", "Otamendi was at fault for both of Farense's goals and conceded a penalty during the match.", "In Benfica's UEFA Europa League group stage clash with Rangers on 5 November, Otamendi received a straight red card in the 19th minute for denying an obvious goal-scoring opportunity; Benfica would fall 1–3 down but eventually earn a 3–3 draw.", "International career\n\nIn April 2009, Otamendi was called up by Argentine national team coach Diego Maradona for a friendly with Panama.", "At the time of his selection he had only played 11 professional games, and eventually started the match on 20 May, in a 3–1 win.", "During the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying campaign, Otamendi played as a centre back alongside Martín Demichelis against Ecuador (0–2 away loss), partnered former Vélez teammate Domínguez against Brazil in a 1–3 home defeat and appeared as a right back in a 1–0 win in Uruguay which sealed the country's qualification to South Africa.", "On 19 May 2010 he was confirmed as part of the 23-men squad for the final stages, featuring in the starting eleven for the final group stage game against Greece; on the press conference after the match, Maradona said that, in his opinion, he was the best player on the field.", "Otamendi also played the 90 minutes of the round-of-16 game against Mexico, which Argentina won by 3–1.", "His final appearance in the tournament was the 0–4 quarter-final loss to Germany: this time his performance received criticism by the football press, as did his manager's decision to improvise him on the right-back position; however, the player subsequently stated his desire to always play for his national team, even if not in his natural position.", "Otamendi scored his first goal for Argentina on 2 September 2011, in a 1–0 friendly win over Venezuela in Kolkata, after heading a corner taken by Lionel Messi.", "After being cut from the squad that later appeared at the 2014 World Cup, he was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América, playing the entirety of all but one match as they lost to hosts Chile on a penalty shootout in the final; he was named in the Team of the Tournament.", "Otamendi started all the games in the Copa América Centenario in the United States, in which Argentina again both faced Chile in the tournament final and lost in a penalty shootout, 2–4.", "In the second group match against Panama, on 10 June 2016, he scored the opening goal in a 5–0 win.", "Otamendi was included in the squad for the 2018 World Cup.", "In June 2021, he was included in Lionel Scaloni's final Argentina 28-man squad for the 2021 Copa América.", "Career statistics\nClub\n\nInternationalScores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Otamendi goal''.", "Honours\nVélez\nArgentine Primera División: 2009 Clausura\n\nPorto\nPrimeira Liga: 2010–11, 2011–12, 2012–13\nTaça de Portugal: 2010–11\nSupertaça Cândido de Oliveira: 2011, 2012, 2013\nUEFA Europa League: 2010–11\nTaça da Liga runner-up: 2012–13\n\nManchester City\nPremier League: 2017–18, 2018–19\nFA Cup: 2018–19\nFootball League/EFL Cup: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20\nFA Community Shield: 2018, 2019\n\nBenfica\nTaça de Portugal runner-up: 2020–21\n\nArgentina\nCopa América: 2021\n\nIndividual\nSouth American Team of the Year: 2009\nLa Liga Team of the Season: 2014–15\nCopa América Team of the Tournament: 2015, 2016\nPFA Team of the Year: 2017–18 Premier League\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n\nVélez Sarsfield official profile \nArgentine League statistics \n\n1988 births\nLiving people\nArgentine people of Basque descent\nFootballers from Buenos Aires\nArgentine footballers\nAssociation football defenders\nClub Atlético Vélez Sarsfield footballers\nFC Porto players\nValencia CF players\nClube Atlético Mineiro players\nManchester City F.C.", "players\nS.L.", "Benfica footballers\nArgentine Primera División players\nPrimeira Liga players\nLa Liga players\nCampeonato Brasileiro Série A players\nPremier League players\nUEFA Europa League winning players\nArgentina international footballers\n2010 FIFA World Cup players\n2015 Copa América players\nCopa América Centenario players\n2018 FIFA World Cup players\n2019 Copa América players\n2021 Copa América players\nArgentine expatriate footballers\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in Portugal\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in Spain\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in Brazil\nArgentine expatriate sportspeople in England\nExpatriate footballers in Portugal\nExpatriate footballers in Spain\nExpatriate footballers in Brazil\nExpatriate footballers in England\nCopa América-winning players" ]

[ "In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Gonzalo, and the second or maternal family name is Otamendi Nicols Hernn, who is an Argentine professional footballer who plays as a centre back for Portuguese Prime.", "In his early career, Otamendi won eight major titles with Porto, including three Primeira Liga titles.", "He spent four months on loan to Atlético Mineiro of Brazil after signing for Valencia.", "He moved to Manchester City in 2015, where he won the English premier league and four other cups.", "An Argentina international since 2009, Otamendi represented his country at two World Cup and four Copas América, in which he contributed to consecutive runner-up finishes.", "On May 10, 2008, Otamendi made his debut for Club Atlético Vélez Sarsfield in a 2–1 home win against Rosario Central in the Clausura tournament.", "In Hugo Tocalli's time as manager, he was the fifth-choice keeper behind Marco Torsiglieri, Fernando Tobio, and Mariano Uglessich.", "He replaced Ponce for the third game of the Clausura after the Chilean was injured while playing for his national team, and eventually won a starting position.", "In the Apertura of 2009, Otamendi scored his first professional goal.", "He was chosen for the South American Team of the Year, in recognition of his performances throughout the year, in a traditional continent-wide journalists' poll conducted by the newspaper El Pas.", "FC Porto paid 4 million for the transfer of Otamendi on August 23, 2010.", "The player had a pre-set price of another 4 million to be met by Porto prior to September 2011.", "He scored in his first match, a 2–0 home victory over S.C. Olhanense, finishing his first season with 15 appearances and five goals.", "Porto exercised their rights to sign the rest of Otamendi's playing rights.", "He played in 30 official games for the club and helped them win two major titles.", "On February 5, 2014, Valencia sold Otamendi to them for 12 million, on a five-year contract.", "He played 19 times for Clube Atlético Mineiro in Brazil, scoring once in the first leg of the semi-finals against América Futebol Clube.", "On August 23, 2014, he made his debut in the Spanish top level, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Sevilla FC.", "He scored his first goal for his new club on October 4, helping to a 3–1 home success over Atlético Madrid.", "On January 4, 2015, Valencia defeated Real Madrid 2–1, ending their opponents' club record 22-game winning streak as a result.", "He was the only player from his team to be named in the La Liga Team of the Year after helping Los Che qualify for the European Championship for the first time in four years.", "The Valencia player refused to train or play for Manchester City in the pre-season because he didn't want to sign with another club.", "He joined Manchester City for a fee of $32 million.", "He made his debut on 15 September when he came on as a 75th-minute substitute in a 2–1 home loss to Bianconeri in the group phase of the European Championship, and four days later in a 1–2 defeat to West Ham United at the City of Manchester.", "On October 31, 2015, Otamendi scored his first goal for the club in a 2–1 home win over Norwich City.", "They won the Football League Cup on February 28, 2016 and he played the full 120 minutes.", "The Manchester derby was won by City on 10 December, helping them stretch their lead at the top of the league to 11 points.", "City went on to win the title with a record-breaking 100 points, which was the first league title in England for Otamendi.", "Manchester City teammates Kyle Walker, David Silva, Kevin De Bruyne, andSergio Agero were named to the PFA Team of the Year.", "Manchester City became the first English side to win a domestic men's treble, consisting of the League Cup, Premier League title and FA Cup.", "He made 39 appearances in his final season at Manchester City.", "He helped his side retain the League Cup for the third season in a row in March 2020.", "Ruben Dias moved to Manchester City for a larger fee as part of the deal when he joined Benfica on a three-year contract for a 15 million fee.", "He made his league debut in a win.", "During the match, Otamendi was at fault for both of Farense's goals.", "In the group stage clash with Rangers on 5 November, Otamendi received a straight red card in the 19th minute for denying an obvious goal- scoring opportunity; Benfica would fall 1–3 down but eventually earn a 3–3 draw.", "Diego Maradona called up Otamendi for a friendly against Panama in April 2009.", "He started the match on May 20th in a 3–1 win after only playing 11 professional games.", "In the 2010 World Cup qualification campaign, Otamendi played as a centre back with Martn Demichelis, while Domnguez played as a right back.", "He was in the starting eleven for the final group stage game against Greece and Maradona said that he was the best player on the field.", "Argentina won the game against Mexico by 3–1.", "His final appearance in the tournament was the 0–4 quarter-final loss to Germany, which received criticism from the football press, as well as his manager's decision to use him on the right-back position; however, the player subsequently stated his desire to always play for his.", "On September 2, 2011, in a 1–0 friendly win over Venezuela in Kolkata, Argentina's Nicolas Otamendi scored his first goal after heading a corner taken by Lionel Messi.", "After being cut from the squad that later appeared at the World Cup, he was selected by coach Gerardo Martino for the 2015 Copa América, playing the entirety of all but one match as they lost to hosts Chile on a penalty shootout in the final; he was named in the Team of the Tournament", "In the United States, Argentina and Chile played each other in the final of the Copa América Centenario and both lost in a penalty shootout.", "He scored the opening goal in a 5–0 win over Panama in the second group match.", "The squad for the World Cup included Otamendi.", "He was included in Lionel Scaloni's final Argentina squad in June of 2021.", "Career statistics Club InternationalScores and results list Argentina's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each goal.", "The Clausura Porto Primeira League took place in 2010–11, 2012–13 and the Supertaa Cndido de Oliveira took place in 2011.", "The players are S.L.", "A players from Argentina, Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, a players from Primeira Liga, a players from La Liga, and a players from Copa América." ]

[ "Nicolás Hernán Gonzalo Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi" ]

[ "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendian", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Otamendi", "Nicolas Otamendi", "Otamendi" ]

[ "Robin Sachs (5 February 1951 – 1 February 2013) was an English actor, active in the theatre, television and films.", "He was also known for his voice-over work in films and video games.", "Born to a theatrical family, Sachs studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London, and made a theatrical and screen career, working his way up from supporting parts in the 1970s to leading roles from the 1980s.", "He made his later career in America, and became known for his role of Ethan Rayne in the television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "Life and career\nSachs was born in London, the elder of two sons of the South African-born actor Leonard Sachs and the English actress Eleanor Summerfield.", "His father was Jewish.", "After leaving school he studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, after which he followed the traditional route of provincial repertory and touring before being cast in supporting roles in West End productions during the 1970s, including Pirandello's Henry IV, with Rex Harrison; Pericles, with Derek Jacobi, and Pinero's The Gay Lord Quex, with Judi Dench, directed by John Gielgud.", "He appeared in leading stage roles, in Leicester in 1979 in Sartre's The Assassin, Brighton in 1984 in Love Affair with Siân Phillips, and at the Ashcroft Theatre, Croydon in 1985 in On Approval with Polly James and Christopher Biggins, On British television he was cast in Brideshead Revisited, Upstairs, Downstairs, Rumpole of the Bailey, Quiller and Gentlemen and Players.", "In the 1983 series Chessgame he played the secret agent Hugh Roskill.", "Sachs's first film role was as Heinrich, a young vampire, in Hammer and's Vampire Circus (1972).", "He played Thomas Culpepper, Catherine Howard's lover in Henry VIII and his Six Wives (1973), and featured in The Disappearance (1977) alongside Donald Sutherland.", "In the early 1990s Sachs moved to Los Angeles after being cast as a guest star in the television series Jake and the Fatman and played Adam Carrington in the miniseries Dynasty: The Reunion.", "He remained based in the US, guest starring in television shows including The Return of Ironside with Raymond Burr (1993).", "Among his later films were Steven Spielberg's The Lost World: Jurassic Park (1997) and Steven Soderbergh's remake of Ocean's Eleven (2001).", "He appeared in several science-fiction programmes on television, including Star Trek and Torchwood, and in 1999 played General Sarris in the satirical comedy Galaxy Quest, co-starring Tim Allen and Sigourney Weaver.", "In 2002 he was cast as Peter Brazier, head of Nexexcon in Megalodon.", "In his last film appearance, Northfork (2002), he played Cup of Tea, the leader of the vestigial community of a town about to be flooded.", "Sachs became known for his role as the sorcerer Ethan Rayne in the American television series Buffy the Vampire Slayer, and for voicing Zaeed Massani in the Mass Effect video game franchise, Admiral Saul Karath in Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, Sergeant Roderick in SpongeBob SquarePants and Xoloti in Majin and the Forsaken Kingdom.", "In recognition of his popularity as a voice artist, following his death, a Mass Effect 3 multiplayer challenge was enacted during the last weekend of February 2013, called \"Operation Tribute\".", "Sachs was twice married – from 1979 to 1991 to Siân Phillips, and from 2001 to 2006 to the American actress Casey DeFranco.", "Both marriages were dissolved.", "He died of a heart attack on 1 February 2013, four days before his 62nd birthday.", "These included:\n\n The Tiger's Wife – Narration\n A World Undone – Narration\n Our Kind of Traitor – Narration\n The Snowman – Narration\n\n The Redbreast – Narration\n The Devil's Star – Narration\n\nDocumentary shorts\n Greece: Secrets of the Past – Pericles\n Ubuntu – Voice Over\n\nTV series documentaries\n The World of Hammer – Heinrich (archive audio)\n\nReferences\n\nExternal links\n \n\n \n\n1951 births\n2013 deaths\nAlumni of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art\nEnglish male film actors\nEnglish male television actors\nEnglish male video game actors\nEnglish male voice actors\nEnglish people of South African-Jewish descent\nEnglish expatriates in the United States\nMale actors from London\nBritish expatriate male actors in the United States\n20th-century English male actors\n21st-century English male actors" ]

[ "Robin Sachs was an English actor who was active in the theatre, television and films.", "He was known for his voice-over work.", "Born to a theatrical family, Sachs studied at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and worked his way up from supporting parts in the 1970s to leading roles in the 1980s.", "He was known for his role in Buffy the Vampire Slayer.", "The elder of two sons of the South African-born actor Leonard Sachs and the English actress Eleanor Summerfield was born in London.", "His father was a Jew.", "After graduating from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, he followed the traditional route of provincial repertory and touring and was cast in supporting roles in West End productions of Henry IV, with Rex Harrison, and Pericles, withDerek Jacob.", "In 1979 he played the lead role in The Assassin, in 1984 he played the lead role in Love Affair with SinPhillips, and in 1985 he played the lead role in On Approval with Polly James and Christopher Biggins.", "He played a secret agent in Chessgame.", "He played a young vampire in Hammer and's Vampire Circus.", "He played the lover of Catherine Howard in Henry VIII and his Six Wives.", "He moved to Los Angeles in the early 1990s after being cast as a guest star in Jake and the Fatman and Dynasty: The Reunion.", "He guest starred in television shows including The Return of Ironside with Raymond Burr.", "Steven Soderbergh's remake of Ocean's Eleven was one of his later films.", "He appeared in several science-fiction programmes on television, including Star Trek and Torchwood, and in 1999 he was in a comedy with Tim Allen and Sigourney Weaver.", "He was cast as the head ofNexexcon in Megalodon in 2002.", "Cup of Tea was the leader of the vestigial community of a town about to be flooded in Northfork.", "He was known for his roles in Buffy the Vampire Slayer, Mass Effect, Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, and SpongeBob SquarePants.", "In honor of his popularity as a voice artist, a Mass Effect 3 multiplayer challenge was enacted during the last weekend of February.", "From 1979 to 1991 and from 2001 to 2006 he was married to two different people.", "The marriages were dissolved.", "He died of a heart attack four days before his birthday.", "The Tiger's Wife, Narration A World Undone, Our Kind of Traitor, The Snowman, The Redbreast, and Narration The Devil's Star were included." ]

[ "Robin Sachs", "Sachs", "Sachs", "Leonard Sachs", "Sachs", "Sachs", "Sachs", "Sachs" ]

[ "Robin Sachs", "Sachs", "Leonard Sachs" ]