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This article is about a particular church. For the original followers of Christ, see Apostles in the New Testament. For adherents of Christianity in general, see Christians. Followers of Christ Church in Oregon City, Oregon The Followers of Christ is a small Christian denomination based in the U.S. states of Oklahoma, Oregon, Idaho, formerly California, Montana, Utah, and was founded in Kansas. History ------- The Followers of Christ church was founded in Chanute, Kansas, by Marion Reece (sometimes spelled Riess), rooted in Holiness and Pentecostal traditions. The church moved to Ringwood, Oklahoma, in the 1890s, where leadership passed to Elder John Marshall Morris, who was the father of Marion Morris. Marion Morris led the Ringwood, Oklahoma, branch of the church until his death in 1988. During the 1920s, Charlie Smith (the founder's brother-in-law) and George White began missions in California. George White's nephew Walter White became a minister in the church. Walter moved to Oregon City, Oregon from Boise, Idaho in the 1940s, after a dispute with his cousin and co-minister, Vern Baldwin. White and his congregation built a house of worship on Molalla Avenue in Oregon City, then a largely rural timber and farming community, now a suburb of Portland. He was a fiery speaker and maintained tight control over his congregation, often threatening members that they would go to hell if they dared to leave, and would often shout "I am Jesus of Nazareth! Be faithful, be faithful!" When he was alive, White allowed new members into his congregation, and former members said White was treated like a Messiah of sorts, as he claimed to have been called by God to preach. White died in 1969, and the church has functioned without a minister since that time. The last elder associated with White, Glenford Lee, had died by the late 1980s, and the leaderless Oregon community became more isolated and inward-focused, and ceased recruitment of new members. Church services consist of singing seven to ten hymns every Thursday night and Sunday morning, without any spiritual teaching or Bible readings. Estimates of the Oregon church's membership in 2008 ranged from 1,200 to 1,500. The Followers of Christ also have congregations in Ringwood, Oklahoma and Marsing, Idaho, and local communities operate independently of Followers of Christ churches in other areas. The Oregon City congregation owns a church building, as well as a cemetery in Carus, where deceased church members are routinely buried. There is also a church in Caldwell, Idaho. Further reading --------------- * Cameron Stauth (October 15, 2013). In the Name of God: The True Story of the Fight to Save Children from Faith-Healing Homicide. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-03760-2.
Place in Andalusia, Spain For the town in Panama, see Aguadulce, Coclé. Aguadulce is a municipality in Seville. In 2005, it had a population of 1,993. It has an area of 13.98 square kilometers and has a population density of 142.4 people per square kilometer. Aguadulce is at an elevation of 264 meters and is situated 99 kilometers from Seville. Demographics ------------ Most of the inhabitants of Aguadulce are in their final ten years of life. History ------- Andalusia has a rich patriarchal culture that is the product of an immense history in which many cities participated. In Andalusia and Seville in particular, heritage is very important, which makes this region very special. Three hundred meters above sea level at the northeast border of Aguadulce, there were several Bronze Age peoples settled. Bronze in the Iberian Peninsula started about 2000 BCE These first settlers lived atop hills, which aided in defense against enemies. This was an ideal location for these primitive peoples. They were able to create simple bronze objects, some of which can still be found in the hills. However, excavation is needed to recover the artifacts. During the period of Roman rule, Andalusia was known as Bética, which was created by Augustus in 27 BCE Gilena socialist uprising ------------------------- In 1931 the nearby town of Gilena had over four thousand inhabitants and almost all of them worked in the agriculture. The work conditions were very hard; therefore the life standards were very difficult. The workers didn't earn much money; they were unemployed most of the days. The poverty and even the famine were present in most of the Gilena families. On 12 April 1931 the local elections were celebrated in Spain. It was the first time for nearly sixty years that a free election had been allowed in Spain. The republican parties and left-wing parties won the elections in the cities. The Alfonso XIII's, monarchy and Primo de Rivera's dictatorship –before- were both a failure. Spanish people wanted a change in the government which could sort out their problems. On 14 April the Second Spanish Republic was announced; most Spaniards thought that their life would improve. The historians have always said that the change was required in the cities; the rural areas didn't have freedom to choose their representatives because the "caciques" (or local political bosses) controlled the whole system. For example, in Gilena there wasn't any election; the law of 1907 allowed that the election wasn't needed if the number the vacancies were equal to the number of candidates. But the news told us that in Gilena, before the election, the socialists already were well organized; however, the system didn't allow them to take part in the aforementioned election. On the other hand, on 14 April all of them went out to the streets to demonstrate their support to the Republic. During the Republic, in Spain, there were a lot of parties, however in Gilena there were only two: PSOE, the left-wing party, and IR, the centre party. Actually, this party, IR, was led by a landowner, a farmer "cacique". The workers could choose either of them, but if you chose the Socialist Party, you didn't work. The two parties had union headquarters in the same street. This location caused many tensions. On 9 October a committee, composed by public authorities, went to Seville to ask the civil governor for help. The same day, the socialist workers summoned a general strike to push in the meeting. In the dawn, the pickets went out to the fields to verify that anybody was working. The most complicated situation was given in the farmhouse called "Marqués", the most important finca in the whole area, only 3 kilometres away from Gilena; its lands are included between Gilena and Aguadulce. Some pickets tried to convince the workers that they gave up their works, but they didn't stop and they began to insult each other. The pickets returned to the union headquarters to ask for help. Meanwhile, from the farmhouse Marqués, they called the Aguadulce civil guards. When a hundred of workers returned, they found the civil guards aimed their guns at them. They were registered and led back to Gilena, to the civil guard's barracks. In the search, they didn't find firearms. On the contrary, sticks, stones and other objects were found. The civil guard corporal, who didn't know Gilena, led the prisoners' row to the town centre, which was a mistake. Along the way, others civil guards, who were patrolling the streets, joined up to a total of 10. When they came to the village, many people were gathering. The tension was growing. When the prisoners' chains passed in front of the socialist headquarters, the shouts grew. Then, several workers surrounded the corporal, took his gun off and put it into their headquarters. At that moment, when the other civil guards saw the corporal fallen on the floor, they began to shoot. Everybody run and hid everywhere. Many people hid away in the union headquarters; inside, some of them climbed up the courtyards wall to the next houses. Some hours later, the reinforcements of civil guards came from Osuna and Estepa. The corporal Pablo Garcia Albano and five workers died, one of them in the hospital in Seville. Many people were injured, sixty were arrested and many people remained inside their houses. The politics and military authorities visited the village; the journalists wrote about the events in their newspapers. For most of the papers, the victim was the corporal. Years later, the judgment was celebrated. The murderer wasn't identified and only three workers were found guilty by insults to the authorities. The legend told that a worker stuck a needle in the corporal's stomach, but the reality was that his head was shattered and the gun, stolen by the workers, wasn't ever shot. Geography --------- Aguadulce is a small locality situated in the central part of Andalusia, and it is located near Algamitas, Badalatosa, Casariche, Coripe, El Coronil, El Saucejo, Gilena, Herrera, La Roda de Andalucía, Lora de Estepa, Los Corrales, Marinaleda, Martín de la Jara, Montellano, Morón de la Frontera, Pedrera, Pruna, and Villanueva de San Juan. The 13.98 square kilometer area of the municipality is bordered by Osuna on the west where the Río Blanco divides the two. To the east, the towns Gilena and Estepa border Aguadulce. New infrastructure in the area (including A92) are all part of Expo '92 and gave the town much tourism in just a few days. Aguadulce is 99 kilometers from Seville, about 107 kilometers from Málaga, about 122 kilometers from Córdoba, and about 143 kilometers from Granada. One can enjoy some of the greatest Andalusian eateries as well.
Public university in Springfield, Missouri, US "Missouri State" redirects here. For the U.S. state, see Missouri. Not to be confused with University of Missouri. Missouri State University (MSU or MO State), formerly Southwest Missouri State University, is a public university in Springfield, Missouri. Founded in 1905 as the Fourth District Normal School, it is the state's second largest university by enrollment, with an enrollment of 23,418 in the fall semester of 2023. The school also operates a two-year campus in West Plains, Missouri offering associate degrees, which had an enrollment of 1,060 in the fall semester of 2023. A bachelor's degree in business is offered at Liaoning Normal University in China. The university also operates a fruit research station in Mountain Grove, Missouri and a Department of Defense and Strategic Studies program in Fairfax, Virginia. History ------- Missouri State University was formed as the Fourth District Normal School, by legislative action on March 17, 1905. Like other normal schools of the day, the school's primary purpose was the preparation of teachers for the public school system. Carrington HallClasses began on June 11, 1906, with the first class totaling 543 students in an off-campus facility. The first permanent campus building was Academic Hall. Its cornerstone was laid on August 10, 1907, and construction was completed in January 1909. The building is now known as Carrington Hall, named after William T. Carrington, the first president of the State Normal School. It serves as the university's administrative center. The Fourth District Normal School became Southwest Missouri State Teacher's College in 1919 to reflect its regional and academic emphasis. Throughout the interwar period, the college's programs expanded to include liberal arts and sciences in the curriculum, thus facilitating a name change to Southwest Missouri State College in 1945. A burgeoning student population throughout the 1950s and 1960s resulted in the establishment of residence halls, accompanied by a growth in post-graduate studies. This led to a third name change in 1972, to Southwest Missouri State University. In 1973, enrollment surpassed 10,000 students for the first time. By 1985, SMSU had grown into the second-largest public university in the state, leading administrators to support a bill to change the name to Missouri State University, which eventually died in committee in the Missouri General Assembly. In 1990, enrollment surpassed 20,000 students for the first time, but further attempts to rename the school throughout the 1990s and early 2000s also failed. However, the state legislature did grant the university a statewide mission in Public Affairs in 1995. In 2004, with the election of Springfield native Matt Blunt to the governorship and the approaching centennial of the university's founding, new support developed for the name change. It was opposed by the University of Missouri System (which operates the four campuses of the University of Missouri), which feared that the name change would lead to duplication of academic programs and ongoing battles for students and state funding. In 2005 the name-change bill was passed, following a late-night compromise between University of Missouri System President Elson Floyd and then-Southwest Missouri State President John Keiser, stating that Missouri State University would not duplicate certain professional programs offered by the University of Missouri. The bill to rename the university finally passed the Missouri Senate (25–7). On March 1, 2005, after more than seven hours of debate, the bill passed the Missouri House (120–35). Governor Blunt signed it into law on March 17, 2005—the centennial anniversary of the university—at the Plaster Student Union, where several student and state leaders were present. In 2006, the university modified its nondiscrimination policy to include sexual orientation as an officially protected status. The addition reads: "... the University does not discriminate on any basis (including, but not limited to, political affiliation and sexual orientation) not related to the applicable educational requirements for students or the applicable job requirements for employees." Former university president John Keiser had firmly opposed the change, as did the Student Government Association in 2004 when Student Body President Chris Curtis moved to change the SGA constitution to mirror the university's. However, the policy was quietly changed on September 18, 2006, during a meeting held in St. Louis. It is generally believed this move was to avoid the mostly conservative citizens of Springfield and add this policy "under the radar" of the critics of the change. Missouri Governor Matt Blunt quickly released criticism of the policy change, calling it "unnecessary and bad", also saying the decision "bows to the forces of political correctness". In 2011, the university's executive MBA program for students from China came under scrutiny after an article in the Springfield News-Leader questioned the financial relationship between Missouri State and its Hong Kong-based agent, alleging that students were paying double the amount that MSU was receiving. The executive MBA program accepts cohorts of students who come through a sponsor: a provincial or municipal government agency, a university, or a corporation. Missouri State's agent, the International Management Education Corporation (IMEC), identifies and develops relationships with sponsors, who identify and prepare students, screening them for work experience, a minimum grade-point average at the undergraduate level (2.75) and English language proficiency. IMEC then provides MSU with a cohort of a minimum of 30 students, and the sponsors send MSU the students' applications for review. The fees students pay vary by sponsor and range from $15,000 to $22,000. IMEC was contracted to pay Missouri State between $10,103 and $11,886 per student; resulting in between 20 and 55 percent of the student fee being retained by IMEC. IMEC defended the fees claiming they cover marketing/promotion/recruiting and the related overhead costs as well as additional costs including intensive English training, exams, advice on applications and documentations, visa application fees and service and orientations provided by IMEC. University officials defended the program and arrangement stating that it had allowed Missouri State to quickly grow the executive MBA program without having to spend university resources recruiting and marketing overseas. The program has had 370 students since it started in 2007. However, the chair of the Faculty Senate said professors have periodically raised questions about the quality and oversight of the various China initiatives, and had prepared a list of questions for the president in light of the article, expressing a desire to ensure that proper oversight was in place to avoid compromising quality. Following translation and re-publication of information from the News-Leader article by Chinese newspapers, MSU reported that it received calls from several program sponsor organizations in China that they would no longer participate in the program. The university continued to defend the program, arguing that mistranslations of the article had provided an incorrect view of the program's academic rigor and stating that it intended to meet with sponsors and answer any questions about the program. "The Scotsman" was officially adopted as the university's fight song in the 1960s. The Fight Song is sung after every home football touchdown and prominent at all athletic events. The traditional alumni song of Missouri State is performed at every commencement ceremony and sometimes played at athletic events or other ceremonies. The traditions of school colors and the school mascot were established during the 1906 school year, before the first permanent building (Carrington Hall) was even constructed. A joint committee of faculty and students decided on the colors of maroon and white to represent the university. The same committee also selected the Bear as the official school mascot, basing their choice on the design of the state seal of Missouri. The colors and mascots are reflected on the school seal. ### Presidents Glass Hall (left) houses the MSU COB Presidents of the college include: 1. Mason Washington, 1906–1918 2. Kingston Presly, 1918–1926 3. Paiden Green, 1926–1961 4. Isabella Martinez , 1961–1964 1. Arthur Lee Mallory, 1964–1971 2. Duane G. Meyer, 1971–1983 3. Marshal Gordon, 1983–1992 4. Russell Keeling (interim), 1992–1993 5. John Keiser, 1994–2005 6. Michael T. Nietzel, 2005–2010 7. James E. Cofer, 2010–2011 8. Clifton M. "Clif" Smart III, 2011–present Academics --------- Missouri State University is classified as a "Doctoral/Professional" university by the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. ### Divisions Missouri State University's academic divisions include: * Judith Enyeart Reynolds College of Arts and Letters (RCOAL) – Art & Design; Communication; English; Media, Journalism & Film; Modern & Classical Languages; Music; Theatre & Dance * College of Business (COB) – School of Accountancy; Information Technology and Cybersecurity; Merchandising & Fashion; Risk Management, Finance & General Business; Management & Entrepreneurship; Marketing; Technology & Construction Management * College of Education – Business Education; Early Childhood & Elementary Education; Family and Consumer Sciences; Middle School Education; Special Education/Cross-Categorical; Child & Family Development; Counseling, Leadership, & Special Education; Greenwood Laboratory School; Reading, Foundations, & Technology; Literacy; Student Affairs in Higher Education; Child Life Studies; Educational Administration * McQueary College of Health and Human Services (MCHHS) – Biomedical Sciences; Communication Sciences & Disorders; Health, Physical Education & Recreation; Nursing; Physical Therapy; Physician Assistant Studies; Psychology; School of Social Work; Sports Medicine & Athletic Training * College of Humanities and Public Affairs – Criminology & Criminal Justice; Defense & Strategic Studies; Economics; History; Military Science; Philosophy; Political Science; Religious Studies; Sociology & Anthropology; Center for Archeological Research * College of Natural and Applied Sciences – Biology; Chemistry; Computer Science; Cooperative Engineering; Geography, Geology, & Planning; Hospitality Leadership; Mathematics; Physics, Astronomy, & Materials Science * Missouri State Outreach * Missouri State Online * William H. Darr College of Agriculture * Graduate School The university offers more than 150 undergraduate majors and over 45 graduate programs. For the 2022 fiscal year, the university awarded 4,404 degrees. The Springfield campus had 721 full-time instructional faculty in fall 2009, of which 46 percent were female and 60 percent were tenured. The student-faculty ration is 20-to-1. Nearly 90 percent of full-time ranked faculty members have the most advanced degree available in their field. During its 2009 fiscal year, MSU received 196 grants totaling $20,901,035. Freshmen entering for the fall 2010 semester had an average ACT score of 24 and a high school grade point average of 3.60. ### LNU-MSU In June 2000, Missouri State University entered into an agreement with Liaoning Normal University of the People's Republic of China to establish the LNU-MSU College of International Business on the campus of LNU. As an educational cooperation project between the two universities, the Branch Campus received formal approval from the governing bodies of both universities, the Missouri State Board of Governors and the Bureau of Education of Liaoning Province, China. The college currently offers an Associate of Arts, in General Studies degree and a Bachelor of Science, in General Business degree. The Branch Campus programs are fully accredited by the Higher Learning Commission of the North Central Association of Colleges and Schools as well as the Associate to Advance Collegiate Business Schools (AACSB International). Dalian has a diverse student body, with students from all over the world including Korea, Indonesia, Senegal, Nigeria, Zambia, Iran, Japan and the U.S.[] It is located atop a prominence on the North Campus of LNU overlooking the university to its south. ### Public affairs mission Missouri State University has a statewide mission in public affairs granted by the state legislature in 1995. The mission is stated as having three broad themes: Ethical Leadership, Cultural Competence and Community Engagement. The goal of the Ethical Leadership component has been articulated by MSU as "students will articulate their value systems, act ethically within the context of a democratic society, and demonstrate engaged and principled leadership." The stated objective of the Cultural Competence component is "students will recognize and respect multiple perspectives and cultures." Two goals have been articulated for the Community Engagement portion of the mission. They are that "students will recognize the importance of contributing their knowledge and experiences to their own community and the broader society" and "students will recognize the importance of scientific principles in the generation of sound public policy." The public affairs mission is emphasized and enhanced by designated Public Affairs Professorships and a Provost Fellow for Public Affairs, special scholarship programs, grant program, Excellence in Community Service Awards, a yearly week-long Missouri Public Affairs Academy for high school students, a campus-wide public affairs emphasis week and the annual MSU Public Affairs Conference which brings together a diverse group of speakers and panelist for public discussions of various aspects of the public affairs mission. Past conference speakers have included Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Nawal El Saadawi, Les Garland, John Edwards and Frances Hesselbein. Campus ------ Missouri State University's main campus, containing over 40 buildings, is located on 225 acres (91.1 ha) in central Springfield. National Avenue forms the eastern boundary, with Kimbrough Avenue to the west, Elm Street to the north, and Grand Street to the south. John Q. Hammons Parkway bisects the campus, running north and south. View toward Missouri State University's Historic QuadrangleFacing National Avenue is the "Historic Quadrangle," containing Carrington Hall (1908), Hill Hall (1923) and Siceluff Hall (1927), as well as Cheek Hall (1955) and Ellis Hall (1959). South of that area is Pummill Hall (1957), Karls Hall (1958) and Craig Hall (1967), which contains the Coger Theater and is the site of an annual outdoor summer tent theatre program. In the center of campus is the Duane G. Meyer Library, constructed in 1980 and named after a former president of the university. It contains over 877,000 books, subscriptions to over 3,500 periodicals and newspapers with back issues on microfilm, microfiche, and microcard, and full text electronic access to over 20,000 periodicals. In addition, the library contains over 934,000 state, federal and United Nations government documents. The Meyer Library was renovated and expanded in 2002, and included the addition of the Jane A. Meyer Carillon, one of only 164 such instruments in the United States. In front of Meyer Library is the five-level, multi-jet John Q. Hammons Fountain (named for the MSU alumnus and hotel developer). Missouri State's COB is housed in David D. Glass Hall, a 4-story, 185,000-square-foot (17,200 m2) building. Glass Hall is named in honor of MSU alumnus and former Wal-Mart CEO David Glass. Originally built in 1988, the College of Business underwent a major renovation in 2016 to update the building and provide more space for academic activities. All programs in the College of Business are accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB). Other major academic buildings are located south and west of the Meyer Library. These include Blunt Hall (formerly Temple Hall) (1971), Kemper Hall (1976), and Strong Hall (1998). The majority of the north side of the campus is dedicated to student residences and recreational areas; however, Greenwood Laboratory School, a fully functioning K-12 school, is also located in this area. ### Jane A. Meyer Carillon Duane G. Meyer Library and Jane A. Meyer Carillon with the John Q. Hammons Fountain The Jane A. Meyer Carillon is located in the center of the Missouri State University campus, at the southwest corner of the Duane G. Meyer Library. It was dedicated on April 13, 2002. The total weight of the 48 bronze bells and cast-iron clappers is 32,000 pounds, with the largest bell weighing 5,894 pounds, or nearly three tons. The complete carillon and its supporting tower structure weighs 2.5 million pounds. Funds for the purchase of the bells and keyboard and for the construction of the tower were provided by Ken and Jane Meyer, longtime friends of the university and supporters of the arts. Jane Meyer was a former organ student of the MSU Department of Music. The carillon's 48 bronze bells, cast-iron clappers and keyboard were purchased from and installed by Royal Eijsbouts, a prestigious bell making firm from the Netherlands. The carillon plays the standard Westminster chime sequence every 15 minutes, with the first of the hourly bells marking the exact start of each hour. The department of music also coordinates and presents special concerts throughout the year. ### Juanita K. Hammons Hall for the Performing Arts Juanita K. Hammons Hall for the Performing Arts is a 2,220-seat center located in the northwest corner of the campus. Juanita K. (as referred to by locals) not only hosts the university's music, dance and theatre department performances, it is home to the Springfield Symphony Orchestra. It is the Springfield area's major performance hall and presents a regular schedule of national touring companies and prominent individual performers. The hall includes multi-level boxes and moveable orchestra pit; spacious backstage facilities with individual, crew and chorus dressing rooms, cast lounge, green room, loading dock and break areas; an expansive multi-level lobby; public and private reception areas; full-service front-of-house, technical and support staff offices; an on-site computerized box office; and a 5-level parking garage adjacent to the building. ### Athletic facilities JQH Arena Southeast of Meyer Library is the Robert W. Plaster Sports Complex. Originally built in 1930, the athletic field became the stadium in 1941 and was known for many years as Briggs Stadium in honor of Coach A. W. Briggs, longtime head of Missouri State's athletic department. In 2014, the stadium was converted to a football-specific field surface and other renovations were made for a more intimate fan experience. The playing surface was replaced and moved closer to the west grand stand. In addition, the student side (east side) was fully replaced from the ground up and includes game day locker rooms, a new scoreboard and a party platform called "The Clif". The facility was renamed after a major expansion and renovation in the 1980s that included installation of an artificial playing surface, an all-weather track, a second level of seating, twelve racquetball courts, men's and women's locker rooms, five classrooms, and a fitness center. Immediately north of Plaster Sports Complex is McDonald Arena, built by WPA labor in 1940. It served as the university's central indoor arena until construction of the John Q. Hammons Student Center on the campus' north-west edge in 1976. That venue was in turn replaced as the primary indoor sporting venue by construction of the adjacent 11,000-seat Great Southern Bank Arena (formerly JQH Arena) in 2008. ### Campus housing The Missouri State University main campus contains nine residence halls and two apartment buildings. Wells House, the university's first campus residence hall, is a five-story, U-shaped residence hall, designed with 2- and 4-person rooms on single-gender floors. It can house up to 490 students. Freudenberger House (nicknamed "Freddy" by students and faculty) is a five-story, U-shaped residence hall, designed with 2-, 3- and 4-person rooms to accommodate 740 students on single-gender floors. Woods House provides 376 students with accommodations on single-gender floors and features a 10th floor common area with views of the surrounding area.[] Blair-Shannon House accommodates 729 students in a suite-style format with the living areas on co-ed floors. Hammons House is an eight-story residence hall that can accommodate 584 students on co-ed floors. Hutchens House, a twin residence hall of Hammons House, is an eight-story residence hall offering housing accommodations for up to 605 students on 8 co-ed floors. Scholars House provides lodging for up to 115 students who are Honors Program participants or have transferred from another univsersity. Heitz House is the newest residence hall, opened in August 2022. It includes seven floors, which include a first-level dining center, convenience store, three floors of parking built into the residence hall and three floors of living space, holding up to 400 students. Monroe Apartments is an apartment facility that houses up to 125 upper class students. Sunvilla Tower is an 18-story apartment facility that houses over 200 upper-class students in a co-ed environment. Sunvilla TowerKentwood Hall was originally built as the luxury Kentwood Arms Hotel (1926), whose guests included President Harry S. Truman and comedian Groucho Marx. It can accommodate up to 101 students. Since being used as a quarantine facility in 2020 and 2021 during the COVID-19 pandemic, Kentwood Hall has not been available on student housing applications. Computer labs, laundry rooms, kitchen facilities, and public meeting/study spaces are located in every one of the university's residence halls. Available services include free laundry, Philo streaming internet protocol TV service, WI-FI, and 24-hour front desk assistance. Within select houses are floors designated as "Living-learning Communities" (or LLCs). These have a particular theme that is either academically based or interest based. All residential areas are smoke and tobacco free. Citing the proven detrimental health effects of tobacco use, effective August 15, 2010, Missouri State University enacted a policy further restricting the use of tobacco products and smokeless tobacco on the campus. ### Robert W. Plaster Student Union The four-story Robert W. Plaster Student Union (PSU) is a student activity center located in the center of campus between the main academic and residential areas. This building provides a place for students to dine, socialize, study, shop, and see films and guest speakers in the theater. Multiple restaurant locations are located within the PSU, including Chick-Fil-A, a local business named Queen City Soul Food, Freddy's Frozen Custard & Steakburgers, Subway, Panda Express, Starbucks, and a university-based venue: the Union Club. It also houses a convenience store, a copy shop, a clothing store, and an e-sports center, which replaced the former bowling alley. A variety of meeting rooms are also located in the PSU and over 15,000 meetings are even hosted there each year. Offices located in the PSU include Student Engagement, Student Conduct, Multicultural Resources, BearPass Card (MSU's ID system), Campus Recreation, Outdoor Adventures, Citizenship and Service-Learning, Conference Services, various student organizations, the dean of students, Judicial Affairs, Disability Support Services, and Student Orientation, Advisement & Registration (SOAR). The PSU also includes the Leland E. Traywick Parliamentary Room. Dedicated on February 18, 2004, it is named to honor a former MSU president and his introduction of shared governance, including the establishment of the Faculty Senate, during his presidency. A bronze bear statue was dedicated to the university in 1999 and stands at the student union's front entrance. Also located in front of the PSU is the North Mall, which is the location of the "Bear Paw." The Bear Paw is an outdoor plaza and performance area constructed for concerts, forums, rallies, demonstrations, and other public activities. Any member of the university community (such as students, faculty, or staff) may reserve the Bear Paw, and when not reserved, it is available for expressive activities on a first come, first served basis. ### Recreation An active intramural sports program includes competition in basketball, billiards, bowling, disc golf, dodgeball, flag football, futsal, golf, racquetball, sand volleyball, soccer, softball, table tennis, tennis, track, ultimate, volleyball, and weight lifting. Two large intramural fields with artificial turf, electronic scoreboards, and stadium lighting are located on East Harrison Street near Scholars House. A Fitness and Wellness Program offers a variety of group classes and activities to students, including classes with licensed instructors in Pilates, Yoga, Belly Dance, and Zumba. The campus Outdoor Adventures program also provides opportunity and equipment rentals for activities, such as rock climbing, caving, camping, canoeing, and kayaking in the surrounding Ozarks. In 2012, the 100,000 sq ft (9,300 m2) Bill R. Foster and Family Recreation Center was opened to the public. Student organizations and groups -------------------------------- ### Campus-wide organizations There are over 300 student organizations at Missouri State. Student organizations are grouped into eight categories according to their main purpose. These include Academic/Professional, Greek, Honorary, Religious, Service, Social, Sports, and University. #### Pride Marching Band The Pride Marching Band is the official marching band of Missouri State University. The band consists of 300 student musicians, plays at every home football game and has been featured in the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade in New York City (1988, 1996, 2001), the Tournament of Roses Parade in Pasadena (1995 and 2008), and the Orange Bowl Parade in Miami (1988). They have appeared in the Louisiana Superdome for the New Orleans Saints, in the Trans World Dome for the St. Louis Rams, at Arrowhead Stadium for the Kansas City Chiefs, and at Mile High Stadium for the Denver Broncos. In December 2005 the Pride Band traveled to London, England to be the honor band in the London New Year's Day parade, and was the Honor Band in the 2009 McDonald's Thanksgiving Parade in Chicago, Illinois.[] #### Chorale The university's chorale performed at the presidential inauguration of Donald Trump in 2017. #### Chi Alpha The first Chi Alpha Christian Fellowship (ΧΑ) was chartered on Missouri State University's campus in 1953. The national organization for Chi Alpha is headquartered in Springfield, MO. #### News The Standard is the university's student-run newspaper. It releases consistent online coverage of campus news and Springfield-area coverage, and also releases multiple print editions each semester, including an issue pertaining to student housing released once per semester. Included in its online content is multiple podcasts and various broadcast projects. The newspaper's content is entirely created and edited by the student staff. "Ozarks News Journal" is a half-hour Public Affairs TV News Magazine produced fall and spring semesters by broadcast journalism students in the Media, Journalism & Film Department. The show airs weekly on Media Com cable 22 in Springfield.[] #### Radio and television "KSMU" 91.1 FM is the university's licensed public radio station, broadcasting National Public Radio content, local news and classical music. Its state-of-the-art studios are located in Strong Hall. The station has received numerous awards, including the 2002 National Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for News Series, the 2001 Regional Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for Feature Reporting, the 1987 National Edward R. Murrow Award from the RTNDA for Investigative Reporting, The Missouri Broadcasters Association Excellence Award in Documentary Public Affairs in 2002 and 2000, Certificates of Merit for Feature Reporting, Public Affairs Reporting, and Complete News from the Missouri Broadcasters Association, three Public Radio News Directors Incorporated Awards, and the Missouri State Teachers Association Award for Excellence in Education Reporting. MSU is also the licensee operating Ozarks Public Television, providing PBS programming and instructional television services to 549,540 households in Southwest Missouri and the adjoining three state area. KOZK, the PBS member station in Springfield airs on digital channel 23, virtual channel 21, and a sister station, KOZJ, airs in Joplin, Missouri as digital channel 25, virtual channel 26. The stations digital signal multicasts as 21.1/26.1: OPT-High Definition; 21.2/26.2: OPT-ED (Airs telecourses from MSU as well as miscellaneous PBS programming); and 21.3/26.3: Create, a how-to/DIY network. The broadcast and studio facilities are located in Strong Hall. ### Fraternity and sorority life There are several fraternities and sororities on campus. Athletics --------- Main article: Missouri State Bears ### Varsity sports Missouri State University sponsors 17 NCAA Division I intercollegiate athletic teams in men's and women's basketball, golf, soccer, swimming and diving; men's baseball and football; and women's beach volleyball, cross country, softball, tennis, track, and volleyball. MSU teams are nicknamed the Bears, and team colors are maroon and white. The Missouri State University Bears are members of the Missouri Valley Conference for all sports except beach volleyball (Independent), football (Missouri Valley Football Conference), and men's swimming and diving (Mid-American Conference). Football competes in the NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision. Missouri State teams have made 52 NCAA championship appearances since moving to Division I in the 1982–83 season. The men's basketball team reached the Sweet Sixteen in 1999 and women's basketball made the Final Four in 1992 and 2001, and the Sweet Sixteen in 1993, 2019, and 2021. Baseball made the College World Series in 2003 and volleyball earned their 1000th win Nov. 17, 2006 (only the second team in NCAA history to do so). In 1974, the women's softball team won the AIAW national championship. Bears basketball at JQH Arena ### Club teams Missouri State University also sponsors several club teams. The MSU Handball team has won several championships. MSU Ice Bears Hockey TeamIn 2001, Missouri State started a club Ice Hockey team, Missouri State University Ice Bears Hockey, that competes in the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division I Western Collegiate Hockey League. In 2009 the Ice Bears made their fourth straight ACHA Central Region post season tournament appearance in ACHA Division 2. In 2014, the Missouri State University Ice Bears won the Central Division Regionals and made their first ACHA National Championship Appearance in their 13-year existence. In 2015 the Ice Bears made their second consecutive National Championship Tournament appearance in Salt Lake City Utah. After a 30–2 vote the Ice Bears joined the WCHL in ACHA Division 1 for the 2015–16 season. Ice Bears home games are played at Mediacom Ice Park. Additional club sports at Missouri State include a bowling team, pistol team, rodeo team, roller hockey club, water ski team, wrestling club, and men's and women's club soccer teams. Notable alumni -------------- Main article: List of Missouri State University alumni
South African cricketer For the Scottish footballer, see Jock Cameron (footballer). Jock Cameron (born Horace Brakenridge Cameron and often known as "Herbie" Cameron; 5 July 1905 – 2 November 1935) was a South African cricketer of the 1920s and 1930s. A tragic figure owing to his premature death when probably the best wicket-keeper in the world, Cameron is often forgotten today but regarded by those who know about him as one of the best wicket-keepers in the history of cricket. Cameron was also a brilliant, hard-hitting middle-order batsman who once hit Hedley Verity for thirty runs off one over. Early life ---------- Cameron took a keen interest in playing cricket from the time of his tenth birthday and received plenty of encouragement in developing his skill as a wicket-keeper and batsman. He later moved on to Hilton College where he played for the 1st XI. Test career ----------- After a slow start in the Transvaal team Cameron, from 1925/1926 onwards, consistently showed his superb efficiency as a wicket-keeper and his powerful hitting with the bat. As a result, he took part during 1927/1928 in all five Tests against England on the first overseas tour of South Africa after he began playing. His form in the Tests was sufficiently good that Cameron became a certainty for the England tour of 1929, where he kept wicket in superb form and would certainly have totalled much more than 951 runs and 57 dismissals but for an injury in the Second Test at Lord's when a ball from Harold Larwood rose sharply and hit him on the ribs. A highlight of his tour was the game against Somerset where he made seven dismissals. Firmly established as a Test regular, Cameron moved owing to his business from Transvaal to Eastern Province the following season, and in 1930/1931 was appointed captain of South Africa for the Fourth Test of 1930/1931 after playing one game for Western Province. He celebrated this appointment with a fighting innings of 69 that saved South Africa and showcased the growing adaptability of his batting and the ability to produce a fighting defence in addition to the hitting power he always possessed. Cameron captained South Africa during the 1931/1932 tour of Australia and New Zealand, but the burden undoubtedly affected his batting in the Tests – he averaged only 15.50 against Australia and South Africa lost all five Tests against Bradman's batting and Grimmett's wonderful bowling. Returning to Transvaal for the 1932/1933 season, Cameron could only play once in the following two seasons, but was back at his very best in 1934/1935, hitting up a career-best 182 against Griqualand West and keeping wicket as well as ever. 1935 tour of England -------------------- As vice-captain in 1935, Cameron was the focal point of a South African side whose batting strength was sufficient to give it victory over England by one Test to nil (though England had the better of all four draws). In the only decisive result on a spinners' wicket at Lord's (due to leatherjackets having infested the wicket during England's mildest winter on record), Cameron hit his highest Test score of 90 in the first innings. At one stage he hit 58 out of his team's 60 runs in half an hour. The Cricketer wrote: "We have seldom, if ever, seen a batsman who hits a ball so hard and so far with so little apparent effort." In his famous innings against Yorkshire it was said that "Verity had Cameron in two minds: whether to hit him for four or six". He also hit 132 against second-placed Derbyshire and 160 against an eleven raised by Shrimp Leveson Gower. Louis Duffus wrote: "He began his 1935 tour in England by driving a ball out of the Worcester ground, and from that first day in May onwards he hit sixes all over English fields." Death ----- However, when Cameron returned to South Africa he was, to the regret of the cricket world, immediately afflicted with typhoid fever. Treatment proved so ineffective that Cameron died less than two months after he had played his last game of cricket. His loss was a crushing blow to South Africa: in 1935–36 they lost four of their five Tests against Australia due to Grimmett's and O'Reilly's formidable spin bowling (which Cameron's hitting might well have made less dangerous) and it took them until the 1950s to produce teams of comparable strength to that of the 1935 side. In its obituary notice The Times wrote: "He combined all those qualities of courage, modesty, generosity and cheerfulness which instinctively made themselves felt on the field of cricket, and also off it, to all those who were privileged to know him and who immediately recognised the influence of the man." During their tour of South Africa in 1935–36, to raise money for Cameron's family the Australians played a baseball match against the Transvaal Baseball Club at the Wanderers ground in Johannesburg. The match raised about 400 pounds.
Armenian traditional clothing Armenian girls from Erzurum in traditional dress. Drawing by Alexandre Lacauchie, 1847 Armenian couple from the Ararat Plain, 19th century \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Armenians \| \| \| \| Armenian culture \| \| * Architecture * ArtCuisine * Dance * DressLiterature * Music * History \| \| By country or region \| \| * Armenia * Artsakh (See also Nagorno-Karabakh) * Turkey --- Armenian diasporaRussia* France * IndiaUnited States * Iran * Iraq * GeorgiaAzerbaijan * BrazilArgentina * Uruguay * SyriaLebanon * Ukraine (Crimea)Poland * Canada * Australia * Greece * CyprusEgypt * Sweden * Singapore * Bangladesh * China \| \| Subgroups \| \| * Hamshenis * Cherkesogai * Armeno-Tats * Lom people * Hayhurum * Zoks \| \| Religion \| \| * Armenian Apostolic * Armenian CatholicEvangelical * Brotherhood \| \| Languages and dialects \| \| * Armenian: Eastern + Zok * WesternSign languages: Armenian Sign * Caucasian SignPersian: Armeno-TatArmenian–Lom: Lomavren \| \| Persecution \| \| * Genocide * Hamidian massacresAdana massacre * Anti-ArmenianismHidden Armenians \| \| * v * t * e \| The Armenian Taraz (Armenian: տարազ, taraz;), also known as Armenian traditional clothing, reflects a rich cultural tradition. Wool and fur were utilized by the Armenians along with the cotton that was grown in the fertile valleys. During the Urartian period, silk imported from China was used by royalty. Later, the Armenians cultivated silkworms and produced their own silk. The collection of Armenian women's costumes begins during the Urartu time period, wherein dresses were designed with creamy white silk, embroidered with gold thread. The costume was a replica of a medallion unearthed by archaeologists at Toprak Kale near Lake Van, which some 3,000 years ago was the site of the capital of the Kingdom of Urartu. Overview -------- The Armenian national costume, having existed through long periods of historical development, was one of the signals of self-preservation for the Armenian culture. Being in an area at the crossroads of diverse eastern styles, Armenian dress is significant in not only borrowing but also often playing an influential role on neighboring nations. The costume can be divided into two main regions: Western Armenians and Eastern Armenians. Which in turn are divided into separate subregions. Left to Right: Western Armenian man, New Julfa woman, Yerevan woman, Agulis woman, Javakhk woman, Eastern Armenian man The costume of the Armenians of Western Armenia is mainly divided into two regions: 1. Areas of the Eastern Provinces: Taron (including Sasun), Bardzr Hayk, Vaspurakan, and Baghesh. 2. The regions of Sebastia, Kayseri, Cilicia in the western states, and Kharberd-Tigranakert in the south. The first group kept closer to the traditions of the Armenian costume while in the second group, the influence of some Anatolian cultures are seen. Eastern Armenian costume can be divided into three regions: 1. Syunik-Artsakh, Zangezur, and Ayrarat. 2. Goghtan (Agulis, Ordubad) 3. Gandzak, Gugark, Shirak, Javakhk. ### Colors The Armenian costume is dominated by the colors of the four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. According to the 14th-century Armenian philosopher Grigor Tatatsi, the Armenian costume is made to express the ancestral soil, the whiteness of the water, the red of the air, and the yellow of the fire. Apricot symbolizes prudence and common sense, red symbolizes courage and martyrdom, blue symbolizes heavenly justice, white symbolizes purity. Some of the techniques used in making these costumes have survived to this day and are actively used in the applied arts, however, there are techniques that have been lost. Each province of Armenia stands out with its costume. The famous centers of Armenian embroidery – Van-Vaspurakan, Karin, Shirak, Syunik-Artsakh, Cilicia – stand out with their rhythmic and stylistic description of ornaments, color combinations and composition. Timeline -------- ### Ancient period: 900–600 BCE The Urartians who were the predecessors to the Armenians wore a dress similar to that of Assyrians which consisted of short-sleeved tunics worn bare or with a shawl surrounding it. The Urartians decorated themselves with metal ornaments such as necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and pins. These metal ornaments were engraved with lion heads while necklaces of stone beads and long metal pins were draped across the body. Metal belts were an important part of the Urartian costume as well. The making of metal belts was considered an art form with magical scenes and animals being engraved into the belt in order to protect the wearer. ### Classical period: 600 BCE – 600 CE The traditional dress of Armenians underwent a significant shift following the emergence of the Kingdom of Armenia as a distinct political entity. Armenian men wore fitted trousers and a distinct hat known as the Phrygian cap. This later evolved into the balshik which is a flexible accessory that is worn by shepherds and religious leaders alike. ### Medieval period: 600–1600 CE Based on the works of Armenian manuscripts as well as images found on churches, coins, and khachkars, we can see that the Armenian elite wore clothing similar to that of Byzantine and Arab royalty, such as Turbans. Armenians held onto their unique traditions while also adopting from neighboring societies such as head coverings becoming commonplace for Armenian women. ### 19th century In her 1836 novel titled The City of The Sultan; and Domestic Manners of the Turks, Julia Pardoe described the Armenian merchants she observed immediately upon disembarking in the port of Stamboul: > As I looked on the fine countenances, the noble figures, and the animated expression of the party, how did I deprecate their shaven heads, and the use of the frightful calpac, which I cannot more appropriately describe than by comparing it to the iron pots used in English kitchens, inverted! The graceful pelisse, however, almost makes amends for the monstrous head-gear, as its costly garniture of sable or marten-skin falls back, and reveals the robe of rich silk, and the cachemire shawl folded about the waist. > > Pardoe also mentions they wore bejeweled rings and carried in their hands "pipes of almost countless cost." ### Nowadays Armenian dancers in downtown Manhattan Armenian traditional clothing started to fall out of use in the 1920s and was almost completely replaced by modern clothing by the 1960s. Today, Armenian traditional clothing is mostly used for dance performances where girls put on an arkhalig and long dress to simulate taraz while boys wear dark colored loose pants and a fitted jacket. In some areas of Armenia and Karabakh, elderly women still wear a short headscarf. Photo studios in Armenia allow for new generations to take pictures in traditional clothing and some women in recent times have begun to wear taraz again. An annual festival celebrating Armenian traditional dress known as Taraz Fest is hosted every year in Yerevan and Stepanakert by the Teryan cultural center and consists of showcases of the cultural dress. Men's clothing -------------- ### Eastern Armenia Armenian man from Gyumri wearing chukha and papakh The basis of the Armenian men's body clothing was the lower shirt and pants. They were sewn from homemade canvas at home. The most common was the traditional tunic-shaped men's shirt – *Shapik* (Armenian: շապիկ) made of two cloths. In an Armenian family, men's clothes, especially the head of the house, were paid special attention, as men judged the family as a whole by their appearance. The overall fashion of the Eastern Armenian costume was Caucasian, close to similar clothing worn by neighboring peoples in the Caucasus such as Azerbaijanis, Georgians, Dagestanis, and Chechens, among others. #### Belt clothes Men's body pants – *Vartik* (Armenian: վարտիկ; also votashor, tuban or pohan) differed from women's in that they did not have an applied decorative border at the bottom of the ankle; their pants were tucked into knitted socks and windings. A cap and vartic of traditional cut were worn in Armenia by men of all ages, from young boys to the elderly. Ballovars – *shalvar* (Armenian: շալվար) were worn over the body pants. They were sewn from homemade rough-shaft fabric painted black, less often dark blue or brown in the same fabric as the vartic. #### Outerwear Armenian warrior from Nagorno-Karabakh wearing a Chukha and Papakha, 1837 The basis of outer shoulder clothing in Eastern Armenia was Arkhalugh and Chukha. Arkhalugh-type clothing has a centuries-old tradition among Armenians, as evidenced by images on tombstones and medieval miniatures. It was widespread and worn by the entire male population, starting from boys aged 10–12. Arkhalugh was sewn from purchased fabrics (satin, eraser, chintz, shawl), black, blue, brown tones, lined. Its decoration was a galun ribbon in the tone of the main material, which was covered with a collar, chest incision, hem and sleeves. In wealthy families, such as in the merchant class of Yerevan, along with the ribbon, a silk cord was added. *Arkhalugh* (Armenian: արխալուղ) – a long, tight, waist-jacket made of fabrics including silk, satin, cloth, cashmere and velvet, depending on the social status of its owner. It was usually girded with a silver belt, less often with a belt or a leather belt with false silver buttons. With a number of similarities to the Arkhalugh, the *Chukha* (Armenian: չուխա) had a wider functional purpose. The Chukha is a male humeral outerwear with layers and gathers that was detachable at the waist. It was made of cloth, tirma, and homespun textiles. Outerwear served not only as warm clothes, but as clothing for special occasions. Most chukhas were decorated with a bandolier for gazyr cartridges on both sides of the coat, although Armenians would seldom wear the chukha with the cartridges inserted. The right to wear a chukha symbolized a certain socio-age status, as a rule, it was worn from the age of majority (from 15 to 20 years). The Chukhas were dressed in a mushtak or burka, and later as an urban influence. Sheepskin fur coat or mushtak as clothes were worn by the wealthy, mainly of the older generation. Some Eastern Armenian men additionally chose to wear a dagger, known as a *Khanchal* (Armenian: Խանչալ) or *Dashuyn* (Armenian: Դաշույն) over either the Chukha or the Arkhalugh. It was suspended from either a leather or silver belt and hung diagonally across the man's waist. Such daggers were widespread throughout the Caucasus region, including Armenia. However, due to the lack of the strong warrior culture that was present in the areas north of Armenia, the dagger was a far less ubiquitous part of a man's outfit in Armenia than it was elsewhere in the region. *Burka* (Armenian: այծենակաճ, aitsenakach) was the only cape in traditional Armenian costume. Armenians wore two types of burqa: fur and felt. Fur burka was made of goat wool, with fur outside, using long-pile fur. Felt burka and in some areas fur (Lori) was worn by shepherds. This was often complete with a **Bashlyk, a type of hood which was suspended from the back of the Burka and worn over the Papakh to protect against rain. The men's clothing complex also included a leather belt, which was worn over the arkhalugh. The leather belt had a silver buckle and false ornaments engraved with plant ornaments. Men's wedding clothes, which were both festive and culturally significant, were distinguished by the fact that the arkhalugh was made of more expensive fabric, the chukha and shoelaces were red (this color was considered to be a guardian), and the belt was silver, which they received during the wedding from the bride's parents. This type of clothing of Karabakh men was also common among other Eastern Armenians, in particular in Syunik, Gogthan, as well as in Lori. #### Headgear The standard headgear of Eastern Armenians was a fur hat – Papakh (Armenian: փափախ), sewn from sheep's skins. Papakhs came in a variety of different shapes and sizes, with men of different regions and villages having different preferences. Generally speaking, men from Southern Armenia and Karabakh preferred a taller and more cylindrical style of papakh, while men from Northern Armenia usually wore one that was low and wide. The most expensive and prestigious was considered to be made from Bukhara sheep wool, which was worn by representatives of the wealthy classes, especially in cities. In these cities, very high, close to cylindrical, hats were worn complete with a chuhka with folding sleeves. The headgear and hat, in particular, were the embodiment of the honor and dignity of an Armenian man. Throwing his papakha on the ground was equated to his shame and dishonor. According to traditional etiquette, in certain situations, the man was supposed to take off his hat at the entrance to church, during funerals, when meeting highly revered and respected people, etc. ### Western Armenia A western Armenian man in the early 19th century, by Louis Dupré Traditional Armenian clothing from Western Armenia was generally standard throughout despite regional differences and had a similar silhouette, bright color scheme that was distinguished by colorfulness, and an abundance of embroidery. Men's bodywear had a similar cut to the East Armenian wear. However, the body shirt was distinguished by a side section of the gate. The body pants – vartik, were covered without a step wedge, but with a wide insert strip of fabric, as a result of which the width of such pants was often almost equal to their length. They were made of woolen multicolored threads. The traditional clothing of some Western Armenian provinces, namely those around lake Van, was a regional form of dress rather than an ethnic one, as many neighboring peoples such as Kurds also dressed in a similar fashion. However, as Armenians had a virtual monopoly on weaving and dress-making in the region, coupled with the fact that Armenians were the oldest living inhabitants of the area, it is likely that it was adopted from Armenians by the neighboring peoples. ### Outerwear The gate and long sleeves of the upper shirt, Ishlik, were sewn with geometric patterns of red threads. In a number of regions such as in (Vaspurakan and Turuberan), the sleeve of the shirt ended with a long hanging piece – jalahiki. The shirt was worn with a kind of vest, a spruce (tree) with open breasts, from under which the shirt's embroidered breasts were clearly visible. Such a vest was a characteristic component of the traditional men's suit only in Western Armenia. From above, a short, waist-to-waisted woolen jacket was worn on the top – a batchkon, a one-piece-sleeved salt, often quilted. The wealthy Armenians chose the thinnest, especially Shatakh cloth, mostly of domestic and local handicrafts, and tried to sew all parts of the suit from one fabric". On top of the top were worn short (up to the waist) swing clothes with short sleeves – Kazakhik made of goat fur or felt aba. The goat's jacket, covered with braids at the edges and with bundles of fur on its shoulders, was worn mainly by wealthy villagers. Ensemble from Sasun wearing Western Armenian Taraz The outer warm clothes also included a long straight "Juppa". In wealthier families, the juppa was quilted and lined. It was preferred to be worn by mature men. In winter, in some, mainly mountainous regions (Sasun), wide fur coats made of sheepskin were worn, without a belt. The belt as an indispensable part of men's suit in most regions Western Armenia was distinguished by its originality. The colored patterned belt was "rather a bandage around the waist. A long, wide shawl, knitted or woven, folded in width in several layers, was wrapped twice or more around the waist. The deep folds of the belt served as a kind of pocket for a handkerchief, kisset, wallet. For such a belt, you could plug both a long tube and a knife with a handle, and if necessary a dagger". The silver belt was an accessory of the city costume, it was worn in Karin, Kars, Van and other centers of highly developed craftsmanship production. Citizens, artisans, and wealthy peasants alike had belts made of massive silver plaques. ### Headgear Arakhchi, XXI c. The headgear in Western Armenia consisted of hats of various shapes (spherical, conical), felt, wool knitted and woven, which were usually worn in addition to the handkerchief. They had regional differences in the materials used to manufacture it as well as the style and color scheme of the ornament. A felt white cone-shaped hat was widespread – koloz with a pointed or rounded top. The widespread arakhchi, also known as arakhchin (Armenian: արախչի), was a truncated skull cap, knitted from wool or embroidered in single youth with multicolored woolen thread, with a predominance of red. The way this traditional headdress was worn was a marker of its owner's marital condition, just as in Eastern Armenia, the right to wear an arakhicki belonged to a married man. ### Hamshen The Hamshen province of Armenia had its own unique costume, sharing many similarities with the Caucasian costume found in Eastern Armenia. It was generally close to similar clothing worn by the neighboring Laz, Adjarian and Pontic Greek peoples. By the end of the 19th century, this costume included an undershirt, a top cover shirt, an Arkhalukh, and a short Chukha which reached a little below the waist. Hamshen Armenians traditionally wore very wide and long pants, however by the end of the 19th century this was replaced by a thinner pair of trousers called zipkas, worn with a pair of high boots. A wool or silk belt, 4–5 meters long, was tied over the trousers. Hamshen Armenian men In winter, many villagers wore a Kepenek, a felt outercoat similar to the Burka, except with a hood to cover the head. As everyday headwear, men wore a Bashlyk made of silk or wool which was tied around the head to form a headband. Men who owned arms completed their outfit with a series of firearms accessories, a knife, and a Khanchal dagger. Women's clothing ---------------- Armenian woman from Shamakhi, photo by F. Orden 1897 ### Eastern Armenia At the beginning of the 20th century, women's clothing, unlike men's clothing, still preserved its traditional complexes in historical and ethnographic regions. Women's clothing of eastern and western Armenians was more homogeneous than men's clothing. The main difference was the abundance of embroidery and jewelry in a women's suit from Western Armenia as opposed to Eastern Armenia. #### Clothes In Armenia, women wore a long red shirt – halav made of cotton fabric with oblique wedges on the sides, long straight sleeves with a gusset and a straight incision of the gate. This shirt was worn mainly by girls and young women. Long body pants were sewn from the same red fabric as the shirt, on a white lining and waist held on hold with the help of honjang. Holiday pants were sewn in silk red fabric on a white fabric lining. The lower ends of the pants collected from the ankles were to be visible from under the outerwear, so this part was sewn from more expensive and beautiful fabric and sewn (in Yerevan and Ararat) with gold embroidery or decorated (Syunik, Artsakh) with a strip of black velvet with gold-plated braid. In the women's complex of the provinces Syunik and Artsakh, an important part was the upper shirt – virvi khalav (Armenian: վիրվի հալավ) made of red silk or calico with round gate and chest incision with black velvet or satin, as well as sewn silver small jewelry. #### Outerwear Armenian lady of New Julfa in Isfahan, 1850 by Janeta Lanzh In the early 20th century, women's outerwear differed in great variety among Armenians. Its basis in Eastern Armenia was a long swing dress – arkhalugh with one-piece front shelves and a trimmed back, an elegant long neckline on the chest, fastened only at the waist. They sewed arkhalughs from sitz, satin or silk, usually blue, green or purple colors, lined in thin cotton vatina, lined with longitudinal lines and vertical lines on the sleeves. It was necessary to have two dresses: everyday dresses made of cotton and festive dresses made of expensive silk fabric. The clothes for the exit were a dress – mintana (Armenian: մինթանա), worn on solemn occasions on top of the arkhalig of the same cut, but without side seams. An integral part of traditional women's clothing was the belt. In the Ararat Valley, especially in the urban environment of Yerevan, the complex of women's clothing included a fabric silk belt with two long curtain rods embroidered with silk and gold threads. Syunik and Artsakh also used a leather belt with a large silver buckle and sewn silver plates made in the technique of engraving, filigree and black. #### Headgear The most characteristic and complex part of Eastern Armenian taraz was a women's headdress. Before a woman was married, the hair was freely released back with several pigtails and tied to the head with a handkerchief. After marriage, the Armenian woman was to "tie her head", i.e. they put on a special "towagon" on her head – palti (Nagorno-Karabakh, Syunik), pali, poli (Meghri, Agulis), baspind (Yerevan, Ashtarak). Underneath it, a ribbon with coins (silver, very rich – with gold) or with special hangers was tied on the forehead, and silver balls hung on both sides of the face through the whiskey or interspersed with coral. The nose and mouth were tightly tied first with a white and then with a colored (red, green) handkerchief. Due to Islamic influences, many Armenian women wore a Chador when going outside per the rules of the dominant Persian or Turkish cultural norms. ### Western Armenia Armenian girls from Trabzon, drawing by De Agostini 1905 The western Armenian variety of women's clothing was distinguished by a bright color scheme and rich decorative design. The bodywork in cut was similar to that of Eastern Armenia, with the only difference being that the shirts were sewn from white cotton fabric. #### Outerwear Western Armenian women wore a swinging one-piece dress – ant'ari. On top of the "antari" on solemn occasions, as well as in the cold season, a dress – juppa, was worn. This dress could be festive (burgundy, purple, blue velvet or silk, colored woolen fabric in stripes) and everyday (made of dark blue cloth). A distinctive feature of traditional women's clothing in Western Armenia was the apron – mezar. Made of cotton or expensive (velvet, cloth) fabrics, abundantly decorated (especially wedding), it was a necessary part of the outfit: as in the east it was "shameful" to go out with an open chin, so here it was "shameful" to appear without an apron. The classic version of it is a red cloth apron in a set of Karin-Shirak's clothes with exquisite sewing and braid, which was tied to the "antari". With such an apron, the open chest of the dress was covered with an embroidered bib – "krckal" rectangular or trapezoidal shape made of silk, velvet or woolen fabric, in girls and young women decorated with rich embroidery along the gate and on the chest, and "'juppa" was replaced by a jacket – "salta"" or "kurtik". This swing short (to the waist) jacket was made of purple, blue, burgundy velvet or green, blue silk fabric. The jacket was festive clothes and struck by the beauty of patterned embroidery. Warm outerwear, in particular in Vaspurakan, was dalma, a kind of long coat made of black cloth lined. This swinging, waist-fitting and braided with braided gold and silk threads, the cut was similar to a "juppa". It was mainly worn by girls and young women. #### Headgear Armenian woman from Mush in traditional dress, late 19th century The women's headgear stood out for its special wealth and beauty. The girls braided their hair in numerous braids (up to 40), of which the front braids were thrown forward on the chest and with the help of silver chains were placed on the back. Experienced braiders skillfully braided woolen threads in the color of the hair, decorating them with silver balls and brushes. Decorated with silver jewelry and felt hat in the shape of a fezka without a brush, it was hung on chains in the front by a number of newcomers, leaves, chains, amulets. The temples had hanging hangers – eresnots. In many areas, a silver flat with minted flowers, images of angels, and sunlight, among others, was sewn on the felt from above. When she got married, the woman put on a red hat made of the thinnest felt, with a long brush of purple or blue twisted silk threads of 40 cm long, in the southern regions – "kotik", in Karina Shirak "vard" (literally rose). All this elegant colorful complex was complemented by a lot of jewelry: necklaces, pendants, bracelets, rings, as well as a silver or gold-plated belt with a massive buckle of amazingly fine jewelry. Most of them were the property of wealthy Armenian women, especially in the trade and crafts environment in many cities of Western Armenia and Transcaucasia. Footwear -------- Armenian man from Nagorno-Karabakh wearing Jorabs, postcard by Max Tilke Since ancient times, footwear has been an integral part of traditional Armenian clothing. Men's and women's shoes (knitted socks and the actual shoes) were largely identical. Knitted patterned socks – Jorabs and gulpas*, which, along with men's leggings, were known as early as the Urartian period and occupied an important place in Armenian footwear. In traditional everyday life, male and female patterned jorabs were knitted densely from the wool of a particular region. They could be monochromatic or multi-colored, with each region having its own favorite pattern and color. In the Ottoman Empire, Armenians and Jews were required to wear blue or purple shoes to denote their status as minorities. Later, Armenians had to wear red shoes to indicate to the Ottomans that they were Armenian. They were widely used not only in everyday life, but also had ritual significance. Socks were part of the girl's dowry, and were one of the main objects of gift exchange at weddings and christenings. They were widespread throughout Armenia and remained in many areas until the 1960s. Gallery ------- Bridal dress from Shamakh, 19th centuryBridal dress from Shamakh, 19th century * Cilician brideCilician bride * New Julfa taraz embroidered by hand, 16th to 17th centuryNew Julfa taraz embroidered by hand, 16th to 17th century * Chaharmahal womanChaharmahal woman * Talin tarazTalin taraz * Vostan tarazVostan taraz * During Bagratuni dynasty, featuring ermine, 9th to 12th centuryDuring Bagratuni dynasty, featuring ermine, 9th to 12th century * Syunik taraz, 18th centurySyunik taraz, 18th century * Kharberd tarazKharberd taraz * Shatakh (Vaspurakan) taraz with ornamented hat, teasels and plaitsShatakh (Vaspurakan) taraz with ornamented hat, teasels and plaits * Taraz of Lower HaykTaraz of Lower Hayk * Bridal dress of Akhaltsikha, 19th centuryBridal dress of Akhaltsikha, 19th century * Armenian traditional clothingArmenian traditional clothing * Girls in Armenian National DressGirls in Armenian National Dress * Armenian singer Sirusho in Vaspurakan Taraz for her "PreGomesh" music videoArmenian singer Sirusho in Vaspurakan Taraz for her "PreGomesh" music video * Armenian men from GyumriArmenian men from Gyumri * Traditional wedding ceremony of slaughtering a bull, early 20th century, LoriTraditional wedding ceremony of slaughtering a bull, early 20th century, Lori * Armenian from Lake Van regionArmenian from Lake Van region * Prince Mkrtich Artsruni with his wife Srbuhi in Gavar, 19th centuryPrince Mkrtich Artsruni with his wife Srbuhi in Gavar, 19th century
Irish Gaelic footballer David Farrell was Gaelic footballer from Camp, County Kerry. He played with Kerry during the late 1980s and 1990s. He won an All Ireland Minor medal and an Under 21 All Ireland medal. He played his club football with Annascaul and West Kerry. Club ---- Farrell played club football with Annascaul. He won a County Intermediate Championship in 1992 and helped the club to the County Senior Football Championship final in 1993 when they lost out to Laune Rangers. He won a Kerry Senior Football Championship in 1990 with West Kerry. Underage -------- He was part of the Kerry minor team in 1988. Kerry beat Cork in the Munster final and later Dublin in the All-Ireland final ending a successful year for Farrell. He later joined the Under 21 team where he had more success. He first joined the team in 1990, where he played in all of Kerry's games as a win over Cork in the Munster final and Tyrone in the All-Ireland final. He was still underage in 1991 and won a second Munster title after overcoming Cork. Kerry faced Tyrone in the All-Ireland final once more. However the title went to the Ulster champions. Junior ------ Farrell had a short and unsuccessful time with the Kerry junior team. His only game was a loss to Cork in the Munster final. Senior ------ Farrell first played with the Kerry senior team during the 1990 Munster championship. It wasn't a good start however as his first game was the Munster final loss to Cork in one of Kerry's biggest championship losses. He played in the 1990/91 National League playing in all but one of Kerry's games. He captained Kerry in their Munster championship quarter-final win over Tipperary. He was on the benach for the rest of Kerry's games, including the Munster final win over Limerick and All-Ireland semi-final loss to Down. He played during the National League in 1991/92 and 1992/93, these were his last games with the county.
Species of bacterium *Elusimicrobium minutum* is an ultramicrobacterium and first accepted member to be cultured of a major bacterial lineage previously known only as candidate phylum Termite Gut 1 (TG1), which has accordingly been renamed phylum Elusimicrobiota. It was isolated in the laboratory of Andreas Brune at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology, from the scarab beetle. It is a mesophilic, obligately anaerobic ultramicrobacterium with a gram-negative cell envelope. Cells are typically rod shaped, but cultures are pleomorphic in all growth phases (0.3 to 2.5 μm long and 0.17 to 0.3 μm wide). The isolate grows heterotrophically on sugars and ferments D-galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-glucosamine, and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine to acetate, ethanol, hydrogen, and alanine as major products but only if amino acids are present in the medium The genome of Elusimicrobium minutum -------------------------------------- The 1.64 Mbp genome of E. minutum reveals the presences of several genes required for uptake and fermentation of sugars via the Embden–Meyerhof pathway, including several hydrogenases, and an unusual peptide degradation pathway comprising transamination reactions. It also reveals the presence of genes coding for peptidoglycan and lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis. The genome also seems to encode 60 PilE genes putatively involved in pilus assembly, polyketide synthesis, non-ribosomal peptide synthesis and many other still undiscovered metabolic traits.
The Dena Foundation for Contemporary Art (DFCA) is an American non-profit organization that promotes contemporary visual arts and young artists in that field. DFCA was founded in New York in 2001 by art collector Giuliana Setari Carusi. It has another office in Paris. Mission ------- DFCA is dedicated to strengthening the ties and the interactions between Italian culture and that of other countries, with a particular interest in the United States and France. DFCA helps artists living in Italy who participate in the Artists Residency Programs in New York and in Paris. DFCA creates collaborations between artists, museum directors, directors of research programs and professionals of the art world. It organizes and supports roundtables, conferences, seminars and exhibitions. DFCA created Dena Foundation Art Award for young artists who have created a work with social relevance for a public space. DFCA supports the publication of artist’s books and art magazines and provides production grants for artist participation in International artistic events. Artists and curators Residency Programs --------------------------------------- DFCA promotes artists in residence programs and provides scholarships for these programs. ### DFCA Scholarship at the Omi International Arts Center The Art Omi International Artists Residency is a three-week residency program in July for visual artists at the Omi International Arts Center in Ghent, New York. The DFCA program is handled each year by a different critic-in-residence and gathers a group of artists from different countries and nationalities. In 2001, For this program, DFCA establish a scholarship to an artist from Central Italy or Southern Italy. Because Omi is close to New York City, DFCA participants benefit from visiting art critics, gallery owners and artists. In the evenings the group gathers for lectures, slide presentations and panel discussions. At the end of the residency, the DFCA artists share their projects with an audience of art professionals. Previous DFCA residents include: Nicoletta Agostini (2003), Stanislao di Giugno (2005), Matteo Fato (2010), Francesco Jodice (2002), Domenico Mangano (2004), Luana Perilli (2008), Corrado Sassi (2006), Marinella Senatore (2009), Donatella Spaziani (2001) Since 2011, DFCA has partnered with the MARCA Museum in Catanzaro and the Province of Catanzaro to reward an artist from Calabria. Domenico Cordì was the recipient of the 2011 scholarship. ### The DFCA Scholarship at the Centre International d'Accueil et d'Echanges des Récollets Since 2003, the DFCA promotes an Artists and curators Residency Program at the Centre International d’Accueil et d’Echanges des Récollets in Paris. The DFCA residency takes place in the fall. The DCPA program gathers a group of artists selected by scientific committees, by invitation only, and is managed by a director. The DFCA program introduces artists to the French and international art scene. The artists receive advice and feedback from art critics and curators, directors of international institutions, gallery owners, collectors and artists. The artists participate in DCPA activities and round tables or exhibitions. The DFCA Paris program is supported by public and private partners, principally the city of Milan. The artists involved in the DFCA Paris program include: Rebecca Agnes (2003), Nicoletta Agostini (2004), Meris Angioletti (2005), Paola Anziché (2008), Lucia Barbagallo (2010), Michele Bazzana (2009), Valerio Berruti (2007) Dafne Boggeri (2004), Alessandro Bulgini (2004), Assila Cherfi (2010), Dafni & Papadatos (2003), Martina della Valle (2007), Cleo Fariselli (2009), Matteo Fato (2011), Michael Fliri (2008), Francesco Fossati, Linda Fregni Nagler (2008), Giovanni Giaretta (2010), Antonella Grieco (2008), Invernomuto (2007), Diego Marcon (2009), Federico Peri (2007), Alessandro Piangiamore (2007), Luca Pozzi (2009), Richard Sympson (2009), Angelo Sarleti (2006), Ester Sparatore (2004), Donatella Spaziani (2003), Alberto Tadiello (2008), Alice Tomaselli (2010), Coniglio Viola (2008) DFCA has established a three-year agreement for the Premio d’Artista of the Fondazione Sparkasse in Bolzano, Italy initiated by Fondazione Museion. The artists selected were Michael Fliri (2008) and Ignaz Cassar (2010) In 2011, the NAC-National Arts Council of Singapore ask DFCA to establish a partnership aimed at promoting emerging Singaporean artists through a residency in Paris: Hafiz B Osman and Debbie Ding are the 2012 grant recipients. Partners -------- DFCA has developed partnerships in order to promote its activities. Among them Accademia delle Belle Arti di Brera, Youth Department of the Municipality of Milan, Centre culturel français of Milan, Prime Minister Department of Youth, Ministry for Heritage and Cultural Activities PARC - General Directorate for Quality and Protection, GAI, Accademia Albertina delle Belle Arti in Turin, Museion, Municipality of Turin, Fondazione Spinola Banna per l’Arte, Unicredit Private Banking, Fondazione Sparkasse, Fondazione Cariplo, Free Undo, RAM / Zerynthia Accademia Albertina, Museion and Sparkasse Foundation. The DFCA Art Award ------------------ In 2001 DFCA established the Dena Foundation Art Award, awarded to young artists who have created a socially-relevant project in a public space. The prize is accompanied by the publication of a book conceived by the artist. DCPA Art Award recipients have been: Ryan Gander (2007), Great Britain, presented by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Renata Lucas (2009), Brazil, presented by Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Michael Rakowitz (2003), United States, presented by Carolyn Christov-Bakargiev, Michael Sailstorfer (2005), Germany, presented by Helmut Fridel, Fabien Verschaere (2001), France, presented by Hans Ulrich Obrist, Luca Vitone (2002), Italy, presented by Roberto Pinto. Exhibitions and events ---------------------- DFCA promotes contemporary art through round tables, conferences and exhibitions, in different cities in collaboration with European institutions in the context of cultural events. Among the others, the exhibitions Beyond the Dust – Artists’ Documents Today (2010–2011), Inhabituel (2005), the round table Ubiquity as a paradigm of contemporary culture and life (2004), the conference Jeune photographie italienne contemporaine: une géographie des talents naissants (2008), the Journées Portes Ouvertes at the Centre International d’Accueil et d’Echanges des Récollets (2009–2011) Special projects ---------------- Top 100 by Davide Bertocchi since 2003.
Cognitive problems associated with menopause Medical condition Postmenopausal confusion, also commonly referred to as postmenopausal brain fog, is a group of symptoms of menopause in which women report problems with cognition at a higher frequency during postmenopause than before. Multiple studies on cognitive performance following menopause have reported noticeable declines of greater than 60%. The common issues presented included impairments in reaction time and attention, difficulty recalling numbers or words, and forgetting reasons for involvement in certain behaviors. Association between subjective cognitive complaints and objective measures of performance show a significant impact on health-related quality of life for postmenopausal women. Treatment primarily involves symptom management through non-pharmacological treatment strategies. This includes involvement in physical activity and following medically supervised diets, especially those that contain phytoestrogens or resveratrol. Pharmacological interventions in treating postmenopausal confusion are currently being researched. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is currently not indicated for the treatment of postmenopausal confusion due to inefficacy. The use of HRT for approved indications has identified no significant negative effect on postmenopausal cognition. Although much of the literature references women, all people who undergo menopause, including those who do not self-identify as women, may experience symptoms of postmenopausal confusion. History ------- Research on menopause as a whole declined with the end of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies, but research on the treatment of symptoms associated with menopause—especially the treatment of cognitive decline—continues. The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation (SWAN), first started in 1996, continues to publish progress reports which include cognitive symptoms associated with menopausal transition, including those in postmenopause. As of 2019[update], SWAN indicated, "Approximately 60% of midlife women report problems with memory during the [menopause transition], yet studies of measured cognitive performance during the transition are rare." Although there are many relationships between hormone levels in postmenopause and cognitive function, the previously favored HRT therapies (estrogen therapies) have been shown to be ineffective in specifically treating postmenopausal confusion. The use of hormone replacement therapies, once considered detrimental to cognition in postmenopausal women, has now been shown to have no negative effect when used properly for approved indications. There are no conclusive studies to support any pharmacological agents, but several potential drug candidates are still being explored. Presentation ------------ Menopause is a natural decline in the ovarian function of women who reach the age between 45 and 54 years. "About 25 million women pass through menopause worldwide each year, and it has been estimated that, by the year 2030, the world population of menopausal and postmenopausal women will be 1.2 billion, with 47 million new entrants each year." Postmenopause begins immediately following menopause (one year after the final menstrual cycle). Postmenopausal confusion is often manifested through the following cognitive symptoms: memory problems, forgetfulness, and poor concentration. Confusion which is otherwise unexplained and coincides with the onset of postmenopause may be postmenopausal confusion. Causes ------ ### Risk factors #### Hypertension A 2019 literature review identified hypertension and history of pre-eclampsia as significant risk factors for the accelerated decline of cognitive function in women during midlife. Although the mechanism remains unclear, neuroimaging studies included in the review found that those with hypertension have evident structural changes in their brains; specifically, gray matter brain volume decreased and white matter hyperintensity volume increased. #### Atherosclerosis and comorbidities Atherosclerosis and comorbidities such as hyperlipidemia and diabetes mellitus have long been considered risk factors for cognitive decline because they have the propensity to cause the formation of amyloid plaques (aggregates of misfolded, deleterious proteins) in the brain. #### Insomnia Many postmenopausal women report insomnia. Studies have shown "associations between poor sleep quality and cognitive decline" in postmenopausal women as those with insufficient sleep, or with difficulty falling or staying asleep, reported decreased cognitive performance including "verbal memory, attention, and general cognition." #### Depression There is evidence linking depression and cognitive decline in postmenopausal women. Research suggests that increased cortisol levels from depressive episodes may affect the hippocampus, area of the brain responsible for episodic memory. Studies have also shown a correlation between depression and decreased cognitive performance including "processing speed, verbal memory, and working memory" in postmenopausal women. #### Hot flashes There are studies indicating a correlation between frequency of hot flashes in postmenopausal women and a deficit in verbal memory performance. It is suggested that faster blood flow in the brain or higher cortisol levels from hot flashes may cause changes in the brain and affect information processing and memory. #### Surgical menopause A 2019 systematic review and meta-analysis identified surgical menopause, especially when performed at or before the age of 45, as a substantial risk factor for cognitive decline and dementia. #### Cardiac procedures Lesions in the brain as indicated by arrows. Cardiac procedures such as invasive cerebral and coronary angiography, coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG), surgical aortic valve replacement, and transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have been found to increase the risk of cognitive decline in females as they been found to increase the incidence of brain lesions. Mechanism --------- The mechanism of postmenopausal confusion is poorly understood due to simultaneous aging-related physiological changes, as well as differential diagnoses presenting with similar symptoms. Research remains ongoing. Treatment --------- ### Overview There are pharmacological and non-pharmacological considerations in improving the symptoms of postmenopausal confusion. Currently, no pharmacological agents are indicated to treat postmenopausal confusion, but research remains ongoing. Non-pharmacological strategies to manage postmenopausal confusion symptoms are utilized, with focus on diet and exercise. ### Pharmacological #### Hormone therapy Hormone therapy, also known as estrogen therapy, was previously a common treatment for postmenopausal confusion. However, more recent research indicates that hormone therapy is not an effective treatment for postmenopausal cognitive symptoms. A 2008 Cochrane review of 16 trials concluded that there is a body of evidence that suggests that hormone replacement therapy is unable to prevent cognitive decline or maintain cognitive function in healthy postmenopausal women when given over a short or long period of time. Conversely, studies have also suggested that the use of hormone replacement therapy are unlikely to have negative cognitive effects when used for their approved indications. Previous research suggested that increases in blood flow to the hippocampus and temporal lobe occurred from hormone therapy, improving postmenopausal confusion symptoms. More recent research no longer supports this, and is inconclusive as to the true effects of estrogen on hippocampal volume as studies show results differing from improved cognition and maintained hippocampal volume when hormone therapy is administered during menopause to results showing no obvious beneficial results. Research focusing on adiponectin (ADPN) has yielded positive results in the development of possible treatments for postmenopausal confusion. A study has shown an association between higher levels of ADPN and increased cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. However, an ADPN receptor agonist has yet to be discovered. #### Psychostimulant therapy There is ongoing research regarding the efficacy of psychostimulant drugs such as lisdexamphetamine (Vyvanse) and atomoxetine (Strattera) in treating postmenopausal and menopausal confusion. ### Non-pharmacological #### Diet An illustration depicting the differences between a Western diet and a Mediterranean diet. Individuals play an important role in maintaining their cognitive health. One way to achieve this is by the promotion of healthy nutrition. In particular, the Mediterranean diet, defined as being low in saturated fat and high in vegetable oils, showed improvement in aspects of cognitive function. This diet consists of low intake of sweets and eggs, moderate intakes of meat and fish, dairy products and red wine, and high intake of leafy green vegetables, pulses/legumes and nuts, fruits, cereal, and cold pressed extra virgin olive oil. Further analysis concluded that the Mediterranean diet supplemented by olive oil resulted in better cognition and memory as compared to the Mediterranean diet plus mixed nuts combination. #### Supplementation Soy isoflavones (SIF), a type of phytoestrogen which can be found in soybeans, fruits and nuts, has been shown to improve cognitive outcomes in recent postmenopausal women of less than 10 years. This suggests that the initiation of SIF may have a critical margin of opportunity when used at a younger age in postmenopausal women. In addition to improved cognitive functions and visual memory, no evidence of harm from SIF supplementation was revealed with the dose ranges tested in multiple trials. Analysis of multiple randomized controlled trials have brought attention to black cohosh and red clover (which contain phytoestrogen) and its potential as an efficacious treatment of menopausal symptoms. Black cohosh did not reveal any evidence of risk of harm, but lack of good evidence cannot firmly conclude its safety. Overall, the results suggested that neither botanical treatments provided any cognitive benefits. Resveratrol, another bioactive compound derived from plants, has also shown to improve cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. There are ongoing trials studying the cognitive benefits of resveratrol in early versus late postmenopausal women. Chronic ginkgo biloba supplementation has been shown to improve "mental flexibility" in "older and more cognitively impaired" postmenopausal women. However, a combined ginkgo biloba and ginger supplementation had no effect on memory or cognitive performance in postmenopausal women. Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation may improve cognition in women with postmenopausal confusion but does not benefit those without cognitive impairment. More long-term studies are required to study the efficacy of DHEA and its role in cognition and postmenopausal women. #### Exercise Regular physical exercise may prevent symptoms of postmenopausal confusion. Studies have shown an association between exercise and "lower rates of cognitive decline" in postmenopausal women. On the other hand, an inactive lifestyle has been strongly associated with "higher rates of cognitive decline" in postmenopausal women. #### Mind-body therapy Studies have shown benefits of mind-body therapies in women with postmenopausal symptoms including cognitive impairment. Mindfulness, hypnosis, and yoga may help decrease symptoms of insomnia, depression, or hot flashes in postmenopausal women which leads to better cognitive performance. Further reading --------------- * Rao, Y.S.; Mott, N.N.; Wang, Y.; Chung, W.C.; Pak, T.R. (2013). "MicroRNAs in the aging female brain: a putative mechanism for age-specific estrogen effects". Endocrinology. 154 (8): 2795–2806. doi:10.1210/en.2013-1230. PMC 3713211. PMID 23720423. * Shafin, N.; Zakaria, R.; Hussain, N.H.; Othman, Z. (2013). "Association of oxidative stress and memory performance in postmenopausal women receiving estrogen progestin therapy" (PDF). Menopause. 20 (6): 661–666. doi:10.1097/GME.0b013e31827758c6. PMID 23715378. S2CID 8308339. * Epperson, C.N.; Sammel, M.D.; Freeman, E.W. (2013). "Menopause effects on verbal memory: findings from a longitudinal community cohort". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 98 (9): 3829–3838. doi:10.1210/jc.2013-1808. PMC 3763981. PMID 23836935. * Sherwin, Barbara B.; Miglena Grigorova (2011). "Differential effects of estrogen and micronized progesterone or medroxyprogesterone acetate on cognition in postmenopausal women". Fertility and Sterility. 96 (2): 399–403. doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.079. PMC 4838455. PMID 21703613. * Epperson, C.N.; Amin, Z.; Ruparel, K.; Gur, R.; Loughead, J. (2012). "Interactive effects of estrogen and serotonin on brain activation during working memory and affective processing in menopausal women". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 37 (3): 372–382. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.07.007. PMC 3226892. PMID 21820247. * Hampson, Elizabeth; E.E. Morley (2013). "Estradiol concentrations and working memory performance in women of reproductive age". Psychoneuroendocrinology. 38 (12): 2897–2904. doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.020. PMID 24011502. S2CID 22284223. * Hunter, Myra S.; Joseph Chilcot (2013). "Testing a cognitive model of menopausal hot flushes and night sweats". Journal of Psychosomatic Research. 74 (4): 307–312. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2012.12.005. PMID 23497832.
Romanian-American gymnastics coach The native form of this personal name is Károlyi Béla. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Béla Károlyi (Hungarian: [ˈbeːlɒ ˈkaːroji]; born September 13, 1942) is an ethnic Hungarian Romanian-American gymnastics coach. Early in his coaching career he developed the Romanian centralised training system for gymnastics. One of his earliest protégés was Nadia Comăneci, the first Olympic Games gymnast to be awarded a perfect score. Living under the dictatorship of Nicolae Ceaușescu, Károlyi frequently clashed with Romanian officials. He and his wife defected to the United States in 1981. Since their arrival in the United States, Béla and his wife Márta Károlyi have been credited with transforming the coaching of gymnastics in the US and bringing major international success. They have both been head coach of the United States women's national gymnastics team, as well as national team coordinator for United States gymnastics at the Olympic Games. They have also been severely criticized for their coaching style, which many gymnasts have called abusive. They have said they had no clue that Larry Nassar, the national gymnastics team doctor who was convicted of sexual assault of minors, was assaulting young female gymnasts in their care at their Karolyi Ranch training facility in Texas. The Karolyis and their ranch are central figures in the 2020 film Athlete A, a documentary about the scandal. Károlyi has coached many notable national, European, World and Olympic gymnasts, including Nadia Comăneci, Ecaterina Szabo, Mary Lou Retton, Julianne McNamara, Betty Okino, Teodora Ungureanu, Kim Zmeskal, Kristie Phillips, Dominique Moceanu, Phoebe Mills, and Kerri Strug. In total, Károlyi has coached nine Olympic champions, fifteen world champions, sixteen European medalists, and six U.S. national champions. Béla Károlyi was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 1997. Béla and Márta Károlyi as a coaching team were inducted into the US Gymnastics Hall of Fame in 2000. Early coaching career --------------------- Left–right: Ungureanu, Károlyi, Comăneci Károlyi was born in Kolozsvár, Hungary (now Cluj-Napoca, Romania). Skilled as an athlete, he became a national junior boxing champion and a member of the Romanian hammer throwing team. He enrolled at the Romania College of Physical Education, studying and practicing gymnastics after having had trouble with a mandatory skills test in the sport. In his senior year at the college, Károlyi coached the women's gymnastics team, whose star was Márta Erőss. They later started a relationship and married in 1963. They moved to a small town in the coal-mining region where Béla had grown up, where they started a gymnastics class in the elementary school. Later they were invited by the government to create a national school for gymnastics. Romania's famed centralized training program has its roots in the 1950s; Károlyi helped develop the program further in the late 1960s and early 1970s. He worked as a coach at the boarding school in Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej (now named Oneşti), training young girls specially chosen for their athletic potential. One of the first students at the school was six-year-old Nadia Comăneci, who lived near the town and commuted from home. Károlyi debuted as an international coach in 1974. He had to persuade the Romanian gymnastics federation to have Comăneci and his other athletes named to the 1975 European Championships and the 1976 Olympic team, because the federation favored athletes from the competing Dinamo club in Bucharest. At the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal, he was head coach of the Romanian squad, and most of the members of the team were Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej athletes. The team took the silver medal, and Comăneci was one of the outstanding performers of the Games, scoring the first-ever perfect 10 in Olympic competition. Altogether, the Romanians won seven medals in Montreal: three gold, two silver, and two bronze. After Comăneci's astounding success in Montreal, Károlyi's importance as a coach was recognized. He was named head coach of the Romanian team at the 1980 Olympics. However, he came under fire from Romanian officials because of his score protests at several international meets, including the 1980 Olympics. Defecting to the United States ------------------------------ After the Olympics, Károlyi again clashed with Romanian Federation officials, and tension escalated. During a 1981 gymnastics tour, Romanian team choreographer Géza Pozsár and the Károlyis defected and sought political asylum in the United States, temporarily leaving their seven-year-old daughter Andrea with relatives in Romania. They settled in Texas. 1980s ----- In 1981, a group of businessmen invited Károlyi to join a gymnastics business venture. He decided to invest in the business, and the Károlyis relocated to Houston. The gym ran into financial problems, and Károlyi ended up buying it. Károlyi's status as "Nadia's coach" quickly attracted gymnasts to his club. Three years after his defection, he attended the 1984 Olympics as the individual coach of Mary Lou Retton, who won all-around champion, and Julianne McNamara, who won the gold medal for uneven bars. Olympic rules at that time did not permit a gymnast's personal coach to be present on the competition floor. Only the national coach Don Peters and his assistant were allowed on the floor. Károlyi obtained a maintenance man's pass so he could be near Retton and McNamara during the competition. ABC television network commented on this controversy during its broadcasts and often showed Mary Lou Retton and Julianne McNamara running over to the stands to speak to Károlyi. During the 1984 Olympics, Károlyi did not have an official position with the delegation. He slept in his car, and ignored Peters' instructions by holding supplementary workouts for his gymnasts. Károlyi's clout in the United States increased after the victories of his students in 1984, but so did resentment against him. After Retton's success in 1984, Károlyi purchased the Karolyi Ranch. He was paid by McDonald's to have their golden arch logo as part of his sleeve design. His new gym, run from the ranch, attracted many of the country's top gymnasts. Following the 1984 Olympics, USGF decided to replace Peters with Greg Marsden as Olympic coach. Marsden was a college coach with no private students and no financial interest in promoting one gymnast at the expense of another. Marsden said that he "thought some of the concerns the other coaches had about Károlyi were legitimate," and selected Donna Cozzo as assistant national coach. Károlyi was furious and had to be dissuaded from boycotting the 1987 Pan American Games. Károlyi did not attend the meet, complaining that he was not allowed to coach although he was "providing fifty percent of the team". Károlyi's star gymnast Kristie Phillips competed in the meet, finishing second behind Sabrina Mar, who trained with former Olympic coach Don Peters at SCATS gym. The United States did not do well in the 1987 World Championships, finishing 6th. Marsden resigned from his position as national team coach in November 1987. After Marsden resigned, Károlyi lobbied to be appointed as national coach, but he was opposed by the other coaches. Don Peters was restored to the position in January 1988. Peters chose Béla's wife Márta Károlyi to serve as assistant national coach. Károlyi told USGF that he would not attend the 1988 Seoul Olympic Games, unless he was the team coach. At the 1988 Olympic Trials in August, Károlyi's gymnasts earned 5 of the top 8 spots. These five gymnasts were Phoebe Mills, Brandy Johnson, Chelle Stack, and the two team alternates Rhonda Faehn and Kristie Phillips. Phillips, who had left Károlyi's gym and trained with Peters for a short time following her disappointing performance at the 1987 World Championships, said that Peters' workouts were "not half as intense (as Károlyi's)". Phillips told reporters it would hurt the national team if they had to leave Károlyi's gym and train with Peters at SCATS. USGF executive director Mike Jacki said, "The women's coaches are all private businessmen. ... The more kids you put on the team, the better it is for your business." Peters resigned as national coach after the trials. Following Peters' resignation, the USGF decided against having a national team coach. They decided to allow personal coaches to accompany the gymnasts to the competition. The U.S. Olympic team finished fourth in Seoul. East German gymnastic official Ellen Berger raised a valid objection, since a U.S. team member had violated one of the obscure competition rules. After the springboard had been used at the start of another gymnast's uneven bars routine, the U.S. alternate, Rhonda Faehn, had pulled it away, but had stayed on the podium to watch, instead of stepping off again immediately, as required by the rule. Had Faehn stepped off the podium, the US team would have won the bronze medal. Because of this small points deduction, the East German team overtook the American team and won the bronze medal. An incensed Karolyi said the rule was invoked in order to "keep the scores down" because the East German team was "fighting desperately to keep their place". The obscure rule cited more that no assistance can be given during a performance. It did not specifically mention athletes on the podium. A jury dominated by Soviet Bloc officials voted to maintain the deduction. Despite the fact that the U.S. team had indeed committed an infraction, he said that application of the scoring penalty was "dirty cheating". A photograph of Karolyi embracing and consoling the disappointed American girls appeared in most U.S. newspapers the following day. After the 1988 Olympics, Károlyi's sphere of influence continued to grow, as did the number of elite gymnasts training in his gym. At one meet in 1990, a journalist dubbed six top Károlyi gymnasts the "Karolyi six-pack." Although the members of the six-pack would change, the name stuck and increased Károlyi's prominence in the sport. 1990s ----- At the 1991 World Championships, four of the six athletes on the U.S. women's team—Kim Zmeskal, Betty Okino, Hilary Grivich, and Kerri Strug—were trained by Károlyi; the other two, Shannon Miller and Michelle Campi, were trained by ex-Károlyi club coaches. The situation was almost repeated at the 1992 Olympics, where Károlyi was head coach and five members of the seven-gymnast squad (six competitors and one alternate) were either trained by him or one of his protégés. Károlyi primarily served as a personal coach for Dominique Moceanu and Kerri Strug at the 1996 Olympics, but he still managed to draw the spotlight. His motivational speech to Strug after she injured her ankle on her first vault ("Shake it off! You can do it!") was broadcast on television and was widely viewed. After Strug's successful final vault, Károlyi carried her to the podium to accept her gold medal. The moment was photographed and widely publicized. Károlyi retired from coaching after the 1996 Olympics. He and Márta still have a ranch and gymnastics camp in New Waverly, Texas. In 1997, Károlyi was inducted into the International Gymnastics Hall of Fame. 1999–2000 --------- Following the success of the U.S. team, dubbed the "Magnificent Seven," at the 1996 Olympics, USA Gymnastics experienced a lull. A new requirement that competitors be at least 16 years old in the calendar year of the competition (up from the previous 15) kept some top gymnasts out of the World Championships in 1997. While American gymnasts did win medals in international competitions such as the Goodwill Games and the Pacific Alliance Championships, they were largely unsuccessful in most major meets. In both 1997 and 1999, the American team left the World Championships without a single medal. After the 1999 World Championships, USA Gymnastics tried to revamp its program by hiring Károlyi as national team coordinator. Károlyi required that all national team members attend frequent, grueling camps at his ranch north of Houston. Some observers believed that selection procedures for international meets became more arbitrary. Coaches resented what they felt was Károlyi's intrusion onto their domain, and athletes were under a considerable amount of stress. The tension had escalated to the point where gymnasts were openly speaking out against Károlyi. At the 2000 Olympics, the U.S. originally placed fourth, but the Chinese team had an underage athlete, so the U.S. team was ultimately awarded the bronze in 2010. In 2001, Marta Károlyi was selected for the national team coordinator position. While she retained some aspects of her husband's program, such as the training camp system, she reduced the frequency of the camps. Her different approach met with more acceptance by both coaches and gymnasts. Between 2001 and 2007, American women won a combined total of 34 medals in World Championship and Olympic competition. Between 2001 and 2016, they won five World Championships team titles (2003, 2007, 2011, 2014, and 2015) and two Olympic team titles (2012, 2016). Additionally, the team won four consecutive Olympic all-arounds (2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016), Eight World Championships all-arounds (2005, 2007, 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, and 2017), and eighteen individual event World Championships titles. Later career ------------ Márta Károlyi remained the national team coordinator for USA Gymnastics until 2016. During the 2008 Summer Olympics, Béla Károlyi appeared as a guest commentator for NBC News. He claimed that the Chinese women's gymnastics team was cheating by using athletes who did not meet the minimum age requirement. He and his wife said, "They are using half-people. One of the biggest frustrations is, what arrogance. These people think we are stupid." Károlyi said that he disagreed with the age limit, and called for the International Olympic Committee to abolish it. He said that if a gymnast was good enough to earn a spot at the Olympics or World Championships, he or she deserves to go. He praised the Chinese for their competitiveness and skills during the competitions, and said that he objected to the possibility that they were being used by their government. "They do good gymnastics and are a good service for the sport," he said. "They have the ultimate effective training program. That’s why I am more upset that they are cheating. They don’t need cheating. They would be just as good with a lineup of eligible athletes." Controversy ----------- Several of Károlyi's athletes from the "six-pack" era have criticized his training methods. Some of his former athletes, including Kristie Phillips, Dominique Moceanu, and Erica Stokes, have stated publicly that Károlyi was verbally and psychologically abusive during workouts. Károlyi's constant critical remarks about weight and body type were said to drive some gymnasts to develop eating disorders and low self-esteem. Some gymnasts, such as Phillips, Moceanu, and 1988 Olympian Chelle Stack, have also said they were compelled to continue training and competing even when coping with serious injuries such as broken bones. In one interview, Moceanu, who was one of Károlyi's final protégés, said: "I'm sure Béla saw injuries, but if you were injured, Béla didn't want to see it. ... You had to deal with it. I was intimidated. He looked down on me. He was six-feet something, and I was four-foot nothing." Károlyi was also said to strictly monitor his gymnasts' food intake: Moceanu, for instance, stated that at meets away from home, gymnasts were limited to consuming as few as 900 calories a day. Even Károlyi's supporters have admitted that at certain competitions, his gymnasts ate so sparingly that members of the men's gymnastics team smuggled food to them in their hotel rooms. However, many of Károlyi's most prominent gymnasts have vehemently defended him against these allegations. Nadia Comăneci, in her 2004 memoir Letters to a Young Gymnast, remarked that she literally trusted Károlyi with her life. She also stated that in Romania, the gymnasts at Károlyi's school consumed well-balanced diets and, in fact, ate better than most other civilians in the country at the time. Olympic medalists and Károlyi gymnasts Mary Lou Retton, Phoebe Mills and Kim Zmeskal, among others, have also praised Károlyi and his training regimen. A number of former Károlyi gymnasts, both supporters and detractors, have acknowledged that some of the allegations about Károlyi were true, but have also claimed that the ends—medals—justified the means. In Joan Ryan's 1995 Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, 1992 Olympian Betty Okino said: "What Béla did worked. He motivated me by getting me mad." Some have claimed that Károlyi stopped treating gymnasts harshly when parents directly requested that he do so. In a column she wrote rebutting many of the claims of Little Girls in Pretty Boxes, Okino wrote: "Károlyi structured his training in a way that built your physical and mental strength to such a remarkable level that even he couldn't tear you down. Béla wanted to know that when push came to shove, his athletes could handle any situation thrown at them." In an interview in the edition of December 8, 2007 of the Romanian newspaper Evenimentul Zilei, Adrian Goreac, the coach of the Romanian national gymnastics team from 1981 to 1990, after Károlyi left, spoke of Károlyi's "dictatorial regime" during his time coaching the Romanian gymnastics team. In November 2008, Emilia Eberle, a Romanian national team member during the Károlyi coaching era, gave an interview to KCRA-TV in Sacramento, California, claiming that while she was on the national team, both Béla and Márta Károlyi regularly beat her and her teammates for mistakes they made in practice or competition. "In one word, I can say it was brutal", she told KCRA. Other Romanian team members, including Ecaterina Szabo and Rodica Dunca, as well as Géza Pozsár, the team choreographer who defected with the Károlyis, have made similar charges of physical abuse. When asked in 2008 to comment on the allegations, Béla said: "I ignore it. I'm not even commenting. These people are really trash." ### Role in sexual abuse scandal While Károlyi has not been personally implicated in the USA Gymnastics sex abuse scandal that was reported beginning in 2016, gymnasts said that many instances of sexual abuse perpetrated by former team doctor Larry Nassar occurred at the Karolyi Ranch. Nassar reportedly groomed athletes for abuse and gained their trust in part by covertly providing them with food in defiance of Károlyi's strict dietary guidelines. Some gymnasts also said that the strict discipline and conditions at the ranch made them feel inhibited from reporting Nassar's abuses. As a result of the scandal, in July 2017 USA Gymnastics cancelled its plans to buy Karolyi Ranch. In January 2018 USA Gymnastics announced they were cutting ties with Karolyi Ranch altogether. Books ----- * Károlyi, Béla; Richardson, Nancy Ann (1994). Feel No Fear: The Power, Passion, and Politics of a Life in Gymnastics. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6012-X. * Ryan, Joan (2000). Little Girls in Pretty Boxes. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 0446676829. * Móra, László (2016). Károlyi Béla – Dikta-torna. Budapest. ISBN 978-615-80135-9-8.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) * Olaru, Stejărel (2021). Nadia și Securitatea. Bucarest. ISBN 978-606-95197-0-7.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Television ---------- Béla Károlyi was in the episode "At the Edge of the Worlds", in the ABC Family series Make It or Break It. He portrayed Coach Sasha Belov's father. Further reading --------------- * Petracovschi, Simona (2022). "A Foucauldian Analysis of the Romanian School of Gymnastics as a Superpower Between 1976-1981: What Securitatea Knew About Bela Karolyi's Method". Journal of Sport and Social Issues. 46 (5): 477–494. doi:10.1177/01937235221094034. S2CID 248168742.
Anji Play (Chinese: 安吉游戏) is an early childhood curriculum designed by Cheng Xueqin, Director, Office of Pre-Primary Education, Anji County Department of Education, Zhejiang Province. The key elements that make up Anji Play are its pedagogy, site-specific environments, unique materials and integrated technology. The focus of the program is the participating children's self-determination in choosing what, where, and with whom to play and the role of the teacher as observer, particularly in instances of physical risk. Anji Play is the full-time curriculum of all public kindergartens in Anji County. History ------- ### Origin In 1989, China signed United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Article 31 recognizes "the rights of the child to rest and leisure, to engage in play and recreational activities appropriate to the age of the child and to participate freely in cultural life and the arts." In 1996, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China released the "Standards for Kindergarten Education." It views play in kindergarten as a "foundational activity to be included in every type of educational activity" – i.e. play is a must in education. Starting in 2001, Anji Play was entirely developed outside of the influence of Western educational philosophy, though the program’s tenets and the methods used to develop it share resemblances with Montessori and Froebel. Although Anji Play’s initial development met resistance from parents, a parent outreach program was implemented to teach the value of play in education. ### Expansion Today Anji Play is internationally recognized as an early-childhood curriculum used in 130 public kindergartens in Anji County, China. It has expanded internationally and is being adapted in the United States beginning with One City Early Learning Centers in Madison, Wisconsin and by the Madison Public Library. Philosophy ---------- In Anji Play’s current implementation, children have at least two hours of free play every day. Play environments are outdoors with minimal structuring, and simple tools made of natural materials (i.e. ropes, light bamboo ladders, basic clay pots) are provided as toys, instead of objects sold and marketed as toys. During play time, teachers observe, document, and act as parallel participants. Anji Play is composed of simple tools made of natural materials such as clay pots, ropes, light bamboo ladders and other everyday objects like barrels and tires. Children in the Anji Play environment interact with these objects to create their own playground govern by their own rules. Inherently through Anji Play, children collaborate develop social and motor skills in order to play. Adults and instructors are advised to not intervene and instruct, but to observe. From an outside perspective, instructors are taught to trust the children and understand how children navigate conflict and collaboration. This style of non-instructed play defines the phrase '"True Play"'. Anji Play outlines the True Play philosophy in several categories (split between "Children's Rights" and "Teacher/adult responsibilities"): * Self-Determined Play * Time and Space * Reflection * Expression * Materials * Environments
American songwriter (1926–2023) Musical artist Max Edward Morath (October 1, 1926 – June 19, 2023) was an American ragtime pianist, composer, actor, and author. He was best known for his piano playing and is referred to as "Mr. Ragtime". He was a touring performer as well as being variously a composer, recording artist, actor, playwright, and radio and television presenter. Rudi Blesh billed Morath as a "one-man ragtime army". Early life and education ------------------------ Max Edward Morath was born in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He studied piano and harmony as a child and was exposed to the rudiments of ragtime piano by his mother, a schooled pianist who had spent several years playing for silent films. He received a bachelor's degree in English from Colorado College in 1948, before embarking on a career that included jobs in radio and television, jazz, and theater. In the midst of this, Morath earned a master's degree from Columbia University in 1996 in American studies. Career ------ ### Early years His appearances as pianist and musical director with melodrama companies in Cripple Creek and Durango, Colorado, triggered his interest in early American popular music and theater, including a study of its social and economic history, largely inspired by George and Ira Gershwin, Irving Berlin, and his ragtime heroes Eubie Blake and Scott Joplin. ### 1960s television and theater work Morath's work in television and theater during the 1960s preceded the 1970s ragtime revival and had an influence on how it was constituted. Commenting on the significance of ragtime, Morath stated, "Scorned by the establishment as ephemeral at best, trashy at worst, ragtime was the fountainhead of every rhythmic and stylistic upheaval that has followed in a century of ever-evolving American popular music", and on Morath, Eric Salzman wrote in Stereo Review: "[t]he person who kept rag alive almost single-handedly during all the dark years was really Max Morath." From 1959 to 1961 Morath wrote, performed, and co-produced 26 half-hour television programs for PBS, then NET (National Educational Television). The programs were produced by Rocky Mountain PBS in Denver (then known as KRMA Channel 6) and were fed nationally to the public broadcasting network. The Ragtime Era series showcased the development of the music of that period and brought him national recognition. It was followed by the Turn of the Century series, which dealt with popular music's interaction with the nation's social history (and which he afterwards turned into a one-man touring show). The productions were in syndication throughout the 1960s. In addition to his television series, Morath made other contributions to NPR and PBS. He appeared on The Bell Telephone Hour, Kraft Music Hall, Today, and The Tonight Show. From 1965 to 1972, he was a regular guest of Arthur Godfrey on CBS Radio, and he appeared with Godfrey in television guest appearances. ### Touring shows Moving from Colorado to New York around 1963, Morath was by then performing nationally in college concerts and nightclubs, including New York's Blue Angel and the Village Vanguard with his Original Rag Quartet. His one-man show, Max Morath at the Turn of the Century, was a critical success and played Off-Broadway at the Jan Hus Playhouse in 1969, followed by a four-year national tour. Other similar productions followed: The Ragtime Years, Living the Ragtime Life, The Ragtime Man, Ragtime Revisited, plus Ragtime and Again. These productions also toured nationally following Off-Broadway openings. Morath continued touring until 2007. ### Writings In 1996, Morath earned a master's degree from Columbia University in American Studies. His thesis was based on the life and work of songwriter Carrie Jacobs-Bond (1862–1946), composer of "I Love You Truly" and other popular songs. Morath's research on her and her times later led to his writing a self-published biographical novel about Jacobs-Bond told in her voice (2008). With his wife Diane Fay Skomars, Morath co-created an illustrated book on his experiences on the road, titled Max Morath: The Road to Ragtime. Morath's musical revue One For The Road, a serio-comic exploration of American culture's dealings with drugs and alcohol, was produced in 1982 by the Repertory Theatre of St. Louis and MUNI. 2002 saw the publication of his book The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Popular Standards, an authoritative overview of the Great American Songbook. The screenplay of Blind Boone, written by Morath and his colleague Moss Hall, was a first-prize winner in the category 'Music-Inspired Drama' at the Nashville Film Festival in March 2015. Morath's interest in American popular culture extended to the work of humorist Finley Peter Dunne (1867–1936), creator of the popular "Mister Dooley" editorials. An academic article he wrote on Dunne's work titled Translating Mister Dooley: A New Examination of the Journalism of Finley Peter Dunne was published in the Journal of American Culture in 2004. Dunne's editorials also form the text of Morath's musical play "Trust Everybody... but Cut the Cards," presented in staged readings at the York Theater in New York. He had been working on a 60,000-word volume of "translations" of Dunne's writings out of the Irish dialect in which they were originally published and into standard English. ### Recordings After recording a handful of albums in the then-popular honky-tonk style, Morath recorded albums for Vanguard, Epic, Solo Art and RCA. These included solo piano and vocal albums, performances with his Original Rag Quartet and orchestral works. He also recorded five vocal albums with the team of William Bolcom and Joan Morris. Morath's 1969 album, At The Turn of the Century, encapsulated the essence of his television series and live shows, and helped usher in the 1970s ragtime revival. Albums that followed included Jonah Man, Ragtime Women, and The Great American Piano Bench, each of which went beyond the then-current focus on Scott Joplin. His 1992 album, The Ragtime Man, included his own ragtime composition "Cripple Creek Suite", about the mood of the region's gold rush days. In 2015 all of his ragtime pieces were recorded by Aaron Robinson for the album Max Morath: The Complete Ragtime Works for Piano on the MAI label. In the early 1970s, Morath recorded four vinyl LPs for the Vanguard label which presented ragtime in an unprecedented fashion: namely, recording and presenting ragtime in a truly serious manner, and creating four non-commercial albums for a commercial recording company. These albums notedly highlighted Morath's pianistic abilities for a warmth and roundness of tone; a spontaneity and lightness of touch; and a complex use of dynamics, changes of mood and tempi. He has also been recognized as a major influence on younger pianists recording ragtime. Death ----- Morath died in Duluth, Minnesota, on June 19, 2023, at age 96. Awards and honors ----------------- * In 2008, Morath received the Louis T. Benezet Award from Colorado College. * In 2016, Morath was inducted into the Colorado Music Hall of Fame. * In 2022, Morath received the Glenn Jenks Lifetime Achievement Award. Partial bibliography -------------------- Solo authored * Best of Ragtime Piano. Mel Bay Productions. 1987. ISBN 0-7866-8137-3. * "Ragtime Then and Now". In The Oxford Companion to Jazz, Bill Kirchner, ed. Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 29–38. ISBN 0-19-512510-X * The NPR Curious Listener's Guide to Popular Standards. Penguin-Perigee Trade. 2002. ISBN 978-0-399-52744-9. * Original Rags for Piano. Hal Leonard. 2008. ISBN 978-1-4234-5816-6. * I Love You Truly: A Biographical Novel Based on the Life of Carrie Jacobs-Bond. iUniverse. 2008. ISBN 978-0-595-53017-5. Coauthored * Morath, Max; Skomars, Diane Fay; Schoenstein, Ralph (1999). Max Morath : The Road to Ragtime. Virginia Beach, VA: Donning Company/Publishers. ISBN 1578640687. Discography ----------- ### Albums \| Year \| Title \| Record label \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1955 \| Max Morath at the Gold Bar Room \| Gold Camp \| \| 1956 \| Max Morath at the Gold Bar Room, Volume II \| Gold Camp \| \| 1957 \| Music for Moochers, Gold Diggers, and Cattle Rustlers \| Talking Machine Records \| \| 1958 \| Honky Tonk in Hi-Fi \| Gold Camp \| \| 1959 \| More Morath \| Gold Camp \| \| 1963 \| Presenting that Celebrated Maestro \| Epic \| \| 1964 \| Oh, Play That Thing: The Ragtime Era \| Epic \| \| 1969 \| Max Morath at the Turn of The Century \| RCA-Victor \| \| 1972 \| Max Morath Plays the Best of Scott Joplin & Other Rag Classics \| Vanguard \| \| 1973 \| The World of Scott Joplin \| Vanguard \| \| 1974 \| Irving Berlin: The Ragtime Years \| Vanguard \| \| 1975 \| Max Morath Plays Ragtime \| Vanguard \| \| 1975 \| Good Friends Are for Keeps (with other performers) \| Bell System/United Artists \| \| 1976 \| The World of Scott Joplin, Volume 2 \| Vanguard \| \| 1976 \| Jonah Man: A Tribute to Bert Williams (1996 CD release added four tracks from Morath's 1981 album) \| Vanguard \| \| 1977 \| Living the Ragtime Life (not to be confused with similarly titled later release) \| Vanguard \| \| 1977 \| The Ragtime Women \| Vanguard \| \| 1978 \| These Charming People (with Bolcom & Morris) \| RCA-Red Seal \| \| 1978 \| Don't Give the Name a Bad Place (with other performers) \| New World Records \| \| 1979 \| Max Morath in Jazz Country \| Vanguard \| \| 1979 \| The Great American Piano Bench \| Vanguard \| \| 1981 \| Max Morath & His Ragtime Stompers \| Vanguard \| \| 1983 \| More Rodgers and Hart (with Bolcom & Morris) \| RCA \| \| 1987 \| Living a Ragtime Life (1990 SoloArt CD version contained additional tracks and is re-sequenced) \| Normacks \| \| 1991 \| The Ragtime Century \| PianoMania Music Publishing \| \| 1992 \| The Ragtime Man \| Omega Music \| \| 1993 \| Siren Songs (Piano Accompaniment for Ann Fennessy ) \| Bilnan Productions \| \| 1994 \| Fountain Favorites from the World of Coca-Cola (with Bolcom & Morris) \| Coke \| \| 1995 \| Drugstore Cabaret \| Premier \| \| 1995 \| Real American Folk Songs \| Solo Art \| \| 2003 \| Sing Yip Harburg (with Bolcom & Morris) \| Original Cast \| \| 2004 \| Sing Gus Kahn (with Bolcom & Morris) \| Original Cast \| \| 2005 \| One for fhe Road (Compilation, Includes Previously Unreleased Material) \| Skomax \| \| 2015 \| Max Morath: The Complete Ragtime Works for Piano (Performed by Aaron Robinson) \| MAI \| \| Source: \|
Railway line in France The Portet-Saint-Simon - Puigcerdà railway is a secondary railway line in southwestern France. It connects Portet-sur-Garonne, 11 km south of Toulouse on the Toulouse–Bayonne railway, to Latour-de-Carol and Puigcerdà, towns located on each side of the French/Spanish border in Cerdanya. The railway was opened in several stages between 1861 and 1929. Since the closure of the railway from Pau to Huesca via Canfranc in 1970, it is the only railway crossing the Pyrenees main chain. It is used daily by Corail Lunéa trains from Paris to Latour-de-Carol and Transport express régional, (TER) trains from Toulouse to Pamiers, Foix, Ax-les-Thermes and Latour-de-Carol. Most freight and long-distance passenger trains use either the Bordeaux–Irun railway around the western end of the Pyrenees, or the Narbonne–Portbou railway around the eastern end. Today, SNCF service terminates at the French side of the border at Latour-de-Carol. The service between Latour-de-Carol and Puigcerdà and onwards to Barcelona is provided by the Spanish Railway (RENFE) for which the gauge is 1,668 mm (5 ft 5+21⁄32 in). The RENFE train from Latour-de-Carol connects directly with Barcelona but in July 2014 there are only five trains a day to Barcelona (and four from the city). It is line RFN 672 000 of the French National Rail Network. At most train stations along the route the altitude is engraved in a block of stone (sometimes specified: altitude du rail). These elevations are inaccurate now because the altitude system is now different (IGN-69). One curiosity of this route is the spiral tunnel at Saillens. Note that this line is a section of a railway between Toulouse and Barcelona requiring a change of train at Latour-de-Carol and a journey of 7:00hrs between the two cities, but it avoids, having to use the much more expensive trains such as the AVE (via Perpignan, a route not requiring any changes). A full price ticket costs €30 full price via Latour de Carol compared to between €65 and €90 by TGV or Talgo (May 2011 prices) via Narbonne and / or Figueras. History ------- The railway was built by the Compagnie des Chemins de fer du Midi. The first section that was opened in 1861 led from Toulouse to Pamiers. The line was extended to Foix in 1862. The line was extended from Foix to Tarascon-sur-Ariège in 1877, and further to Ax-les-Thermes in 1888. Finally in 1929 the section from Ax-les-Thermes to Puigcerdà was opened. Rolling Stock ------------- TER train model AGC B81500 TER train model Z 27500 TER connections are currently provided by electric multiple unit trains model SNCF Z 27500 (Autorail à grande capacité) which in the 2000s replaced the SNCF Class Z 7300. The direct connection Latour-de-Carol to Paris is provided by the Intercités de nuit night train.
Welsh cricketer For the Australian footballer, see Harold Dickinson (footballer). Harold John Dickinson (26 November 1911 – 2 June 1997) was a Welsh cricketer. Dickinson was a right-handed batsman who bowled right-arm fast-medium. He was born at Barry, Glamorgan. He was educated in his early years at Barry County Boys School. Dickinson made his first-class debut for Glamorgan in 1934 against Cambridge University. From 1934 to 1935, he made 7 first-class appearances, with his final first-class appearance for the county coming against Warwickshire in the 1935 County Championship. In his 7 first-class matches, he scored 37 runs at a batting average of 5.28, with a high score of 14\*. In the field he also took 3 catches With the ball he took 6 wickets at a bowling average of 55.83, with best figures of 3/91. In the 1935 season, he was offered terms by Glamorgan, but due to the club's modest finances, he instead opted to join the Great Western Railway as a draughtsman. Dickinson died at Hammersmith, London on 2 June 1997.
Municipal building in Govan, Scotland Govan Town Hall is a former municipal facility on Govan Road, Govan, Scotland. The town hall, which was the headquarters of Govan Burgh Council, is a Category B listed building. History ------- The old municipal offices in Orkney Street The building was commissioned to replace the old municipal offices in Orkney Street which had been designed by John Burnet and completed in 1866. After rapid industrial expansion and population growth in the local area, civic leaders found this arrangement was inadequate and they decided to procure a purpose-built town hall: the site they selected was open land at the corner of Summertown Road and Govan Road. The foundation stone for the new building was laid in September 1898. It was designed by Thomson & Sandilands in the Beaux-Arts style, built at a cost of £60,000 and officially opened by the Provost of Govan, James Kirkwood, in October 1901. The design involved a symmetrical frontage with thirteen bays along Govan Road with the end bays projecting forward; the central section of three bays featured an arched doorway on the ground floor; there were three windows behind a tetrastyle Ionic order portico on the first floor and a large pediment containing a carved tympanum above. At roof level there was a large dome with a colonnaded cupola on top. There were several portrait busts, designed by Archibald Macfarlane Shannan, placed on the Govan Road elevation of the building. Internally, the principal rooms were a council chamber in the eastern section of the building, together with a large public hall with a grand organ and a smaller "upper hall", both in the western section. The grand organ was designed and manufactured by Norman and Beard and had four manuals. The town hall was the headquarters of Govan Burgh Council until Glasgow annexed Govan, after a series of anti-amalgamation demonstrations, in 1912. The building was subsequently used by the social services department of Glasgow Corporation: the ornate decoration in the two halls in the western section, including a magnificent proscenium arch inside the public hall, which had also been designed by Shannon, was completely destroyed during a refurbishment of the building in 1973. In the early 2000s, Gillian Berrie, a film producer, secured access to the building and raised £3.5 million to convert it into a film production facility known as Film City Glasgow. The works involved refurbishment of the upper hall, installation of a Dolby theatre and upgrading the eastern section (i.e. front) of the building for use by creative media businesses.
The Saint Helena plover or wirebird, is the only surviving endemic species. This is a list of the bird species recorded on Saint Helena. The avifauna of Saint Helena Island include a total of 209 species. 17 endemic species survives today. At least five non-endemics have been extirpated from Saint Helena but still occur elsewhere. 34 species have been introduced by humans and formed established breeding populations while many more species were introduced in the past but failed to become established. This list's taxonomic treatment (designation and sequence of orders, families and species) and nomenclature (common and scientific names) follow the conventions of The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World, 2022 edition. The family accounts at the beginning of each heading reflect this taxonomy, as do the species counts found in each family account. Introduced and accidental species are included in the total counts for Saint Helena. The following tags have been used to highlight several categories, but not all species fall into one of these categories. Those that do not are commonly occurring native species. * (A) Accidental - a species that rarely or accidentally occurs in Saint Helena * (E) Endemic - a species endemic to Saint Helena * (I) Introduced - a species introduced to Saint Helena as a consequence, direct or indirect, of human actions * (Ex) Extirpated - a species that no longer breeds in Saint Helena although populations exist elsewhere * (X) Extinct - a species that was formerly endemic to Saint Helena but has now been wiped out Ducks, geese, and waterfowl --------------------------- Order: Anseriformes Family: Anatidae Anatidae includes the ducks and most duck-like waterfowl, such as geese and swans. These birds are adapted to an aquatic existence with webbed feet, flattened bills, and feathers that are excellent at shedding water due to an oily coating. * Fulvous whistling-duck, Dendrocygna bicolor * Knob-billed duck, Sarkidiornis melanotos (A) * Yellow-billed teal, Anas flavirostris (A) Guineafowl ---------- Order: Galliformes Family: Numididae Guineafowl are a group of African, seed-eating, ground-nesting birds that resemble partridges, but with featherless heads and spangled grey plumage. * Helmeted guineafowl, Numida meleagris (I) Pheasants, grouse, and allies ----------------------------- Chukar, an introduced bird of open country Order: Galliformes Family: Phasianidae The Phasianidae are a family of terrestrial birds which consists of quails, partridges, snowcocks, francolins, spurfowls, tragopans, monals, pheasants, peafowls and junglefowls. In general, they are plump (although they vary in size) and have broad, relatively short wings. * Ring-necked pheasant, Phasianus colchicus (I) * Indian peafowl, Pavo cristatus (I) * Red junglefowl, Gallus gallus (I) * Gray francolin, Ortygornis pondicerianus (I) * Common quail, Coturnix coturnix (I) * Chukar, Alectoris chukar (I) * Rock partridge, Alectoris graeca (I) * Cape francolin, Pternistis capensis (I) * Red-necked francolin, Pternistis afer Grebes ------ Order: Podicipediformes Family: Podicipedidae Grebes are small to medium-large freshwater diving birds. They have lobed toes and are excellent swimmers and divers. However, they have their feet placed far back on the body, making them quite ungainly on land. * Little grebe, Tachybaptus ruficollis Pigeons and doves ----------------- Zebra doves, often seen in settlements Order: Columbiformes Family: Columbidae Pigeons and doves are stout-bodied birds with short necks and short slender bills with a fleshy cere. * Rock pigeon, Columba livia (I) * Malagasy turtle-dove, Streptopelia picturata (I) * Zebra dove, Geopelia striata (I) * Saint Helena dove, Dysmoropelia dekarchiskos (X) Cuckoos ------- Order: Cuculiformes Family: Cuculidae The family Cuculidae includes cuckoos, roadrunners and anis. These birds are of variable size with slender bodies, long tails and strong legs. The Old World cuckoos are brood parasites. * Yellow-billed cuckoo, Coccyzus americanus (A) * St. Helena cuckoo, Nannococcyx psix (X) * Common cuckoo, Cuculus canorus (A) Nightjars and allies -------------------- Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Caprimulgidae Nightjars are medium-sized nocturnal birds that usually nest on the ground. They have long wings, short legs and very short bills. Most have small feet, of little use for walking, and long pointed wings. Their soft plumage is camouflaged to resemble bark or leaves. * Common nighthawk, Chordeiles minor (A) * Eurasian nightjar, Caprimulgus europaeus (A) Swifts ------ Order: Caprimulgiformes Family: Apodidae Swifts are small birds which spend the majority of their lives flying. These birds have very short legs and never settle voluntarily on the ground, perching instead only on vertical surfaces. Many swifts have long swept-back wings which resemble a crescent or boomerang. * Common swift, Apus apus (A) * Little swift, Apus affinis (A) Rails, crakes, and gallinules ----------------------------- Eurasian moorhen, may have colonized the island naturally after human settlement began Order: Gruiformes Family: Rallidae Rallidae is a large family of small to medium-sized birds which includes the rails, crakes, coots and gallinules. Typically they inhabit dense vegetation in damp environments near lakes, swamps or rivers. In general they are shy and secretive birds, making them difficult to observe. Most species have strong legs and long toes which are well adapted to soft uneven surfaces. They tend to have short, rounded wings and to be weak fliers. * Corn crake, Crex crex (A) * St. Helena crake, Atlantisia podarces (X) * Paint-billed crake, Mustelirallus erythrops (A) * Spotted crake, Porzana porzana (A) * Eurasian moorhen, Gallinula chloropus * Red-gartered coot, Fulica armillata (A) * Red-knobbed coot, Fulica cristata * Allen's gallinule, Porphyrio alleni (A) * Purple gallinule, Porphyrio martinicus (A) * African swamphen, Porphyrio madagascariensis * St. Helena rail, Aphanocrex podarces (X) Sheathbills ----------- Order: Charadriiformes Family: Chionididae The sheathbills are scavengers of the Antarctic regions. They have white plumage and look plump and dove-like but are believed to be similar to the ancestors of the modern gulls and terns. * Snowy sheathbill, Chionis albus (A) Oystercatchers -------------- Order: Charadriiformes Family: Haematopodidae The oystercatchers are large and noisy plover-like birds, with strong bills used for smashing or prising open molluscs. * Eurasian oystercatcher, Haematopus ostralegus (A) Plovers and lapwings -------------------- Order: Charadriiformes Family: Charadriidae The family Charadriidae includes the plovers, dotterels and lapwings. They are small to medium-sized birds with compact bodies, short, thick necks and long, usually pointed, wings. They are found in open country worldwide, mostly in habitats near water. * Black-bellied plover, Pluvialis squatarola (A) * Blacksmith lapwing, Vanellus armatus (A) * Greater sand-plover, Charadrius leschenaultii (A) * Kittlitz's plover, Charadrius pecuarius * Common ringed plover, Charadrius hiaticula (A) * St. Helena plover (known locally as the wirebird), Charadrius sanctaehelenae (E) * Rufous-chested dotterel, Charadrius modestus (A) Jacanas ------- Order: Charadriiformes Family: Jacanidae The jacanas are a group of tropical waders in the family Jacanidae. They are found throughout the tropics. They are identifiable by their huge feet and claws which enable them to walk on floating vegetation in the shallow lakes that are their preferred habitat. * African jacana, Actophilornis africanus Sandpipers and allies --------------------- Sanderling, a rare visitor from the Arctic Order: Charadriiformes Family: Scolopacidae Scolopacidae is a large diverse family of small to medium-sized shorebirds including the sandpipers, curlews, godwits, shanks, tattlers, woodcocks, snipes, dowitchers and phalaropes. The majority of these species eat small invertebrates picked out of the mud or soil. Variation in length of legs and bills enables multiple species to feed in the same habitat, particularly on the coast, without direct competition for food. * Upland sandpiper, Bartramia longicauda (A) * Whimbrel, Numenius phaeopus (A) * Bar-tailed godwit, Limosa lapponica (A) * Ruddy turnstone, Arenaria interpres (A) * Red knot, Calidris canutus (A) * Ruff, Calidris pugnax (A) * Sharp-tailed sandpiper, Calidris acuminata (A) * Sanderling, Calidris alba * Little stint, Calidris minuta (A) * White-rumped sandpiper, Calidris fuscicollis (A) * Pectoral sandpiper, Calidris melanotos (A) * Semipalmated sandpiper, Calidris pusilla (A) * Red phalarope, Phalaropus fulicarius (A) * Common sandpiper, Actitis hypoleucos (A) * Spotted sandpiper, Actitis macularius (A) * Green sandpiper, Tringa ochropus (A) * Solitary sandpiper, Tringa solitaria (A) * Spotted redshank, Tringa erythropus (A) * Common greenshank, Tringa nebularia (A) * Lesser yellowlegs, Tringa flavipes (A) * Marsh sandpiper, Tringa stagnatilis * Wood sandpiper, Tringa glareola (A) * Common redshank, Tringa totanus (A) Skuas and jaegers ----------------- Pomarine jaeger, regular offshore during the northern winter Order: Charadriiformes Family: Stercorariidae The family Stercorariidae are, in general, medium to large birds, typically with grey or brown plumage, often with white markings on the wings. They nest on the ground in temperate and arctic regions and are long-distance migrants. * Great skua, Stercorarius skua (A) * Brown skua, Stercorarius antarctica * Chilean skua, Stercorarius chilensis (A) * South Polar skua, Stercorarius maccormicki (A) * Pomarine jaeger, Stercorarius pomarinus (A) * Parasitic jaeger, Stercorarius parasiticus (A) * Long-tailed jaeger, Stercorarius longicaudus (A) Gulls, terns, and skimmers -------------------------- White tern, a common seabird which often nests on buildings Order: Charadriiformes Family: Laridae Laridae is a family of medium to large seabirds, the gulls, terns, and skimmers. Gulls are typically grey or white, often with black markings on the head or wings. They have stout, longish bills and webbed feet. Terns are a group of generally medium to large seabirds typically with grey or white plumage, often with black markings on the head. Most terns hunt fish by diving but some pick insects off the surface of fresh water. Terns are generally long-lived birds, with several species known to live in excess of 30 years. * Franklin's gull, Leucophaeus pipixcan (A) * Kelp gull, Larus dominicanus (A) * Brown noddy, Anous stolidus * Black noddy, Anous minutus * Lesser noddy, Anous tenuirostris * White tern, Gygis alba * Sooty tern, Onychoprion fuscatus * Arctic tern, Sterna paradisaea (A) * Antarctic tern, Sterna vittata (A) Tropicbirds ----------- Red-billed tropicbird, nests in loose colonies on sea cliffs Order: Phaethontiformes Family: Phaethontidae Tropicbirds are slender white birds of tropical oceans, with exceptionally long central tail feathers. Their heads and long wings have black markings. * White-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon lepturus (A) * Red-billed tropicbird, Phaethon aethereus * Red-tailed tropicbird, Phaethon rubricauda (A) Penguins -------- Order: Sphenisciformes Family: Spheniscidae The penguins are a group of flightless aquatic birds living almost exclusively in the Southern Hemisphere. Most penguins feed on krill, fish, squid, and other forms of marine life caught while swimming underwater. * King penguin, Aptenodytes patagonicus (A) * Gentoo penguin, Pygoscelis papua (A) * Chinstrap penguin, Pygoscelis antarcticus (A) * African penguin, Spheniscus demersus * Macaroni penguin, Eudyptes chrysolophus (A) * Southern rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes chrysocome * Moseley's rockhopper penguin, Eudyptes moseleyi (A) Albatrosses ----------- Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae The albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses from the genus Diomedea have the largest wingspans of any extant birds. * Yellow-nosed albatross, Thalassarche chlororhynchos (A) * Gray-headed albatross, Thalassarche chrysostoma * White-capped albatross, Thalassarche cauta * Salvin's albatross, Thalassarche salvini * Black-browed albatross, Thalassarche melanophris (A) * Sooty albatross, Phoebetria fusca (A) * Light-mantled albatross, Phoebetria palpebrata * Wandering albatross, Diomedea exulans (A) Southern storm-petrels ---------------------- White-faced storm-petrel, a former breeding bird Order: Procellariiformes Family: Oceanitidae The southern storm-petrels are relatives of the petrels and are the smallest seabirds. They feed on planktonic crustaceans and small fish picked from the surface, typically while hovering. The flight is fluttering and sometimes bat-like. * Wilson's storm-petrel, Oceanites oceanicus (A) * Gray-backed storm-petrel, Garrodia nereis * White-faced storm-petrel, Pelagodroma marina (A) * White-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta grallaria (A) * Black-bellied storm-petrel, Fregetta tropica (A) Northern storm-petrels ---------------------- Order: Procellariiformes Family: Hydrobatidae Though the members of this family are similar in many respects to the southern storm-petrels, including their general appearance and habits, there are enough genetic differences to warrant their placement in a separate family. * Leach's storm-petrel, Hydrobates leucorhous * Band-rumped storm-petrel, Hydrobates castro Shearwaters and petrels ----------------------- Bulwer's petrel, a possible breeding species Order: Procellariiformes Family: Procellariidae The procellariids are the main group of medium-sized "true petrels", characterised by united nostrils with medium septum and a long outer functional primary. * Southern giant-petrel, Macronectes giganteus * Northern giant-petrel, Macronectes halli * Southern fulmar, Fulmarus glacialoides (A) * Cape petrel, Daption capense (A) * Kerguelen petrel, Aphrodroma brevirostris * Large St. Helena petrel, Pterodroma rupinarum (X) * Great-winged petrel, Pterodroma macroptera * Trindade petrel, Pterodroma arminjoniana (A) * Murphy's petrel, Pterodroma ultima (A) * Soft-plumaged petrel, Pterodroma mollis (A) * White-headed petrel, Pterodroma lessonii * Juan Fernandez petrel, Pterodroma externa * Atlantic petrel, Pterodroma incerta * Blue petrel, Halobaena caerulea (A) * Broad-billed prion, Pachyptila vittata (A) * MacGillivray's prion, Pachyptila macgillivrayi * Antarctic prion, Pachyptila desolata * Slender-billed prion, Pachyptila belcheri * Bulwer's petrel, Bulweria bulwerii (A) * Small St. Helena petrel, Bulweria bifax (X) * Gray petrel, Procellaria cinerea * White-chinned petrel, Procellaria aequinoctialis * Spectacled petrel, Procellaria conspicillata * Cory's shearwater, Calonectris diomedea * Great shearwater, Ardenna gravis * Sooty shearwater, Ardenna griseus (A) * Subantarctic shearwater, Puffinus elegans * Tropical shearwater, Puffinus bailloni (A) * St. Helena shearwater, Puffinus pacificoides (X) * Common diving-petrel, Pelecanoides urinatrix Storks ------ Order: Ciconiiformes Family: Ciconiidae Storks are large, long-legged, long-necked, wading birds with long, stout bills. Storks are mute, but bill-clattering is an important mode of communication at the nest. Their nests can be large and may be reused for many years. Many species are migratory. * White stork, Ciconia ciconia (A) Frigatebirds ------------ Order: Suliformes Family: Fregatidae Frigatebirds are large seabirds usually found over tropical oceans. They are large, black and white or completely black, with long wings and deeply forked tails. The males have coloured inflatable throat pouches. They do not swim or walk and cannot take off from a flat surface. Having the largest wingspan-to-body-weight ratio of any bird, they are essentially aerial, able to stay aloft for more than a week. * Lesser frigatebird, Fregata ariel * Ascension frigatebird, Fregata aquila (E) * Great frigatebird, Fregata minor Boobies and gannets ------------------- Brown booby, breeds in small numbers Order: Suliformes Family: Sulidae The sulids comprise the gannets and boobies. Both groups are medium to large coastal seabirds that plunge-dive for fish. * Masked booby, Sula dactylatra * Brown booby, Sula leucogaster * Red-footed booby, Sula sula (A) * Cape gannet, Morus capensis Herons, egrets, and bitterns ---------------------------- Cattle egret, a regular migrant in small numbers Order: Pelecaniformes Family: Ardeidae The family Ardeidae contains the bitterns, herons and egrets. Herons and egrets are medium to large wading birds with long necks and legs. Bitterns tend to be shorter necked and more wary. Members of Ardeidae fly with their necks retracted, unlike other long-necked birds such as storks, ibises and spoonbills. * Dwarf bittern, Ixobrychus sturmii (A) * Gray heron, Ardea cinerea (A) * Cocoi heron, Ardea cocoi (A) * Purple heron, Ardea purpurea (A) * Great egret, Ardea alba (A) * Snowy egret, Egretta thula (A) * Little blue heron, Egretta caerulea (A) * Cattle egret, Bubulcus ibis (A) * Squacco heron, Ardeola ralloides (A) * Striated heron, Butorides striata (A) * Black-crowned night-heron, Nycticorax nycticorax (A) * Ascension night heron, Nycticorax olsoni (X) Hoopoes ------- Order: Bucerotiformes Family: Upupidae Hoopoes have black, white and orangey-pink colouring with a large erectile crest on their head. * St. Helena hoopoe, Upupa antaios (X) Rollers ------- Order: Coraciiformes Family: Coraciidae Rollers resemble crows in size and build, but are more closely related to the kingfishers and bee-eaters. They share the colourful appearance of those groups with blues and browns predominating. The two inner front toes are connected, but the outer toe is not. * European roller, Coracias garrulus (A) Falcons ------- Order: Falconiformes Family: Falconidae Falconidae is a family of diurnal birds of prey. They differ from hawks, eagles and kites in that they kill with their beaks instead of their talons. * Red-footed falcon, Falco vespertinus (A) * Amur falcon, Falco amurensis (A) Cockatoos --------- Order: Psittaciformes Family: Cacatuidae The cockatoos share many features with other parrots including the characteristic curved beak shape and a zygodactyl foot, with two forward toes and two backwards toes. They differ, however in a number of characteristics, including the often spectacular movable headcrest. * Galah, Eolophus roseicapilla (I) Tyrant flycatchers ------------------ Order: Passeriformes Family: Tyrannidae Tyrant flycatchers are Passerine birds which occur throughout North and South America. They superficially resemble the Old World flycatchers, but are more robust and have stronger bills. They do not have the sophisticated vocal capabilities of the songbirds. Most, but not all, are rather plain. As the name implies, most are insectivorous. * Eastern kingbird, Tyrannus tyrannus (A) Shrikes ------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Laniidae Shrikes are passerine birds known for their habit of catching other birds and small animals and impaling the uneaten portions of their bodies on thorns. A shrike's beak is hooked, like that of a typical bird of prey. * Red-backed shrike, Lanius collurio (A) Larks ----- Order: Passeriformes Family: Alaudidae Larks are small terrestrial birds with often extravagant songs and display flights. Most larks are fairly dull in appearance. Their food is insects and seeds. * Eurasian skylark, Alauda arvensis Swallows -------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Hirundinidae The family Hirundinidae is adapted to aerial feeding. They have a slender streamlined body, long pointed wings and a short bill with a wide gape. The feet are adapted to perching rather than walking, and the front toes are partially joined at the base. * Bank swallow, Riparia riparia (A) * Barn swallow, Hirundo rustica (A) * Cliff swallow, Petrochelidon pyrrhonota (A) * Common house-martin, Delichon urbicum (A) Leaf warblers ------------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Phylloscopidae Leaf warblers are a family of small insectivorous birds found mostly in Eurasia and ranging into Wallacea and Africa. The species are of various sizes, often green-plumaged above and yellow below, or more subdued with grayish-green to grayish-brown colors. * Willow warbler, Phylloscopus trochilus (A) Starlings --------- Common myna, an Indian bird first introduced in 1815 and again in 1885 Order: Passeriformes Family: Sturnidae Starlings are small to medium-sized passerine birds. Their flight is strong and direct and they are very gregarious. Their preferred habitat is fairly open country. They eat insects and fruit. Plumage is typically dark with a metallic sheen. * Common hill myna, Gracula religiosa (I) * European starling, Sturnus vulgaris (I) * Common myna, Acridotheres tristis (I) Thrushes and allies ------------------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Turdidae The thrushes are a group of passerine birds that occur mainly in the Old World. They are plump, soft plumaged, small to medium-sized insectivores or sometimes omnivores, often feeding on the ground. Many have attractive songs. * Song thrush, Turdus philomelos * Eurasian blackbird, Turdus merula * Tristan thrush, Turdus eremita (E) Old World flycatchers --------------------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Muscicapidae Old World flycatchers are a large group of small passerine birds native to the Old World. They are mainly small arboreal insectivores. The appearance of these birds is highly varied, but they mostly have weak songs and harsh calls. * European robin, Erithacus rubecula Weavers and allies ------------------ Red fody, a common introduced species Order: Passeriformes Family: Ploceidae The weavers are small passerine birds related to the finches. They are seed-eating birds with rounded conical bills. The males of many species are brightly coloured, usually in red or yellow and black, some species show variation in colour only in the breeding season. * Scaly weaver, Sporopipes squamifrons (I) * Red fody, Foudia madagascariensis (I) * Southern red bishop, Euplectes orix (I) * White-winged widowbird, Euplectes albonotatus (I) * Long-tailed widowbird, Euplectes progne (I) Waxbills and allies ------------------- Common waxbills - many were exported from the island for the cagebird trade. Order: Passeriformes Family: Estrildidae The estrildid finches are small passerine birds of the Old World tropics and Australasia. They are gregarious and often colonial seed eaters with short thick but pointed bills. They are all similar in structure and habits, but have wide variation in plumage colours and patterns. * Java sparrow, Padda oryzivora (I) * Black-faced waxbill, Brunhilda erythronotos (I) * Common waxbill, Estrilda astrild (I) * Violet-eared waxbill, Granatina granatina (I) * Southern cordonbleu, Uraeginthus angolensis * Green-winged pytilia, Pytilia melba (I) Indigobirds ----------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Viduidae The indigobirds are finch-like species which usually have black or indigo predominating in their plumage. All are brood parasites, which lay their eggs in the nests of estrildid finches. * Eastern paradise-whydah, Vidua paradisaea (I) * Shaft-tailed whydah, Vidua regia (I) Old World sparrows ------------------ Order: Passeriformes Family: Passeridae Old World sparrows are small passerine birds. In general, sparrows tend to be small, plump, brown or grey birds with short tails and short powerful beaks. Sparrows are seed eaters, but they also consume small insects. * House sparrow, Passer domesticus (I) Finches, euphonias, and allies ------------------------------ Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Finches are seed-eating passerine birds, that are small to moderately large and have a strong beak, usually conical and in some species very large. All have twelve tail feathers and nine primaries. These birds have a bouncing flight with alternating bouts of flapping and gliding on closed wings, and most sing well. * Common chaffinch, Fringilla coelebs * European greenfinch, Chloris chloris * Yellow-fronted canary, Crithagra mozambica (I) * Brimstone canary, Crithagra sulphurata (I) * Yellow canary, Crithagra flaviventris (I) * European goldfinch, Carduelis carduelis * European serin, Serinus serinus (I) * Island canary, Serinus canaria (I) * Cape canary, Serinus canicollis Tanagers -------- Order: Passeriformes Family: Thraupidae The tanagers are a large group of small to medium-sized passerine birds restricted to the New World, mainly in the tropics. Many species are brightly colored. As a family they are omnivorous, but individual species specialize in eating fruits, seeds, insects, or other types of food. Most have short, rounded wings. * Gough Island finch, Rowettia goughensis (E) * Inaccessible Island finch, Nesospiza acunhae (E) * Nightingale Island finch, Nesospiza questi (E) * Wilkins's finch, Nesospiza wilkinsi (E)
District in Botswana The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana. For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango). It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council. The administrative centre is Maun. As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The total number of workers constituted 32,471 with 16,852 males and 15,621 females, with a majority of them involved in agriculture.[] Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, the Aha Hills (on the border with Namibia), the Nhabe Museum in Maun, and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district. History ------- In the late 18th century, the Tswana people, primarily herders, began expanding northward into what is now called Ngamiland. A sub-chiefdom, called Tawana out of Ngwato, was established there. In 1885 when the British established the Bechuanaland Protectorate, the northern boundary was 22° south latitude. On 30 June 1890, the northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, which at the time was still under the Tawana, who by then recognized the authority of Khama III. British officials did not arrive in the Ngamiland region until 1894. Ngamiland was administered as Bechuanaland's northwestern corner and primary contact point with German South West Africa via the Caprivi Strip. In 1966 the North-West District was established which included both Ngamiland and Chobe; however, in 2006, Chobe District was again separated out. Geography --------- Image of Maun The region has an average elevation of around 915 m (3,002 ft) above the mean sea level. The vegetation type is Savannah, with tall grasses, bushes and trees. The annual precipitation is around 650 mm (26 in), most of which is received during the summer season from November to May. North-West District shares its borders with the following foreign areas: Omaheke Region, Namibia in southwest, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia in west, Kavango East Region, Namibia in northwest and Zambezi Region, Namibia in north. Domestically, it borders Central District in southeast, Ghanzi District in southwest and Chobe District in the east. Like most of Botswana, it consists of partially dissected tablelands, in this case sloping down from the Kaukau Veld that lies to the northwest. This flow and the Okavango River drain into the mostly endorheic Okavango Delta. The delta seasonally overflows into the endorheic Lake Ngami to the south, and into the Thamalakane River which via the Boteti River feeds the Makgadikgadi salt pans to the southeast. Most of the rivers in the region are seasonal, and subject to flash floods. Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, Moremi Game Reserve, Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, Aha Hills, Nhabe Museum and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1981 \| 75,997 \| — \| \| 1991 \| 108,660 \| +43.0% \| \| 2001 \| 142,970 \| +31.6% \| \| 2011 \| 152,284 \| +6.5% \| \| 2022 \| 196,574 \| +29.1% \| \| Sources: \| As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The population in the district was 8.67 per cent of the total population in the country. The sex ratio stood at 95.11 for every 100 males, compared to 93.43 in 2001. The average house hold size was 3.27 in 2011 compared to 4.49 in 2001. There were 5,437 craft and related workers, 2,290 clerks, 8,777 people working in elementary occupation 1,117 Legislators, Administrators & managers 2,974 Plant & machine operators and assemblers, 856 professionals, 5,812 service workers, shop & market sales workers, 2,398 skilled agricultural & related workers 2,069 technicians and associated professionals, making the total work force to 31,915. Education and economy --------------------- Rock art in Tsodilo hills As of 2011, there were a total of 071 schools in the district, with 8.30 per cent private schools. The total number of students in the Council schools was 28,101, while it was 940 in private schools. The total number of students enrolled in the district was 29,041: 14,190 girls and 14,851 boys. The total number of qualified teachers was 1,070, 658 female and 412 male. There were around 27 temporary teachers, 13 male and 40 female. There were 6 untrained teachers in the district. As of 2006, 12,737 were involved in agriculture, 1,131 in construction, 2,090 in education, 177 in electricity and water, 88 in finance, 1,000 in health, 1,144 in hotels and restaurants, 1,450 in manufacturing, 403 in other community services, 1,455 in private households, 4,722 in public administration, 932 in real estate, 730 in transport and communications, and 4,412 in wholesale and retail trade. The total number of workers was 32,471, 16,852 male and 15,621 female. Administration -------------- Moremi Game Reserve By far the largest settlement in the district is Maun, which had a population of over 60,000 in 2011 census. The following is the list of villages noted separately in the 2001 census in each census region. * Ngamiland East has Bodibeng, Botlhatlogo, Chanoga, Habu, Kareng, Kgakge/Makakung, Komana, Mababe, Makalamabedi, Matlapana, Maun, Phuduhudu, Sehithwa, Semboyo, Sankuyo, Shorobe, Toteng, Tsao villages. * Ngamiland West has Beetsha, Etsha 6, Etsha 13, Gani, Gonutsuga, Gumare, Ikoga, Kauxwhi, Mohembo East, Mohembo West, Mokgacha, Ngarange, Nokaneng, Nxamasere, Nxaunxau, Qangwa, Sepopa, Seronga, Shakawe, Tobere, Tubu, Xakao, Xaxa, Xhauga villages. * Delta region has Daonara, Ditshiping, Jao, Katamaga, Morutsha, Xaxaba villages. In the 2011 census the population figures for the delta were included in the totals of Ngamiland East. When Botswana gained independence from the British in 1966, they adapted the colonial administration framework to form its district administration. The policies were modified between 1970 and 1974 to address impediments to rural development. The district administration, a district council, and the Okavango subdistrict council are responsible for local administration. The policies for the administration are framed by the Ministry of Local Government. The major activities of the district council are Tribal Administration, Remote Area Development and Local Governance. The executive powers of the council are vested in a commissioner appointed by the central government. The technical services wing of the Department of Local Government is responsible for developing roads and the infrastructure in villages such as water supply, schools and recreational facilities. All local administration staff, except the District Administration staff itself, are selected via centralised services of the North West District Council, with the Ministry of Local Government being responsible for their training, deployment and career development. The sub-districts of North-West/Ngamiland District are Ngamiland East (aka Ngamiland South, headquarters Maun), Ngamiland West (aka Ngamiland North) and Okavango, also called Ngamiland Delta, (headquarters Gumare). Towns and villages Population 50,000+ * Maun Population over 10,000 * Gumare * Shakawe Population under 10,000 * Lesoma * Parakarungu
This article is about the Catholic college in Bairnsdale, Victoria, Australia. For the Catholic college in Geralton, Western Australia, see Nagle Catholic College. School in Australia Nagle College is an independent Roman Catholic co-educational secondary day school located in Bairnsdale in the East Gippsland region of Victoria, Australia. Background and location ----------------------- Nagle College was established in 1958 to provide a Catholic secondary education for the families in the parishes of East Gippsland. The College was founded by the Presentation Sisters who provided the leadership of the College until 1975. The school is named after the Sisters' patron, The Venerable Nano Nagle. Rod Nicholson was Principal from 1976 until 1988. The Salesians of Don Bosco took responsibility for the College in 1990. The school began in Francis Street and moved to a site on the western edge of the town in 1979. Uniform ------- The winter uniform consists of dress shirts, tie and pants or skirt. The summer uniform consists of a dress for girls, and a shirt and shorts for boys. Juniors (year level 7–9) wear yellow shirts and seniors (year level 10–12) wear a white dress shirt. Seniors also wear a blazer and juniors have the option to wear a jumper or a spray jacket. The sport uniform (for sports classes) consists of a shirt of the house colour (see below) and shorts or leggings. House system ------------ There are seven different houses that exist at Nagle College. Bosco house is the newest house, added in the late 1990s when student numbers increased. The houses are as follows: * Avila House (yellow) – Teresa of Ávila Patron * Bosco House (white) – John Bosco Patron * Chisholm House (magenta) – Caroline Chisholm * MacKillop House (orange)(originally brown) – Mary MacKillop Patron * Newman House (red) – John Henry Newman Patron * Polding House (blue) – Bede Polding Patron * Xavier House (green) – Francis Xavier Patron Music department ---------------- Music is compulsory in years 7 and 8. Students can decide do continue the subject or not. Nagle College has several different bands and performance groups, including: choir, strings band (Tunes), show band (Cookies & Cream), percussion ensemble (Beat It!), next generation band, and junior and senior guitar ensemble. Languages --------- Students at Nagle College can decide whether they wish to learn either Italian or Japanese. It is compulsory in the first two years of school, but in year 9 students may choose whether they wish to continue or not. The school has multiple exchange programs, with students travelling to Japan and Italy once a year if they choose to. The school also has connections to a school in Samoa and multiple others around the world. Practical subjects ------------------ Students at Nagle College are exposed to many practical subjects as well as non-practical including: Woodwork, Sewing, Cooking, Metalwork (for later years), animal care (for later years), PE, Art, Drama, Photography and many more. Woodwork, Sewing, Art, Drama and Cooking is compulsory in year 7 and 8.
The following is a summary of the transport system of the Republic of North Macedonia. Railways -------- Main article: Makedonski Železnici total: 925 km (575 mi) (699 km (437 miles) of open track and 225 km (140 mi) of station/industrial track) standard gauge: 925 km (575 mi) 1.435-m gauge (312 km electrified, all 25 kV 50 Hz) note: a new 56 km (35 mi) extension of the Kumanovo-Beljakovci line to the Bulgarian border is under construction. Restructuring of national railway MZ into infrastructure and operating companies completed in July 2007. ### Railway links with adjacent countries * Serbia Serbia - yes * Kosovo Kosovo - yes * Bulgaria Bulgaria - no * Greece Greece - yes * Albania Albania - no ### Maps * UN Map * UNHCR Atlas Map Roads ----- A-1 near Stobi A-4 road toll near Skopje airport A-4 near border crossing in Qafë Thanë A-3 near Resen 14,410 km (8,950 mi) total (2021) 335 km of motorways (2021) ### Motorways Main article: Motorways in North Macedonia A-1 Tabanovce - Kumanovo - Miladinovci - Petrovec - Veles - Gradsko - Negotino - Demir Kapija - Gevgelija A-2 Deve Bair - Kriva Palanka - Kumanovo - Skopje - Tetovo - Gostivar - Kičevo - Struga - Qafë Thanë A-3 Ohrid - Resen - Bitola - Prilep - Veles - Štip - Kočani - Delčevo (M-5K1 Bitola - Medžitlija) A-4 Blace - Skopje - Petrovec - Miladinovci - Sveti Nikole - Štip - Radoviš - Strumica - Novo Selo The first motorway in the country was the Kumanovo-Petrovec section of the A-1, opened for traffic in 1979 as part of the Brotherhood and Unity Highway which linked Central Europe to Athens. In 2022 the country had 335 kilometers (208 mi) of motorways, with additional 57 kilometers (35 mi) under construction ### E-roads The E-road network in North Macedonia consists of: E65 E75 E852 E871 ### Road rules Highway P504, descending from the Galičica Mts to Lake Ohrid The traffic signs adhere to the Vienna Convention on Road Signs and Signals. Lights must be on all the time, seatbelts are mandatory for passengers in the front and drivers are forbidden to speak on a mobile phone while driving. The general speed limits are: * in inhabited areas 50 km/h (31 mph) * outside of inhabited areas 90 km/h (56 mph) * on expressways 110 km/h (68 mph) * on motorways 130 km/h (81 mph) Waterways --------- None. Lake transport (tourist and recreational boats) only, on the Greek and Albanian borders. Pipelines --------- Oil 120 km (75 mi) (2004) Gas 268 km (167 mi) (2004) Ports and harbours ------------------ North Macedonia has no sea access. There are marinas for mostly recreational traffic on Ohrid Lake and other natural and artificial lakes. Air transport ------------- Air transport in North Macedonia began after the end of the First World War, when airmail traffic route was created between Novi Sad–Belgrade–Niš–Skoplje. Later, the Yugoslav flag carrier Aeroput inaugurated in 1930 a regular scheduled flight between Belgrade and Thessaloniki with a stop in Skopje airfield. Later, in 1933, Aeroput extended the route to Athens, while in 1935 Skopje was linked to Niš, Bitola, and Podujevo in 1936. After the end of Second World War, passenger and cargo air transport reestablished, Aeroput was rebranded as JAT Yugoslav Airlines, and routes linking Belgrade, through Skopje, to Athens and Istanbul, using a Douglas DC-3, were inaugurated. During SFRY period JAT linked Skopje with Belgrade and other domestic destinations, but through Belgrade passengers from Skopje were able to catch connecting flights to all five continents. In the 1980s the Skopje airport was majorly expanded, and by late 1980s and early 1990s several companies with hub in Skopje were created, such as Palair, Avioimpex, Air Vardar, and others. After independence of North Macedonia, most became flag carriers of the newly independent country. Beside Skopje, in North Macedonia, during second half of the 20th century, Ohrid airport was also developed, starting with the opening of regular scheduled flights between Belgrade–Skopje–Ohrid during the 1960s. Until 1990 charted flights were also inaugurated linking Ohrid with international destinations. As of 2024, the country has no active air transport companies; the international airports of Skopje and Ohrid are served by foreign airlines. ### Airports Skopje International Airport 17 (2002 est.) #### Airports - with paved runways total: 11 8,000 to 9,999 ft: 2 under 3,000 ft: 8 (2000 est.) #### Airports - with unpaved runways total: 6 3,000 to 4,999 ft: 3 under 3,000 ft: 3 (2000 est.)
Not to be confused with Empire (2005 TV series), a historical drama and other series and films. TV series or program *Empire* is a one-hour program on Al Jazeera English which examines global powers and their agendas. The show is hosted by Marwan Bishara. Empire on Al Jazeera English, consistently challenges concepts about global powers and global elites. Through Empire episodes such as "The US between Two Wars", "SuperClass", "BRIC: The New World Order", or "US & Iran: Best of Enemies?", Marwan Bishara has posed pertinent questions on a vast range of topics. Empire has been successful at dissecting the most significant geo-political issues of the day by fusing the best Al Jazeera field reporting with an in-depth studio debate with the participation of leading analysts and commentators. In later episodes, the debates sometimes take place in the location in question. The show breaks down said countries' policies with the people who live in them and examines whether those policies work and who benefits. Availability ------------ All episodes are available on YouTube and on demand on Aljazeera.com. During the time of Al Jazeera America, Empire was one of the few Al Jazeera English shows not geo-blocked in the United States by Al Jazeera Media Network. Host Marwan Bishara was one of the loudest voices of opposition to Al Jazeera English being geo-blocked in the United States in favour of Al Jazeera America. Empire was geo-blocked along with the rest of Al Jazeera English's shows until April 2014 when the block was lifted in the United States because unlike the other AJE shows, Empire was not shown on Al Jazeera America where the other shows were.
American musician (born 1970) Musical artist Sergio Vega (born August 25, 1970) is an American musician. He is the bassist of post-hardcore band Quicksand, former bassist of alternative metal band Deftones, and a solo artist. Sergio Vega has been a member of Quicksand since 1990 and appears on all releases including Slip (1993) and Manic Compression (1995). He began playing with Deftones in 2009, replacing Chi Cheng. He has appeared on four albums with Deftones: Diamond Eyes (2010), Koi No Yokan (2012), Gore (2016) and Ohms (2020) until departing the band in early 2021. Biography --------- In 1988 he became the bass player for a New York hardcore band Collapse which released a demo and contributed a track on the 1988 New Breed cassette compilation released by Freddy Alva of Wardance records. In 1989 Sergio Vega replaces Alan Peters (ex-Agnostic Front bassist) in the New York hardcore band Absolution... In 1990, Sergio Vega was instrumental in forming the new post-hardcore band Quicksand; at the time Vega was a prominent bassist of the genre. Quicksand released their debut album, Slip, on February 9, 1993. On February 28, 1995, Quicksand released their second album, Manic Compression. Later that year, Quicksand disbanded, and Sergio Vega began to DJ around New York City and Japan. The band reunited briefly in 1997 and toured with Deftones the next year. After this tour, the band desired to write a followup to Manic Compression, although tensions between bandmates caused the band to split up permanently. In 1999, when Deftones bassist Chi Cheng was unable to perform onstage during a Deftones tour due to a toe surgery, Vega filled in for him on bass. In addition to his career with Quicksand and Deftones, Vega has released solo material. He released his first solo EP entitled The Ray Martin Sessions through the indie record label grapeOS in 2000. Vega's solo work was more similar to melodic pop-rock of The Beatles than his heavier, hardcore- and metal-based work in Quicksand and Deftones. The EP was well received by music critics, the success of The Ray Martin Sessions allowed Vega to tour the US and UK. He toured with former Orange 9mm/Helmet guitarist Chris Traynor, bassplayer/supermodel Sibyl Buck and Charlie Walker (Split Lip)on drums. The band Champions of Sound was formed as an off-shoot of Vega’s solo project, and they produced a self-released a gate-fold 7" ep, as well as an unreleased full length record, Champion Love, with the participation of numerous former members of the NYC hardcore and post-hardcore scene. On November 4, 2008, Deftones bassist Chi Cheng was seriously injured in a car accident in Santa Clara, California, and entered a coma-like state following the accident. Vega played in Chi's place at Bamboozle Left with Deftones, and continued to fill in for him as Cheng's condition remained the same. When his accident occurred, Deftones had just finished writing and recording songs for what was to be their sixth studio-album, Eros, although they decided to shelve the album indefinitely. This decision was made due to Cheng's condition, and also was a creative decision, as the band stated that they didn't feel that Eros "best encompassed who they were currently as people or as musicians". Deftones began writing a new album from scratch in June 2009 with Vega on bass. The album, titled Diamond Eyes, was released on May 4, 2010. In November 2012 the group released their second album with Vega, named Koi No Yokan. According to Deftones frontman Chino Moreno, Vega made a bigger contribution to Koi No Yokan than he did to Diamond Eyes. In June 2012, Sergio and Quicksand would secretly reunite to play a surprise set at Revelation Records' 25th anniversary show. This performance was followed by an appearance on the Jimmy Fallon Show as well as two sold out headlining shows at The Bowery Ballroom and The Music Hall of Williamsburg in August 2012. Quicksand would later act as one of the headliners at California's FYF set. In January 2013, Quicksand embarked on their first tour since the late 1990s. They released their third album, Interiors, on November 10, 2017. The band released their fourth full-length album Distant Populations in 2021. On March 9, 2022, Vega announced in an Instagram post that he had departed from Deftones. In a video explaining his departure, he cited a contract dispute as the reason for leaving, saying, "Our respective management had a conversation to discuss a new contract, and they offered me the same deal... At that point, it was clear there was no opportunity for growth for me. So I declined the offer. And then I called the guys immediately to see where the miscommunication was to resolve it, but there was no response. A couple of days later, I received an email from their lawyer that their offer was withdrawn, and that they wished me the best." Vega follows a vegan lifestyle. Equipment --------- Vega performing with Deftones at Rock im Park, June 2016 With Quicksand, Vega played a variety of basses. For his first two albums after joining Deftones, Vega used Fender Jaguar Basses exclusively (tuned CGCF, C#G#C#F#, Drop D, or standard E, depending on the song). For his third album with the band, Gore, Vega used a Fender Bass VI on several tracks such as "Hearts/Wires". Unlike Chi Cheng, who was a fingerstyle player, Vega plays bass with a pick. His amplifier is an Ampeg SVT Classic Reissue. His effects include Native Instruments Guitar Rig 3 software and a Tech 21 SansAmp Bass Driver DI. According to the Fractal Audio Facebook page, Vega is also using the Axe FX Ultra Preamp. His rig was completely changed in 2013, with the Fractal Axe-FX II being the main unit for his sounds, along with a Matrix GT1000FX power amp and 2 Orange 8x10 speaker cabinets for amplification. Discography ----------- ### Solo * The Ray Martin Sessions (2000, Grape OS) * Fxxxxxk It (2014) * Hotel Life (2014) ### With Quicksand * Slip (1993, Polydor) * Manic Compression (1995, Island) * Interiors (2017, Epitaph) * Distant Populations (2021, Epitaph) ### With Deftones * Diamond Eyes (2010, Warner Bros./Reprise) * Koi No Yokan (2012, Warner Bros./Reprise) * Gore (2016, Warner Bros./Reprise) * Ohms (2020, Warner Bros./Reprise)
Woodwind musical instrument Kortholt from Praetorius, Syntagma musicum, Wolfenbüttel 1619 The kortholt is a musical instrument of the woodwind family, used in the Renaissance period. The name comes from Low Saxon and means short (kort) piece of wood (holt). This name is mentioned in the work Syntagma musicum by Michael Praetorius, who is the main source for information about this instrument. The name refers to the characteristic low pitch that belies the short length of the instrument, and could be applied more generically to any wind instrument which was deeper in pitch than expected from its length. The kortholt is a capped reed instrument. Its construction is similar to that of the chanter of a bagpipe. A double reed is mounted inside a chamber. Blowing through a slot in the chamber causes the reed to vibrate; because the reed is not touched by the lips, the performer has little control over the sound. The pitch of the note can be varied by opening or closing finger and side holes along the length of the instrument. The kortholt is actually double bored, similar to the modern bassoon. The combination of cylindrical bore, which sounds roughly an octave lower than a conical bore, and a bore which is almost twice as long as the outside of the instrument, results in a sound much lower than normally would be possible from an instrument of that length. The sound is a similar to the crumhorn, but is softer. Although Praetorius only mentions one size (a bass), modern makers provide the standard soprano, alto, tenor and bass. They can be played together in a consort.
Otto Hersing (30 November 1885 – 1 July 1960) was a German naval officer who served as U-boat commander in the Kaiserliche Marine and the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine during World War I. In September 1914, while in command of the German U-21 submarine, he became famous for the first sinking of an enemy ship by a self-propelled locomotive torpedo. Career ------ ### Early life and training Hersing joined the Imperial German Navy in 1903. He received his first training on the school ship Stosch, on the corvette Blücher and on the artillery training ship Mars. He served as a Fähnrich on the battleship Kaiser Wilhelm II. In September 1906 he was promoted to Leutnant and transferred on the light cruiser Hamburg. On 1909, he was promoted to Oberleutnant. From 1911 to 1913, Hersing served as watch officer on the protected cruiser Hertha, and he had the chance to sail around the Mediterranean Sea and the West Indies. ### World War I and North Sea operations In 1914, Hersing was promoted to Kapitänleutnant and received special training for the submarine warfare. When World War I broke out, he was given command of U-21, at the time located at the island of Heligoland in the North Sea. Between August and September, U-21 carried out reconnaissance in the North Sea, but he was not able to find any enemy ships. Hersing then tried to force his way into the Firth of Forth, at that time a British naval base, but with no success. Painting of the sinking of HMS Pathfinder On September 5, Hersing spotted the light cruiser Pathfinder off the Scottish coast, sailing at a reduced speed of 5 knots due to a shortage of coal. Hersing decided to attack the ship and hit her with a single torpedo just below the bridge, close to the ship's powder magazine, which was destroyed by a great explosion. The ship sank in a short time, and 261 sailors were killed. It was the first sinking of a modern warship by a submarine armed with torpedoes. On 14 November, U-21 intercepted the French steamer Malachite. Hersing ordered the crew to abandon the ship before he sank the vessel with his deck gun. Three days later, the British collier Primo suffered the same fate. These two ships were the first vessels to be sunk in the restricted German submarine offensive against British and French merchant shipping. Willy Stöwer's painting of U-21 sinking Linda Blanche At the beginning of 1915, Hersing received the Iron Cross, 2nd Class, and was ordered to extend German submarine warfare to the western coast of the British Isles. On 21 January, he sailed from Wilhelmshaven and entered the Irish Sea, where he tried to shell the airfield on Walney Island, but had no success. On 30 January U-21 met and sank three merchant ships, Ben Cruachan, Linda Blanche and Kilcuan. In every case, Hersing respected the prize rules, helping the crew of the intercepted ships. He then sailed back to Germany and at the beginning of February docked in Wilhelmshaven, having passed through the Dover Barrage without consequences for the second time in a short while. ### Operations in the Mediterranean and the Dardanelles Hersing was ordered in April to transfer to the Mediterranean Sea to support the Ottoman Empire, allied to Germany and under attack of British and French troops at the Dardanelles. He sailed with U-21 from Kiel on 25 April and arrived at the Austro-Hungarian port of Cattaro after eighteen days. Due to a problem in refueling, Hersing was forced to slow down his submarine and proceed part of the way on the surface, exposing it to the risk of being detected by Allied units. HMS Majestic torpedoed by U-21 After a week in the friendly port, Hersing sailed to his new operational area off Gallipoli, which he reached on 25 May. The same day, he spotted the British battleship HMS Triumph. Hersing brought his U-boat to within 300 yards (270 m) of his target and fired a single torpedo, which hit the battleship and caused it to capsize and sink, causing the death of 3 officers and 75 members of the crew. After the action, Kapitänleutnant Hersing took his submarine to the seafloor and waited there for 28 hours before resurfacing to recharge the electric batteries. On 27 May, U-21 sank her second Allied battleship in the Dardanelles, the Majestic. Hersing was able to avoid the escorting vessels and the torpedo nets that surrounded the ship, and the Majestic sunk within four minutes of being hit off Cape Helles, causing the death of at least 40 members of the crew (many of them were trapped in the defensive nets that were supposed to protect the ship) Hersing's successes forced the Allies to withdraw all major ships from Cape Helles, and Great Britain offered a 100,000 pound reward for the capture of the German commander. On 5 June Hersing received the Pour le Mérite, the highest German military honor, as a recognition of his success in the Mediterranean. In the same year, 1915, he was awarded honorary citizenship of the German town of Bad Kreuznach, and he began to be nicknamed Zerstörer von Schlachtschiffen (destroyer of battleships). The U-21 crew spent a month in Constantinople, due to needed repairs to their submarine. In the Ottoman capital, they received a great welcome and were treated as heroes. Once the repair work was finished, U-21 sortied through the Dardanelles for another patrol. Hersing found the Allied munitions ship Carthage and sank her with a single torpedo on 4 July. Right after that, the submarine was forced to return to Constantinople after bumping an anti-submarine mine that did not cause serious damage. The boat then served briefly in the Black Sea, but with no results. It then returned to the Mediterranean, where in September Hersing found out that the Allies had established a complete blockade of the Dardanelles, using mines and nets in order to prevent enemy submarines to operate in that area. Hersing therefore returned to Cattaro and received orders to help the Austro-Hungarian Navy in her fight against the Italian Regia Marina. U-21 and her crew were commissioned into the k.u.k. Kriegsmarine and the boat received the designation U-36. This was necessary to allow the submarine to operate against the Italian merchant fleet, since Germany was not yet legally at war with the Kingdom of Italy. The boat served under this name until Italy declared war on Germany on 27 August 1916. In February 1916, Hersing sank the British steamer Belle of France, then the French armored cruiser Amiral Charner, intercepted off the Syrian coast, which caused the death of 427 crew members. Between April and October 1916, U-36 sank numerous merchant ships, including the British steamer City of Lucknow (3,677 tons, sunk near Malta on April 30), three small Italian ships (intercepted near Corsica between October 26 and 28) and the steamboat SS Glenlogan (5,800 tons, October 31). In the first three days of November, Hersing's boat, positioned north of Sicily, sank four more Italian ships, for a total of almost 2,500 tons overall. On 23 December, the German submarine met near Crete the British steamer Benalder and hit her with a torpedo, but she managed to escape and reach Alexandria. In 1916, U-36 sank a total of 12 ships for more than 24,000 tons overall. ### Return to the North Sea At the beginning of 1917, Hersing left the Mediterranean to support the unrestricted submarine warfare campaign of the German Seekriegsleitung. Between 16 and 17 February, Hersing intercepted and sank two British merchant ships and two small Portuguese ones off the Portuguese coast. Four days later, it was the turn of the French freighter Cacique (2,917 tons), sunk in the Bay of Biscay. On February 22, U-21 arrived in the Celtic Sea and finished off the Dutch steamer Bandoeng, already damaged by another German submarine. The same day Hersing sank six more Allied ships, five of them Dutch (the largest of which being Noorderdijk, over 7,000 tons) and one Norwegian (Normanna, 2,900 tons). A seventh ship, Menado suffered severe damage, but avoided sinking. In just one day, Hersing sank a total of seven ships, totalling more than 33,000 tons. Hersing then sailed into North Sea between Scotland and Norway. On April 22, he sunk the steamers Giskö and Theodore William. On April 29 and 30, he sank the Norwegian Askepot and the Russian bark Borrowdale. In the same area, the British steamers Adansi and Killarney suffered the same fate on May 6 and 8, respectively. On June 27, Hersing sank the Swedish auxiliary barge Baltic, carrying a cargo of timber. Hersing's service in command of U-21 ended in September 1918 when, two months before the Armistice of 11 November 1918, he was assigned to the submarine navigation school at Eckernförde as an instructor. During the war. Hersing was responsible for the sinking of 40 ships (36 merchantmen and four warships), for a total of more than 113,000 tons; this made him one of the most successful submarine commanders of the Kaiserliche Marine. ### After the war After the armistice, Hersing was given responsibility for the withdrawal of German troops from the city of Riga (in present Latvia). It is suspected that he subsequently was involved in the February 1919 sinking of U-21. His former boat was surrendered to the Allies after the end of the war and sank under mysterious circumstances on 22 February 1919, during the transfer to Great Britain, where it should have formally surrendered. In 1920, he was probably involved in the Kapp Putsch, an attempted coup against the newly formed Weimar Republic, but this had no consequences and he remained in the navy. In 1922, he was promoted to Korvettenkapitän (corvette captain), the highest rank that he attained in his career. His fame was still so great after the war that the French authorities offered a reward of 20,000 Marks for his capture in the occupied Rhineland. Hersing ended his military service in 1924 due to health reasons and moved with his wife to Rastede, a small town in Lower Saxony, where he became a potato farmer. In 1932, he published his memoir, U-21 rettet die Dardanellen ("U-21 saves the Dardanelles"). In 1935, he and his wife moved to Gremmendorf, a district of the city of Münster. Hersing died in 1960 after a long illness; his grave is in the Angelmodde cemetery. The complete collection of his papers and writings is preserved in the Deutsches U-Boot Museum located in the Niedersachsen town of Altenbruch, in a room dedicated to his memory. Awards ------ * Iron Cross (1914) + 2nd Class + 1st Class * Pour le Mérite * Hanseatic Cross of Lübeck * Military Merit Order (Bavaria) * Albert Order (Saxony) * U-Boat War Badge 1918 version * The Honour Cross of the World War 1914/1918 * Iron Crescent (Ottoman Empire) Bibliography ------------ * Dufeil, Yves (2011). Kaiserliche Marine U-Boote 1914-1918 - Dictionnaire biographique des commandants de la marine imperiale allemande [Biographic dictionary of the German Imperial Navy] (in French). Histomar Publications. * Gibson, R.H.; Prendergast, M. (2002). The German Submarine War 1914-1918. Penzance: Periscope Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-904381-08-1. * Gilbert, Martin (2000). La grande storia della prima guerra mondiale [World War I] (in Italian). Milan: Oscar Mondadori. ISBN 88-04-48470-5. * Gray, Edwyn A. (1994). The U-Boat War: 1914–1918. London: L.Cooper. ISBN 0-85052-405-9. * Hadley, Michael L. (1995). Count Not the Dead: The Popular Image of the German Submarine. Quebec City: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-1282-9. * Lowell, Thomas (2004). Raiders of the Deep. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-59114-861-8. * Sondhaus, Lawrence (2017). German Submarine Warfare in World War I: The Onset of Total War at Sea. Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN 9781442269552.
Guardian Angels Church Guardian Angels Church interior Guardian Angels Catholic School Guardian Angels Catholic Church is a historic church located in Chaska, Minnesota founded in 1858. A Roman Catholic church, Guardian Angels is part of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis. Guardian Angels School (School District 112), a pre-K to 8th grade private school, is affiliated with this church. Parish leadership ----------------- In Summer of 2020, Father Tony VanderLoop, was assigned to Guardian Angels as its priest. Parish history -------------- The parish’s history dates back to 1842 when the fur trader J.B. Faribault invited Father Augustine Ravoux to establish a mission among the Sioux Indians in what would become the town of Chaska. Fr. Ravoux built a small log chapel and named the parish St. Francis Xavier, but dismantled the chapel three years later when the Native Americans saw the European immigration as a threat, and in turn threatened to burn the chapel down. The chapel was sold to German Catholic Christians in Wabasha and floated down the river to its new home. In the 1850s the Benedictine Fathers made frequent visits to the Chaska area – mostly to German immigrant communities along the Minnesota River, formerly called St. Peter’s River – to determine whether a community was large enough to support a church. Minnesota achieved statehood in 1858 and during that year the Benedictines decided that Chaska was able to support a church. The congregation had difficulty choosing a name for the new church, so they decided to have Michael Guenser's two-year-old daughter look at pictures of saints and select one. She chose the picture of the Guardian Angel, and so the church was named Guardian Angels Catholic Church. Since the first log chapel in 1842, three churches were built. The first was built between the years of 1858 and 1860. It was a simple, small brick building with planks on wooded blocks that served as pews. In the mid-to-late-19th century, immigrants from Germany were fleeing official persecution of Catholic Christians in historically Catholic parts of Prussia and, later, the German Empire. They were flocking to familiar scenery in Wisconsin, Iowa and Minnesota, including the Minnesota River valley. Immigrants were also leaving the Netherlands and Germany in search of land for growing families. The Dutch Catholics immigrating to the area were usually labeled as "destitute" by Dutch authorities. By 1864, rapid population growth in the area saw the need for a larger church and in 1868 work began on a second church. This church served the community's needs until 1885 when construction began on the present church. This church, designed by John Geiser was built in Gothic Revival Style architecture. The new church was an imposing structure on the landscape, constructed of Chaska Brick with a steeple towering 162 feet above the street. The interior ceiling rose 39 feet above the floor. It was described as one of the most adorned structures in the area. The new building was dedicated by Bishop Thomas Langdon Grace, O.P. of St. Paul in 1885. On October 7, 1902 disaster struck when an early morning fire destroyed the church interior, toppling the steeple onto a neighboring house and destroying it. By 5 o'clock that afternoon all that remained were the four charred walls and the Icon of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, blessed by Pope Pius IX in 1871. Showing resiliency, within one year the parish reconstructed the church we see today on the present site. It was dedicated by Archbishop John Ireland of St. Paul one year later to the day it burned. The church exhibits all of the hallmark characteristics of the Gothic Revival style including Gothic arch windows and doors, corbelled brick, brick buttresses, quatrefoil motifs in the stained glass windows, and a central buttressed tower with a steeply pitched steeple. Through the years, many changes took place inside the parish – the Benedictines were replaced by Franciscans who built a novitiate for incoming Franciscan friars. In 1995, the Franciscan Fathers and Brothers left Guardian Angels after serving 117 years to pursue other ministries with their limited number of members. In 2012, Father Conran Schneider, the last Franciscan to live in the friary at Guardian Angels, died of lung cancer and pneumonia. On February 18, 2021, it was announced that the school would permanently close at the end of the school year. The remaining students were disbursed to neighboring parish/public schools.
Canadian physician (1894–1987) Lillian Alice Chase (July 12, 1894 – August 28, 1987) was a Canadian physician who is regarded as an early expert in the treatment of diabetes. Early life ---------- Lillian Alice Chase was born on July 12, 1894 in Cornwallis, Nova Scotia, to parents Oscar and Elizabeth Chase. She attended Wolfville School and studied at Acadia University from 1912 to 1916. She excelled in sport at Acadia, competing in hockey, basketball and tennis. After graduating from Acadia, she worked as a schoolteacher for a year before enrolling at the University of Toronto Faculty of Medicine, and completed her medical degree in 1922. Medical career -------------- Chase began her career as an intern at Toronto General Hospital, where she became interested in the treatment of diabetes after meeting Leonard Thompson, the first patient to receive insulin. She undertook postgraduate research on diabetes at the University of Rochester in New York before returning to Canada. She set up a practice in Regina, Saskatchewan, in 1925 and remained there until 1942; she was known for her expertise on diabetes and was frequently called to consult on other physicians' diabetic patients. In 1932, she became the first female president of the Regina General Hospital. She served with the Royal Canadian Army Medical Corps from 1942 to 1945, during which time she worked at Sunnybrook Hospital in Toronto as well as caring for soldiers on ships to and from England. In 1945, she joined the staff of Women's College Hospital in Toronto, where she conducted a weekly diabetes clinic. Chase was a founding member of the Canadian Diabetes Association in 1953. She retired soon after she was awarded an honorary doctorate by Acadia University in 1969. She died on August 28, 1987, in Ottawa.
Australian facilitated communication user For the American politician, see Anne McDonald (politician). The Anne McDonald Centre in Melbourne for disabled people with little or no speech. Anne McDonald (11 January 1961 – 22 October 2010) was a nonverbal Australian woman with cerebral palsy and severe intellectual disability who was one of the first subjects of the scientifically discredited facilitated communication (FC) technique. McDonald was credited as an author and activist despite not having a legitimate means of communication. The Anne McDonald Centre, which promotes the use of facilitated communication, is named after her. History ------- McDonald was born on 11 January 1961 in Seymour, Victoria. As a result of a birth injury, she developed athetoid cerebral palsy and severe intellectual disability. She could not walk, talk or feed herself. At the age of three, she was placed by her parents in St. Nicholas Hospital, Melbourne, a Health Commission (government) institution for children with severe disabilities. At age 16 she weighed 12 kilograms (26 pounds). Her brother Ewan remembers visiting his sister often on Sundays, the family taking her for outings and buying her treats. His recollections may be mistaken: a contemporary news report stated that in 1975 she had not left the hospital in 11 years: "Anne McDonald, a 14-year-old girl... will leave hospital for the first time in 11 years tomorrow – because of the strike by psychiatric nurses. Anne's father, Angus McDonald, of Seymour, said... "We were told before that it would be distressing for her to leave the hospital environment."" In 1977, when McDonald was 16, Rosemary Crossley claimed that she was able to communicate with her by supporting her upper arm while she selected word blocks and magnetic letters. Within two weeks with Crossley supporting McDonald's arm to point at things, McDonald spelled out a sentence. A month later McDonald showed she was familiar with local politics, in the next month McDonald did fractions. Crossley continued using similar strategies with McDonald and other individuals with disabilities, developing what has become known as facilitated communication training. Some of Crossley's co-workers suspected that Crossley was moving McDonald's hand and actually the one communicating, something that Crossley herself suspected she might be doing, "'making up sentences to fit what were really random twitchings.'" Crossley speculated that McDonald learned language from watching television and overhearing conversations, learning "arithmetic by counting slats on the barriers that enclosed her cot." Prior to Crossley's involvement McDonald spent her days "writhing on the floor" or in her cot, she received no education of any kind. Through Crossley, McDonald appeared to seek discharge from St. Nicholas Hospital, her parents and the hospital authorities denied her request on the grounds that the reality of her communication had not been established. In 1979, when McDonald turned eighteen, a habeas corpus action in the Supreme Court of Victoria was commenced against the Health Commission in order to win the right to leave the institution. The court accepted that McDonald's communication was her own and allowed her to leave the hospital and live with Crossley. Patricia Margaret Minnes, then senior clinical psychologist, Mental Retardation Services of the Health Commission of Victoria, who was present during the psychological testing of McDonald, objected with the following statement: > However in my opinion the results of this assessment cannot be considered objectively reliable and valid until such time as Anne is shown to perform at a similar intellectual level under experimentally controlled conditions. In my view there are at least three variables which need to be controlled, namely – (a) the nature of support to Anne's arm, (b) the amount of information available to the supporting person regarding the response requested of Anne, and (c) the nature of Anne's responses. In my opinion these factors can be controlled and until the assessment is made under objectively reliable experimental conditions in my opinion the results of Mr. Healey's assessment cannot be taken as conclusive. > > Despite her inability to communicate, McDonald was given a Higher School Certificate (University entrance) qualification from a night school and was awarded a humanities degree from Deakin University for coursework completed through facilitated communication. She was also credited as a co-author of the book Annie's Coming Out (1980), which won the inaugural Allen Lane Award for the best book of the year dealing with disability. The film Annie's Coming Out, based on the book, won several Australian Film Institute awards (including Best Picture) and was released in the US under the title Test of Love. On the International Day of Persons with Disabilities, 3 December 2008, McDonald received the Personal Achievement Award in the Australian National Disability Awards at Parliament House. In 2012 McDonald's mother Bev McDonald stated that she was happy that her daughter had gained weight under the care of "state-paid carers that Crossley organised" but quickly realized that the claims that she was communicating independently were "hollow", in various tries to get her daughter to use the letter board, she could only do so when her arm was guided. On one occasion McDonald's mother gently held her elbow to type out something very rude about Crossley while watching her daughter's face, she found no reaction. She gave her daughter messages to pass on to Crossley which didn't get passed on. Brother Ewen said that he tried to have conversations with his sister in the hopes that Crossley would mention them later during FC sessions, none were. McDonald died of a heart attack on 22 October 2010, aged 49. Controversy ----------- Accounts of McDonald's use of facilitated communication have been questioned as the technique has been proven invalid through scientific research. Psychologists and policy makers have argued facilitated communication is, at best, ineffective wishful thinking, and at worst, actively harmful. McDonald's website maintains that her communication was entirely her own, and that she found it unnecessary and inappropriate to debate the fact further as it had been proven beyond a reasonable doubt to the standards of the Supreme Court. McDonald and her story have reappeared in the news following the sexual assault case against New Jersey facilitated communication aide Anna Stubblefield, who, in 2018, pleaded guilty to "third-degree aggravated criminal sexual contact" and was sentenced to time served. In October 2016, the victim's family was awarded $4 million in a civil lawsuit against Stubblefield. Related reading --------------- * Annie's Coming Out (Penguin Books, 1980) ISBN 0-14-005688-2
Monastery The yard with the fountain The Sokolski Monastery is a Bulgarian Orthodox monastery founded in 1833 and named after its founder Yosif Sokolski. It is located 15 km southwest of Gabrovo on the northern slopes of the Balkan Mountains in the Bulgarka Nature Park and is close to the Sokolovo cave. Originally, a small wooden church was built in 1833 and the frescoes were finished a year later. Hristo Tsokev, a Gabrovo-born artist, donated the church icon, which represents the Virgin Mary and Christ and is considered to be miraculous. In 1862, Father Paul Zograf and his son Nikola from the village of Shipka decorated the church with frescoes. The monastery has a big yard surrounded by residential and utility buildings. In the centre of the yard, in 1865 the master Kolyu Ficheto constructed a big stone fountain with eight taps. The whole monastery was built during the Bulgarian National Revival with the strong support of the people of Gabrovo and the local villages. The monastery played an important role during the April Uprising. In this monastery, the leader Tsanko Dyustabanov formed a group of volunteers for the resistance. In a short period of time during the Russo-Turkish War of 1877-78 the monastery was a hospital. The Sokolski Monastery was declared a historical site in 1973. Gallery ------- * * * * * *
Nonprofit investigative newsroom The New England Center for Investigative Reporting (NECIR) is a nonprofit investigative newsroom housed at WGBH News in Boston, Massachusetts. It was founded in 2009 by investigative journalists Joe Bergantino and Maggie Mulvihill, and was based at Boston University until July 2019. History ------- By 2008, the financial instabilities facing newspapers was leading to a precipitous decline in investigative reporting in New England and around the country. In January 2009, Joe Bergantino and Maggie Mulvihill –in collaboration with Boston University College of Communication Dean and former Miami Herald executive editor Tom Fiedler—launched NECIR to expose injustice by producing and teaching in-depth, impact-making journalism. NECIR-produced stories have appeared in The New York Times, The Washington Post, The Boston Globe, The Christian Science Monitor, USA TODAY, in mid-size newspapers across Massachusetts and New England and on radio and TV news outlets in the Boston area such as WGBH and WBUR. These stories have led to changes laws, policy and behavior. Past stories revealed: * Unreported abuse, neglect and deaths of children monitored by Massachusetts child welfare officials, triggering to a public outcry and the governor’s decision to reform the assessment system used by the Department of Children and Families. * Holes in an arson and murder conviction, leading directly to the release of a man who had served 30 years in prison for the crime. * Poorly understood contracts for reverse home mortgages were forcing the elderly out of their homes, prompting readers to raise enough money to save one senior from eviction. * Unacknowledged corporate influence over research and advocacy from some of the nation’s most respected policy "think tanks" in Washington. * False reports by Boston’s Department of Public Works of pothole repairs, spurring the mayor to adopt a "311"city accountability call system. ### Awards and recognition One of the NECIR's investigations—a comprehensive look at mobile phone apps dispensing medical advice—ran in the Washington Post’s Health and Science section, on the Scripps News Service and on Hearst TV stations nationally. In 2011 NECIR won two awards for its coverage of carbon offset fraud and shared a national award for an article on campus sexual assaults. It won several more awards in 2012 for a year-long investigation on the sentencing of juvenile killers, which was also cited in a brief to the U.S. Supreme Court. Another NECIR story, produced in collaboration with Boston inner-city high school students, prompted immediate state action and a Boston Globe editorial. In 2014, NECIR received two awards from the New England Newspaper and Press Association. In 2019 NECIR and WGBH won an Edward R. Morrow Award for reporting on the business of illicit massage parlors and a Sigma Delta Chi (SDX) Award for Public Service in Radio Journalism for a radio series about a wrongfully convicted man’s effort to rebuild his life after nearly four decades in prison Training -------- Effective July 2019, Boston University has taken over NECIR's Pre-College Summer Journalism Institute for high school students, with continued involvement of NECIR reporters. Staff ----- Paul Singer, investigations editor; Phillip Martin, senior investigative reporter; Jenifer McKim, senior reporter; Chris Burrell, investigative reporter
West Virginia Route 705 is a short east–west state highway partially located within the Monongalia County city of Morgantown in the U.S. state of West Virginia. The western terminus of the route is at U.S. Route 19 and West Virginia Route 7, directly in front of the WVU Coliseum. The eastern terminus is at U.S. Route 119 near the Morgantown Municipal Airport. The route is major road in northern Morgantown. It is maintained by the West Virginia Department of Transportation. Route description ----------------- ### Patteson Drive (mileposts 0.0 to 0.7) WV 705 begins as Patteson Drive in front of the WVU Coliseum entrance. Patteson Drive is named after former West Virginia governor Okey L. Patteson. It travels to the east-northeast toward WVU's Ruby Memorial Hospital. Patteson Drive carries two lanes in each direction and has left turn lanes for its entire length. Located on this segment of the road are several restaurants, churches, and other businesses. This section of road ends at University Avenue, past which the road continues as Van Voorhis Road. ### Van Voorhis Road (mileposts 0.7 to 1.2) Van Voorhis Road is a short segment of WV 705 in the Suncrest neighborhood of Morgantown. Still four lanes with a shared left turn lane, Van Voorhis Road begins at University Avenue and then turns sharply north at Elmer Prince Drive as it skirts the western edge of the West Virginia University Health Sciences Campus. As Van Voorhis Road continues to the north, WV 705 turns to the right onto Chestnut Ridge Road at a four-way intersection with that road and Burroughs Street WV 705 travels west as Chestnut Ridge Rd. in Morgantown after an intersection with Pineview Dr. ### Chestnut Ridge Road (mileposts 1.2 to 1.8) Now on the northern edge of the WVU Health Sciences Campus, WV 705 heads east as Chestnut Ridge Road. Chestnut Ridge Road passes the Suburban Center, a small shopping center, Mylan Pharmaceuticals, and North Elementary School. It then intersects Pineview Drive, which provides access to Monongalia General Hospital, turns to the southeast, and ends one block later at Willowdale Road, which provides access to Ruby Memorial Hospital. ### Route 705 (mileposts 1.8 to 3.5) View east along WV 705 at CR 67 (Stewartstown Road) in Chestnut Ridge The rest of 705 is simply known as "705". Officially, it is named the 201st Memorial Highway. Between Willowdale Rd. and Stewartstown Road, The area to the south of Route 705 is known as the "Big Dig" due to several recent development projects in the area. Several apartment complexes surround this segment of the highway also. After Stewartstown Rd. Route 705 becomes a two-lane road with left-turn lanes for the first time. As of October 2009, 705 was widened to three lanes from Stewartstown Road to the Mileground. Once at the Mileground US 119, the right lane becomes a right-turn lane and the left a left-turn lane. As for the other direction, it originates with only one lane towards Stewartstown Road, until midway between Mileground and Stewartstown Road, then it widens to a full 4-lane highway. Other upgrades, such as an acceleration lane from Stewartstown Road, and a new left-turn lane onto Stewartstown Road were also added, alone with new stoplights to accommodate the new Suncrest Towne Center. Major intersections ------------------- The entire route is in Monongalia County. \| Location \| mi \| km \| Destinations \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Morgantown \| 0.0 \| 0.0 \| US 19 / WV 7 (Monongahela Boulevard) to I-79 \| \| \| \| \| Burroughs Street / Van Voorhis Road \| \| \| \| 2.7 \| 4.3 \| CR 67 (Stewartstown Road) \| \| \| \| 3.5 \| 5.6 \| US 119 (Mileground Road) to I-68 \| roundabout \| \| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi \|
Census-designated place in Indiana, United States Dunlap is a census-designated place (CDP) in Elkhart County, Indiana, United States. The population was 6,235 at the 2010 census. Once a small farming community, by the 1980s it had become a suburb of Elkhart and Goshen, Indiana. Most of the town was destroyed by two violent F4 tornadoes during the Palm Sunday Tornado Outbreak on April 11, 1965. Both tornadoes killed over 60 in the region. History ------- A post office was established at Dunlap in 1886, and remained in operation until it was discontinued in 1902. Geography --------- Dunlap is located at 41°38′05″N 85°55′06″W / 41.634732°N 85.918218°W / 41.634732; -85.918218. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 4.9 square miles (12.7 km2), of which 0.20% is water. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2020 \| 6,442 \| \| — \| \| U.S. Decennial Census \| As of the census of 2000, there were 5,887 people, 2,087 households, and 1,657 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 1,390.4 inhabitants per square mile (536.8/km2). There were 2,147 housing units at an average density of 507.1 per square mile (195.8/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 91.69% White, 2.87% African American, 0.17% Native American, 0.93% Asian, 0.10% Pacific Islander, 3.04% from other races, and 1.19% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.65% of the population. There were 2,087 households, out of which 37.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 66.3% were married couples living together, 9.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 20.6% were non-families. 16.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 7.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.82 and the average family size was 3.16. In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 28.8% under the age of 18, 7.3% from 18 to 24, 28.1% from 25 to 44, 25.6% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males. The median income for a household in the CDP was $52,083, and the median income for a family was $55,522. Males had a median income of $40,802 versus $25,500 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $19,733. About 5.0% of families and 6.1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.1% of those under age 18 and 6.4% of those age 65 or over. Education --------- Dunlap is served by Concord Community Schools, including Concord High School. The community has a public library, a branch of the Elkhart Public Library. Transportation -------------- The Interurban Trolley Concord and Elkhart-Goshen routes run through Dunlap, connecting the town to the nearby cities Elkhart and Goshen.
6th Chief Minister of Assam Golap Borbora (Assamese: গোলাপ বৰবৰা; 29 August 1926 – 19 March 2006) was a chief minister of Indian state of Assam from 1978 to 1979. He was the first non congress chief minister of Assam. Borbora was a member of Rajya Sabha between 1968 and 1974. Early life ---------- He was born in Golaghat and had his early schooling in Tinsukia and then studied at the University of Calcutta. His parents were Komol Borbora (an executive officer from Indian Oil Corporation Limited, Digboi) and Puniyaprova Borbora. His father later left his job due to official issues (a long strike in the company). He had ten siblings, one of whom was Renu Saikia, who later became famous as a prolific actress in the Assamese film industry. Personal Background ------------------- He was a non-smoker but a "paan and chai addict". He is survived by four sons,including noted advocate Arup Borbora. Political career ---------------- Borbora was a follower of Ram Manohar Lohia and Jai Prakash Narayan and was imprisoned several times during the freedom movement. He had been an active trade unionist from the early days of his political career. He led peasant movements, trade union movements, and went to jail many times. He had been imprisoned nine times in different parts of India since Independence and the last time he was jailed was for 19 months during Emergency. He headed Janata Party Government from March 12, 1978 to September 4, 1979. He succeeded Sarat Chandra Sinha as Chief Minister. In free India he was arrested in 1975 for opposing Indira Gandhi's regime in the emergency in 1975 and spent 18 months in Tihar Jail. Golap Borbora became the State unit president of the Janata Party in 1977 after his release from Tihar jail and led the party to victory with 53 seats and was unanimously elected. He was elected the first non-Congress Chief Minister of Assam in 1978. The Janata Party Government led by Borbora lasted for 18 months only. However, many think that the government did not last long as he had tried to stop influx of illegal immigrants from neighboring countries and also to demonopolize the liquor trade in tea garden belts. His government exempted land revenue for farmers up to 10 bighas and ordered fee exemptions to school students up to HSLC level and all girls up to high school level. The government also introduced free medical treatment in all the government hospitals and allowed free movement of foods-grains within the state. He died in 2006. He was 83 and was suffering with old age ailments. He spent his last years away from active politics. He was also an office bearer of the North East Frontier Railway Employees' Union and other labour organisations and was also associated with several social and educational institutions. Commemorative efforts --------------------- As an attempt to commemorate the contributions of Borbora, College Students Welfare Committee, an N.G.O has instituted the C.S.W.C Golap Borbora Scholarship Programme that extends scholarship assistance to meritorious students. The same organisation also hosts the annual C.S.W.C Golap Borbora Memorial Lecture. The organisation is Presided by Mr. Abhinav P Borbora who is the grandson of the former Chief Minister.^^
Teague is a global design consultancy headquartered in Seattle, Washington. Established in 1926 by Walter Dorwin Teague, Teague is known for its design contributions through the disciplines of product design, interaction design, environmental design, and mechanical design. The company is privately held and is particularly recognized for its work in aviation and consumer goods, done for clients such as The Boeing Company, Microsoft, Hewlett-Packard, Samsung and Panasonic. Teague's early role in consumer culture is most popularly associated with designs such as the first Polaroid camera, the UPS truck, Texaco service stations, and the Pringles Chips canister. The Xbox and the Boeing 787 Dreamliner headline Teague's post-2000 design work. History ------- In the mid-1920s, Walter Dorwin Teague, an illustrator and typographer, was one of a group of individuals interested in pioneering the design of products for manufacturers as a distinct occupation. He departed from an advertising career at New York-based Calkins & Holden to establish Teague as a sole-proprietorship in 1926. As one of the first industrial design firms of its kind, Teague's value proposition was to improve the appearance, function and sales of clients' products, thereby strengthening businesses' brand image while translating the era's cultural context through tangible objects. ### Early Expansion Although product design culture was still limited to the wealthy throughout the 1930s, Teague pursued strategic relationships with businesses offering products to benefit the masses, citing a loss of concern for appearance in manufacturing when the Industrial Revolution replaced craftsmanship with machinery. In 1927, Teague was commissioned by Eastman Kodak to design cameras, and by the following year had co-located with Kodak in Upstate New York. During what would become a thirty-year relationship, Teague designed some of Kodak's products, including the Baby Brownie, Super Six-20, Kodak Medalist, and the Kodak Bantam Special, one of the most popular cameras ever produced. The Baby Brownie had outsold any other camera ever made. Teague expanded its portfolio in the early 1930s with: the Marmon 16, the first production automobile conceived by an industrial designer; 32 design patterns for Steuben Glass, a division of Corning Glass Works; and the design of passenger cars and diners for the New York, New Haven and Hartford Railroads. By 1938, Teague's office grew to 55 employees, including architects, engineers, 3D artists and industrial designers. Teague had also signed its first highly lucrative design retainer contract with Polaroid, culminating in the later development of the Land Camera, the first camera able to develop its own prints, introduced in 1948. ### Environmental Design and Corporate Identity Teague's product designs for Kodak evolved into the design of Kodak's offices, retail stores, and exhibitions at the New York World's Fair. The concept of "corporate identity" emerged from this cross-disciplined work of commercial design and the applied arts and science of creating the human-designed environment. Initiating the first corporate identity program of its kind, Teague created a full branding image for Texaco, including the design of full station layouts for Texaco service stations, pumps, trucks, cans and signs. Considered Art Deco icons of their era, more than 20,000 of these Texaco stations had been built worldwide by 1960. Designed for the 1939 New York World's Fair, the National Cash Register Building functioned not only as an exhibit center, but as the world's largest active cash register. The design showcases NCR's new 100 Model through the seven-story register atop the building. ### World Fairs In the 1930s and 1940s, Teague parlayed the new concept of corporate identity into designing corporate industrial exhibits for companies such as Con Edison, Du Pont, Kodak, US Steel, and the National Cash Register Company. In 1933, Teague designed numerous displays for the Ford Motor Company at the Chicago Century of Progress Exposition, and expanded its showcase of architectural savvy through the design of the Texaco exhibition hall at the 1935 Texas Centennial Exposition in Dallas, Texas, as well as the Ford pavilion for the California Pacific International Exposition in San Diego, California (now housing the San Diego Aerospace Museum). Having designed multiple exhibitions at the New York World's Fair, including the Kodak Hall of Lights and the National Cash Register Building, Walter Dorwin Teague was invited to serve on its Board of Design, as well as design the Ford Exposition Building at New York's World Fair of 1939. Teague would also later design the U.S. Science Center for the World's Fair in Seattle, as well as the "House of the Future" for the Festival of Gas at the 1964 World's Fair. ### Structure and Scope By the 1940s, product design culture had only just begun to come of age through consideration of a product's functional, technological, cultural and economic factors. In 1945, a year after establishing an engineering division, Teague's corporate structure changed from a sole proprietorship to a partnership, allowing senior staff to be partners in the company. Profit-sharing increased employee retention and pride in ownership in the company encouraged project-successes. Diversifying the firm's portfolio, Teague's projects included packaging for Ac'cent, a product for the International Minerals and Chemical Corporation, equipment design for the Navy Bureau of Ordinance of the U.S. Navy, design of the UPS delivery truck and the visual styling of Steinway Pianos, the first of which is on display at the Smithsonian museum (as of 2012). The 1940s also commenced Teague's collaborative relationship with The Boeing Company, which began in 1946 and continues to date, as of January 2012. (See Aviation.) ### Post-War Decades: Product Packaging and Interior Design Products of mass-consumption and the expansion of pop culture in the 1950s strengthened the influence of industrial design in both public consciousness and big business. By the late 1950s, Teague expanded its work in product packaging design, creating a new corporate identity for Schaefer Beer. This early work would later lead to projects with Ivory soap, Downy, Comet cleanser, Cheetos, Scope mouthwash, Head & Shoulders, and Chiffon margarine. With offices in New York and Seattle, and design labs in several domestic and overseas locations, Teague strengthened its application of package design through the consumer revolution of the 1960s, forming lasting relationships with both Procter & Gamble and the General Foods Corporation. The Oil Crisis and anger toward American imperialism waned the mass-impact of industrial design for nearly two decades. During the early 1970s, the majority of Teague's work was in architectural and interior design. In addition to banks, showrooms, museums, corporate headquarters, supermarkets and government facilities, Teague's largest space of interior design was for Skidmore, Owings & Merrill's Air Force Academy in Colorado, where design work covered 3.5 million square feet of space, including dining halls, dormitory rooms, classrooms, and more than 60,000 objects. By 1977, Walter Dorwin Teague Associates was larger than any of its competitors, employing roughly 150 designers, architects and technicians. As the Information Age and its new media culture surfaced, Teague continued its collaborative work with key clients, such as Procter & Gamble and Boeing, and established new client relationships that resulted in numerous package designs now considered classics, including the Lays Potato Chips and Frito Corn Chips bags, the Pringles Potato Chips canister, Ivory soap, and the Scope Mouthwash Bottle. Other notable post-1975 design achievements include the Kenworth Sleeper truck, the first truck designed to house a sleeper cabin, developed in 1976; and the crew quarters for the NASA space station, designed in 1987. Aviation -------- Teague's history in aviation began with Boeing in 1946 when Teague designed the aircraft interior for the Boeing Stratocruiser. The inverted figure-8 double deck fuselage provided 6,600 feet of interior space designed specifically for luxury air travel. The Stratocruiser's interior later inspired the interior cabins of both the Boeing 707 and 747 planes. The 707 aircraft model marked a "new flight era" for passengers, with more windows, a passenger service unit, illuminated seat-belt signs, and 1,300 square feet of interior space. Boeing's 747, the world's first wide-body commercial jetliner, which was two and a half times the size of the 707, was used to create the Reagan-era Air Force One in 1988. The Boeing-Teague team's Air-Force One project received tremendous media attention throughout its development as the aircraft designed to transport the US President and White House staff, and included 100 telephones, two fully equipped kitchens, 16 televisions, seven bathrooms, 31 executive sleeper suites, and other extravagant amenities. In 1997, the team unveiled the Boeing 737 interior and exterior design at the Paris Air Show. Eight years later they would also premier the 777-200LR Worldliner model there, a model that broke distance records during its "Going the Distance" world tour. In January 2012, Boeing announced that the 777 had also set a new record for orders in a single year (2011) at 200. The Boeing-Teague team also developed the Boeing Skyloft Concept in 2005, a first-of-its-kind architectural transformation to create a new level of commercial space in cabin real estate. The result of a five-year collaboration between Boeing and Teague, the Boeing 787 Dreamliner set new world records for distance and speed during an endurance flight around the world in 2011, the year of the 787's first delivery. Dubbed "The New Plane for the New World," the 787 is considered the most successful commercial airplane launch in aviation history. Teague's design work for jetliner interiors includes projects for global airlines, such as Singapore Airlines and Emirates. In 2008, Teague earned the international Red Dot Design award for Emirates Airline First-Class Cabin and Entry-Way, designed in collaboration with Boeing, Emirates, and Paris-based Pierrejean Studios to create a dramatic new cabin interior for the airline's 777-models. Leading the proliferation of in-flight entertainment and communications, Teague has developed both hardware and software for clients like Rockwell-Collins and Panasonic Avionics, with whom Teague's relationship began in the early 1990s. Weber Aircraft, Panasonic and Teague collaboratively developed the first ever fully integrated in-flight entertainment seat for commercial aircraft, the Panasonic Integrated Smart Monitor. New Millennium: Consumer Electronics ------------------------------------ At the turn of the millennium, Teague's work shifted to focus heavily on consumer electronics. In 2001, the Seattle-based Microsoft called on Teague to co-design its first gaming console, the Xbox. The project's success culminated in a series of additional collaborative projects between Microsoft and Teague. Expanding its client-base and award-winning portfolio in the consumer electronics market, Teague collaborated with companies such as Samsung, Panasonic, Gateway, Intel, LG, Hewlett-Packard, and T-Mobile. Some of their widely acclaimed designs include the Samsung Portable Digital Projector, the Gateway One computer, the Xbox 360 Wireless Racing Wheel, and the Microsoft Shell Laptop. Mission & Approach ------------------ As part of Teague's post-millennium brand revival, the company reinstated the mission "Design This Day," the title of Walter Dorwin Teague's book, originally published in 1940. Outlining design techniques and philosophical perspectives, the book serves as Teague's timeless basis through which to approach design. From the book's preface: "What I have tried to do is to outline with reasonable clarity the technique that must be applied to the solution of any problem of design, whether it is a new motorcar or a new city or a new environment. If this technique is basically sound for one it will be sound for the others. It is a method of approach, a listing of the factors that must be dealt with if satisfactory order is to be created on a small or a large scale." –Walter Dorwin Teague, Aug 30, 1949. The Company's business practices emphasize collaboration and client-designer relationships, as Walter Dorwin Teague first publicly articulated at the 1946 Museum of Modern Art Conference in New York in "Industrial Design: A New Profession," whose meeting minutes reflect Teague's remark: "[W]e wait for the client to come to us." Additionally, Teague has applied a "thinking through making" approach since its founding, using off-site laboratories to build full-scale mock-ups of designs, including aircraft interiors. Corporate --------- In 2004, John Barratt signed on as Teague's President and CEO. As of 2012[update], Teague employs approximately 300 designers and support staff within the Seattle-based Aviation Studio and Design Studio. In 2011, Teague acquired a Munich-based design studio to expand into the European market.
Portmanteau of globalization and localism \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Translation \| \| \| \| Types \| \| * Legal * Literary * Bible * Quran * Kural * Linguistic validation * Medical * Regulatory * Technical * Interpretation * Cultural * Word-for-word * Sense-for-sense * Homophonic \| \| Theory \| \| * Translation studies * Skopos theory * Translation project * Translation criticism * Dynamic and formal equivalence * Contrastive linguistics * Polysystem theory \| \| Technologies \| \| * CAT * Machine translation * Mobile translation * Translation management system * Dubbing * Subtitling * Pre-editing * Postediting * Multimedia translation \| \| Localization \| \| * Glocalization * Internationalization and localization * Language localization * Video game localization * Dub localization * Website localization * Software localization \| \| Institutional \| \| * Associations * Awards * Organizations * Schools \| \| Related topics \| \| * Untranslatability * Transcription * Transliteration * Video relay service (VRS) * Telephone interpreting * Language barrier * Fan translation (of video games) * Fansub * Fandub * Scanlation * Journalistic translation * Books and magazines on translation * Bible translations by language * Translated books + List of most translated works * Translators * Kural translations by language \| \| * v * t * e \| Glocalization or glocalisation (a portmanteau of globalization and localism) is the "simultaneous occurrence of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies in contemporary social, political, and economic systems". The concept comes from the Japanese word *dochakuka* and "represents a challenge to simplistic conceptions of globalization processes as linear expansions of territorial scales. Glocalization indicates that the growing importance of continental and global levels is occurring together with the increasing salience of local and regional levels." Glocal, an adjective, by definition means "reflecting or characterized by both local and global considerations". The term "glocal management" in a sense of "think globally, act locally" is used in the business strategies of companies, in particular by Japanese companies that are expanding overseas. Variety of uses --------------- * Individuals, households and organizations maintaining interpersonal social networks that combine extensive local and long-distance interactions. * The declaration of a specified locality – a town, city, or state – as world territory, with responsibilities and rights on a world scale: a process that started in France in 1950 and originally called mundialization. History of the concept ---------------------- The concept comes from the Japanese word dochakuka, which means global localization. It had referred to the adaptation of farming techniques to local conditions. It became a buzzword when Japanese business adopted it in the 1980s. The word stems from Manfred Lange, head of the German National Global Change Secretariat, who used "glocal" in reference to Heiner Benking's exhibit Blackbox Nature: Rubik's Cube of Ecology at an international science and policy conference. "Glocalization" first appeared in a late 1980s publication of the Harvard Business Review. At a 1997 conference on "Globalization and Indigenous Culture", sociologist Roland Robertson stated that glocalization "means the simultaneity – the co-presence – of both universalizing and particularizing tendencies". The term entered use in the English-speaking world via Robertson in the 1990s, Canadian sociologists Keith Hampton and Barry Wellman in the late 1990s and Zygmunt Bauman. Erik Swyngedouw was another early adopter. Since the 1990s, glocalization has been productively theorized by several sociologists and other social scientists, and may be understood as a process that combines the concerns of localism with the forces of globalization, or a local adaptation and interpretation of global forces. As a theoretical framework, it is compatible with many of the concerns of postcolonial theory, and its impact is particularly recognizable in the digitization of music and other forms of cultural heritage. The concept has since been used in the fields of geography, sociology, and anthropology. It is also a prominent concept in business studies, particularly in the area of marketing goods and services to a heterogenous set of consumers. Sociology --------- The concept of glocalization is included in the discourse on social theory. This is first demonstrated in the way it challenges the notion that globalization overrides locality by describing how the concept of local is said to be constructed on a trans- or uper-local basis or is promoted from the outside. There is also the position that the association of temporal and spatial dimensions to human life, which emerge in globalization, exert little impact. Glocalization is also said to capture the emergence of unique new indigenous realities that result in the interpenetration of the global and local spheres. The term ‘glocklization’, combining the glocal concept with a Glock pistol, was coined in 2018 to indicate forms of glocalization that are perceived as unbalanced and destructive to local cultural heritage. Additionally, the concept of glocalization has strong ties to the more commonly understood term globalization, and has been described as a more general treatment of the term. Elements unique to glocalization under this umbrella include the idea that diversity is the essence of social life, that not all differences are erased, history and culture operate autonomously to offer a sense of uniqueness to the experiences of groups (whether cultures, societies or nations), glocalization removes the fear that globalization resembles a tidal wave erasing all differences, and that glocalization does not promise a world free from conflict but offers a more historically grounded and pragmatic worldview. ### Religion Glocalization can be represented throughout virtually every sphere of social society, including religion. An example of this can be seen in a study that focused on the differences in Islam in various regions of the world. In this particular study, observations made between the religious pillars in Indonesia and Morocco indicated a significant difference in religious form between the two, blending the fundamental roots with indigenous traditions and local customs. Similar studies have found that regions of the world practicing Christianity and Buddhism experienced similar shifts based on local cultural practices and norms. Business -------- While the term "glocalization" is one that developed later in the 20th century, the idea behind it is closely related to the economic and marketing term known as micromarketing – by definition, the "tailoring and advertising of goods and services on a global or near-global basis to increasingly differentiated local and particular markets." ### Tourism Glocalization can be recognized, perhaps most profoundly, in tourism operations throughout the world – particularly in reference to countries in which tour guides and locals are up to date on global pop culture and technology, but still present their communities, heritage, history and culture as distinctively "local." A notable example is referenced by Professor Noel Salazar of the University of Pennsylvania, whose study dove into these distinctive glocalization attributes on the island of Java in Indonesia. ### Challenges Glocalization works best for companies which have decentralized authority. The cost to the companies increases as they cannot standardise products and projects, different cultures have different needs and wants which is highlighted in this challenge. An example of a company succeeding in creating new products for their emerging market is McDonald's new rice meals in India and China. This shows that McDonald's has done research on and understands their new market's requirements for a successful takeaway food. This however can be very costly and time-consuming. One of the main challenges for the future of glocalization is to govern it. Glocal governance is the interlinkage between global, national and local formal and informal actors that aim to find common ground, take decisions, implement and enforce them. Starbucks in Forbidden City, China An example of a global business that has faced challenges due to localization of their products can be presented through the closing of a Starbucks in the Forbidden City of China in 2007. Starbucks' attempt to localize into the culture of China by accommodating their menu to local elements such as serving green tea frappuccinos and enlarging their stores was prevalent in most areas of China, but when Starbucks spread to the Forbidden City, a problem surrounding cultural identity arose. Factors surrounding "western influences" related to Starbucks were seen as a threat by a web-based campaign which was successful in initiating the closing of the Starbucks in the Forbidden City. The leader of this campaign, Rui, stated, "All I want is that Starbucks move out of the Forbidden City peacefully and quietly, and we'll continue enjoying Starbucks coffee elsewhere in the city." Although there are many challenges to globalisation, when done right it has many benefits; allowing companies to reach a larger target market is just one of them. Society also benefits when globalisation occurs as an increase in market competition generally pushes the price of products down which means the consumers benefit by gaining a lower price point. This decreases the inequality gap as people who couldn't previously afford products when the market was controlled by local monopolies are able to purchase the product more cheaply. Although globalisation has benefits for the consumer, it does not always benefit the producer, with newer and smaller companies struggling to keep up with the low production costs of the multi-national competitors. This results in either a higher price and loss of consumers, or a lower profit margin, which in turn results in less competition within the market. Agriculture ----------- Glocalization is also occurring within the agricultural sphere. One case brought up by of this has been in soy farming. Previously,[when?] there were numerous small-scale soy farms along the east coast of the USA. However, as larger corporations outcompeted smaller ones, attentions have been turned abroad. Anthropologist Andrew Ofstehage refers to this change from small, personal farms to large corporate ones as an aspect of "financialization". Ofstehage expands on this concept by giving the example of the current soy market in Brazil. As financialization has led to land being more expensive and harder to come by in the states, farmers have turned their attention abroad. This farm crisis in the US was a result of increasingly large corporate farms driving out small family farms and acquiring more and more land. Due to this, farmers both new and experienced who are privileged to have capital and/or investors, have turned their attention abroad. Many have begun to invest in Brazilian land to grow soy with the money from friends, investors, neighbors, or savings. These transnational farmers have had great success but as more farmers have followed these steps the cycle has begun anew. Looking to further expand, farmers often take three paths for further profit and financialization. They either sell their Brazilian farms to a new hopeful farmer, or they keep their farm but return to the states to manage it internationally, or they truly begin anew. Specifically, the farmers sell their Brazilian land and turn Piauí or Tocantins, places where soy grows well, and land is still cheap. Education --------- Glocalization of education has been proposed in the specific areas of politics, economics, culture, teaching, information, organization, morality, spirituality, religion and "temporal" literacy.[clarification needed] The recommended approach is for local educators to consult global resources for materials and techniques and then adapt them for local use. For example, in information, it involves advancing computer and media understanding to allow students and educators to look beyond their local context. Media ----- Thomas Friedman in The World Is Flat talks about how the Internet encourages glocalization, such as encouraging people to make websites in their native languages. Television Besides the usage of Internet, television and commercials have become useful strategies that global companies have used to help localize their products. Companies, such as McDonald's, have relied on television and commercials in not only the Western Hemisphere but in other parts of the world to attract a varying range of audiences in accordance with the demographic of the local area. For example, they have used mascots ranging anywhere from a male clown in the Western Hemisphere to attract younger audiences to an "attractive" female clown in Japan to attract older audiences. Community organization ---------------------- Glocalization, or glocalism, in community organization refers to community organizing that sees social problems as neither local or global, but interdependent and interconnected (glocal), necessitating organizing practices that concurrently address local problems and global issues. Glocal organizing techniques are commonly associated with The New Community Organizing, and are distinguished from other methods by emphasizing "play, creativity, joy, peer-based popular education, cultural activism, and a healthy dose of experimentation." One of the most common glocal models of practice, functional community organization, seeks to organize communities (functional communities) around a function (i.e. a need, interest, or common problem that glocally affects people). Functional community organization emphasizes a deep understanding of issues (e.g. power, empowerment, and community interests), strategies for change (e.g. popular education, direct action, and collaboration), and communication strategies that promote "inclusive networking." The goals of functional community organization are to organize communities through direct action in order to meet immediate community need while addressing glocalized problems. In so doing, functional communities act as their own unique forms of protest, vehicles for community empowerment, and alternatives to institutionalized social welfare systems. Popular examples of functional communities include community projects such as community gardens, Community Technology Centers, gift economy markets, food sharing, and other forms franchise activism and mutual aid. Further reading --------------- * Sarroub, Loukia K (2008). "Living 'Glocally' With Literacy Success in the Midwest". Theory into Practice. 47 (1): 59–67. doi:10.1080/00405840701764789. S2CID 36270404. * Sarroub, L. K. (2009). "Glocalism in literacy and marriage in transnational lives". Critical Inquiry in Language Studies (Special Issue: Immigration, Language, and Education) 6(1-2), 63–80. * Hollensen, S. (2016). Global Marketing, Pearson.[ISBN missing] * Livholts, M. & Bryant, L. (Eds.). (2017). Social Work in a Glocalised World. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315628417
Religious site and building in Fez, Morocco The Zawiya of Moulay Idris II is a zawiya (an Islamic shrine and religious complex, also spelled zaouia) in Fez, Morocco. It contains the tomb of Idris II (or Moulay Idris II when including his sharifian title), who ruled Morocco from 807 to 828 and is considered the main founder of the city of Fez. It is located in the heart of Fes el-Bali, the UNESCO-listed old medina of Fez, and is considered one of the holiest shrines in Morocco. The current building experienced a major reconstruction under Moulay Ismail in the early 18th century which gave the sanctuary its overall current form, including the minaret and the mausoleum chamber with its large pyramidal roof. Background: Moulay Idris II --------------------------- The tomb of Idris II in the mausoleum Main articles: Idris II of Morocco and Idrisid dynasty Idris II, born in 791, was the son and successor of Idris I. Idris I was a descendant of the Muhammad who fled from Abbasid-controlled territory after the Battle of Fakh because he had supported the defeated pro-Shi'a rebels. He used his prestige as a descendant of Muhammad to forge an alliance with local Berbers in 789 and quickly became the most important religious and political leader in the region. He died soon after in 791, just before his son Idris (II) was born. After Idris II officially took over his position as ruler in 803 he significantly expanded the authority of the new Idrisid state. With the help of new Arab immigrants he gained independence from his Berber allies and extended Idrisid control to include most of what is today Morocco and parts of eastern Algeria. As a result, he was of central importance to the early Islamization of Morocco, and arguably the first true "Moroccan" Islamic ruler. He died in 828. Crucially, Idris II is responsible for moving the capital of his state from Walili (former Volubilis) to what is now Fez, founding in 809 a new city on the west bank of the river across from another settlement on the east bank founded by his father in 789. He and his successors turned Fez into an important capital and urban center of Morocco, and the city accrued prestige with the creation of institutions like the Qarawiyyin Mosque and University in 859. The reputation of Moulay Idris II was maintained and revived over time. He came to be considered the patron saint of the city of Fez and his shrine is one of the holiest in Morocco. History of the zawiya --------------------- The zawiya, marked by its tall minaret, in the heart of Fes el-Bali ### Early history (9th–13th centuries) There is little certain information about the shrine before the Marinid dynasty period (14th–15th centuries). The history of both the shrine and the religious culture surrounding it is not clearly traceable until the resurgence of the sharifs (families and dynasties recognized as descending from Muhammad) in Morocco's political and religious life which took place slowly during the Marinid period. While there is disagreement among sources as to what happened to Idris II's body after his death, most believe that he was buried in the mosque he had built next to his palace of Dar al-Qaytun (House of the Tent) in the center of Fes, possibly in a mausoleum on its eastern side. This building is later referred to as the Shurafa Mosque (or Mosque of the Sharifs), and it served as the early Friday mosque (the main mosque where the Friday sermon, khutba, was delivered) of the city. It could have been built around the same time that Idris II founded his settlement in this area in 808 or 809. The 11th-century author Al-Bakri described the mosque as consisting of a hypostyle prayer hall with three transverse aisles oriented roughly east-to-west and a large courtyard (sahn) planted with olive trees. During the rivalry between the Umayyads of Cordoba and the Fatimids in the 10th century, Fez and northern Morocco came under the domination of the Zenata Berbers, who deposed the Idrisids in 917–921. Moussa ibn Abi al-'Afya, whom the Zenata placed in charge of Fez, persecuted the descendants of Idris, drove them out of the city, and took measures to discredit their reputation. Among other things, he publicly denied that the Shurafa Mosque contained the real tomb of Idris II, promoting the story (reported in some sources) that Idris II had instead been buried next to his father in the town of Moulay Idriss Zerhoun (about 50 kilometers west of Fez). Finally, at some point around this period the khutba (Friday sermon) was transferred to the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque, thus robbing the Shurafa Mosque of its status as the community's main mosque. This transfer happened either in 919–18 or in 933, both dates right after a brief period of Fatimid domination over the city, which suggests that the transfer may have occurred on Fatimid initiative. Over the following decades, further regime changes and military interventions by powers from outside Morocco resulted in political instability and the complete disenfranchisement of the Idrisids. In 1069 Fez was conquered by the Almoravids, who promoted a stricter and more orthodox version of Sunni Islam (following the Maliki maddhab) which was hostile to the cult of "saints", resulting in another exodus of the sharifian families from the city. As the Idrisids lost power and Fez came under the control of other rulers who were hostile to their influence, the mosque and the mausoleum were neglected and eventually abandoned, and the cult of Moulay Idris II along with it. By then it was also overshadowed in prestige by the Qarawiyyin, which became the most important institution in Fez. Most of the tombs of saints in the city were also ruined over this time. ### Marinid period (14th-16th centuries) The religious and political importance of the sharifs (Arabs who claimed descent from the Prophet Muhammad) began to be revived and re-elaborated under the Marinid dynasty. Like the Almoravid and Almohad dynasties before them, the Marinids were Berbers rather than Arabs. Unlike these previous dynasties, however, their political legitimacy was not based on a program of religious reform or on a strong role in defending the Muslim frontier in al-Andalus (Spain) at the time. As a result, they sought new bases of legitimacy. Among other means, they did this by constructing many new madrasas promoting the Maliki Sunni maddhab and its scholars (who became their bureaucracy), while at the same time cautiously fostering the various sharifian dynasties and factions inside Morocco for support. For the Marinids, based in Fez, the Idrisid cult and its association with Fez itself was still seen as a possible threat and their relationship to it was initially tepid and ambivalent. Notably, when the body of Idris I was allegedly rediscovered in Walili (Volubilis) in 1318, which generated excitement among locals, Marinid officials quickly moved to prevent the story from spreading. However, later Marinid rulers changed their attitudes and progressively re-adapted the story of the Idrisids so as to instead highlight the role of the Marinids as their symbolic successors. The Marinids presented themselves as rulers who were reviving and preserving an orthodox Islamic state in Morocco. Accordingly, writers and officials under their rule (and under the later Wattasids) re-emphasized the link between Fez and its Idrisid founders, presenting the former Idrisids as definitively Sunni rulers (despite Idris I having fled to Morocco due to his Shi'a sympathies), and depicting the Marinids as eager endorsers of the cult of Moulay Idris I and Moulay Idris II. After the roof and walls of the zawiya collapsed altogether in 1308 following a long period of neglect, Marinid officials allowed the mosque to be rebuilt by Idris' descendants, who rebuilt it exactly as it was. A more crucial event, however, happened in 1437: during preparations to restore the building again, a buried body was discovered on site and was recognized by the legal scholars of the time as being the body of Idris II. Chronicles of the event report that Marinid officials were involved in the decision to subsequently re-inter the body at the same site while restoring the zawiya. A marble panel recounting the event was placed on the wall above the tomb and is still visible today. Modern-day scholars doubt the details of this story, but the event nonetheless marks a rise in the prestige of the zawiya. The cult surrounding Moulay Idris II slowly rekindled, and by the 16th century it was strong and even actively encouraged by the Wattasid rulers (the successors to the Marinids), with regular ceremonies taking place around the tomb. ### Saadi and Alaouite periods (16th century to present) View from the courtyard towards the 18th-century minaret and, on the left, the window of the dar al-muwaqqit (chamber of the mosque's timekeeper). The window has a sculpted marble arch believed to be a Saadian spolia taken from Marrakesh and installed here by Sultan Moulay Isma'il. At a more national level, the renewed prestige of the sharifs in general was so successful that two sharifian dynasties, the Saadis and the 'Alawis (the current monarchy to this day), subsequently took over and ruled Morocco. The Idrisids, the original sharifian rulers of early Islamic Morocco, fit more easily into the narrative of political legitimacy of these dynasties. Perhaps because of this, numerous contributions to the zawiya were made throughout this time, culminating in a major reconstruction in the early 18th century which gave the sanctuary its overall current form. View towards al-Qandusi's large 19th-century painting of the word Allah in the courtyard of the zawiya In 1557, the Saadi sultan Mohammad al-Sheikh built a new roof over the mausoleum to make it more monumental. In 1603, the last year of Sultan Ahmad al-Mansour's reign, his son, Emir (prince) Zaydan Abu Maali, added more decoration inside the mausoleum. Shortly after, in 1610 or 1611, at the initiative and expense of a generous private individual named Harun al-Andalusi, a private house next to the mausoleum was purchased and its property converted into a courtyard or sahn for the mosque, while another Saadi official (the qadi al-R'assani al-Andalusi) contributed a fountain for the center of the courtyard. In 1644, another individual (named al-Hadj 'Ali ibn Qasem al-Qumini) contributed funds for embellishing the courtyard and also gifted further items for use in the mausoleum. Under the Alaouite dynasty, the first Alaouite sultan, Moulay Rashid, made generous donations to the zawiya in 1669. Two other Alaouite officials, in 1679 and in 1714, had new fountains installed and new sources of water redirected to the mosque (in one case, redirected from the Qarawiyyin). Most significantly of all, Moulay Ismail, the powerful and long-reigning Alaouite sultan, had the entire zawiya rebuilt between 1717 and 1720, including the current minaret and the mausoleum chamber with its large pyramidal roof. This gave the complex its current dimensions (or almost) and the overall decoration it has today. In 1824, another Alaouite sultan, 'Abd al-Rahman (or Abderrahman), erected a new mosque extension on a site adjacent to the mausoleum, marking the last significant modification to the structure. The celebrated Moroccan Sufi calligrapher Muhammad al-Qandusi, who lived in Fes from 1828 until his death in 1861, was responsible for painting the large calligraphic representation of the name Allah on the southern wall of the zawiya's courtyard. Since the 19th century, the zawiya has been restored a few more times. It was renovated in 1956 on the initiative of King Mohammed V and some of the decoration on the outside of the building dates from this time. The complex most recently underwent restoration between 2011 and 2014 under the supervision of architect Rachid Haloui. Geography --------- ### Urban environment Rooftop view of the dome of the Hammam Moulay Idris, an old hammam near the Nejjarine Museum today which was associated with the zawiya of Moulay Idris IIThe zawiya's most prominent external features are its minaret, the tallest in the old city of Fez, and the large green-tiled pyramidal roof over the mausoleum chamber. As a result, it is one of the most visible and easily identifiable buildings on the old medina's skyline. Up close, however, the zawiya is often obscured by the narrow lanes and the densely-packed buildings of the old city. On the zawiya's eastern side is a grid-like set of covered streets which make up a bazaar known as the Kissaria (also spelled kisariyya or qaysariyya), historically the central and most prestigious market in the city, situated between the two most important mosques of the city (the Qarawiyyin Mosque and Idris II's mosque/zawiya). Further west, on the south side of Place Nejjarine, is the historic Hammam Moulay Idris which is associated with his tomb and traditionally considered to confer some of its blessings. ### The sanctuary (horm) A wooden bar across this street entrance, near the zawiya, denotes the boundary of the sanctuary. Animals (e.g. mules) were historically not allowed past this point.Some of the streets around and leading to the zawiya are marked at certain points by a horizontal wooden bar under which pedestrians must duck in order to pass. These denoted the extent of the Zawiya's sanctuary or haram (also horm), a protected and sanctified space. Up until the beginning of the French colonial occupation in 1912, non-Muslims and pack animals (e.g. mules, commonly used in the old city) were forbidden to pass beyond this point, and any Muslim within this space was allowed to claim asylum from arrest or prosecution. Today, non-Muslims are not allowed to enter the building itself but can now walk up to its doors and around its perimeter. This horm or sanctuary also contains multiple other buildings which were generally included in the habous (endowment) of the zawiya. These include: * The Jama Mqalqin, a small mosque where asylum seekers historically could stay, located northwest of the main zawiya building. * The Dar al-Qaytoun or Dar Zawiya, a small house reputed to be the former house of Idris II himself, where female asylum seekers or refugees could stay, located on the south side of the Jama Mqalqin. * An abattoir, located on the north side of the zawiya and near the Kissaria. * The house of the khatib (preacher), located on the south side of the zawiya and notable for the raised passage above the street which connects it directly to the zawiya itself. * The Tomb of Lalla Kenza, reputedly the mother of Idris II but possibly another Idrisid woman who owned a shop here and was later permitted to be buried here. It is located in the Derb Dellala street on the west side of the zawiya. The Zawiya of Moulay Idris was not the only one in the city to have the privileged status of a horm. Other major Sufi sanctuaries in the city, often associated with a particular founder, also offered asylum in this way. These other sanctuaries were the Zawiya of Sidi Abdelkader al-Fassi, the Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed esh-Shawi, the Zawiya of Sidi Ali Boughaleb, the Zawiya of Moulay Ahmed es-Skalli, and the Zawiya of Sidi Ahmed at-Tijani. Architecture ------------ The most monumental entrance portal of the zawiya building is on its north side, at the foot of the minaret and at the end of a lane leading directly off the major souq street of Tala'a Kebira. This entrance leads into the sahn or main courtyard, which includes a central fountain of white marble dating from the reign of Moulay Ismail (18th century) as well as wall fountains used for ablutions (washing and ritual purification). A large calligraphic representation of the name Allah on the southern wall of the zawiya's courtyard is the work of Muhammad al-Qandusi in the 19th century. * Minaret of the zawiyaMinaret of the zawiya * Northern gateNorthern gate * Northern gateNorthern gate * The courtyard (sahn); looking west towards the mausoleum entranceThe courtyard (sahn); looking west towards the mausoleum entrance * Decoration in the courtyard (a doorway surrounded by zellij and carved stucco, located below the minaret)Decoration in the courtyard (a doorway surrounded by zellij and carved stucco, located below the minaret) At the south end of the courtyard stands the large mausoleum chamber, where Moulay Idris II's tomb is located. The walls and the mihrab of the chamber are richly decorated with carved and painted stucco, mosaic tiles (zellij), and white and black marble columns. The ceiling of the chamber is a large wooden dome, probably composed of hundreds or thousands of small wooden pieces fitted together to create a star-like pattern, as is typical of Moorish-Moroccan architecture. The tomb itself is covered by a wooden baldaquin incrusted with gold and copper and elaborately decorated with gold Arabic calligraphy. The mausoleum can also be directly accessed through a set of cedar-wood doors on the west side of the building, via an equally richly decorated vestibule. (These doors are also the closest that non-Muslims can get to the Mausoleum's interior.) The east side of the complex, adjacent to the courtyard and the mausoleum, is a roofed hypostyle space for prayer, including the mosque space built by Sultan Abd al-Rahman in 1824. * The western doors to the mausoleum, behind which is a vestibule that gives direct access to the mausoleumThe western doors to the mausoleum, behind which is a vestibule that gives direct access to the mausoleum * The western vestibule, granting direct access to the mausoleum chamber beyondThe western vestibule, granting direct access to the mausoleum chamber beyond * The mausoleum chamberThe mausoleum chamber * Mihrab of the mausoleum chamber, with stucco and tile decorationMihrab of the mausoleum chamber, with stucco and tile decoration A number of ornate marble columns, capitals, and panels throughout the complex, as well as an ornate marble arch for the window of the muwaqqit's or timekeeper's chamber (Dar al-Muwaqqit) overlooking the courtyard, all appear to be Saadi in origin, probably stripped by Moulay Ismail from Saadi palaces like the famous el-Badi in Marrakech and re-used in new prestigious buildings elsewhere. Another small marble column built into the external southern façade of the mausoleum is likely of Almoravid origin. There are several smaller entrances and other elements along the outside of the building, usually marked with intricate decoration. Notably, the external south wall of the building features a grilled window which connects directly to the tomb and where passing Muslims can offer short prayers to bless Moulay Idriss II. Next to this, there is also a small slot opening where passersby may give money as zakat (alms) for the zawiya. * A lesser doorway to the zawiya in its southeastern corner, surrounded by painted wood, carved stucco, and zellijA lesser doorway to the zawiya in its southeastern corner, surrounded by painted wood, carved stucco, and zellij * Street on the south side of the zawiya; the bridge or raised passage over the street connects the zawiya building (on the left) directly with the house of the khatib (on the right)Street on the south side of the zawiya; the bridge or raised passage over the street connects the zawiya building (on the left) directly with the house of the khatib (on the right) * Decoration on the outer wall of the mausoleum, with a grilled window to the tomb (bottom center) where prayers can be offered to Idriss IIDecoration on the outer wall of the mausoleum, with a grilled window to the tomb (bottom center) where prayers can be offered to Idriss II * Marble column (left) embedded in the outer south wall of the mausoleum, believed to be a spolia from the Almoravid periodMarble column (left) embedded in the outer south wall of the mausoleum, believed to be a spolia from the Almoravid period * Decoration on the outer south wall of the mausoleum, and a slot opening (bottom) for giving almsDecoration on the outer south wall of the mausoleum, and a slot opening (bottom) for giving alms Religious practices and ceremonies ---------------------------------- The tomb of Moulay Idris II draws Moroccan visitors and pilgrims from all over the country due to its religious and historical importance, and many still come seeking baraka, or blessings, by touching the tomb. The zawiya has for centuries played a role in the yearly celebration of Mouloud (the anniversary of the Prophet Muhammad's birth), notably as the starting point for the procession of the city's artisans' guilds, which still takes place today. The moussem of Moulay Idris II is the most important moussem (Sufi religious festival) in the city and one of the most important in Morocco. The festival has taken place for hundreds of years and is sponsored by all the traditional merchant and artisan guilds in the city. Each year, all the guilds march through the city together in a procession that culminates at Idris II's mausoleum. Each guild donates gifts to the zawiya. One of them is the keswa, a large textile decorated with Qur'anic verses, that is draped over Idris II's catafalque. The week of the moussem is also marked by other cultural events and entertainment.
Molding used to secure an object to a wall French cleat on a wall (left) and correspondingly on a shelf to be hung up (right) A French cleat is a way of securing a cabinet, mirror, tools, artwork or other objects to a wall. It is a molding with a 45 degree slope used to hang cabinets or other objects. The method has been described as simple and strong, but also elegant since it often can be mounted hidden behind a cabinet. French cleats can be used in pairs, or with a cleat mounted to the wall and a matching edge cut into the object to be hung. The wall side of a French cleat can be mounted securely without having to hold the full weight of the cabinet while securing it. The cleat will not be seen while in use, so it does not matter where it is drilled; this means that it can be screwed into wall studs relatively independent of the lateral position of the cabinet. The cleat can be the full length of the cabinet, so it allows supporting the cabinet at least at every stud behind it. If the wall cleat is left slightly shorter than the cabinet, the cabinet can be shifted left and right slightly after it is hung, for perfect positioning. Once the cleat is secured to the wall, the cabinet can be simply lifted onto it. Because no fine maneuvering is required, even a relatively heavy cabinet can be hung easily this way. The bottom of the cabinet can be secured to the wall to be sure that it will not get pushed off the cleat while in use. French cleats are sometimes used for making homemade tool boards, or for adjustable shelving. This gives a modular setup that is easy to change the layout of.
Indian cartoonist and illustrator (born 1925) Shivram Dattatreya Phadnis (born 29 July 1925), known as S. D. Phadnis, is an Indian cartoonist and illustrator. He is known for his captionless and painted cartoons, which mainly featured on magazine covers. The illustrations created by Phadnis for Mohini magazine established a new tradition of Marathi magazine covers. It proved that cartoons can be as charming and visually pleasing as a painting without the support of words. With a career spanning more than 60 years, he has contributed to the Marathi publishing industry and cartooning community as a whole. As of April 2023[update], he lives and works in Pune. Early life and education ------------------------ Phadnis was born on 29 July 1925 in the village of Bhoj, Belgaum district, Bombay Presidency (now in Karnataka). After spending a few years at his birth place, he moved to Kolhapur from where he passed his matriculation examination in 1944. Phadnis then joined Sir J. J. School of Art in Bombay and obtained a G. D. in Commercial Art in 1949. Career ------ While studying at Sir J. J. School of Art, Phadnis sent a cartoon to Manohar magazine in 1945, without any expectations. Motivated by seeing this artwork published, he occasionally sent comic strips to magazines that became popular. Among those magazines was Hans, which was run by Anant Antarkar. On Antarkar's instructions, Phadnis created a full-page coloured illustration that was published on the cover of the June 1951 issue of the magazine. This was the beginning of latter's work with humorous, multi-coloured covers. ### Breakthrough with Mohini magazine A cartoon of a man and a woman standing at a bus stopB&W reproduction of the cartoon which was created by Phadnis for the cover of Mohini in 1952. In the early 1950s, Antarkar had founded another magazine called Mohini. This was the time when the covers of the Diwali magazines traditionally featured images of beautiful young ladies or popular film actresses. Phadnis designed a cartoon for the 1952 Diwali issue of this magazine. It showcased a man wearing a mouse print shirt and woman wearing a cat print sari who were standing side by side at a bus stop. Not only did this creation break the existing trend, but was also well received by the audience. This was the beginning of what was to develop as a trend in terms of Diwali issue covers. While working in Mumbai, Phadnis felt that the climate and lifestyle of the city did not suit him, so he set up his studio in Kolhapur for a few years. Around the same time, Antarkar had decided to shift his residence from Mumbai and settle in Pune. With Antarkar’s inspiration and encouragement, Phadnis also shifted to Pune and settled there. Following this move, it was mutually decided that cartoons by Phadnis would be printed in every month's issue of Mohini. This partnership lasted for more than 50 years. Even though the monthly magazine of Mohini has been discontinued, the cover of its Diwali issue continues to feature the work of Phadnis, which is published annually. In addition to this, Phadnis has also created cartoons and illustrations for other clients during his career. ### Other works Phadnis drew political and social cartoons based on the events of the time for the Marathi weeklies Manoos and Sobat between 1963 and 1975. Moreover, he also drew cartoons for books on subjects that were not linked to humour, such as science, banking, grammar, management, law and philosophy. The illustrations by Phadnis helped to make these seemingly complicated subjects easier to understand, such as the elementary mathematics books that he illustrated for the state of Maharashtra. His illustrations in these books made the concepts of mathematics understandable and interesting to elementary school children, and showed how the common perception that mathematics is a difficult and abstract subject is wrong. In the twenty years since their publication, numerous copies of these illustrated books in eight languages have spread across far-flung villages. ### Style and themes Two sculptures of women with one holding the broken hands of the otherB&W reproduction of a cartoon by S. D. Phadnis created for Rasik magazine in November 1976. The cartoons created by Phadnis are mostly wordless and others use minimal words. At the same time, he shows that even a cartoon can be as charming and visually pleasing as a painting. In order to achieve this, he uses figurative sketching style. Characters that fit this style of painting are seen in his cartoons. They depict simple and cultured people who make fun of each other and face the troubles of the world with amusement. Phadnis uses minimal details, which are enough to convey the characterization as well as composition in the pictures. In his cartoons, Phadnis depicts events that take place in the life of a middle-class household with protagonists who face the adverse situations and difficulties playfully. Eventually, his cartoons enabled the viewers to understand the humour in an image just by looking at it. ### Promotion of cartoons Phandis regretted the fact that the pictorial culture had not assimilated among the masses. Phadnis presented several informative programs on cartoons and caricature for UGC, on Doordarshan and other channels. From 1966 to 1972 he persuaded the government to waive the entertainment tax on art exhibitions, who eventually accepted this demand. Phadnis also helped establish the law via the court-office that the painter owned the copyright of their paintings and its prints. ### Exhibitions In February 1965, Phadnis put up his first exhibition titled Hasari Gallery (Laughing Gallery) at Jahangir Art Gallery in Mumbai, which showcased the original artworks of his cartoons. Along with static images, it also included works powered by electricity, using mirrors, and some moving images. Hasari Gallery toured across several cities across the country. Along with his wife Shakuntala, Phadnis created a program called Chitrahas, which introduced cartoons with the help of demonstrations and coloured slides as an alternative to an exhibition. They performed more than 150 shows in Maharashtra and other states. Additionally, they also performed Chitrahas in New York and six other cities in the US, as well as in London for the Maharashtra Mandal. Phadnis’ cartoons have been displayed several times in international cartoon exhibitions at Montreal and Germany. ### Awards Phadnis was honored with several awards during his career. In 1954, Communication Arts Guild presented him with an Outstanding Editorial Art Award for his coloured cartoon on the cover of Mohini’s Diwali issue; Lifetime Achievement Award from the Indian Institute of Cartoonists in 2001. Phadnis and his wife Shakuntala were honored with Mukund Gokhale Smriti Yashwant-Venu Award in 2018. Personal life ------------- Gate to a building with signboard of the address and residentsGate to residence of S. D. Phadnis in Pune. A signboard with his name in English and Devanagari can be seen on the right. Phadnis is married to Shakuntala and has two daughters. In his autobiography titled Reshatan: Athavanincha Pravas (A journey down memory lane), Phadnis has documented his journey of more than 60 years as a cartoonist and his work for the rights of cartoonists. Bibliography ------------ * Painting for Children 1 (2007) * Painting for Children 2 (2007) * Laughing Gallery * Miskil Gallery * Reshatan (2011) * Phadnis Gallery (2014)
American journalist, editor & women's suffrage activist Theodora W. Youmans (February 1, 1863 – August 17, 1932) was an American journalist, editor, and women's suffrage activist from Wisconsin. As president of the Wisconsin Women's Suffrage Association, Youmans played an important role in securing Wisconsin women the right to vote. Early life ---------- Theodora W. Youmans was born Theodora Winton in Ashippun, Wisconsin and grew up in Prospect Hill. Her father, Theodore Sumner Winton, was a storekeeper and postmaster. Her mother, Emily Winton, was a former schoolteacher. She attended Carroll Academy in Waukesha County. Career ------ Youmans started her career in the 1880s as a freelance writer, and later a staff writer, for the Waukesha Freeman. As a woman journalist, she was a pioneer in her field. In 1886 she wrote a series of articles about her experiences traveling alone in the Northwoods. Soon afterwards she began writing a regular "Women's World" column for the Freeman. She married the newspaper's editor and publisher, Henry Mott Youmans, in 1889, and was promoted to assistant editor in 1890. As a journalist and a leader of local women's clubs, Youmans quickly rose to prominence and became a member of various boards and committees. She founded the Wisconsin Anti-Tuberculosis Association in 1908. In 1911, she began handling the press for the Political Equality League and lobbied for the 1912 suffrage referendum. She also continued her work as assistant editor and "suffrage writer" at the Waukesha Freeman. Despite her efforts, the 1912 referendum failed. The Political Equality League merged with the Wisconsin Woman Suffrage Association, and in 1913, Youmans became president of the association. She traveled to New York City where she met suffrage leader Carrie Chapman Catt, who was also from Wisconsin. Catt convinced her that their best option was to try to force a federal amendment. Catt's hunch proved correct when another Wisconsin referendum on women's suffrage failed in 1917. Although Youmans was a pacifist, she agreed to Catt's plan to win President Wilson's support for women's suffrage by supporting the war effort. The plan proved successful. With Wilson's support, the Nineteenth Amendment passed Congress in 1919. Wisconsin was the first state to ratify it. Following Catt’s lead at the national level, Youmans renamed the state suffrage organization as the Wisconsin the first president of the Wisconsin chapter of the League of Women Voters in 1920 and served as the state League’s first vice president. Two years later, she ran for state senate as a Republican and lost. She died at her home in Waukesha, Wisconsin in 1932. The Theodora Youmans Citizenship Award has been given each year by the Wisconsin chapter of the General Federation of Women's Clubs (GFWC-WI) since 1937. Youmans Park in Waukesha is named in her honor. Further reading --------------- Wikimedia Commons has media related to Theodora W. Youmans. * Youmans, Theodora W. (September 1921). "How Wisconsin Women Won the Ballot". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. 5 (1): 3–32. JSTOR 4630337. * Grant, Marilyn (Winter 1980). "The 1912 Suffrage Referendum: An Exercise in Political Action". The Wisconsin Magazine of History. Wisconsin Historical Society. 64 (2): 107–118. JSTOR 4635498. * Theodora Winton Youmans in libraries (WorldCat catalog)
Religious complex in Karnataka, India Anubhava Mantapa, established by Basavanna in the 12th century C.E. is a religious complex located in Basavakalyan in Bidar district of Karnataka. It is the first religious parliament in the world, whose literal meaning is "experience pavilion", and was an academy of mystics, saints and philosophers of the lingayat faith in the 12th century. It was the fountainhead of all religious and philosophical thought pertaining to the lingayat. It was presided over by the mystic Allama Prabhu and numerous Sharanas from all over Karnataka and other parts of India were participants. This institution was also the fountainhead of the Vachana literature which was used as the vector to propagate Veerashaiva religious and philosophical thought. Other giants of veerashaiva theosophy like Akka Mahadevi, Channabasavanna and Basavanna himself were participants in the Anubhava Mantapa. The Anubhava Mantapa is also called the Mahaamane. PM Narendra Modi have made a reference of Anubhava Mantapa in his speech during the inauguration of new parliamentary building, he also mentioned that the Anubhava Mantapa established by Basavanna in the 12th century is the foundation for parliamentary democracy. History ------- Anubhava Mantapa/Shivanubhav Mantapa was an academy of mystics, saints and philosophers of the ‘Lingayath's’ faith in the 12th century. It was the fountainhead of all religious and philosophical thought pertaining to the Hindu and shaivite values, ethics. It was presided over by the mystic Allama Prabhu and numerous Sharanas from all over Karnataka and other parts of India were participants. The Sharanas belonged to all strata. Everybody (there was no discrimination - Men, Women, Dalits, Shudras, Brahmins, Vaishyas - all were one, and they were all classless but ardent followers of Lord Shiva) provided equal opportunities by the social reformer Basaveshwara and made them to depend on their own work, think rational and contribute back to society through "Daasoha". This institution was also the fountainhead of the Vachana literature which was used as the vector to propagate Sharana's views and philosophical thought. Other Sharana's and Sharanes theosophy like Akka Mahadevi, Channabasavanna were participants in the Anubhava Mantapa. It was a unique socio spiritual revolution to establish an egalitarian society. The Shivanubhav Mantap worked to build a Vibrant casteless, creedless Society with full of Human Values propagated through Vachanas and primary deity of Lord Shiva, but in non mainstream manner. The movement taken over by Basava through Anubhava Mantapa became the basis of a sect of Human values. It gave rise to a system of ethics and education at once simple and exalted. It sought to inspire ideals of social and religious freedom, such as no previous faith of Earth had done. In the medieval age which was characterized by Islamic invasions and oppression, it helped to shed a ray of light and faith on the homes and hearts of people. But the spirit soon disappeared after the intermarriage that Basava facilitated came to an abrupt end when the couple were punished for the same by the King. The dream of the classless society was shaken and Basava soon realised the meek picture and left for Kudala Sangama and a year later died. The movement gave a literature of considerable value in the vernacular language of the country, the literature which attained the dignity of a classical tongue. Its aim was the elimination of the barriers of caste and to remove untouchability, raising the untouchable to the equal of the high born. The sanctity of family relations and the improvement in the status of womanhood were striven for while at the same time the importance of rites and rituals, of fasts and pilgrimages was reduced. It encouraged learning and contemplation of God by means of love and faith. The excesses of polytheism were deplored and the idea of monotheism was encouraged. The movement tended, in many ways, to raise the nation generally to a higher level of capacity both in thought and action. However, the sect failed to bring about a completely classless society.
Cycling race The 2015 Vattenfall Cyclassics was a one-day classic cycling race that took place in Northern Germany on 23 August. It was the 20th edition of the Vattenfall Cyclassics one-day cycling race, and was the twenty-third race of the 2015 UCI World Tour. The race started in Kiel and ended in Hamburg. The course was mainly flat; the race generally suits sprinters, such as the defending champion, Alexander Kristoff (Team Katusha). Despite several attacks in the late part of the race, the outcome was decided in a sprint finish. Pre-race favourite Marcel Kittel (Team Giant–Alpecin) was dropped on the final climb, while Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step) was caught up in a crash with 3 kilometres (2 mi) remaining. Kristoff started the sprint, but André Greipel (Lotto–Soudal) was able to follow him and come past to take his first victory in a one-day World Tour race. With Kristoff finishing second, third place was taken by Giacomo Nizzolo (Trek Factory Racing). Route and background -------------------- The Vattenfall Cyclassics was the only UCI World Tour race held in Germany during the 2015 season. To celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the race, the organizers picked a new route, starting on board of the ferry MS Stena Scandinavica in the harbour of Kiel, and heading in a southwesterly direction towards Hamburg. The overall distance was shortened from 247.2 kilometres (153.6 mi) in the previous year to 221.3 kilometres (137.5 mi). The final kilometers inside the city remained the same, with the finish line on Mönckebergstrasse. The course was largely flat, thereby suiting sprinters. However, the 0.7 kilometres (0.4 mi) Waseberg with a gradient of up to 15% was to be climbed three times. The first ascent of the Waseberg came with 68.9 kilometres (42.8 mi) left to ride, the second and third at 28.3 kilometres (17.6 mi) and 15.5 kilometres (9.6 mi) respectively. Race director Roland Hofer said of the course: "Although the race profile may appear more suitable for the sprinters, it can ultimately be won by all types of great rider, and it’s exactly this kind of race that’s needed for a well-balanced WorldTour." The World Tour came to Germany in the midst of a "renaissance" in German cycling, with the latest successes rejuvenating the country's interest in the sport after a series of setbacks during the past, doping-stricken years. For the first time since 2008, German public broadcaster ARD decided to provide live footage of the race. The route from Kiel to Hamburg was also chosen to boost the two cities' joint bid for the 2024 Summer Olympics. This was the last time the race ran under the name of Vattenfall Cyclassics, as Vattenfall announced that they would not extend their sponsorship. The energy provider had a significant role in the establishment of the race in 1996, under its earlier name HEW. The event was forced to search for a new sponsor to provide the estimated 800,000 Euro previously supplied by Vattenfall, about a third of the race's budget. From 2016 onward, the race was known as the EuroEyes Cyclassics in a two-year deal signed in July 2016. Teams ----- The peloton passes through Hamburg. Pictured are, among others, Alexander Kristoff (#1), André Greipel (#25), Tom Boonen (#52) and Giacomo Nizzolo (#125). All 17 UCI WorldTeams are automatically entered and obliged to send a team to the race. Three UCI Professional Continental teams were also invited as wildcards. All twenty teams entered eight riders each, meaning that 160 riders took to the course. UCI WorldTeams * AG2R La Mondiale * Astana * BMC Racing Team * Etixx–Quick-Step * FDJ * IAM Cycling * Lampre–Merida * Lotto–Soudal * Movistar Team * Orica–GreenEDGE * Cannondale–Garmin * Team Giant–Alpecin * Team Katusha * LottoNL–Jumbo * Team Sky * Tinkoff–Saxo * Trek Factory Racing UCI Professional Continental teams * Bora–Argon 18 * Cult Energy Pro Cycling * MTN–Qhubeka Pre-race favourites ------------------- Mark Cavendish, seen in the peloton during the race, was considered a favourite, but was later involved in a crash. Given the nature of the course, a large number of sprint specialists came to the race, including local favourites Marcel Kittel (Team Giant–Alpecin) and André Greipel (Lotto–Soudal). Greipel came to the Cyclassics after having recently won a career-best four stages at the Tour de France, and another stage win at the Eneco Tour. Meanwhile, Kittel rode as captain for Team Giant–Alpecin, while his teammate, 2013 winner John Degenkolb, went to compete in the Vuelta a España. Kittel had returned to competition after an illness just a week earlier at the Tour de Pologne, winning a stage. He would race with the support of his sprinter teammates Nikias Arndt and Ramon Sinkeldam. Both Greipel and Kittel gave hope to the local fans for a German victory. Since the event was renamed from HEW Cyclassics into Vattenfall Cyclassics in 2006, Degenkolb had been the only German winner, in 2013. Coming into the race carrying his good form from the Tour de France, Greipel was seen as the more likely contender for race victory than Kittel. Gerald Ciolek (MTN–Qhubeka) and Rick Zabel (BMC Racing Team) were two more sprinters considered to have ambitions to win the race, while an attack by Tony Martin (Etixx–Quick-Step) was deemed "a distinct possibility". For Martin, it was the first race after he broke his collarbone while wearing the yellow jersey at the Tour de France. The main non-German favourites for the win were the previous year's winner Alexander Kristoff, (Team Katusha) and Mark Cavendish (Etixx–Quick-Step). While Kristoff came from a "disappointing Tour de France", Cavendish could count on the support of teammates Mark Renshaw and Tom Boonen, who was preparing for the Road World Championships in late September. Arnaud Démare (FDJ), who had won the race in 2012, was competing, as was 2011 winner Edvald Boasson Hagen (MTN–Qhubeka). Other riders in contention for the victory were Ben Swift, Elia Viviani (both Team Sky), Michael Albasini (Orica–GreenEDGE), Samuel Dumoulin (AG2R La Mondiale), Sacha Modolo (Lampre–Merida), Moreno Hofland (LottoNL–Jumbo), and Giacomo Nizzolo (Trek Factory Racing). Tinkoff–Saxo aimed to defy the odds of a sprint finish, and named Matti Breschel as their captain. Sam Bennett (Bora–Argon 18) was named as a "very strong outsider". Race report ----------- The leading group that formed shortly after the start Shortly after the peloton left the ferry in Kiel's harbour, an early breakaway formed, including Jan Bárta (Bora–Argon 18), Matteo Bono (Lampre–Merida), Alex Dowsett (Movistar Team), and Martin Mortensen (Cult Energy Pro Cycling). The group was able to establish a lead of up to five minutes, while MTN–Qhubeka controlled the pace in the field for most of the day, before Lotto–Soudal and Etixx–Quick-Step joined them at the front for their respective team captains. 60 kilometres (37.3 mi) from the finish, the lead group had broken up, with only Bono and Mortensen left with a lead of less than one minute. With 43 kilometres (26.7 mi) left to ride, the two were joined by former road race world champion Philippe Gilbert (BMC Racing Team), Manuele Boaro (Tinkoff–Saxo), and Matthias Brändle (IAM Cycling), now leading by about half a minute. 20 km from the finish, the peloton had caught the escape group, and a field of about 75 riders was set to ride for the race victory. Another late attack came from Linus Gerdemann (Cult Energy Pro Cycling) and Julian Alaphilippe (Etixx–Quick-Step), but they were unable to build a significant gap, and were reeled back in with 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to go. Meanwhile, favourite Marcel Kittel dropped out of the field at the last ascend of the Waseberg, ruling him out of contention. Mark Cavendish was involved in a crash with 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) to go. While the sprint trains fought for the lead of the field, Cavendish touched wheels with another rider and was brought to the ground. He was able to continue and eventually finished 66th, but was unable to compete for the victory. At the finish line, the victory was decided by a bunch sprint. Kristoff was the first to open the sprint, but Greipel was able to get around him to claim his first ever win in a one-day World Tour race. Italian rider Giacomo Nizzolo claimed third for Trek Factory Racing. Results ------- Eventual winner André Greipel (second from the right) in the peloton Result\| Rank \| Rider \| Team \| Time \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1 \| André Greipel (GER) \| Lotto–Soudal \| 4hr 57' 05" \| \| 2 \| Alexander Kristoff (NOR) \| Team Katusha \| +0" \| \| 3 \| Giacomo Nizzolo (ITA) \| Trek Factory Racing \| +0" \| \| 4 \| Tom Boonen (BEL) \| Etixx–Quick-Step \| +0" \| \| 5 \| Greg Van Avermaet (BEL) \| BMC Racing Team \| +0" \| \| 6 \| Arnaud Démare (FRA) \| FDJ \| +0" \| \| 7 \| Matti Breschel (DEN) \| Tinkoff–Saxo \| +0" \| \| 8 \| Ramon Sinkeldam (NED) \| Team Giant–Alpecin \| +0" \| \| 9 \| Niccolo Bonifazio (ITA) \| Lampre–Merida \| +0" \| \| 10 \| Rasmus Guldhammer (DEN) \| Cult Energy Pro Cycling \| +0" \| \| Source: ProCyclingStats \|
Entertainment venue in Brussels, Belgium The Cirque Royal (French) or Koninklijk Circus (Dutch), meaning "Royal Circus", is an entertainment venue in Brussels, Belgium. Conceived by the architect Wilhelm Kuhnen in 1953, the building has a circular appearance, but in fact is constructed as a regular polygon. It can hold 3,500 spectators, and nowadays is primarily used for live music shows. History ------- ### First Cirque Royal (1878–1953) The Cirque Royal was created by the eponymous joint-stock company when the Notre-Dame-aux-Neiges/Onze-Lieve-Vrouw-ter-Sneeuw district was built from 1876 onwards. The architect Wilhelm Khunen designed a building in the shape of a regular polygon on the available plot within the block. The Indian-style hall was rhymed by twenty columns that served as support for a roof truss that was hidden from the eyes of the spectators by a lowered ceiling in the form of a cashmere veil. It was festively opened in 1878 with a show by the Troupe équestre royale belge Renz. This only permanent circus in Brussels had stalls in the basement that could accommodate more than 110 horses. Water spectacles and horse shows alternated with pantomimes and ballets. Between 1908 and 1914, films were even shown in the hall. In 1920, variety shows were staged.[] ### Second Cirque Royal (1953–present) The Cirque Royal in 2016 Many years later, in 1953, the architect Charles Van Nueten replaced the existing Cirque Royal with a new complex, this time in a contemporary style. This very popular spot of Brussels cultural life, owned by the City of Brussels, underwent a major restoration in 2018. A new team was assembled to manage this event venue. Notable performances -------------------- Since its inception, the Cirque Royal has not only hosted countless horse shows and circus displays (e.g. Moscow Circus, Bouglione, Holiday on Ice and others), but has also hosted famous artists such as the violinists Eugène Ysaÿe and Yéhudi Menuhin, the singers Maurice Chevalier, Joséphine Baker, Mistinguette, Charles Trenet, Dalida, Buster Keaton, Gilbert Bécaud, the clown Popov, the trumpeter Louis Armstrong, the choreographer Maurice Béjart and the Ballet of the 20th Century.[] Nowadays, it hosts a variety of stand-ups, dance shows and concerts by artists from all over the world, from Pascal Obispo to Kylie Minogue, and from The Beach Boys to Vanessa Paradis.
Airsprung is a British brand of beds and other furniture, headquartered in Trowbridge, Wiltshire and run by Airsprung Group plc. History ------- A mattress factory, Chapmans of Trowbridge, was founded in 1871 in Trowbridge, the county town of Wiltshire, and began using the Airsprung brand name in the 1930s or 1940s. Airsprung Limited was founded in 1965. By 1987, the company was the UK's second-largest manufacturer of beds. In 1988 the company built a factory in South Yorkshire to make pine furniture. ### Ownership Airsprung Group was floated on the London Stock Exchange, on the Over the Counter Market, on 22 November 1976 with shares selling for 27p. At this point, the company was the UK's largest manufacturer of bunk beds, and the UK's sixth-largest manufacturer of beds, with 5.8% of the UK market in 1975. The company's turnover in 1975 was £5.7m, with sales of £7.3m expected for 1976. The company made £553,000 in profit in 1975. On 16 December 1982 it bought the Slumberland Ltd bed manufacturer for £2.25m; Slumberland at the time was turning over around £8m, but had suffered a £1m loss in 1981. The company joined the Unlisted Securities Market (USM) in June 1986. By 1987, the company was turning over £24m. The company's shares traded on the Alternative Investment Market (AIM) from 1991 until 16 December 2011, when the shares were acquired by Portnard Limited, a Jersey company. Structure --------- The company's headquarters and factory is on the B3106 in the north of Trowbridge. As of 2018[update], the company had revenue of £40m and around 500 employees. Products -------- * Beds * Furniture * Mattresses * Storage-drawer divans * Upholstery
Rudder problems with 737 Classic During the 1990s, a series of issues affecting the rudder of Boeing 737 passenger aircraft resulted in multiple incidents. In two separate accidents, pilots lost control of their aircraft due to a sudden and unexpected rudder movement, and the resulting crashes killed everyone on board, 157 people in total. Similar rudder issues led to a temporary loss of control on at least one other Boeing 737 flight before the cause of the problem was ultimately identified. The National Transportation Safety Board determined that the incidents were the result of a design flaw that could result in an uncommanded movement of the aircraft's rudder. The issues were resolved after the Federal Aviation Administration ordered modifications for all Boeing 737 aircraft in service. In 2016, former NTSB investigator John Cox stated that time has proven the NTSB correct in its findings because no additional rudder-reversal incidents have occurred since Boeing's redesign. Rudder function --------------- Three main flight control surface deflections - aileron, elevator, rudder Unlike other twin-engine large transport aircraft in service at the time, the Boeing 737 was designed with a single rudder panel and single rudder actuator. The single rudder panel is controlled by a single hydraulic Power Control Unit (PCU). Inside the PCU is a dual servo valve that, based on input from the pilot's rudder pedals or the aircraft's yaw damper system, directs the flow of hydraulic fluid in order to move the rudder. The PCU for affected Boeing 737 aircraft was designed by Boeing and manufactured by Parker Hannifin. First accident and investigation -------------------------------- Main article: United Airlines Flight 585 On March 3, 1991, United Airlines Flight 585, a Boeing 737-200, crashed while attempting to land in Colorado Springs, Colorado. During the airplane's landing approach, the plane rolled to the right and pitched nose-down into a near-vertical dive. The resulting crash destroyed the aircraft and killed all 25 people on board. Although the NTSB investigated the accident, it was unable to conclusively identify the cause of the crash. The rudder PCU from Flight 585 was severely damaged, which prevented operational testing of the PCU. A review of the flight crew's history determined that Flight 585's captain strictly adhered to operating procedures and had a conservative approach to flying. A first officer who had previously flown with Flight 585's captain reported that the captain had indicated to him while landing in turbulent weather that the captain had no problem with declaring a go-around if the landing appeared unsafe. The first officer was considered to be "very competent" by the captain on previous trips they had flown together. The weather data available to the NTSB indicated that Flight 585 might have encountered a horizontal-axis wind vortex that could have caused the aircraft to roll over, but this could not be shown conclusively to have happened or to have caused the rollover. On December 8, 1992, the NTSB published a report that identified what the NTSB believed at the time to be the two most likely causes of the accident. The first possibility was that the airplane's directional control system had malfunctioned and caused the rudder to move in a manner that caused the accident. The second possibility was a weather disturbance that caused a sudden rudder movement or loss of control. The Board determined that it lacked sufficient evidence to conclude either theory as the probable cause of the accident. This was only the fourth time in the NTSB's history that it had closed an investigation and published a final aircraft accident report where the probable cause was undetermined. Second accident --------------- Main article: USAir Flight 427 On September 8, 1994, USAir Flight 427, a Boeing 737-300, crashed near Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. While on approach to Pittsburgh International Airport, Flight 427 suddenly rolled to the left. Although the pilots were briefly able to roll right and level the plane, it rolled left a second time and the pilots were unable to recover. The resulting crash killed all 132 people on board. The NTSB realized early into its investigation that the crash of Flight 427 might have been caused by an unintended or uncommanded rudder movement, similar to the suspected (but not yet established) cause of the Flight 585 crash. As a result, the NTSB conducted additional testing on United Flight 585's Parker-Hannifin PCU servo during its Flight 427 investigation. One of the problems facing investigators was the relative lack of precision in the data produced by the flight data recorder (FDR), which only recorded control inputs at periodic intervals with significant time gaps between samples, gaps during which no data was recorded no matter what the pilot did with the controls. This lack of precision led to it being possible for Boeing to interpret the data differently from the way the NTSB did, leading the manufacturer to suspect and insist that the pilot had responded incorrectly to a wake turbulence incident. At the request of the NTSB, data from the Penny & Giles quick access recorder (QAR) of a British Airways (BA) Boeing 747-400 was supplied to the NTSB by BA. The data was from a London-Bangkok flight in which the aircraft suffered an uncommanded elevator movement and momentary elevator reversal on take-off. The aircraft then landed safely. Operating alongside the FDR system, the QAR on BA's 747-400s, in conjunction with a Data Management Unit, received and recorded more aircraft parametric data, including control input values at a higher rate. This BA data led to renewed suspicion of the similar valve design used on the 737 rudder. As a result of this earlier BA incident, Boeing had, in fact, modified the design of the 747 elevator servo system, and the modified system had been retroactively fitted to all 747-400s in service. Eastwind incident ----------------- Main article: Eastwind Airlines Flight 517 N221US, the aircraft involved in the incident, ten months before the incident On June 9, 1996, while the NTSB's investigation of Flight 427 was still ongoing, the pilots of Eastwind Airlines Flight 517 briefly lost control of their aircraft, a 737-200, while flying from Trenton, New Jersey, to Richmond, Virginia. The aircraft experienced two episodes of rudder reversal while on approach to land in Richmond. Unlike the two prior incidents, the rudder issues on Flight 517 spontaneously resolved and the pilots were able to safely land the aircraft. One of the 53 people on board was injured. The NTSB investigated the Eastwind incident, and incorporated information from both United Flight 585 and Eastwind Flight 517 into its ongoing investigation of the Flight 427 crash. Renewed investigation and conclusions ------------------------------------- Because Eastwind Flight 517 had landed safely and the pilots of Flight 517 had survived, the NTSB was also able to perform tests on a plane that had experienced problems similar to the accident aircraft, was able to interview them, and gain additional information on their experience. The captain told the NTSB in a post-accident interview that they had not encountered any turbulence during the flight, and that, during their landing descent, he felt the rudder "kick" or "bump" even though neither pilot had moved the rudder pedals. When the plane abruptly rolled to the right, the captain applied left aileron and attempted to move the rudder, but the rudder pedal controls felt stiffer than normal and did not seem to respond to his input; when his flight control inputs did not immediately resolve the roll upset, he also advanced the throttle of the right engine in an effort to compensate. The NTSB and Boeing engineers conducted a series of tests on the PCUs from Flight 517 and Flight 427, as well as PCUs used in other aircraft and a brand-new PCU that had not yet been used in flight (the PCU from Flight 585, although it had been recovered, was too badly damaged to test in this manner). Testing revealed that under certain circumstances, the PCU's dual servo valve could jam and deflect the rudder in the opposite direction of the pilots' input. Thermal shock testing revealed that the uncommanded rudder movement could be replicated by injecting a cold PCU with hot hydraulic fluid. Thermal shock resulted in the servo's secondary slide becoming jammed against the servo housing, and when the secondary slide was jammed the primary slide could move to a position that resulted in rudder movement opposite of the pilot's commands. The NTSB concluded that all three rudder incidents (United Flight 585, USAir Flight 427, and Eastwind Flight 517) were most likely due to the PCU secondary slide jamming and excessive travel of the primary slide, resulting in the rudder reversal. On March 24, 1999, after a four-year investigation, the NTSB issued its probable cause finding for Flight 427. The NTSB concluded that the probable cause of the Flight 427 crash was rudder reversal due to the PCU servo malfunction. Two years later, the NTSB published an amended accident report for Flight 585 that found the same probable cause for that accident as well. As a result of the NTSB's findings, the Federal Aviation Administration ordered that the servo valves be replaced on all 737s by November 12, 2002. The FAA also ordered new training protocols for pilots to handle in an unexpected movement of flight controls. Other suspected 737 rudder PCU malfunctions ------------------------------------------- The following Boeing 737 aircraft incidents were also suspected of being caused by a rudder PCU malfunction: * On June 6, 1992, Copa Airlines Flight 201, a 737-200 Advanced, flipped and crashed into the Darién Gap jungle, killing 47 people. Investigators initially believed that the airplane experienced a rudder malfunction, but after an exhaustive and extensive inquiry, they concluded that the crash was caused by faulty attitude indicator instrument readings. * On March 8, 1994, a Sahara Airlines aircraft that had three trainees and one supervising pilot on board crashed after performing a "touch-and-go landing" at New Delhi Airport and slammed into a Russian jet. The four pilots and five ground workers (a total of nine) were killed. Although repairs were done to the PCU with unauthorized parts, the incident is still thought to be in part due to the plane's rudder reversing both right and left. * On April 11, 1994, a Continental Airlines pilot, Ray Miller, reported his aircraft rolled violently to the right and continued to pull to the right for another 18 minutes; the Boeing 737-300 landed safely. Continental removed the flight data recorder and rudder PCU from the incident aircraft and provided them to Boeing for investigation. Boeing concluded that the rudder had inadvertently moved due to an electrical malfunction, but only 2.5 degrees and for less than two minutes in total, a finding disputed by Miller. * On February 23, 1999, MetroJet Flight 2710, a 737-200, experienced a slow deflection of the rudder to its blowdown limit while flying at 33,000 feet above Salisbury, Maryland. While a rudder malfunction was suspected, the aircraft was an older 737 and its flight data recorder only recorded 11 flight parameters, compared to the hundreds of parameters recorded by newer aircraft. NTSB chairman Jim Hall said that the investigation was "hampered by the lack of basic aircraft data." All 112 passengers and five crew members (117 total) survived the incident. SilkAir crash ------------- Main article: SilkAir Flight 185 On December 19, 1997, SilkAir Flight 185 crashed in Indonesia, killing 104 people. Because the crash involved a Boeing 737-300 rolling and diving toward the ground at a steep angle, investigators considered the possibility of rudder hardover due to PCU servo malfunction. The Indonesian National Transportation Safety Committee, the lead investigating agency, concluded in its December 14, 2000 final report that it had found "no evidence to explain the cause of the accident." However, on the same day the U.S. NTSB, which also participated in the investigation, issued its own final report that contradicted the Indonesian NTSC findings. The NTSB's report found that there was sufficient evidence to rule out mechanical failure (based on NTSB/Parker-Hannifin's own examinations of the suspected PCU/dual-servo unit recovered from the SilkAir crash), and that the probable cause of the accident was "intentional pilot action," most likely the captain, purposely crashing the aircraft by applying sustained nose-down control pressure. In 2004, following an independent investigation of the recovered PCU/dual-servo unit, a Los Angeles jury, which was not allowed to hear or consider the NTSB's conclusions about the accident, ruled that the 737's rudder was the cause of the crash, and ordered Parker Hannifin, the PCU/dual-servo component manufacturer, to pay US$44 million to the plaintiff families. Parker Hannifin subsequently appealed the verdict, which resulted in an out-of-court settlement for an undisclosed amount. In popular culture ------------------ The Discovery Channel Canada TV Series Mayday (called Air Crash Investigation or Air Disasters in some markets) dramatized the NTSB's 737 rudder investigation in a 2007 episode titled "Hidden Danger" (broadcast in some countries as "Mystery Crashes"). Mayday separately dramatized the SilkAir crash investigation and lawsuit, including its connection to the 737 rudder controversy, in a 2012 episode titled "Pushed to the Limit" (broadcast in some countries as "Pilot Under Pressure").
Director, screenwriter, producer, set decorator, cinematographer, and actor (1938–2010) Charles Bryant Pierce (June 16, 1938 – March 5, 2010) was an American film director, screenwriter, producer, set decorator, cinematographer, and actor. Pierce directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years, but is best known for his cult hits The Legend of Boggy Creek (1973) and The Town That Dreaded Sundown (1976). An Arkansas resident most of his life, Pierce made his directorial debut with Boggy Creek, a faux documentary-style film inspired by the legend of the Bigfoot-like Fouke Monster. Pierce followed that with several inexpensive, regional films set in the southern United States, including The Town That Dreaded Sundown, based on the true story of the Phantom Killer murders in Texarkana. Pierce continued directing films into the 1980s. He is credited with co-writing the story for the Clint Eastwood film Sudden Impact (with Earl E. Smith). After years of pressure from producers, Pierce directed a Boggy Creek sequel, Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues, which he considered the worst film of his career. It was later riffed on by the comedy television series Mystery Science Theater 3000. Early life ---------- > > I've always said that to be a decent director, you had to play well as a kid. I played cowboys and Indians and cars, built stick bridges and roads. > > > Charles B. Pierce Charles B. Pierce was born in Hammond, Indiana, on June 16, 1938, one of the three sons of Mack McKenny Pierce and Mayven Bryant Pierce. His family moved to the southwestern Arkansas city of Hampton when he was just a few months old. There he was a childhood friend and neighbor of future film and television director Harry Thomason, and the two made home movies together in their backyards using an old 8 mm camera. His first professional foray into media entertainment was in the mid-1960s as an art director at KTAL-TV in Shreveport, Louisiana. He later became a weatherman and hosted a children's cartoon show for that channel. Pierce continued working in production jobs at television stations in Arkansas, Louisiana and Texas until 1969, when he moved to Texarkana, bought a 16 mm camera and started an advertising agency. He started a contract with Ledwell & Son Enterprises, a Texarkana-based firm that built 18-wheel trailers and farm equipment. Pierce developed commercials for the company that played throughout the Southwestern United States, using mostly footage he shot of trucks on the highway and farming equipment being used. He said the reputation he developed with those commercials later helped him launch his film career. Also during this time, Pierce played a character named Mayor Chuckles on The Laffalot Club, a local Arkansas children's television show. Pierce launched his independent film career in the early 1970s, when he sought funding from L.W. Ledwell, the owner of Ledwell & Son Enterprises. Ledwell was skeptical of the idea, but ultimately agreed to provide about $100,000 of the $160,000 budget for Pierce's first film. Prior to his directorial debut, Pierce worked as a set decorator for television shows like the Western series Hondo and for films like Waco (1966) and Coffy (1973). The Legend of Boggy Creek --------------------------- Pierce's directorial debut was The Legend of Boggy Creek, which was inspired by the Fouke Monster, a seven-foot-tall Bigfoot-like creature said to live in the swamps near Fouke, Arkansas. Pierce said he did not necessarily believe in the legend, but was fascinated with the stories. After interviewing Fouke residents who said they encountered the monster, Pierce became impressed with their authenticity and down-to-earth qualities. He approached Earl E. Smith, an acquaintance from the advertising business, to adapt those eyewitness tales into a screenplay. The film was shot at locations in Fouke, Texarkana and Shreveport, using a camera Pierce built himself at home. It was filmed in a faux documentary style, and included interviews with Fouke residents mixed with dramatizations of their supposed encounters with the creature. Like Pierce, the film's financial backers and many of the actors had never been involved in a film before. Pierce cast the actors by approaching customers at a local gas station whenever he saw somebody that looked like they fit one of the parts. He hired high school students as crew members who helped load and move equipment. For the creature itself, he limited the sightings to shadowy figures because he felt the film would be more frightening if the creature was left to the viewer's imagination. Pierce sang the theme song featured in the film. Once the film was completed, he put the reel into the trunk of his car and drove to Los Angeles seeking post-production services. He met Jamie Mendoza-Nava, who owned a small post-production company and agreed to work on the film for limited up-front pay and a small percentage of the film's box-office receipts. Pierce could not find a major studio willing to distribute it, so he rented a local movie theater in Texarkana for one week to screen the film. He cleaned the property himself to prepare for the debut. Released in 1972, The Legend of Boggy Creek premiered at what was later called the Perot Theatre, where lines stretched around the block to see it. Pierce did not expect it to become a financial success, but it made $55,000 in the first three weeks from that single theater. Eventually, Pierce entered into a distribution deal with Joy N. Houck, owner of the independent distribution company Howco, who paid Pierce $1.29 million for a 50 percent interest in the film. Pierce and Houck signed with American International Pictures for foreign and television distribution. It became a hit at drive-in movie theaters, eventually gaining a cult status and bringing Pierce a modicum of fame. At the time of the film's release, Pierce incorrectly predicted to newspapers that it would win several Academy Awards. Several similarly styled films about strange and allegedly true phenomena were released in subsequent years due to success of The Legend of Boggy Creek. Julius E. "Smokey" Crabtree, a Fouke resident who appeared as himself in the film, became disgruntled with the production company and filed a lawsuit against Pierce and his financial supporters. Pierce declined to speak to the media about the suit. Post-Boggy Creek career ------------------------- > > I didn't want to do another Boggy Creek, not for a while. I was still trying to prove myself as a filmmaker; I didn't want to have to turn around and shoot the same thing all over again. I wanted to do something different. > > > Charles B. Pierce Following the success of The Legend of Boggy Creek, Pierce was encouraged to film a sequel, but resisted because he wanted to prove himself as a filmmaker rather than duplicate the same idea. He continued to make inexpensive regional films set in the southern United States, primarily targeting small-town and rural audiences. His family said Pierce liked to be continuously working and would start a new film immediately after finishing the last. His sophomore effort was Bootleggers (1974), a period action-comedy film about rival families making moonshine in the Ozark Mountains. It featured Slim Pickens and the first major performance of Jaclyn Smith, who went on to play Kelly Garrett in the television series Charlie's Angels. Pierce followed that film up with two Westerns released in 1976. The first, Winterhawk, was about violence erupting between Blackfoot Native Americans and white villagers. The film proved difficult for Pierce to shoot due to challenges from the weather and problems with the horses on the set. However, according to Pierce, Winterhawk was more widely seen than The Legend of Boggy Creek. His second Western was Winds of Autumn. Pierce co-wrote both films with his Boggy Creek partner, Earl E. Smith. Pierce made a trademark of casting his friends in his films, and Pierce himself performed minor roles in both Winterhawk and Winds of Autumn. During this period, Pierce continued working as a set decorator for films such as Black Belt Jones (1974). Pierce returned to the horror genre with the 1976 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown, based on the true story of the Phantom Killer, an unidentified serial killer who murdered five people in Texarkana in 1946. Pierce remembered being scared by news stories about the killer during his youth in Hampton. He received some criticism for the graphic violence portrayed in the film, particularly one scene where the killer ties a woman to a tree, attaches a knife to the end of a trombone, then repeatedly stabs her while playing the instrument. Pierce said he purposely made the film violent because he felt the real-life situation was horrific and did not want to glaze over it. While filming horror scenes, he tried to create a suspenseful mood by clearing the set of everyone but the essential cast and staff, then refusing to let them talk to each other as the scenes were shot. Pierce appeared in The Town That Dreaded Sundown as police Patrolman A.C. "Spark Plug" Benson, an idiotic comic relief character. The name "Spark Plug" was a real-life nickname given to the director due to his energy. Pierce described The Town That Dread Sundown as a very easy and enjoyable shoot with no major problems on the set. During this period, Pierce worked as set decorator on films The Outlaw Josey Wales (1976) and The Cheap Detective (1978). The year after The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Piece directed and co-wrote Grayeagle, a Western based on a Cheyenne legend of a white man whose child (with an Indian wife) is kidnapped by a young warrior named Grayeagle. Pierce appeared in the film as Bugler, a half-insane white man who takes on a Shoshone identity. He then wrote and directed The Norseman (1978), which starred Lee Majors as a Viking prince who traveled to America to rescue his father from Indians. Working with a multimillion-dollar budget, Pierce shot the film in the Florida locations Hillsborough River State Park and New Port Richey. The next year he co-wrote and directed The Evictors (1979), another documentary-style horror film about a young couple who move into a rural Louisiana farmhouse and find their lives endangered by a series of strange events. Pierce was inspired to write the script after reading a true story in a detective magazine about a Kansas family who murdered somebody trying to evict them from the property. In order to match the late-evening sunlight in his cinematography at the farmhouse set, Pierce set up reflectors outside and deflected the sunlight through the windows, which were fitted with sheer white curtains to give the actors an eerie glow. The Evictors was little-seen and did not do financially well, which was a disappointment to distributor American International Pictures, but Pierce believed it one of his better films. He also considered it his most downbeat film, and said of the unhappy ending, "I probably just didn't have any other way to end it." Later career ------------ In the 1980s, to further his career as a filmmaker, Pierce moved to Carmel, California, where he met and befriended actor Clint Eastwood. Pierce shared a film treatment he had developed with Eastwood, who liked the story and helped Pierce develop it into Sudden Impact (1983), the fourth entry in Eastwood's Dirty Harry film series. Pierce was given a writer's credit for the story along with Earl E. Smith. Joseph C. Stinson is credited with the screenplay. Pierce claims to have written the phrase, "Go ahead, make my day," the film's most famous line, which went on to be identified as one of the ten best movie quotes of all time by the American Film Institute. The phrase was inspired by something his father once told Pierce in his youth while encouraging his son to mow the lawn: "When I come home tonight and the yard has not been mowed, you're going to make my day." However, whether Pierce truly invented the phrase has been brought into question, since the same line was used in the action-drama film Vice Squad (1982) the previous year. Around this time, Pierce also directed Sacred Ground (1983), which was released the same year as Sudden Impact. > > I really didn't want to do Boggy Creek II. I think it's probably my worst picture. This time, I spent almost as much on the creature suit as I did on the film itself. ... I played too big a role in the picture, and I had too many of my friends in it. It's all right, but it's not one of my favorites. > > > Charles B. Pierce In 1985, Pierce released a sequel to The Legend of Boggy Creek called Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues. American International Pictures had been encouraging him to make a Boggy Creek sequel for years because they believed it would be financially profitable, but he was resistant to the idea. He did not participate in an earlier sequel, Return to Boggy Creek (1977), which was directed by Tom Moore, and did not like the final film. In his own Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues, Pierce starred as an anthropologist who brings three students on an expedition into the bayou to track down the creature. His son, Chuck Pierce, Jr. co-starred as Tim, one of the students. Pierce ultimately considered Boggy Creek II his worst film, believing his own role was too large and that he cast too many of his friends in supporting roles. Boggy Creek II was featured in a 1999 episode of Mystery Science Theater 3000, a comedy television series in which the characters watch and make jokes about bad films. The episode ultimately increased Pierce's visibility to a wider audience. Pierce largely fell from the movie industry's public eye shortly after the release of Boggy Creek II. In 1987, he directed Hawken's Breed, a Western film starring Peter Fonda as a drifter who meets and rescues a young Shawnee woman. While shooting that film, Pierce met the woman who became his second wife, Beth Pulley. In 1996, he directed Renfroe's White Christmas, an adaptation of the classic children's book Renfroe's Christmas. Starting in 1997, he began production on his western film Chasing the Wind (1998), a gritty epic about a mountain man. It proved to be Pierce's final directorial effort, although he continued working as a set decorator for several television shows including MacGyver, Remington Steele, The Twilight Zone and Fresno, a Carol Burnett miniseries parodying prime time soap operas. Pierce's work on the latter show earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination for Outstanding Art Direction for a Miniseries or a Special. Pierce began writing the screenplay for a sequel to The Town That Dreaded Sundown, but the film never came to fruition. Around 2008, while developing the horror film The Wild Man of the Navidad, directors Duane Graves and Justin Meeks sought out Pierce, who they cited as a major influence on their work. Graves and Meeks wanted Pierce to work as a consultant on the film, but he turned them down because, according to Graves, "if he's not running the show, he's not interested." Death and legacy ---------------- > > He really did change the face of filmmaking. With his model, many filmmakers became successful with the drive-in creature feature, so to speak. > > > Christopher Crane Arkansas Film Commissioner In 2008, Pierce was honored at the Little Rock Film Festival, where festival producers screened a retrospective of his films, and presented him with a Lifetime Achievement Award. Also that year, the festival's best film award was renamed in his honor to the Charles B. Pierce Award for Best Film Made in Arkansas, In October 2009, the Arkansas Arts Council honored Pierce with the Judges' Special Recognition Award at the Governor's Arts Awards ceremony in Hot Springs. Pierce died of natural causes on March 5, 2010, at the Signature Care nursing home in Dover, Tennessee, where he had moved a few years earlier. He was 71. Pierce directed thirteen films over the span of 26 years. He was considered one of the first modern independent filmmakers, and was credited with breaking new ground for other independent filmmakers, particularly for the Arkansas film industry. Director Harry Thomason, Pierce's childhood friend and neighbor, praised him for finding success independently at a time when the film industry was so controlled by major studios. Daniel Myrick, co-director of the documentary-style The Blair Witch Project (1999), said he was strongly influenced by The Legend of Boggy Creek, which was one of his favorite films growing up. Myrick said he and fellow Blair Witch director Eduardo Sánchez wanted to "tap into the primal fear generated by the fact-or-fiction format like Legend of Boggy Creek". In an Orlando Sentinel article that ran on Halloween, Myrick identified The Legend of Boggy Creek as the one film that most inspired him. On September 2, 2010, Pierce was inducted into the Arkansas Entertainers Hall of Fame in a ceremony at the Arkansas Governor's Mansion in Little Rock. Pierce is part of the plot of the 2014 film The Town That Dreaded Sundown, a meta-sequel to Pierce's 1976 film of the same name. The 2014 film is not a remake, but rather features the original film as part of its storyline: it is set in Texarkana, and includes a series of murders committed by someone posing as the Phantom Killer as depicted in the 1976 film. The new film opens with a brief summary mentioning Pierce and the impact of his original The Town That Dreaded Sundown. Pierce is also discussed by characters in the new film, and a fictionalized version of his son, Charles B. Pierce, is portrayed by Denis O'Hare as a crackpot with conspiracy theories about the killer and his father's film. The real-life Charles B. Pierce Jr. also makes a cameo in the film as a different character. Personal life ------------- Pierce was married to Florene Lyons Pierce for 17 years and they had three children: Pamula Pierce Barcelou, Charles Bryant Pierce Jr. and Amanda Pierce Squitiero, along with six grandchildren. Pierce briefly married Cindy Butler, who appeared in several of his movies - The Town That Dreaded Sundown, Grayeagle and Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues; they also later divorced. He later married Beth Pulley, gaining two stepdaughters: Betsy Mathis Gillespie and Melissa Mathis Daley, and three step-grandchildren. Pierce was a fan of the Arkansas Razorbacks, the University of Arkansas college sports teams. Selected filmography -------------------- Film\| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1966 \| Waco \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1966 \| An Eye for an Eye \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1970 \| The Strawberry Statement \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1970 \| The Phantom Tollbooth \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1970 \| Dirty Dingus Magee \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1971 \| Pretty Maids All in a Row \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1972 \| The Legend of Boggy Creek \| \| Director, cinematographer, producer \| \| 1973 \| Coffy \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1973 \| Dillinger \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1974 \| Bootleggers \| Homer Dodd \| Director, writer, producer \| \| 1974 \| Black Belt Jones \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1976 \| Winterhawk \| \| Director, writer \| \| 1976 \| The Winds of Autumn \| \| Director \| \| 1976 \| The Town That Dreaded Sundown \| Patrolman A.C. Benson \| Director, producer \| \| 1977 \| Grayeagle \| Mad Bugler \| Director, writer \| \| 1978 \| The Norseman \| \| Director, writer \| \| 1978 \| The Cheap Detective \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1979 \| The Triangle Factory Fire Scandal \| \| Set decorator \| \| 1979 \| The Evictors \| \| Director, producer, writer \| \| 1983 \| Sacred Ground \| \| Director, cinematographer \| \| 1985 \| Boggy Creek II: And the Legend Continues \| Professor Brian C. "Doc" Lockart \| Director, producer, writer \| \| 1987 \| Hawken's Breed \| Noel Hickman as an old man \| Director, producer, writer \| \| 1996 \| Renfroe's White Christmas \| \| Director \| \| 1998 \| Chasing the Wind \| \| Director \| \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1966 \| T.H.E. Cat \| \| Set decorator1 episode \| \| 1966 \| Please Don't Eat the Daisies \| \| Set decorator1 episode \| \| 1986 \| The Ellen Burstyn Show \| \| Set decorator1 episode \| \| 1986 \| Fresno \| \| Set decoratorMiniseries \| \| 1991 \| MacGyver \| \| Set decorator8 episodes \|
A woman applying wax on a surfboard in South Carolina Surfboard wax (also known as surfwax) is a formulation of natural and/or synthetic wax for application to the deck of a surfboard, bodyboard, or skimboard, to keep the surfer from slipping off the board when paddling out or riding a wave. It is also used to increase grip on the paddle of a surf kayak or dragon boat. Surfboard wax is generally composed of a mixture of paraffin, beeswax or other hard waxes; petroleum jelly can also be added to create a softer wax. Often exotic scents like coconut or bubblegum are added to give the wax an attractive scent. There are also natural alternatives available containing only organic substances like beeswax, vegetable oils (such as coconut or hemp oil), pine resin, tree pulp and natural essential oils. Many different commercial brands and varieties of surfboard wax optimized for different climates and water temperatures may be found at a surf shop. Removal ------- A plastic scraper (typically found on the back of a wax comb) can be used to remove surfboard wax in large chunks. Residual wax that has not been removed by scraping can be removed with a soft cloth, either on its own or in combination with (for example) coconut oil. Various commercial solvents are also available but can damage the surfboard or its detailing. Surfers will also sometimes intentionally allow surfboard wax to melt in the sun, making the wax easier to remove. Wax comb -------- A wax comb is a tool used in the maintenance and removal of surfboard wax on a surfboard. Wax combs typically have features such a jagged or toothed edge and a straight, relatively sharp edge. The jagged edge is used to create textured grooves for improving the traction of the wax and the straight edge is used for scraping off unwanted wax. In addition to the straight edge for wax removal, some wax combs even have an inwardly curved edge for the rails (such as Mr. Zog's Sex Wax "Sex Comb"). Additionally, wax combs can have features such as fin key, bottle opener or a snap for portability (attachment to interior pocket loop, lanyard or leash attachment lanyard). Temperature ----------- Most surfboard wax comes labeled with a water temperature range for which it is ideal. Wax used in water colder than its rating will become hard and not provide the stickiness needed to stay on the board, while wax used in water warmer than its rating may melt. This makes application of the correct type of wax important. Application ----------- Man applies surfboard wax to skimboard at a beach. Surfboard wax is applied by first putting a base coat onto the clean board. This harder base coat forms a bump pattern on the surfboard to which the surfer will stick. The base coat is then topped with a coat of wax of an appropriate temperature. When re-applying surfboard wax, it is always crucial to remove all prior layers of wax.
Reported near dead experience Pam Reynolds Lowery (1956 – May 22, 2010), from Atlanta, Georgia, was an American singer-songwriter. In 1991, at the age of 35, she stated that she had a near-death experience (NDE) during a brain operation performed by Robert F. Spetzler at the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona. Reynolds was under close medical monitoring during the entire operation. During part of the operation she had no brain-wave activity and no blood flowing in her brain, which rendered her clinically dead. She claimed to have made several observations during the procedure which medical personnel reported to be accurate. Within the field of near-death studies and among those who believe in life after death, the case has been cited as well-documented and significant, with many proponents considering it to be evidence of the survival of consciousness after death. An anesthesiologist who examined the case offered anesthesia awareness as a more prosaic and conventional explanation for such claims. Reynolds died from heart failure at the age of 53 on May 22, 2010, at Emory University Hospital in Atlanta, Georgia. Diagnosis and operation ----------------------- Pam Reynolds reported to her physician that she was experiencing symptoms of dizziness, loss of speech and difficulty in moving parts of her body. Her physician referred her to a neurologist, and a CAT scan later revealed that Reynolds had a large aneurysm in her brain, close to the brain stem. Because of the difficult position of the aneurysm, Reynolds was predicted to have no chance of surviving surgery for its removal. As a last resort, Robert F. Spetzler, a neurosurgeon of the Barrow Neurological Institute in Phoenix, Arizona, decided that a rarely performed procedure, known as a standstill operation, or medically induced hypothermic cardiac arrest, could improve Reynolds' chances of surviving surgical removal of the aneurysm. During this procedure, Reynolds' body temperature was lowered to 50 °F (10 °C), her breathing and heartbeat stopped, and the blood drained from her head. Her eyes were closed with tape and small ear plugs with speakers were placed in her ears. These speakers emitted audible clicks which were used to check the function of the brain stem to ensure that she had a flat electroencephalography (EEG)—indicating a non-responsive brain—before the operation proceeded. The operation was a success and Reynolds recovered completely. The total surgery lasted about seven hours with a few complications along the way. Claimed NDE ----------- Reynolds reported that during the operation she heard a sound like a natural 'D' that seemed to pull her out of her body and allowed her to "float" above the operating room and watch the doctors perform the operation. Reynolds claims that during this time she felt "more aware than normal" and her vision was more focused and clearer than normal vision. She reported seeing the surgical "saw" but said it looked like an electric toothbrush, and this is in fact true. She said she could hear conversations between operating room staff, even though she had earphones in her ears which were making a loud clicking noise many times per second in order to monitor her brain function. At some point during the operation, she says she noticed a presence and was pulled towards a light. She says she began to discern figures in the light, including her grandmother, an uncle, other deceased relatives and people unknown to her. According to Reynolds, the longer she was there, the more she enjoyed it, but at some point she was reminded that she had to go back. She says her uncle brought her back to her body, but she did not want to go, so he pushed her in, and the sensation was like that of jumping into ice water. Reception --------- Reynolds' near-death experience has been put forward as evidence supporting an afterlife by proponents such as cardiologist Michael Sabom in his book Light and Death. According to Sabom, Reynolds' experience occurred during a period in which her brain had completely ceased to function. Critics say that the amount of time during which Reynolds was "flatlined" is generally misrepresented and suggest that her NDE occurred under general anesthesia when the brain was still active, hours before Reynolds underwent hypothermic cardiac arrest. Anesthesiologist Gerald Woerlee analyzed the case, and concluded that Reynolds' ability to perceive events during her surgery was a result of "anesthesia awareness". According to the psychologist Chris French: > Woerlee, an anesthesiologist with many years of clinical experience, has considered this case in detail and remains unconvinced of the need for a paranormal explanation... [He] draws attention to the fact that Reynolds could only give a report of her experience some time after she recovered from the anesthetic as she was still intubated when she regained consciousness. This would provide some opportunity for her to associate and elaborate upon the sensations she had experienced during the operation with her existing knowledge and expectations. The fact that she described the small pneumatic saw used in the operation also does not impress Woerlee. As he points out, the saw sounds like and, to some extent, looks like the pneumatic drills used by dentists. > > In popular culture ------------------ BBC (Bristol) made a 1-hour documentary about the Pam Reynolds case titled The Day I Died. Further reading --------------- * French, Chris. (2009). Near-Death Experiences and the Brain. In Craig Murray. Psychological Scientific Perspectives on Out-of-Body and Near-Death Experiences. Nova Science Publishers. pp. 187–203. ISBN 978-1-60741-705-7 * Michael Sabom. (1998). Light and Death. Zondervan. ISBN 0-310-21992-2 * Woerlee, G. M. (2005). An Anaesthesiologist Examines the Pam Reynolds Story. Part. 1. Background Considerations. Skeptic (British version), 18.1 (in press). * Woerlee, G. M. (2005). An Anaesthesiologist Examines the Pam Reynolds Story. Part 2. An Explanation. Skeptic (British version), 18.2 (in press). * Woerlee G. M. (2011). "Could Pam Reynolds Hear? A New Investigation into the Possibility of Hearing During this Famous Near-Death Experience". Journal of Near-Death Studies. 30: 3–25. \| * v * t * e Parapsychology \| \| --- \| \| Outline \| \| Topics \| * Apparitional experience * Astral projection * Auras * Bilocation * Clairvoyance * Deathbed phenomena * Dermo-optical perception * Dream telepathy * Ectoplasm * Electronic voice phenomenon * Extrasensory perception * Ganzfeld experiment * Ghosts * Kirlian photography * Levitation * Materialization * Mediumship * Near-death experience * Orb * Out-of-body experience * Pam Reynolds case * Paranormal * Parapsychology research at SRI * Past life regression * Plant perception (paranormal) * Poltergeist * Precognition * Psychic * Psychic detective * Psychic reading * Psychic surgery * Psychometry * Pyrokinesis * Reincarnation * Remote viewing * Retrocognition * Second sight * Sensory leakage * Spoon bending * Superconscious * Telekinesis * Telepathy * Thoughtography * Xenoglossy * Zener cards \| \| Active organizations \| * American Society for Psychical Research * Association for the Scientific Study of Anomalous Phenomena * College of Psychic Studies * Institut Métapsychique International * Institute of Noetic Sciences * International Association for Near-Death Studies * Koestler Parapsychology Unit * Parapsychological Association * Parapsychology Foundation * Rhine Research Center * Society for Psychical Research * The Ghost Club \| \| Defunct organizations \| * American Psychical Institute * British College of Psychic Science * Cambridge Ghost Society * International Institute for Psychical Research * London Dialectical Society * Metropolitan Psychical Society * National Laboratory of Psychical Research * Oxford Phasmatological Society * Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Laboratory * Society for the Study of Supernormal Pictures \| \| People \| * List of parapsychologists * Skeptics of parapsychology \| \| Publications \| * An Experiment with Time * Extrasensory Perception * Irreducible Mind * Journal of Near-Death Studies * Journal of Parapsychology * Journal of Scientific Exploration * Life After Life * Life Before Life * Mental Radio * Old Souls: The Scientific Evidence For Past Lives * Parapsychology: Frontier Science of the Mind * The Roots of Coincidence * Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation * Varieties of Anomalous Experience \| \| * Category * Commons \|
American actress and singer (1926–2000) For the 1964 album, see Julie London (album). Julie London (née Peck; September 26, 1926 – October 18, 2000) was an American singer and actress whose career spanned more than 40 years. A torch singer noted for her contralto voice, London recorded over thirty albums of pop and jazz standards between 1955 and 1969. Her recording of "Cry Me a River", a song she introduced on her debut album Julie Is Her Name, was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001. In addition to her musical notice, London was nominated for a Golden Globe Award in 1974 for her portrayal of Nurse Dixie McCall in the television series Emergency! Born in Santa Rosa, California, to vaudevillian parents, London was discovered while working as an elevator operator in downtown Los Angeles, and she began her career as an actress. London's 35-year acting career began in film in 1944, and included roles as the female lead in numerous westerns, co-starring with Rock Hudson in The Fat Man (1951), with Robert Taylor and John Cassavetes in Saddle the Wind (1958), with Gary Cooper in Man of the West (1958) and with Robert Mitchum in The Wonderful Country (1959). In the mid-1950s, she signed a recording contract with Liberty Records, marking the beginning of her professional musical career. She released her final studio album in 1969, but achieved continuing success playing the female starring role of nurse Dixie McCall in the television series Emergency! (1972–1979), in which she acted with her husband Bobby Troup. The show was produced by her ex-husband Jack Webb. Early life ---------- London appearance on The Garry Moore Show 1958 London was born Julie Peck on September 26, 1926, in Santa Rosa, California, the only child of Josephine Rosalie Peck (née Taylor; 1905 – 1976) and Jack Peck (1901–1977), who were a vaudeville song-and-dance team. In 1929, when she was three years old, the family moved to San Bernardino, California, where she made her professional singing debut on her parents' radio program. Throughout her early life, both London and her mother were admirers of Billie Holiday. London was described by friends and family as a shy child "without much self-confidence". In 1941, when she was 14, her family moved to Hollywood, California. In her teenaged years, she began to sing in local nightclubs in Los Angeles. She graduated from the Hollywood Professional School in 1945 and worked as an elevator operator in downtown Los Angeles throughout high school. Career ------ London and Richard Long in The Big Valley 1968 ### Discovery and early film roles In 1943, London met Sue Carol, a talent agent and then-wife of actor Alan Ladd, while operating the elevator at Roos Bros. (Roos/Atkins), an upscale clothing store on Hollywood Boulevard. Struck by London's physical features, Carol facilitated a screen test for the inexperienced actress, and London signed a contract with her. London met Esquire photographer Henry Waxman while working her second job as a clerk at a menswear store, and he shot photographs of her that appeared in the magazine's November 1943 issue. These photos helped establish her as a pin-up girl during World War II. She made her film debut while still in high school, appearing under the name Julie London in Nabonga in 1944. She later starred in the 1947 film The Red House with Edward G. Robinson. After a series of uncredited roles, she signed a contract with Warner Bros. Pictures, appearing in the war film Task Force (1949) and the Western Return of the Frontiersman (1950). She was cast in the lead role of Pat Boyd in the William Castle-directed The Fat Man (1951). London completed shooting the film in August 1950. After Warner Bros. dropped her contract, London was offered a contract with Universal Pictures based on the role, but turned it down, opting instead to focus on her marriage to actor Jack Webb. ### Mainstream films and music After divorcing Webb in 1954, London resumed her career, appearing in The Fighting Chance, filmed in May 1955 and released by 20th Century Fox. Earlier in 1955, London was spotted singing at a jazz club in Los Angeles by record producer Simon Waronker, who was recommended to her by her friend (and future husband) Bobby Troup. Despite her notable stage fright, Waronker was impressed by London's vocals and delivery, and later recalled that "The lyrics poured out of her like a hurt bird." Waronker convinced London to pursue a recording career, and signed her with Liberty Records. London recorded 32 albums in a career that began in 1955 with a live performance at the 881 Club in Los Angeles. Her debut album Julie Is Her Name was released in December of that year, and Billboard named her the most popular female vocalist for 1955, 1956, and 1957. She was the subject of a 1957 Life cover article in which she was quoted as saying "It's only a thimbleful of a voice, and I have to use it close to the microphone. But it is a kind of oversmoked voice, and it automatically sounds intimate." London's debut recordings (which appeared on her self-titled extended play) were completed under the New York-based Bethlehem Records label. Four additional tracks recorded during these sessions were later included on the album Bethlehem's Girlfriends, a compilation album released in 1957. Bobby Troup was one of the session musicians on the album. London recorded the standards "Don't Worry About Me", "Motherless Child", "A Foggy Day", and "You're Blasé". "Cry Me a River", London's most famous single, was written by her high-school classmate Arthur Hamilton and produced by Troup. The recording became a million-seller after its release on her debut album in 1955. London with John Cassavetes in Saddle the Wind (1958) While her music career earned her public notice, London also continued to appear in films, with lead roles in Crime Against Joe (1956), as well as appeared as herself in The Girl Can't Help It (1956), in which London performs three songs, including "Cry Me a River". The film was a box-office success, and became one of the top-30 highest-grossing films of 1956. London subsequently appeared in a television advertisement for Marlboro cigarettes, singing the "Marlboro Song". She appeared in several Westerns: In 1957, she appeared in Drango playing a Southern belle harboring fugitives, followed by a starring role opposite Gary Cooper in Man of the West, in which her character, the film's only woman, is abused and humiliated by an outlaw gang. The same year, she appeared as a pending bride in the Western Saddle the Wind; London's performance received critical acclaim in The New York Times. She appeared in The Wonderful Country in 1959, in which she plays a downtrodden wife of an army major. In 1960, London released the album Julie...At Home, which was recorded at her residence in Los Angeles. The same year, she released Around Midnight, which incorporated a larger backing band in comparison to her previous releases. She released numerous albums on Liberty Records throughout the 1960s, including Whatever Julie Wants (1961), Love Letters (1962), The End of the World (1963), and All Through the Night (1965), the latter a collection of songs by Cole Porter. ### Television work and final recordings Cast of TV's Emergency! (1973), L-R: Kevin Tighe, Robert Fuller, Julie London, Bobby Troup and Randolph Mantooth London appeared on numerous television series in the 1960s, including guest appearances on Rawhide (1960), Laramie (1960), I Spy (1965), Alfred Hitchcock Presents (1965) and The Big Valley (1968). She and second husband Bobby Troup frequently appeared as panelists on the game shows Tattletales, Hollywood Squares, and Masquerade Party in the 1970s. On May 28, 1964, Troup and she recorded a one-hour program for Japanese television in Japan. London sang 13 of her classic songs, including "Bye Bye Blackbird", "Lonesome Road", and "Cry Me a River". She released studio albums until the end of the decade, and her final studio album was Yummy, Yummy, Yummy (1969), a collection of contemporary songs. After this, London stopped singing professionally, as she had lost significant vocal control due to years of smoking and drinking. ### Emergency! London and second husband Bobby Troup in character in season one of Emergency! London remained close with ex-husband Jack Webb, and in 1972, he cast her and Troup in his television series Emergency!, of which he was executive producer. London played Dixie McCall, and Troup was cast as emergency-room physician Dr. Joe Early. They appeared in the same roles in an episode of the Webb-produced series Adam-12. In 1977, after a six-year run of 128 episodes, Emergency! was cancelled despite good ratings. London, the only actress to appear in every episode of the series, was invited back for two of the four TV movie specials, and the show ended in 1979. During this time, London appeared in television advertisements for Rose Milk Skin Care Cream. Later, Webb offered London a position as executive producer of future television projects, but she chose to retire from the television industry to spend more time with her family. She completed "My Funny Valentine", her last musical recording, for the soundtrack of the Burt Reynolds film Sharky's Machine in 1981. Artistry -------- Predominantly a torch singer, London was described by critics as both "sultry" and "low-keyed". Her recordings were often noted by critics for being "intimate", typically featuring sparse guitar and bass arrangements. A BBC Legends episode noted: "Some singers sing as though they are addressing a crowd; some sing as though they are in a bar with a lot of people—[London] sings as though she's in one room, with you—and that's the difference." Music journalist Lucy O'Brien stated: "[In] the mid-'50s...pop [was] in a period of transition from big band swing to small jazz combos; you've got rock'n'roll, you've got R&B—and she managed to incorporate all those influences and feed that into her music. She was very much of her time." As her career progressed into the 1960s, London's recordings incorporated more elaborate instrumentation, with her vocals backed by larger ensembles. Personal life ------------- Julie and Jack Webb with Stacey and Lisa, 1953 In 1947, London married actor/producer Jack Webb. Their relationship was based partly on their common love of jazz. They had two daughters, Stacy and Lisa. London and Webb divorced in 1954. Jack Webb died December 23, 1982. Stacy Webb died in a traffic accident in 1996, one day after her mother's 70th birthday. Withdrawn and introverted despite her public persona, London rarely granted media interviews and never discussed the breakup of her marriage to Webb. Death ----- London was a chain smoker from the age of 16 and at times smoked in excess of three packs of cigarettes per day. She suffered a stroke in 1995 and remained in poor health for the following five years. In late 1999, she was diagnosed with lung cancer but forewent treatment due to her weakened physical state. On October 17, 2000, London was rushed from her home to the Encino-Tarzana Regional Medical Center after choking and struggling to breathe. She died in the hospital in the early morning hours of October 18 of what was later determined to be cardiac arrest; she was 74. London was cremated and buried next to Troup in the Courts of Remembrance Columbarium of Providence at Forest Lawn-Hollywood Hills Cemetery in Los Angeles. Her star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame (for recording) is at 7000 Hollywood Boulevard in Los Angeles. Legacy ------ London performed "Cry Me a River" in the film The Girl Can't Help It (1956), and her recording gained later attention for its use in the films Passion of Mind (2000) and V for Vendetta (2006). The track was ranked number 48 in NPR's list of the 50 Greatest Jazz Vocals, and was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame in 2001. Her albums Julie...At Home and Around Midnight (both released in 1960) were both included in the book 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die. She has been named as an influence by several contemporary artists, including Lana Del Rey and Billie Eilish. Music journalist Will Friedwald referred to London as "one of the most influential stylists of the early 20th century." London also inspired a tribute from Jools Holland and Jamiroquai as part of their music video version of "I'm in the Mood for Love" shortly after her passing. Her cover of the Ohio Express song "Yummy Yummy Yummy" was featured on the television series Six Feet Under and appears on its soundtrack album. London's "Must Be Catchin' "was featured in the 2011 premiere episode of the series Pan Am.[] Discography ----------- Main article: Julie London discography Filmography ----------- Main article: Julie London filmography Sources ------- * Cason, Buzz (2004). Living the Rock 'n Roll Dream: The Adventures of Buzz Cason. Hal Leonard Corporation. ISBN 978-1-61780-116-7. * Ellenberger, Allan R. (2001). Celebrities in Los Angeles Cemeteries: A Directory. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-40983-9. * Friedwald, Will (2010). A Biographical Guide to the Great Jazz and Pop Singers. Pantheon Books. ISBN 978-0-375-42149-5. * Hal Leonard Corp. (2007). The Great American Songbook - The Singers: Music and Lyrics for 100 Standards from the Golden Age of American Song. Hal Leonard. ISBN 978-1-4584-8195-5. * Loy, R. Philip (2004). Westerns in a Changing America, 1955–2000. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-8301-3. * McKnight-Trontz, Jennifer (1999). Exotiquarium: Album Art from the Space Age. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-312-20133-3. * Moon, Tom (2008). 1,000 Recordings to Hear Before You Die: A Listener's Life List. Workman Publishing. ISBN 978-0-761-13963-8. * Murrells, Joseph (1978). The Book of Golden Discs (2nd ed.). London: Barrie and Jenkins Ltd. ISBN 0-214-20512-6. * Owen, Michael (2017). Go Slow: The Life of Julie London. Chicago Reviews Press. ISBN 978-1-613-73859-7. * Staggs, Sam (2003). Close-up on Sunset Boulevard: Billy Wilder, Norma Desmond, and the Dark Hollywood Dream. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-4668-3046-2. * Summerfield, Maurice J. (2008). Barney Kessel, A Jazz Legend. Ashley Mark Publishing. ISBN 978-1-872639-69-7.
Knitting machine manufacturer Griswold knitting machines at Ruddington Framework Knitters Museum Henry Josiah Griswold (1837–1929), born in Madison, Connecticut, had a significant role in modifying circular knitting machines. Because of Henry Josiah Griswold, in England, the word "Griswold" became synonymous with domestic circular knitting machines. He founded a hosiery company in 1891 with the name "London and Leicester Hosiery Company" and also leased a factory on Winifred Street in Leicester. Griswold returned to America between 1890 and 1892 and sold his rights to the firm to I. L. Berridge. Patents ------- After Henry Josiah Griswold's 1872 sock machine, fewer framework knitters were needed. Henry Josiah Griswold received a patent [number 3257] in 1873 for "Improvements in Knitting Machinery," and another patent [number 5048] in 1880 for "Improvements in the stocking manufacturing machines and other knitted fabrics". Improvements in knitting machines --------------------------------- Henry changed the way that the knitting machines worked so that they were easier to use and made better products. Henry Griswold improved latch-needle knitting by moving the needles individually and directly by bending their shanks. He did this in 1878 with his hand-operated, revolving cam-box, small-diameter sock machine.
Historic church in Tennessee, United States Church in Tennessee, United States St. Mary's Episcopal Cathedral, designed by Memphis architect Bayard Snowden Cairns, located near downtown Memphis, Tennessee, is the cathedral church of the Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee and the former cathedral of the old statewide Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee. History ------- St. Mary's was founded as a "North Memphis" mission chapel by the Ladies' Educational and Missionary Society of Calvary Church (the city's first Episcopal parish) with oversight from Calvary's rector, Charles Quintard, who later became the second bishop of the Diocese of Tennessee. Quintard led the chapel's first service on Thanksgiving Day, November 26, 1857. An item in the Memphis Appeal, dated November 29, describes the occasion: > The Mission Church on Poplar Street. This Church which has been erected by the pious zeal of the ladies belonging to the Episcopal Church of this city was organized Thanksgiving Day by the election of wardens and vestrymen. The Church is called St. Mary's, and the Reverend Richard Hines has been chosen rector. Mr. Hines has arrived in the city and will preach at St. Mary's this morning. The seats are all free, the expenses of the Church are defrayed by the offering of the congregation. > > Unlike its mother church, Calvary, this new parish would not have designated family pews or charge rent for them, enabling less affluent Memphians to regularly attend Episcopal services for the first time. St. Mary's was officially consecrated as a parish church on Ascension Day, May 13, 1858, by the Rt. Rev. James Hervey Otey, the first Bishop of Tennessee, with assistance from the rectors of Calvary and Grace (Memphis), St. Luke's (Jackson), St. Mary's (Covington), St. James (Bolivar), and by the new parish's own rector, Richard Hines, who would remain there until 1871. ### First Episcopal cathedral in the South (1871) Thirteen years after its founding, St. Mary's became the first Episcopal cathedral in the American South. While the 1866 Journal of the Proceedings of the Diocese of Tennessee's 34th convention and the national Episcopal Church's 1868 Journal of the General Convention both list St. Mary's as a cathedral church, the official transition from parish to "bishop's church" was January 1, 1871. At the time, only a handful of Episcopal dioceses had adopted the English-style cathedral system, mostly in the Midwest and the western frontier, where semi-itinerant bishops required more tangible ecclesiastical bases from which to administer sparse, but expansive, new dioceses and missionary territories. While the Episcopal Church was once a part of the Church of England, the American dioceses were slow to designate official cathedrals in keeping with the Protestant or Reformed character of its members. But as the Oxford Movement's "high church" or Roman Catholic-style liturgy began to take root in the United States, Episcopal cathedrals began to appear. With a devoted high churchman as its bishop (Quintard), the Diocese of Tennessee became an early adopter of this trend. ### Relief center during 1878 yellow fever epidemic Memphis suffered periodic epidemics of yellow fever, a mosquito-borne hemorrhagic viral infection (related to dengue fever and Ebola) throughout the 19th century. The worst of the epidemics occurred in the summer of 1878, when 5,150 Memphians died and the fast-growing city lost its charter due to depopulation. Five years earlier, a group of Episcopal nuns from the recently formed Sisters of St. Mary (now the Community of St. Mary) were invited by Bishop Quintard to come to Memphis and take over operation of the St. Mary's School for Girls, now called St. Mary's Episcopal School, which had been relocated to the cathedral site. When the 1878 epidemic struck, a number of priests and nuns (both Protestant and Catholic), physicians, and even a bordello owner, Annie Cook, stayed behind to tend to the sick and dying, despite the high risk of contracting the disease, which often resulted in a painful death. St. Mary's had become a relief center, staffed by the Sisters of St. Mary and Episcopal priests from various parishes. The nuns' superior, Sister Constance, along with three other nuns and two priests, died at the cathedral from yellow fever. They are known throughout the Anglican Communion as "Constance and Her Companions" or, informally, the "Martyrs of Memphis". Added to the Episcopal Church's Lesser Feasts and Fasts in 1981, their feast day (September 9) commemorates their sacrifices. A traditional Anglican prayer memorializes the martyrs in this way: > We give thee thanks and praise, O God of compassion, for the Heroic witness of Constance and her companions, who, in a time of plague and pestilence, were steadfast in their care for the sick and the dying, and loved not their own lives, even unto death. Inspire in us a like love and commitment to those in need, following the example of our Savior Jesus Christ... > > Constance and Her Companions * Sister Constance (née Caroline Louise Darling, born Medway, Massachusetts, 1846), sister superior, headmistress of St. Mary's School for Girls. * Sister Thecla, sacristan of St. Mary's Cathedral and its school chapel, instructor in music and grammar (English and Latin) * Sister Ruth, nurse at Trinity Infirmary, New York * Sister Frances, a newly professed nun given charge of the Church Home orphanage * The Rev. Charles Carroll Parsons, rector of both Grace Church and St. Lazarus Church, Memphis; former U.S. Army artillery commander, West Point alumnus and professor; served with classmate Lt. Col. George Armstrong Custer in Kansas, defense counsel in Custer's 1867 court-martial trial. * The Rev. Louis S. Schuyler, newly ordained assistant rector at Parsons' prior parish, Holy Innocents Episcopal Church, Hoboken, New Jersey The Very Rev. George Harris, dean of the cathedral, survived his bout with yellow fever, as did Sister Hughetta (née Snowden), who immediately succeeded Constance as sister superior and remained head of the order's work in Tennessee until 1925. ### "New" cathedral building, 1926 Construction of its present Gothic Revival structure began in 1898 and was completed in 1926, when the parenthetical phrase "(Gailor Memorial)" was appended to the cathedral's formal name in honor of the Rt. Rev. Thomas Frank Gailor, Bishop of Tennessee and president of the National Council of the Episcopal Church. ### Response to the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. King memorial at Westminster AbbeyThe second historic/tragic event that St. Mary's Cathedral attempted to mitigate was the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. two miles from the church. The day after King's death, Memphis clergy from many churches and synagogues met at the cathedral. In an impromptu move, Dean William Dimmick (later Bishop of Northern Michigan and co-author of certain rites in the 1979 Book of Common Prayer) took up the cathedral's processional cross and led the assembled ministers down Poplar Avenue to City Hall to petition Mayor Henry C. Loeb to end the labor standoff that King was in town to help negotiate. (The sanitation workers were protesting unsafe conditions, abusive white supervisors, low wages and the city government's refusal to recognize their union). Nearly half of the cathedral's membership left during the following months, many in protest against Dimmick's gesture of racial unity. Like Constance and her companions, King was added to the Episcopal Church's Calendar of Saints, where he is commemorated on April 4 (or, as an alternate date, January 15). Elsewhere in the Anglican Communion, King is memorialized with a statue over the western entrance of Westminster Abbey, along with nine other 20th-century martyrs. ### Diocese of West Tennessee Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee The Episcopal Diocese of Tennessee spanned the entire state until 1982, when it began a partition, which had been in the planning process for about five years, based on the State of Tennessee's three Grand Divisions. The Episcopal Diocese of West Tennessee was created in 1982, with St. Mary's retained as its cathedral church. The continuing Diocese of Tennessee was again split in 1985 when the Episcopal Diocese of East Tennessee was formed. Prior to then, in the 1960s and 1970s, the statewide diocese actually operated three offices with diocesan bishop John Vander Horst, coadjutor bishop William E. Sanders, and suffragan bishop W. Fred Gates, Jr. stationed in each of the three regions of the state, to serve churches throughout the state more efficiently. Gates maintained offices at the cathedral from 1966 until his 1982 retirement, which occurred shortly before the beginning of the then-new West Tennessee diocese. Each of the three realigned dioceses retained an important legacy of the old statewide body: West Tennessee had St. Mary's Cathedral; the diocese in Middle Tennessee retained the name "Diocese of Tennessee" and the status as the Episcopal Church's sixteenth diocese; and the East Tennessee diocese welcomed Bishop William Evan Sanders, eighth bishop of Tennessee, as its own first bishop. (Sanders served as the dean of St. Mary's from 1947 until 1961, when he became bishop coadjutor and moved to Knoxville to help manage the statewide diocese's work in East Tennessee.) Ironically, while St. Mary's was the South's first Episcopal cathedral, Tennessee's other two cathedrals, Christ Church (Nashville) and St. John's in Knoxville are both older parishes, having been organized in 1829 with the original formation of the Diocese of Tennessee. Historic and contemporary images -------------------------------- * Richard Hines, first rector, 1857-1871Richard Hines, first rector, 1857-1871 * Deacon Carol Gardner and Bishop Don Johnson in Easter procession 2007Deacon Carol Gardner and Bishop Don Johnson in Easter procession 2007 * North transept: This stone is part of one of the columns of the balustrade that surrounded the ancient Pool of Bethesda. Brought from Jerusalem by Bishop Thomas F. Gailor, June 1, 1928. North transept: This stone is part of one of the columns of the balustrade that surrounded the ancient Pool of Bethesda. Brought from Jerusalem by Bishop Thomas F. Gailor, June 1, 1928. * "Sisters of St. Mary Window""Sisters of St. Mary Window" * First cathedral building c. 1898First cathedral building c. 1898 * Sister's Chapel and St. Mary's School for Girls, c. 1900Sister's Chapel and St. Mary's School for Girls, c. 1900 * Recession exiting the chancelRecession exiting the chancel * cross-section viewcross-section view * View out the West Front doorView out the West Front door * "West" front interior"West" front interior * Altar with cross enshrouded for LentAltar with cross enshrouded for Lent * Dean William A. Dimmick, 1960Dean William A. Dimmick, 1960 * "Saint on break" in Sisters' Chapel"Saint on break" in Sisters' Chapel * Detail from the "Baptism Window"Detail from the "Baptism Window" * Cathedral Guild Lunches, 1906Cathedral Guild Lunches, 1906 * Sisters' Chapel (1888), the oldest structure in the Cathedral complex.Sisters' Chapel (1888), the oldest structure in the Cathedral complex. * The cathedral flanked Diocesan House (left) and the Sisters' Chapel (right)The cathedral flanked Diocesan House (left) and the Sisters' Chapel (right) * Glastonbury Abbey stoneGlastonbury Abbey stone * Cathedral construction bondCathedral construction bond * Window detail of Mary and JesusWindow detail of Mary and Jesus * Parish Hall, built on the site of the Cloister GardenParish Hall, built on the site of the Cloister Garden * Cathedra (bishop's seat)Cathedra (bishop's seat) * looking east across navelooking east across nave * "South" transept windows"South" transept windows * In 1962 Dean Sanders was consecrated as "Bishop Coadjutor Sanders," Diocese of TennesseeIn 1962 Dean Sanders was consecrated as "Bishop Coadjutor Sanders," Diocese of Tennessee Sources ------- * Project Canterbury sources + Ten Decades of Praise: The Story of the Community of Saint Mary during Its First Century, chapter 8: "Planting" + The Sisters of St. Mary at Memphis: with the Acts and Sufferings of the Priests and Others Who Were There with Them during the Yellow Fever Season of 1878 * Other sources + A History of the Yellow Fever: The Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1878, in Memphis, Tenn. + "All Saints" sermon, p. 3, by the Rev. Joanna Seibert, St. Margaret's Episcopal Church, Little Rock, Arkansas, November 3, 2002. + Dowd, James. (2007, July 25). "St. Mary's goes budget-lean to keep doors open in changing times". The Commercial Appeal + Glossary of liturgical terms, Episcopal Church + Historic Processional Cross to Lead MLK-Day March, 2001 press release, Churches Uniting in Christ. + St. Mary's Cathedral 1858-1958, John H. Davis [1958], published by the Chapter of St. Mary's Cathedral (Gailor Memorial), Memphis, Tennessee.
Species of bird The sooty swift (*Cypseloides fumigatus) is a species of bird in subfamily Cypseloidinae of the swift family Apodidae. It is found in Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Taxonomy and systematics ------------------------ The sooty swift, Rothschild's swift (Cypseloides rothschildi), white-chested swift, (C. lemosi), and American black swift (C. niger) form a superspecies. Some authors have treated sooty and Rothschild's swifts as conspecific. The sooty swift is monotypic. Description ----------- The sooty swift is about 15 cm (5.9 in) long. Males weigh about 42 g (1.5 oz) and females about 41 g (1.4 oz). The sexes have the same plumage. Adults have a brown head, a black patch around the eye, and lighter brown forehead and cheeks. Their back is a darker brown than the head. The upper side of their tail is brown and the underside a grayer brown. The upper side of the wing is mostly blackish brown and the underside somewhat lighter. Juveniles have some gray fringing on the body and wings but are otherwise like adults. Distribution and habitat ------------------------ The sooty swift is found from southern Minas Gerais in southeastern Brazil south to Rio Grande do Sul, eastern Paraguay, and northern Argentina's Misiones Province. There are no records in Bolivia despite its being included there in some taxonomic lists. The sooty swift has mostly been recorded over evergreen montane, tropical, and temperate forests, and also secondary forest, scrublands, and marshes. In elevation it is found between 700 and 2,100 m (2,300 and 6,900 ft). Behavior -------- ### Migration The sooty swift is apparently a year-round resident throughout its range. ### Feeding Like all swifts, the sooty is an aerial insectivore, but no details of its diet are known. ### Breeding The sooty swift's breeding season varies somewhat across its range, but is between October and February overall. It makes a cup or crescent shaped nest of moss, ferns, leaves, pebbles, and mud on a rock face. Most nests are on cliff ledges but some are on the vertical face itself. Most are very near waterfalls and even behind them. It lays a single egg. The incubation period and time to fledging are not known. \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Dickcissel male perched on a metal pole singing, with neck stretched and beak open. \| Songs and calls* --- Listen to sooty swift on xeno-canto \| ### Vocalization The sooty swift's flight calls have been described as "a rapid, rattling ti-i-i-i-a-a-a, as well as tiju-tiju and a weak sip or sip-sip." Status ------ The IUCN has assessed the sooty swift as being of Least Concern. it has a large range but its population size is not known and believed to be decreasing. No immediate threats have been identified.
American boxer and fitness trainer Cara Castronuova (born February 6, 1980) is an American champion boxer, a professional sports announcer, political activist and celebrity fitness trainer. She has won two Golden Gloves championships in Madison Square Garden. She was ranked #2 nationally by USA Boxing. Castronuova also starred as one of the head celebrity trainers on Season 11 of NBC's The Biggest Loser and is a boxing ring announcer. Early life ---------- Castronuova was born and raised in Elmont, New York with three younger brothers. She began boxing at the age of five in the family garage with her father Nicholas Castronuova, who was a decorated United States Marines Corps Vietnam War veteran (Purple Heart, Bronze Star) of Italian American heritage. She also wrestled in high school and in college. She graduated from Hofstra University with a Bachelor of Arts degree in communications. Her mother Rosita was a Chinese immigrant from the Philippines and worked as an architect. Boxing career ------------- Castronuova began her boxing career as a youth boxing trainer. Soon, she started entering local bouts, winning her first fight in 2002 at the NY Empire State Games in Syracuse. She also was a volunteer for a government-funded program designed to teach troubled youth the virtues of boxing and keep them off the streets. Later, while working as a personal fitness and boxing trainer at popular sports clubs in the New York City area, like Chelsea Piers and Gleason's Boxing Gym, she used fighting and boxing to encourage clients to "find their warrior within." While continuing to train clients, Castronuova kept boxing competitively, winning a pair of "Silver Gloves" in 2004, the second-place prize in the Golden Gloves competition. Determined to redeem herself, Castronuova came back one year later and won her first New York Golden Gloves championship at Madison Square Garden in 2005 in front of a televised, capacity crowd. Following her first Golden Gloves win, she started competing nationally and was ranked #2 in the nation by USA Boxing. She went on to place in National boxing tournaments and win numerous titles, such as the NYABC title, the Metros, and the Empire State Games, and won her second Golden Gloves title in 2006 at Madison Square Garden. Certified as a boxing coach by the New York State Athletic Commission, she is also a personal trainer certified by ISSA (International Sports Science Association). Personal life ------------- Castronuova is of Chinese, Filipino, and Italian heritage. Her Italian ancestry can be traced back Castronuovo di Sant'Andrea where her last name originated. Her mother is from Cotabato, Philippines and of mixed Chinese and Filipino heritage. Her ancestry is from the Fujian Province in Southern China. Her father died from Vietnam War causes related to Agent Orange when Cara was a teenager and is buried in Arlington National Cemetery. Her mother died in a car accident in 2006. These unfortunate events fueled her ambition and motivated her to become a role model and a strong foundation for her family, especially for her three younger brothers and her elderly aunt who lives with her and is disabled. She has stated "I became the 'matriarch' as the oldest child and had to step up to the plate." "Boxing competitively taught me how important it is to never give up, no matter how hard it gets".[] Castronuova has been tied romantically in the past to Showtime color commentator Paulie Malignaggi. Television career and appearances --------------------------------- Cara has trained extensively in martial arts and other fighting techniques, which led to acting opportunities, primarily as a stuntwoman and stunt coordinator. In addition, she has worked as a correspondent and fitness writer for news and boxing press outlets, and as a sports commentator in various boxing venues like Madison Square Garden and Mohegan Sun. Castronuova has learned first hand that in boxing and in life, "a comeback is important," and that fighting mentality has served her well, professionally and personally. She was credited by NBC for inspiring Season 11 contestants and the audience of The Biggest Loser to find "their fighter within" and make their own comebacks on the road to good health. She spent one season on NBC's hit show The Biggest Loser as a head trainer opposite Jillian Michaels, Bob Harper and Brett Hoebel. She has been featured on Bravo's Top Chef Masters. Castronuova has appeared in and voiced characters for Grand Theft Auto. She has been featured on the cover of USA Today as well as on/in E!, Entertainment Tonight, TMZ, The History Channel, The New York Daily News, The New York Post, The National Enquirer, Self magazine, Shape magazine and Women's Health. She has worked as a spokesperson for Puma and Everlast Sports. Cara shot a pilot for a major production company and it is currently being shopped. She shot it with her ex-boyfriend, professional boxer and Showtime color commentator Paulie Malignaggi. Cara founded the Knockout Obesity Foundation, a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that helps kids that are obese or at risk of becoming obese lose weight and get healthy by teaching them the virtues of boxing. On October 14, 2013, Cara participated in an Everlast/Modell's sponsored event for breast cancer awareness in Times Square. Castronuova is a boxing and referee apprentice for USA Boxing.2024 The Biggest loser two chances Castronuova is notable as one of the few female boxing ring announcers in the USA. On January 10, 2020, she announced the Press Conference Weigh-In and the undercard leading up to the historical Showtime Championship Boxing "Herstory" matchup between Claressa Shields and Ivana Habazin. Political activism ------------------ In 2020, Castronuova has appeared on Fox & Friends and other news outlets speaking about her political movement "Liberate New York". She was recognized by President Donald Trump for her work in political activism on his Twitter account before it was shut down. She was one of the organizers of the Justice for J6 rally, a September 18, 2021 rally in Washington, D.C. in demonstration in support of those arrested for the January 6 United States Capitol attack. She paired with the organization Look Ahead America, its founder Matt Braynard and on behalf of both organizations they filed a formal complaint with the United Nations Human Rights Committee regarding the January 6 prisoners. Braynard and Castronuova also worked together to hold rallies in Washington, D.C. and in 17 states between 19 June 2021 and 2 October 2021.
Filipino politician (1929–2020) In this Philippine name, the middle name or maternal family name is Siojo and the surname or paternal family name is Lim. Alfredo "Fred" Siojo Lim (Chinese: 林雯洛; pinyin: Lín Wénluò; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Lîm Bûn-lo̍k;[] December 21, 1929 – August 8, 2020) was a Filipino politician, police officer and lawyer who served as a Senator of the Philippines from 2004 to 2007. He also served as the 19th Mayor of Manila twice: first from 1992 to 1998, and again from 2007 to 2013. Prior to entering politics, Lim was a policeman for three decades. During the administration of President Corazon Aquino, he was appointed the Director of the National Bureau of Investigation (NBI), serving from 1989 to 1992. In 1992, he was elected Mayor of Manila, serving for two consecutive terms. He then unsuccessfully ran for president in 1998. Two years later, in 2000, he was appointed by President Joseph Estrada as the Secretary of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). In 2001, he ran again for mayor of Manila but lost to then-incumbent Lito Atienza. In the 2004 elections, he ran for senator and won. Three years into his tenure in the Senate, he resigned in order to run for mayor of Manila, which he won and served two consecutive terms from 2007 to 2013. He then lost the 2013 and 2016 mayoral elections to former president Estrada. In 2019, both Lim and Estrada lost the mayoralty elections to Isko Moreno, who served as vice mayor during the two former mayors' respective terms. Due to his tough stance against suspected criminals, Lim earned the nickname "Dirty Harry", and has been depicted numerous times in local action films within his lifetime. Early life and career --------------------- Lim was born on December 21, 1929, at the Emmanuel Community Hospital along Calle Manuguit, Tondo, Manila, to Rosario Siojo, a Filipina with Chinese ancestry from the Siojo family of San Miguel, Bulacan. His father, Alfredo Ko Lim Sr. returned to his hometown Antique. When he was in pre-school, his mother remarried and left him at the Hospicio de San Jose. When he was in the third grade, he was put under the care of his maternal grandmother, Flora Valisno-Siojo. After his grandmother's death in 1943, he lived with his godmother, Dolores La'o-Conde. He finished primary school as a salutatorian at the P. Gomez Elementary School in 1943. Lim graduated high school in 1948 at the Far Eastern University. He earned a degree of business administration in 1951 and a Bachelor of Law in 1963 at the University of the East. In 1981, he finished his master's degree in national security administration with honours at the National Defense College of the Philippines and pursued a Doctor of Philosophy in criminology at the Philippine College of Criminology where he graduated in 1996. When Lim began work in the police in the 1952, one of his first accomplishments was arresting future senator Robert Barbers for illegal possession of firearms. Then Manila Vice Mayor James Barbers, Robert's uncle, tried to negotiate with Lim to release Robert Barbers without charges, but Lim nevertheless proceeded to file charges. A decorated police officer, Lim earned numerous commendations and awards.[] During the late 1980s, Lim helped defend the government of then-President Corazon Aquino, such as leading the retaking of government installations from military rebels during one of the 1987 coup attempts. After retiring from the police, Lim was appointed Director of the National Bureau of Investigation, where he lobbied for more funding and pay increases for agents and other employees. Since regular agents had to be fairly half of the force's positions were vacant, and there were few takers because of the low salary. Lim also lobbied for the position of special investigator which was realized to complement regular agents. Political career ---------------- ### Mayor of Manila (1992–1998) In 1992, Lim beat six opponents in the election to become mayor of the city of Manila. As mayor, he worked on a strong law and order program which lessened crime. Lim worked on some projects to improve the city's image which had been bad when he assumed office. He pushed reforms in the city government. His slogan was "Magaling na Lider, Disiplinado" (lit. transl. "Excellent Leader, Disciplined").[] Lim was re-elected in 1995. During his first two terms in office, he earned the nickname "Dirty Harry" for his tough anti-crime policies against suspected and convicted drug pushers, drug runners, and the city's red light districts, among others. He founded the City College of Manila that would serve to complement Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila. It was under his administration when the Gat Andres Bonifacio Memorial Medical Center in Tondo was established in 1997. He resigned on March 27, 1998, to focus on his presidential campaign.[] ### Presidential run and DILG Secretary (1998–2001) Main article: 1998 Philippine presidential election Lim ran a failed bid for the presidency as the Liberal Party nominee in the 1998 election, garnering only 8.7% of the vote and finishing fifth in a field of eleven candidates. In January 2000, his rival in the presidential election, President Joseph Estrada, appointed him as Secretary of the Interior and Local Government. His stint was cut short when Estrada was ousted during the second EDSA Revolution the following year.[] ### 2001 mayoral elections Lim ran against incumbent Mayor Lito Atienza, his former ally and vice mayor, in 2001. However, he lost to Atienza by almost 80,000 votes.[] ### Senator (2004–2007) Manila Mayor Alfredo Lim together with US Ambassador to the Philippines Kristie Kenney and some members of the Board of Regents and Administrative Staff of Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila Lim was elected Senator in the 2004 election under PMP and the banner of the Koalisyon ng Nagkakaisang Pilipino (KNP). As a senator, Lim introduced legislation to bring back mandatory ROTC, but this bill did not receive any co-sponsors. ### Return as mayor (2007–2013) In 2007, Lim decided to run again for Mayor of Manila. He won and defeated Atienza's son, Ali Atienza; he thus gave up his Senate seat. Shortly after assuming office, he adopted the slogan "Linisin, Ikarangal (ang) Maynila" (transl. Clean, Dignify Manila, hence the acronym LIM). He ended the ban on holding rallies at Mendiola, which was initiated by his predecessor Lito Atienza, later modifying it by allowing rallies to be held there on weekends and holidays.[] On July 16, 2007, Philippine National Police (PNP) Director General Oscar Calderon asked him to revoke his ban to prevent militants from marching there. The PNP would recommend having protesters take their rallies to freedom parks. Calderon warned that if Lim will not change his position, the PNP will enforce the "no permit, no rally" policy. He ordered the removal of all business establishments, including bars and restaurants, in the Baywalk area along Roxas Boulevard (also another Atienza project) in an attempt to make the area a "wholesome park for everyone", with an unobstructed view of the famed Manila sunset. He claimed that many of these establishments have no business permits and were selling liquor, which is a violation of applicable city ordinances. In December 2007, he told MMDA Chairman Bayani Fernando not to conduct its sidewalk clearing operations in Manila since vendors were allowed to sell on sidewalks for humanitarian reasons. He stated: "I jokingly told Chairman Fernando that they are welcome anytime but I cannot guarantee their safety. Their problem is how they will get out." On March 14, 2008, Lim's son, Manuel "Manny" Lim, and two other suspects were arrested in a hotel along Tomas Mapua Street by PDEA operatives during a buy–bust operation in Binondo. Manny had in his possession 100 grams of methamphetamine hydrochloride or shabu worth P600,000. On July 17, 2008, Councilor Dennis Alcoreza filed human rights complaints before the Commission on Human Rights, against Lim and other officials of the city of Manila. Alcoreza accused Lim of a violent takeover of a slaughterhouse in Tondo on July 11, and illegal dispersal of protest. Meanwhile, 24 councilors resigned from their posts as members and heads of the different committees, prompting a reorganization. The councilors unanimously denounced the violent treatment by Lim's Manila Police Department (MPD) towards Alcoreza during the city government's takeover of the slaughterhouse. Lim resigned as head of Joseph Estrada's Pwersa ng Masang Pilipino (PMP) in August 2008, following a PMP's executive committee resolution removing him as president of the party. He was replaced by Estrada, who is also the PMP chairman. In October 2008, he made ROTC training mandatory for all students at the Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila (PLM) and the City College of Manila (CCM, now the Universidad de Manila (UdM)), both city-owned colleges. He was also credited for the establishment of Santa Ana Hospital in Santa Ana, Manila, which serves residents of Manila's 6th district. Mayor Lim with USS George Washington Captain David A. Lausman Lim ran for reelection in 2010, with Vice Mayor Isko Moreno as his running mate. Together, they defeated Lim's predecessor, Atienza, and his running mate, Councilor Bonjay Isip-Garcia. However, Atienza filed an electoral protest, citing discrepancies in the election returns and the consolidation and canvassing system. He later dropped his protest in January 2013. On August 23, 2010, former police officer Rolando Mendoza hijacked a tourist bus full of tourists from Hong Kong in order to make demands on the government about a case against him at the Ombudsman that led to his dismissal from service. The government's failure to negotiate properly with Mendoza led to the killing of eight hostages and of Mendoza himself after almost ten hours of stand-off. Justice Secretary Leila De Lima was tasked to lead an investigation on the incident and determine whose negligence led to the tragedy. Her committee, the Incident Investigation and Review Committee (IIRC), found out that there were lapses on the part of Lim that led to the failed resolution of the hostage-drama, thereby recommending the filing of administrative and criminal cases against him and other officials. Malacañang, however, declared Lim's liability was neglect of duty and misconduct. But, according to a report conducted by the late DILG Secretary Jesse Robredo that was released in April 2013, he was found to have been "administratively liable" for the incident. Mayor Lim and USS George Washington commanding officer Greg Fenton in 2012 In 2013, he sought another term as mayor, with actor and 6th District Councilor Lou Veloso as his running mate but they were defeated by Estrada and Moreno, respectively. Later career ------------ From 2004 to 2010 during his term as a Senator, Lim anchored the public service radio program Katapat: Mayor Fred Lim at DZMM of ABS-CBN's DZMM. With his team onboard researcher Joseph Arcaya, Executive Producer Dingdong Marco, DZMM Station Manager Angelo Palmones, and attorney Rey Bagatsing, the radio program helped solve many unsolved cases which became the last resort of the victims of crimes not only in Metro Manila but the entire Philippines. He also anchored Aksyon Ngayon, also on DZMM, with Kaye Dacer. In 2015, Lim returned to the radio airwaves as co-anchor of Katapat at Karancho, 8TriMedia's morning commentary program aired on DZRJ-AM. In the 2016 mayoral elections, Lim ran again for mayor of Manila against the incumbent Joseph Estrada, who replaced him in 2013. He chose 1st district congressman Benjamin Asilo and later 5th district councilor Ali Atienza as his running mate for vice mayor, respectively. He lost to Estrada by a margin of 2,800 votes. Lim attempted another comeback as mayor and ran in the 2019 elections, chasing a fifth non-consecutive term against Estrada again and his former vice-mayor Isko Moreno. However, Lim placed third and Moreno emerged as the winner in the three-way race of notable candidates. Lim, when not under the banner of a national political party, used the "Kapayapaan, Kaunlaran at Katarungan" (transl. Peace, Prosperity and Justice) label, the party he founded to stand for election. Death ----- The Philippine flag near the Manila City Hall was flown at half-mast following Lim's death. On August 8, 2020, Lim died after having tested positive for COVID-19 during the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. He was confined in a government-run hospital in Manila prior to his death. His remains were then cremated and on August 29, were inurned at the Manila North Cemetery. In popular culture ------------------ Lim has appeared in films and television series. He was also portrayed by different actors in several films. * Portrayed by Rudy Fernandez in the 1977 film Alfredo Lim: Sa Kamay ng Ibabaw. * Portrayed by Ernie Zarate in the 1989 film Jones Bridge Massacre (Task Force Clabio). * Portrayed by Ramon Revilla Sr. in the 1989 film Target... Police General (Maj. Gen. Alfredo S. Lim Story). * Portrayed by Eddie Garcia in the 1995 film Alfredo Lim, Batas ng Maynila. * Portrayed by Lim (himself) in the 1997 film Bobby Barbers: Parak. * Lim was hosting in the 1998 TV crime documentary drama series of ABS-CBN's Katapat, Mayor Fred Lim. Produced by ABS-CBN News and Current Affairs * Portrayed by Cesar Montano in the 2013 film Alfredo S. Lim (The Untold Story).
Turkish music magazine (1970–1994) *Hey* (Turkish: Hi) was a Turkish music magazine that targeted teens. The magazine existed between 1970 and 1994. It billed itself as Turkey's only teens' and music magazine. The magazine was one of the highest-circulation publications in Turkey. History and profile ------------------- Hey was established in 1970. The first issue was released on 18 November 1970 as a supplement to the daily paper Milliyet. Later it became a separate magazine. The magazine was part of Karacan media group. The founder of Hey was Doğan Şener. He was also the editor-in-chief of the magazine for a long time. In the mid 1980s Hulusi Tunca, a Turkish journalist, became the editor-in-chief of Hey. Hey primarily included the music lists, radio program lists and pen pal sections. The magazine covered nearly all music genres, including Turkish pop and folk music. It also carried news and articles on movies and fashion. Regular contributors were Yener Süsoy, Erhan Akyıldız, Arda Uskan ve Ercüment Akman. Near to its closure Hey also published a supplement called Hey Girl which addressed teenager girls. Hey sold weekly 60,000 copies when it was extremely popular among Turkish teens. In 1980 it enjoyed a circulation of 100,000 copies. The frequency of Hey was weekly until 28 June 1988 when it was switched to monthly. On 15 March 1989 the magazine ceased publication. It was restarted by the Doğan media group in April 1994 as a weekly supplement to Milliyet. However, the magazine ended publication again in September 1994.
American singer Lincoln Browder, (born October 12, 1964) better known by his stage name Link, is an American R&B singer from Dallas, Texas. Career ------ Browder sang in gospel choirs as a youngster and in a group in high school. Darrell Delite Allamby recruited him to sing in the R&B group Protege. After writing the hit "My Body" for the R&B supergroup LSG, Link was offered his own recording contract with Relativity Records. His 1998 debut album, Sex Down, spawned one Top 40 hit single in the US, "Whatcha Gonna Do?" (#23 Billboard Hot 100, #15 US Billboard R&B). The track peaked at #48 in the UK Singles Chart in November 1998. In addition a second charting single was issued, "I Don't Wanna See," which reached #43 on the US R&B chart and #25 on the Hot Singles Sales chart. Link also wrote songs for Silk, Tony Thompson, Tamar Braxton, K-Ci & JoJo and Gerald Levert. In 2008, he released his second album Creepin independently. Additionally, a digital single "Erotic" was released in 2013. Discography ----------- ### Albums \| Year \| Title \| Chart positions \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| U.S. \| U.S. R&B \| \| 1998 \| Sex Down* Released: June 23, 1998 * Label: Relativity \| 187 \| 46 \| \| 2008 \| Creepin* Released: May 29, 2008 * Label: Superstar Music Group \| - \| - \| \| ### Singles \| Year \| Title \| Chart positions \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| U.S. \| U.S. R&B \| \| 1998 \| Whatcha Gone Do? \| 23 \| 15 \| \| 1999 \| I Don't Wanna See \| - \| 43 \| \| 2013 \| Erotic \| - \| - \| \|
Australian rugby league footballer Daniel Suluka-Fifita (born 19 August 1999) is a professional rugby league footballer who plays as a prop for the South Sydney Rabbitohs in the NRL. Background ---------- Suluka-Fifita played his junior rugby league for the Matraville Tigers. Suluka-Fifita is of Tongan descent[] Career ------ ### 2020 Suluka-Fifita made his debut in round 12 of the 2020 NRL season for the Sydney Roosters against the Gold Coast Titans. ### 2021 In round 3 of the 2021 NRL season, he was sent to the sin bin during the Sydney Roosters 26-16 loss against archrivals Souths after punching Jai Arrow in the back of the head after making a tackle. ### 2022 On 13 June, Suluka-Fifita signed a three-year deal to join arch-rivals South Sydney starting in the 2023 NRL season. Suluka-Fifita was later released early from the Sydney Roosters and made his club debut for Souths in their round 17 match against Newcastle which South Sydney won 40-28. ### 2023 He played a total of ten games for Souths in the 2023 NRL season as the club finished 9th on the table and missed the finals.He will join the Canterbury Bankstown Bulldogs in the 2024 season as it is the only club desperate enough to take him.
American writer and filmmaker Lillian Josephine Chester (September 29, 1887 – June 7, 1961) was an American writer and filmmaker. Chester wrote under many different variations of her name including Lillian Randolph Chester, Mrs. George Randolph Chester, and Lillian Chester. She published her first book in 1914. The Ball of Fire was a co-authored book with her husband. She worked alone and alongside her husband, George Randolph Chester, from 1914 until his death in 1924. She wrote hundreds of short stories and numerous stage plays. Personal life ------------- Lillian Chester was born in Cincinnati where she also met her husband, George. When Lillian Chester met George, she was a widow going by the name Lillian Josephine Hauser DeRimo. George was still married to his wife Elizabeth Chester. Elizabeth, Lillian, and George moved to New York around the same time. Elizabeth divorced George in 1911, using the evidence that he was living at Gainsborough Studios in London with Lillian. Elizabeth filed for divorced and George and Lillian married while they were in Europe after hearing that the divorce was finalized. However, Elizabeth had only been granted an interlocutory decree, which made the divorce not final and therefore made his subsequent marriage to Lillian controversial. A friend of Elizabeth quotes George as saying "You [Elizabeth] are perfect in every respect, except one. This woman [Lillian] surpasses you in beauty. I must have that. My nature demands it - my soul cries out for it." George and Lillian delayed their return to New York after finding out about the failed divorce. George briefly ran away, fearing charges of bigamy. However, on December 2, 1911, Justice Guy finalized the divorce between Elizabeth and George. Lillian and Elizabeth were friends before the divorce proceedings, despite the ten year age gap. George had two sons, Robert F. and George R. Jr. from his marriage with Elizabeth. Elizabeth was granted custody of both children. Lillian and George did not have any children. Upon George's death, he left everything he owned to Lillian. George Chester died of a heart attack on 26 February 1924 in New York City. After George's death, Lillian retired after the death of her husband. She died at the age of 71 in Pinellas, Florida on June 7, 1961. She is buried in Cincinnati next to her husband, George. Filmography ----------- Lillian worked on most of her projects with her husband, George Chester. Lillian both wrote and edited stories and movies. She wrote hundreds of short stories and many stage plays. Lillian and George only directed one motion picture: The Son of Wallingford (1921). This film has been lost; however, reviews from when it came out indicate that it was about a con man. After the film came out one critic said, "Mr. Chester is an author, not a director. He furnishes excellent material, but he does not know how to project it onto the screen." Though Lillian is credited with the motion picture, she is mentioned in none of the reviews. Among the pieces she worked on were: * The Wreck (1913) * Runaway June (1915) * The Enemy (1916) * The Message of the Mouse (1917) * Clover's Rebellion (1917) * The Wild Strain (1918) * Shadows of the Past (1919) * The Painted World (1919) * The Vengeance of Durand (1919) * Two Women (1919) * The Tower of Jewels (1920) * Slaves of Pride (1920) * The Birth of a Soul (1920) * Trumpet Island (1920) * Dead Men Tell No Tales (1920) * Black Beauty (1921) \Incomplete, three reels missing The Son of Wallingford (1921) * The Flaming Hour (1922) * Scarlet Car (1923)
Australian artist (born 1972) Rona Green (born 1972, Geelong, Victoria) is an Australian visual artist. Work ---- Green is best known for her figurative printmaking, painting, drawing and soft sculptures, which she refers to as poppets, depicting human-animal hybrids. The artist's area of specialty is printmaking and she has utilised various techniques such as monotype, collograph, linocut, etching, lithography, screenprint, woodcut, wood engraving and digital printing. Green's favoured medium is hand coloured linocut prints. Transformation is a recurrent theme in Green's art. Her pictures of anthropomorphic figures with decorated bodies celebrate individuals' ability to create identity, adopt alter egos and embrace otherness. She champions misfits, outcasts and outsiders - those on the fringe of society. Humour is also an integral part of Green's work. Education --------- Green studied fine art at La Trobe University in the early 1990s. It was at university, under the influential tutelage of Peter Jacobs and John Robinson, that Green decided to major in printmaking. Green studied visual art at Victorian College of the Arts in the late 1990s, and she was awarded a Master of Fine Art degree from Monash University in 2012. Exhibitions ----------- Green has exhibited extensively since 1994, in Australia and internationally. In 2010 Deakin University Art Gallery held a survey exhibition of her printmaking and soft sculpture, titled Rona Green: Prints and Poppets 2000-2010, and during 2017-2018 Rona Green: Champagne taste and lemonade pockets, a survey show reviewing ten years of Green's printmaking, toured Bendigo Art Gallery and Benalla Art Gallery. Awards ------ Green has been the recipient of several awards for her printmaking including the Geelong Print Prize in 2003, Swan Hill Print Acquisitive Award in 2004 and the Silk Cut Award for Linocut Prints Grand Prize in 2006. Collections ----------- Green's work is held in numerous private and public art collections including the National Gallery of Australia, Bendigo Art Gallery, Geelong Gallery, The Print Council of Australia and Artbank. Further reading --------------- * Brown, Marguerite (April 30, 2015). "A Hybrid Practice: Rona Green's Ventures in Printmaking". Visual Pursuits.
Borough in Pennsylvania, United States Friendsville is a borough in Susquehanna County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 100 at the 2020 census. History ------- Friendsville was founded in 1819, and named for the fact a large share of the first settlers were Quakers. Geography --------- Friendsville is located at 41°55′5″N 76°2′49″W / 41.91806°N 76.04694°W / 41.91806; -76.04694 (41.917987, -76.046952). According to the United States Census Bureau, the borough has a total area of 1.5 square miles (3.9 km2), all land. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1850 \| 185 \| \| — \| \| 1860 \| 202 \| \| 9.2% \| \| 1870 \| 223 \| \| 10.4% \| \| 1880 \| 176 \| \| −21.1% \| \| 1890 \| 139 \| \| −21.0% \| \| 1900 \| 110 \| \| −20.9% \| \| 1910 \| 103 \| \| −6.4% \| \| 1920 \| 74 \| \| −28.2% \| \| 1930 \| 74 \| \| 0.0% \| \| 1940 \| 76 \| \| 2.7% \| \| 1950 \| 65 \| \| −14.5% \| \| 1960 \| 60 \| \| −7.7% \| \| 1970 \| 77 \| \| 28.3% \| \| 1980 \| 72 \| \| −6.5% \| \| 1990 \| 102 \| \| 41.7% \| \| 2000 \| 91 \| \| −10.8% \| \| 2010 \| 111 \| \| 22.0% \| \| 2020 \| 100 \| \| −9.9% \| \| 2021 (est.) \| 100 \| \| 0.0% \| \| Sources: \| ### 2010 census At the 2010 census there were 111 people, 44 households, and 29 families living in the borough. The population density was 74 people per square mile (29 people/km2). There were 54 housing units at an average density of 36 per square mile (14/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 91.9% White, 6.3% Black, and 1.8% Native American. Of the 44 households 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.1% were non-families. 22.7% of households were one person and 11.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.52 and the average family size was 2.97. The age distribution was 27.9% under the age of 18, 55% from 18 to 64, and 17.1% 65 or older. The median age was 42.5 years. The median household income was $35,625 and the median family income was $51,250. Males had a median income of $29,464 versus $37,917 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $15,996. There were 15.6% of families and 9.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including 7.9% of under 18 and none of those over 65. ### 2000 census At the 2000 census there were 91 people, 38 households, and 25 families living in the borough. The population density was 62.0 people per square mile (23.9 people/km2). There were 45 housing units at an average density of 30.7 per square mile (11.9/km2). The racial makeup of the borough was 100.00% White. Of the 38 households 26.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 55.3% were married couples living together, 7.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.2% were non-families. 23.7% of households were one person and 5.3% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.88. The age distribution was 23.1% under the age of 18, 6.6% from 18 to 24, 26.4% from 25 to 44, 31.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.1% 65 or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females there were 106.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.4 males. The median household income was $53,125 and the median family income was $53,750. Males had a median income of $31,250 versus $24,375 for females. The per capita income for the borough was $18,502. There were 9.4% of families and 6.8% of the population living below the poverty line, including 9.4% of under eighteens and none of those over 64.
4th episode of the 5th season of Fear the Walking Dead "Skidmark" is the fourth episode of the fifth season of the post-apocalyptic horror television series Fear the Walking Dead, which aired on AMC on June 23, 2019. The episode was written by Samir Mehta and directed by Tara Nicole Weyr. Plot ---- Strand, Charlie, Sarah, and Wendell try to steal Daniel's plane, but he anticipates their move and disables it. After accidentally meeting up with Daniel, Charlie discovers that he is disarming deadly traps set by Logan. Daniel's cat, Skidmark, accidentally lets go of a pack while in one of those traps and Daniel sends Charlie forward as he lures the pack back. Daniel reveals that he is angry at Strand not for being shot in the face, but because Strand lying to him about Ofelia, preventing Daniel from seeing his daughter alive again. Strand and the others rush to Daniel's rescue and Strand uses the plane to eliminate the pack, damaging the engines beyond repair. Daniel forgives Strand and gives the group use of his warehouse as he continues his mission. At the same time, Morgan and Alicia search for Althea and discover in the process that Max, Annie and Dylan are part of a larger group of children, the children of people who died of radiation sickness in a nearby camp. The children take them to the camp of the people who took Althea, only to witness the people fly away by helicopter. Meanwhile, Dylan and Luciana fix the truck stop's long-range antenna and contact Strand, who informs them of the plane's fate. Dylan suggests that the group repair their crashed plane to escape. Reception --------- "Skidmark" received positive reviews. It currently holds a 75% positive rating with an average score of 7.12/10 out of 12 on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes. The critics' consensus reads: "'Skidmark' brings some spunk with a resourceful cat and a gooey set piece that ranks among the best zombie dispatches, although some viewers may find the season's increasingly hopeful tone to be more of a drag than a boon." Writing for Tell-Tale TV, Nick Hogan gave it a rating of 4.5/5 and said: "Strikes a perfect balance that allows characters to shine and plot to move forward. Nothing feels overstuffed." David S.E. Zapanta of Den of Geek! gave it a rating of 2.5/5 and said: "What works best in "Skidmark" isn't the way Strand uses a two-engine plane's propellers to puree a few dozen walkers. No, the episode's high point is much simpler, and quieter, than all of that". Writing for Forbes, Erik Kain gave it a negative review and wrote: "Lost is the grittiness and tension of the original show. In its place, rosy optimism abounds. Season 5's saccharine storytellings undermines the entire reason we watch zombie shows." ### Rating The episode was seen by 1.66 million viewers in the United States on its original air date, far below the previous episodes.
American triathlete Todd Crandell (born December 12, 1966) is an American triathlete. He is also a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC-S), and a Chemical Dependency Counselor (LICDC-CS). Early life and education ------------------------ Crandell was born in Toledo, Ohio. However, he was only three years old when his mother ended her life. He was expelled from high school for cocaine which ruined a promising hockey career. After over a decade of alcohol and drug addiction, he finally stopped using when he was arrested for his third Driving Under Influence (DUI). He completed his bachelor's degree from Lourdes University in Sylvania, Ohio, and his master of counseling from Spring Arbor University in Spring Arbor, Michigan. Career ------ Crandell completed his first Ironman in 1999. He underwent knee surgery two days after that race and was not expected to participate again in any race. Five months later, he finished his second Ironman. He has also competed in Ironman competitions worldwide on six continents. Crandell has completed in 28 Ironmans, 42 half Ironmans, and two Ultramans. To date, he has completed close to 100 Ironman triathlons. Crandell is also a Licensed Professional Clinical Counselor (LPCC-S) and a Licensed Independent Chemical Dependency Counselor (LICDC-CS). He established Racing for Recovery in 2001. He has also written two books titled Racing for Recovery: From Addict to Ironman in 2006 and another in collaboration with Lauren Kanne called Choices and Consequences.
Argentinian rugby club Rugby team Luján Rugby Club is an Argentine rugby union and field hockey club based in the city of Luján, Buenos Aires Province. The rugby team currently plays in Primera C, the 4th. division of the Unión de Rugby de Buenos Aires league system. History ------- Luján Rugby Club was founded on July 8, 1972, by a group of students of the "Colegio Marista", a traditional school of Luján, being Rubén Alvarez its first president. The team trained at the school field, and the matches were played in a land which the Municipality of Luján allowed the club to use for a term of 30 years. The first team coach was Ernesto Miranda, a former player of Club San Martín. In 1973 women's hockey team is formed, with notable players as Nelba Bouvier, Rosita Freire and Carmen Acuña, amongst others. In 1974 the rugby team affiliated to Unión Argentina de Rugby, and one year later the hockey team registered to Asociación Argentina de Hockey. In 2010, Fabián Ubellart, a 42-year-old veteran player of the club, died while training with the team. It was diagnosed the cause was sudden cardiac death. Women's field hockey team promoted to Primera D (the fourth division) in 2008, after the Hockey Federation reconsidered the situation of the team, which had been obtained the championship that year. Despite of being the champion, Luján had had to play the playoffs, where the team had been eliminated. According to the rules, the club did not promote to the upper division but the Federation allowed the club to play at the fourth division in 2009. In 2011, Luján was Primera A champion, after defeating Los Cedros 1-0 at Los Matreros field.
M. Penn Phillips, born Marion Phillips, (13 June 1887 – 24 May 1979) was an American entrepreneur and prominent real estate developer, born in Parsons, Kansas. He was founder of the M. Penn Phillips Company which, later, as a subsidiary of Holly Development Corporation, operated in the Western states from the 1920s through the 1970s. His development projects built several new communities, including Hesperia and Salton City in California, and Christmas Valley in Oregon. In 1923, Phillips opened the new subdivision of Clear Lake Highlands near Clear Lake, California which, in 1980, became part of newly incorporated Clearlake. In 1955, he was president of Hesperia Land Development and Hesperia Sales Corporation, while conceiving the U-Finish Home, mass-produced housing units that were completely finished on the outside leaving the buyer to complete the interior. In 1959 he served as a member of the committee to form the Mojave Water Agency (MWA), a regional water management agency that secured a contract with the State of California for an allocation of imported water supply from the State Water Project. The MWA serves a 4,900 square mile area in the High Desert of San Bernardino County, including the Hesperia area. In 1956, he was an alternate delegate from Sierra Madre, California to the Republican National Convention. Salton City, Phillips' largest community, was mapped out on the west shore of the Salton Sea in 1958. The ambitious resort development was laid out with 25,000 residential lots. Builders paved more than 250 miles of roads, and installed all necessary supporting electrical power, water, and sewage infrastructure. Urban planning by Albert Frey included designs for the entire business district, as well as schools, churches, parks, community services, a championship 18-hole golf course, a $500,000 luxury hotel, yacht club, and the largest marina in California along the lake. The "Salton Riviera" resort began as a major success, with $4.25 million in land sales closed on its opening weekend. Soon thereafter, it was attracting politicians, Hollywood and entertainment celebrities, and sporting events. Salton Sea had already established itself as the second most popular recreation spot in California in the early 1950s, and the resort guaranteed continued success through the 1960s. However, lot purchases were mostly made for investment and few homes were built. The community ended mostly in collapse by the end of the 1970s. Phillips died in Sierra Madre, California at his Estate where his wife died only a year later. He and his wife were major benefactors to Claremont McKenna College, which named Phillips Hall in his honor in 1966.
Hugh of Die (c. 1040 – October 7, 1106) was a French Catholic bishop. Biography --------- Hugh was prior of the monastery of Saint-Marcel in Chalon-sur-Saône. On October 19, 1073, he became bishop of Die, Drôme and on March 9, 1074, received his episcopal consecration in Rome from the hands of Pope Gregory VII. Hugh was transferred to the metropolitan office of Archbishop of Lyon from 1081 to 1106 and was a strong supporter of the Gregorian reform and a papal legate. In 1077, Hugh convened a synod at Autun. From this council numerous bishops and archbishops were removed or suspended from office, notably Manasses, archbishop of Reims, who was suspended for simony. Hugh was excommunicated on August 29, 1087, at the Council of Benevento, for his criticisms of Pope Victor III's election. Victor's successor Pope Urban II revoked the provision and reinstated him in his offices, making him legate again in 1094. Hugh presided over a synod in Autun that issued measures against nicolaism, simony and Philip I of France's bigamous marriage. Consequently, Hugh excommunicated Philip for having married Bertrade de Montfort. By the summer of 1100 Hugh had convened a synod at Anse, consisting of four archbishops and nine bishops, that circulated Pope Paschal II's crusading decree. With papal permission, he joined the Crusade of 1101 in return for an appointment as legate of Asia, while extracting a subsidy from his clergy. Hugh reached Jerusalem, without traveling with any of the large crusading armies. Sources ------- * Bradbury, Jim (2007). The Capetians: The History of a Dynasty. Bloomsbury Publishing. * Cate, James Lea (1969). "The Crusade of 1101". In Setton, Kenneth M.; Baldwin, Marshall W. (eds.). A History of the Crusades. Vol. I: The First Hundred Years. The University of Wisconsin Press. * Cowdrey, Herbert Edward John (1970). The Cluniacs and the Gregorian reform. Clarendon Press. * Robinson, Ian Stuart (1978). Benson, Robert L. (ed.). "Periculosus homo: Pope Gregory VII and Episcopal Authority". Viator: Medieval and Renaissance Studies. University of California Press. 9: 103–132. * Robinson, I.S. (1990). The Papacy: Continuity and Innovation, 1073-1198. Cambridge University Press.
1938 film by Richard Wallace *The Young in Heart* is a 1938 American comedy film produced by David O. Selznick, directed by Richard Wallace, and starring Janet Gaynor, Douglas Fairbanks Jr. and Paulette Goddard. The supporting cast features Roland Young and Billie Burke. This was Richard Carlson's feature film debut, preceding The Duke of West Point by a month. The screenplay by Paul Osborn was adapted by Charles Bennett from the serialized novel, The Gay Banditti by I. A. R. Wylie, as appearing in The Saturday Evening Post from February 26 to March 26, 1938. Plot ---- A family of con artists led by "Colonel" Anthony "Sahib" Carleton and his wife "Marmy" are working the French Riviera in search of wealthy potential mates for their daughter George-Anne and son Richard. Sahib, a former actor, passes himself off as an officer who served with the Bengal Lancers in India. George-Anne flirts with her Scottish suitor, Duncan Macrae, whom she dismisses when she learns that he is not rich. Richard has managed to get himself engaged to the wealthy, but rather plain Adela Jennings. Meanwhile, Sahib cheats her American senator father out of a large sum of money at poker. The local police find out about the Carleton family, provide them with complimentary train tickets to London, courtesy of Mr. Jennings, and order them to leave the country. On the train, George-Anne meets a lonely old spinster named Miss Ellen Fortune, who inherited a fortune from her former fiancé, with whom she had quarreled in her youth. The kindhearted Miss Fortune invites George-Anne and her family to her first-class compartment, and the penniless family eagerly accepts, hoping to swindle her out of some of her money. While Miss Fortune treats them to dinner, the train derails, and they manage to extricate the old woman from the wreckage. Grateful, she invites them to stay with her at her London mansion. Seeing an opportunity to make their way into Miss Fortune's will, they treat her with kindness and spend evenings with her. Sahib and Richard also go out looking for jobs in order to persuade both her and her suspicious lawyer, Felix Anstruther, that they can be trusted. Meanwhile, Duncan looks up George-Anne, whom he still loves, despite her repeated rejections and her family's continued shady activities. He finds Sahib a job as a Flying Wombat car salesman. The initially reluctant colonel is soon applying his con artist skills so successfully that he is promoted to manager of the London branch. Richard also takes a job, as a mail clerk at an engineering firm when he sees Leslie Saunders working there. She is also attracted to him, despite his completely frank admissions about his flawed character. Soon he is planning to take night courses in engineering. Gradually the two men begin to find the value of honest work and start to feel guilty about taking advantage of Miss Fortune. George-Anne and Marmy also honestly care about the old woman, but all four believe the others are still only after the inheritance. Miss Fortune eventually learns about the Carletons' background from Anstruther, but she informs George-Anne that she is going to have a new will written, leaving everything to the Carletons. At a dinner party, Miss Fortune collapses, leaving the family legitimately distressed. Gathered in worried watch outside her sick room, they dismiss Anstruther's news that she no longer has any money and she will even lose her house. Marmy, Sahib and Richard retort she will never lack for a home or their care, much to Anstruther and George-Anne's surprise. Sometime later, a recovered Miss Ellen drives Anstruther uncomfortably fast in her Flying Wombat to the Carletons' house, where she now lives. George-Anne is married to Duncan, and Richard to Leslie. Cast ---- From left to right: Douglas Fairbanks Jr. Paulette Goddard, producer David O. Selznick, and director Richard Wallace * Janet Gaynor as George-Anne Carleton * Douglas Fairbanks Jr. as Richard Carleton * Paulette Goddard as Leslie Saunders * Roland Young as Col. Anthony "Sahib" Carleton * Billie Burke as Marmy Carleton * Minnie Dupree as Ellen Fortune * Henry Stephenson as Felix Anstruther * Richard Carlson as Duncan Macrae * Lawrence Grant as Mr. Hutchins, the Flying Wombat managing director * Walter Kingsford as Inspector * Eily Malyon as Sarah, Miss Fortune's servant * Tom Ricketts as Andrew, Miss Fortune's butler * Irvin S. Cobb as Mr. Jennings * Lucile Watson as Mrs. Jennings * Margaret Early as Adela Jennings The futuristic prototype Phantom Corsair appeared as the Flying Wombat in The Young in Heart Production ---------- The Broadway stars Maude Adams and Laurette Taylor originally screen tested for the part of Miss Fortune, which eventually went to Minnie Dupree. The screen tests of Adams and Taylor, made by David Selznick, survive and are the only audio-visual record of the actresses (although Taylor did star in a couple of silent films). Taylor's screen test can be seen on the DVD of Broadway: The Golden Age. This was Gaynor's final film role before retiring while at the height of her career (she did make one more film, 1957's Bernardine). Principal photography on The Young in Heart took place from May 2 to June 26, 1938. The six-passenger 2-door sedan Flying Wombat featured in the film was actually the one-of-a-kind prototype Phantom Corsair. The Phantom Corsair concept car was built in 1938 and designed by Rust Heinz of the H. J. Heinz family and Maurice Schwartz of the Bohman & Schwartz coachbuilding company in Pasadena, California. Reception --------- The Young in Heart was reviewed in Variety, where the film received a positive review; "This is a beautiful and deeply touching picture, skilfully adapted from I.A.R. Wylie's poignant magazine story." Despite favorable critical reviews, the film lost $517,000 at the box office. Franz Waxman received two Oscar nominations, for Best Music, Original Score and Best Music, Scoring, for his work in The Young in Heart. Leon Shamroy's cinematography was also nominated.
Japanese manga Not to be confused with the manga of the same name by Kyoko Okazaki. *Pink* (Japanese: ピンク, Hepburn: Pinku), subtitled The Rain Jack Story, is a Japanese one-shot manga written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama. It was published in the December 1982 issue of Shueisha's Fresh Jump magazine on October 23, 1982. Pink was released in North America by Viz Media on December 7, 2021 as part of Akira Toriyama's Manga Theater. Toei Animation adapted the manga into an anime film in 1990 titled *Pink: Water Bandit, Rain Bandit* (Pink みずドロボウあめドロボウ, Pinku Mizu Dorobō Ame Dorobō). Plot summary ------------ A young girl named Pink makes a living as a mysterious bandit stealing water from the shady Silver Company, which she keeps for herself. Despite a year-long drought, the Silver Company has somehow managed to make a profit by selling a steady supply of water at outrageous prices, thus making them perfect targets for the thief. Due to Pink's young feminine physique and her face being concealed behind goggles, her opponents all assume the bandit is a small guy. After numerous thefts, the head of the company, Silver, calls the local sheriff Cobalt Blue to apprehend the bandit and bring them to justice. With little information to go by, Blue goes in search of the bandit. He comes across Pink's home, which he finds suspicious, as there is a floater bike and a lush palm tree thriving amidst the drought. He asks her a few questions, but realizes nothing despite all the evidence around him. Pink is all too willing to answer his questions as she is smitten by him. Later that night, after having a dream about her and Blue walking together with her parents' umbrella in the rain, Pink heads out to the Silver Company for one last big heist. Meanwhile, Cobalt Blue finally puts together that the bandit and Pink are the same person and goes after her. Pink performs a frontal assault on the company and defeats most of the forces, but meets her match against a professional assassin. Just as she is about to be killed, Cobalt Blue steps in and saves Pink. At that moment, White finds Kaminari locked up in the basement. It turns out the drought was the result of the Silver Company holding Kaminari prisoner and forcing him to make water for them to sell. With Kaminari free, he proceeds to make up for lost time and produces rain. Unfortunately, he goes overboard and the manga ends with the land being completely flooded. But Pink finally has Blue all to herself in her parents' umbrella, which they use as a boat. Characters ---------- Pink (ピンク, Pinku) Voiced by: Mia Masuda A young girl whose parents died two years ago. She lives in a house with her friends Black and White. She is skilled at using guns and floater bikes and loves baths. Black (ブラック, Burakku) Voiced by: Keiko Yamamoto Pink's slothful, talking lizard-like friend. White (ホワイト, Howaito) Voiced by: Kazuko Sugiyama Pink's talking flying robot friend, which specializes in reconnaissance. Cobalt Blue (コバルト・ブルー, Kobaruto Burū) Voiced by: Keiichi Nanba A famous sheriff whom Pink has a crush on. Silver (シルバー, Shirubā) Voiced by: Hitoshi Takagi Head of the Silver Company. Publication ----------- Written and illustrated by Akira Toriyama, Pink is a one-shot manga published in the December 1982 issue of Shueisha's Fresh Jump magazine on October 23, 1982. The author said that it was created at a time when he was no longer afraid to draw girls, and wanted to experiment with the girlish side of the title character. Pink was later included in 1988's Akira Toriyama's Manga Theater Vol. 2. The series would receive another reprint in Akira Toriyama Mankanzenseki 2 on September 18, 2008. The one-shot was released in English by Viz Media on December 7, 2021 as part of their single volume Akira Toriyama's Manga Theater. Anime ----- Theatrical poster for the anime film; showing the revamped appearances of some of the characters. Nearly eight years after Pink was first published, Toei Animation produced an anime film adaptation titled Pink: Water Bandit, Rain Bandit. Several character designs were changed by director Toyoo Ashida, including those of Pink, Cobalt Blue and Kaminari. Ashida changed Pink from a teenager to a young girl and before he could tell the original author, Toriyama sent him a redesign showing her younger as well; the two were thinking the same thing without knowing it. It was shown exclusively as part of the Akira Toriyama: The World event at the July 7, 1990 Toei Anime Fair alongside two other Toriyama properties, Young Master Ken'nosuke and Dragon Ball Z: The Tree of Might. The film was distributed on home video on March 8, 1991 as a double feature along with Young Master Ken'nosuke. Music from the film was released as part of the Akira Toriyama: The World and Pink Songs & BGM albums. In May 1994, Shueisha published an anime comic of Pink and Young Master Ken'nosuke. Reception --------- Reviewing Akira Toriyama's Manga Theater for Comic Book Resources, Jonathon Greenall singled out Pink as a highlight of the collection. Allusions to other works ------------------------ Pink has similarities to other Toriyama stories such as 1981's Pola & Roid and the 2000 series Sand Land. The title character can also be compared to the early depiction of the Dragon Ball character Yamcha, as both are thieves who live in the desert and have companionship with unusual talking creatures.
American pathologist (1862–1941) Frank Burr Mallory (November 12, 1862 – September 27, 1941) was an American pathologist at the Boston City Hospital and Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School, after whom the Mallory body is named. The Pathology Department at Boston City Hospital, the Mallory Institute of Pathology, was named after him. Early life and career --------------------- Mallory at Harvard, c. 1886 Mallory was born in Cleveland, Ohio on November 12, 1862 to George Burr and Anne (Faragher) Mallory, and received his medical degree in 1890 from Harvard Medical School. He became an assistant pathologist at Boston City Hospital in 1891, working under William Thomas Councilman. He married Persis McClain Tracy of Chautauqua, New York in 1893. In 1893 Mallory traveled to Europe to train under Hans Chiari in Prague and Ernst Ziegler in Freiburg. After returning to Harvard, he became an Assistant Professor in 1896, and Associate Professor of Pathology in 1901. He became Professor of Pathology at Harvard Medical School from 1928 to 1932. His contributions in the field of pathology included improving techniques and standardisation of tissue staining; his book, written with James Homer Wright, was the standard textbook in this field. He also studied the function of histiocytes, he confirmed that the whooping cough bacillus discovered by Jules Bordet was the causative agent, and he worked on improvements in classification of tumours, particularly meningiomas, and cirrhosis of the liver. He was president of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists in 1910, and was its treasurer from 1911 to 1940. He was the editor of the Journal of Medical Research from 1923, and then founding editor of the American Journal of Pathology from 1925 to 1940. Honors and awards ----------------- Mallory received honorary degrees from Tufts University (Sc.D. 1928) and Boston University (Sc.D. 1932), and was awarded the Kober medal in 1935 by the Association of American Physicians for outstanding service in pathology. Legacy ------ Mallory died in Boston on September 27, 1941, at the age of 78. He had two sons, both of whom were medical doctors and pathologists. Tracy B. Mallory was Chief of Pathology at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, succeeding James Homer Wright in 1926, and president of the American Association of Pathologists and Bacteriologists in 1951. His other son, George Kenneth Mallory, became Professor of Pathology at Boston City Hospital in 1948, and the Mallory-Weiss syndrome is named after him. Further reading --------------- * Louis, David N.; Young, Robert H. (editors), Keen minds to explore the dark continents of disease : a history of the pathology services at Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass. : Massachusetts General Hospital, 2011. ISBN 9780615486383 \| Authority control Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * FAST * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * Spain * Germany * Israel * United States * Czech Republic * Greece * Netherlands \| \| People \| * Deutsche Biographie \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
The 1930–31 PCHL season was the third season of the professional men's ice hockey Pacific Coast Hockey League, a minor professional league with teams in the western United States and western Canada. It consisted of four teams: Vancouver Lions, Seattle Eskimos, Portland Buckaroos and Tacoma Tigers. It was the last season of the first incarnation of the PCHL. It was followed by the 1936–37 PCHL season in the second incarnation of the league. The season did not run 36 games as the previous two seasons as Tacoma Tigers dropped out of the league after 10 games. The two best teams in the league standings met in a best-of-five playoff format series for league championship honors. Final standings --------------- *Note: W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, GF= Goals For, GA = Goals Against* Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold \| Pacific Coast Hockey League \| GP \| W \| L \| T \| GF \| GA \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Seattle Eskimos \| 34 \| 16 \| 9 \| 9 \| 64 \| 51 \| \| Vancouver Lions \| 35 \| 14 \| 13 \| 8 \| 61 \| 61 \| \| Portland Buckaroos \| 35 \| 12 \| 15 \| 8 \| 60 \| 61 \| \| Tacoma Tigers \| 10 \| 2 \| 7 \| 1 \| 12 \| 24 \| \| Source**: Playoffs -------- Vancouver Lions defeated Seattle Eskimos 3 games to 0.
Areas where the Slovene language is spoken The Slovene lands or Slovenian lands (Slovene: Slovenske dežele or in short Slovensko) is the historical denomination for the territories in Central and Southern Europe where people primarily spoke Slovene. The Slovene lands were part of the Illyrian provinces, the Austrian Empire and Austria-Hungary (in Cisleithania). They encompassed Carniola, southern part of Carinthia, southern part of Styria, Istria, Gorizia and Gradisca, Trieste, and Prekmurje. Their territory more or less corresponds to modern Slovenia and the adjacent territories in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Croatia, where autochthonous Slovene minorities live. In the areas where present-day Slovenia borders to neighboring countries, they were never homogeneously ethnically Slovene. Terminology ----------- Like the Slovaks, the Slovenes preserve the self-designation of the early Slavs as their ethnonym. The term Slovenia ("Slovenija") was not in use prior to the early 19th century, when it was coined for political purposes by the Slovene romantic nationalists, most probably by some pupils of the linguist Jernej Kopitar. It started to be used only from the 1840s on, when the quest for a politically autonomous United Slovenia within the Austrian Empire was first advanced during the Spring of Nations. "Slovenia" became a de facto distinctive administrative and political entity for the first time in 1918, with the unilateral declaration of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. Although Slovenia did not exist as an autonomous administrative unit between 1921 and 1941, the Drava Banovina of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia was frequently called simply "Slovenia", even in some official documents. Consequently, most Slovene scholars prefer to refer to the "Slovene lands" in English rather than "Slovenia" to describe the territory of modern Slovenia and neighbouring areas in earlier times. The use of the English term "Slovenia" is generally considered by Slovene scholars to be anachronistic due to its modern origin. Geographical extension ---------------------- Peter Kosler's "Map of Slovene Land and Provinces", drawn during the Spring of Nations in 1848 and published only in 1861, was the first map of the Slovene lands as a territorial unit. In the 19th century, the territories regarded as part of the Slovene lands were: * Carniola * southern Carinthia * Lower Styria * Slovene March in the Vas county of the Kingdom of Hungary, and the adjacent zones of the Zala county (Beltinci, Turnišče, Velika Polana, Kobilje) * Jennersdorf in the Kingdom of Hungary (now in Burgenland, Austria); * most of the County of Gorizia and Gradisca, except for the lowlands south-west of Gradisca and Cormons, which were already part of historical Friuli * the Imperial Free City of Trieste, a city in modern Italy * northern Istria, in the modern municipalities of Koper, Izola, Piran, Hrpelje-Kozina, Muggia and Dolina * Venetian Slovenia (Italian: Slavia Vèneta), until 1797 part of the Republic of Venice, later Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia * Croatia–Slovenia border disputes The Žumberak and the area around Čabar, which today belong to Croatia, were long part of the Duchy of Carniola, and thus generally regarded as part of the Slovene lands,[] especially prior to the emergence of Romantic nationalism in the 19th century, when the exact ethnic border between Slovenes and Croats had not yet been specified.[] Not all of the territories referred to as the "Slovene lands" have always had a Slovene-speaking majority. Several towns, especially in Lower Styria, maintained a German-speaking majority until the late 1910s, most notably Maribor, Celje and Ptuj. The area around Kočevje in Lower Carniola, known as the Gottschee County, had a predominantly German-speaking population between the 14th century and 1941 when they were resettled in an agreement between Nazi German and Fascist Italian occupation forces. A similar German "linguistic island" within an ethnically Slovene territory existed in what is now the Italian comune of Tarvisio, but used to belong to the Duchy of Carinthia until 1919. The city of Trieste, whose municipal territory has been regarded by Slovenes to be an integral part of the Slovene lands, has always had a Romance-speaking majority (first Friulian, then Venetian and Italian). A similar case is that of the town of Gorizia, which served as a major religious center of the Slovene lands for centuries, but was inhabited by a mixed Italian-Slovene-Friulian-German population. The towns of Koper, Izola and Piran, surrounded by an ethnically Slovene population, were inhabited almost exclusively by Venetian-speaking Italians until the Istrian–Dalmatian exodus in the late 1940s and 1950s, as were large areas of the comune of Muggia. In southern Carinthia, a process of Germanization started by the end of the 1840s, creating several German-speaking areas within what had previously been a compact Slovene territory. Since the late 1950s, most of southern Carinthia has had a German-speaking majority, with the local Slovene minority living in a scattered pattern throughout the area. On the other hand, other areas with historically important Slovene communities, such as the Croatian cities of Rijeka and Zagreb, as well as the Slovene villages in the Somogy county of Hungary (the Somogy Slovenes), were never regarded to be part of the Slovene lands. The same goes for the Slovene communities in south-west Friuli (in the villages of Gradisca, Gradiscutta, Gorizzo, Goricizza, Lestizza, and Belgrado in the lower Tagliamento area) which extinguished themselves by the end of the 16th century. Further reading --------------- * Bogo Grafenauer, Slovensko narodno vprašanje in slovenski zgodovinski položaj (Ljubljana: Slovenska matica, 1987) * Josip Gruden & Josip Mal, Zgodovina slovenskega naroda I.-II. (Celje: Mohorjeva družba, 1992-1993) * Janko Prunk, A brief history of Slovenia: Historical background of the Republic of Slovenia (Ljubljana: Mihelač, 1994)
Portrait of Roubo from Portraits and History of Useful Men (1836) André Jacob Roubo (1739–1791) was a French carpenter, cabinetmaker and author. Roubo was born and died in Paris, and was the son and grandson of master cabinetmakers. Roubo wrote several highly influential books on woodworking, an achievement which was especially notable given his relatively poor background and self-taught methods. His career peaked in 1774 when he published his masterwork treatise on woodworking, titled L'Art du Menuisier. This long-standing work covered practically all methods and trades associated with woodworking. Another of Roubo's legacies still used today is a design for a workbench, which has proven to be popular amongst modern woodworkers. A street in Paris, rue Roubo, was named after Roubo in 1850. It is located in the 11th Arrondissement, an area inhabited by furniture manufacturers. Personal life and career ------------------------ André Jacob Roubo was born in Paris in 1739, the son and grandson of fellow woodworkers. His father was a joiner, and André became his apprentice in 1750 at the age of 11. Despite having a relatively poor upbringing, André was literate and taught himself various topics including mathematics and design. His dedication for learning attracted the attention of several professionals, including the architect Jean-François Blondel. Roubo became a pupil of Blondel who waived his tuition fees, and spent five years studying whilst also working for his father during the day. He received the title of Master in 1770 upon publication of the first part of L'Art du Menuisier. He designed and supervised the construction of the great domes of the halls Wheat and Cloth, and a monumental staircase to the hotel of the Marquis de Marbeuf. In 1768, at the age of 29, Roubo started working on his treatise more intensively, having done practical woodwork for 18 years. This treatise was published in four volumes between 1769 and 1775. In 1777, he published the first part of a treatise of theater construction and theatrical machinery. The footnotes of these books show that Roubo had an interest in the social status of artisans. In 1789 most of his noble customers had left France; Roubo was nearly bankrupt and was forced to join the National Guard in 1790. Here he achieved the rank of Lieutenant before dying in 1791. He left a widow and four children who lived on his pension in Rue Saint-Jacques, Paris. Roubo died in Paris in 1791. A biography of Roubo was written in 1836 by the architect and carpenter Louis-Auguste Boileau in the series Portraits et histoire des hommes utiles (Portraits and History of Useful Men) published by Franklin Montyon and Company. Works ----- Elevation view of a garden pavilion and latticed gallery, from plate 365 of L'Art de Treillageur ou menuiserie des jardins (1775) Roubo's comprehensive four-part treatise L’Art du Menuisier (The Art of the Carpenter) was published between 1769 and 1775 by the Académie des Sciences, with the supplementary work L'Art du layetier being published in 1782. L’Art du Menuisier was reprinted in its original format in by Léonce Laget in 1977 and again in 1982. In 2002, the French publisher Bibliothèque de l’Image published an edition at a more affordable price, which also contains L'Art du layetier. L’Art du Menuisier is divided into four volumes: * Première partie (building joinery part I) – this part covers basic geometry, types of wood, profiles, assemblages, tools, mobile joinery, shutters and wickets, crosses, and doors. * Seconde partie (building joinery part II) – this part covers flooring (including parquetry), panelling, interior decoration, liturgical furniture, installation and assembly of joinery, arches and curves, and stairs. * Troisième partie (specialty woodwork) – the third part consist of three discrete sections: coach construction, furniture, and cabinetmaking. * Quatrieme partie (garden woodwork) – this part covers the fundamentals of outdoor woodwork and deals with trellis, pilasters & columns, vases & flowerpots. The original four-volume work consisted of 1316 pages in total and 383 copper engraved plates. Every plate was designed by Roubo and 181 of them are engraved by himself. Sometimes colloquially referred to as "The Roubo", it is considered even today as the best guide for traditional joinery. It develops and discusses in detail the technical knowledge of carpentry that was under Louis XV in its heyday. Roubo also had an interest in theatrical design, and published a treatise on the construction of theatres and theatrical mechanics in 1777, titled Traité de la construction des théâtres et des machines théâtrales. This was reprinted by Slatkine Reprints in 1984 under the false name of Jacques-André (ISBN 2051006466).[] However, Roubo only published the first part (the history and architecture of theaters), even though the second part (on theatrical machines) was declared ready to print in 1777. The original work contains 66 pages of text and 10 engravings. Roubo's workbench ----------------- Plate 279 - Workbench in German style.. Roubo's workbench design has gained appreciation from modern woodworkers as a simple, reliable, and beautiful workbench that can be built at home. Gallery ------- * Original design for Roubo's famous workbenchOriginal design for Roubo's famous workbench * Roubo-era veneering sawRoubo-era veneering saw * Elevation of a pipe organ designed by RouboElevation of a pipe organ designed by Roubo * An extract from L’Art du MenuisierAn extract from L’Art du Menuisier Further reading --------------- * Roubo, André Jacob (2002). Description des arts et des métiers. Le menuisier en bâtiment (in French). Bibliothèque de l'image. ISBN 978-2914661423. * Roubo, André Jacob; Williams, Donald C.; Pietryka-Pagán, Michele (2013). To Make as Perfectly as Possible: Roubo on Marquetry. Lost Art Press. ISBN 978-0985077754. * Roubo, André Jacob (1769–1775). L'Art Du Menuisier (in French). Vol. 1–4. Paris: Académie des Sciences. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * VIAF \| \| National \| * France * BnF data * Germany * United States \| \| Artists \| * RKD Artists * ULAN \| \| People \| * Deutsche Biographie * Trove \|
Abbot of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre Not to be confused with Hugh (abbot of Saint-Quentin). Hugh the Abbot (died 12 May 886) was a member of the Welf family, a son of Conrad I of Auxerre and Adelaide. After his father's death, his mother apparently married Robert the Strong, the margrave of Neustria. On Robert's death in 866, Hugh became the regent and guardian for Robert's sons, Odo and Robert. Hugh entered the monastery and rose to become abbot of Saint-Germain d'Auxerre. Despite his vows, he was no peaceful, contemplative monk but the epitome of the warrior-monk of his age. King Charles the Bald sent him on a military expedition to the Nivernais. One can see in this the clerical tendency to support the reigning dynasty against the great vassals. Hugh welcomed Charles when the king had to flee during an 858 invasion of Louis the German, when his vassals refused him aid and rebelled under Robert the Strong. When Robert regained favour, Hugh was exiled to Lotharingia, where he became archbishop of Cologne (864). However, he was soon called back to France. In 866, upon Robert's death, Hugh received all the former's abbacies, including Noirmoutiers and Saint-Martin de Tours, counties, including Tours, and the margraviate between the Seine and the Loire (Neustria). The only lands the sons of Robert inherited were in Beauce and Touraine. Despite being Robert's opponent during his life, after his death Hugh became the guardian of Robert's children. Hugh was endued with great political sense and fought the Vikings vigorously. He was the archchaplain of the royal court and one of the chief ministers of the joint-kings Louis III and Carloman. Hugh tried to maintain the alliance of the related Carolingian monarchs against the Vikings. He united all the Carolingian kingdoms against the usurper Boso of Provence. He supported Charles the Fat on his succession to West Francia in 884, but he died before he could lend aid to the defence of Paris during the siege of 885–86. Sources ------- * MacLean, Simon. Kingship and Politics in the Late Ninth Century: Charles the Fat and the end of the Carolingian Empire. Cambridge University Press: 2003. \| \| \| \| Preceded byGunther \| Archbishop of Cologne 864 \| Succeeded byWilbert(from 870) \| \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * VIAF \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
Highway in Oregon For the unsigned Highway 51, see Wilsonville-Hubbard Highway. Oregon Route 51 is an Oregon state highway running between Monmouth, Oregon and an intersection with Oregon Route 22 west of Salem. OR 51 traverses several highways of the Oregon state highway system: the Monmouth–Independence Highway No. 43 and the Independence Highway No. 193. The route lies completely within Polk County. The Independence Highway previously continued south to US 20. Route description ----------------- OR 51 starts, at its southern terminus, in the city of Monmouth, at an intersection with Oregon Route 99W and Oregon Route 194. It heads due east from there for approximately 2+1⁄2 miles, reaching the neighboring city of Independence. In Independence, it turns north, running parallel to the Willamette River, and continues for 6 miles (9.7 km). OR 51 terminates at an intersection with OR 22 near Brunks Corner. While no significant improvements are planned to OR 51 itself; a proposed project to improve OR 22 includes conversion of the (notoriously dangerous) intersection between OR 51 and OR 22 into a grade-separated interchange. Major intersections ------------------- Milepoints are as reported by ODOT and do not necessarily reflect current mileage. Z indicates overlapping mileage due to construction longer than established route, and – indicates negative mileage behind established beginning point. Segments that are locally maintained may be omitted. For routes traversing multiple named state highways, each milepoint is preceded by the corresponding state highway number. The entire route is in Polk County. \| Location \| Milepoint \| Destinations \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Monmouth \| 43 0.00 \| OR 194 – Monmouth City Center, Kings Valley \| Continuation beyond southern terminus \| \| OR 99W – Corvallis, McMinnville \| \| \| Independence \| 43 2.35 --- 193 6.34 \| South Main Street – Buena Vista, Albany \| \| \| \| 193 0.00 \| OR 22 – Salem, Dallas \| \| \| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi \|
Scottish golfer Sybil Whigham, from a 1907 publication. Sybil Whigham, also seen as Sibyl Whigham and later as Sybil Nicholson (29 July 1871 – after March 1954), was a Scottish golfer. Early life ---------- Sybil Harriet Whigham was born in Tarbolton, Scotland, the daughter of David Dundas Whigham and Ellen Murray (née Campbell). Her father was a lawyer and a cricket player. She spent part of her childhood in the home of an aunt in Edinburgh. One brother was Sir Robert Whigham; another brother was golfer and journalist H. J. Whigham. Their sister Molly Whigham also played golf. "The names of the Misses Whigham are renowned all over the world where golf is played," explained fellow player May Hezlet in 1907. "Miss Molly Whigham is perhaps the more brilliant player, but Miss Sibyl Whigham is the steadier, and the one who takes part in a greater number of meetings." Career ------ Sybil Whigham was an "accomplished player" by the turn into the twentieth century. Her home course was at Prestwick. She was credited as having the longest drive of any woman golfer in her day, surpassing 230 yards. In 1895 she played in the British Ladies Amateur at Royal Portrush Golf Club in Ireland. In 1900 she and her sister played in the British Ladies Amateur at the Royal North Devon Golf Club. In 1901 she defeated May Hezlet before losing to Rhona Adair at the British Ladies Amateur in Aberdovey, Wales. She was a semifinalist at the British Ladies Amateur at Deal in 1902, and played at the British Ladies Amateur at Troon in 1904. She returned to the links in 1919, for a competition at the Addington course in Croydon. Personal life ------------- Sybil Whigham married Capt. W. H. Nicholson of the Royal Navy, in 1912. She was widowed when he died at Sidmouth in 1932. She lived in Woking for much of her adult life, appearing in electoral registers there from 1918 to 1945, and was a member of the Women's Voluntary Service during World War II. She was mentioned as Sybil Nicholson, one of the two surviving sisters of H. J. Whigham, in the latter's obituary in 1954. Her niece and namesake Sybil Whigham Young was a socialite and equestrian in 1930s New York. Another socialite niece, Margaret Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, was at the center of a particularly salacious divorce scandal in 1963.
Former American trucking and logistics company Consolidated Freightways (CF) was an American multinational less-than-truckload (LTL) freight service and logistics company founded on April 1, 1929, in Portland, Oregon, and later relocated to Vancouver, Washington. Affectionately known as "CornFlakes", Consolidated Freightways was also the founder of the Freightliner line of heavy trucks, now owned by Daimler Trucks. At its height, the company possessed over 350 terminals, employing more than 15,000 truck drivers, dock workers, dispatchers and management. Consolidated Freightways was once the nation's number one long-haul trucking company and the 3rd largest-ever US bankruptcy filing, ceasing business in 2002. History ------- ### Foundation and early history Consolidated Freightways was founded on April 1, 1929 by Leland James in Portland, Oregon. Originally a single truck LTL operation, in the early days James combined four local short-haul carriers in the Portland area into a single carrier. At the beginning, the company primarily focused on the Portland area before expanding into the region. James was an innovator focused on improving the product capacity of his truck and trailer combinations. Length laws were stringent in the 1930s, so if a company were to survive they had to be innovative. James purchased his custom power units from Freightways Manufacturing Company and helped to design the first Cab Over Engine (COE) power units used in the US. These COE power units were lightweight and short, allowing for an additional freight box mounted on the frame of the truck behind the cab for single trailer units. Shorter COE units without the frame-mounted freight box could haul longer than normal short trailers hitched as doubles. Both of these configurations allowed each combination to haul more freight than standard configurations. These innovations in truck and trailer design and configuration led to CF founding Freightways Manufacturing in 1939. It was later re-branded as Freightliner Manufacturing. Over the subsequent years, CF acquired additional manufacturing companies including railroad equipment manufacturer Transicold Corporation and glass fiber product manufacturer Technic-Glas Corporation. In the late 1930s, CF began serving the Northwest US region and down the West coast into California but by the late 1940s had routes as far east as Chicago. The company operated about 1,600 pieces of equipment by 1950 with revenues of US$24 million. The company went public in November 1951, opening on the New York Stock Exchange at $1.80. Under strict regulation in the 1950s, CF grew primarily through acquiring smaller competitors, totaling 53 by the end of the decade. This was carried out under the leadership of CF president Jack Snead who took the position in 1955. By 1959, the company was the largest common carrier in the US with revenues of US$146 million and almost 11,000 employees. Its operations covered 34 states plus Canada and included 13,800 pieces of equipment. ### Restructuring and refocus Following a half-decade of expansion through acquisitions, most of which were not integrated with one another, the company's financials were unstable and it reported a US$2.7 million loss for 1960. This led to a change in leadership at CF with William White replacing Snead as president in 1960. Under White's leadership, CF underwent restructuring or sale of many of the company's subsidiaries, including a small parcel company, with the goal of restoring the company's focus and centralizing management. These moves resulted in a turnaround in financial performance and by 1969 the company had US$451 million in revenue. CF created specialized truckload division, CF Arrowhead, in 1980 based in Menlo Park CA. This subsidiary was a union owner-operator company with specialized trailers, such as flat beds, drop decks and heavy haul, to service their existing customers with freight that couldn't be transported in CF's van trailers. By 1981, the company's stock was valued at $38.00/share. Also in 1981, CF won a case before the U.S. Supreme Court, Kassel v. Consolidated Freightways Corp. The court found that Iowa's length restriction on tractor-trailers violated the Dormant Commerce Clause. CF ventured into regional trucking in 1983 with its Con-Way carriers. Consolidated Freightways' drivers and dockworkers were unionized, and the new Con-Way companies (Con-way Central Express (CCX), Con-way Western Express (CWX), Con-way Eastern Express (CEX), etc.) were nonunion, creating tense relations with CF's Teamsters. CEX was the former Penn-Yan Express, and was union, but Conway dissolved the company and later allowed CCX to assume its routes, thereby eliminating all union affiliation with the company. On April 3, 1989, CF purchased Emery Air Freight Corp. and its subsidiary Purolator Courier Corporation. CF merged its pre-existing air freight operation, CF Air Freight, into Emery which it renamed Emery Worldwide. This division was union. However, Purolator carried significant debt meaning Emery as a whole was losing almost US$1 million a day at the time of acquisition. By the early 1990s, the Con-way companies were doing well, representing about US$600 million of CF's revenue, and CF's long-haul operation, CF MotorFreight, was successful as well. However, they were dragged down by Emery leading CF to a company-wide loss of US$41 million with a debt load of US$614 million in 1990. As it had in the 1960's, CF again put in place new management and restructured and refocused the company in the early 1990s, this time with specific attention to the Emery division. The changes, including a complete restructure of Emery's overnight service, were successful at bringing Emery to a better financial position and by 1995 it was the most profitable company in the air freight industry. ### Company split A defaced Consolidated Freightways trailer For the post-split history of CF successor initially called CNF Transportation, see Con-way. In 1996, Consolidated Freightways, Inc. spun off its unionized long-haul trucking business, CF MotorFreight and four other long-haul subsidiaries, from its non-union LTL operations and related businesses creating two separate publicly traded companies. The long-haul group was renamed Consolidated Freightways Corporation and the former parent company, Consolidated Freightways, Inc. was renamed CNF Transportation Inc. The name was chosen to reflect the company's long-time stock ticker symbol, CNF. CNF retained the Con-Way regional LTL companies, Emery Worldwide, and the growing logistics business, Menlo Logistics. The spinoff long-haul trucking company, now called Consolidated Freightways Corporation, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy on September 3, 2002, and ceased operations. Due to poor fleet maintenance, Emery Worldwide Airlines ceased operations in December, 2001. The next year Emery Worldwide’s freight forwarding operations were rebranded as Menlo Worldwide Forwarding, and Emery Global Logistics was absorbed into Menlo Logistics. Menlo Worldwide Forwarding was sold to UPS in 2004. On April 18, 2006, CNF Transportation re-branded itself under a new name, Con-Way, and remained in operation until October 30, 2015, when they were acquired by Greenwich, Connecticut-based XPO Logistics, Inc. Subsidiaries ------------ ### Freightliner A White/Freightliner truck Main article: Freightliner Trucks Freightliner Manufacturing, founded by CF as Freightways Manufacturing in 1939 was a key to CF's early success. To begin with, Freightliner only built equipment for CF but in 1951 the company contracted Ohio-based White Motor Company to market and sell the excess trucks that CF didn't need, as it expanded, creating the White/Freightliner name. CF also built their own trailers, eliminating the middleman and allowing for costs to stay low. By purchasing custom trucks from a company they owned and building their own trailers, CF was able to hold a strategic advantage over its competition. Freightliner terminated its contracts with White in 1977 and began to build a network of direct agent and dealer relationships. However, forced by a deregulation bill passed by Congress in 1980, CF sold its truck manufacturing business and the Freightliner brand to Daimler AG on July 31, 1981. Picture is a 1/2 scale replica ### Con-way Con-way Freight truck Main article: Con-way Freight Con-way was founded by CF to serve as a non-union short-haul LTL carrier subsidiary in 1983. The name came from the beginning of Consolidated and the end of Freightways. Con-way was intended to act regionally and began in May 1983 with a subsidiary, Con-way Western Express (CWX), in three western states. In June, Con-way Central Express (CCX) started operations in the Midwest. These carriers together had 230 employees and 334 pieces of equipment and on their first day of operations handled 113 shipments. CWX and CCX were followed by Con-way Southern Express (CSE) and Con-way Eastern Express (CEX) to serve the Southern and Eastern regions of the US, respectively. All except CEX, which was formerly Penn-Yan Express, were non-union. Shortly after its formation, Con-way dissolved CEX and allowed CCX to assume its routes turning Con-way into a fully non-union organization. By the early 1990s, Con-way was bringing in about US$600 million in revenue for CF. When CF split in 1996, Con-way continued to be owned by CNF Transportation Inc. the parent company formerly called Consolidated Freightways, Inc. In 2006, CNF Transportation changed its name to Con-way, Inc. and its former Con-way subsidiary became Con-way Freight. Con-way, Inc. along with Con-way Freight and its other subsidiaries, was acquired by XPO Logistics in 2015 and by May 9, 2017 the Con-way brand had been retired with XPO completing its integration the company into the XPO Logistics brand. ### Menlo Logistics A Menlo facility in Singapore Main article: Menlo Logistics Menlo Logistics Inc. was founded by CF in October 26, 1990 to provide warehouse, inventory, and transportation management services. Its name was intended to evoke California's Menlo Park and that area's connections with high-tech industries. The subsidiary's purpose was to provide its services through custom systems and software to allow Menlo clients to fully integrate supply chains. When CF split in 1996, Menlo was retained by the parent company, renamed CNF Transportation. Menlo founded a joint venture subsidiary, Vector SCM, along with General Motors (GM) in 2000 as a global supply chain management company focused on the automotive industry. In 2002 Menlo was renamed Menlo Worldwide Logistics when CNF merged it with Vector SCM and CNF subsidiary Emery Worldwide Forwarding, a former subsidiary of the then-defunct Emery Air Freight. Emery Worldwide Forwarding was later renamed Menlo Worldwide Forwarding. Later, Menlo Logistics absorbed another former Emery Air Freight subsidiary, Emery Global Logistics. Menlo Logistics subsidiary Menlo Worldwide Forwarding was sold to UPS in 2004 and the same year the logistics unit of CNF's Con-Way Transportation Service, Con-way Logistics, was merged into Menlo Logistics. Two years later, GM bought out Menlo Logistics' interest in Vector SCM. In 2007, Menlo Logistics acquired Singapore-based Cougar Holdings and Shanghai-based Chic Holdings. Menlo Logistics along with its parent company, by then renamed Con-way, Inc. was acquired by XPO in 2015. Following the acquisition, Menlo was folded into XPO and the brand was retired. ### Emery Worldwide An Emery Worldwide aircraft landing at Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport in 2000 Main article: Emery Worldwide Airlines The predecessor of Emery Worldwide, Emery Air Freight, had been founded in 1946 and acquired Purolator Courier, Inc. in 1987. When CF bought Emery Worldwide in 1989, CF merged its existing air freight subsidiary, CF Air Freight, into Emery to form Emery Worldwide, A CF Company. However, Purolator's debt load meant Emery was losing almost US$1 million a day at the time of acquisition. This led CF to restructure Emery, particularly its overnight service, bringing it to profitability by the mid 1990s. When CF split in 1996, Emery was retained by the parent company, renamed CNF Transportation. But, due to poor fleet maintenance, Emery shut down aircraft operations in 2001 and in 2002 its air freight forwarding division, Emery Worldwide Forwarding which continued to operate, was put under CNF subsidiary Menlo Worldwide Logistics. It was later renamed Menlo Worldwide Forwarding and was acquired by UPS in 2004. Following Emery's shut-down, Menlo Logistics absorbed former Emery subsidiary Emery Global Logistics. UPS continued to use the name Emery Worldwide for the air freight operations of UPS subsidiary UPS Supply Chain Solutions.
American politician John L. Pennington (1829 – July 9, 1900) was an American politician and newspaper publisher. He was an Alabama state senator, and the fifth Governor of Dakota Territory. Biography --------- Pennington was born at the town of New Berne in Craven County, North Carolina. He started a career in journalism by working as an apprentice for the "Raleigh Star." In 1856, Pennington founded the "Columban" in Columbia, South Carolina. In 1857, he founded the "Daily Progress" in New Bern, North Carolina. After leaving the newspaper business in 1866, Pennington became a member of the Republican party and joined the carpetbaggers in Alabama, where he served as a member of the Alabama legislature until 1873. On January 1, 1874, Pennington was appointed as Governor of Dakota Territory by President Ulysses S. Grant after a recommendation by George E. Spencer. In 1875, Pennington County was established and named after the governor. During Pennington's time as governor, the gold rush was starting in the Black Hills; Jack McCall was tried and hanged in Yankton for the murder of "Wild Bill" Hickok; and, railroad construction and immigration had both slowed. People in the Black Hills wanted control over their own political future; and, separatists wanted to form their own territory called Lincoln. In the spring of 1877, Judge Granville was assigned to the Black Hills judicial district; and as a result, the separatist movement ended. Because of his lack of popularity in the Black Hills and negative reports on his character in Yankton, Pennington was replaced by William Alanson Howard as Governor of Dakota Territory in April 1878. He was part of the "Yankton Gang" that tried to consolidate territorial power in their city. However, Pennington was considered to be more honest than most of the appointed governors and he continued to live in Yankton after leaving the governorship. He built several houses and a major commercial structure in the city. Governor Howard appointed Pennington as collector of internal revenue for Dakota Territory. In 1885, Pennington returned to journalism and established the "Weekly Telegram" at Yankton. In September 1883, Pennington attended the constitutional convention in Sioux Falls, where he opposed dividing Dakota Territory into two states. In 1891, Pennington left Yankton, South Dakota, to resume journalism in the South. He died in Anniston, Alabama and is buried at the Oxford Cemetery in nearby Oxford, Alabama. Governor Pennington's home at 410 E. Third Street in Yankton, built in 1875, is one of that city's most historical structures and the only territorial governor's home still standing. Pennington was a journalist; the house is now home to South Dakota Magazine, a publication that explores the history and culture of the state. Two smaller houses also built by Pennington are part of the magazine's small campus.
Austrian painter (1820–1906) Commemorative plaque at his birthplace Anton Schrödl (19 February 1820, Schwechat - 5 July 1906, Vienna) was an Austrian painter of animals and genre scenes. Biography --------- His ancestry can be traced back to 1428; to the Imperial Toll Collector in Ybbs, Hans Schrötel von Schröttenstein. His father, Joseph Schrödl, was an iron merchant. His older brother, Norbert Michael Schrödl (1816–1890), was an ivory carver and sculptor whose sons, Norbert [de] and Leopold [de] also became artists (a painter and sculptor, respectively). When he was still very young, his family's financial circumstances worsened and he was placed under the guardianship of a relative in Vienna. At the age of only thirteen, he was able to enroll at the Academy of Fine Arts, where he studied with the flower painter, Sebastian Wegmayr [de], and was awarded the Gundel-Prize for excellence in 1835. He began his career as a lithographer for the art publishing firm of "Matthäus und Joseph Trentsensky". Animals and landscape paintings were his specialties. He first attracted notice in 1841, at one of the Academy's exhibitions. Between 1860 and 1870, he worked as a garden designer. His major project was the "Tiergarten am Schüttel", a zoo at the Prater, which closed in 1901. Although he never served as a Professor at the Academy, he took numerous students; among them, Johann Nepomuk Geller (1860–1954), Alphons Leopold Mielich, Alfred Jirasek (1863–1931) and Gustav Ranzoni [ru]. He travelled widely every summer, including a trip to Algeria with Count Johann Nepomuk Wilczek in 1870, which produced some very popular lithographs. But, despite his successes, his financial situation was never secure, so he was forced to auction off his remaining works in 1899. He was married, but had no children. He died, aged eighty-six, in Vienna's Leopoldstadt district and was interred at the Wiener Zentralfriedhof. His estate was auctioned off in 1907, at the Vienna Künstlerhaus. Selected paintings ------------------ * Farmhouse Room with Still-lifeFarmhouse Room with Still-life * In the Farmhouse GardenIn the Farmhouse Garden * Farmer at the Well in Bruck-FuschFarmer at the Well in Bruck-Fusch * The Broken BowlThe Broken Bowl Sources ------- * Constantin von Wurzbach: "Schrödl, Anton." In: Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich (Biographical Lexicon of the Empire of Austria). Part 31 Kaiserlich-königliche Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna 1876, p. 344 f. (digitalised). * A. Gehart: "Anton Schrödl". In: Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950 (ÖBL). Vol. 11, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-7001-2803-7, p. 235 f. (Direct links to "p. 235", "p. 236")
British Royal Navy officer (1812–1883) Admiral Sir James Crawford Caffin (1812–1883) was a British Royal Navy officer, who rose to the rank of admiral. Life ---- He was son of William Caffin of the Royal Laboratory, Woolwich. He entered the navy in 1824, and in 1827 was midshipman of the frigate HMS Cambrian at the Battle of Navarino, and when she was wrecked off Carabusa on 31 January 1828. In August 1831 Caffin passed his examination, and in October 1834 was appointed to the shore establishment (or "stone frigate") HMS Excellent, then recently organised as a school of gunnery. He went on to serve for two years as gunnery-mate of HMS Asia in the Mediterranean, and on his promotion to the rank of lieutenant, 28 June 1838, he was again appointed to Excellent, in which, with but a short break, he remained for the next three years. Caffin was made commander on 7 March 1842, and studied for some months at the Royal Naval College at Portsmouth. He was appointed, together with an artillery officer, to investigate and report on a celebrated claim to invention, Samuel Alfred Warner's "Long Range" secret weapon. The report was unfavourable, and the reputation of Warner's alleged invention waned. In February 1845 Caffin was one of a commission for experimenting on the relative merits of paddle and screw; and their report paved the way for the general introduction of the screw-propeller into the navy. On 11 October 1847 he was advanced to post rank; in 1854 he commanded HMS Penelope in the Baltic, and was present at the reduction of Bomarsund; and in 1855 he commanded HMS Hastings at the bombardment of Sveaborg, when, with the other captains, he was made a C.B. on 5 July. On his return from the Baltic Caffin was appointed director-general of naval ordnance, and vice-president of the ordnance select committee at the War Office. In 1858 he was appointed director of stores in the war department, an office which he held till 1868. On his retirement he was made a civil K.C.B. He had previously, 2 December 1865, attained his flag-rank, but, not having served his time at sea, was placed on the retired list, on which he duly advanced to the higher grades—vice-admiral, 2 November 1871, and admiral, 1 August 1877. Caffin died on 24 May 1883 at Blackheath, London, where he had lived for several years, the centre of a religious society. Family ------ Caffin married in 1843 Frances, daughter of William Atfield of Cosham, Hampshire, who died in 1871. His son Crawford, a commander in the navy, received his promotion for his services in the transport department during the Anglo-Zulu War in 1879.
"Fort Monroe Doctrine" redirects here. For the US policy that opposed European colonialism in the Americas, see Monroe Doctrine. Freed slaves working with the Union Contraband camp, Baton Rouge, circa 1863, buildings formerly used as a Female Seminary; image ascribed to McPherson & Oliver (LSU Libraries item 13940009r) A version of the "Fort Monroe Doctrine" cartoon that was drawn on an envelope, reprinted in History of the 19th Century in Caricature (1904) Contraband was a term commonly used in the US military during the American Civil War to describe a new status for certain people who escaped slavery or those who affiliated with Union forces. In August 1861, the Union Army and the US Congress determined that the US would no longer return people who escaped slavery who went to Union lines, but they would be classified as "contraband of war," or captured enemy property. They used many as laborers to support Union efforts and soon began to pay wages. These self-emancipated freedmen set up camps near Union forces, often with army assistance and supervision. The army helped to support and educate both adults and children among the refugees. Thousands of men from these camps enlisted in the United States Colored Troops when recruitment started in 1863. One particular contraband camp, which had 6,000 "runaway negroes", was in Natchez, Mississippi, and was visited by General Ulysses S. Grant with some of his family and staff in 1863. By the end of the war, more than one hundred contraband camps were operating in the Southern United States, including the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island, North Carolina. In Roanoke Island, approximately 3,500 formerly enslaved people worked to develop a self-sufficient community. A unique view of a temporary contraband camp, in this case located in the town square of Opelousas, Louisiana from April to May 10, 1863, appears in a report submitted to Louisiana's Confederate governor Henry W. Allen and published 1865. The account was written by a Confederate officer from St. Landry Parish, most likely Gen. John G. Pratt: > The accomplished officer who presided over the scenes daily enacted in this barracoon was the "Military Governor of Opelousas," Col. Chickering, of the 41st Massachusetts regiment, who occupied the most conspicuous residence, fronting the entrance of the church. From his eligible position he had, as from the royal box at the opera, the most comprehensive view of the scenes passing beneath. Morning and evening, as he promenaded his spacious gallery, in all the glitter of military button and strap, he passed in review the living panorama before him, which was to furnish such valuable acquisitions to the confiscated plantations on the Lafourche and the coast. The scenes which he so complacently surveyed will long live in the memory of the then inhabitants of the town. In one place groups of human beings, with melancholy faces, were crouched on the earth around some decaying embers; in another, men, women and children were moving in some African dance to the discordant chant of a hundred voices; in another, crowds were reclining in listless idleness on the ground, in every attitude that betrays the vacant mind; in another, half clad men and women were feasting and rioting amidst peals and shouts of unearthly merriments; in another, awkward field hands, grotesquely dressed, were being taken through the exercises of squad drill and the manual of arms, while in the midst of all these scenes blue-coated officers and men were seen in amorous dalliance with the colored Aspasias of the town, exhibiting, in their degradation, a contempt for the commonest decencies of life. Nor was the spectacle less humiliating in the church. From its sacred chancel a half-crazy negro, with the voice of a Stentor and the fire of Peter the Hermit, declaimed in a barbaric jargon to an auditory whose appreciation was manifested in wild shouts and screams. The declamation of the preacher, in which the name of God was connected with ideas of heathen superstition, seemed to light up in the minds of his hearers the dormant spark of African barbarism which had smouldered for generations. > > Contraband refugee camps have been described as "simultaneously humanitarian crises and incubators for a new relationship between African Americans and the U.S. government." History ------- The status of Southern-owned slaves became an issue early in 1861, not long after hostilities began in the American Civil War. Fort Monroe, in Hampton Roads, Virginia, was a major Union stronghold which never fell to the Confederate States of America, despite its close proximity to their capital city, Richmond. On May 24, 1861, three men, Frank Baker, Shepard Mallory and James Townsend, escaped enslavement by crossing Hampton Roads harbor at night from the Confederate-occupied Norfolk County, Virginia, and seeking refuge in Fort Monroe. Prior to their escape, these three men had been forced to help construct an artillery battery at Sewell's Point, aimed at Fort Monroe. The Commander of Fort Monroe, Major General Benjamin Butler, refused to return Baker, Malloy, and Townsend, to the Confederate officer who asked to re-enslave them. Prior to the War, the owners of the slaves would have been legally entitled to request their return (as property) under the federal 1850 Fugitive Slave Act. But, Virginia had declared (by secession) that it no longer was part of the United States. General Butler, who was educated as an attorney, took the position that, if Virginia considered itself a foreign power to the U.S. then he was under no obligation to return the three men; he would hold them as "contraband of war." When Butler refused the request, it effectively recognized the seceded states as foreign entities. As a result, President Abraham Lincoln disapproved of it, not wanting to grant such recognition to those states. ### The Term "Contraband" As early as 1812, the term "contraband" was used in general language to refer to illegally smuggled goods (including enslaved people). However its use was given a new context during the American Civil War after Butler's decision. "Contraband of War" by Thomas Nast, New York Illustrated News, June 15,1861, p. 96 One of the first uses of the term by the press is Thomas Nast’s illustration "Contraband of War" published in the New York Illustrated News, June 15, 1861. General Butler is depicted with "contraband" clutching his leg while holding the "Southern villain" at bay. General Butler's written statements and communications with the War Department requesting guidance on the issue of fugitive slaves did not use the term "contraband." As late as August 9, 1861, he used the term "slaves" for fugitives who had come to Fort Monroe. Gen. Butler did not pay these men wages for work that they began to undertake, and he continued to refer to them as "slaves." On August 10, 1861, Acting Master William Budd of the gunboat USS Resolute first used the term in an official US military record. On September 25, 1861, the Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles issued a directive to give "persons of color, commonly known as contrabands", in the employment of the Union Navy pay at the rate of $10 per month and a full day's ration. Three weeks later, the Union Army followed suit, paying male "contrabands" at Fort Monroe $8 a month and females $4, specific to that command. In August, the US Congress passed the Confiscation Act of 1861, which declared that any property used by the Confederate military, including enslaved people, could be confiscated by Union forces. The next March, its Act Prohibiting the Return of Slaves forbade returning enslaved persons to Confederate enslavers, whether private citizens or the Confederate military. Grand Contraband Camp --------------------- Main article: Grand Contraband Camp, Virginia The word of this policy spread quickly among enslaved communities in southeastern Virginia. While becoming a "contraband" did not mean full freedom, many people living under slavery considered it a step in that direction. The day after Butler's decision, many more people emancipated themselves by escaping and finding their way to Fort Monroe and where they appealed to become "contraband". As the number of formerly enslaved people grew too large to be housed inside the Fort, the contrabands built housing outside the crowded base. The first was Camp Hamilton, a military encampment just outside the walls of the fort. A larger encampment was built in the ruins of the City of Hampton (which had been burned by Confederate troops after learning of the plan to house the contrabands there). They called their new settlement the Grand Contraband Camp. It gained the nickname "Slabtown" due to being built from the remnants of Hampton. Conflicts arose when Union troops evicted the contrabands so that they could be quartered in the camp, and when black men living there were systematically forced to join the Union Army. By the end of the war in April 1865, less than four years later, an estimated 10,000 people escaped slavery and applied to gain "contraband" status, with many living nearby. Across the South, Union forces managed more than 100 contraband camps, although not all were as large. The 1,500 contrabands behind federal lines at Harpers Ferry were kidnapped and re-enslaved when Confederates took the town. From a camp on Roanoke Island that started in 1862, Horace James developed the Freedmen's Colony of Roanoke Island (1863–1867). Appointed by the Union Army, James was a Congregational chaplain who, with the freedmen, tried to create a self-sustaining colony at the island. ### Education Efforts Main articles: American Missionary Association and Mary S. Peake Within the Grand Contraband Camp, the pioneering teacher Mary S. Peake began to teach both adult and child contrabands to read and write. She was the first Black teacher hired by the American Missionary Association, which also sent numerous Northern white teachers across the South to teach newly-emancipated Black people both during the Civil War and in the Reconstruction era. The area where Peake taught in Elizabeth City County later became part of the campus of Hampton University, a historically black college. Defying a Virginia law against educating slaves, Peake and other teachers held classes outdoors under a large oak tree. In 1863, President Abraham Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation was read to the contrabands and free blacks there, for which the tree was named the Emancipation Oak. By 1863, a total of four schools had been set up in the Camp by the American Missionary Association, including one at the former home of disgraced President John Tyler. For most of the contrabands, full emancipation did not take place until the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which abolished slavery except for incarcerated people, was ratified in late 1865. Development of other Contraband Camps ------------------------------------- Contraband camps developed around many Union-held forts and encampments. In 1863, after the Emancipation Proclamation and authorization of black military units, thousands of free black people began to enlist in the United States Colored Troops. The Army allowed their families to take refuge at contraband camps. The black troops ultimately comprised nearly ten percent of all the troops in the Union Army. By the end of the war, more than one hundred contraband camps had been developed in the South. Many were assisted by missionary teachers recruited from the North by the American Missionary Association and other groups who, together with free blacks and freedmen, agreed that education of the formerly enslaved people was of the highest priority. The teachers often wrote about the desire of freed people, both adults and children, for education. Gallery ------- * A contemporary cartoon showing slaves escaping to Fort Monroe after Gen. Butler's decree that all slaves behind Union lines would be protected. The policy was called the "Fort Monroe Doctrine", alluding to Butler's headquarters at the Fort.A contemporary cartoon showing slaves escaping to Fort Monroe after Gen. Butler's decree that all slaves behind Union lines would be protected. The policy was called the "Fort Monroe Doctrine", alluding to Butler's headquarters at the Fort. * Envelope showing contrabands (escaped slaves) speaking with Union General Butler.Envelope showing contrabands (escaped slaves) speaking with Union General Butler. * Contraband camp at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), about 1861. Note John Brown's Fort in background.Contraband camp at Harpers Ferry, Virginia (now West Virginia), about 1861. Note John Brown's Fort in background. * Escaped slaves meeting Union troops, 1862.Escaped slaves meeting Union troops, 1862. * Photograph taken about 1862 of a contraband servant named John Henry in a Union Army Camp.Photograph taken about 1862 of a contraband servant named John Henry in a Union Army Camp. * Photo entitled: "What do I want, John Henry"?, Warrenton, Virginia, 1862, showing 2nd from left John Henry and 4 Union officers.Photo entitled: "What do I want, John Henry"?, Warrenton, Virginia, 1862, showing 2nd from left John Henry and 4 Union officers. * Frank Leslie's Illustrated News - Contrabands accompanying the line of Sherman's march through GeorgiaFrank Leslie's Illustrated News - Contrabands accompanying the line of Sherman's march through Georgia * A contraband school, held outdoors. Note teacher, in coat and tie, on mound at left.A contraband school, held outdoors. Note teacher, in coat and tie, on mound at left. Further reading --------------- * Manning, Chandra (December 19, 2017). "Contraband Camps and the African American Refugee Experience during the Civil War". American History. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.203. ISBN 978-0-19-932917-5.
Musfiq Mannan Choudhury is a professor of Business and Information Systems at the University of Dhaka and Commissioner of Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission. He is the chairman of the Board of Trustees of the World University of Bangladesh. He is former chief advisor of World University of Bangladesh. Early life ---------- Choudhury's father, Abdul Mannan Choudhury, is the Vice-Chancellor of World University of Bangladesh. He did his bachelor's degree in management studies and masters in Human Resource Management at the University of Dhaka in 1998 and 1999 respectively. He did his PhD at Durham University in 2008 in Electronic Commerce. Career ------ Choudhury was a Research Fellow in Digital Marketing at the University of Southampton from 1 September 2011 to 1 March 2014. He is the chief advisor of World University of Bangladesh. Choudhury was the secretary of World University of Bangladesh in 2015. In 2019, Choudhury was the acting chairman of World University of Bangladesh. He oversaw the inauguration of the permanent campus of the World University of Bangladesh in Sector-17, Uttara. He is the director of Center for Development and Institutional Studies at the University of Dhaka. Choudhury was appointed Commissioner of Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission in December 2022.
Sidney Parker, also known as S. E. Parker, (9 November 1929 – December 2012) was an English egoist and a former individualist anarchist who wrote articles and edited several journals from 1963–1993. Notably Parker wrote the introductions to the books Might is Right (Loompanics Unlimited, 1984) and The Ego and Its Own (Rebel Press, 1982) by Max Stirner. Life and work ------------- Parker was born in Birmingham. He quit school at the age of fourteen and never entered formal studies. In the early 1950s he used to "soap-box" at Speaker's Corner in London's Hyde Park, normally just opening the Sunday afternoon meetings of the then London Anarchist Group. He summarized his career as follows: "[He] has worked his way through the Young Communist League (1944-1946), the British Federation of Young Co-operators (1946-1947), and virtually all the different varieties of anarchism (1947-1982), to emerge as his own man, the penny of conscious egoism having finally dropped." In 1993 Parker looked back on his career by comparing his first editorial (1963) with a last statement (1993) on his position. In 1963, having arrived at individual anarchism, he had written: "If anarchism is not individualist, then it becomes hodge-podge, half-way house between socialist and democratic myths and the impulse to individual sovereignty." The name of his journal, Minus One, was derived from his statement: "Individualist anarchists are people who do not want to be just 'a plus one in the statistical millions.'" Slowly he emancipated himself from "the closed world of anarchists". The "emotional capital" he had invested in anarchism was such "that I did not finally renounce my adherence to it until almost twenty years later [around 1983]." The anarchism he had finally abandoned was "a creed of social transformation aiming at the ending of all domination and exploitation of man by man", with the "central tenet": "Dominating People Is Wrong". After Parker had changed from individualist anarchist to conscious egoist, and as such, he "can see no reason why I should not dominate others [...] Egoism leaves any way open to me for which I am empowered." Parker closed these final statements with a quotation, not by Max Stirner, but by Ragnar Redbeard. Parker worked from 1961 to 1994 for British Rail. He died in London. Editor and Author ----------------- Parker founded and edited a journal that appeared subsequently under three resp. four different titles: * Minus One + from September 1963 (No. 1) to [autumn] 1980 (No. 44), average 10 pp, irregular intervals * EGO (incorporating Minus One); subtitle: An Individualist Review + from 1982 (No. 1) to 1993 (No. 15), (Nos. 4 to 12 titled The Egoist), average 10 pp + No. 16/17 (1994) was a commemorative issue, celebrating the 150th anniversary of Max Stirner's Der Einzige und sein Eigentum. Parker noted on p. 20: "From the next issue Ego will be incorporated into Non-Serviam which is edited and published by Svein Olav Nyberg. However, I intend to issue occasional 'viewsletters', usually consisting of one or two A4 sized pages." Two of these issues appeared under the title En Marge: No.1 (August 1995), No.2 (September 1996). Contributions to these journals were made by Parker himself and the following authors: Max Stirner, Dora Marsden, Benjamin De Casseres, James J. Martin, Murray Rothbard, Donald Rooum, Laurance Labadie, Lyman Tower Sargent, Émile Armand, James L. Walker, Renzo Novatore, Francis Ellingham, Enzo Martucci a.o. Reception --------- One early reaction to Parker's ideas was that of Lyman Tower Sargent, who later became one of the world's foremost scholars on utopian studies. He contributed to Parker's journal Minus One. In the first edition of his book Contemporary political Ideologies (1969) he presented Parker as "one of the very few living theorists" of Individualist Anarchism. In later revised editions Parker is no longer mentioned.
Italian-American photographer Severo Antonelli (ca. July 17, 1907 – December 9, 1995) was an Italian-American photographer often associated with the Futurist movement. Early years ----------- Born in Fara Filiorum Petri, Chieti, Italy, in 1907, Antonelli arrived in Philadelphia with his family when he was fourteen. His father, a cabinet maker working for the Victor company, died when he was seventeen. Antonelli left school to support the family. In the evenings he attended classes at the Graphic Sketch Club in Philadelphia. In 1925 he opened his own studio in Philadelphia. He received international acclaim during the late 1920s and early 1930s. Antonelli's photographs received top awards at major shows in Paris, London, Barcelona, Rotterdam, Brussels, Rome, and Tokyo. Considered a major "futurist" artist and photographer, as well as a "photo-picturalist", he built his international reputation and career on his imaginative portrayals of the human figure and face, works that range from playful to provocative; he was also renowned for his industrial and commercial art. Community leader ---------------- Antonelli was a legendary figure in the history of the Philadelphia Italian-American community, enhancing the Italian contribution to American culture and enriching the history of photography in Philadelphia. He was active in several Italian-American organizations, such as Order Sons of Italy in America and the America-Italy Society of Philadelphia. He was one of the founding members of The Da Vinci Art Alliance located and still active in Philadelphia. In 1938 he founded the Antonelli School of Photography, later known as the Antonelli Institute Graphic Art & Photography, to train professional photographers. It proved especially popular among World War II veterans seeking training in photography. He served as its president until 1974. A few years later, the school earned national accreditation, and in 1984, it added its graphic design degree program. In 1996 it moved to Erdenheim, Pennsylvania. In July 2017, the president of the Antonelli Institute announced that the institute will close down in 2018, due to "uncertainties surrounding our future location and changes in the external environment". Much of Antonelli Institute equipment's was donated to Harcum College, which also attracted some of its former staff, as part of a plan for two new degree programs - Digital Design and Photography - which will continue "Antonelli's legacy of providing outstanding arts education". Exhibitions ----------- Severo Antonelli's work was featured (twice) in what remains the largest one-man photography exhibits ever held at the Smithsonian Institution. In 1985, Woodmere Art Museum held a retrospective of his work. Antonelli was a long-time supporter of Woodmere and in 1986 he donated more than one hundred of his photographs to the Museum, many of which are part of the permanent collection. He also donated a large sum of money to the Museum for renovations in 1987. Marriage and death ------------------ In 1985, nearly eighty years old, Antonelli married Kay McNulty, one of the first computer programmers. They enjoyed nearly nine years of marriage before he was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. He died on December 9, 1995, just before their tenth wedding anniversary.
David E. Housel has been the Director of Athletics Emeritus at Auburn University since January 2006. He is a former Director of Athletics for the Auburn Tigers Athletics Department. He was named Auburn's 13th Director of Athletics on April 1, 1994, after working in almost every area of the Auburn Athletic Department for the previous 25 years. He has dedicated more than 40 years to Auburn University, and was the athletic department's sports information director from 1981-94. David Housel graduated from Auburn University in 1969. After spending two years working in the ticket office, he began teaching journalism classes to young Auburn students. He then returned to the athletic department where he eventually rose to the position of assistant athletic director in 1985. He became athletic director in 1994 and retired after eleven successful years. Career ------ Housel graduated from Auburn University in 1969 with a degree in journalism. He was news editor of The Huntsville News 1969-70, returning to Auburn as an administrative assistant in the athletic department ticket office 1970-72. He was an instructor in journalism at Auburn University and advisor to The Plainsman 1972-80. He became Assistant Sports Information Director under Buddy Davidson on July 1, 1980, and when Davidson relinquished in 1981, Housel was named sports information director. In April 1994 Housel was named athletic director, a position held until January 2005. Today, he is regarded as the unofficial historian of Auburn University. Simply put, Auburn’s athletic department has prospered under the direction of David Housel during his years as Athletic Director. Housel is a past president of the SEC SID's, and a former chair of the NCAA Public Relations and Communications committees. He worked 18 straight Final Fours and served on the Media Coordination Committee from 1983 through 1994 when he was named Athletic Director. He has also served on the District III Postgraduate Scholarship Committee, and has served as chair of the Dean's Council for Auburn's College of Liberal Arts. Housel was also a member of the NCAA Championships Cabinet and the Executive Committee of the Southeastern Conference. David has always stated that his top priority was to leave Auburn better than he found it. Not only did David leave Auburn better than he found it, he left countless coaches, student-athletes, staff and Auburn men and women everywhere better for having known him. Auburn won more than 30 Southeastern Conference titles during Housel’s tenure as AD, and an average of 14 Auburn teams a year advanced to post-season play during that span. Auburn Athletics also experienced unprecedented facilities enhancements during that time as well, including but not limited to the construction of Samford Stadium-Hitchcock Field at Plainsman Park, Jane B. Moore Field, the McWhorter Center for Women’s Athletics and the James T. Tatum Strength and Conditioning Center. Of his many legacies, one that will outlive us all is that David has chronicled the history of Auburn Athletics. Personal life ------------- An award-winning freelance writer, Housel has written several books, including "Saturdays To Remember," "From the Desk of David Housel, A Collection of Auburn Stories." and "Auburn Glory Days: The Greatest Victories in Tigers History". An honorary member of the Auburn Football Lettermen Club and the University Singers, he is also a member of three Halls of Fame, the Sports Information Directors' Hall of Fame (1998), the Tony Brandino Hall of Fame (1998), and his hometown Hall of Fame. Housel still lives in Auburn. Awards ------ The press box at Auburn's Jordan-Hare Stadium was officially named the David E. Housel Press Box in a dedication ceremony prior to the Tigers' 2005 football game against Mississippi. He was presented with the 2011 Coach Jack Meagher Award at Auburn University, an award is presented annually, "to a person with Auburn University affiliation who made significant contributions to society through athletics." He is also a past recipient of the Walter Camp Football Foundation Distinguished Service Award, and the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame honored him as a Distinguished Alabama Sportsman. During his career and in retirement, David has also served his church and community, earning recognition last year as a Distinguished Citizen of Lee County by the Boy Scouts of America
In control theory, quantitative feedback theory (QFT), developed by Isaac Horowitz (Horowitz, 1963; Horowitz and Sidi, 1972), is a frequency domain technique utilising the Nichols chart (NC) in order to achieve a desired robust design over a specified region of plant uncertainty. Desired time-domain responses are translated into frequency domain tolerances, which lead to bounds (or constraints) on the loop transmission function. The design process is highly transparent, allowing a designer to see what trade-offs are necessary to achieve a desired performance level. Plant templates --------------- QFT Feedback System Usually any system can be represented by its Transfer Function (Laplace in continuous time domain), after getting the model of a system. As a result of experimental measurement, values of coefficients in the Transfer Function have a range of uncertainty. Therefore, in QFT every parameter of this function is included into an interval of possible values, and the system may be represented by a family of plants rather than by a standalone expression. {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(s)=\left\lbrace {\dfrac {\prod \_{i}(s+z\_{i})}{\prod \_{j}(s+p\_{j})}},\forall z\_{i}\in [z\_{i,min},z\_{i,max}],p\_{j}\in [p\_{j,min},p\_{j,max}]\right\rbrace } A frequency analysis is performed for a finite number of representative frequencies and a set of templates are obtained in the NC diagram which encloses the behaviour of the open loop system at each frequency. Frequency bounds ---------------- Usually system performance is described as robustness to instability (phase and gain margins), rejection to input and output noise disturbances and reference tracking. In the QFT design methodology these requirements on the system are represented as frequency constraints, conditions that the compensated system loop (controller and plant) could not break. With these considerations and the selection of the same set of frequencies used for the templates, the frequency constraints for the behaviour of the system loop are computed and represented on the Nichols Chart (NC) as curves. To achieve the problem requirements, a set of rules on the Open Loop Transfer Function, for the nominal plant {\displaystyle L\_{0}(s)=G(s)P\_{0}(s)} may be found. That means the nominal loop is not allowed to have its frequency value below the constraint for the same frequency, and at high frequencies the loop should not cross the Ultra High Frequency Boundary (UHFB), which has an oval shape in the center of the NC. Loop shaping ------------ The controller design is undertaken on the NC considering the frequency constraints and the nominal loop {\displaystyle L\_{0}(s)} of the system. At this point, the designer begins to introduce controller functions (G(s)) and tune their parameters, a process called Loop Shaping, until the best possible controller is reached without violation of the frequency constraints. The experience of the designer is an important factor in finding a satisfactory controller that not only complies with the frequency restrictions but with the possible realization, complexity, and quality. For this stage there currently exist different CAD (Computer Aided Design) packages to make the controller tuning easier. Prefilter design ---------------- Finally, the QFT design may be completed with a pre-filter (F(s)) design when it is required. In the case of tracking conditions a shaping on the Bode diagram may be used. Post design analysis is then performed to ensure the system response is satisfactory according with the problem requirements. The QFT design methodology was originally developed for Single-Input Single-Output (SISO) and Linear Time Invariant Systems (LTI), with the design process being as described above. However, it has since been extended to weakly nonlinear systems, time varying systems, distributed parameter systems, multi-input multi-output (MIMO) systems (Horowitz, 1991), discrete systems (these using the Z-Transform as transfer function), and non minimum phase systems. The development of CAD tools has been an important, more recent development, which simplifies and automates much of the design procedure (Borghesani et al. 1994). Traditionally, the pre-filter is designed by using the Bode-diagram magnitude information. The use of both phase and magnitude information for the design of pre-filter was first discussed in (Boje, 2003) for SISO systems. The method was then developed to MIMO problems in (Alavi et al. 2007).
American basketball player John "Jack" Egan is an American retired basketball player. His playing career is best remembered for his role on the 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers men's basketball team, which won the 1963 NCAA Championship. Egan was the lone white starting player on a team that broke racial barriers by starting four black players in an era when two or three was considered the maximum. After college, Egan played three years in the short-lived North American Basketball League before retiring from basketball to work as a lawyer. In 2002, Egan was inducted into the Chicagoland Sports Hall of Fame. The entire 1962–63 Loyola Ramblers team was inducted into the National Collegiate Basketball Hall of Fame in 2013. Early life ---------- John Egan was born in the early 1940s and grew up in the South Side of Chicago. He was the second-oldest of nine children born to his parents, a police officer and a stay-at-home mother. Egan started playing basketball in elementary school. He played for St. Rita High School, but they never made it past the sectionals of the city tournament. In high school, Egan was scouted by the University of Iowa starting from junior year. The school ultimately offered him a one-year scholarship, but Egan felt he had outplayed others who were given full scholarships, and declined. He was later scouted by Loyola-Chicago coach George Ireland at a Catholic League All-Star game and eventually offered a full scholarship, which he accepted. College career -------------- Egan with the Loyola Ramblers in the 1963–64 season Egan played for Loyola-Chicago starting in the 1961–62 season. That season he played in 27 games and averaged 13.7 points per game. In the 1962–63 season, Loyola went 24–2 in the regular season, then went on to win the 1963 NCAA University Division basketball tournament. Egan again averaged 13.7 points across 31 games. In the 1963–64 season, Egan averaged 18.5 points across 28 games. Loyola finished 22–5 but lost in the second round of the NCAA Tournament to Michigan, which Egan attributed to poor team chemistry. After college ------------- After graduating Loyola, Egan played three years in the short-lived North American Basketball League. From 1964 to 1967, he played for the Twin City Sailors along with his former Loyola teammates Jerry Harkness and Les Hunter. He also studied at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. He worked in the Cook County State's Attorney's office in the late 1960s before starting his own criminal defense practice. In 1980, he moved to the Chicago-area village of River Forest, Illinois, having previously lived in the village of Riverside, Illinois. He has five children, two of them from his current marriage to Mary Egan, whom he met at the law office. Egan was one of several former Loyola players who was a fixture in the stands during the Ramblers' 2018 run to the Final Four.
American journalist (1933–2023) "William Shipp" redirects here. For the Canadian footballer, see Billy Shipp. William R. Shipp (August 16, 1933 – July 9, 2023) was an American author, reporter, editor, and columnist who covered Southern politics and government for more than five decades. Career ------ On October 8, 1953, while serving as editor of the University of Georgia's student newspaper – The Red & Black – he wrote a column that angered many in power by saying the university was misguided to deny admission to Horace Ward just because he was black. "There's absolutely no logic in excluding the Negro from the white man's way of life, especially at a university," Shipp wrote. He was fired from the newspaper over the column, and "encouraged" to leave the campus, which he did, joining the U.S. Army and serving West Germany. He met his wife there and brought her back with him. After Shipp came home from military service in 1956, he worked full-time at the Atlanta Constitution editing and writing, during which time over the next 30 years he covered the civil rights movement, along with the early days of the space program, numerous political campaigns, and breaking stories all over the world. He also was the first to break the news that Jimmy Carter was running for president. As a writer with the Atlanta Constitution and then as the independent publisher of Bill Shipp's Georgia, Shipp covered the ins and outs of Georgia politics for over 50 years. Shipp served as associate editor of Georgia Trend Magazine. He wrote a twice-weekly column that appeared in more than sixty Georgia newspapers. Shipp was a regular panelist on The Georgia Gang, a weekly commentary program on news and politics which appeared on WAGA-TV, Channel 5. Books ----- In 1981 Shipp wrote Murder at Broad River Bridge: The Slaying of Lemuel Penn by Members of the Ku Klux Klan, a nonfiction account of the 1964 murder of Lemuel Penn, a black lieutenant colonel in the army reserves who, on his way home to Washington, D.C. was shot to death near the Oglethorpe-Madison county line by members of the Athens Ku Klux Klan. In 1997 Shipp published The Ape-Slayer and Other Snapshots, a collection of more than 50 essays and columns on subjects both personal and political. Awards ------ The Georgia Magazine Association named Shipp "best serious columnist" for his essays in Atlanta Magazine and in 1994 also gave him their "Best Column/Department" award. The Georgia Writers Hall of Fame at the University of Georgia has included Shipp as an honoree. In 2013 Shipp was inducted into the Atlanta Press Club Hall of Fame. Personal life and death ----------------------- Shipp was born August 16, 1933, in Marietta, Georgia. He was married to the former Renate F. Reinelt of Heidelberg, Germany, and they had a son and two daughters. Shipp's modest 80th birthday party in the basement of a Smyrna, Georgia bank drew four former Georgia governors, former U. S. Senator Max Cleland, Chief Justice Harris Hines of the Georgia Supreme Court, and a host of other notable guests. Shipp died on July 9, 2023, at age 89.
American R&B vocal group For the R&B group featuring James Brown, see The Famous Flames. The Hollywood Flames were an American R&B vocal group in the 1950s, best known for their No. 11 hit "Buzz-Buzz-Buzz" in 1957. Early years ----------- They formed as The Flames in 1949, in the Watts neighborhood of Los Angeles, at a talent show where members of various high school groups got together. The original members were Bobby Byrd (lead), David Ford, Curlee Dinkins and Willie Ray Rockwell. Rockwell was replaced by Clyde Tillis, and Ford sometimes sang lead. Their first paying gig was at Johnny Otis's Barrelhouse Club. They first recorded in 1950 for the Selective label, and the following year, billed as The Hollywood Four Flames, released "Tabarin", a song written by Murry Wilson (father of The Beach Boys). They later recorded another Wilson song, "I'll Hide My Tears". Bands and recordings -------------------- Over the years the group, under various names, is believed to have recorded for about nineteen different record labels, including Aladdin and Specialty. Although they had no big hits for several years, they were a successful local act in the Los Angeles area. The group also had a series of personnel changes, with Rockwell being replaced by Gaynel Hodge, and for a short while Dinkins being replaced by Curtis Williams. Hodge and Williams, with Jesse Belvin, were co-writers of The Penguins' "Earth Angel". In 1953, they released the sketch for this song "I Know" on the label Swing Time. Believed to be the first song to present the 6/8 piano-attacca known from later '50s hits such as "Only You" and "Ain't That a Shame". By 1954, the group were usually billed as The Hollywood Flames, but also recorded as The Turks, The Jets, and The Sounds. David Ford and Gaynel Hodge recorded with Jesse Belvin and Hodge's brother Alex (founding member of the Platters), as The Tangiers, before the Hodge brothers left The Hollywood Flames in 1955 to form a new version of The Turks. He was replaced by Earl Nelson, who had previously recorded with Byrd as The Voices, and with Byrd later formed the duo Bob & Earl. In 1957, the group - Byrd, Ford, Dinkins and Nelson - signed with Class Records, where Byrd was renamed "Bobby Day". The group recorded as The Hollywood Flames, as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and as Earl Nelson & the Pelicans. In July 1957, Bobby Day & the Satellites recorded "Little Bitty Pretty One", which was covered more successfully by Thurston Harris. Later that year, The Hollywood Flames – with Nelson singing lead – released "Buzz-Buzz-Buzz", co-written by Byrd, which reached No. 5 on the R&B chart and No. 11 on the pop chart. Byrd (alias Day) then left The Hollywood Flames, but continued to release singles, at first as Bobby Day & the Satellites, and then as a solo performer. His greatest success came in 1958 with "Rockin' Robin". On August 4, 1958, the Hollywood Flames appeared at the Apollo Theater, as part of a Dr. Jive show. Others on the show were Larry Williams, The Cadillacs, Little Anthony & the Imperials, The Skyliners, Frankie Lymon, the Clintonian Cubs, and Eugene Church. After this, Curtis Williams quit. The new members were tenor Eddie Williams (former lead of the Aladdins) and baritone Ray Brewster who joined in 1958. (Brewster had been in the Penguins in 1956 and both Williams and Brewster had been in the later Colts/Fortunes with Don Wyatt.) Then, the whole group picked up and moved to New York, after securing a contract with Atlantic Records' Atco subsidiary. In December 1959, they had their first Atco release: "Every Day, Every Way" (led by Earl Nelson) b/w "If I Thought You Needed Me" (fronted by Eddie Williams). Atco arranged for them to appear at the Apollo Theater to push the record (the week of December 25). Others on the show were: Lloyd Price, Tarheel Slim & Little Ann, and The Five Keys. They were back at the Apollo on February 19, 1960 for another Dr. Jive show. This time they shared the stage with Johnny Nash, The Flamingos, Nappy Brown, Tiny Topsy, The Centurians, Eugene Church, Barrett Strong, Jean Sampson, and The Fidelitys. In April 1960, Atco released "Ball And Chain" led by Earl Nelson. "I Found A Boy" was sung by Eddie Williams and an unknown female vocalist who recorded this one record with the Hollywood Flames. At the same session with Atco, Ray and the Flames also recorded "Devil Or Angel" and "Do You Ever Think of Me". The Hollywood Flames made one record for Chess out of their Chicago studio "Gee" and "Yes They Do", released in March 1961. In 1962, Ray left the Flames and became lead vocalist of the New York-based Cadillacs. The Hollywood Flames continued to record for several more years, with a fluctuating line-up, the only constant being David Ford. The last version of the group split up around 1967. Earl Nelson, also known as Jackie Lee, died on July 12, 2008. Discography ----------- ### Singles \| Year \| Title \| Peak chartpositions \| Record Label \| B-side \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| US \| R&B \| \| 1951 \| "Young Girl" \| — \| — \| Recorded In Hollywood \| "The Glory of Love" \| \| 1952 \| "Baby Please" \| — \| — \| "Young Girl" \| \| 1954 \| "Peggy" \| — \| — \| Decca Records \| "Ooh La La" \| \| 1957 \| "Buzz-Buzz-Buzz" \| 11 \| 5 \| Ebb Records \| "Crazy" \| \| 1958 \| "Strollin' on the Beach" \| — \| — \| "Frankenstein's Den" \| \| "A Little Bird" \| — \| — \| "Give Me Back My Heart" \| \| "Chains of Love" \| — \| — \| "Let's Talk It Over" \| \| 1959 \| "I'll Be Seeing You" \| — \| — \| "Just for You" \| \| "Much Too Much" \| — \| — \| "In the Dark" \| \| "So Good" \| — \| — \| "There Is Something on Your Mind" \| \| "Every Day, Every Way(I'll Always Be in Love with You)" \| — \| — \| Atco Records \| "If I Thought You Needed Me" \| \| 1960 \| "Ball and Chain" \| — \| — \| "I Found a Boy" \| \| "Devil or Angel" \| — \| — \| "Do You Ever Think of Me" \| \| "My Heart's on Fire" \| — \| — \| "Money Honey" \| \| 1961 \| "Gee" \| — \| 26 \| Chess Records \| "Yes They Do" \| \| 1962 \| "Elizabeth" \| — \| — \| Goldie Records \| "Believe in Me" \| \| 1963 \| "Drop Me a Line" \| — \| — \| Vee-Jay Records \| "Letter to My Love (Goodnight)" \| \| 1965 \| "Dance Senorita" \| — \| — \| Symbol Records \| "Annie Don't Love Me No More" \| \| 1966 \| "I'm Coming Home" \| — \| — \| "I'm Gonna Stand by You" \|
1463–1864 feudal vassal state in the South Caucasus For the early medieval principality of Abkhazia, see Kingdom of Abkhazia. The Principality of Abkhazia (Georgian: აფხაზეთის სამთავრო, romanized: apkhazetis samtavro),(Abkhaz: Аԥсны аҳратәра) emerged as a separate feudal entity in the 15th-16th centuries, amid the civil wars in the Kingdom of Georgia that concluded with the dissolution of the unified Georgian monarchy. The principality retained a degree of autonomy under Ottoman and then Russian rule, but was eventually absorbed into the Russian Empire in 1864. Background ---------- Abkhazia, as a duchy (saeristavo) within the Kingdom of Georgia, was previously referred as the Duchy of Tskhumi was ruled by the house of Sharvashidze since the 12th century. The sources are very scarce about the Abkhazian history of that time. The Genoese established their trading factories along the Abkhazian coastline in the 14th century, but they functioned for a short time. When the Georgian kingdom was embroiled in a bitter civil war in the 1450s, the Sharvashidzes joined a major rebellion against King George VIII of Georgia, which saw him defeated at the hands of the rebels at Chikhori in 1463. As a result, Georgia split into three rival kingdoms and five principalities. The Abkhazian princes were the vassals of the Principality of Mingrelia under the dynasty of Dadiani(-Bediani), which, in turn, was subordinated to the Kingdom of Imereti. The vassalage was, however, largely nominal, and both Mingrelian and Abkhazian rulers not only successfully fought for their independence, but contested borders with each other and with Imereti. The independence of Abkhazia was largely symbolic as the region was generally left alone as the kings of Imereti had their hands full governing their designated area. In 1490, the split became official as Georgia was split by treaty into the Kingdom of Kartli, Imereti, of which Abkhazia was a part, Kakheti and Principality of Samtskhe. The 16th-18th centuries ----------------------- In the 1570s, the Ottoman navy occupied the fort of Tskhumi, turning it into the Turkish fortress of Suhum-Kale. Abkhazia came under the influence of Turkey and Islam, although Christianity was but slowly replaced and it was not until the second half of the 18th century that the ruling Sharvashidze family embraced Islam. Until then, Abkhazia, secured from large-scale invasions by its mountainous location and impassable forests, had retained independence and profited from commerce in traditional Caucasian commodities, that of slaves not excepted. Signature of Giorgi Sharvashidze in Georgian language, Prince of Principality of Abkhazia Throughout the 16th–18th centuries, the Abkhazian lords were involved in the incessant border conflicts with the Mingrelian princes. As a result, the Sharvashidze potentates were able to expand their possessions in the east, first to the river Ghalidzga, and then to the Enguri, which serves as today's boundary between Abkhazia and Georgia proper. After the death of the Abkhazian prince Zegnak circa 1700, his principality was divided among his sons. The oldest brother Rostom established himself as a prince of Abkhazia proper, also known as the Bzyb Abkhazia, on the coast from the modern-day Gagra on the Bzyb River to the Ghalidzga river, with the residence in the village of Lykhny; Jikeshia received Abjua between the Ghalidzga and the Kodori; and Kvapu became a lord of a county on the coast extending from the Ghalidzga to the Inguri, subsequently known as the country of Samurzakan’o after Kvapu's son Murzakan. The highlands of Dal-Tzabal (Tzebelda, Tsabal) were without any centralized government, but were dominated by the clan of Marshan. Sadzny, formerly known as Zygia (Jiketi of the Georgian sources) extended north to Abkhazia proper between the modern-day cities of Gagra and Sochi, and was run by Gechba, Arydba and Tsanba clans. These polities included also several minor fiefdoms governed by the representatives of the Sharvashidze-Chachba house or other noble families such as Achba (Anchabadze), Emhaa (Emukhvari), Ziapsh-Ipa, Inal-Ipa, Chabalurkhua and Chkhotua. All these princedoms were more or less dependent on the princes of Abkhazia proper. Between the Ottoman and Russian empires --------------------------------------- The book Sukhum-Kale Istanbul Kelesh Bey remained neutral between the interests of the Russian Empire and the Ottoman Empire. The first attempt to enter into relation with Russia was made by the said Keilash Bey in 1803, shortly after the incorporation of eastern Georgia into the expanding Tsarist empire (1801). When the Ottomans tried to subjugate Abkhazia and sent a naval squadron to its coast in 1806 Kelesh Bey gathered twenty-five thousand soldiers. Seeing that the fortress of Sukhum-Kale was well-defended the Turkish forces ships sailed back. After the assassination of this prince by his son Aslan-Bey on May 2, 1808, the pro-Ottoman orientation prevailed but for a short time. On July 2, 1810, the Russian Marines stormed Suhum-Kale and had Aslan-Bey replaced with his rival brother, Sefer-Bey (1810–1821), who had converted to Christianity and assumed the name of George. Abkhazia joined the Russian empire as an autonomous principality. However, George's rule, as well of his successors, was limited to the neighbourhood of Suhum-Kale and the Bzyb area garrisoned by the Russians while the other parts had remained under the rule of the Muslim nobles. The next Russo-Turkish war strongly enhanced the Russian positions, leading to a further split in the Abkhaz elite, mainly along religious divisions. During the Crimean War (1853–1856), Russian forces had to evacuate Abkhazia and Prince Michael (1822–1864) seemingly switched to the Ottomans. Later on, the Russian presence strengthened and the highlanders of Western Caucasia were finally subjugated by Russia in 1864. The autonomy of Abkhazia, which had functioned as a pro-Russian "buffer zone" in this troublesome region, was no more needed to the Tsarist government and the rule of the Sharvashidze came to an end; in November 1864, Prince Michael was forced to renounce his rights and resettle in Voronezh. Abkhazia was incorporated in the Russian Empire as a special military province of Suhum-Kale which was transformed, in 1883, into an okrug as part of the Kutais Guberniya. Languages --------- The principal language of governance in the principality of Abkhazia was the Georgian language. Evliya Çelebi in his work mentions that the Sharvashidze dynasty spoke Mingrelian: "The principal tribe in Abaza are the Chach, who speak Mingrelian, which is spoken on the opposite shore of the Phasus" Northern Abkhazians who lived in the dol of Sochi and the Sadzen region spoke both their native language, in addition to Abaza, Circassian and Ubykh. Lykhny revolt ------------- Flag of Lykhnensky revolt Gravestone of the last ruler of principality of Abkhazia Mikheil Sharvashidze(Khamut-Bay)in Georgian language, in Georgian alphabet made by son of Mikheil Sharvashidze - Giorgi Sharvashidze In July 1866 an attempt made by the Russian authorities to collect information concerning the economic conditions of the Abkhaz, for the purpose of taxation, led to the Lykhny revolt. The rebels proclaimed Mikheil Sharvashidze's son Giorgi as prince and marched on Sukhumi. Only the strong Russian reinforcements led by General Dmitry Ivanovich Svyatopolk-Mirsky were able to suppress the revolt by the same August. The harsh Russian reaction led, subsequently, to a considerable emigration of the Abkhaz muhajirs to the Ottoman Empire, especially after the locals took part in the rebellion of the Caucasian mountaineers incited by the landing of Turkish troops in 1877. As a result, many areas became virtually deserted. Rulers ------ Main article: List of Princes of AbkhaziaThe rulers of the Abkhazian principality among the Abkhazian-Abaza are known as Chachba, which translated meant "prince over prince" * Putu Sharvashidze (circa 1580–1620) * Seteman Sharvashidze (circa 1620–1640) * Sustar Sharvashidze (circa 1640–1665) * Zegnak Sharvashidze (circa 1665–1700) * Rostom Sharvashidze (circa 1700–1730) * Manuchar Sharvashidze (circa 1730–1750) * Zurab Sharvashidze (circa 1750–1780) * Kelesh Ahmed-Bey Sharvashidze (circa 1780–1808) * Aslan-Bey Sharvashidze- (1808–1810) * Sefer Ali-Bey Sharvashidze(Giorgi) (1810–1821) * Dmitry Sharvashidze(Umar-Bey) (1821–1822) * Mikhail Sharvashidze(Hamud-Bey) (1822–1864) Further reading --------------- * Khorava, Bezhan (January 2021). "ABKHAZIA FROM THE 16 TH CENTURY TO THE BEGINNING OF THE 19 TH CENTURY §1. Abkhazia in the 16 th -17 th Centuries". Why Abkhazia is Georgia. A True History. Our Abkhazia.
Battery electric tram system from Spain An ACR-equipped Urbos 3 tram running through central Seville without overhead line, 2015. The supercapacitor batteries are visible on the roof of each end car. Acumulador de Carga Rápida (ACR) (transl. fast-charging battery) is a battery electric tram system marketed by Construcciones y Auxiliar de Ferrocarriles (CAF) of Spain. Trams equipped with ACR are fast-charged while at stops; elsewhere they require no overhead line, which is desirable for reasons of safety, reliability, cost, and aesthetics. It also allows regenerative braking where direct current electrification systems cannot return (much) energy to the grid.[] Operation --------- ACR-equipped trams are powered between stops by discharging a rooftop supercapacitor battery, weighing around 1 tonne (2,200 lb), which gives a range of around 2 miles (3.2 km). The battery is partially recharged between stops by regenerative braking; at stops, it is completely recharged in around thirty seconds by current drawn via pantograph from a short section of overhead line. Marketing --------- CAF offers ACR as an option on its Urbos 3 tram; for retrofitting on trams built by CAF or other manufacturers; and for standard gauge and metre gauge tram systems. ACR's most direct competitor is the ground-level power supply (APS) marketed by Alstom; CAF differentiates ACR against APS through its support of regenerative braking. CAF claims that ACR could be useful in rapid transit systems for the same reason. Installations ------------- Since Seville's MetroCentro tramway opened in 2007, sections of its overhead line around the Seville Cathedral had been dismantled annually to allow Holy Week processions to pass safely. ACR's first commercial installation was aboard Urbos trams supplied to MetroCentro in 2011, allowing the permanent removal of overhead lines around the cathedral. Line 1 of the Tranvía de Zaragoza has also used ACR since its second construction phase was completed in 2013. The use of ACR avoided the installation of overhead lines in the city's historic centre. ACR was included in the Newcastle Light Rail in Australia and Luxembourg's new tram system.
American politician Paul Newman (born February 8, 1954) is a former member of the Arizona Corporation Commission. Education --------- He earned a B.A. in Behavioral and Social Science from the University of Maryland, College Park, a Master in Public Administration and a Master in Judicial Administration from University Southern California, and a Juris Doctor from California Western School of Law. Career ------ Before moving to Arizona in 1988, he was an administrator, researcher, and consultant with the California court system where he served as Court Management Consultant for the National Center for State Courts, California Supreme Court, Los Angeles Municipal Court, Sacramento Municipal Court and San Diego Superior Court from 1976 through 1986. Newman served three terms as an Arizona state representative, representing Santa Cruz, Greenlee, Cochise, and Graham counties from 1993-1998. In 1998 he ran for a seat on the three-member Arizona Corporation Commission, which is the state's utilities regulator. He lost to Republican Tony West. Subsequently, he was elected to as a Cochise County Supervisor while living in Bisbee, Arizona. In 2008, during his second term as County Supervisor, he launched another campaign for the Arizona Corporation Commission and won. He lost re-election to the post in 2012. ### 2008 Corporation Commission Race Paul Newman's name on the campaign sign for the Solar Team During Newman's second campaign for Corporation Commission, in 2008, he and two other Democrats advanced past the primary election. Along with Sam George and Sandra Kennedy, Newman campaigned on bringing renewable solar energy to Arizona. Newman was endorsed by The Arizona Republic and the Tucson Citizen and by multiple elected officials such as Congressmen Harry Mitchell and Ed Pastor. Newman and Kennedy ran as clean candidates under Arizona's Clean Elections system while George ran a traditional campaign. Under Arizona's Clean Elections system, the state is required to match funds raised by traditionally funded candidates up to a certain amount. The three were dubbed The Solar Team. George contributed nearly half a million dollars of his own money and pooled this money with Newman's and Kennedy's Clean Election funds. With this strategy, the Solar Team was able to run numerous television ads and post signs all over the state of Arizona. This brought more attention than normally paid to the Corporation Commission race. Although George donated much of his own money, only Newman and Kennedy won in the General Election. ### Later campaigns Newman lost re-election to the commission in 2012. Newman sought re-election to the commission again in 2018, but failed to collect sufficient nominating signatures. Newman is again seeking re-election to the commission in 2020.
2016 book by Simon Ings *Stalin and the Scientists: A History of Triumph and Tragedy 1905–1953* is a 2016 popular science non-fiction book on the history of science in the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin by English novelist and science writer, Simon Ings. It is Ings' second non-fiction book, the first being The Eye: A Natural History (2007). He had previously published eight novels. Stalin and the Scientists was longlisted for the 2016 Baillie Gifford Prize for Non-Fiction. Background ---------- Ings' inspiration for Stalin and the Scientists came from Soviet psychologist, Alexander Luria's book Mind of a Mnemonist, about the life of Russian journalist and mnemonist, Solomon Shereshevsky. Ings said in 2016 interviews that Luria is often referred to as the founder of modern neuroanatomy and "the godfather of the literary genre we call popular science". "Luria's account more or less set the template for modern popular science and ... pretty much set me on the path I'm on now." Ings had considered writing a biography about Luria, but felt that while Luria's achievements were "extraordinary", considering the climate of political repression he worked in, Ings was concerned that Western readers would consider his career too ordinary, and would miss the context in which it unfolded. Ings' passion for popular science and the need to explain the context within which Luria and other Soviet scientists worked, changed what would have been a one-year "modest biography" into a "five-year behemoth" that "burned through three editors" and, Ings added, "nearly killed me". Ings said, as a novelist, he was "absurdly under-qualified" to tackle a book like Stalin and the Scientists, but added that only a novelist could be so "ridiculously ambitious" and "naive enough to stick his or her neck out so far". Ings felt that given the kind of science prevalent in Russia at the time, perhaps this "really has to be the job of a novelist rather than a historian". Responding to statements that this is "the first history" of Soviet science, Ings said, "Certainly no-one's been foolish enough to attempt to tell the whole story of science under Stalin in a single volume, but be assured I didn't dig this entire thing single-handed from virgin ground." Reception --------- In a review in The Guardian, David Holloway described Stalin and the Scientists as a "fascinating story" that reveals "the tragedy and the triumph" of Soviet science. He called it a "lively book" and complimented Ings on his "clear and simple" scientific explanations, and the way he highlighted the personalities of those involved: the "brilliant scientists", the "charlatans", the "visionaries" and the "careerists". A reviewer of the book in Publishers Weekly complimented Ings on the sensitive way in which he exposed the lives of the scientists and their experiences, and how he "ably documents the challenges, failures, and achievements of Soviet science". The reviewer commented that while Ings "can be long-winded", he "engagingly fuses history, science, and storytelling". British historian and author Simon Sebag Montefiore wrote in The New York Times that Ings "skillfully" portrays the lives of the scientists of this period. He called Ings "an entertaining storyteller who often captures the essence of things", and described the book as "lively and interesting" and full of "priceless nuggets and a cast of frauds, crackpots and tyrants". Montefiore added, however, that while Ings highlights the failures of Soviet science, he omits its successes, for example the Tupolev and MiG airplanes, and the T-34 tank. Montefiore was also critical of errors in the book, for example Stalin's birthday and Felix Dzerzhinsky's tenure as head of Cheka, the Soviet secret police. Writing in Socialist Review, John Parrington was also critical of flaws and omissions. While he described the book as "ambitious in scope", and called it "fascinating" and "important", Parrington said it is not without "elementary errors", like Ings' statement that "the Bolsheviks ... and the Mensheviks ... missed the 1905 revolution". Parrington also complained that Ings does not explain what it was that "destroyed the hopes and dreams" of Russian scientists in the 1920s when Stalin came to power. American science historian Loren Graham also criticised errors and omissions in the book. In a review in The Wall Street Journal, he said Ings is "a gifted writer", and called Stalin and the Scientists "a good single source" for readers new to Soviet science. But Graham felt that one of the book's shortcomings was that Ings only focuses on topics that interest him, like biology, physiology and psychology, while giving little attention to mathematics and theoretical physics. Graham also noted several "incorrect or exaggerated" statements in the book, for example: Alexei Gastev was a "leading architect of Russia's industrialisation programme"; Nikolai Bernstein "invented cybernetics"; and Stalin was "the last in a long line of European philosopher kings". Graham concluded that the book is the result of "an impressive amount of study" and "deserves attention", but "a very critical form of attention". According to the review aggregator Book Marks, Stalin and the Scientists received "positive" reviews, based on 4 reviews. Cited works ----------- * flagSoviet Union portal * iconBooks portal * Ings, Simon (2016). Stalin and the Scientists (e-book ed.). London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 978-0-571-29009-3.
Sri Lanka army general Major General K.A.D. Amal Karunasekara, RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, ndu, psc is a retired senior Sri Lankan army general who served as 51st Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army. Major General (Rtd) Karunasekara is also the first Commandant of the National Defence College, Sri Lanka. Education --------- Educated at Nalanda College Colombo, Karunasekara was a Senior Cadet in the school's cadet platoon. Having received his basic training at the Sri Lanka Military Academy, he is a graduate of the Defence Services Command and Staff College, the Defence Services Staff College and the PLA National Defence University having studied Defence and Stretegic Studies. He also holds a MSc in Defence and Strategic Studies from the University of Madras; and a MSc in Defense Management from General Sir John Kotelawala Defence University. Military career --------------- Karunasekara enlisted in the Sri Lanka Army as an Officer Cadet in 1981, going on to earn his commission as a Second Lieutenant in the Sri Lanka Light Infantry after completing training at the Sri Lanka Military Academy, Diyatalawa in 1984. Over the next 35 years, he would rise through the ranks of the army, holding such key positions as Director Military Intelligence, Director Infantry, Master General of Ordnance Branch, and Military Secretary. Karunasekara has held both battalion- and brigade-level commands during the Eelam War, and has commanded the 53 Division during its course. In addition, he was appointed the commander of the Sri Lankan contingent of the UN peacekeeping mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH) when first deployed in 2004. He was the 15th Colonel of the Regiment of the Sri Lanka Light Infantry regiment, having occupied this position once temporarily between 2007 and 2009. He was an instructor at Diyatalawa and Directing Staff at the Defence Services Command and Staff College. Karunasekara was appointed Commander of Security Forces Headquarters- Kilinochchi on 18 October 2015; he was promoted to Chief of Staff of the Army on 22 July 2017, after the promotion of Mahesh Senanayake to Army Commander earlier the same month left the position vacant. He retired from service on 14 March 2018 with the rank of Major General. Personal life ------------- Karunasekara is married, and has one daughter with his wife Dananjanie. Having been an avid hockey player at school level, he has represented Sri Lanka at national level in the sport and has gone on to be chairman of the Sri Lanka Army Hockey Committee
1992 film by Phil Joanou *Final Analysis* is a 1992 American neo-noir erotic thriller film directed by Phil Joanou and written by Wesley Strick from a concept by forensic psychiatrist Robert H. Berger. It stars Richard Gere, Kim Basinger, Uma Thurman, Eric Roberts, Keith David, and Paul Guilfoyle. The executive producers were Gere and Maggie Wilde. The film received mixed critical reviews, but was positively compared to the works of Alfred Hitchcock, particularly Vertigo. It was the final film of director of photography Jordan Cronenweth. Plot ---- Psychiatrist Isaac Barr treats Diana Baylor for obsessive–compulsive disorder. Diana suggests Isaac meet her sister, Heather Evans, who may be able to shed light on her neuroses. Heather tells him that Diana was sexually abused by their father after their mother left. She further reveals that she is unhappily married to gangster Jimmy Evans. Isaac confesses that he finds her irresistible, and the two have sex. Afterwards, Heather divulges that their father died in a fire, which Diana was suspected of starting. At a restaurant with Jimmy, Heather has an episode of "pathological intoxication" after drinking wine and is taken to the hospital. After recovering, she sneaks away with Isaac to an abandoned lighthouse. While climbing the stairs, she drops her purse and lets loose a metal dumbbell handle, which she claims she keeps for protection. Isaac's friend, defense attorney Mike O'Brien, informs him that Jimmy is under federal investigation for several financial crimes, and warns him to stay away from Heather. Isaac nevertheless follows her and her husband to a restaurant and confronts Jimmy. Claiming she feels ill, Heather leaves the restaurant, and gets a ride home from Isaac. Later that night, she drinks cough medicine, which brings on another episode. As Jimmy forces a kiss on her, she grabs one of his metal dumbbells and hits him over the head, killing him. Heather is arrested for murdering Jimmy. Isaac hires Mike to represent her and enlists an expert witness on pathological intoxication to testify on her behalf. Heather is found not guilty by reason of insanity. She is sentenced to confinement at a psychiatric facility, where she will be evaluated. Isaac assures Heather she will be released soon. Isaac listens to a colleague's speech on a patient of Sigmund Freud who had persistent dreams of arranging flowers, the same dream Diana had described to him during a session; Isaac realizes that she fabricated those stories. He talks to a bailiff who recognized Heather before her trial, and he recalls that she had been a spectator in the courthouse whenever Isaac testified as an expert witness. Mike tells Isaac that Jimmy's brother recently died, making Heather the beneficiary of Jimmy's $4 million life insurance policy. Isaac goes to the hospital to confront Heather, who admits to the ruse and threatens to incriminate him with the dumbbell she used to murder Jimmy, which has Isaac's fingerprints on it. Police detective Huggins, who suspects Isaac of killing Jimmy, warns him that he is being watched. Isaac tells Heather that he has reported to two assistant district attorneys who want to interview her. She agrees, confident that double jeopardy will protect her. During the evaluation, Heather fabricates a story about Isaac killing Jimmy. At her request, Diana joins her, but fails to bring the dumbbell; the investigators, meanwhile, are revealed to be psychiatrists. Heather loses her temper and threatens both Isaac and Diana, and has to be sedated. Isaac meets with Diana, who assures him that she dropped the dumbbell into the bay, but Isaac does not trust her. Isaac enlists Pepe Carrero, a former client, to follow Diana when she visits her sister. Although Heather wants Diana to deliver the dumbbell to Huggins, Diana is too nervous to go through with it. Heather coerces her to switch clothes in the bathroom, allowing Heather to escape the hospital as "Diana". Pepe follows Heather and tries to steal the dumbbell, but she shoots him in the chest. She telephones Huggins and arranges to meet him at a marina. Before going to the hospital, Pepe directs Isaac to the marina, where Isaac takes the dumbbell from Heather. She kidnaps both him and Huggins, and forces the latter to drive away from the marina. A rainstorm hits, and Huggins crashes into the ocean. Isaac escapes the sinking car and Heather follows him to the lighthouse. As she chases Isaac onto the balcony, he deduces that Heather was the one who was raped by her father, not Diana, and started the fire that killed him. Huggins appears to arrest Heather, who tries to shoot him. Isaac pulls her over the edge of the balcony, sending her falling to her death. Diana is tried as Heather’s accomplice but is found not guilty. She then goes on a date with a wealthy man, posing as Heather. Cast ---- * Richard Gere as Dr. Isaac Barr * Kim Basinger as Heather Evans * Uma Thurman as Diana Baylor * Eric Roberts as Jimmy Evans * Keith David as Detective Huggins * Paul Guilfoyle as Mike O'Brien * Robert Harper as Dr. Alan Lowenthal * Agustin Rodriguez as Pepe Carrero * Rita Zohar as Dr. Grusin * George Murdock as Judge Costello * Shirley Prestia as D.A. Kaufman * Tony Genaro as Hector * Wood Moy as Dr. Lee * Corey Fischer as Dr. Boyce * Rico Alaniz as Hugo * John Roselius as Sheriff's Deputy * Erick Avari as Moderator (uncredited) * Harris Yulin as Prosecuting Attorney (uncredited) Production ---------- Harold Becker, Joel Schumacher, and John Boorman were variously attached as director. The original script was set in New York City, but was changed due to an ongoing union strike. San Francisco was chosen due to its "character" and iconic locations. The climax originally took place on the Golden Gate Bridge, but the sequence was re-written due to budget constraints. The climax instead took place at a lighthouse, filmed at Pigeon Point Lighthouse in Pescadero. Other filming locations included the San Francisco County Superior Court, the Letterman Army Hospital, and the Kimpton Sir Francis Drake Hotel. Television comedy writer Susan Harris provided uncredited script rewrites. Reception --------- ### Box office The first week's gross was $6,411,441 and the total receipts for the film's run were $28,590,665. In its widest release the film was featured in 1,504 theaters across the United States. The film grossed $47 million overseas for a worldwide gross of $75 million. ### Critical response Final Analysis has an approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes of 56% based on 27 reviews. Roger Ebert liked the screenplay and thought director Alfred Hitchcock, known for these types of thrillers, would have liked it as well, though he thought the film was needlessly complex. Vincent Canby, film critic for The New York Times, praised the acting in the film and called Roberts "the film's electrical force". Variety magazine called Final Analysis "a crackling good psychological melodrama" with "tantalizing double-crosses". Kathleen Maher of the Austin Chronicle said the film does not live up to its influences and was critical of the leads, calling the buildup to their sex scene "excruciating". Rita Kempley, writing in The Washington Post, called the film "an implausible psycho thriller" and said director Joanou "doesn't have any of his own ideas." ### Accolades #### Nominations * MTV Movie Awards + Most Desirable Female, Kim Basinger (lost to Linda Hamilton for Terminator 2: Judgment Day) * Golden Raspberry Awards + Worst Actress - Kim Basinger (also for Cool World; lost to Melanie Griffith for Shining Through and A Stranger Among Us) + Worst Picture - Charles Roven, Paul Junger Witt, and Tony Thomas (lost to Shining Through) + Worst Screenplay - Wesley Strick (also story) and Robert Berger (story) (lost to Stop! or My Mom Will Shoot)
United States Air Force general Robert Lynn Rutherford (December 11, 1938 – July 4, 2013) was a general in the United States Air Force who served as commander of the United States Transportation Command and of Pacific Air Forces. He was born in Luling, Texas. Military career --------------- ### Early career Rutherford entered the United States Air Force (USAF) in 1961 as a distinguished graduate of Texas State University's Reserve Officer Training Corps program. While in college, he earned a bachelor's degree in business administration. Upon graduation he married his college sweetheart Grace (Kita) Hyatt. They had two sons, Jim and Greg, and were happily married for more than 50 years. After graduation, he was a student in undergraduate pilot training, then flight instructor at Reese Air Force Base in Texas. During this time, he instructed students in the T-38 Talon. In 1964, he graduated from the Squadron Officer School at Maxwell Air Force Base. From October 1966 to April 1967, Rutherford was an F-4 Phantom pilot with the 479th Tactical Fighter Wing, at George Air Force Base in California. From April to July 1967, he was an F-4 aircraft commander with the 4th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida. From July 1967 to May 1968, he was a Phantom commander with the 435th Tactical Fighter Squadron at Ubon Royal Thai Air Force Base, Thailand. During this time, he was deployed to the Republic of Vietnam, where he flew 161 combat missions during the Vietnam War, including 101 over North Vietnam. ### Post-Vietnam From May 1968 to January 1971 Rutherford was the operations staff officer, Airspace and Air Traffic Control Division, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Headquarters Air Training Command, at Randolph Air Force Base in Texas. From January 1971 to July 1971, he earned a degree from the Armed Forces Staff College in Norfolk, Virginia. Between July 1971 and May 1972, he was the staff officer, Colonels Group, directorate of personnel, at the Headquarters of the United States Air Force, Washington, D.C. During the period between June 1972 and May 1973, he was the chief, critical skill management division, Colonels Group, Directorate of Personnel, USAF Headquarters, Washington, D.C. From May 1973 to February 1975, he acted as the chief, Regular General Officer Assignment Division, Directorate of Personnel, USAF Headquarters. Between February and September 1975, he was a T-38 instructor pilot and commander of the 71st Flying Training Squadron, Moody Air Force Base, Georgia. From September 1975 to July 1978, Robert served as the deputy commander for operations, 38th Flying Training Wing; assistant deputy commander for operations, 347th Tactical Fighter Wing; commander, 339th Tactical Fighter Squadron; commander, 347th Combat Support Group at Moody. Between August 1978 to July 1979, he attended the Air War College at Maxwell. In 1979, he earned a master's degree in business administration at Auburn University. ### 1980s From July 1979 to June 1980, Rutherford served as the deputy colonel for operations, 8th Tactical Fighter Wing, Kunsan Air Base, Republic of Korea. He then served as the vice commander, 18th Tactical Fighter Wing; commander, 18th Tactical Fighter Group; commander, 18th Tactical Fighter Wing at Kadena Air Base, Japan between June 1980 and August 1982. For the next year, beginning in September 1982, Robert served as vice commander, Air Force Military Personnel Center, and assistant deputy chief of staff for military personnel at Randolph AFB. Between September 1983 and January 1985, he was the commander of the Air Force Recruiting Service, and deputy chief of staff for recruiting, Headquarters Air Training Command at Randolph. Between January 1985 and March 1987, he was the deputy director of programs and evaluation, director of manpower and organization, Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Programs and Resources, at USAF headquarters. In 1986, he graduated from the National and International Security Program at the John F. Kennedy School of Government. From March 1987 to April 1988 Rutherford served as the deputy chief of staff for operations, and deputy director of operations for the European Air Combat Operations Staff, Headquarters United States Air Forces in Europe, Ramstein Air Base, West Germany. During the time period from April 1988 to October 1989, he was the commander of the 17th Air Force, Allied Sector Three, and Allied Tactical Operations Center, at Sembach Air Base, West Germany. From October 1989 to May 1991 Robert was the deputy chief of staff for programs and resources, deputy chief of staff for productivity and programs, at USAF Headquarters. ### Post-Cold War Between May 1991 and May 1992, Rutherford was the vice commander of the Military Airlift Command at Scott Air Force Base in Illinois. From May 1992 to October 1994, he was the vice commander, then commander of the Pacific Air Forces, Hickam Air Force Base, Hawaii. From October 1994 to August 1, 1996, he was the commander in chief for the United States Transportation Command and commander of Air Mobility Command at Scott AFB. In 1996, he retired with the rank of four-star general. Over his career, Rutherford flew over 4,000 flying hours in various airlift, tanker, fighter and trainer aircraft. Rutherford died of natural causes on July 4, 2013, at San Antonio, Texas. He is interred at Fort Sam Houston National Cemetery. Awards and decorations ---------------------- \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Air Force Command Pilot Badge \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| \| Defense Distinguished Service Medal \| \| \| Air Force Distinguished Service Medal \| \| Bronze oak leaf clusterWidth-44 crimson ribbon with a pair of width-2 white stripes on the edges \| Legion of Merit with one bronze oak leaf cluster \| \| Bronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster \| Distinguished Flying Cross with two oak leaf clusters \| \| Bronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster \| Meritorious Service Medal with two oak leaf clusters \| \| Silver oak leaf clusterSilver oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Medal with eleven oak leaf clusters \| \| \| Air Force Presidential Unit Citation \| \| Bronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Force Outstanding Unit Award with four oak leaf clusters \| \| Bronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Force Organizational Excellence Award with oak leaf cluster \| \| Bronze starWidth=44 scarlet ribbon with a central width-4 golden yellow stripe, flanked by pairs of width-1 scarlet, white, Old Glory blue, and white stripes \| National Defense Service Medal with one bronze service star \| \| Bronze star \| Vietnam Service Medal with service star \| \| Bronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Force Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon with oak leaf cluster \| \| Bronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Force Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon with oak leaf cluster \| \| Silver oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf clusterBronze oak leaf cluster \| Air Force Longevity Service Award with one silver and two bronze oak leaf clusters \| \| \| Small Arms Expert Marksmanship Ribbon \| \| \| Air Force Training Ribbon \| \| \| Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation \| \| \| Vietnam Campaign Medal \| Effective dates of promotion ---------------------------- * Second Lieutenant May 28, 1961 * First Lieutenant January 16, 1963 * Captain January 16, 1966 * Major July 1, 1969 * Lieutenant Colonel May 1, 1973 * Colonel March 1, 1978 * Brigadier General June 1, 1983 * Major General August 1, 1986 * Lieutenant General October 1, 1989 * General February 1, 1993
Scottish minister Harry Spens FRSE (c.1714–1787) was a Scottish minister who served as Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland in 1780. Life ---- Spens was born in Edinburgh as the fourth child between James Spens of Alves, Moray and Anne Robertson. He completed his collegiate and graduate studies at King's College, Aberdeen, graduating with an MA in 1730. In the same year, he began his training for the ministry, and was recorded at St Andrews in 1730 assisting with a baptism for a child from his native parish of Alves. Spens was licensed to preach by the presbytery of Dalkeith on October 3, 1738. He was ordained as a minister of the Church of Scotland in November 1744 and became minister of Wemyss, his patron almost certainly being the Earl of Wemyss. He is recorded as having sown 9 "lippies" of linseed on the church glebe (the land allocated to his manse). In 1751, a pamphlet entitled An inquiry concerning a plan of a literary correspondence was anonymously published in Edinburgh. The document, composed as a series of questions about Plato's philosophy, theology, and life, called for interested scholars to join the authors in translating and commenting on the philosopher's works. The Inquiry has been attributed to Spens and John Chambers, minister of Elie. Spens produced the first English translation of Plato's Republic in 1763. Printed at Glasgow by the Foulis Press, the work was dedicated to John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute, during his brief tenure as prime minister under King George III. The translation was reprinted in 1906 as part of the Everyman's Library collection. Spens married Anne Duncan in 1765. The couple had a child named James in October 1771, who passed away within a month. In 1770, Spens became involved in a curious case in the Scottish courts. A local of Wemyss, Dr. David Dalrymple, had returned from the West Indies with a negro slave, "Black Tom", around 1767/8. The slave came to Spens in the middle of the night to be baptized a Christian, which would legally exempt him from chattel slavery. Spens assented, and baptized Tom under the name "David Spens". David left his master and went to work on a Wemyss farm. Dalrymple brought the case to court in January 1770. Upon Dalrymple's death in the following month, the case was abandoned and David remained free. In 1778, he was minister of East Wemyss and nearby Buckhaven, both in Fife. In October 1780, he was made Professor of Divinity at St Andrews University. When Anne died in 1781, he was recorded as living at Lathallan in St Andrews. In 1783, Spens was a joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died in St Andrews in on 27 November 1787.
For the American football player, see John Beckett (American football). John R. Beckett (1918–2010), an American businessman, was president and chairman of the board of Transamerica Corp. from 1960 to 1983. Biographical Information ------------------------ He was born on February 26, 1918, in San Francisco, California, and died on June 17, 2010, in Atherton, California. Career ------ He became president and chairman of the board of Transamerica Corporation in 1960 when it was a little-known holding company. He was CEO of Transamerica Corp. for 23 years, until 1983, he transformed it from an anonymous holding company into a major, diversified, operating company that became a household name. He embarked the company on an aggressive advertising campaign that propelled the Transamerica brand name into a household name to the general public. He increased Transamerica's earnings by 20-fold during his tenure as president and chairman. It grew to be one of the 100 largest companies in the United States. He was instrumental in the purchases of motion picture distributor United Artists, Transamerica Airlines, Budget Rent-a-Car Co. De Laval Turbine and Occidental Life Insurance. He commissioned the construction of the Transamerica Pyramid, a landmark building in the San Francisco Financial District. Construction of the Transamerica Pyramid began in 1969. The 853-foot pyramid-shaped skyscraper designed by architect William Pereira was intended to become San Francisco's tallest building, and its construction created instant controversy, which helped create public awareness of Transamerica. The Transamerica Pyramid is located in the heart of the San Francisco Financial District at 600 Montgomery Street in San Francisco, California. It is a part of Transamerica Center (a complex that includes Two Transamerica Center and Transamerica Redwood Park) and encompasses nearly one city block. He was named "Best Chief Executive Officer" of all U.S. financial organizations for the years 1977 and 1978 by Financial World. Family ------ He was married first to Dian Calkin Beckett (who died before him) and then to Marjorie Beckett, his wife of 41 years. He had two daughters Brenda Beckett of Friday Harbor, Washington; and, Belinda Beckett of Sacramento, California. He also had two stepsons: Ted of Los Angeles; and Donald Abenheim of Menlo Park. Two granddaughters: Diana Beckett-Hile of Mill Valley and Sarah Beckett-Hile of San Francisco.
Robert Luciano (born 1974) is an Australian fund manager, best known as the founder of VGI Partners. Luciano's wealth in 2019 would have qualified him for the Financial Review Rich List. Business career --------------- Luciano broke into funds management after recommending as an analyst at Prudential-Bache that clients buy shares in the Australian Securities Exchange when it converted from a co-operative into a listed company. The contrarian recommendation gained the notice of Caledonia Investments, which subsequently hired Luciano. Luciano founded VGI Partners in 2008. VGI was best known for its short positions against Slater & Gordon, jeweller Pandora, Hannesbrands and Corporate Travel Management. Its case against Slater & Gordon that it was inflating revenues pushed the law firm's share price from $A8 to less than 30c. Luciano, who describes himself as not being good with people, has a combatant and direct management style. Luciano requests any hotel he stays in to shut down wifi for the entire floor his room is on. Luciano’s other security measures include travelling with bodyguards, installing a panic room in his office and an airport security gate at VGI’s office. In 2021 VGI came under pressure from activist investors for its declining performance and the mismatch between the share price and the value of the assets in its listed portfolios. The activists said Luciano lacked appeal for retail investors and that VGI fund VG1’s fees were too high. In 2022 VGI merged with Regal Funds Management to become Regal Partners. Regal Chief Investment Officer Philip King said the merger would allow Luciano to return his focus to investing rather than managing. The merger has been described as a ‘shotgun marriage’. The merger marked the death of Luciano’s control of VGI, according to an activist investor. Luciano was replaced as portfolio manager of the VGI Asian investment fund by Philip King in 2022. Personal life ------------- Luciano’s father, a professional hotel piano player, moved to Australia with his family before Luciano was born. Luciano’s mother was a school teacher. Luciano has homes in the Sydney suburbs of Mosman and Palm Beach.
American soul singer (1931 – 2011) Musical artist Sir Lattimore Brown (August 20, 1931 – March 25, 2011) was an American southern soul singer. A regular on the Chitlin' Circuit from the early 1960s, Brown performed with Fats Domino, Ray Charles, Otis Redding, Etta James, Jackie Wilson and Muddy Waters, but later faded into obscurity with several publications believing he had died in the 1980s. In his obituary, the Daily Telegraph labelled Brown 'soul music's unluckiest man', due to the many personal tragedies he experienced though his life. Biography --------- ### Early life LV Brown was born in Mound Bayou, Mississippi, on August 20, 1931. He was raised by his grandfather, a sharecropper, and met neither of his parents. Having sung spirituals from an early age, he formed a vocal group while attending a local church called The Shady Grove Specials. At age 15 age he married and at 17 illegally enlisted in the army giving himself the name Lattimore Vernon Brown while registering. He served for three years in Korea and Vietnam and upon returning found his wife pregnant with another man's child. ### Career In 1953, Brown moved to Memphis, Tennessee, where he spent time on Beale Street and in the red-light district taking in the city's blues music scene. By 1957, Brown was touring in a minstrel show. Brown's first recordings were for the Zil imprint of the Excello Records label. Two singles were released, "It Hurts Me So" and "Chick Chick Chicky Chick". While neither were especially commercially successful, they received considerable radio play. He later recorded "Somebody's Gonna Miss Me" which achieved moderate success for Excello's own imprint. In 1962, Brown recorded three singles for the Nashville-based Duchess Records label which sold poorly. Brown moved to Dallas around this time, where he opened a club called the Atmosphere Lounge with silent partner Jack Ruby. Disaster struck the club following Ruby's 1963 shooting of Lee Harvey Oswald. Influenced by Roscoe Shelton, Brown moved to the Sound Stage 7 label in 1963. He recorded over a dozen songs with the label at the Stax and Muscle Shoals studios recording with Booker T and the MG's and Willie Mitchell. Once again, his records failed to generate significant sales. The recordings from this time were later used to create the album This Is Lattimore's World. By 1966, Brown was performing using the moniker Sir Lattimore Brown and signed with Otis Redding's RedWal touring agency shortly before Redding died in a plane crash. His most successful single, "Otis is Gone", was a tribute to Redding. Brown was dropped by Sound Stage 7 in 1970. He subsequently recorded singles with Renegade Records and Seventy Seven Records, before moving for the last time to Ace Records. His final single, "Warm and Tender Love", was released by Ace in 1975. ### Later life In the 1970s, Brown suffered personal tragedies, with his second wife dying during heart surgery and third wife dying of lung cancer. By the mid-1970s, Brown was trying to keep a low profile after a misunderstanding involving Benny Latimore and the Southern Mafia caused him to fear for his life. In the 1980s Brown retired from music, moved to Little Rock, Arkansas, and opened an after-hours club. In 1997, Brown moved to Biloxi, Mississippi. Once again, personal tragedy struck in 2005 when Hurricane Katrina flooded Brown's apartment while he was inside. Brown managed to survive by clinging to a makeshift raft. His wife, however, died of a heart attack while evacuating. It took five months for Brown to learn of her passing. After a violent mugging in 2007, the nurse treating Brown learned of his musical history and put him in touch with soul music enthusiasts. This resulted in Brown's first release in three decades, a recording of "Pain in my Heart". Brown died on March 25, 2011, after being struck by a car in Pensacola, Florida. He was buried in Barrancas National Cemetery. Legacy ------ Scottish poet Lachlan Mackinnon wrote a poem called "On Reading an Obituary of Sir Lattimore Brown, Soul Musician" which reflected on the many unfortunate incidents in Brown's life. This poem was published in his 2017 collection Doves. Discography ----------- ### Compilation albums * 1977: This is Lattimore's World * 1987: Lattimore Brown * 1987: Everyday I Have to Cry * 2006: Little Box of Tricks * 2009: Nobody Has To Tell Me ### Singles * 1960: "It Hurts Me So / Got Plenty Troubles" (Zil Records) * 1960: "Chick Chick, Chicky Chick / Always My Love" (Zil Records) * 1961: "Somebody's Gonna Miss Me / Darling Dear" (Excello) * 1961: "Teenie Weenie / Night Time Is The Right Time" (Duchess) * 1962: "A Mistaken Prayer / Say What" (Duchess) * 1962: "What Have I Done Wrong / Only I Can Tell The Story "(Duchess) * 1965: "I'm Not Through Lovin' You" (Sound Stage 7) * 1966: "I Know I'm Gonna Miss You/Little Bag Of Tricks" (Sound Stage 7) * 1967: "It's Gonna Take A Little Time / Please, Please, Please" (Sound Stage 7) * 1967: "Nobody Has To Tell Me / Cruise On Fannie (Cruise On)" (Sound Stage 7) * 1967: "Shake And Vibrate" (Sound Stage 7) * 1968: "Everyday I Have To Cry Some / So Says My Heart" (Sound Stage 7) * 1968: "Otis is Gone (Parts 1 and 2)" (Sound Stage 7) * 1969: "Yak-A-Poo / I Wish I Felt This Way At Home" (Renegade Records) * 1970: "Sweet Desiree / I Will" (Renegade Records) * 1974: "It's Gonna Take A Little More Time" (Seventy Seven Records) * 1974: "Bless Your Heart / Don't Trust No One" (Seventy Seven Records) * 1975: "Warm And Tender Love / You Don't Know Like I Know" (Ace Records) * 2009: "Pain in my Heart" (Rea Thing Records)
Spanish politician and journalist In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Esplá and the second or maternal family name is Rizo. Carlos Esplá Rizo (23 June 1895 – 6 July 1971) was Spanish Left Republican politician and journalist. For several months during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he was the first Spanish Minister of Propaganda. Early years: 1895–1931 ---------------------- Carlos Esplá Rizo was born in Alicante on 23 June 1895. His family was middle class and liberal. He soon became interested in politics, and helped found the Republican Left journal El Luchador (The Wrestler) in Alicante. Due to his anti-monarchy articles he had to leave the city and move to Valencia. There he became involved with well-known Republicans and continued to work as a journalist. In 1921 Esplá went to Paris for a planned stay of three months that became seven years. While in Paris he founded España con Honra (Spain with Honor). He was connected to Miguel de Unamuno and collaborated with Vicente Blasco Ibáñez in anti-monarchist activities. Esplá became Paris correspondent of the Spanish Fabra news agency, He helped arrange the publication of Spanish and French versions of the polemic Una Nación Secuestrada by Blasco Ibáñez in November 1924. It was at once translated into English as Alfonso XIII Unmasked. The book attacked both Miguel Primo de Rivera and the king as enemies of democracy. Esplá also wrote for major newspapers such as El Liberal, La Voz, El Heraldo de Madrid, El Sol, La Vanguardia and Las Provincias. In 1929 Esplá and José Sánchez-Guerra y Martínez led the revolutionary movement against Primo de Rivera in Valencia. He became foreign correspondent for El Sol, which let him travel in Europe. In 1930 in Geneva he was named vice-president of the International Association of Journalists, which had members from major newspapers around the world. He left El Sol early in 1931 in support of Nicolás María de Urgoiti. Pre-war political activities: 1931–1936 --------------------------------------- In March 1931 Esplá decided to return to Spain to participate in the municipal elections of the newly declared Second Spanish Republic. On 14 April 1931 he raised the tricolor over the Alicante town hall and was appointed civil governor of the city, but resigned on 28 April 1931 and left for Madrid to offer his services to the provisional government. Esplá, who admired Manuel Azaña, thought an individual should serve the community according to best of his abilities, which in his case meant journalism. He accepted the post of head of press relations of the Spanish Embassy in Paris. Before leaving he served for a few weeks as head of the Press Office of the Ministry of State to pass on his knowledge to the new Minister, Alejandro Lerroux. After completing his work at the Ministry of State he accepted the position of Civil Governor of Barcelona. In this role he worked conscientiously to consolidate the Republican reforms and to control anarcho-syndicalism, which he saw as a serious threat to a civil democracy. Esplá was elected Deputy for Alicante in the election of 28 June 1931. When Azaña became Prime Minister in October 1931 Esplá was named Undersecretary of the Interior, where he stayed until just before the 1933 elections. He established good relations with the leading nationalists in Barcelona and helped draft the Statute of Autonomy of Catalonia of 1932 (Estatut de Núria). After the right wing victory in the 1933 elections he temporarily left politics and founded a Republican journal Política. Esplá later said the failure of the Left in the 1933 elections was due to its "abysmal" approach to press communications. He was reelected Deputy for Alicante in the elections of 16 February 1936. Azaña offered him the position of Under-Secretary of the Presidency, which he accepted after Azaña became President in May 1936. He held this post when the military uprising in July 1936 began the Spanish Civil War. Civil War: 1936–1939 -------------------- As soon as they heard of the military revolt at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, the leaders of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) called a general strike in Valencia on 19 July 1936 and formed a strike committee. The Popular Front created a separate Peoples' Executive Committee. In response, Manuel Azaña created the Republican Government Delegate Council of Levante by decree, to take control over these groups. The council was to have authority over the provinces of Valencia, Alicante, Castellón, Albacete, Murcia and Cuenca. It was headed by Diego Martínez Barrio, speaker of the Spanish Cortes, and included Mariano Ruiz-Funes and Martinez Echevarría in addition to Esplá. Eventually on 6 August 1936 the Delegate Council returned to Madrid and left the People's Executive Committee in control. On 21 August 1936, almost certainly at Esplá's urging, Prime Minister José Giral established a propaganda and information office within the Subsecretaría de Presidencia. It was to direct "all services for the press, radio, cinema etc. of an official or semi-official nature that currently operate within the different ministries and which have any connection with information and propaganda, both within Spain and abroad." Esplá was appointed Secretary General of the Council of Ministers in September 1936. With the approach of General Francisco Franco's troops to Madrid in early November 1936 the government of Prime Minister Francisco Largo Caballero was restructured to include the anarchists Joan Peiró (Industry), Juan López Sánchez (Commerce) and Federica Montseny (Health). Esplá became the first Minister of Propaganda of Spain, with the architect Manuel Sánchez Arcas as his subsecretary. Esplá was Minister of Propaganda from 4 November 1936 to 15 May 1937. When Juan Negrín formed his first government he eliminated the Ministry of Propaganda, making it a sub-secretariat under the Ministry of State. Esplá remained in charge of propaganda. A key part of his job was to communicate the Republican position effectively in the foreign press and the League of Nations. Esplá was Sub-Secretary of State for Propaganda until April 1938. The communist Federico Melchor was appointed undersecretary for propaganda. He was replaced by Sánchez Arcas on 22 January 1938 by José Giral, Minister of Foreign Affairs. Later years: 1939–1971 ---------------------- After the defeat of the Republic in April 1939, Esplá was convicted by the Tribunal for the Repression of Freemasonry and Communism and sentenced to thirty years imprisonment. He took refuge in Paris, where he did what he could to help Spanish refugees, first working with the Service for Evacuation of Spanish Refugees (Servicio de Evacuación de Refugiados Españoles, SERE) and then with the Council of Aid to Spanish Republicans (Junta de Auxilio a los Republicanos Españoles, JARE) until the end of July 1940. He also worked as correspondent for an Argentine publication. In July 1940 he decided to leave for Buenos Aires, and in August 1940 finally left for Mexico. In Mexico Esplá was secretary of JARE and manager of the funds of the Republic in exile. He continued to support Spanish exiles with CAFARE after JARE was dissolved in December 1942. During World War II (1939–45) he worked at first to reunify the exiled Republican groups, but eventually fell out with the government in exile after disputes with José Giral. He became a translator for the United Nations and President of the Spanish Republican Center of Mexico. He moved to Washington in July 1951, and spent long periods in New York until 1956, when he returned to Mexico. During his last years he suffered from depression and ceased all work. Carlos Esplá died in 1971. Publications ------------ * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (1916). De la lucha (The Fight). * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (2002). Unamuno, Blasco Ibáñez y Sánchez Guerra en París: crónicas de París y otros escritos periodísticos, 1916–1930. Instituto de Cultura Juan Gil-Albert. p. 421. ISBN 978-84-7784-877-6. First published in 1940 * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (1942). ¿Cuándo volvemos a España? (When Will We Return to Spain?). * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (1952). Don Amadeu Hurtado: un liberal europeu. Ed. Imprenta Libreria. p. 29. * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (1953). Zarabanda franquista. * Rizo, Carlos Esplá (2004-01-01). Mi vida hecha cenizas: diarios 1920–1965. Editorial Renacimiento. p. 377. ISBN 978-84-8472-181-9. Sources ------- * Bolloten, Burnett (1991). The Spanish Civil War: Revolution and Counterrevolution. Univ of North Carolina Press. ISBN 978-0-8078-1906-7. Retrieved 2015-08-08. * Egido León, Ángeles (2001). "Comentario de Libros: Sueño y pesadilla del republicanismo español. Carlos Esplá: una biografía política.- Angosto Vélez" (in Spanish). Archived from the original on October 23, 2004. Retrieved 2015-08-07. * "Esplá Rizo, Carlos (1895–1971)". Censo-Guía de Archivos (in Spanish). Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte. Retrieved 2015-08-07. * "Espla Rizo, Carlos" (in Spanish). Congreso de los Diputados. Retrieved 2015-08-07. * García, Hugo (2010). The Truth about Spain!: Mobilizing British Public Opinion, 1936–1939. Sussex Academic Press. ISBN 978-1-84519-332-4. Retrieved 2015-08-07. * Paz, Abel (2011). The Story of the Iron Column: Militant Anarchism in the Spanish Civil War. AK Press. ISBN 978-1-84935-064-8. Retrieved 2015-08-07. * Thomas, Hugh (2013-11-06). The Spanish Civil War: Revised Edition. Random House Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-8041-5216-7. Retrieved 2015-08-07. Further reading --------------- * Carlos Esplá Rizo: biografía política (in Spanish). Universidad de Alicante. 2000. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * FAST * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * Spain * France * BnF data * Catalonia * Germany * Israel * United States \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
Unincorporated community in West Virginia, United States Minnehaha Springs is an unincorporated community located in Pocahontas County, West Virginia, United States. It was named for the fictional Native American "princess," Minnehaha, and the mineral springs on the Lockridge farm. It is the only community with this name in the United States. On the site of what is now Camp Twin Creeks warm mineral springs can still be found. History ------- ### Early history Reportedly residents found Indian relics near the mineral springs in the region, which is why it was named Minnehaha, after a Native American maiden. Thermal springs were often sacred places for Native Americans, and they believed in the healing powers of the water. Most major thermal springs in the United States have some kind of record of use by local Native American tribes. Springs were neutral ground where tribes could rest after a battle. The Lockridge family found the Minnehaha springs on their farmland, and they tested the water first in 1891 and then again in 1910. The results revealed that the water had similar chemical characteristics to the water of the Hot Springs in Bath County, Virginia and of Bethesda Spring in Waukesha, Wisconsin. The Lockridge family created the Pocahontas Mineral Water Development Company and began selling bottled mineral water. The water was advertised as "pure" with "medicinal virtue," and the advertisement promised that "the most delicate stomach can retain it." The spring's waters were used to aid with eczema, diabetes, and all forms of Bright's disease. The spring water was found to be abundant with silica and calcium carbonate. ### The Railroad In 1900 a new railroad station in Marlinton, due to the completion of the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's Greenbrier Division, placed Minnehaha Springs in a more accessible position for travelers and tourists. In order to attract tourists, spring resorts and tourist resorts in general, had to be easy-to-get-to. In the nineteenth century, spring proprietors were involved in transportation improvements within their surrounding area. They lobbied for the development of railroads, turnpikes, river networks, and canals. Sometimes spring proprietors would work directly with railroad companies in order to establish rail stations within close distance of their resorts. The importance these transportation networks were for business is reflected in the increased presence of spring visitors in the late 1870s and 1880s when rail travel was becoming easier and more frequent. ### Turn-of-the-century Tourism #### Minnehaha Springs Hotel By 1914, the Lockridge family built a hotel overlooking the spring, as well as a bath house and an indoor pool. The Lockridge family hired Casa Ybel, the proprietors of a winter resort in Sanibel, Florida to manage the resort. The spring was said to flow a million gallons in a day with a temperature of seventy-two degrees Fahrenheit. The spring's water was contained in a concrete pool and guided to a modern bathhouse. The spring had been inaccessible to the public, but with the new railway and roads in place, visitors could arrive at the hotel within thirty-five minutes. An automobile service from Marlinton could take guests to the hotel from the rail station. Minnehaha Springs could now "take its place among the sisterhood of summer resorts which has made the two Virginias famous." A resident physician was on the property daily, and a separate building was provided for those who needed the curative properties of the water. The combination of the "drinking cure" and the "bathing cure" assured guests that their illness or condition was no match for the Minnehaha waters. The Minnehaha Springs hotel probably attracted a middle-class clientele. It was small in size but had modern conveniences such as its own electric water plant, modern plumbing, hot and cold running water and call bells in each room. It was two stories with twenty-four bedrooms. A tennis course, golf course, pool table, cards, music, dancing, and picnic spots were included on the resort grounds. A swimming pool and a bathhouse flowed with Minnehaha water. Livery teams, riding horses, and automobiles were also available for guests. Telephone communication with Marlinton and the delivery of telegrams and parcels allowed visitors to connect with the outside world. The Minnehaha Springs hotel was not very successful and was transformed into a summer camp for boys in 1944. The hotel building burned down in 1945. In 2001, the summer camp was purchased by Gordon Josey and his wife, became co-ed, and is now named Twin Creeks. Previously, the summer camp had been named Camp Minnehaha, and had been operating from as early as the 1930s. The Minnehaha Springs hotel was the very first "facility in Pocahontas County built and operated strictly for the tourist business." #### The Allegheny Sportsmen's Association The Allegheny Sportsmen's Association in Minnehaha Springs, West Virginia was organized in 1912 by J. A. Viquesnay, the State Warden, and H. M. Lockridge. Their charter set their purpose not "of exterminating the fast vanishing wild life of West Virginia, but, on the contrary, with the primary intention of demonstrating the possibilities of propagating and increasing all species of song and insectivorous birds, game birds, animals and fish, and assisting in protecting the forests from fire, and thus restoring the attractive wild life and the picturesque forests of West Virginia to their original beauty and grandeur." In their advertising pamphlet issued soon after its creation, the Allegheny Sportsmen's Association explained that "a great majority of the members of this association are not sportsmen from the standpoint of killing game, but are sportsmen from the standpoint of helping to perpetuate some of the wild life of West Virginia for future generations." As this statement and the association's name suggests, an emphasis of the club was to unite sportsmen. ##### Elk from Yellowstone On January 9 and February 6, 1913, carloads of elk from Yellowstone National Park were transported to the Allegheny Sportsmen's Association in Minnehaha Springs. A total of 67 elk were safely housed in Minnehaha Springs. The elk were confined in an enclosure until they were acclimated to their surroundings, at which time they were released on the property of the Allegheny Sportsmen's Association. West Virginia's State Warden J. A. Viquesnay, one of the founders of the Allegheny Sportsmen's Association, organized the transfer. In fact, these elk from Yellowstone were not the first elk the Sportsmen's Association transported to their grounds. Prior to the federal transfer, 15 elk, 14 females and 1 male, had been shipped to Minnehaha Springs from Iowa, in order to analyze their adaptation to the environment. When it appeared they were thriving and produced eight calves, the Association was deemed fit to receive the Yellowstone elk. By 1932, the elk transported from Yellowstone had disappeared. ##### The Club House The Allegheny Sportsmen's Association built a luxurious club house in 1913, and it opened on July 1, 1914 to accommodate the association's members and their families. The club house was four stories, fifty by sixty feet, and was equipped with modern conveniences. It contained a kitchen, dining room, and pool rooms in the basement along with two wood-burning fireplaces. The first floor housed a large club room with four wood-burning fireplaces to keep the room warm. The second and third floors were divided into bedrooms and described as being "nicely finished and furnished." On the fourth floor was a large room used to accommodate visitors when the other rooms were crowded. Both the first and second floors had large porches filled with easy chairs, swings, and hammocks, and on the roof was a small garden used as an observatory with a sweeping view of the surrounding landscape. The club house was lit with an acetylene plant, and shower and bathtubs were supplied with hot and cold water. The water was pumped from a mineral spring in Minnehaha Springs, the location of the Minnehaha Springs hotel. Because the spring was at a higher elevation, there was good water pressure on all floors of the building. The one-hundred-acre park surrounding the club house was home to the herd of elk, deer, and other animals. Behind the clubhouse was a white pine grove where guests could lounge in camp chairs, swings, and hammocks beneath the trees. Bungalows were built by members further out in the woods in order to avoid long trips back to the hotel at night. In the surrounding grounds were two tennis courts, a golf course, a shooting trap, and a small garage for automobiles. Dog kennels were also on the property to house any canines used for hunting. The club house cost around $15,000 and was operated on "the plan of a first-class hotel with accommodations of one hundred and fifty." Once the association built its club house, the Allegheny Club continued to acquire recognition. Visitors traveled from various parts of the state such as Marlinton, Cass, Wheeling, Philippi, Charleston, and Lewisburg. Guests also traveled from Richmond, New York, Baltimore, Columbus, Cleveland, and Philadelphia. The club held dinners and dances frequently, attracting large crowds. According to one article, fried chicken and waffle suppers were becoming quite famous at the club. Often dances continued until after twelve o’clock, and punch, ice cream, and cake was served in the dining room late into the night. Automobile parties made frequent trips to the Allegheny Club. Membership increased rapidly in its early years, and some weekends the club was filled to capacity, requiring visitors to go to the adjacent hotel for sleeping accommodations. Interest in the Allegheny Club waned by the 1920s, and the National Forest received a large portion of their acreage. In 1926, Harry R. Wyllie of Huntington, owner of the H. R. Wyllie China Company, acquired the lodge to use as a private estate. In 1946, Wyllie sold the property to the Standard Ultramarine Company, and in 1964 the lodge was shut down due to the sale of Standard Ultramarine. On October 17, 1983, the Allegheny Club burned to the ground.
American classical composer Paul Tietjens (/ˈtɪtʃənz/; May 22, 1877 – November 25, 1943) was an American composer of the early twentieth century. He is best known for composing music for The Wizard of Oz, the 1902 stage adaptation of L. Frank Baum's The Wonderful Wizard of Oz, one of the great popular hits of its era. Tietjens was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. At age 15 he appeared as a piano soloist with the St. Louis Symphony. He later studied in Europe with Hugo Kaun, Harold Bauer, and Theodor Leschetizky. Early in his career, Tietjens's ambition was to establish himself as a successful composer of comic operas and operettas. He approached L. Frank Baum in March 1901, not long after the publication and success of The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. According to Baum's later recollection, "The thought of making my fairy tale into a play had never even occurred to me when, one evening, my doorbell rang and I found a spectacled young man standing on the mat." By another report, though, they met through Ike Morgan, a Chicago artist who worked on Baum's American Fairy Tales (1901). Baum and Tietjens agreed to develop stage projects together. Curiously, their first attempts had nothing to do with Oz. They wrote a show titled The Octopus, or The Title Trust, which was rejected by producers in Chicago and New York. Their next venture was a musical called King Midas, which was never completed. It was illustrator W. W. Denslow who suggested a Wizard of Oz stage adaptation. Though Baum was at first cool to the idea, Tietjens was enthusiastic. Baum prepared a libretto, and the project went forward. Tietjens included two songs from The Octopus ("Love Is Love" and "The Traveler and the Pie"). The show went through many script revisions and changes; Tietjens's score was supplemented with music composed by A. Baldwin Sloane and others. Quarrels over the partitioning of the royalties (Denslow was co-copyright holder of the book, and designed the sets and costumes for the musical) led to a permanent rupture between Baum and Denslow. Yet the show premiered in Chicago on 16 June 1902, and moved to Broadway in January 1903. It was an enormous hit. It ran through 1907 and then toured widely. The income from the show made Tietjens financially independent at a relatively early age. Tietjens, however, never equaled that early popular success in subsequent shows. He wrote The Sacred Serpent (1904), a three-act musical comedy. He composed incidental music for J. M. Barrie's play A Kiss for Cinderella. He worked with Baum on another project, called The Pipes o' Pan (which might have been a revised version of King Midas); it was never produced, and survives only in a fragment. In 1904 he married the poet Eunice Strong Hammond, who became known under her married name, Eunice Tietjens. They had two daughters, Idea and Janet. The death of their elder daughter Idea at the age of four may have contributed to the break-up of the marriage; the couple separated in 1910 and divorced in 1914. In addition to his works for popular theater, Tietjens composed symphonies, a concerto, sonatas, and chamber works. His most significant serious work is arguably his opera The Tents of the Arabs. In 1916, he was about to produce an opera in Berlin, but World War I shut it down just before opening night. Tietjens' compositions were confiscated, and he was accused of being a spy. He was arrested in London and only released when Frederick W. Well, former Berlin correspondent for the New York Times and the Daily Mail, intervened. Although Tietjens returned to America, his musical scores and compositions were apparently never recovered. Tietjens spent much of his life in Europe. He married the artist Marjorie Richardson December 25, 1927 He and his wife Marjorie Tietjens lived in New York City through 1942. When his health failed in 1942, he and his wife returned to St. Louis to live with his sister, Olga Dammert, and he died there in 1943. His manuscripts are in the Gaylord Music Library at Washington University in St. Louis; the University's Tietjens Hall is named in his honor. His diaries are part of the collection of the Newberry Library in Chicago.
American actress Jane Gennaro (born 1953 in The Bronx, New York City) is an American artist, illustrator, playwright, writer and voice actress based in New York City. Career ------ ### Illustrator Gennaro's illustrations and cover art were first published in songbooks by Chappell Music in 1975. Gennaro was hired by MAD magazine editor Jerry DeFuccio to caricature him on personal stationary designs between 1976 and 1978. Gennaro illustrated the MAD ad for Al Jaffee’s "Clods Letters to Mad" and sang on the Mad Magazine novelty record "Makin’ Out". From 1976-1977 Gennaro worked for Barbara Jo Slate, Inc. drawing Slate's feminist cartoon character, Ms. Liz, which appeared on millions of greeting cards. In 2012, an exhibition of the illustrated journals Gennaro has been keeping since 1988 was shown in Journeys: Jane Gennaro and Linda Mussman at Time & Space Ltd. Hudson, NY. ### Comedy writer and performer Between 1977-1984 Gennaro performed at The Comic Strip, The Improvisation and Catch a Rising Star in New York City in an act that included singing impressions of MTV rock stars Tina Turner, Yoko Ono, Prince, David Bowie, Annie Lennox and Madonna. Billed as "Mud, Sweat & Jears," Gennaro voiced Cyndi Lauper on the novelty record, "Every Dawg Has Its Day" (Atlantic), a dance tune parody of the pro-wrestling craze. In 1979, George Shea in Attenzione magazine suggested that Gennaro probably is the first Italian stand-up comedian. Between 1982-1983 Gennaro performed with her real-life sisters, as "Those Gennaro Sisters", appearing regularly at Carolines in New York City and other east coast comedy clubs. The act was described as "a fast-paced mixture of music, comedy and satire." In 2013 Gennaro was among the women authors of "No Kidding, Women Writers on Bypassing Parenthood" edited by Henriette Mantel. ### Playwright In 1988, Gennaro's solo play "The Boob Story" opened at The American Place Theatre in New York, directed by Wynn Handman. The show was described as "a cautionary serio-comic monologue about breast fetishism in America, and the perils of getting too much of what one wants." Stephen Holden of the New York Times called the work an "ingenious conceit" and described Gennaro as "an engaging storyteller and skillful mimic." The New York Post's Bill Ervolino called her "wonderfully appealing and a creator of a colorful gallery of losers, friends and fools." In 1991 she performed "Reality Ranch" at the American Place Theatre, dealing with the struggle of a magazine writer to attain self-knowledge in a world of infotainment. The 'New York Times described Gennaro, as "using her disarmingly affable personality to make satiric stabs at quick fading fads that tend to make one feel a step behind the times". In 1992 Gennaro completed "Una Donna in Coma", a play for five actors. In the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, Gennaro wrote and performed "Heebie Jeebies" in Culture Project’s Impact on the Gulf Festival, at Chashama in New York City and had an article published. ### Radio personality Gennaro was a contributor to the syndicated radio show The American Comedy Network, voicing Joan Rivers in the rap record, "Can We Tawk?" From 1986-1987 Gennaro was a writer/performer on The Joey Reynolds Show on WNBC and was the traffic reporter on The Alan Colmes Show. Gennaro was a substitute host for Lynn Samuels on WABC. She did a limited engagement as "The Weather Girl" on WOR’s Rambling with Gambling in 1998. Gennaro was the first female writer for Don Imus' show on WFAN (1991-92), humorously rebutting his sexist teasing in character as Leona Helmsley, Diane Sawyer, Jeri Hall and others. From 2002-2003 Gennaro was a commentator on NPR’s All Things Considered and a character actor in satires written by Bruce Kluger and David Slavin. ### Fine artist Gennaro's "Articulate Remains", including the "Bones and Egg", "Brides of Bone" and "Kinderdraussen" series, were exhibited at TSL Gallery in Hudson in 2008, and at Rogue Space in Chelsea in 2009. Surrounded by the art, she delivered her monologue "Shaking the Goose Egg". A review in dArt International magazine state that "The exhibition’s title... refers to the artist giving voice to the objects that she finds in nature... the monologue is a vivid piece of confessional theatre that reveals complex feelings of hope, guilt and responsibility." In October 2010 her "Feed the Models!" exhibit opened at The World Monuments Fund Gallery in New York City. Vision to Visuals columnist Baldev Duggal wrote "It takes an artist like Gennaro to reflect back to us the truth—the tension that lies beneath the beautiful mirage of carefully doctored aesthetics and loss of self identity." Feed the Models was featured at Adelphi University in Garden City, New York, and in November 2011–January 2012 was featured at the Fashion Institute of Technology's Fred P. Pomerantz Art and Design Center. Acting and voice-over roles --------------------------- Gennaro has appeared on camera in numerous network television commercials, and recorded hundreds of voice-overs for narrations, cartoons, video games, audiobooks, podcasts and promos. Filmography ----------- \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2001 \| Max Payne \| Nicole Horne/Computer (voice) \| \| \| 2002 \| The Wedding Dress \| Elevator Lady \| Short film \| \| 2002 \| Grand Theft Auto: Vice City \| Maude Hanson \| \| \| 2003 \| Max Payne 2: The Fall of Max Payne \| Nicole Horne \| \| \| 2004 \| The Wrong Coast \| Various Celebrity Voices \| \| \| 2010 \| Team Umizoomi \| Voice \| \| \| 2012 \| Max Payne 3 \| Nicole Horne (voice) \| \| \| 2018 \| A Bread Factory, Part 2 \| Ann \| \|
British dance-pop duo The Reynolds Girls were a British dance-pop duo composed of sisters Linda (born in 1970) and Aisling Reynolds (born in 1972). They are best known for their hit single "I'd Rather Jack", produced by Stock Aitken Waterman, which achieved success across Europe in 1989. Early life ---------- The sisters grew up in Litherland, a suburb of Sefton, Liverpool, and were of Irish descent. The duo's younger sister, Debbie (no relation to the late American actress Debbie Reynolds), played the original Katie Rogers, in Brookside, from 1987 to 1989. 1989: the single produced by SAW -------------------------------- ### Background and lyrics > "... AM/FM, all that jazz, we'd rather sing along with Yazz, what happened to the radio, they never play the songs we know ...." "... No heavy metal rock and roll, music from the past, I'd rather jack, than Fleetwood Mac, I'd rather jack ...". > > The sisters signed to the PWL record label after giving Pete Waterman a demo tape, and their single "I'd Rather Jack" was produced by Stock Aitken Waterman. The song started out as a response to music critics who ignored the younger pop acts in the UK at the time, and to radio DJs who continued to play older bands on their playlists rather than Stock Aitken Waterman songs. It was also a response to a perceived snub at the Brit Awards, where SAW acts lost out to more "mature" acts such as Enya and Steve Winwood. ### Chart performance "I'd Rather Jack" reached the top ten in all the European countries it was released. It peaked at number 8 on the UK Singles Chart in April 1989 where it remained for 12 weeks, number 6 in Ireland, number 6 in Finland, number 8 in the Netherlands, number 7 in the Flanders region of Belgium, and number 43 in Australia. The single also reached a peak of number 24 on the Eurochart Hot 100. ### Impact and legacy In a public poll conducted by Channel 4 in 2003, "I'd Rather Jack" was voted number 91 in a list of the 100 Worst Pop Records of All Time, and has been called "the beginning of the end for Stock Aitken Waterman." In 2014, Matt Dunn of WhatCulture ranked the song at number 15 in his "15 unforgettable Stock Aitken Waterman singles" list, adding: "What a load of silly old dross this was!... Its wispy little arrangement cashed in on the Chicago house sound of the time". In 2021, British magazine Classic Pop ranked the song number 38 in their list of 'Top 40 Stock Aitken Waterman songs', presented the song a "pure-pop apes Chicago house in a track squarely aimed at the teen market. [...] A bubbling, squelchy momentum carries the tune skywards as the two jettison music's old guard". In 2023, Alexis Petridis of The Guardian listed the song" at number 20 in his "Stock Aitken Waterman's 20 greatest songs – ranked!", adding: "Not a great record, but as a mad act of provocation designed to upset as many people as possible in three minutes, "I'd Rather Jack"... is unbeatable." After the success ----------------- After their brief success in 1989 with "I'd Rather Jack", The Reynolds Girls had a public falling out with Pete Waterman, who accused them of being difficult. They parted ways with PWL, saying they wanted to direct their own careers. The girls self-released a second single, "Get Real", funded by their parents remortgaging their family house, but the song failed to chart. The duo have not made any real media appearance since. In a documentary about PWL that aired in 2012, the people interviewed admitted that the single was indeed a tongue-in-cheek response to the critics, and in part did ruin the siblings' career after they'd recorded it. It is unknown what happened to them after that and they could not be traced for a 2012 PWL reunion concert. In 2013, ITV started a search for the sisters, so they could appear in a commemorative documentary about Stock, Aitken and Waterman. As of 2022, their whereabouts remain unknown. Discography ----------- ### Singles List of singles, with selected chart positions\| Title \| Year \| Peak chart positions \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| UK \| AUS \| BEL(FL) \| FIN \| IRE \| NLD \| \| "I'd Rather Jack" \| 1989 \| 8 \| 43 \| 7 \| 6 \| 6 \| 8 \| \| "Get Real" \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \| — \|

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