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Mikhail Mikhailowitsch Woinow, surname sometimes spelled as Voinov (1844 - 1875) was an optimologists from the Russian Empire who worked Austrian Empire and later in Germany. He served as an assistant to Hermann von Helmholtz (1821-1894) and Otto Becker (1828-1890) at the University of Heidelberg and to Carl Ferdinand von Arlt (1812-1887) in Vienna. Later he established an ophthalmologic practice in Moscow, where he also gave lectures at the university. In Vienna he conducted pioneer ophthalmometric research with August Leopold von Reuss (1841-1924) that included studies of corneal astigmatism following cataract extraction. The two men are credited as the first to describe exact ophthalmometric observations on "wound astigmatism". In addition to work in ophthalmometry, Woinow published a number of papers on subjects such as ametropia, the blind spot, binocular vision, color vision, accommodation, etc. Selected writings ----------------- * Ophthalmometrische Studien. (with August Leopold von Reuss), Vienna 1869. * Ophthalmometrie. Vienna: A. Holzhausen for W. Braumüller, 1871. * Über das Verhalten der Doppelbilder bei Augenmuskellähmungen. 1870 (On the behavior of double vision eye muscle paralysis).
Wooden roller coaster at Oaks Amusement Park, Oregon, U.S. Zip or Zipp was a steel-framed wooden roller coaster which operated at Oaks Amusement Park in Portland, Oregon. The coaster was a more compact variant of the Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters which were built by Harry Traver of the Traver Engineering Company in the mid to late 1920s. History and design ------------------ One of Harry Traver's more obscure coasters, the Zip was modeled on the larger Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters (the "Terrible Triplets") but was smaller and more compact. The coaster was originally planned to be 3,200 feet (980 m) in length, but this length was reduced so as not to impinge on a nearby trolley right-of-way. The undulating jazz track characteristic of Traver Cyclones was also shortened by 70 feet (21 m). The coaster was also built on a wooden deck to protect it from Willamette River flooding. The coaster was removed in 1934 as a result of high maintenance and insurance costs. The coaster was dismantled and the steel sold to Japan in that same year. Few photographs were preserved of the Zip. Robert Cartmell, in his book The Incredible Scream Machine: A History of the Roller Coaster, described the stunned reaction of attendees at an American Coaster Enthusiasts meeting when photographic slides of the Zip were first shown. "[It was] as if some primeval nightmare had been projected on the screen" Cartmell wrote, and called the coaster "a ride bordering on the macabre". Ride experience --------------- Diagram taken from one of Traver's patents of the rapidly undulating track utilized on the Zip and other Traver coasters While most Traver Cyclones had 10-car trains, the Zip differed by having shorter 5-car trains. The way these shorter trains zipped along the track is thought to be responsible for the name of the coaster. Like other Traver coasters, the ride had very steep banking. The first curve had an angle of 80 degrees. It has also been suggested that the shorter trains may have created an even rougher experience than was typical for a Traver Cyclone. It was described as a "rib tickler", where the side-to-side motion of the cars (particularly on the coaster's rapidly undulating "Jazz Track") would slam riders' ribs to either sides of the cars. This led to problems of low ridership (and particularly repeat ridership) that plagued the other Giant Cyclone Safety Coasters. The smaller-than-usual trains, which like the other Cyclones could only run one-at-a-time, also contributed to this problem.
1934 novella by James Hilton For other uses, see Goodbye, Mr. Chips (disambiguation). "Mr. Chips" redirects here. For other uses, see Mr. Chips (disambiguation). *Goodbye, Mr. Chips* is a novella about the life of a school teacher, Mr. Chipping, written by English writer James Hilton and first published by Hodder & Stoughton in October 1934. It has been adapted into two feature films and two television presentations. History ------- The story was originally issued in 1933, as a supplement to the British Weekly, an evangelical newspaper. It came to prominence when it was reprinted as the lead piece of the April 1934 issue of The Atlantic Monthly. The success of the Atlantic Monthly publication prompted a book deal between the author and the US publisher Little, Brown and Company, who published the story in book form for the first time in June 1934. Published during the Great Depression, Little, Brown cautiously released a small first print run. Public demand for more was immediate and Little, Brown went into an almost immediate reprinting the same month. Public demand remained strong, and Little, Brown continued to reprint the book in cautious lots for many months, with at least two reprintings per month. The first British edition went to press in October 1934. The publishers were Hodder & Stoughton, who had observed the success of the book in the United States, and they released a much larger first print run. It sold 15,000 copies on the day of publication, and they quickly found themselves going into reprints as the reading public's demand for the book proved insatiable. With the huge success of this book, James Hilton became a best-selling author. In 1938, he published a sequel, To You, Mr Chips. Plot summary ------------ The novella tells the story of a beloved school teacher, Mr Chipping, and his long tenure at Brookfield School, a fictional minor British boys' public boarding school located in the fictional village of Brookfield in the Fenlands. Mr Chips, as the boys call him, is conventional in his beliefs and exercises firm discipline in the classroom. His views broaden, and his pedagogical manner loosens after he marries Katherine, a young woman whom he meets on holiday in the Lake District. Katherine charms the Brookfield teachers and headmaster and quickly wins the favour of Brookfield's pupils. Their marriage is brief. She dies in childbirth and he never remarries or has another romantic interest. One of the themes of the book is that Chipping so outlasts all of his peers that his brief marriage fades into myth and few people know him as anything other than a confirmed and lonely bachelor. Despite Chipping's mediocre credentials and his view that classic Greek and Latin (his academic subjects) are dead languages, he is an effective teacher who becomes highly regarded by pupils and the school's governors—he has become a well-worn institution. In his later years, he develops an arch sense of humour that pleases everyone. However, he also becomes somewhat of an anachronism, with an antiquated pronunciation, and is pitied for his isolation. On his deathbed, he talks of the fulfilment he felt as a teacher of boys. Inspiration ----------- The setting for Goodbye, Mr. Chips is probably based on The Leys School, Cambridge, where James Hilton was a pupil (1915–18). Hilton is reported to have said that the inspiration for the protagonist, Mr. Chips, came from many sources, including his father, who was the headmaster of Chapel End School. Mr. Chips is also likely to have been based on W. H. Balgarnie, a master at The Leys (1900–30), who was in charge of the Leys Fortnightly (in which Hilton's first short stories and essays were published.) Over the years, old boys wrote to Geoffery Houghton, a master at The Leys and a historian of the school, confirming the links between Chipping and Balgarnie, who eventually died at Porthmadog at the age of 82. Balgarnie had been linked with the school for 51 years and spent his last years in modest lodgings nearby. Like Mr. Chips, Balgarnie was a strict disciplinarian, but would also invite boys to visit him for tea and biscuits. Hilton wrote upon Balgarnie's death that "Balgarnie was, I suppose, the chief model for my story. When I read so many other stories about public school life, I am struck by the fact that I suffered no such purgatory as their authors apparently did, and much of this miracle was due to Balgarnie." The mutton chop side whiskers of one of the masters at The Leys earned him the nickname "Chops", a likely inspiration for Mr Chips' name. In Hilton’s final novel, Time and Time Again (1953), protagonist Charles Anderson bears clear biographical similarities to Hilton himself.[] Early in the novel, Anderson briefly reminisces about attending Brookfield and knowing "Chips". Adaptations ----------- ### Radio A 50-minute adaptation by James Hilton and Barbara Burnham was broadcast on the BBC National Programme at 20:00 on 23 July 1936, with Richard Goolden in the title part and a cast that included Norman Shelley, Ronald Simpson, Lewis Shaw and Hermione Hannen. There was a repeat broadcast the following evening. A radio adaptation by the Lux Radio Theatre starring Laurence Olivier and Edna Best and presented by Cecil B. DeMille was first broadcast on 20 November 1939. A radio adaptation by Hallmark Playhouse starring Ronald Colman was broadcast on 16 September 1948. Jean Holloway wrote the adaptation, Dee Engelbach was the producer and director, and James Hilton was the host. A second version, told from the point of view of Mrs. Chips as portrayed by Deborah Kerr, was broadcast on 1 February 1951. Whitfield Connor was Mr. Chips, Leonard St. Clair wrote the adaptation, Bill Gay was the producer and director, and James Hilton was again the host. A radio adaptation by the NBC University Theatre was broadcast on 10 July 1949, starring Herbert Marshall and Alma Lawton. Agnes Eckhardt wrote the adaptation, and Andrew C. Love was the director. ### Theatre Barbara Burnham adapted the book for a stage production in three acts, which was first performed at the Shaftesbury Theatre on 23 September 1938, with Leslie Banks as Mr. Chips and Constance Cummings as his wife Katherine. It ran for over 100 performances until 14 January 1939. A stage musical based on the original novel, but using most of the Leslie Bricusse vocal score of the 1969 film, was mounted at the Chichester Festival and opened on 11 August 1982. The book was by Roland Starke and the production was directed by Patrick Garland and Christopher Selbie. Among the Chichester Festival cast were John Mills as Mr. Chips, Colette Gleeson as Kathie, Nigel Stock as Max, Michael Sadler and Robert Meadmore in supporting roles, and 20 local school boys, including Kevin Farrar who was selected by Bricusse to sing the final verse of the iconic "School Song". The original cast album was recorded on the That's Entertainment Records label TER 1025 at Abbey Roads Studios in London on 17/18 August 1982. JAY-jay Records also have a release of it.[] ### Film #### 1939 film Main article: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film) This version stars Robert Donat, Greer Garson, Terry Kilburn, John Mills, and Paul Henreid. Donat won an Academy Award for Best Actor for his performance in the lead role, beating Clark Gable, James Stewart, Laurence Olivier, and Mickey Rooney. While some of the incidents depicted in the various screen adaptations do not appear in the book, this film is generally faithful to the original story. The exteriors of the buildings of the fictional Brookfield School were filmed at Repton School, an independent school (at the time of filming, for boys only), located in the village of Repton, in Derbyshire, in the Midlands area of England, whilst the interiors, school courtyards and annexes, including the supposedly exterior shots of the Austrian Tyrol Mountains, were filmed at Denham Film Studios, near the village of Denham in Buckinghamshire. Around 200 boys from Repton School stayed on during the school holidays so that they could appear in the film. #### 1969 film Main article: Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film) In 1969 a musical film version appeared, starring Peter O'Toole and Petula Clark, with songs by Leslie Bricusse and an underscore by John Williams. In this version the character of Katherine is greatly expanded, and the time setting of the story is moved forward several decades, with Chips' career beginning in the early 20th century and his later career covering World War II, rather than World War I. O'Toole and Clark's performances were widely praised. At the 42nd Academy Awards, O'Toole was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor, and he won the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy. ### Television #### 1984 serial In 1984 it was adapted as a television serial by the BBC. It starred Roy Marsden and Jill Meager and ran for six half-hour episodes. Many scenes were filmed at Repton School, Derbyshire, in an effort to remain faithful to the original film. #### 2002 serial A television film adaptation was produced by STV Studios (then known as "SMG TV Productions") in 2002. It aired on the ITV Network in Britain and on PBS's Masterpiece Theatre in the United States. It starred Martin Clunes and Victoria Hamilton with Henry Cavill, William Moseley, Oliver Rokison and Harry Lloyd. ### Parodies Goodbye, Mr. Chips was parodied in the British sketch comedy programmes Hale and Pace (as Piss Off, Mr. Chips) and Big Train. Vince Gilligan created the television show Breaking Bad with the premise that the show's protagonist Walter White would turn "From Mr. Chips to Scarface" through the series' course. In the Marx Brothers film At the Circus, as Groucho Marx is about to walk out of a scene, he shakes hands with a nearby caged monkey and says, "Goodbye, Mister Chimps." In 2009, the short-running ABC sitcom Better Off Ted titles its 6th episode "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" wherein the computer system misidentifies then completely deletes the account of Ted Crisp, the main character.
American computer scientist (born 1943) (Ray) Tim Teitelbaum (born April 12, 1943, United States) is an American computer scientist known for his early work on integrated development environments (IDEs), syntax-directed editing, and incremental computation. He is Professor Emeritus at Cornell University. As an educator and faculty member of the Cornell University Computer Science Department since 1973, he was recognized for his large-scale teaching of introductory programming, and for his mentoring of highly successful graduate students. As a businessman, he is known for having co-founded GrammaTech, Inc. and for having been its sole CEO from 1988 to 2019. Education --------- Teitelbaum was educated at Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Carnegie Mellon University. Career and research ------------------- In 1978, Teitelbaum created the Cornell Program Synthesizer, one of the seminal systems that demonstrated the power of tightly integrating a collection of program development tools, all deeply knowledgeable about a programming language and its semantics, into one unified framework. The Cornell Program Synthesizer used PL/CS, a variant of the PL/C language dialect developed at Cornell. Teitelbaum's more than 45 lectures and demonstrations of this early IDE during 1979–82, as well as the credo of his 1981 paper co-authored with graduate student Thomas Reps, asserted: > Programs are not text; they are hierarchical compositions of computational structures and should be edited, executed, and debugged in an environment that consistently acknowledges and reinforces this viewpoint. > > This was followed in 1984 by the Synthesizer Generator, also done in collaboration with Reps, which allowed a Program Synthesizer to be generated for different programming languages based on supplying attribute grammars. Motivated by the importance of immediate feedback in interactive systems such as IDEs, Teitelbaum's research in the 1980s and 1990s focused on the problem of incremental computation: > Given a program P written in language L, and the result of executing P on input x, how can one efficiently determine the result of running P on input x’, where the difference between x and x’ is some small increment x’-x. > > In a body of work with his graduate students, Teitelbaum investigated this problem for a range of languages L that included attribute grammars, SQL, first-order functional languages, and the lambda calculus. In addition to incremental evaluation methods, the work also included program transformation methods, i.e. the automatic derivation from P of an incremental program P’, where executing P’ on previous result P(x), increment x’-x, and auxiliary information retained from previous executions, efficiently performs the same computation as executing P on input x’. Teitelbaum's work at GrammaTech aimed at the design and implementation of tools that assist in making software safer and more secure. Techniques include static program analysis and dynamic program analysis of both source code and machine code. ### Awards and honors Teitelbaum was co-recipient of the Association for Computing Machinery SIGSOFT Retrospective Impact Paper Award (2010) for his 1984 paper co-authored with Thomas Reps on the Synthesizer Generator.
Senaka Bibile (Sinhala:සේනක බිබිලේ) (13 February 1920 – 29 September 1977) was a Sri Lankan pharmacologist. He was the founder of Sri Lanka's drug policy, which was used as a model for development of policies based on rational pharmaceutical use in other countries as well by the World Health Organization, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) and the Non-Aligned Movement. Due to the far reaching effects of his proposals and policies, he has been called the 'greatest medical benefactor of humanity that Sri Lanka has hitherto produced'. Biography --------- Charles Wimala Bibile, Sylvester Chandra Bibile, Sujatha Doris Ranawana (Nee Bibile), Seneka William Bibile, Prof.Senaka Bibile, Sylvia Jayawardena Bibile, Henry Ananda Bibile, Cuda Banda Bibile Senaka Bibile was born at Kataluwa Walawwa. His father was Charles William Bibile, a Rate Mahatmaya or Chief Native Feudal Official of Wellassa, his mother Sylvia Jayawardena of Kataluwa Walauwa, the manor house of the Obeyesekere - Jayawardena family. The Bibile family claimed descent from a 16th-century Vedda chieftain. ### Education He received his primary and secondary education at Trinity College, Kandy. He entered the Medical College in Colombo, where he had a brilliant career, winning the gold medals for medicine and surgery, and obtained a first class honours degree in 1945. In 1949, he began post-graduate studies at the University of Edinburgh, returning to Sri Lanka in 1952 with a PhD. His doctorate thesis was a study of biological assays of cortical hormone and their application. His PhD supervisor was Dr Marthe Louise Vogt a famous British Pharmacologist of German Origin. ### Academic career He joined the University of Ceylon in 1947. In 1947–49 he led a research team of doctors under the guidance of Professor Cullumbine, Professor of Physiology. In 1958 he was selected as the first Professor of Pharmacology and became the head of a new department. He was the first dean of the faculty of medicine at the University of Peradeniya from 1967 to 1977. There he started the first medical education unit in Sri Lanka. ### Pharmaceutical policy He is best known for his advocacy of the government-controlled pharmaceutical purchasing plans often referred to as "rationalisation" of pharmaceuticals and the development of a national pharmaceuticals policy. He played the leading role in developing a rational pharmaceutical policy aimed at ensuring that impoverished people would get reasonable drugs at a low price. Further, the programs are aimed towards ensuring that doctors prescribe the minimum required drugs to treat the patient's illness. A careful selection of drugs was an essential component of the policies he advocated. He was called up by the Minister of Health to address this and prepared the Ceylon Hospital Formulary of about 630 drugs under their generic names almost singlehandedly. Subsequently, the National Formulary Committee (NFC), consisting of representatives from the public and private health sectors and the University Medical Schools a formulary committee was set up with him as its first chairman. The NFC published Formulary Notes for the use of doctors, which later became The Prescriber. At the time, it was alleged and widely believed that Pharmaceutical companies in the country made considerable money by selling drugs under their trade names, giving out biased information about the branded drugs as against those named generically. The United Front Government of 1970 appointed Dr S.A. Wickremasinghe and Dr. Bibile to lead a commission of inquiry to investigate this issue and they recommended the establishment a national policy and of a state body to regularise the trade. Accordingly, in 1971 Hon. T.B. Subasinghe, the Cabinet Minister of Industries, appointed him founder chairman of the Sri Lanka State Pharmaceuticals Corporation (SPC). The SPC channelled all imports of pharmaceuticals, calling for worldwide bulk tenders which were limited to the approved drugs listed in the national formulary. The public and private health sectors obtained all their requirements from the SPC. Hence the drug trade was regulated by this body and vendors were forced to compete with each other and with generic drug producers on a cost basis only. This program is generally perceived to have resulted in a cheaper drug supply for poor countries. This policy was supported by WHO and other UN agencies with enormous benefit to Third World countries. The UNCTAD Secretariat examined the Sri Lankan experience, concluding that an analysis of the Sri Lankan model could give other developing countries an insight into ways of formulating, developing and implementing integrated national pharmaceutical policies. With Bibile's assistance, it published "Case Studies in the Transfer of Technology: Pharmaceutical Policies in Sri Lanka". This document has proved to be a very valuable guideline for developing countries intending to initiate pharmaceutical reforms. Translated into other languages, it may be found with health planners of almost every Third World country. Although his policy was watered down by the United National Party Government of 1977, which re-opened the doors to unrestricted imports, the SPC was never dissolved and continued to supply affordable drugs. In 2005 the United People's Freedom Alliance Government promised to establish a National Medicinal Drugs Policy (NMPD) that would enable Sri Lankans significantly to cut down on drug expenses and get quality drugs at affordable prices while saving billions of rupees in foreign exchange for the country. Implementation of the NMDP could reduce the number of drugs imported, prescribed and sold in Sri Lanka to about 350 varieties. Bibile's contribution to development in the area of drugs was acknowledged publicly during the 35th World Health Assembly, in Geneva in May 1982. It is widely regarded in his home country of Sri Lanka that the threat he posed to the powerful drugs Multi-nationals may have had some bearing on his premature and mysterious death in 1977 while on a UN assignment in Guyana to introduce these policies there. See Wikileaks information on Dr Bibile's drug policy and the United States ### Politics He was a Trotskyist and a member of the Lanka Sama Samaja Party, becoming Treasurer of its Youth Leagues. He conducted study classes on Marxism at his house in Castle Street, Colombo. At the height of the language issue crisis, when the LSSP stood for both Sinhala and Tamil being state languages, he agreed to contest a by-election for a seat on the Colombo Municipal Council as the LSSP candidate, to fight for that principle, risking his life in the process and facing certain defeat in an atmosphere of ethnic animosity. In the mid-1950s, he, together with Herbert Keuneman, 'Bonnie' Fernando, Anil and Jeanne Moonesinghe and other members of the radical intelligentsia founded Sri Lanka's first co-operative housing scheme, the Gothatuwa Building Society. This led to the foundation of the Welikadawatte housing estate, which attained some fame as an island of intellectual creativity. Publications ------------ Dr Bibile has over 45 publications, including: * Bibile, S, and Lall, S, 'The Political Economy of Controlling Transnationals: The Pharmaceutical Industry in Sri Lanka (1972–76)', World Development, August 1977. Oration ------- An oration is held every year in commemoration of Senaka Bibile, under the auspices of the Kandy Society of Medicine. Sources ------- * Prof. Carlo Fonseka, 'How many doctors remember the wonderful work of Bibile?', Daily Mirror Online, 4 October 2002 * Prof. Tissa Vitarana, The Sri Lankan who challenged global giants * Dr. K Balasubramaniam, The neglected solution * Include Medicinal Drugs Policy in Polls Manifesto
German travel company Trivago N.V., marketed with lowercase styling as trivago, is a German technology company specializing in internet-related services and products in the hotel, lodging and metasearch fields. The company is headquartered in Düsseldorf. The American online travel company Expedia Group owns a majority of the company's stock. History ------- The company was founded in Düsseldorf, Germany, in January 2005. Seeing an opportunity in the hotel search space, the founding team developed Germany's first hotel search engine. Shortly after launch, Stephan Stubner resigned as Managing Director, but the three other founders (Rolf Schrömgens, Peter Vinnemeier and Malte Siewert) remained. Initially, Trivago received €1 million from investors, including the Samwer brothers,[who?] Florian Heinemann, and Christian Vollmann. In 2007, Trivago received US$1.14 million in Series B funding from the British company HOWZAT media LLP. In December 2010, Trivago sold a quarter of the company for US$52.86 million to a US investment fund, Insight Venture Partners. In December 2012, Expedia, an American travel company, announced that it would acquire a stake in Trivago for $632 million. The deal was completed in 2013. In December 2014, Trivago acquired mobile app product and development company Rheinfabrik. After the acquisition, Rheinfabrik remains independent from Trivago in its work. In 2015, Trivago reported more than US$500 million in revenue. In March 2016, Trivago announced it had acquired a portion of Cloud-PMS company Base7booking. In April 2016, Trivago reached 1,000 employees and began building a new campus in Düsseldorf. On December 16, 2016, Trivago became publicly traded on the NASDAQ exchange under the ticker symbol TRVG. On November 5, 2019, CEO Rolf Schrömgens announced he will step down at the end of the year and be replaced by Chief Financial Officer Axel Hefer. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Trivago 2020 had to cut many jobs. In March 2020, sales had fallen by 95% compared to the previous year. In January 2021, Trivago acquired weekend.com, a startup focused on finding travelers inspirational weekend getaway packages. In May 2021, Trivago joined Chelsea Football Club as the club’s Official Training Wear Partner. Operations ---------- Trivago is headquartered in Düsseldorf, where the international operations are conducted and 100% of the company's employees work. Business model -------------- As a hotel price comparison website, Trivago makes money from advertising partners primarily using a cost-per-click (CPC) business model. Booking platforms, hoteliers and other providers list rates and advertise on the Trivago site, paying for the clicks received from Trivago users. Trivago also offers free and fee-based versions of its Hotel Manager product, which hoteliers use to market their facilities on the Trivago site. Trivago claims to be the world's largest online hotel search site, comparing rates from over 1 million hotels and more than 250 booking sites worldwide.[] Since their majority shareholder is Expedia, the effort is to direct bookings to their sites by way of various "adjustments" to how other sites' rates are perceived. Products and features --------------------- * Trivago app * Trivago Hotel Manager * Hotel Manager Pro * Rate Connect ### Indices and rankings #### Trivago Rating Index (tRI) The tRI aggregates all ratings for destinations listed on Trivago and ranks them between 0 and 100. The index includes criteria such as location, price, food, internet, room and facilities, and is used to create annual Trivago rankings and awards such as the Reputation Ranking, Island Ranking, Ski Ranking, the Top Hotel Awards, and the Best Value Destinations (based on an algorithm combining the tRI with price). #### Trivago Hotel Price Index (tHPI) The Trivago Hotel Price Index (tHPI) displays the average overnight accommodation prices for the most popular cities worldwide. Prices are based on the cost of a standard double room, taken from over 2 million daily price inquiries over the past month. Marketing --------- Company flag Trivago focuses on online marketing (SEM and display advertising), public relations and brand marketing (TV). ### The "Trivago guy" When the company aired its first U.S. TV advertisement in 2012, the ad's spokesman inspired a trending Twitter hashtag, #trivagoguy, based on his unusual look. According to Rolling Stone, Trivago "wanted someone real, approachable and genuine" when it chose actor Tim Williams to star in the ad. The Trivago guy became an unexpected celebrity, with some people noting his unbuttoned shirt and creepy vibe, while others found his scruffy appearance and deep voice "inexplicably sexy". Trivago responded to the comments by launching a contest that invited people to give the Trivago guy a makeover. The Trivago guy inspired parodies, fan fiction and a large gay following. Many commenters asked why Trivago chose not to have the actor wear a belt. According to the actor, that was an accident. "Unfortunately none of the belts fit the belt loops that I had on," Williams said. "I think that was probably the best break we could have gotten." Following the large response for the U.S. Trivago guy, the company decided to create French and Spanish Trivago guys. From 2016 until June 2017, the French actor Mehdi Nebbou was the German Trivago guy. For Latin America (the whole Spanish-speaking region) Trivago's commercials are presented by Spanish actor Gonzalo Peña. In Brazil, the man shown on screen is the well-known actor and model Willian Mello. In 2016, the company aired ads in India with Abhinav Kumar. Abhinav became popular and an internet sensation for his role in ubiquitous Trivago ads in India. As of now the Trivago guy has turned into an internet meme. ### The "Trivago girl" In the UK, Trivago's advertisements are fronted by Australian actress and musician Gabrielle Miller. In Japan, Trivago is represented in their TV commercials by singer/songwriter Natalie Emmons, who uses the pseudonym "Strae" in the United States. In Malaysia, actress and TV host Dahlia Shazwan has starred in Trivago's advertisements. Legal issues ------------ In August 2018, the Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC) alleged in a court case brought against Trivago in the Federal Court of Australia that the company had misled consumers on their website and in their television advertising. The court found that search results were ordered giving preference to the highest paying "cost per click" advertisers, rather than outright cheapest prices. It was also found that the company's television advertising misled consumers by purporting to be "impartial and objective", when it fact it wasn't. The ACCC case started in the Federal Court of Australia in September 2019. In January 2020, the court found that Trivago breached Australian consumer law by misleading consumers on which hotel deals were best and made false representations to consumers. The ACCC argued Trivago promised customers impartial, objective and transparent hotel price comparisons which would allow them to quickly and easily identify the cheapest offer available. Instead, Trivago promoted its best advertisers, the ACCC claimed. The ACCC claimed Trivago failed to properly disclose its operating model and used misleading "strike-through" price comparisons that compared a more expensive luxury room with a standard room. In April 2022, the Federal Court fined Trivago AUD44.7 million, plus legal costs for misleading consumers. The ACCC had pushed for a fine of AUD90 million. Justice Moshinsky of the Federal Court noted Trivago's breaches of the law were "extremely serious".
American composer and musician "Paul Jacobs (musician)" redirects here. For the pianist, see Paul Jacobs (pianist). For the organist, see Paul Jacobs (organist). Paul Ross Jacobs is an American composer and musician, most known for his work with Meat Loaf and his band, Neverland Express. Biography --------- Paul Ross Jacobs was born in New York City. He attended the Juilliard School and as a child, played at Carnegie Hall, on television and for Radio Free Europe. After watching The Beatles on The Ed Sullivan Show, he started playing guitar. He worked as a session musician during his high school years and later on with Meat Loaf, Roy Buchanan, and Edgar Winter. ### Early career Jacobs' association with the National Lampoon came through Christopher Guest, who had written a large chunk of the first National Lampoon album, Radio Dinner. Guest was working as a session musician and met Jacobs when they were both performing at the same session. Guest was developing his own songs at the time and asked Jacobs to contribute, and a musical association was born. When Guest was tapped for National Lampoon's Lemmings in 1973, he brought Jacobs on board. Jacobs was musical director of the show and album Lemmings. As well as being musical director for the production, he played guitar and piano, and sang lead vocals on several songs. He also appeared on the Lampoon album Goodbye Pop 1952-1976. ### From comedy to rock After serving as musical director and cast member of "The National Lampoon Show" Jacobs moved on from Lampoon-related activities and did a stint in the often-intertwined worlds of musical theater and rock and roll. In 1977, when Steinman staged a workshop production of his life-work "Neverland", Jacobs served as musical director and co-arranged the show's score. A year later, Jacobs joined Meat Loaf as a pianist and background vocalist. Later becoming album writer and guitarist. ### Children's TV In 1988, following his departure from active live touring with Meat Loaf, Jacobs and his wife began the task of writing songs for Sesame Street. As of 2008, they have written over 100. As of the early 2000s, Jacobs has served as musical director for the PBS show "Between the Lions" alongside his wife, Sarah Durkee, and they have won several Emmys for their work on that show, most recently the 2007 Emmy for "Best Original Song in an Animated Children's Series." Jacobs was nominated again for a Daytime Emmy Award for Best Music Direction and Composition in 2011. ### Later work In 2000, Jacobs won the Van Cliburn Institute Amateur Piano Concerto Competition.
2014 film by Jordan Rubin *Zombeavers* is a 2014 American horror comedy film directed by Jordan Rubin, based on a script by Al Kaplan, Jordan Rubin, and Jon Kaplan. The film follows a group of college kids staying at a riverside cottage that are attacked by a swarm of zombie beavers. A trailer for the film was released in early February 2014 and went viral. The film had its world premiere on April 19, 2014, at the Tribeca Film Festival. The film was released in the U.S. on March 20, 2015. In December 2014, Zombeavers was released on DVD. Plot ---- While transporting toxic chemicals, a pair of truckers strike a deer and lose one of their canisters. It rolls into a river, floats downstream, and splashes several beavers at their dam. Later, college students Mary, Zoe, and Jenn arrive at Mary's cousin's cabin near the dam. Although Zoe and Jenn are distraught that there is no cell phone coverage, Mary insists that they spend the next two days without interruptions from technology or boys. While swimming at the lake, the girls discover the beaver dam. When Jenn swims closer to see a beaver, they are surprised by a bear. Smyth, a local hunter, scares off the bear and admonishes the girls to stay away from the beavers and dress more appropriately. At night, the girls' boyfriends – Buck, Tommy, and Sam – arrive and play a prank on them. Annoyed, Mary orders them to leave, but Zoe, who knew they were coming, insists they stay. Jenn talks Mary into letting them stay, as she wants to resolve her relationship issues with Sam, who has cheated on her. As the couples separate, Jenn leaves to take a shower, only to be attacked by a beaver. Tommy kills it with a baseball bat, but Jenn and Mary feel something is wrong with it beyond rabies. They put the corpse in a bag and put it outside on the porch. In the morning, they discover it is missing, and Jenn insists that it was not merely eaten by wildlife. All but Jenn go swimming in the lake. Sam and Mary discuss whether to tell Jenn about their affair, but they are interrupted when beavers chew off Buck's foot and scratch Tommy. The same beaver that attacked Jenn earlier chases her back to the house. She pins it to the counter with a knife, but not before it scratches her leg. Sam throws Zoe's dog into the water as a distraction, and the rest of the group flee to the house, where they realize the beavers have cut the phone lines. As zombie beavers surround the house, Tommy offers to leave with Buck to get help, and Zoe accompanies him. Their drive is interrupted as the beavers bring down a tree in the road, and Tommy sets off on foot, only to be crushed by another falling tree. Smyth rescues Buck and Zoe, and they drive in his pickup truck to return to the house, which has been boarded up by the others. Unable to enter it, they go to the neighbors' house. They discover the neighbors are dead, and their phone lines cut. As a result of her wounds, Jenn turns into a beaver-like zombie and attacks Mary. As Jenn's saliva falls in Mary's mouth, Sam rescues Mary by hitting Jenn from behind. Mary and Sam lock themselves in the bathroom and check each other for scratches. Satisfied that neither is wounded, they begin to have sex, but Jenn interrupts them and kills Sam by biting off his penis. Meanwhile, Buck turns into a zombie and attacks Smyth. Zoe escapes by jumping through a window, bloodying herself in the process. As a beaver accidentally sets Mary's cousin's house on fire, Sam rises as a zombie. Once Mary kills Sam, she reunites with Zoe. Smyth, now zombified, shoots at them as they flee in his truck. Jenn jumps on top of the truck, but Zoe runs her over. Together, Mary and Zoe reach the spot where Tommy died and turned into a zombie. With the road blocked, they decide to walk. Believing that Zoe may be bitten due to her bloody appearance, Mary holds her at gunpoint with a pistol recovered from Smyth's truck. As Zoe protests that she is not infected, Mary begins changing into a zombie. Zoe kills her with an axe and walks away. On the road, she encounters the same truckers who had earlier dropped the canister, and they run over her accidentally. In a post-credits sequence, a honeybee becomes infected from a corpse and returns to its hive in a zombified state. Cast ---- * Rachel Melvin as Mary Daughtry * Hutch Dano as Sam * Cortney Palm as Zoe * Lexi Atkins as Jenn * Jake Weary as Tommy * Peter Gilroy as Buck * Bill Burr as Joseph * Rex Linn as Smyth * Brent Briscoe as Winston Gregorson * Phyllis Katz as Myrne Gregorson * Robert R. Shafer as Trucker * Chad Anderson as Adam * Jamie, David and Eoin as The Debauchery Beavers * John Mayer as Luke * Fred Tatasciore as Zombie beavers (vocals) Production ---------- Al Kaplan, Jordan Rubin, and Jon Kaplan began working on the script for Zombeavers in 2012. Rubin then put together a proof of concept trailer compiled from footage from various horror movies, BBC nature shows, and social media outlets and presented the trailer to BenderSpink and Armory Films. The two companies agreed to finance the film and the film went into pre-production shortly thereafter. The film features animatronic models of beavers as opposed to CGI special effects, and the models were created by Creature Effects. Actresses Cortney Palm, Rachel Melvin, and Lexi Atkins, along with comedian/actor Bill Burr, were all confirmed to be performing in the film. Principal photography took place in Santa Clarita, California at the Disney Ranch over a period of 21 days and with a small budget. Epic Pictures Group uploaded the first official trailer for the film on February 6, 2014, and the trailer quickly went viral, amassing over a million views in less than a week. The same month the production company also created several film posters parodying Oscar Award nominated films Gravity, American Hustle, and Her. Release ------- The film had its world premiere on April 19, 2014, at the Tribeca Film Festival and was theatrically released in the U.S. on March 20, 2015. In December 2014, the film was released on DVD. Reception --------- ### Critical response Rotten Tomatoes reports that 71% of 38 surveyed critics gave the film a "positive" review; the average rating is 5.90/10. The consensus reads: "Zombeavers obviously isn't high art, but it delivers just enough of the gory insanity promised by the title to earn a recommendation for genre fans." Metacritic, another review aggregator, rated it 44/100 based on six reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Brent McKnight of giantfreakinrobot said, "It's as much of a blast as you could hope for." Rob Hunter of Film School Rejects called the film "funny, smart, consistently entertaining," and Jason Gorber of Twitch Film "commend[s] its tenacious nature to mine every last drop of narrative and complexity out of a very slight but very funny idea." On the other hand, Variety gave Zombeavers a mostly negative review, commenting that "this debut feature for standup and sketch-comedy vet Rubin is not without flashes of ingenuity, but the one-joke premise wears thin even before the mercifully brief 76-minute running time is up." However, the critic adds that "Zombeavers is not a total wash, and seen at night, under the right combination of low expectations and controlled substances, it may even seem better than it really is." The Los Angeles Times was ambivalent as they felt that the film was "a fun idea and, like a good undead animal, has some solid designs on hitting its target" but that this "doesn't necessarily save the experience of watching the film from being anything other than hairy." ### Box office Zombeavers was released in Austria on November 7, 2014, where it grossed $29,133. It opened in the United States on March 20, 2015, and ended the weekend with a 63rd-place finish grossing $8,163 from eleven screens. As of April 5, 2015, the total US gross is $14,947, for a total worldwide gross of $44,080. Soundtrack ---------- The soundtrack was composed by Al and Jon Kaplan. It features songs from the Kaplan brothers' band, Legolambs. The soundtrack was released on April 24, 2015, via La-La Land Records. The film also features soundscape from soundcloud.[clarification needed]
American football player and coach (born 1986) American football player Tim Hiller (born December 13, 1986) is a former American football quarterback. He played college football at Western Michigan. He was signed by the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted free agent in 2010. After his playing days, Hiller worked as head football coach at Gull Lake High School in Richland, Michigan. Early years ----------- Hiller threw for 7,222 career yards and 55 touchdowns. He holds six school passing records as quarterback at Orrville High School in Orrville, Ohio. He was named Akron Beacon Journal Player of the Year. College career -------------- ### 2005 season Hiller appeared in seven games as a true freshman and was named MAC Freshman of the Year. He made his first collegiate start at Bowling Green and threw three TD passes. He also threw a career-long 89-yard touchdown pass to Greg Jennings against Bowling Green. ### 2006 season Hiller spent the year redshirted due to an injury. ### 2007 season Hiller started all 12 games and became the second Bronco quarterback to throw for over 3,000 yards in a single season. He became the fourth Bronco quarterback to throw over 40 touchdowns in his career, and he finished the years with a 63.4 completion percentage. He also booted his first career punt for 14 yards. Hiller was also named Academic All-MAC. ### 2008 season Hiller during the 2008 Texas Bowl Hiller caught national attention in his junior season. He broke WMU single-season records for passing attempts (522), completions (339), yards (3,725) and touchdowns (36). Hiller also led the MAC in five of six major passing categories (attempts, completions, yards, yards per game, and touchdowns) He became just the second Bronco to throw for over 3,000 yards in a season twice in a career. He threw for multiple touchdowns in all but two games and threw for over 300 yards in seven games. Hiller also set the record for passing yardage (471) at Kelly/Shorts Stadium in a 38–28 loss to Central Michigan on October 18, 2008. He also threw two touchdown passes in the 2008 Texas Bowl loss to Rice. ### 2009 season Hiller rolls out against Michigan while Stevie Brown drops back in coverage.Hiller during pregame coin toss with opponents Carlos Brown, Brandon Graham, Zoltan Mesko and Mark Ortmann. Hiller threw for 3,249 yards and 23 touchdowns and finished the year with a passer efficiency rating of 122.9 as the Broncos struggled at times during the year and finished 5-7, including blow-out losses to Michigan and Michigan State. Hiller was 40-of-66 passing for 410 yards on October 17 against rival Central Michigan, but the Broncos could not keep pace with the Chippewas, falling, 34-23. Hiller's last game in Waldo Stadium against Ball State on November 24 was unceremoniously marked by four interceptions as the Broncos lost, 22-17, to the Cardinals, despite Hiller completing 33-of-62 passes for 354 yards and a score. Prior to start of 2009 season, in June 2009, Hiller was #5 on list of top senior college quarterback prospects by NFL.com. Hiller was also named to the 2009 Manning Award watchlist. At the conclusion of the season, Hiller received the Wuerffel Trophy and the John S. Pingel Award as the Michigan Division I college scholar-athlete of the year. He was also a finalist for the William V. Campbell Trophy. Professional career ------------------- Hiller trained for the 2010 NFL Combine at The Home Depot Center in Carson, California. He signed a contract with the Indianapolis Colts as an undrafted-rookie, 12 hours after the draft. Hiller played in one preseason game before being waived by the Colts on August 23, 2010. Coaching career --------------- Having a shortage of coaches in the fall of 2010, Tim Hiller agreed to coach at Vicksburg High School alongside former teammate Scott Gajos, a former physical education intern at Vicksburg Community High School. With Hiller filling the role of a quarterback coach, helped the Bulldogs secure playoff rights for the first time in 17 years. After a single year Tim decided to rise from an assistant coach to new Head coach at Gull Lake High School Former Gull Lake High School coach Mark Blaesser was fired on November 22, 2010 and he went 34-23 in six seasons. Hiller was announced as the new varsity football coach at Gull Lake High School on February 1, 2011 and will patrol the sidelines in the fall. Personal -------- Hiller completed his undergraduate degree in business, majoring in sales & marketing in August, 2008 and is currently pursuing his MBA. He also has carried a 4.0 GPA his entire academic career.
Sir Iqbal Abdul Karim Mussa Sacranie, OBE (born 6 September 1951 in Malawi) served as Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain (MCB) until June 2006. He arrived in the UK in 1969. He was the founding Secretary General of the Muslim Council of Britain (established 1997), and served four further years as Secretary General from 2002 to 2004 and 2004 to 2006. He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in 1999, and was knighted by the Queen in 2005. During the controversy on Salman Rushdie, shortly after the fatwa by Iranian religious leader Ayatollah Khomeini for his book The Satanic Verses, Sacranie stated: "Death, perhaps, is a bit too easy for him his mind must be tormented for the rest of his life unless he asks for forgiveness to Almighty Allah." Sacranie states that this quotation was misinterpreted and that he merely wanted to convince Muslims that they should not kill Rushdie. On 3 January 2006 Sacranie told BBC Radio 4's PM programme that he believes homosexuality is "not acceptable", and denounced same-sex civil partnerships as "harmful". He said that bringing in gay marriage did "not augur well" for building the foundations of society. He was Chairman of Muslim Aid and, since 2012, is on its executive committee.
Australian rules footballer and coach For the American football player, see Roy McKay (American football). Australian rules footballer Claude Roy McKay (25 March 1909 – 12 July 1998) was an Australian rules footballer who played for Footscray in the Victorian Football League (VFL) during the early 1930s. McKay, who came to Footscray from Victorian Football Association (VFA) club Williamstown, was a durable utility who rarely missed a game. He was used mostly as a defender and twice represented the VFL at interstate football. After bringing up his 100th league game in 1935, McKay joined Brunswick as captain-coach, a position he remained in until retiring in 1940. He was the centre half back and captain-coach of Brunswick's 1938 premiership team, with a 33-point victory over Brighton. The previous season, and again in 1939, McKay steered Brunswick to Grand Finals but finished on the losing side on both occasions. McKay went on to coach Melbourne's Thirds in 1952 and coached the Seconds (Reserves) coach from 1956 to 1958 and again in 1962 and 1964. McKay coached the Melbourne reserves team that won the 1956 flag in front of a record crowd of 115,802 fans. The scores were: Melbourne 16.14.110 defeated South Melbourne 10.12.72. McKay has the Melbourne Football Club's Past Players' Golf Day named in his honour - Roy McKay Trophy Golf Day. He was named a life member of the Melbourne Football Club in 1959.
British engineer, scientist, and researcher (1948–2020) Peter Stuart Excell (June 1948 – 13 August 2020) was a British engineer, scientist, researcher and former Deputy Vice-chancellor at Wrexham Glyndŵr University. Early life, education, and career --------------------------------- Excell was born in June 1948. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Engineering Science (electrical option) in 1970 from the University of Reading. From 1970 to 1971, he was a research student in electronics at the Department of Physics, University of Ife, now Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ifẹ, Nigeria, on a Government of the United Kingdom funded scheme called 'Study and Serve'. He later returned to the United Kingdom and he earned a Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical and Electronic Engineering at the University of Bradford in 1980. He worked at University of Bradford from 1971 to 2007, where he was, progressively, an Experimental Officer, Research Fellow, Lecturer, Senior Lecturer, Reader (academic rank) and ultimately a full Professor of applied electromagnetics. In 2007, he joined the North-East Wales Institute of Higher Education in Wrexham (which rapidly became Wrexham Glyndŵr University). Here he held various roles including the Head of the School of Computing and Communications Technology, Dean of the Faculty of Arts, Science, and Technology, and Deputy Vice-chancellor until 2015, when he retired. Prior to his roles at Wrexham Glyndŵr University, he was Associate Dean for Research in the School of Informatics at University of Bradford. In 2019, he became the first recipient of the higher doctorate degree of Doctor of Science from the collaboration between Wrexham Glyndŵr University and University of Chester. He also became a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales in 2020. Death ----- Excell died on 13 August 2020. He is survived by his wife, Dianne, and children, Matthew and Charlotte. Legacy and research ------------------- He jointly filed for several patents on broadband antenna, directional antenna, movement detection system and multi-band antenna designs at various times during his long academic career. He published over 160 peer-reviewed articles in leading international journals on diverse topics in science and engineering. He was a Fellow of the Institution of Engineering and Technology and of the British Computer Society, and the Higher Education Academy, a Life Senior Member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, a Chartered Engineer (UK) and a Chartered IT Professional. Excell's publications included several scholarly journal articles, magazine articles and conference proceedings available on the IEEE Xplore digital library.
Email with proof of receipt For the whitelisting technique employed by certain internet service providers, see Whitelist § Commercial whitelists. Certified email (known as *Posta elettronica certificata* in Italy, or *PEC* in short) is a special type of email in use in Italy, Switzerland, Hong Kong and Germany. Certified email is meant to provide a legal equivalent of the traditional registered mail, where users are able to legally prove that a given email has been sent and received by paying a small fee. Registered mail is mainly used in Italy, but there are present efforts to extend its legal validity according to the framework of the European Union. Description ----------- A certified email can only be sent using a special Certified Email Account provided by a registered provider. When a certified email is sent, the sender's provider will release a receipt of the successful (or failed) transaction. This receipt has legal value and it includes precise information about the time the certified email was sent. Similarly, the receiver's provider will deliver the message in the appropriate certified email account and will then release to the sender a receipt of successful (or failed) delivery, indicating on this receipt the exact time of delivery. If either of these two receipts are lost by the sender, providers are required to issue a proof of transaction with equal legal validity, if this proof is requested within 30 months of delivery. In terms of user experience, a certified email account is very similar to a normal email account. The only additional features are the receipts, received as attachments, providing details and timestamps for all transactions. A certified email account can only handle certified email and can't be used to send regular email. Technical process ----------------- The development of this email service has conceptual variations that are dominated by two-party scenarios with only one sender and one receiver as well as a trusted third party (TTP) serving as a mediator. As in traditional registered mail, many certified email technologies call for the parties involved to trust the TTP, or the "postman", because it has the capacity to reveal the identity of the sender to the recipient once the protocol is initiated. There are, however, some applications based on multi-party email protocols; these include the technology originally proposed by Markowitch and Kremer, that involves an online or offline TTP in addition to the sender and receiver. There is also a multi-party version, wherein a user can send the same email to multiple recipients. In this system, those who acknowledge the receipt are able to view the data. Some applications also offer add-in features, such as the integration of the concept of timeliness, wherein a participant to the process can terminate a session in finite time in order to avoid waiting for a reply forever. The mediation of a trusted third party (TTP) requires both parties, the sender and the recipient, to come to terms in approving who will be the mediator. In compliance scenarios, where a regulation may simply require a party to deliver a notice to a given recipient and be able to prove having done so (i.e. GDPR), the role of a TTP can be trusted to an electronic registered delivery service capable to secure timestamped evidence of the contents and delivery of the electronic message, without the recipient's intervention. Certified email in Italy ------------------------ The Italian certified email (Posta elettronica certificata, PEC) was established in 2005 and it uses protocols described in the RFC 6109 (Request for Comments 6109), which was drafted in order to make the protocols public to the Internet community. Since July 1 of 2013, all communications between enterprises and the Italian public administration are required to be sent through PEC and paper documents are no longer accepted. All matters concerning PEC in Italy are supervised and regulated by a special government agency called AgID ("Agenzia per l'Italia digitale") which determines the authorized certified email providers, the legal framework of PEC and the rules and terms of use. Anyone may register a PEC address through a certified provider or reseller. Starting from 2022, Italy is migrating from PEC to an EIDAS-compliant protocol, called Registered Electronic Mail. The switch over to the new protocol is being led by Roberto Reale and Alessandra Antolini on behalf of AgID. Comparison of Certified E-Mail providers in Italy\| PEC provider \| eidas compatible 2024? \| DMA friendly (google\apple independent) \| Limitation \| address portability \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Intesi Group \| will be in 2024 \| ? \| unknown \| no \| \| Aruba (Actalis) \| partial \| no \| \| no \| \| Infocert \| yes \| no \| \| no \| \| Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II \| ... \| ? \| Only for students and other business partners \| no \| \| TWT \| no \| ? \| ... \| no \| \| Sogei \| n\a \| ? \| Only for business partners \| no \| \| register.it \| no \| ? \| ... \| no \| \| Regione Marche - Posta Raffaello \| n\a \| ? \| suppressed \| no \| \| Poste Italiane \| n\a \| ? \| ... \| no \| \| Consiglio Nazionale del Notariato \| no \| ? \| private \| no \| \| Namirial S.p.A. \| no \| ? \| n\a \| no \| \| Cedacri Cert \| ... \| ? \| ... \| no \| \| IN.TE.SA. S.p.A \| offline \| ? \| offline \| no \| \| Irideos S.p.A. (kolst) \| no \| ? \| \| no \| \| Notartel S.p.A. \| \| ? \| \| no \| \| Sogei \| no \| ? \| n\a \| no \| \|
Former chapel in Merthyr Tydfil, Wales Church in Wales Bethesda, Merthyr Tydfil was one of the earliest chapels in the Welsh industrial town of Merthyr Tydfil. Services were held in the Welsh language. Early history ------------- Like several other Welsh chapels, Bethesda originated in a split in the congregation at Zoar Chapel nearby. In 1807, Daniel Lewis, the minister at Zoar, visited London and other places to raise funds to clear the chapel's debts. Some members of the congregation objected, and when an independent investigation found in favour of the minister, a number left to establish a new church. Initial meetings were held in rooms and premises at various places in the town, but in 1811 it was decided to build a chapel under the guidance of Methusalem Jones, who had become the minister. During Jones's ministry, there was considerable expansion in membership and a new chapel was built in 1829. Bethesda was also the mother church of a number of chapels in the locality including Bethania, Dowlais. Later history ------------- During the 1850s, the composer Joseph Parry was a member at Bethesda. During the ministry of Rhys Gwesyn Jones between 1858 and 1867 the membership reduced owing to the closure of Penydarren Ironworks. In the late 1870s it was decided to build a larger and more comfortable chapel, and the foundation stone was laid by Mrs W T Crawshay (wife of William Crawshay, the owner of Cyfarthfa Ironworks) in 1880. John Williams of Merthyr was the architect and the chapel was built by John Francis Davies of Dowlais. It was completed in 1881 at a cost of £1,200. The chapel closed in 1976 due to a diminishing congregation. The building was used as an arts centre for several years, but it fell into disrepair and was demolished in 1995. Sources ------- * Rees, Thomas; Thomas, John (1871). Hanes Eglwysi Annibynnol Cymru, Vol. 2. 51°44′55″N 3°22′51″W / 51.7487°N 3.3809°W / 51.7487; -3.3809
American radio and TV situation comedy series, 1951–1956 Florence Halop, Marvin Kaplan and Elena Verdugo in Meet Millie *Meet Millie, a situation comedy about a wisecracking Manhattan secretary from Brooklyn, made a transition from radio to television in the early 1950s. In the live television version, Mom and Millie were living in Jackson Heights, Queens. The popularity of this series led to a four-year run on CBS Television. Radio ----- The radio series began on CBS July 2, 1951, continuing until September 23, 1954. Audrey Totter created the role of Millie Bronson on radio, but she dropped out when her film studio refused to allow her to appear as the character on television. After seeing Elena Verdugo in Columbia's Thief of Damascus* (1952), Eddie Bracken’s secretary recommended her to Bracken when a replacement for Totter was needed. Verdugo brought the character to television in October 1952 and also took over the radio role beginning January 1, 1953. Bea Benaderet originally appeared as Millie's mother on radio, but due to her commitment to play "Blanche Morton" on The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show, her role was filled by Florence Halop on TV (and eventually on the radio show). Characters and story -------------------- The show opened with the announcer's introduction: "A gay, new comedy about the life and loves of a secretary in Manhattan. It's time to Meet Millie." Millie lived in a Jackson Heights apartment with her mother (Florence Halop), who is continually on the lookout for a possible husband for Millie. Millie's boyfriend, J.R. "Johnnie" Boone, Jr. (Ross Ford), is the son of her boss (Earle Ross, Roland Winters). Aspiring poet-composer Alfred Prinzmetal (Marvin Kaplan) drops in for friendly visits. Isabel Randolph portrayed Mrs. Boone. Other cast regulars were Virginia Vincent, Harry Cheshire and Ray Montgomery. Meet Millie, one of the first series telecast from the CBS Television City facility in Hollywood, was seen on CBS from October 25, 1952, until March 6, 1956. The live studio audience responded to Meet Millie with such enthusiasm that it was sometimes necessary for the actors to freeze in position until the laughter stopped. Kaplan and Verdugo became friends during the years the show was in production, and their close friendship continued for decades. An episode of Meet Millie was shown September 15, 2000 at the Library of Congress' Mary Pickford Theater. Shows are in the collection of the Paley Center for Media. Production (TV version) ----------------------- Jack Donohue and Frank Galen were the producers, and Donohue directed. Galen, Howard Leeds, and Arthur Julian were the writers. The sustaining program originated at KNXT in Hollywood. Listen to --------- * Same Time, Same Station: Meet Millie (October 22, 1953)
Human society strongly influenced by consumerism Discarded clothes in London \| \| \| --- \| \| Part of a series on \| \| Anti-consumerism \| \| Theories and ideas * Affluenza * Alternative culture * Anti-capitalism * Autonomous building * Billboard hacking * Buyer's remorse * Bioeconomics * Buddhist economics * Buy Nothing Day * Collaborative consumption * Collapsology * Commodification * Commodity fetishism * Commons * Commune * Compulsive buying disorder * Conspicuous consumption * Consumer capitalism * Consumerism * Conviviality * Criticism of advertising * Culture jamming * Degrowth * Do it yourself * Downshifting * Durable good * Earth Overshoot Day * Ecological economics * Ecovillage * Ethical consumerism * Environmental justice * Feminist political ecology * Food loss and waste * Freeganism * Gift economy * Green consumption * Hyperconsumerism * Local food * Microgeneration * Overconsumption * Planned obsolescence * Political ecology * Post-consumerism * Post-growth * Post-normal science * Right to repair * Self-organization * Simple living * Slow Food * Spectacle * Steady-state economy * Subvertising * Sustainable consumer behaviour * Sustainable consumption \| \| Notable works * Walden * The Theory of the Leisure Class * Brave New World * The Affluent Society * One-Dimensional Man * The Society of the Spectacle (book, film) * The Consumer Society: Myths and Structures [fr] * Steal This Book * Small Is Beautiful * To Have or to Be? * Future Primitive and Other Essays * Fight Club (novel, film) * Escape from Affluenza * No Logo * Profit over People: Neoliberalismand Global Order * The Cultural Creatives * Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic * Evasion * The Corporation * Surplus: Terrorized into Being Consumers * So, What's Your Price? * What Would Jesus Buy? \| \| Organizations and groups * Adbusters * Crass * CrimethInc. * Deep Green Resistance * Democracy Now! * Earth Liberation Front * Fifth Estate * Freecycle * Green Anarchy * Institute for Social Ecology * Monthly Review * Rage Against the Machine * Reverend Billy * The Venus Project * The Yes Men * 350.org \| \| People * Mauro Bonaiuti * Noam Chomsky * Erich Fromm * Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen * Edward Goldsmith * Paul Goodman * André Gorz * Ivan Illich * Serge Latouche * Donella Meadows * Pierre Rabhi * John Ruskin * E. F. Schumacher * Bernard Stiegler * Henry David Thoreau \| \| Related social movements * Alter-globalization * Amateurism * Anarcho-communism * Anarcho-primitivism * Anarcho-punk * Anti-capitalism * Anti-corporate activism * Anti-globalization movement * Communism * Diggers (theater) * Ecofeminism * Eco-socialism * Environmentalism * Feminism * Food Not Bombs * Fossil fuel phase-out * Green anarchism * Green left * Green politics * Hippie * Libertarian socialism * Neo-Luddism * New Left * Occupy Wall Street * Postmodernism * Punk * Situationists * Slow movement * Social anarchism * Social ecology \| \| See also * Works about consumerism * Advanced capitalism * Advertising * Barter * Capitalism * Consumer behaviour * Consumption (economics) * Consumption (sociology) * Cooperative * Counterculture * Cultural hegemony * Ecological economics * Economic materialism * Economic problems * Frugality * Green economy * Gross National Happiness * Heterodox economics * HosPex * Influence of mass media * Informal sector * Intentional community * Left-wing politics * McDonaldization * Mutual aid * Natural resource economics * Non-monetary economy * Permaculture * Post-materialism * Productivism * Shopping * Social movements * Subsistence economy * Sustainability * Sweatshops * Veblen good * Workaholic \| \| * v * t * e \| The throw-away society is a generalised description of human social concept strongly influenced by consumerism, whereby the society tends to use items once only, from disposable packaging, and consumer products are not designed for reuse or lifetime use. The term describes a critical view of overconsumption and excessive production of short-lived or disposable items over durable goods that can be repaired, but at its origins, it was viewed as a positive attribute. Origin of the term ------------------ In its 1 August 1955 issue, Life published an article titled "Throwaway Living". This article has been cited as the source that first used the term "throw-away society". Rise of packaging waste ----------------------- Main article: Packaging waste The last century of economic growth saw both increased production and increased product waste. Between 1906 (the start of New York City waste collections) and 2005 there was a tenfold rise in "product waste" (packaging and old products), from 92 to 1,242 pounds (42 to 563 kg) per person per year. Containers and packaging now represent 32 percent of all municipal solid waste. Non-durable goods (defined as products in use for less than three years) constitute 27 percent, while durable goods comprise 16 percent. Food service and disposable food packaging ------------------------------------------ Further information: Disposable food packaging Disposable tableware was a key part of the business strategy of chain fast food restaurants in the US. Fast food chains could cut costs by convincing consumers through advertising campaigns to carry their own tableware to a waste bins, to avoid the labor of clearing tables. The savings in wages offset the cost of the tableware. In 2002, Taiwan began taking action to reduce the use of disposable tableware at institutions and businesses, and to reduce the use of plastic bags. Yearly, the nation of 17.7 million people was producing 59,000 tonnes (58,000 long tons; 65,000 short tons) of disposable tableware waste and 105,000 tonnes (103,000 long tons; 116,000 short tons) of waste plastic bags, and increasing measures have been taken in the years since then to reduce the amount of waste. In 2013, Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) banned outright the use of disposable tableware in the nation's 968 schools, government agencies and hospitals. The ban is expected to eliminate 2,600 tonnes (2,600 long tons; 2,900 short tons) of waste yearly. In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland, laws banning use of disposable food and drink containers at large-scale events have been enacted. Such a ban has been in place in Munich, Germany since 1991, applying to all city facilities and events. This includes events of all sizes, including very large ones (Christmas market, Auer-Dult Faire, Oktoberfest and Munich City Marathon). For small events of a few hundred people, the city has arranged for a corporation offer rental of crockery and dishwasher equipment. In part through this regulation, Munich reduced the waste generated by Oktoberfest, which attracts tens of thousands of people, from 11,000 metric tons in 1990 to 550 tons in 1999. China produces about 57 billion pairs of single-use chopsticks yearly, of which half are exported. About 45 percent are made from trees – about 3.8 million of them – mainly cotton wood, birch, and spruce, the remainder being made from bamboo. Japan uses about 24 billion pairs of these disposables per year, and globally about 80 billion pairs are thrown away by about 1.4 million people. Reusable chopsticks in restaurants have a lifespan of 130 meals. In Japan, with disposable ones costing about 2 cents and reusable ones costing typically $1.17, the reusables better the $2.60 breakeven cost. Campaigns in several countries to reduce this waste are beginning to have some effect. Waste and socioeconomic status ------------------------------ Waste from disposable products is often shipped from richer to poorer nations, causing environmental and social problems for developing nations. Most notable are the large shipments of trash from North America and Western Europe to Africa and Asia due to the relatively low cost of disposal. By the 1990s, over half of all nations in Africa have faced negative externalities from toxic waste dumped by richer countries. Waste, both toxic and non-toxic is often dumped without safety regulations. It is thrown in unlined and unregulated landfills where it contaminates soil and water, and even burnt, which circulates toxins in the air. Recently, electronic waste shipped to Nigeria has increased due to higher consumption of electronics by North America and Europe, with hundreds of shipments of old electronics dropped off at Lagos, Nigeria, every month. A significantly large percentage[vague] of the trash being hazardous waste shipped with the "explicit intent of cheap (and unsafe) disposal". China also receives huge amounts of waste, often toxic material, averaging 1.9 million tons per year, because companies find it cheaper to ship garbage away rather than dispose of it themselves. Food waste ---------- Main article: food waste In 2004, a University of Arizona study indicates that forty to fifty percent of all edible food never gets eaten. Every year $43 billion worth of edible food is estimated to be thrown away. The rise of mass consumption in America --------------------------------------- Following the end of World War II, America experienced a boom in mass consumption. There was a sharp increase in suburban life, disposable packaging, and convenience goods as well as the development of new plastics. Throughout World War II, it became a popular mentality that restricting the types of products consumed during the war by closely following the rationing put into effect by the United States Government was a way to help the wartime effort and aid America in victory. The promises of manufacturers that the effort that Americans put in during the war would then yield luxurious goods once the war ended assisted in deepening the belief of the American public in supporting rationing. Once the war ended, manufacturers held true to those sentiments promoted during the war. When the term "throwaway living" was first coined by Life magazine, the magazine used the phrase in a positive way: one that depicted a life that was easier and still economical for the home's caretaker. This led to certain Americans viewing thrifting as "un-American", which was a stark contrast to how American society saw thrifting before the war. This rise in consumption-led American society is what allowed America to become a throw-away society. The practice of planned obsolescence, the act of creating products with the intention of those products needed a replacement, became widespread. In addition to planned obsolescence, it was common for products to be slightly changed every year to encourage people to purchase a newer version, even when not necessary. Overconsumption in the Fashion Industry --------------------------------------- Since the early 2000s, clothing sales have doubled from 100 to 200 billion units per year showing the increase in demand for textiles. In correlation to this increase, an estimated 92 million tons of clothing related waste is discarded every year. An increase in demand for textiles can be explained by many factors, but more recently there has been an increase in clothing consumption due to fashion influencers. In 2021, the global fashion influencer market was valued at 7.36 billion dollars and is expected to steadily grow at a CAGR of 32.5% from 2022 to 2029. Since their content is mainly centered around fashion, they are constantly cycling through and showing new garments to create updated "looks" for their followers. In a survey done by Marketing Dive, it states that 86% of the people surveyed have bought apparel or accessories because they saw it on an influencer that they followed. This correlation between influencer marketing and the increase in consumption has led to the newly fast-paced life cycle of clothing otherwise referred to as 'style obsolescence'. In this cycle people are constantly throwing-away clothing that is no longer "on trend" in order to make space for new and more popular styles. While participating in this cycle of staying on top of the trends, shoppers satisfy their want for instant gratification and begin to disregard the effects that throwing away clothing can have on our environment. Over the past few years, throw-away culture has worsened as the average amount of time a person wears a garment is 7 to 10 times before discarding it. That amount of time has decreased by 36% in the last 15 years. Additionally, in the United States alone, the average consumer throws away an average of 81.5 pounds of clothing every year. That equates to an estimate of 11.3 million tons of garments being thrown away into U.S. landfills yearly. Women's interaction with the start of American throw-away society ----------------------------------------------------------------- Women had long been the primary shoppers for the household and many of the ads that promoted these disposable and convenience goods also made women their target audience. In the aforementioned Life magazine article, it specifically mentioned that "no housewife need bother" in regards to extensive household chores because disposable products will cut down on the cleaning time required. Women in these middle-class homes began earning an income in order to be able to purchase more of these convenience goods. Some did this through the means of finding a more traditional job, but many also turned to multi-level marketing businesses such as Tupperware to supplement their husband's income. Tupperware encouraged women to sell as many Tupperware products as possible, so as the brand increased in popularity, the number of plastic goods in American homes did too. Outside of direct sales, it contributed to consumption because the women who sold through Tupperware had the incentive that they would receive household appliances once they reached the sales goal set by the company. Early forms of pushback in America ---------------------------------- Despite it being initially viewed as a positive attribute to strive for, at least early as 1967, some companies began separating themselves from other American advertisers. In a 1967 edition of the New York Times, an article discussing plans for expansion for the leather goods company, Mark Cross, used a slogan from a then recently published Mark Cross Advertisement: "It's a throwaway society, man. Buy it. Break it. Chuck it. Replace it. Do you believe that? Mark Cross is not for you." The growing company was trying to expand off of marketing long-lasting products rather than disposable goods. Planned obsolescence -------------------- Main article: Planned obsolescence Early generation VW Beetle cars still compete with newer compact vehicles in many segments around the world. "Planned obsolescence" is a manufacturing philosophy developed in the 1920s and 1930s, when mass production became popular. The goal is to make a product or part that will fail, or become less desirable over time or after a certain amount of use. Vance Packard, author of The Waste Makers (1960), called this "the systematic attempt of business to make us wasteful, debt-ridden, permanently discontented individuals". Durability of goods ------------------- Producers make goods disposable rather than durable so that consumers must continue to repurchase the good, earning the producer a steady supply of customers, rather than a one-time purchase. Profit is maximized for the firm when the usefulness of a good is "uneconomically short", because firms can spend the least amount possible creating a nondurable good, which they sell repeatedly to the customer. Goods are often replaced even before their usefulness runs out. The perceived durability of a good in a throwaway society is often less than its physical durability. For example, in fast fashion, consumers buy the latest, novelty item because producers market styles that pass with the seasons. There is pressure on producers to advertise an increased number of "seasons", creating new styles so consumers can update their wardrobes often by buying cheap and flimsy, yet stylish clothes to keep up with current fashion trends. Products that once were considered durable are now almost exclusively disposable, so it is more difficult for consumers who want a durable version to find anywhere selling one. The shift to disposable was ostensibly for better convenience or hygiene, even if the inconvenience of using a durable version is very slight, or there is no proven increase in hygiene. This can lead to higher costs over time, more waste produced, more resources used, and lower quality goods. Not only has there been a movement by manufacturers towards goods that are less durable and not maintainable, producers have also withheld technology that would make common goods more durable, such as in the manufacture of light bulbs. Attitude of the Catholic Church ------------------------------- Pope Francis frequently speaks about a "throwaway culture" in which unwanted items and unwanted people, such as the unborn, the elderly, and the poor, are discarded as waste. In his encyclical Laudato si', he discusses pollution, waste, the lack of recycling, and the destruction of the Earth as symptoms of this throwaway culture. Francis stated that in a throwaway culture, even human lives are seen as disposable. He also cited the dangers of this culture in connection with immigration, saying, "A change of attitude towards migrants and refugees is needed on the part of everyone, moving away from attitudes of defensiveness and fear, indifference and marginalization – all typical of a throwaway culture – towards attitudes based on a culture of encounter, the only culture capable of building a better, more just and fraternal world."
Soviet World War II flying ace Aleksey Petrovich Maresyev (Russian: Алексей Петрович Маресьев; 20 May 1916 – 18 May 2001) was a Soviet and Russian military pilot who became a Soviet fighter ace during World War II despite becoming a double amputee. Biography --------- Before joining the army in 1937 Maresyev worked as a turner and then participated in the construction of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. In 1941, he graduated from the Bataysk Military School of Aviation. He began his flights as a fighter pilot in August 1941. He had shot down four German aircraft by March 1942. On 5 April 1942 his Yakovlev Yak-1 was shot down near Staraya Russa, after which he was almost captured. Despite being badly injured, he managed to return to the Soviet-controlled territory. During his 18-day-long journey his injuries deteriorated so badly that both of his legs had to be amputated above the knee. Before the surgery he was lying on a stretcher with a sheet over his face and considered to be a hopeless case due to the extent of his injuries in addition to suffering from gangrene and blood poisoning. One doctor offered to operate on him and thereby saved him, but told him he would not lose his legs. Upon waking up from anesthesia, he was angered to find that his legs had been amputated above the knee. Desperate to return to his fighter pilot service, he subjected himself to nearly a year of exercise to master the control of his prosthetic devices, and succeeded at that, returning to flying in June 1943. During a dog fight in August 1943, he shot down three German Focke-Wulf Fw 190 fighters. In total, he completed over 80 combat sorties and shot down an estimated 7 German aircraft. He was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 24 August 1943. In 1944, he joined the Communist Party and in 1946 he retired from the military. ### Postwar In 1952, Maresyev graduated from the Higher Party School. In 1956, he obtained a Ph.D. in History and started working in the Soviet War Veterans Committee. Eventually, he became a member of the Supreme Soviet. He suffered a heart attack on 18 May 2001 and died 16 hours later, just an hour before the celebration of his 85th birthday. Remembrance ----------- Maresyev on a 2016 stamp of Transnistria Maresyev on a 2016 Russian stamp His story served as a basis for the novel by Boris Polevoy The Story of a Real Man and a subsequent film (1948) directed by Aleksandr Stolper, in which his name was changed to Meresyev. The novel also inspired Sergei Prokofiev's last opera The Story of a Real Man. In 2005 a documentary called Alexey Maresyev. The Fate of a Real Man was produced by Channel Russia. In Omon Ra (1992) by Victor Pelevin, a Soviet military academy routinely amputates the legs of its first-year cadets to turn them into "Real Men" like Maresyev. The Pilot. A Battle for Survival is a 2021 Russian WWII film written and directed by Renat Davletyarov, based on the real story of Maresyev. The asteroid 2173 Maresjev is named in his honor. Awards and decorations ---------------------- * Hero of the Soviet Union * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 3rd class * Two Orders of Lenin * Order of the Red Banner * Order of the October Revolution * Order of the Patriotic War 1st class * Two Orders of the Red Banner of Labour * Order of Friendship of Peoples * Order of the Red Star * Order of the Badge of Honour * Medal "For Distinction in Guarding the State Border of the USSR" * Medal "Veteran of Labour"
2016 film by Barry Sonnenfeld *Nine Lives* is a 2016 English-language comedy film directed by Barry Sonnenfeld, written by Gwyn Lurie, Matt R. Allen, Caleb Wilson, Dan Antoniazzi and Ben Shiffrin, and starring Kevin Spacey, Jennifer Garner, Robbie Amell, Cheryl Hines, Malina Weissman and Christopher Walken. It is an international co-production between France and China. The plot follows a workaholic father who has his mind trapped inside his daughter's new cat. The film was released by EuropaCorp on 5 August 2016 and grossed $57 million. The film was panned by critics, who called it unoriginal and unfunny. Plot ---- Tom Brand is a major business tycoon in New York City whose workaholic attitude ruined his first marriage with Madison, and his adult son David now works for him and strives for his approval. Tom and David now live with their second wife and stepmother Lara, who is a little more tolerant of the fact that Tom is never at home, and their daughter and half-sister Rebecca. Tom’s eponymous company FireBrand is nearing completion on its greatest achievement to date: the tallest skyscraper in the northern hemisphere that will be the new headquarters. In the opening scene, he skydives out of a plane and lands on the top of the new skyscraper, while David remains in the plane, refusing to jump. Rebecca's 11th birthday comes up and she has always wanted a cat, but Tom has always refused as he hates cats. Not wanting to disappoint her, he rushes to get a last-minute present for his daughter's birthday, but as he is distracted, the GPS redirects him to a mysterious pet store called Purrkins Pet Shop, brimming with odd and exotic cats. The store's eccentric owner Felix Perkins tells him he does not pick the cat, the cat picks him. The tomcat that picks him is called Mr. Fuzzypants, who, Perkins says, has used up seven of his nine lives. Tom buys the cat. On his way home for the party, Tom meets with Ian Cox, one of the top managers of the company in charge of the new building, and learns that another building in Chicago will be taller. They have an argument while on the roof that ends with Tom firing Ian, but lightning strikes the antenna. Tom is blown off the building along with the cat, and without any effort from Ian to save him, he plummets off the side of the skyscraper, but his leg gets snagged on some stray equipment and gets flung back inside through a window as he passes out. When he wakes up, he realizes that his human body is in the hospital in a state of coma, and his consciousness is trapped inside the cat's body. Tom is visited by Felix, who is able to talk to him and knows what happened. Felix warns Tom to reevaluate his priorities, connect with his family, and avoid past mistakes within one week or else remain as a cat forever. When Lara and Rebecca take Mr. Fuzzypants home, he acts in an odd and stubborn way to try to convince his wife and daughter that he is actually Tom. This only drives them mad and he slowly comes to see how much he has ignored his family. He suspects that Lara is cheating on him with model Josh Myers and they had been looking at houses together as a prelude to divorcing him. This motivates him to try to make her happy. He also learns that Ian is trying to make the company public with the help of the board of directors to take power from Tom, even though David is trying to stop him. Ian fires David from the company and plans to announce that the company will be sold at the party for the new tower opening. Eventually, Rebecca realizes that Mr. Fuzzypants is really her father. Meanwhile, Tom's body is in crisis at the hospital and Lara, David, and Rebecca all go there. Rebecca has the cat hidden in her backpack. In a moment alone, David apologizes to Tom for failing to save the company and takes Tom's ID badge, implying he will commit suicide at the tower. At the hospital, Lara and Dr. Cole plan for Lara to sign a DNR, which is a legal form, indicating that if Tom's heart stops beating, they won't save him. Rebecca calls to the cat to come prove he is really Tom, but Tom remembers what Felix said about love being sacrifice and decides to save David instead, sacrificing his only chance at regaining his humanity. At the tower, David jumps off the building and the cat jumps after him pulling a cable. It is then revealed that David is wearing a BASE jumping parachute. He lands in the middle of the party, presents the articles of incorporation of the company, and announces that he now controls his father's 51% of the stock. He says the company will remain a family company and fires Ian. Although the cat is not seen landing, Tom wakes up from his coma just in time to see David's announcement on the television. Meanwhile, Ian passes Felix who tells him to hang up his cell phone. Ian ignores him, but is then hit by a car, and his consciousness transfers into a cat that Felix takes back to his shop. Tom and Rebecca return to Felix where Tom asks if he has any dogs. Felix says he does not, but presents Mr. Fuzzypants, who has one life left. Cast ---- * Kevin Spacey as Tom Brand, a tycoon and owner of FireBrand who ends up in the body of a cat named Mr. Fuzzypants. * Jennifer Garner as Lara Brand, Tom's second wife, Rebecca's mother, and David's stepmother. * Robbie Amell as David Brand, the son of Tom and Madison, the older half-brother of Rebecca and Nicole, (although he spends more time with Rebecca) and the stepson of Lara who works at FireBrand. * Cheryl Hines as Madison Camden, the former wife of Tom and the mother of David and Nicole. * Mark Consuelos as Ian Cox, the top manager at FireBrand who schemes to take control of the company. * Malina Weissman as Rebecca Brand, the daughter of Tom and Lara and the paternal half-sister of David. * Christopher Walken as Felix Perkins, the magician and owner of an exotic pet store. * Teddy Sears as Josh Myers * Jay Patterson as Benson * Talitha Bateman as Nicole Camden, the daughter of Madison and the maternal half-sister of David Brand. * Jewelle Blackman as Doctor Cole * Serge Houde as Stein, a board member * Mark Camacho as Josh Boone Production ---------- On 12 January 2015, it was announced Barry Sonnenfeld would direct the film. On 28 January 2015, Kevin Spacey joined the cast. On 25 March 2015, Malina Weissman joined the cast. On 31 March 2015, Christopher Walken joined the cast to play Felix Perkins, the owner of a mystical pet shop, and on 9 April 2015, Jennifer Garner and Robbie Amell joined as well. On 13 April 2015, Mark Consuelos was cast in the film, and on 27 April 2015, Talitha Bateman was cast as well. Principal photography began on 4 May 2015, and ended on 24 July 2015. Filming took place in Montreal. Release ------- The film was originally scheduled to be released on 29 April 2016, by EuropaCorp, but was pushed back to 5 August 2016. ### Box office Nine Lives grossed $19.7 million in North America and $38.1 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $57.8 million against a budget of $30 million. The film was released in North America on 5 August 2016 alongside Suicide Squad. The film was projected to gross $10 million from 2,264 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.4 million on its first day. It went on to gross $6.2 million in its opening weekend, finishing 6th at the box office. Reception --------- On Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, the film holds an approval rating of 14% based on 72 reviews, with an average rating of 3.2/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Not meow, not ever." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 11 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. IndieWire's David Ehrlich gave the film a grade of D, saying the film was "less funny than the average cat gif and approximately 1,000 times as long... Cats may have nine lives, but you only get one, and it’s too precious to waste on this drivel. You’re better off watching a gif of a cat whose face is stuck in a slice of bread. It will save you $20 and a few hours of your time". David Palmer of The Reel Deal gave the film 3/10, writing, "The only reason this 'comedy' won't derail Kevin Spacey's career is no one will ever watch this outside of military interrogation rooms". Rolling Stone's Peter Travers gave the film zero out of four stars and wrote, "At 87 torturous, laugh-free minutes, the film could change the most avid cat fancier into a kitty hater". ### Home media The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 1 November 2016, by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment in the United States. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray in Australia on 7 December 2016, by Madman Entertainment under the alternate title Mr. Fuzzypants.
\| * v * t * e Dano-Swedish wars \| \| --- \| \| * Brávellir * Fýrisvellir * Helgeå * Lena * Gestilren * Hova * 6000 mark war * Battle of Mjölkalånga * Kalundborg War * Visby * Battle of Åsle * Union Wars + 1434-1436 + Haraker + 1470–1471 + 1501–1512 + 1512–1520 + Swedish Liberation War * Northern Seven Years' War * Kalmar War * Torstenson War * Second Northern War + first Karl Gustav War + second Karl Gustav War * Scanian War * Great Northern War * Theatre War * War of 1808–1809 * German campaign \| \| * v * t * e Dano-German Conflicts \| \| --- \| \| * Asselt * Leuven * harald's Rebellion * Greiswald Bay * Invasion of Bishop Valdemar * Waschow * Stellau * Mölln * Bornhöved * Gransee * Rebellion of 1326 * Visby * Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370) * Åsle * Eric of Pommeranias First Schleswig War * Dano-Hanseatic War (1426–1435) * Hemmingstedt * Dano-Swedish War (1512–1520) * Swedish Liberation War * Count's Feud * Italian War of 1542–1546 * Northern Seven Years' War * Campaign of 1559 * Thirty Years' War * Hamburg * Great Northern War * Lübeck * Stralsund * German campaign * First Schleswig War * Second Schleswig War * Occupation of Denmark + Weserübung + Safari \| The Battle of Åsle was the decisive battle during the deposition war against Albert of Mecklenburg. The battle was fought between Albert of Mecklenburg's and Margareta Valdemarsdotter's Background ---------- On March 22, 1388, Margareta was appointed regent in Sweden. However, King Albert received support from the Citizens of Stockholm and in late summer went to Germany to recruit troops. During the year, Margareta's Swedish troops began a siege of the castle Axevalla between Skara and Skövde which was held by a German crew. Margareta's main force eventually withdrew, leaving behind a smaller siege force under Nils varte Skåning to starve out the fortress's defenders. King Albert returned to Sweden at the turn of the year 1388–1389. In Germany the king had enlisted troops accustomed to war and mounted, possibly a thousand men. The landing probably took place in Kalmar and with his enlisted troops the king captured Rumlaborg outside Jönköping. Once at Axevalla, the king learned that a Danish force consisting of 1,500 men under the leadership of the Mecklenburger Henrik Parow had marched up the Nissastigen. Battle ------ On February 24, 1389, the forces met between Mösseberg and a swamp, at Åsle church village about one mile east of Falköping. There is no more detailed description of what happened during the battle. Queen Margareta's forces were victorious despite their commander Henrik Parow falling in the battle. By tradition, King Albrecht's loss is usually attributed to the German horsemen's horses sinking and getting stuck in the shallow ground. It is also claimed that Margareta's troops were led by Erik Kettilsson Puke instead of Henrik Parow. According to the medieval historian Lars-Olof Larsson these claims are fabrications. The Lübeck chronicler Detmar describes the battle: > The king was so eager for battle and in such a hurry that not all of his people had time to prepare themselves. When it came to battle, he won the first engagement and tore up two army divisions under two banners. But his success did not last long. The king lost the battle with all the lords and knights who took part in the battle except those who fled. In particular, one named Gert Snakeburg, whose first knight's day it was, escaped. He took 60 knights with him who all fled and that was the main reason why the battle was lost. > > Aftermath --------- When Margareta received news of the battle, she was in Varberg and ordered the prisoners of war to be taken to Bohus Fortress, where she herself went. The bishop of Skara was released, other prisoners of war had to pay to be released. King Albert and his son were imprisoned until 1395 when they were released after signing the Lindholmstrakatuta. Sources ------- * Hagen, Ellen (1953). Margareta – Nordens drottning. Stockholm: Saxon & Lindströms förlag. LIBRIS: 1452182. * Lars-Olof Larsson (historian) (1997). Kalmarunionens tid (andra upplagan ed.). Stockholm: Bokförlaget Prisma. ISBN 91-518-4217-3. * Michael Linton (1997). Margareta. Nordens drottning 1375–1412. Stockholm: Atlantis. ISBN 91-7486-471-8. * Sundberg, Ulf (1999). Medeltidens svenska krig. Stockholm: Hjalmarson & Högberg. pp. 190–193. ISBN 91-89080-26-2.
Henrique at 21 years old. Henrique Honoré Dumont (July 20, 1832 in Diamantina – August 30, 1892 in Rio de Janeiro) was a Brazilian engineer and coffee farmer, and the father of Alberto Santos-Dumont. A son of French immigrants, he is considered one of the three Coffee Kings of his time, introducing modern methods to coffee farming. Biography --------- Henrique Dumont's parents came from France. His mother, Eufásia Honoré, the daughter of a goldsmith, married his father, François Dumont. Eufásia's father convinced François to move to Brazil in search of precious stones, which would feed his industry.[clarification needed] But after the discovery of diamonds in South Africa, prices fell, and François fell ill and died in 1842. In Brazil the couple had three children, the second being Henrique. Helped by his godfather, he graduated as an engineer from the École centrale des arts et manufactures in Paris at the age of 21. Dumont returned to Brazil and began to render services to the city of Ouro Preto. Dumont and his wife Francisca Santos, daughter of Francisco da Paula Santos, were married on September 6, 1856, in the Parish of Nossa Senhora do Pilar [pt], in Ouro Preto. In 1871, Henrique, under contract with Joaquim Saldanha Marinho, built a steamboat, launched into the São Francisco River by Emperor Dom Pedro II. In 1872, during the reign of Pedro II, Dumont was commissioned to construct a section of the Central Railroad of Brazil in Minas Gerais, on the ascent of the Mantiqueira Mountains. With the construction site fixed in the locality of Cabangu, the family settled in a nearby farm; here, on July 20, 1873 (Henrique's 41st birthday), his son, Alberto Santos Dumont, was born. When the railroad was completed, Henrique Dumont decided to dedicate himself to the cultivation of coffee. He left Minas Gerais and went to the municipality of Valença, in Rio de Janeiro; in this region, his son Alberto was baptized in 1877 in the parish of Santa Tereza, current municipality of Rio das Flores. Searching for more suitable land for coffee growing, Dumont moved to Ribeirão Preto, in São Paulo, and settled in the Fazenda Arindeuva. He then owned a little more than 300 contos e réis and 80 slaves, with 150 being rented. However, due to an apparent fear of revolts, he began to adopt the labor of colonists even before the abolition of slavery in Brazil. By applying his knowledge of engineering, Dumont was able to stimulate production at his new farm through a series of innovations, making it into the most modern farm in South America, with five million coffee trees, 96 kilometers of railroads and seven locomotives. In 1883, an extension of the Mogiana Railroad to Ribeirão Preto was inaugurated, obtained by demand of Henrique Dumont [clarification needed]; this extension was fundamental for the flow of production and for the development of the region, bringing hundreds of immigrants, mainly Italians, who soon replaced the slave labor force. In 1857 Henrique formed the largest coffee farm in Brazil, with 5.7 million plants and on October 10, 1888 Henrique signed a contract to connect his farm to the railroad, building 100 km of tracks. Last years ---------- Henrique and Alberto on the passenger seat. In December 1890, Dumont fell from a cart on one of his farms breaking his arm and hitting his head, leaving him hemiplegic. Later, in 1891, as a result of the treatment, he sold his farms for 12 million réis ($5 million in 1895) and left for Europe with his family. In France he sought the best medical treatment, but returned to Brazil on November 21, 1891 with a 2.5 HP Peugeot, the first gasoline-powered car in Brazil. In 1891, shortly before his death, Henrique emancipated his minor children and gave each one his share in the inheritance. To his son Alberto Santos Dumont, in February 12, 1892, he said " I prefer you not to become a doctor; the future of the world is in mechanics.". He tried to return to France due to his deteriorating health, but died on August 30 of 1892, at the age of 60, in the city of Rio de Janeiro.. Further reading --------------- * Demartini Jr, Zeferino; Gatto, Luana A. Maranha; Lages, Roberto Oliver; Koppe, Gelson Luis (2019). "Henrique Dumont: how a traumatic brain injury contributed to the development of the airplane". Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria. FapUNIFESP (SciELO). 77 (1): 60–62. doi:10.1590/0004-282x20180149. ISSN 1678-4227. PMID 30758444. * Oliveira, Patrick Luiz Sullivan De (2022). "Transforming a Brazilian Aeronaut into a French Hero: Celebrity, Spectacle, and Technological Cosmopolitanism in the Turn-of-the-Century Atlantic\". Past & Present. 54* (1): 235–275. doi:10.1093/pastj/gtab011.
2012 American drama film *Any Day Now* is a 2012 American drama film directed by Travis Fine, who rewrote the original screenplay that George Arthur Bloom had written 30 years previously. Alan Cumming and Garret Dillahunt star as a gay couple who assume guardianship of a teenage boy who has Down syndrome, only to find themselves at odds with the biological mother and California's family law courts. The film premiered at the 2012 Tribeca Film Festival, where Music Box Films acquired distribution. It received a limited theatrical release on December 14, 2012, to positive reviews. Plot ---- Rudy Donatello is a struggling musician and drag performer in a gay nightclub "Fabios" in 1979 West Hollywood, where he meets Paul Fleiger, a closeted district attorney. Returning home to his apartment, Rudy sees that his junkie neighbor Marianna has left her son Marco, a thirteen year-old who has down syndrome, home alone. The next morning, following a dispute with landlord Mr. Blum, Rudy discovers Marianna has not returned. He takes Marco to Paul's workplace for advice on what to do, however Paul becomes anxious over their sudden appearance, abruptly telling him to contact Family Services and not to appear there again. Fearing that Marco will be mistreated if placed into foster care, a frustrated Rudy accuses him of neglecting them based on fears that his colleagues now suspect that he is a homosexual. As they return home, brute family services officer Miss Martinez awaits and remorselessly moves Marco into a foster home. He however struggles to settle in and escapes during the night. Paul re-visits Fabios and makes amends with Rudy. On their way home, they see Marco wandering the streets in search of his home and subsequently decide to house him for the night. The following morning, Marco and Rudy bond before Blum appears at the door harassing him for rent. Fearing he will report Marco's presence to family services, Rudy enlists Paul to help him gain custody. The two visit Marianna in prison and promise her they will take good care of him if she allows, although Paul annoys Rudy as he tells her that they are just friends. Though Marianna guesses that they are in a relationship, she signs temporary guardianship papers. When having the court approve the papers, Paul states to Judge Meyerson that he and Rudy are cousins. Though suspicious of his claim, she awards them temporary custody of Marco. Upon the three moving in together, Marco is elated with his new "home." Upon a medical checkup, Paul and Rudy are advised that Marco has not been well cared for and his disability may see them undertake parenting for the rest of his life. Undeterred, over one year they improve his overall health and diet, enlist him into special education, and subsequently see his social and intellectual skills flourish. Having celebrated Halloween, Christmas and Marco's fourteenth birthday together, he now lovingly refers to them as his "two daddies." Paul is also promoted at the District Attorney's office, whilst he and Marco support Rudy with his desire to become a professional singer. Wishing to know more about Paul following his promotion, District Attorney Wilson invites the trio to a party at his home. Rudy however becomes angered when Paul continues to refer to him as his "cousin" who "has a child." Paul's secretary Monica notices Wilson's suspicion of Paul and Rudy's intimacy, and pretends to flirt with him whilst Rudy suspects Paul has no intention of revealing to anyone that he is his lover. Paul privately confesses to Rudy that he suspects Wilson is homophobic and will terminate their custody of Marco if he suspects they are a couple. Wilson sees them arguing and fires Monica and Paul the following day, whilst also reporting the inaccuracies on their custody forms to the court. Family services abruptly remove Marco from their care as an overwrought Rudy is arrested for physically attempting to stop them. An enraged Paul negotiates Rudy's bail and convinces him to quit working as a drag performer in the hope of the court over-turning the decision and him continuing to practice law. The duo are condemned by Judge Meyerson for hiding the true nature of their relationship at the time of signing custodial papers, however allows them to apply for sole custody pending an investigation into their time with Marco and his proposed living environment. The district attorney's office launch several shameless accusations of paedophilia and dispute same-sex adoption, despite Marco informing the court's representative Miss Mills that he was treated well and of his sole desire to live with them. Paul and Rudy insist Marco has shown them both the real joy of what it means to be a parent and will raise him to be a good man. After having their home positively evaluated, it appears they are set to receive custody, leading Rudy to contact Marco and tell him he will be "home" shortly. A delighted Marco prepares to leave and anxiously waits for them, however Judge Meyerson decides against returning him to their care, stating that the duo kissing in front of him and having Marco visit Fabios, despite only attending when closed and Rudy never dress-rehearsing in front of him, as inappropriate. A distraught Marco is soon moved into a state run foster center for children who have disabilities. Refusing to give up on their fight for custody, Paul seeks the help of lawyer Lonnie Washington to help over-turn the decision. A new judge, Richard Resnick, agrees to review the case and approves them to visit Marco only once before the hearing. Paul and Rudy are saddened to see that he has lost weight, not communicating as well as he used to and is possibly suffering from depression. Following Washington's adamant belief that he has developed a strong case detailing that Fisher's ruling was not in the best interests of the child, merely homophobic and potentially unlawful, Paul and Rudy are confident that they will be awarded full custody of Marco. The case is however immediately dismissed following Marianna, now out of prison, appearing in person to apply for reunification with Marco under legal guidance from the district attorney's office. Despite Rudy emphatically alleging that she has been persuaded or bribed by Wilson to take Marco back, has not contacted Marco for over a year, disputes how long she has been out for and citing her clear uncertainty, she receives custody. Washington tells a mellowed Paul and Rudy that gaining custodial rights from Marianna is now all but impossible and advises them to wait until Marco is older and free from his mother's control before they can hope he will come and find them. Marco is valeted to what he is told is his "home." Upon arriving at his mother's new apartment, he is repeatedly ignored as he tells the valets "this is not my home." Marianna uses drugs and has sex directly in front of Marco, whilst her boyfriend verbally abuses him. She tells him to wait outside the apartment until she calls him back in. Unhappy with his new living environment, Marco begins to wander the streets in search of Paul and Rudy. Some time later, Paul writes several letters to the judges and district attorney's office attaching a small newspaper article to each, informing that Marco died under a bridge after three days of wandering, failing to find his way "home." Both devastated by his death, Paul watches Rudy sing "I Shall Be Released" in tribute to Marco. Cast ---- * Alan Cumming as Rudy Donatello * Garret Dillahunt as Paul Fliger * Gregg Henry as Lambert * Jamie Anne Allman as Marianna DeLeon * Chris Mulkey as D.A. Wilson * Don Franklin as Lonnie Washington * Kelli Williams as Miss Flemming * Alan Rachins as Judge Richard Resnick * Frances Fisher as Judge Meyerson * Isaac Leyva as Marco DeLeon * Mindy Sterling as Miss Mills * Miracle Laurie as Monica * Michael Nouri as Miles Dubrow * Jeffrey Pierce as Officer Plitt * Anne O'Shea as Mrs. Lowell * Randy Roberts as P.J. * Louis Lombardi as Mr. Blum * Joe Howard as Dr. Watkins * Randy Thompson as Coco * Ezra Buzzington as Larry * Clyde Kusatsu as Dr. Nakahura * Kamala Lopez as Miss Martinez Production history ------------------ In a 2013 interview, Bloom explained that the film is inspired by that of Rudy, a gay man in Brooklyn that he had met in 1980. Despite having very little money and a tiny apartment, Rudy befriended a 12-year-old autistic boy who had been abandoned by his prostitute mother and lived with his grandmother. Rudy basically raised the boy, feeding and clothing him and getting him into a school. Bloom wondered what would happen if Rudy wanted to adopt the boy. which led to the original screenplay, which he completed 1980. It would take 32 years for the screenplay to become a film. Bloom's son worked as the music supervisor on the television series Glee. The younger Bloom had helped his high school friend, Travis Fine, with the music for Fine's 2010 film, The Space Between. When Fine later mentioned that "he was looking for another movie to do, something small, with heart, and about something important", the younger Bloom told him of his father's 1980 screenplay. Fine received Bloom's permission to do some rewrites, then acted as producer and director to get the film made. Reception --------- ### Critical response On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 79% of 68 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.7/10. Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 60 out of 100, based on 16 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. ### Box office Any Day Now had a limited theatrical release, shown in fewer than 20 theaters at any point during its entire run. It grossed just over $201,000 in the United States and Canada, and just over $60,000 in other territories, for a worldwide total of $261,747. Awards ------ * Chicago International Film Festival 2012 - Audience Choice Award for Best Narrative Feature * Seattle International Film Festival 2012 - Best Actor Award, Alan Cumming * Seattle International Film Festival 2012 - Best Film * Tribeca Film Festival 2012 - Heineken Audience Award * Outfest 2012 - Audience Award - Outstanding Dramatic Feature Film * Outfest 2012 - Outstanding Actor in a US Dramatic Feature Film, Alan Cumming * Provincetown International Film Festival 2012 - Audience Award * Woodstock Film Festival 2012 - Audience Award * GLAAD Media Award 2012 - Best Film in Limited Release
Vicedomino de Vicedominis (c. 1210 – 6 September 1276) was an Italian cardinal. Family ------ Born at Piacenza, he was the nephew of Pope Gregory X, and had been married, with two children. When his wife died, he decided to enter the clerical state. His son Gregory became Provost of Grasse in 1269, and in 1275 he was named Provost of Marseille. The other son had died before 1257. Administrator in Provence ------------------------- How he came to be in Provence is unknown, but it is on record that he was in the service of Count Raymond Béringuer V, and then of Charles of Anjou. He had a pension of 50 pounds tournois from Count Raymond, which was continued to him by a diploma of Charles and Beatrice, dated 7 May 1265. One can follow his developing career through a series of charters of Count Raymond. He was Canon of Clermont and Provost of Barjols in 1241. He was sent to Geneva by Count Raymond to strike a treaty of alliance with the Republic of Geneva; in those documents, he is called Judge of the Curia of Count Raymond. In 1243, he had the same title and the same mission in Avignon, which at that time was a free city and not yet the possession of the popes. Count Raymond died in 1245. On 20 February 1251, he was Treasurer of the Church of Béziers and Chaplain of Pope Innocent IV, who granted him the privilege of holding pontifical dignities, even though he had been married and had children. On 1 May 1251, he went with Guy Foulques (Foucauld, Folcaldi), the future Pope Clement IV (1265-1269), to arrange a treaty of peace between Arles and Count Charles (Charles of Anjou). At the end of 1251 Vicedomino de Vicedominis was Provost of Grasse. On 6 June 1254, he was granted the privilege of holding several benefices at the same time: the Provostship of Grasse, the Precentorship of the Church of Béziers, a Canonry at Clermont, a Canonry at Narbonne, and two parishes which involved the care of souls. Archbishop of Aix ----------------- On 22 July 1257, the election of Vicedomino de Vicedominis to the Archbishopric of Aix was confirmed in Consistory by Pope Alexander IV. He required a dispensation since he had been married and had one son surviving. He was not ordained a priest (it seems) or consecrated bishop, however, until 1258, in the meantime styling himself Archbishop-Elect. From the beginning of his tenure of the See, he was assisted by his relative, Grimier (Grimerius, Grimoard) de Vicedominis, whom he first appointed as an official of his curia, then Archdeacon and Canon supernumerary of the Cathedral, then Vicar-General. Finally, Grimier was Vicedomino's successor as Archbishop of Aix (1274-1282). Amazingly, his promotion was not without turmoil. The Canons of Aix elected Alain of Sisteron as their new archbishop; Bishop Alain had been administering the Church of Aix while Vicedomino was serving at the side of Pope Gregory. But Gregory, residing at Lyons, did not want to confirm him, believing that he would do more usefully as Bishop of Sisteron—an odd judgment considering that Alain was working at Aix, not Sisteron. Pope Gregory, therefore, intervened directly and appointed Grimier. In 1265, Archbishop Vicedomino followed Charles of Anjou and his wife Beatrice, the youngest daughter of Raymond Berenguer, to Italy, where Charles had been invited to become Senator of Rome and also King of Sicily. In her testament dated 30 June 1266, Queen Beatrice of Sicily, the wife of Charles of Anjou, Comte de Provence and King of Sicily, named Vicedomino one of the executors. Cardinal Vicedomino ------------------- Then, on 3 June 1273, Vicedomino de Vicedominis was one of five cardinals created by his uncle, Pope Gregory X (1271-1276). He was transferred from Aix to the Suburban Roman See of Palestrina. The creation took place during the Ecumenical Council of Vienne, and therefore Vicedomino did not proceed immediately to his new diocese, but instead participated in the Council. When the Council ended, and Pope Gregory began his return journey to Rome, Vicedomino was (unaccountably) not one of the travelling party. The Oath of Fidelity of the Emperor Rudolf mentions seven cardinals as present in Lausanne on 20 October 1275: Petrus Ostiensis, Ancherus Pantaleone of S. Prassede, Guglelmus de Bray of S. Marco, Ottobono Fieschi of S. Adriano, Giacomo Savelli of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Gottifridus de Alatri of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and Mattheus Rosso Orsini of S. Maria in Porticu—but not Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina. And when the Pope died at Arezzo on 10 January 1276, only three Cardinal Bishops were with him: Peter of Tarantaise, Peter Juliani and Bertrand de St. Martin—but not Vicedomino de Vicedominis, Cardinal Bishop of Palestrina. Conclaves --------- Nonetheless, Vicedomino and eleven other cardinals were present for the opening of the Conclave on 20 January 1276, the first to be held under the regulations promulgated by Gregory X at the Council of Lyons in 1274. The Conclave was held in Arezzo, the place where the pope died, and lasted one day. On 21 January, the Dominican friar, Cardinal Peter of Tarantaise in Savoy, was elected on the first scrutiny and chose the name Innocent V. He was consecrated in Rome in the Vatican Basilica in February 1276. He died on 22 June of the same year. The Annals of Verona report that he was poisoned on orders of King Charles I of Sicily. The second Conclave of 1276 opened in Rome at the Lateran on 2 July, and lasted for ten days. King Charles had been in the city of Rome since 9 February and was therefore in a position to influence the direction of conclave politics. Since Innocent V had created no new cardinals, the participants were the same as those of the January Conclave. It may occasion little surprise that Cardinal Ottobono Fieschi, the leader of the faction of King Charles, was chosen pope on 11 July, after eight scrutinies, taking the name Adrian V. He was certainly supported by Vicedomino de Vicedominis, a committed member of the French faction. Early in August, partly to escape the heat of Rome in the summer, and partly to deal with pressing problems with Emperor Rudolph, Pope Adrian travelled to Viterbo. There, he died suddenly on 18 August 1276. He had reigned 39 days, but had not been ordained priest, consecrated bishop, or crowned. In those thirty-nine days, however, even before he left the Lateran for Viterbo, he did one important thing: he suspended Gregory X's Constitution that regulated the conclave. He intended, according to all cardinals who were present, not including Vicedomino de Vicedominis, to make adjustments and improvements to the Gregorian document. The third Conclave of 1276 took place in Viterbo, the city where Pope Adrian V had died. Eleven cardinals participated, only Cardinal Simon de Brion being absent as Legate in France. The date of the opening is unknown because the Constitution of Gregory X had been suspended. Had it been in operation, the Conclave would have begun on 28 or 29 August. It is known, however, that the Conclave did not open as expected, but had to be postponed for several days due to disorders on the part of the people of Viterbo. A subsequent investigation, led by Cardinal the Bishop of Sabina, Bertrand de Saint Martin, charged prelates and other members of the papal Curia with instigating the riots, probably because they did not want to see a repetition of the Conclave of 1268-1271. When things finally settled down and the Conclave began, on the first day of voting, 8 September 1276, the Cardinals elected the Dominican Cardinal Peter Julian of Lisbon, who chose to be called John XXI. Cardinal Vicedomino de Vicedominis did not participate in the scrutiny, since he had died on 6 September. Myths ----- Tomb of Vicedomino in Viterbo Vicedomino is wrongly said to have become dean of the Sacred College of Cardinals in July 1275. According to the later accounts, attested for the first time in the 17th century, in the papal election held after the death of Pope Adrian V he was elected to the Papacy on 5 September 1276 and took the name Gregory XI, but having died the following day early in the morning, his election was not recorded as he was never proclaimed. His death was noted in his home town of Piacenza, in the Necrology of the Cathedral, and on the correct day, 6 September, but it records him only as a cardinal, and makes no mention of his Papacy. This story is rejected by many modern historians, who point out that it is unsupported by any contemporary source, and unsupportable by the chronology of the Conclave of August–September 1276. It is also said that he became a member of the Third Order of S. Francis (Franciscan Tertiary), after he was already a Cardinal, and when he was suffering from a disease and in danger of death. But, if that is true, that he was in danger of death, it would seem to militate against the notion that the Cardinals chose Cardinal Vicedomino as pope on 5 September 1276. The remains of his tomb, reconstructed several times, are in the church of San Francesco at Viterbo. Bibliography ------------ * J. S. Pitton, Annales de la sainte Eglise d'Aix (Lyon: Mathieu Liberal 1668), pp. 151–157. * Lorenzo Cardella, Memorie storiche de' Cardinali della Santa Romana Chiesa Tomo secondo (Roma: Pagliarini 1793), pp. 2–3. * Francesco Cristofori, Le tombe dei pape in Viterbo (Siena 1887), 185-202. * J.-H. Albanés, Gallia christiana novissima Tome premier: Aix, Apt, Fréjus, Gap, Riez et Sisteron (Montbéliard 1899), pp. 70–73. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * VIAF \| \| National \| * France * BnF data * Germany \| \| People \| * Italian People \|
Canadian human rights activist, artist and educator Dany Pen, "Family Portrait" series (2006–2015), Whistler Museum of Art, "Pursuing Justice Through Art" exhibition, Massachusetts, U.S.A, 2015.Dany Pen (born September 22, 1986) is a Khmer-Canadian human rights activist, artist and educator. Early life ---------- Dany Pen was born to a Cambodian refugee family who arrived in America in the 1980s. She spent the first few years of her childhood living in Toronto, Ontario, Canada under the sanctuary of the Catholic Church with her mother. In the late 1980s, Pen and her mother were transitioned into the community of St. Jamestown by the Toronto Housing Corporation. In 1995, Pen and her mother were relocated again to the housing projects of Regent Park. At the age of 12, Pen was nominated by her school for the Toronto Star Honderich Award. The submission of her essay "Pride in the Ghetto" granted her the award and a full academic scholarship from the University of Toronto. Pen began using art as a platform for her political and social agendas. She then decided to transfer her University of Toronto scholarship to attend OCAD University. She completed her Bachelor of Fine Arts degree at OCAD in sculpture and installation and was honoured with the "Faculty Chair" award upon graduation. Career ------ Dany Pen, "Intangible" exhibition, XPACE Gallery (in conjunction with Toronto, CONTACT Photography Festival), Toronto, Ontario, 2010. After graduating from OCAD, Pen had her first solo art show at The Board of Directors in Toronto. The spotlight gave her the opportunity to also showcase her work at XPACE Gallery in conjunction with the CONTACT Photography Festival in Canada and a solo show at the Society of Arts in Bermuda. Her art show titled "Deja Vu 1965" in Bermuda caught the attention of art critic Charles Zuill, who compared her works to that of Post-Impressionist Artist Paul Gauguin. Artistic work ------------- Dany Pen, featured speaker at the Bermuda College for the International Freedom Day, 2019. Dany Pen being honoured by the "World Builder" award by OCAD University in Canada, 2016. Her artwork Erasures, influenced by the history of the Cambodian genocide and the Khmer Rouge regime, was featured in the 2012 Bermuda Biennial. Her artwork Grooming Goods, which spoke to slavery and consumerism, was selected and featured in the 2014 International Bermuda Biennial. Her Self-Portrait and Family artwork series, which also comments on her family history with the Cambodian genocide, were featured in the 2015 Charman exhibition at the Museum of Masterworks. She was also previously awarded the 2013 Charman Prize for artist with "Best Source of Inspiration". Her artwork Last Breath featured in the 2016 Bermuda Biennial. Political and social work ------------------------- In 2006, Pen became involved with June Callwood Centre (formerly known as Jessie's Centre) and began advocating for the rights of young mothers and the protection of young girls from sexual abuse. The same year, Pen explicitly spoke out for women's rights and addressed the North York Community Council; the City of Toronto government, and the City of North York to provide adequate housing to young single mothers in the city of Toronto and North York. Her advocacy was challenged by the Bayview community, however the number of vote by city councilors resulted in the approval of the building permits. In 2016, Pen was appointed to serve on the Human Rights Commission as a Commissioner in Bermuda. As the Human Rights Commissioner, Pen held special interests in women's rights, gender equality and education. The same year in 2016, Pen founded the international advocacy group called Women's A.C.T (action, change, today). The Women's A.C.T organization is about equality, justice, empowerment and support for women who are survivors of sexual assault, violence and domestic abuse. Notably and controversially, on April 9, 2021, VICE Media Group published an article titled, "These People Were Arrested by the Khmer Rouge and Never Seen Again," featuring photos of Tuol Sleng victims with their faces manipulated — erased and subjectively colorized — by Matt Loughrey, a "self-taught artist". The photos however, have been used without the community's consent including many of the surviving family members of those murdered at the Tuol Sleng execution site. Dany Pen along with other members of the Cambodian community launch an international petition demanding that Matt Loughrey and Vice Media Group issue an apology to the Cambodian Community. The petition amassed over 10,000 signatures worldwide with press releases in the New York Times, Washington Post, BBC News and Southeast Asian Globe publications. The petition received worldwide support and even direct support from the Kingdom of Cambodia who released their own international public statement. Pen and Vice Media Group were able to reconcile the situation through private meetings in which Vice media group thereafter issued a public and private apology. Awards ------ In 2006, Pen was recognized by the City of Toronto government and former Mayor David Miller for her philanthropic work and advocacy for women's rights. In 2016, Pen was honored with the "World Builder" award from OCAD University, Canada, which is the highest honors for alumni achievement. The "World Builder" award is bestowed upon individuals who have made substantive humanitarian contributions to their community and culture; individuals who are active in supporting global causes. In 2017, Pen was nominated as "Woman of the Year" in Bermuda at the Women's Empowerment Summit hosted by Today in Bermuda. Pen was recognized for her on-going advocacy for women's rights.
Fritz Lanman (born August 6, 1981) is an American entrepreneur and investor in early-stage technology companies. He led the seed and Series A financings in ClassPass in 2014 and became CEO in 2017. In 2021, ClassPass was acquired by Mindbody Inc. valuing the former at $1 billion. In August 2022, it was announced that Fritz would take over as CEO of MindBody. In addition to his role at ClassPass, he is notable for leading the initial financings of Pinterest, Square, Wish, and Flexport, as well as leading the Microsoft deal team decision to invest $240 million in Facebook in 2007, an investment now worth over $8 billion. Early life ---------- Lanman is the first of five sons of Dr. Richard Lanman and Alanna Purcell Lanman, born on August 6, 1981. He grew up and attended high school in Los Altos, California where he played football, basketball, and golf. He toured Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and France with the Main Street Singers in 1999. Lanman graduated from Yale University in 2003, one of a long line of Lanman Yale graduates beginning with his ancestor United States Senator James Lanman, who graduated from Yale College in 1788. Lanman speaks three languages: English, Italian, and Spanish.[] Career ------ Fritz Lanman began his career as a Product Manager at Microsoft. He subsequently rose to become Senior Director, Corporate Strategy, where he worked on several notable deals including Microsoft's $240 million Facebook investment. Lanman was quoted onstage at the Le Web conference in 2010 confirming Microsoft's attempt to acquire Facebook, and positing that Facebook (then valued less than $10 billion) would one day be worth as much as Microsoft (then worth $230 billion). As of 2018, Facebook is worth over $500 billion. Lanman began angel investing in 2010, with his first investment being Square, Inc. He and his investment partner Hank Vigil, senior vice president of strategy and partnerships of Microsoft Corp, subsequently invested in the seed rounds of notable companies such as Pinterest, Wish, Flexe, EasyPost, inDinero, Cargomatic, Everlane and many other startups. Leaving Microsoft to become an entrepreneur in 2012, Lanman served as founder and CEO of Livestar, a personalized recommendations app. Livestar was acquired by Pinterest in 2013. After co-founding the audio technology company Doppler Labs in 2013, Lanman led the Series A financing for ClassPass and became executive chairman. As of 2016, he was rumored to be running the company alongside founder Payal Kadakia and in an interview with Vanity Fair, Lanman confirmed that ClassPass intended to expand outside of studio fitness with a live video product and non-fitness product called "LifePass". Both ClassPass and Doppler Labs were listed as "Next Billion Dollar Startups" by Forbes in 2016. In 2017, ClassPass announced Lanman as CEO, swapping roles with Kadakia who became executive chairman. Subsequent to Lanman becoming CEO, Temasek led a $70m Series C financing in the company in June 2017. In an interview on CNBC in May 2017, Lanman confirmed that ClassPass's intention was to eventually IPO, though he gave no definitive timetable. ClassPass is the largest fitness network leading members to fitness studios and classes with over 8,500 partners in 49 cities worldwide. In early 2018, Lanman launched a new ClassPass product, live-streaming studio fitness workouts as an at-home or at-anywhere interactive live video product. ClassPass attained unicorn status in a $285 million December 2019 financing round setting the company's valuation at over $1 billion. ClassPass currently serves over 30,000 partners, including boutique studios, gyms and wellness providers, in 28 different countries. ClassPass also launched a successful corporate program that allows organizations to subsidize their employees using ClassPass to stay in shape, and has more than 1,000 employers using the platform, including Morgan Stanley, Goldman Sachs, Google and Facebook. On October 13, 2021, ClassPass was acquired by Mindbody Inc. in an all stock transaction. On August 2, 2022, it was announced that Fritz would become the CEO of Mindbody Inc effective September 3, 2022. Awards and recognition ---------------------- In 2015, Fritz Lanman was named "One of the Most Powerful People in Wearables" by Wearables.com as executive chairman for Doppler Labs' "Here Buds" product, "Here". In 2017, Fritz Lanman was named one of Fast Company's "Most Creative People in Business".
"C-Chute" was published in the October 1951 issue of Galaxy Science Fiction, Cover art by Richard Arbib "C-Chute" is a science fiction short story by American writer Isaac Asimov. It was first published in the October 1951 issue of Galaxy Magazine and later appeared in Asimov's collections Nightfall and Other Stories (1969) and The Best of Isaac Asimov (1973). One of the few Asimov stories that feature aliens, the story deals with a group of people imprisoned by an alien race when their spaceship is captured. The emphasis of the story is on the interactions and group psychology of the prisoners, all of whom have differing backgrounds and motivations. An argument between Asimov and the editor Horace L. Gold over this story was the inspiration for Asimov's story "The Monkey's Finger". Plot summary ------------ During Earth's first interstellar war, a civilian transport traveling to Earth is captured by the Kloros, a chlorine-breathing race of intelligent beings. The ship is commandeered by two Kloros, along with six human civilians as prisoners of war. The humans cannot agree on what they should do, some even coming to blows. Opinions range from a violent counteroffensive to passive acceptance of their situation. Stuart, who has previously spent time as a guest of the Kloros, where he was provided with prosthetic hands when his own were damaged in an accident, posits that the Kloros are masters of chemistry (thus easily able to maintain an atmosphere and provide food for the captives) but less proficient at engineering, hence prefer to steal human ships to use in the war. Only Mullen, a shy, mild-mannered, short bookkeeper, is willing to make an attempt to take back control of the ship, which he does by exiting via the C-Chute (short for "casualty chute", normally used for launching corpses for burial in space) and entering the control room via the navigational steam-tubes. He kills the two Kloros by spraying them with oxygen. An unlikely hero, Mullen admits that he was not motivated by bravery, anger, or fear, but rather homesickness for Earth (specifically his hometown, Richmond, Virginia), which he has not seen for 17 years, and that he could not face the prospect of waiting out the war in captivity when on the cusp of returning home.
Sarah "Sally" Christine Wolfe (25 December 1885 – 15 July 1975) was a medical missionary who served in China from 1915 to 1951. She came from a devout Methodist family and upon leaving Ireland, became part of the Methodist Missionary Society. When she arrived in China, Wolfe joined the Jubilee Women's hospital at the English Wesleyan Mission in Hankou, where she worked among other European missionaries and ran Bible classes for women and children. Wolfe's time in China was marked by much political strife, as she arrived four years after the Chinese Revolution of 1911 and witnessed the Chinese Civil War, which began in 1927. In 1951, after serving her mission for nearly forty years, Sally Wolfe left China due to strong xenophobia towards foreign missionaries and conflict between Communists and the Kuomintang (Chinese Nationalist Party). Early life and education ------------------------ Sally Wolfe was born on Christmas Day, 1885 to John Joseph and Marion Wolfe in Ireland. She was the second child and eldest daughter among her five siblings. During her early childhood, Wolfe's family moved from their home to The Grove, a house on the outskirts of Skibbereen (County Cork, Ireland) that once belonged to her maternal grandmother. There, the Wolfes lived a relatively comfortable life and had close ties with the Methodist Church, as John Joseph and Marion were both raised in heavily Methodist families. As a child, Wolfe attended the Ladies’ School in Skibbereen and later attended Mr. Storey's Intermediate School. After entering and graduating from Alexandra College in Dublin, Ireland, Wolfe attended University College Cork in 1908 to study medicine with the intention of becoming a medical missionary. While she was there, she was honored for her academic achievements, as she earned the titles of First Exhibitioner in Science (1907-1908) and Second Year Exhibitioner (1909) and was honored with fourth and fifth year scholarships of £28 and £30, respectively. Wolfe graduated from Cork University in 1913 and subsequently began working at the Royal Samaritan Hospital in Glasgow, Scotland. There, she was appointed resident house surgeon in 1913 and ultimately, in June 1913, was promoted to a paid position under a surgeon named Dr. A.W. Russell. Due to differences and dissatisfaction with the Royal Samaritan Hospital and Dr. Russell in particular, Wolfe resigned from her position at the hospital on 30 November 1913. Work in China ------------- Around April 1915, Wolfe moved to China in response to what she believed was God's calling for her to become a medical missionary. In concordance with a promise she made her father, she waited until she was thirty before leaving for China. Upon arriving in the country, Wolfe worked in Jubilee Women's Hospital (affiliated with the English Wesleyan Mission) in Hankou. There, she worked with other European women as well as Chinese nurses and treated conditions such as lockjaw, cholera, malnutrition, while also serving as an obstetrician and surgeon. In addition to working in the hospital, Wolfe made house calls throughout the Chinese countryside in order to unbind young girls’ feet, as foot binding was considered a sign of beauty and necessary for marriage. In addition to working at Jubilee Women's Hospital, Wolfe also spent time in Zhongxiang, where she worked in an outpatient department around 1931; she also worked in Hway Chin Tiang[clarification needed], where she helped provide medical care for destitute women and children and in 1937, worked at Methodist General Hospital in Zhongxiang. While as a medical missionary in China, Wolfe intermittently took four furloughs, which took place in 1921–1922, 1927, 1934–1935, and 1941. During her time in China, Wolfe was highly regarded by her Chinese colleagues, who presented her with scrolls reading "’She healed the entire globe and jewels are made more precious by her virtue,’" and "’Her name is known throughout China and foreign countries and her virtue enriches gold."’ (Wright 120) In his book entitled, China, My China, Harold B. Rattenbury also lauds Wolfe, as he recalls seeing her in the Women’s Hospital across the street from his Hankou home. Rattenbury praises her work ethic, saying, "When or how that doctor slept I never could discover. She seemed to be on call at all hours of the day and night…" (120) Rattenbury also speaks highly of Wolfe's character, calling her "brilliant, sincere, straight, and childlike," while depicting her as a heroic presence in China and emphasizing her love and understanding of the Chinese people. Ultimately, Wolfe applied for an exit permit and left China in 1951 after deciding that her presence was doing more harm than good; she and other foreign missionaries collectively felt that their affiliation with the Chinese Christians placed the Chinese Church in Communist disfavor, and therefore, danger. ### Political context During her time in China, Wolfe witnessed significant political turmoil, as she arrived four years after the Chinese Revolution of 1911. Also known as the Xinhai Revolution, the event resulted in the overthrow of the Qing dynasty by revolutionaries and the subsequent establishment of the Republic of China. Because of the political disorder in China, Wolfe at times lived in significant danger. During Wolfe's stay in Cheungsiang in 1931, one of Chiang Kai-shek’s armies attacked the region and killed several of Wolfe's colleagues. During the same instance, a red soldier searched the home in which Wolfe was a guest, but failed to see her. The day after Wolfe left the residence, the house was searched thoroughly. In another instance, Wolfe was brought before a firing squad, presumably of the Communist Party. According to Wolfe, a member of the squad saved her life by coming forward and saying that she had once cared for him and therefore, should not die. Overall, Wolfe stayed in China throughout four stages of conflict, as she witnessed the control of China by various warlords during the Warlord Era, war between the Communists and Kuomintang, a combined effort by the Communists and Kuomintang against Japan during World War II, and resumed civil war between the Communists and Kuomintang after World War II. ### Adopting children While in China, Wolfe adopted three Chinese children. Suteh, Wolfe's oldest daughter, was adopted around early January 1925 after Suteh's biological mother and leader in Wolfe's Bible group died after childbirth. Shortly after adopting Suteh, Wolfe adopted a second child, a boy named Johan, whose biological mother, also a Bible woman, died during childbirth. About three years after adopting Johan, Wolfe adopted her third child, a daughter named Futeh, whose biological parents deserted her. After Wolfe's departure from China in 1951, she never heard from or about her children again, as the Communists in power stopped letters from being sent to the West. ### Religious work While working as a medical missionary, Wolfe remained grounded in her Methodist beliefs and led a Bible group in Hankou, a weekly prayer meeting, and taught Sunday school in Hway Chin Tiang. Post-China life --------------- After leaving China in 1951, Wolfe spent a year in Dublin in the home of Betty, her eldest niece. When Betty's family moved to Kenya, Wolfe moved to and stayed in Canada until 1957. While in Canada, she worked along the Alberta-Saskatchewan border at Cold Lake Hospital for a summer and occasionally helped run Hollandia House, a nursing home in Elk Point, Alberta. While at her youngest brother Tom's house in Elk Point, Wolfe fell and broke her hip; after a young surgeon erred in the setting of Wolfe's hip, she was left with limited function in one her legs. In 1975, Wolfe left Canada and returned to Cork, as she reportedly wished to die in her native land. After living in a flat next to her sister Fan and subsequently living with her cousin Marie Kingston, Wolfe eventually moved into St. Luke's Home in Cork. There, Wolfe fell, broke her hip again, and consequently, became bedridden. Wolfe died on 15 July 1975, at the age of ninety.
2016 science fiction film *Maximum Ride* is a 2016 American science fiction film based on the novel of the same name by James Patterson. It adapts the first half of The Angel Experiment, the first book in the series. YouTube personality Jenna Marbles served as an executive producer of the film. *Story base* Jeb rescues Max and the other children from the School. His son Ari is left behind and presumed dead. In the present, Max is seen waking up from a dream; upon waking up, she encounters other members of the Flock. Iggy explains that they're running out of food, but Max wants to remain in the house. Angel is then captured by Erasers. The Flock returns to the house and find the schools location. They decide that Fang and Max will go to rescue Angel, while the others will remain home. Ari went to the house looking for Max, but they fight him off and escape, but Ari is left alive. Max and Fang stop to eat on a rooftop in Utah, where Max hears a girl being attacked. Fang tells Max not to intervene, but Max flies down to help before being shot in the shoulder. Fang smashes the gunman through a window; the girl, Ella, tells him that her mother is a doctor. They rush Max to the veterinary practice where Max is operated on. Iggy, Gazzy and Nudge are walking through a small town. Iggy has a plan to meet up with the others at Lake Mead. Gazzy realizes Nudge is gone; they find her in a clothing store but have no idea that Ari is watching them. Max is given the all clear by the doctor, who points out a tracking chip in her shoulder and she rejoins Fang, who is angry that Max intervened but she insists it was the right thing to do. They arrive at the cabin. As they are about to kiss, they are interrupted by a sound outside and Fang covers Max's mouth. It turns out to be Iggy, Gazzy and Nudge. Max tells them about the tracking chip. They tell her about the house and about Ari. Max leaves the cabin and Ari confronts her and seems about to overpower her, but Fang starts fighting him before he and The Flock are captured. They recover at the School, in cages, but are initially overjoyed to find Angel. Ari arrives and escorts Max to where Jeb is waiting. Max no longer trusts Jeb who tells her that she was created to help people and save the world. He shows her a hidden note and tells her that it was Ari's choice to become an Eraser. Max leaves the room and distracts Ari enough to steal his key card. Meanwhile, one of the whitecoats is secretly reporting on Jeb to another authority. The woman says that the Flock is expendable, but dangerous, and must be controlled. Ari returns to the cage room to taunt Max, but Max has unlocked her cage and jumps on him. She hands the key card to Iggy before Ari chases her out of the room and the Flock escapes from their cages. Ari and the Erasers corner Max, only for the Flock to arrive with a bomb made by Gazzy. Max leaps out of the way and escapes safely. Jeb arrives, calling Ari's name. The Flock stands there, watching. Jeb pleads with Max, telling her she doesn't understand but she tells him the experiments over and opens her wings. Afterwards, the Flock walks through the woods. They pause and Max comforts Angel, only to collapse. She sees a vision of events throughout the movie, of child Ari moving to stab her with the scissors, and of New York City. When she awakens, she describes it to the Flock and they decide to go to New York City to look for more answers. The final shot is a video playing over and over again, of Max's final words to Jeb: "The experiment's over." Cast ---- * Allie Marie Evans as Max * Patrick Johnson as Fang * Lyliana Wray as Angel * Luke Gregory Crosby as Ari * Gavin Lewis as Gazzy * Tetona Jackson as Nudge * Zayne Emory as Iggy * Carrie Wampler as Ella * Peter O'Brien as Jeb * Tina Huang as Dr. Rosen * Lillie Owers as Young Max Production ---------- In September 2007, it was announced that a film would be created based on the Maximum Ride series. James Patterson would be the executive producer. Avi Arad, who had already worked on films such as Spider-Man and X-Men, would also produce alongside Steven Paul. In an interview with James Patterson, it was revealed that Arad has already planned out the first two movies. On August 7, 2008, it was announced that Columbia Pictures had bought the screen rights to the franchise. The film was slated for a 2010 release. Catherine Hardwicke was said to direct and Don Payne would be handling the script. In January 2010 it was announced that the film would go into pre-production. Hardwicke asked for a script rewrite to include more action in the film and hired Mark Fergus and Hawk Ostby for the job, which subsequently delayed its estimated release to 2013. In February 2011, the Maximum Ride Facebook page posted, "The Maximum Ride Movie is Coming – In 3D!" and asked its Facebook fans who they would like to play Max in the movie. In an interview with USA Today, Patterson revealed that he was hopeful for a film adaptation. Patterson took note of fan-made audition videos from User Based Casting, a fan-driven casting initiative for the upcoming Maximum Ride film adaptation, commenting, "there's something like 9,000 Maximum Ride videos on YouTube, and some of them are stunning. I also think we're closer to the movie than we've been. I never know for sure in Hollywood, but it's definitely warm now." [] The film ran into trouble in early 2012, when Catherine Hardwicke quit as the film director. When asked about the odds of a movie still being made, Patterson claimed he was "...very hopeful as opposed to mildly depressed". Trouble continued with the death of screenplay writer Don Payne on March 26, 2013. With the film stalled by mid-2014, the series was submitted for adaptation into a web series by Collective Digital Studio. Sites attached to Patterson and Hachette claimed that the series would begin in the second half of 2015. The completed film, starring Allie Marie Evans as Maximum Ride, was released on Digital HD on August 30, 2016. Reception --------- Frank Scheck of The Hollywood Reporter gave the film a negative review, writing "You've seen it before, and done a lot better." Katie Walsh of the Los Angeles Times criticized the film for its "obvious exposition, tortured dialogue and shoddy special effects".
The OpenFog Consortium (sometimes stylized as Open Fog Consortium) was a consortium of high tech industry companies and academic institutions across the world aimed at the standardization and promotion of fog computing in various capacities and fields. The consortium was founded by Cisco Systems, Intel, Microsoft, Princeton University, Dell, and ARM Holdings in 2015 and now has 57 members across the North America, Asia, and Europe, including Forbes 500 companies and noteworthy academic institutions. The OpenFog consortium merged with the Industrial Internet Consortium, now the Industry IoT Consortium, on January 31, 2019. History ------- OpenFog was created on November 19, 2015, by ARM Holdings, Cisco Systems, Dell, Intel, Microsoft, and Princeton University. The idea for a consortium centered on the advancement and dissemination of fog computing was thought up by Helder Antunes, a Cisco executive with a history in IoT, Mung Chiang, then a Princeton University professor and now President of Purdue University, and Dr. Tao Zhang, a Cisco Distinguished Engineer and CIO for the IEEE Communications Society then and now a manager at the National Institute of Standards and Technologies (NIST). The project was executed from concept to launch by Armando Pereira at PVentures Group, a Silicon Valley-based high-tech consulting firm. OpenFog released its reference architecture for fog computing on 13 February 2017. The Fog World Congress 2017, with Dr. Tao Zhang as its General Chair, was hosted in October 2017 by OpenFog, in conjunction with the IEEE Communications Society, as the first congress devoted to fog computing. Administration -------------- OpenFog executive leadership signing an agreement with the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry (METI). The OpenFog Consortium is governed by its board of directors, which is chaired by Cisco Senior Director Helder Antunes. The board of directors is made up of 11 seats, each representing one of the following companies and institutions: ARM, AT&T, Cisco, Dell, Intel, Microsoft, Princeton University, IEEE, GE, ZTE and Shanghai Tech University. The consortium's general membership currently comprises 13 academic members: Aalto University, Arizona State University, California Institute of Technology, Georgia State University, National Chiao Tung University, National Taiwan University, Shanghai Research Centre for Wireless Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong, University of Colorado Boulder, University of Southern California, University of Pisa, Vanderbilt University, Wayne State University, and 20 additional members: Hitachi, Internet Initiative Japan, Itochu, Kii, Nebbiolo, PrismTech, NEC, NGD Systems, NTT Communications, OSIsoft, Real-time Innovations, relayr, Sakura Internet, Stichting imec Nederland, Toshiba, TTT Tech, Fujitsu, FogHorn Systems, TTTech and MARSEC. Published work -------------- The OpenFog Consortium has published the white paper, "OpenFog Reference Architecture". This document outlines the eight pillars of an OpenFog architecture:Security; Scalability; Open; Autonomy; Programmability; RAS (Reliability, Availability, and Serviceability); Agility; and Hierarchy. It also incorporates a glossary for fog computing terms. In July 2018, the IEEE Standards Association announced it had adopted the OpenFog Reference Architecture as the first standard for fog computing.
Highway in Virginia State Route 278 (SR 278) is a primary state highway in the U.S. state of Virginia. Known as King Street, the state highway runs 1.64 miles (2.64 km) from U.S. Route 258 (US 258) north to an entrance to Langley Air Force Base within the independent city of Hampton. Route description ----------------- View north at the south end of SR 278 at US 258 in Hampton SR 278 begins at a diamond interchange with US 258 (Mercury Boulevard). King Street continues south as an unnumbered street toward downtown Hampton. The state highway heads north as a five-lane road with a center left-turn lane through a residential area. SR 278 loses the center turn lane at Little Back River Road and becomes two lanes at Lamington Road. The state highway gains an additional lane northbound before reaching its northern terminus at a gate for Langley Air Force Base. North of the gate, the roadway crosses the Back River to reach the main body of the military installation. Major intersections ------------------- The entire route is in Hampton. \| mi \| km \| Destinations \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 0.00 \| 0.00 \| US 258 (East Mercury Boulevard) to I-64 \| Diamond interchange; southern terminus \| \| 1.64 \| 2.64 \| Langley Air Force Base \| Northern terminus \| \| 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi \|
Persyn family coat-of-armsThe name Persijn or Persyn originates from what is said to be one of the oldest and noblest families from Kennemerland. In the 13th century, a branch of the Persijn family concerns the lords of Waterland and Amsterdam. They resided in the lost castle of Huis te Velsen north of Haarlem. Its oldest known ancestor was Dirk Persyn, who was given the title of courtier of the Count of Holland in 1162. The first Persijn ----------------- The tradition says the first Persijn is said to have returned from Greece in 990, together with Lutgardis of Luxemburg, the wife of Arnulf, Count of Holland. Knight Jan Persijn, lord of Waterland ------------------------------------- ### The siege of Haarlem In his Chronographia, the chronicler Sir Jan Beke tells the story of the siege of Haarlem by the Kennemers in 1274. He writes: "Johannes vero de Passijn [corrected in the margin to Johannes de Persyn] inclitus oppidum interea clam exiens vehicula kenemarorum cibarijs onustam comprehendit et exinde plurimas villas hostium capitalium inflammavit". Which can be translated into: "In the meantime, the famous knight Jan Persijn secretly went out of the city, captured Kennemer vehicles loaded with provisions and after that set several enemy villages on fire". This led the besiegers to leave the siege and return to their homes. They were chased and defeated by the Haarlemmers. This victory led Jan Persijn to be praised by his people and as a token of thanks, Jan Persijn was given the title of Lord of Waterland and Marken from the bishop Jan van Nassau. ### Waterland and Marken He promptly attempted to build a stronghold, the Swanensborch in the city of Monnickendam, in order to generate income from maritime trade. In 1275, however, the local inhabitants rebelled and soon the Lord Persijn had to destroy its castle. As a consequence it seems the lord Persijn lost interest in Waterland and sold half of his title to Floris V, Count of Holland, while he gave the other half to his son Nicholaas van Persijn. ### Death of Jan Persijn He died soon after, on 26 of December 1283. The Persijn Family Coat of Arms ------------------------------- Flag of the city of Amsterdam The Persijn Family Coat of Arms is made of six horizontal bars, alternating blue and yellow. On the three yellow (originally gold-colored) bars are respectively 4, 3 and 2, red-colored Saint Andrew's crosses. The Flag of Amsterdam is said to originate from this coat of arms.
Bulgarian writer Evgenia Boncheva (Bulgarian: Евгения Павлова Бончева; 1877–1945) or better known as Evgenia Mars (Bulgarian: Евгения Марс) was a Bulgarian writer, translator and community pioneer. Biography --------- Evgenia Mars was born under the name of Evgenia Boncheva on 25 August 1877 in the family of a trader and a teacher. When she was 16 years old she married the prominent dentist Mihail Elmazov in Sofia. At the time she was studying in the girl school in Sofia. They have two sons. In 1885 she met Ivan Vazov. Afterward, she became famous among aristocrats and the public as Ivan Vazov's mistress. After their meeting, Ivan Vazov started visiting the literary gatherings at their home each Thursday. He devoted over 70 poems to her. In the 50th anniversary of Ivan Vazov's work, he received a laurel wreath of silver and a silver harp with golden strings. He gave both of them to Evgenia Mars, which she later sold after his death for over 500,000 lev. During the years, her relationship with Ivan Vazov greatly influenced the public's opinion on her literary work and achievements for the worse. She suffered from cardiovascular issues and passed away on 26 April 1945. Literary works -------------- During her lifetime, Evgenia Mars writes over 80 stories, 3 dramas, 2 of which were played in the Ivan Vazov National Theater. In 1927, she was chosen to lead the Union of Bulgarian women in art and culture as a chairwoman. Among her works, there are poems, collections of short stories, theater dramas, and encyclopedic almanacs. The most famous of which are: * „Iz Zhivota" 1906 * „Lunna Nosht" 1909 * „Bozhana" 1912 * „Magda" 1918 * „Belite Nartsisi" 1924 * „Poluvekovna Bulgaria" 1929 * „Chovekut v Dripi" 1935
This is a character list for the animated television series, Dude, That's My Ghost!. Main characters --------------- ### Spencer Wright Voiced by Rasmus Hardiker, Spencer is a 14-year-old boy and the main protagonist of the series. He is a budding filmmaker and makes his own amateur movies on a regular basis and aspires to be a famous film director. Spencer is a particular fan of horror-and-gore movies, with nearly all of his own movies having to do with either zombies or monsters in some way. Spencer wears a blue guitar pick necklace that used to belong to Billy in order to see him. Because he is fairly new to Beverly Heights and is very different from the norm (in that he isn't wealthy, trendy, or the 'Hollywood type') he clashes with many people at his school and has garnered a number of enemies (Principal Ponzi, Lolo, & Kleet) although he receives help dealing with them from Billy. Likewise, Spencer helps Billy by protecting him from his enemies, like Madame X and Hoover. He also normally has to help solve problems caused by Billy as well, mostly pertaining to the effects of his ectoplasm and/or general antics. ### Billy Joe Cobra Voiced by Darren Foreman, Billy is a fun-loving, mischievous, energetic, funny, hyperactive, and crazy ghost and Spencer's best friend. Before he died, he was an enormously famous pop-star, and is still very popular posthumously. He cannot be seen or heard by others unless they are wearing a personal item that belonged to him before he died (such as Spencer's necklace). Billy's personality consists of both a bro-centric best friend and a stereotypical narcissistic celebrity. He tries to help Spencer with his movies and fit in more with life in Hollywood, although many of his efforts normally cause more problems. He often describes his days as a rock star, in which it is shown that he was extremely difficult to work with (showing up to a video shoot 2 days late and refusing to perform because he didn't like the camera man's jeans), loved to trash hotel rooms and wreck music video shoots, and treated his crew and staff horribly. He can also be somewhat temperamental, especially when someone insults him or his music. Nearly every one of Billy's songs involve him singing about how much he loves himself or how much everyone else loves him ("I'm Still in Love with Me", "I Am the Sunshine of My Life", "You Love Me, I Love Me More", etc.) although sometimes they are about things related to stereotypically extravagant lifestyles ("Big Yachts and Money"). Billy is extremely wealthy: possessing a custom limo, several private jets, planes, and yachts, a pet crocodile, and the large mansion that Spencer's family now live in. Billy's ghost body allows him to phase through objects and people, stretch his limbs, and transform into various things. He also has a number of powers, including the ability to possess people, instantly travel through computers and televisions, and telekinesis. Billy's most frequently-referred-to power (although one he has very limited control over) is the ectoplasm that his body is able to secrete. It is a blue, gooey substance that mutates or changes whatever it touches. Its effects are very erratic and unpredictable; it has the capability to mutate a small fish into a deadly piranha, give a video game sentience, and grant someone the abilities of a ghost. Its effects, however, can normally be reversed. Billy regularly incorporates puns with the word "bro" into his vocabulary: (broaster oven, broham sandwich, George Bromero, Brohann Sebastian Bach, etc.) He does not share Spencer's love of horror films, despite being a ghost; and is acrophobic, despite having the ability to fly. He also loves smooth peanut butter, but hates chunky. He is a distant cousin to the Wright family. His real name is revealed to be Baruch Cohen in the episode "School of Terror". Secondary characters -------------------- ### Rajeev Baguiati Voiced by Rasmus Hardiker, Rajeev is Spencer's friend. He is a goofy teenager and self-proclaimed ladies man and party animal. He is also Shanilla's brother. He is very clumsy, socially inept, and can be a rather bad friend at times (especially when he is chasing after Lolo). He is normally cast as the lead in all of Spencer's movies, despite being a rather lackluster actor. He wears a red-buckled belt that used to belong to Billy in order to see him. He has a very public crush on Lolo and is relentless in his pursuit of her affections, despite her constant rejections and proclaimed hatred of him. ### Shanila Baguiati Voiced by Larissa Murray, Shanila is Spencer's friend and Rajeev's twin sister. She is much more level-headed than her brother and is often the voice of common sense between the two. She wears a pink bracelet that used to belong to Billy in order to see him. She also has a secret crush on Spencer. ### Hugh Wright Voiced by Ewan Bailey, Hugh is Spencer's dad. He works as an accountant but has a passion for inventing and tinkering with things. However, he is terrible with technology (especially computers). ### Jane Wright Jane is Spencer's mom. She is normally more level-headed than Hugh. She also loves to style hair and attends beauty school. Billy Joe Cobra's distant-cousin relationship to the Wrights has been implied to come from her side of the family. ### Jessica Wright Voiced by Teresa Gallagher, Jessica is Spencer's 11-year-old sister. She is very athletic and even has a black belt in karate (which appears to be her favorite sport). She can be a bit obnoxious at times, and believes her brother is very weird for "talking to himself". ### Mallory Merriman Voiced by Teresa Gallagher, Mallory is a pretty, popular girl who is extremely nice and friendly to everyone, including Spencer, Rajeev, and Shanila. Recurring antagonists --------------------- ### Madame X Voiced by Larissa Murray, Madame X is a mysterious woman who is an extremely obsessed fan of Billy Joe Cobra. She has an enormous collection of BJC merchandise, pictures, and memorabilia, and makes it her mission to capture Billy and keep him in a jar, in order to complete her collection. She [and Hoover] appear to be the only other people (apart from Spencer and his friends) who are aware of Billy's existence and know how to see him. The upper portion of her face is always kept off-screen. ### Sam Hoover Voiced by Steven Kynman, Sam Hoover is a very short, bumbling ghost-catcher and Madame X's right-hand man. He frequently attempts to capture Billy with his ghost containment unit (usually through numerous disguises or tricks), but is never able to hold onto him for long—usually due to his own incompetence. Hoover wears a pair of underwear that used to belong to Billy in order to see him. His base of operations is a van that is normally parked outside Billy's mansion. ### Glenn Ponzi Voiced by Ewan Bailey, Glenn Ponzi is the principal of Beverly Beverly High School. He is a strict and bitter man who hates Spencer (believing him to be "weird" and a delinquent) and regularly attempts to get him kicked out of school. In addition to this, he is also a big detractor of Billy's music, making him a frequent target of Spencer and Billy's pranks. He can normally be seen with his pet bird Lorenzo. He also has a crush on Spencer's teacher, Ms. Rumsfeld, although these feelings are not reciprocated. ### Lolo Calorie Lolo is a rich, spoiled, popular girl with a stereotypical valley girl accent. She doesn't like Spencer or his friends, as they usually stand up to her conceited and 'popular' attitude or just plain annoy her (mostly via Spencer's horror movies, Rajeev's flirting or Mallory's friendliness). In "True Party", is it shown that she might actually like Rajeev, despite being mean to him and rejecting him all the time. ### Kleet Kleenerson Voiced by Darren Foreman, Kleet is a jock who enjoys bullying Spencer. He is a star football and basketball player at school and is very physically fit, but has the intelligence of a stereotypical jock and is normally outwitted by Spencer and Billy. Recurring characters -------------------- ### Adrian Adrian is Lolo's silent bodyguard and assistant who caters to her every whim. He usually ends up getting rid of Rajeev for her. ### Buck Voiced by Steven Kynman, Buck is the owner of the Wi Fri. He seems to be friends with Spencer. ### Buddy Voiced by Steven Kynman, Buddy is a somewhat popular student with a Southern accent. He appears to be an aspiring stuntman and makes frequent use of a giant cannon which he uses to launch himself out of. ### The Delivery Guy The Delivery Guy is a goofy delivery guy that normally ends up on the receiving end of Spencer and Billy's antics. ### Greg Slick Greg Slick is a local celebrity and entertainment show host who reports on big pop culture-related news in Hollywood. ### iStevie iStevie is a short, nerdy looking student who is into high tech gadgetry. He communicates purely through beatboxing, which everyone else is somehow able to understand. ### Kath Katherson Voiced by Teresa Gallagher, Kath Katherson is a newscaster who frequently reports on events happening in Beverly Heights. ### Lorenzo Lorenzo is Principal Ponzi's pet bird and companion. He even wears a mini-toupée and pair of glasses identical to Ponzi's. ### Miss Rumsfeld Miss Rusmfeld is Spencer's homeroom teacher. She appears to have been teaching for a very long time, as Principal Ponzi has admitted to being a former student of hers. She does not reciprocate his crush on her. ### The Soapies The Soapies are three popular girls—Doreen, Maureen, and Florine—who often hang out with Lolo. Their clique's nickname suggests they merely do this for popularity status.
English politician and official, working in Ireland Sir John Bingley (c.1572–1638) was an English politician and Crown official, who spent much of his career in Ireland. He was Chief Secretary to Sir George Carey as Lord Deputy of Ireland from 1603 to 1605. He later served as Member of the Parliament of England for Chester from 1610 to 1611 and again in the Addled Parliament of 1614. He became a senior official in the English Exchequer, but his career was ruined by the Suffolk corruption scandal of 1618, which led to his being fined and imprisoned. In time he was restored to some measure of royal favour, and returned to Ireland, where he became a trusted Crown servant. Biography --------- He was born in Chester, the second son of John Bingley, and was educated at Gray's Inn. During his years in Ireland, he held several lucrative offices and is said to have amassed a fortune. He returned to England about 1608, and was knighted. In addition to his career in Parliament, where he seems to have made little impression, he obtained the lucrative office of Writer of the Tallies at the Exchequer. He held this office until 1618, when his career was destroyed by the downfall of Thomas Howard, 1st Earl of Suffolk, the Lord High Treasurer. Suffolk, his wife Katherine Knyvett and Bingley have been described as treating the Exchequer as "their private bank account". The allegations of corruption, bribery and maladministration were numerous and detailed, and there is little doubt that all three were guilty as charged. After a trial in Star Chamber, Bingley was found guilty, imprisoned and fined. The prosecution proposed a colossal fine of £100,000, but the actual fine imposed was £30,000. He was soon released from prison, but was much troubled by lawsuits from those he had defrauded, who included members of his own family like his brother-in-law Benjamin Henshaw. In time he regained a measure of royal favour, and in about 1625 he was sent back to Ireland, where it was considered that his earlier experience of Irish affairs would be useful to the Government. He was appointed Comptroller of the Musters and Cheques for Ireland, and seems to have served the Crown responsibly: certainly, there were no further complaints against him of corruption or bribery. He died in Dublin in 1638. Family ------ He married firstly Anne Henshaw, daughter of Thomas Henshaw of the Worshipful Company of Merchant Taylors, and secondly Elizabeth Nevill, daughter of Edward Nevill, 8th Baron Bergavenny and Rachel Lennard, and widow of Sir John Grey. His will has not survived, but it appears that the bulk of his property passed to Jane, his only daughter by Anne Henshaw, who married William Brabazon, 1st Earl of Meath. She died in 1644, leaving a son Edward, who succeeded to his father's title.
Rideau (/ˈriːdoʊ/ REE-doh; French pronunciation: [ʁido]) Recognition is a private, North American based company that provides corporate and governmental recognition programs and products. Founded in 1912 as the Stephenson Company, the company has undergone several buyouts and ventures in different geographical markets. Rideau was the first Canadian company to produce the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian decoration, as well as the first Canadian company to be granted its own coat of arms by The Heraldic Authority. History ------- Rideau Hall, the company's namesake ### Growth and Transition In 1912 the Stephenson Company, situated on Saint-Maurice Street in old Montreal, began as a producer of emblematic jewelry for associations such as the Masons, the Knights of Columbus, and other organizations. During World Wars I and II, the company produced military insignia for the armed forces. However, in the mid-1950s, the company's shares were sold to a U.S.-based company that moved Stephenson Company's headquarters to Montreal North. The company was later sold back to two Montrealers who had numerous business interests, but nevertheless, Stephenson went into a steady state of decline.[] By 1968, The Stephenson Company was almost bankrupt and was reduced to a staff of five. In that same year, Stephenson was purchased by Ed and Phyllis Hart. Its largest customer was Avon Cosmetics, which used the company's awards to help incentivize its sales force.[] In the 1970s, Avon began selling Stephenson's jewelry door-to-door along with its traditional cosmetics, which proved successful and helped both Avon and Stephenson flourish. In 1974, the Harts partnered with Maurice Bradden of D’Orlan Jeweler's, helping to launch its manufacturing capabilities on the European continent in the Republic of Ireland. The facility produced Nina Ricci fashion jewelry in the European Common Market.[] In 1978, the Harts sold the operation to their four children and family friend and continued to expand in Europe. In 1979, The Stephenson company opened a subsidiary, The Jeweller's Guild, in the United Kingdom.[] The Jeweler's Guild sold fashion jewelry exclusively by mail order.[] In 1980 other subsidiaries were set up in France, Holland and Germany, and they too sold fashion jewelry by mail order.[] Stephenson and its subsidiary companies did well until 1982, when the company's over-expansion coupled with the economic recession forced the company to change and reinvent itself. In 1983, the newly restructured Stephenson Company started producing the Order of Canada, the country's highest civilian decoration. Up until The Stephenson company was granted permission to produce the award, it had been produced solely in England by crown jeweler Garrards of London. At the suggestion of Bruce Beatty, the chief designer of the Canadian Honours System, the owners renamed the company Rideau to reflect their service to the Governor General of Canada, who resides in Rideau Hall in Ottawa. In 1989, Rideau shifted its focus from government decorations and medals to their current focus of corporate recognition and point-based recognition solutions. In 2006, Rideau acquired Recognition Management Institute (RMI) a company whose focus was helping businesses grow by building relationships with their employees and customers. Rideau made an investment in analytic data (big data) research in 2008 and proved the link between employee recognition and company's Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). In that same year, RMI became "Vistance Learning". By 2012, the implementation of Vistance Analytics made Rideau the first data-driven recognition company. In 2015, Vistance was fully deployed within a major global financial services company. ### Business under the Rideau name Towards the end of the 1980s promotional products and fashion jewelry were increasingly being off-shored to the Far East, so the company began focusing on corporate recognition programs. It began providing fully outsourced recognition programs to RBC, Scotiabank, BMO, Molson, Alcan, Canadian Pacific, and the Government of Canada. In 1991, Rideau Recognition became the first Canadian company to be granted its own coat of arms by The Heraldic Authority, bearing the Latin motto Opus excellentiae ("Impressions of excellence"). Rideau Recognition is also a sponsor of Recognition Professionals International. ### Acquisitions and Alliances In April 2006, Rideau Recognition announced their acquisition of Recognition Management Institute (RMI), a London, Ontario-based consulting organization specializing in training managers how to recognize and retain top employers. In August 2015, Rideau Recognition executed a definitive asset purchase agreement with Birks Group, Inc. whereby Birks Group sold its corporate sales division, also known as "Birks Business" to Rideau for CAD $5.625 million (approximately US$4.3 million. On August 1, 2017, Rideau acquired Pressed Metal Products, a Vancouver-based company that manufactures emblematic insignia jewelry, awards and medals. ### Rebranding In March 2017, Rideau Recognition underwent a rebranding which included a new logo, website, corporate signature and colors and a new Vistance platform and proprietary score called Recognition Quotient (RQ). ### Vistance Vistance Analytics & Prescriptive Learning is a division of Rideau. Vistance Analytics analyzes the impact of recognition programs and employee perceptions on an organization's Key Performance Indicators (KPIs). Vistance Learning is a prescriptive online assessment and learning management system to help leaders improve their organization's Key Performance Indicators (KPI) through critical development, employee recognition and engagement skills.[] The initial concept for Vistance was created in 2007 from a think tank of organizational psychologists and recognition experts hired by Rideau Recognition Solutions to determine whether employee recognition has a measurable impact on business outcomes. ### Environmental Awareness Rideau Recognition is the first recognition firm to be certified as Carbon Neutral. The firm has been a participant and stakeholder to the United Nations Global Compact (UNCG) since 2005. Rideau has helped plant over 100,000 native trees and was the recipient of the Eterne Award in 2015. This award is given to companies who support Tree Canada and exemplify the best in environmental stewardship.
German politician and journalist (1894–1944) Paul Franken (27 June 1894 – Autumn 1944) was a German Socialist politician. Following Nazi seizure of power in January 1933, his party was banned and he fled. He lived in various countries before settling in the Soviet Union, where in 1936 he was briefly arrested. He was arrested again in 1937 in one of Stalin's political purges. He was detained for the next seven years and is believed to have died in a labour camp in the northern part of European Russia during the Autumn of 1944. Life ---- Paul Franken was born in Höhscheid (Solingen), some 40 km (25 miles) east of Düsseldorf in the heavily industrialised Ruhr region of Germany. His father was a foundry worker. Franken attended school locally and in 1908 started training as a specialist metal worker (Former & Nadler). In 1911 he joined the Social Democratic Party (SPD / Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) and in 1914 he was conscripted for military service. In 1917 he joined the newly formed Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD / Unabhängige Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands) which had broken away from the mainstream SPD, primarily over the issue of whether or not to continue supporting funding for the war which had broken out in July/August 1914. During the revolutionary period that followed the end of the war Franken was a member of the Workers' and Soldiers' Council in the Solingen district. On the political left there was further factionalism and fragmentation during the years that followed, and by 1920 Franken was an activist member of the Communist Party. It was probably around this time, in 1920, that he married the fellow left-wing activist, Flora Goldberg (1899–1991). In June 1920 he stood, unsuccessfully, for election to the Reichstag as a Communist Party candidate. In January 1921 he joined the Communist Work Community (party - KAG / Kommunistische Arbeitsgemeinschaft) but this movement proved short-lived, and by May 1922 he was back in the USPD. In the meantime, he was elected a member of the Prussian Landtag (regional legislative assembly) where he sat till 1924, and again between 1928 and 1933. In the meantime, in 1922 he switched his party affiliation back to the SPD. In addition, between 1922 he was working as a writer and newspaper editor in Solingen. In 1924 the couple relocated to Zeitz, some 450 km (280 miles) to the east, where Flora Franken, who joined the SPD in 1925 sat on the district council till 1933. Paul Franken became a member of the SPD local leadership team in Zeitz where from November 1924 he was also editing the SPD daily newspaper, (Zeitzer) "Volksbote". He was active in the cultural and educational fields, working in the SPD's Reichsarbeitsgemeinschaft der Kinderfreunde / RAG (loosely National Children's Friendly Society). In 1928, after a break of four years, he returned to the Landtag (Prussian regional legislative assembly). The Nazi Party took power in January 1933 and lost little time in transforming the country into a one-party state. During 1933 Paul Franken's membership of the Landtag (Prussian regional legislative assembly), like the assembly itself, came to an end after a few months. Flora Franken, who was both Jewish and a Socialist, had even more reason to fear the Nazis than her husband, and emigrated to Riga, joining her mother in Latvia. Paul Franken either accompanied her or emigrated via Czechoslovakia. Either way, they were both in Latvia when Kārlis Ulmanis in May 1934 took power, obliging them to escape from a new single party right-wing dictatorship for the second time in less than two years. They moved to Sweden, and applied for permission to emigrate to the Soviet Union. The Soviet authorities granted their application in August 1934 and they moved to Leningrad (as St. Petersburg was known at that time). In Leningrad Paul Franken worked at the vast Putilov Factory. In May 1936 he was accepted back into the German Communist Party, now overwhelmingly exiled, its members based mostly in Paris or Moscow. In November 1937 he was arrested by the NKVD and detained, in the context of a great surge in political purges taking place that year. He was taken to one of the network of Labour Camps located inside the Arctic Circle. Here, under appalling conditions, he died in the autumn of 1944 in the labour camp at Adak near Vorkuta. Flora Franken, who had accompanied her husband to the Soviet Union in 1934, was permitted to return to the German Democratic Republic with her son, Peter, in May 1955. She took a job with Dietz Verlag (the Berlin publishing house), later switching to the (closely associated) Marxism–Leninism Institute of East Germany's ruling Socialist Unity Party (Central Committee).
Belgian-Moroccan jihadist (1959–2023) Malika El Aroud (Arabic: مليكة العرود; 1959 – 6 April 2023) was a Belgian-Moroccan who was convicted of Islamic terrorist activities by a Belgian court in 2010. She had ties to Al-Qaeda and was known as one of Europe's most prominent internet jihadists. El Aroud was the widow of Abdessatar Dahmane, one of the men who assassinated the anti-Taliban resistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud in Afghanistan on 9 September 2001. In 2003 she was one of 22 people tried in Belgium for complicity in Massoud's murder, but was acquitted due to lack of evidence. In June 2007 she and her new husband Moez Garsalloui were found guilty by a Swiss court of operating websites that supported Al-Qaeda. In 2010 El Aroud was sentenced by a Belgian court to eight years in prison for terrorist activities. Belgium then tried unsuccessfully to deport her to Morocco. Biography --------- El Aroud was born in Morocco and moved to Brussels with her family as a child. It was when she was in her thirties and a single parent to her daughter, that she rediscovered religion and began frequenting the Centre Islamique Belge, where she married Abdessatar Dahmane. In 2001 El Aroud joined her husband in Afghanistan, living in a camp at Jalalabad. Her husband was sent on a suicide mission by Al-Qaeda to assassinate the anti-Taliban resistance leader Ahmad Shah Massoud. The widowed El Aroud was then repatriated to Belgium, where she stood trial along with 22 others for complicity in Massoud's murder. She claimed that she was doing humanitarian work and knew nothing of her husband's mission and was acquitted due to lack of evidence. "Your ideas are very extreme, but I cannot sentence you for them," said the judge. In February 2005 El Aroud was detained along with her Tunisian-born new husband Moez Garsalloui in an anti-terror raid while living in Switzerland (near Fribourg) and operating websites in support of Al-Qaeda. In June 2007 a Swiss court found Garsalloui guilty of supporting criminal organisations and inciting violence via their websites and El Aroud guilty of aiding and abetting him. Garsalloui was given a six month prison sentence, while El Aroud received a suspended sentence. Returning to Belgium, El Aroud continued her internet propaganda for Al-Qaeda, using the name Oum Obeyda and encouraging men to fight for jihad. In 2008 she gave an interview to journalists Elaine Sciolino and Souad Mekhennet of The New York Times, in which she said "I have a weapon. It's to write. It's to speak out. That's my jihad. You can do many things with words. Writing is also a bomb." The director of Belgium's federal police force described her as a potential threat, saying: "Her jihad is not to lead an operation but to inspire other people to wage jihad". In December 2008, El Aroud was one of a number of people arrested in Belgium on suspicion of having links with Al-Qaeda or of planning a terrorist attack, possibly on a two-day EU leaders' summit in Brussels. In February 2009, CNN presented a previous 2006 interview with El Aroud, as well as interviews with various people familiar with her activities or involved with her court proceedings, as part of the series "World's Untold Stories". El Aroud went on trial in March 2010, accused with her husband Garsallaoui of heading a terrorist cell linked to Al-Qaeda and running a website that urged Muslims to sacrifice themselves in jihad. They stood trial with a further seven defendants, Garsallaoui and another defendant being tried in absentia. In May 2010, she was convicted of leading a terrorist group linked with Al-Qaeda which recruited militants in France and Belgium to fight in Afghanistan. She was sentenced to eight years in prison. In 2014 the government started proceedings to revoke El Aroud's Belgian citizenship. El Aroud challenged the proceedings but lost her case in the Court of Appeal in Brussels in November 2017. A few days later she was arrested in order to be deported to Morocco. She appealed against the order and claimed asylum in Belgium but lost her appeal in February 2019. The deportation did not go ahead due to a lack of cooperation from the Moroccan authorities. El Aroud died in Belgium on 5 April 2023, at the age of 64.
German operatic soprano Christel Goltz (8 July 1912 – 14 November 2008) was a German operatic soprano. One of the leading dramatic sopranos of her generation, she possessed a rich voice with a brilliant range and intensity. She was particularly associated with the operas of Richard Strauss, especially Salome and Elektra, and with contemporary operas. Born in Dortmund, she studied in Munich with Ornelli-Leeb and with Theodor Schenk, whom she later married. After singing small roles, she made her official debut in Fürth, as Agathe, in 1935. She sang one season in Plauen, before joining the roster of principal sopranos at the Staatsoper Dresden through the invitation of Karl Böhm in 1936. She remained at that house until 1950. She began appearing at both the Berlin State Opera and the Städtische Oper Berlin in 1947, and at the Munich State Opera and Vienna State Opera in 1950. Beginning in 1951, she also made guest appearances in Salzburg, Milan, Rome, Brussels, Paris, London, Buenos Aires, and sang at the New York Metropolitan Opera in 1954. Besides Salome and Elektra, her greatest successes included; the title role in Jenůfa, Marie in Wozzeck, Die Farberin in Die Frau ohne Schatten, Leonora in Fidelio, Elettra in Idomeneo. She created the title role in Carl Orff's Antigone and Rolf Liebermann's Penelope. An intense singing-actress with a clear and powerful voice of great range, she also tackled a few Italian roles, notably Turandot. She died in Baden, Austria, aged 96. Recordings ---------- * Salome – Christel Goltz, Inger Karen, Bernd Aldenhoff, Josef Herrmann – Saxon State Orchestra, Joseph Keilberth – Oceana (1950) * Turandot – Christel Goltz, Hans Hopf, Teresa Stich-Randall, Wilhelm Schirp – Cologne Radio Chorus and Orchestra, Georg Solti – Cantus Classics (1956) sung in German
Venezuelan TV series or program *Mi amada Beatriz* is a Venezuelan telenovela produced by RCTV in 1987 based on the telenovela Una muchacha llamada Milagros written by Delia Fiallo. Starring Catherine Fulop and Miguel Alcántara with the antagonistic participations of Maricarmen Regueiro, Nury Flores, Yanis Chimaras who was replaced by Carlos Cámara Jr. Carolina López and Rosita Vásquez and features the television presentation of Astrid Carolina Herrera. Synopsis -------- Beatriz de la Caridad Castañeda (Catherine Fulop) is a very happy and hardworking good girl who was given by her mother Maruja Castañeda (Marisela Berti) to father Amado Quintana (Carlos Márquez) when she was a newborn, because her mother was in danger of death and in order not to leave her daughter helpless, she decides to hand her over to the priest; Beatriz's mother never died and is unaware of her daughter's whereabouts. Beatriz grows up in the care of the priest. One day, when Beatriz is still a teenager, a group of delinquent boys want to play a bad joke on this defenseless girl. They want to scare her and then they try to rape her, one of them is called Arturo Arismendi and is disguised as Dracula. Beatriz can escape this attack, in despair she arrives at the house of a good woman named Miguelina (Rosario Prieto) who, compassionate to the poor girl, allows her to live in her house and becomes like Beatriz's mother. Afterwards she will always have nightmares about that terrible experience and above all she will never forget Dracula's hideous face. Arturo Andrés Arismendi (Miguel Alcántara) is deeply sorry for the bad action he did in the past, at the same time he sees Beatriz again, but she ignores that Arturo is the man who hurt her and ends up falling in love with him, so Arturo wants to tell Beatriz the whole truth but cannot because he is also in love with her and does not want to lose her. At the same time, two unscrupulous women: Inés Santaella (Nury Flores) and Érika Monasterio Santaella (Maricarmen Regueiro) her niece who is the same age as Beatriz, take advantage of the Castañeda family, making Maruja and Judge Gustavo Adolfo (Marcelo Romo) believe that Érika is the daughter that Maruja gave to her father Loved years ago, they immediately go to live in the Castañeda mansion to take advantage of the deception and, coincidentally, Beatriz also goes to live with the Castañedas, because Maruja wants to educate her, ignoring that Beatriz is her real daughter. In the Castañeda house, Beatriz must deal with the intrigues of bad women, who fear that the truth will be discovered and do everything possible to make Beatriz leave the house, in the same way Beatriz is a victim of the judge's antipathy Castañeda, who rejects her for being an uneducated girl. In the same way Beatriz and Arturo begin to go out together, but she does not know that Arturo is the same person who caused her so much damage because he is totally different without a mask and Beatriz ends up falling totally in love with him. Meanwhile Arturo's wife disappears and no one knows anything about her anymore and everyone believes her dead, so Beatriz and Arturo can get married. But Beatriz's happiness is very brief, because Arturo, on the first night of their wedding, reveals to the girl his true identity. He apologizes a thousand times for his horrible action, he is sorry and now he tells her that he has changed, that he is a serious, different man and that he is very much in love with her. But she is too angry with him and does not want to hear anything. She doesn't want to see his face anymore because for her he will always be Dracula. Beatriz immediately asks for a divorce because she does not want to live with him. They all ask Beatriz to change her mind, but she doesn't want to see him anymore. The priest also tells Beatriz to forgive her husband, but her pain is stronger than the love she feels for him and she wants to forget him forever. Meanwhile in Arturo's house, there is a very bad woman, Ofelia (Rosita Vásquez) who is the mother of Arturo's first wife and wants to turn Arturo's daughter against Beatriz and her plan works perfectly. Arturo is in love with Érika who is very bad and ambitious. Beatriz is sad and knows that Arturo is not happy with Érika. She is also in love with a bad man named "El Griego" who wants only to take advantage of her. After many thoughts and regrets, she is willing to forgive her one great love, Arturo, because she understands that he is now a very good man and is truly in love with her. But her happiness lasts very little because Erika wants to destroy Beatriz and her evil reaches the point of causing an accident to Beatriz so that she is left blind. Érika is immediately taken to an asylum and everyone is very concerned for Beatriz's health. The doctor says that it is very difficult for Beatriz to regain her sight and that only a miracle can save her. Beatriz becomes pregnant and Arturo is always close to her. Beatriz gives birth to a girl but she cannot see her. Beatriz and Arturo make the decision to marry again because of the church. They marry with their daughter in their arms and Beatriz, while the wedding is taking place, suddenly yells at everyone "VEO!!!, PUEDO VER A MI NIÑA Y A TI, ARTURO!". Everyone is happy and excited and the priest, looking at the Virgin, shouts "ESTO ES UN MILAGRO DE VOSOTROS! GRACIAS VIRGEN SANTA Y GRACIAS SEÑOR!". Cast ---- * Catherine Fulop as Beatriz de la Caridad Castañeda * Maricarmen Regueiro as Érika Monasterio Santaella * Marcelo Romo as Judge Gustavo Adolfo Castañeda * Rosario Prieto as Miguelina "Maíta" Paredes * Astrid Carolina Herrera as Estefanía * Adolfo Cubas as Miguel Ángel * Flavio Caballero as Armando * Carlos Cámara Jr. as El griego * Miguel Alcántara as Arturo Andrés Arismendi * Petite Kutlesa as Geraldine Arismendi * Carlos Márquez as Father Amado Quintana * Marisela Berti as Maruja Castañeda * Nury Flores as Inés Santaella * Marlene Maseda as Brenda Arismendi * Carolina López as Alida de Arismendi * Rosita Vásquez as Ofelia * Marisela Buitrago as Antonieta/Raiza * Milena Santander León as Enriqueta * Marco Antonio Casanova as Elisaúl * Roberto Luque as Héctor Luis "El Jaguar" * Arturo Calderón as Don Baldomero * Yanis Chimaras as El griego * Henry Álvarez as "El Caribe" * Umberto Buonocuore * Aidita Artigas Caballero * Dolores Beltrán as Esperanza * Estrella Castellanos * Lourdes Medrano * Carlos Omaña Versions -------- * Una muchacha llamada Milagros produced by Venevisión in 1974 * Pobre niña rica, a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa in 1995 starring Victoria Ruffo, Ariel López Padilla and Paulina Rubio * Cuidado con el ángel, a Mexican telenovela produced by Televisa in 2008 starring Maite Perroni and William Levy.
Polish aviator and politician Adela Stanisława Dankowska (born 5 January 1935 in Sobienie-Jeziory) is a retired Polish aviator and politician. She was a glider pilot and the coach of the Polish national gliding team, and also served as a member of Parliament. Biography --------- Dankowska was born in Sobienie-Jeziory in Lublin Voivodeship, Poland. She studied biology at the Warsaw University of Life Sciences, graduating in 1959, and learnt to fly at the Aero Club of Warsaw. She held 12 world records during her flying career, and 43 Polish records, including the world record for distance travelled in a straight line, in 1977 (837 km) and the women's world record for height gain, in 1967 (8,430 m). She also held the record for the longest glider flight in Poland, reaching a distance of 837 km in 1974. From 1989 to 1991 Dankowska served as a member of the Parliament of Poland. She has also served on the city council of Leźno and the city's regional council. She is a member of the National Council of Aviation and a member of the Air National Examination Board. Recognition ----------- In 1970, Dankowska received the Polish Silver Cross of Merit, and in 1975 she received the Lilienthal Gliding Medal for her achievements in the sport. In 1977 she received a medal from the province of Leszno and in 1978 she received the Knight's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 1981 she received the Medal of the National Education Commission (in Polish, Medal Komisji Edukacji Narodowej). She has also received six Gold Medals for outstanding achievements in sport.
Military unit Argyll's Regiment of Foot was a Scottish infantry regiment formed in April 1689 to suppress Jacobite opposition in the Highlands. In February 1692 it took part in the Glencoe Massacre, moved to Brentford near London in May then to Flanders in early 1693 where it fought in the Nine Years War. It became Lord Lorne's Regiment in April 1694 and was disbanded on February 1697. Formation --------- On 19 April 1689, the Earl of Argyll was commissioned by the Parliament of Scotland to raise a regiment of 600 men, later expanded to 800; it was the first regular Highland regiment rather than militia. Experience of the New Model Army, which ruled England and Scotland for much of the English Commonwealth, meant politicians in the late 17th century saw standing armies as a danger to the liberties of the individual and a threat to society itself. To prevent this, regiments were treated as the personal property of their Colonel, changed names when transferred and were disbanded as soon as possible. Commissions were assets that could be bought, sold or used as an investment; one person could simultaneously hold multiple commissions and there were no age restrictions. They did not require actual service, and at senior levels in particular, ownership and command were separate functions. While many colonels or lieutenant colonels played active military roles, others remained civilians who delegated their duties to a subordinate. Lord Lorne, later 2nd Duke of Argyll; appointed Colonel in 1694 at the age of 14 An individual could join a regiment in Scotland, be appointed to another in Flanders, then transfer to one in Jamaica without ever leaving Edinburgh or participating in military duties. Many fail to appreciate this; Robert Holden's 1905 article devotes much space to defending the Earl of Argyll, on the assumption that as Colonel he participated in Glencoe massacre. In most regiments, operational command was exercised by the Lieutenant-Colonel, the first being Sir Duncan Campbell of Auchinbreck, whose family were hereditary Lieutenant-Colonels to the Earls of Argyll. He was succeeded by Robert Jackson in June 1691, then Patrick Hume, who was severely wounded at the Siege of Namur in July 1695. In reality, Major Robert Duncanson appears to have largely performed this function from July 1690 to disbandment in February 1697. Highland regiments were formed by first appointing Captains, usually landowners or minor gentry, each responsible for recruiting sixty men from their own estates. Muster rolls of the 2nd Company for October 1691. show the vast majority came from Argyllshire, including Cowal and Kintyre, areas settled by Lowlander migrants and badly affected by the suppression following the 1685 rising. There are relatively few named Campbell but many are from Campbell septs, spelt in a variety of ways. Officers like Robert Campbell of Glenlyon officially received 8 shillings per day but there were many opportunities to substantially increase this eg deductions for equipment, food etc. Highland regiments could be especially lucrative as the clan system made some military service obligatory, allowing a larger margin between what the government paid and soldiers received. One purpose of muster rolls was to curb the practice of claiming pay for non-existent soldiers, and official numbers should be treated with care. Scotland; 1689-1692 ------------------- Duart Castle; surrendered to the Argylls in early 1692 Still partially trained and understrength, in July 1689 the Argylls were used to garrison Perth after the Jacobite victory at Killiecrankie. A year later they moved to the new military base at Fort William as part of the force responsible for pacifying the Highlands. This was commanded by Colonel John Hill, the military governor and included Hill's own regiment under Lt-Colonel Hamilton which is sometimes confused with the Argylls. The next 18 months were spent retaking or destroying Jacobite strongpoints including Castle Stalker, Duart Castle and Cairnburgh Castle. In the winter of 1691/92, the Argylls were besieging Invergarry Castle, primary seat of MacDonald of Glengarry. A witness later testified that at the end of January 1692 two companies of the Argylls under Glenlyon came to Glencoe from the north Glengarry's house being reduced. They were carrying orders to collect tax or 'cess' payments; the Highlands was a largely non-cash society and 'free quarter' commonly used as an alternative. Although initially suspicious, the MacDonalds accepted their presence while individual Argyll soldiers later testified they were unaware of any other motive until the morning of 13 February. Glencoe; Duncanson's written orders to Glenlyon As instructed by Lord Stair Secretary of State for Scotland, Hill ordered Hamilton to block the northern exits from Glencoe at Kinlochleven with 400 men of Hills Regiment. At the same time, 400 men from the Argylls under Major Duncanson would join Glenlyon's detachment and sweep northwards up the glen, killing anyone they found, removing property and burning houses. On the evening of the 12th, Duncanson sent his own orders to Glenlyon carried by Captain Drummond, commander of the Argyll's Grenadier company and thus senior Captain. Glenlyon was to commence the killings at 5:00 am the next day, with Duncanson joining him as close to that time as possible but whether by accident or design, both he and Hamilton arrived only after the killings were over. Details given to the 1695 Commission report the deaths of around 30 men, including nine who were first tied up and then shot. Recent estimates put total deaths resulting from the Massacre as 'around 30', while claims others died of exposure have not been substantiated. The Parliamentary Commission of 1695 focused on whether orders had been exceeded, not their legality. They concluded Stair and Hamilton had a case to answer but left the decision to William. No charges were ever brought against those involved. England and Flanders; 1692-1697 ------------------------------- Second Siege of Namur, 1695; its recapture was the major Allied achievement of the war. In May 1692, fears of a Jacobite invasion meant the Argylls and other Scottish units were transferred onto the English military establishment and based at Brentford in England. The invasion threat was ended by the Anglo-Dutch naval victories of Barfleur and La Hogue and the Argylls sent to Flanders in early 1693. On 9 July, the regiment took part in an assault on the French fortifications at Dottignies in current day Belgium and suffered heavy casualties, particularly among the Grenadier company led by Captain Drummond. In April 1694, Argyll transferred his commission as Colonel to his eldest son, Lord Lorne and it became known as Lord Lorne's Regiment. Colonel Hume was severely wounded at Namur in 1695, leaving Duncanson in command when the regiment was part of the garrison of Diksmuide, an important strategic position. This was besieged by the French; the Allied commander Ellenberg capitulated after only two days but Duncanson refused to sign the terms of surrender. Ellenberg was later executed while Duncanson was promoted to Lt-Colonel in August as a reward. Garrisons who surrendered were normally allowed free passage rather than being held prisoner and Lorne's was released and went into winter quarters at Damme. By 1696 the war in the Netherlands was winding down and the unit engaged in garrison duties around Nieuport and Bruges. Lorne's is listed in the records of the House of Commons as disbanded or 'broke' in February 1697, shortly before the Treaty of Ryswick in September 1697. Sources ------- * Argyll Transcripts, ICA (1891). "An Account of the depredations committed on the Clan Campbell and their followers during the years 1685 and 1686". Historical Manuscripts Commission. 11. * Chandler, David; Beckett, Ian (1996). The Oxford History Of The British Army (2002 ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-280311-5. * Childs, John (1987). The British Army of William III, 1689-1702 (1990 ed.). Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719025525. * Childs, John (1991). The Nine Years' War and the British Army, 1688-1697. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719034619. * Cobbett, William (1814). Cobbett's Complete Collection Of State Trials And Proceedings For High Treason And Other Crimes And Misdemeanors (2011 ed.). Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1175882448. * Dalton, Charles (1896). English army lists and commission registers, 1661-1714 V4. * Guy, Alan (1985). Economy and Discipline: Officership and the British Army, 1714–63. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-1099-6. * Holden, Robert Mackenzie (October 1905). "The First Highland Regiment: The Argyllshire Highlanders". The Scottish Historical Review. 3 (9). * Kennedy, Allan (2014). Governing Gaeldom: The Scottish Highlands and the Restoration State 1660-1688. Brill. ISBN 978-9004248373. * Prebble, John (1973). Glencoe: The Story of the Massacre. Penguin. ISBN 978-0140028973. * Scott, Walter; Somers, John (1832). A Collection Of Scarce And Valuable Tracts, On The Most Interesting And Entertaining Subjects: Reign Of King James II. Reign Of King William III (2014 ed.). Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1293842225. * Walton, Clifford (1894). History of the British Standing Army 1660 to 1700 (2010 ed.). Nabu Press. ISBN 978-1149754764.
Municipality in Bern, Switzerland Jegenstorf is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On 1 January 2010 the former municipality of Ballmoos merged into Jegenstorf and on 1 January 2014 Münchringen and Scheunen merged into Jegenstorf. History ------- Aerial view from 300 m by Walter Mittelholzer (1925) Jegenstorf rail station Stained glass in the church in Jegenstorf Jegenstorf is first mentioned in 1131 as Igistorf. In 1255 it was mentioned as Jegistorf. The earliest trace of human settlements in the area are several Hallstatt burial mounds which were found on the border with Münchringen. The mounds contain a rich collection of arrowheads, pottery and gold artifacts. The remains of a Gallo-Roman estate, including a wall, parts of pillars, bricks and ceramics, have been discovered near the village church. During the Middle Ages the village was held by the Zähringen Ministerialis (unfree knights in the service of a feudal overlord) family of Jegenstorf. The Jegenstorfs built a moated castle near the village in the 12th century. When the Zähringens died out, the village became part of the Kyburg court of Zollikofen. A low court was held in front of the Gasthof Kreuz in Jegenstorf. In 1406 Bern acquired many of the Kyburg villages including Jegenstorf. Under Bernese rule, the court continued to be held in front of the Gasthof or Inn. At some time before 1300, a portion of the Jegenstorf lands were acquired by the Erlach family. In 1300, the Jegenstorf family died out and the remainder of the village passed into other nobles' possession. The Erlachs continued to gain power and in the 15th century acquired the castle, the entire village and the courts. The castle remained under Erlach control until 1584. The Bonstetten family owned it 1584-1675, followed by the Wattenwyl between 1675-1720 and again the Erlach family in 1720-58. Karl Ludwig von Erlach sold the castle and estate in 1758, but kept the right to rule over the village. They held the rulership over the village until the 1798 French invasion when it transferred to the Canton of Bern. In 1810 the Canton compensated the Erlachs for the village. During the Swiss peasant war of 1653, the residents of Jegenstorfer attacked and plundered the castle. In retaliation, a Bernese army burned the village. In 1720 Albrecht Friedrich von Erlach had the castle rebuilt into a baroque country house. He demolished the fortifications and replaced them with parks and gardens. After they sold the castle in 1758, it was a summer residence for the patrician Stürler family for almost two centuries. The Stürlers sold the castle in 1934 and two years later the Society for the Preservation of Jegenstorf Castle (Verein zur Erhaltung des Schlosses Jegenstorf) converted it into the Museum for Bernese Home Decor. In 1955, management of the castle passed to the Jegenstorf Castle Foundation (Stiftung Schloss Jegenstorf). A local priest for the village church was first mentioned in 1180. The Jegenstorf family had patronage rights for the church. After the family died out, several Bernese patrician families had the patronage right. In 1424 the Niedere Spital (Lower Hospital) took the church over. The current building was built in 1514-15 and the stained glass is from the 16th and 17th century. In 1528 Jegenstorf accepted the Protestant Reformation along with most of the Canton of Bern. The parish of Jegenstorf was much larger than the political municipality. It included the municipalities of Ballmoos, Iffwil, Jegenstorf, Münchringen, Oberscheunen, Zauggenried, Zuzwil, Mattstetten and Urtenen-Schönbühl. In Jegenstorf during the Early Modern era, as in many other Swiss villages, a minority of large landowners held all the power. In 1802 about 18% of the population were large landowners, but they controlled virtually all leadership positions in the village. The small farmers, about 9%, and the Tauner or disenfranchised common laborers, 73% of the population, had no voice in government. This began to change with the privatization of common lands and forests in 1825 and the Regeneration period which began in 1830. Throughout the 19th and early 20th century the village remained generally rural and agricultural. While Jegenstorf was located on the old Bern-Solothurn road, the new railroads and highways bypassed the municipality. A local narrow gauge railway was built to the village in 1916, but it remained under utilized until the 1960s when the growth of the agglomeration of Bern made Jegenstorf attractive to commuters. In 1970 the Interdiscount group built a facility in the municipality. It grew into the largest employer in Jegenstorf. With the growing population, new schools and neighborhoods were built. Jegenstorf's secondary school opened in 1879. The municipal hospital opened in 1891. It was rebuilt in 1976 and expanded in 1990, but closed in 1999. ### Münchringen Münchringen is first mentioned around 1261-63 as Munderchingen. The Holzmühle settlement was first mentioned in 1271. The oldest trace of a settlement in the area is a cluster of Hallstatt era grave mounds at Hursch and Waldäcker. By the 13th century Münchringen and Holzmühle were both owned by the Counts of Kyburg and were part of the Kyburg low court in Alchenflüh. After the extinction of the Kyburg line, the villages came under Bern's control. In 1518 the villages successfully requested that they would henceforth be administered from Kernenried. Following the Act of Mediation, Münchringen became part of the Fraubrunnen district. In 1844-45, the formerly independent hamlet of Holzmühle became part of the political municipality of Münchringen. However, Holzmühle remained part of the parish of Jegenstorf. In 1944-46, levees and canals helped control the Urtenen river and prevent periodic flooding. The completion of a highway on the municipal border in 1965 encouraged population and industrial growth in Münchringen. The formerly agricultural village is now commuter town with almost four fifths of the working population traveling to the region around Bern for work. ### Scheunen Scheunen is first mentioned in 1226 as Schunon. The oldest trace of a settlement in the area are Hallstatt era grave mounds at Steinholz and Junkholz. During the Early Middle Ages the grave mounds were used as a cemetery again. The settlements that today make up Scheunen were originally the two independent villages of Oberscheunen and Jegenstorf-Scheunen. They were part of the parishes of Jegenstorf and Messen-Scheunen. After 1530 they both joined the new Reformed parish of Messen in the Canton of Solothurn. They two villages formed a school district in 1795. However, they both remained politically independent until they were merged by decree in 1911. Starting in 2007, the municipal clerk in Iffwil assumed responsibility for Scheunen. They were both originally part of the Kyburg low court of Jegenstorf. After the extinction of the Kyburg family in 1406, Bern acquired the villages and placed them under the court at Zollikofen. After the 1803 Act of Mediation they became part of the district of Fraubrunnen. Geography --------- Iffwil, Jegenstorf and surrounding fields Jegenstorf has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 13.49 km2 (5.21 sq mi). Of this area, about 63.5% is used for agricultural purposes, while 23.5% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 12.0% is settled (buildings or roads) and 1.0% is unproductive land. In the 2013/18 survey a total of 115 ha (280 acres) or about 8.5% of the total area was covered with buildings, an increase of 35 ha (86 acres) over the 1982 amount. Over the same time period, the amount of recreational space in the municipality increased by 7 ha (17 acres) and is now about 0.96% of the total area. Of the agricultural land, 7 ha (17 acres) is used for orchards and vineyards and 840 ha (2,100 acres) is fields and grasslands. Since 1982 the amount of agricultural land has decreased by 44 ha (110 acres). Rivers and lakes cover 14 ha (35 acres) in the municipality. Jegenstorf is located on the Rapperswil Plateau and includes the village of Jegenstorf and multiple new neighborhoods including; Bachtelen, Bimer, Solecht and Risere. Coat of arms ------------ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Per pale first per chevron dancety Argent and Gules and second per angeled fess Gules and Argent. Demographics ------------ Jegenstorf has a population (as of 31 December 2020) of 5,738. As of 2014[update], 10.0% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 4 years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of 6.25%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 10.5, while the death rate was 6.8 per thousand residents. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (3,741 or 93.5%) as their first language, French is the second most common (45 or 1.1%) and Albanian is the third (43 or 1.1%). There are 38 people who speak Italian. As of 2014[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 20.7% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 56.3% of the population and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 22.9%. In 2015 there were 2,191 single residents, 2,733 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 274 widows or widowers and 411 divorced residents. In 2014 there were 2,511 private households in Jegenstorf with an average household size of 2.23 persons. In 2015 about 63.4% of all buildings in the municipality were single family homes, which is greater than the percentage in the canton (48.4%) and greater than the percentage nationally (57.4%). Of the 858 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 62.4% were single family homes and 22.6% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 12.2% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 12.6% were built between 1991 and 2000. In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 8.74. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2015[update], was 5.36%. Historic population ------------------- The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance --------------------------------------- The Swiss Reformed church at Solothurnstrasse 1 and Jegenstorf Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. * Swiss Reformed churchSwiss Reformed church * Jegenstorf CastleJegenstorf Castle Politics -------- In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 26.2% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (18.6%), the BDP (17.2%) and the FDP (11.3%). In the federal election, a total of 2,233 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 53.4%. In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 22.8% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (19.5%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (18.8%) and the FDP.The Liberals (10.4%). In the federal election, a total of 2,041 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 57.2%. Economy ------- Jegenstorf rail station Jegenstorf is classed as a periurbane community in a metropolitan region. The municipality is part of the agglomeration of Bern. As of 2016[update], there were a total of 2,140 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 98 people worked in 33 businesses in the primary economic sector. The secondary sector employed 282 workers in 44 separate businesses. Finally, the tertiary sector provided 1,760 jobs in 250 businesses, of which 840 people worked in businesses with more than 50 employees. In 2014 a total of 8.7% of the population received social assistance. In 2011 the unemployment rate in the municipality was 1.9%. In 2015 the average cantonal, municipal and church tax rate in the municipality for a couple with two children making SFr 80,000 was 6.6% while the rate for a single person making SFr 150,000 was 17.7%. The canton has a slightly higher than average tax rate for those making SFr 80,000 and a slightly higher than average rate for those making SFr 150,000. In 2013 the average income in the municipality per tax payer was SFr 81,871 and the per person average was SFr 36,157, which is greater than the cantonal averages of SFr 72,796 and SFr 31,504 respectively In contrast, the national tax payer average is SFr 82,682, while the per person average is SFr 35,825. In 2000[update], there were 1,091 workers who commuted into the municipality and 1,658 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net exporter of workers, with about 1.5 workers leaving the municipality for every one entering. Religion -------- Reformed church in Jegenstorf From the 2000 census[update], 537 or 13.4% were Roman Catholic, while 2,775 or 69.4% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there were 56 members of an Orthodox church (or about 1.40% of the population), there were 3 individuals (or about 0.08% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 239 individuals (or about 5.98% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.05% of the population) who were Jewish, and 82 (or about 2.05% of the population) who were Islamic. There were 8 individuals who were Buddhist, 15 individuals who were Hindu and 3 individuals who belonged to another church. 287 (or about 7.18% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 109 individuals (or about 2.73% of the population) did not answer the question. Education --------- In Jegenstorf about 1,701 or (42.5%) of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 600 or (15.0%) have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 600 who completed tertiary schooling, 73.7% were Swiss men, 22.3% were Swiss women, 2.2% were non-Swiss men and 1.8% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2010-11 school year, there were a total of 585 students attending classes in Jegenstorf. There were 4 kindergarten classes with a total of 82 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 13.4% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 20.7% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 17 primary classes and 329 students. Of the primary students, 11.6% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 16.4% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 9 lower secondary classes with a total of 174 students. There were 7.5% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 6.9% have a different mother language than the classroom language. As of 2000[update], there were 106 students in Jegenstorf who came from another municipality, while 140 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Jegenstorf is home to the Gemeindebibliothek Jegenstorf (municipal library of Jegenstorf). The library has (as of 2008[update]) 12,366 books or other media, and loaned out 38,136 items in the same year. It was open a total of 282 days with average of 14 hours per week during that year.
Kripalu Dham Mangarh is a village in Pratapgarh district (located between Ayodhya and Prayag) in the north Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. Previously known as Mangarh, the Government of India changed the name of the village to Kripalu Dham Mangarh. It is the birthplace of Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj, the Fifth Original Jagadguru in Indian history. Facilities ---------- Jagadguru Kripalu Parishat, founded by Jagadguru Shri Kripalu Ji Maharaj, runs several charitable programs and initiatives, including free medical camps, food distribution programs, and educational initiatives for underprivileged children in Kripalu Dham Mangarh. The organisation also offers spiritual retreats, workshops, and seminars that provide a platform for seekers to deepen their understanding of the scriptures and embark on a journey of self-discovery. Significant places ------------------ Kripalu Dham Mangarh is home to two temples - Bhakti Mandir and Guru Dham Bhakti Mandir; Bhakti Bhawan (Sadhana hall) and Jagadguru Kripalu Chikitsalaya (100% charitable hospital). Transportation -------------- ### Rail Kunda Harnamganj (कुण्डाहरनामगंज), station code KHNM, is a railway station in Pratapgarh district of the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. This is nearest to the Kripalu Dham Mangarh.
Sri Lankan academic Kala Keerthi Sunanda Mahendra De Mel (born 28 January 1938) (Sinhala: සුනන්ද මහේන්ද්‍ර), popularly known as Sunanda Mahendra, is an author, theater director, poet and Sinhala Radio Play writer in Sri Lanka.[] Currently, he is a regular contributor to the Sinhala and English Press in Sri Lanka. Personal life ------------- Mahendra was born on 28 January 1938 in Piliyandala as the third of the family with five siblings. His father Martin Henry De Melwas was a Public Health Inspector by profession.[] His mother, Lilliat Magaret Waidyaratne was a housewife.[] His younger brother died in younger age.[] He started primary education from Dharmaraja College, Kandy.[] Then he attended to Ananda College, Colombo to complete studies from English medium. His classmates at the school are, J. B. Disanayake, D.B. Nihalsinghe, Bandara Wijethunga, Asoka Ponnamperuma and Wijeratne Warakagoda. Academic career --------------- After passing senior examination, Mahendra attended to Vidyalankara Pirivena (currently known as University of Kelaniya) and obtained BA degree. After He was a visiting fellow in Mass communication attached to the University of Leicester. After London visit, he returned Sri Lanka and worked as a visiting lecturer at Kelaniya University. In 1987, Mahendra went Poland to study folklore from University of Wroclaw where he obtained an honorary doctorate. Later in 1990s, he held the emeritus professorship at the University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka.[] In 1987, he served as the Secretary Treasurer, National Chapter of Commonwealth Association for Education of Journalism and Communication (CAEJAC), Sri Lanka, where he later became the vice president as well. He was a visiting Lecturer at Jaffna University from 1973 to 1977.[] Career ------ He started to write news columns which were published in daily and weekly papers. He published the drama book Vineetha Hema becoming the first to publish a drama associated book in Sri Lanka. He published his maiden novel Hewaneli Eda Minissu which won State Literary Award for the best novel in 1964. In 1965, he translated Henrik Ibsen’s play Heddar Gabler as Geheniyak to Sinhala. During this period, he became a program producer in Radio Ceylon. Then he became a professional broadcaster on the BBC World Service, based in London, where he also read for his doctorate. He is the pioneer to bring BBC Sandeshaya to Sri Lankan listeners.[] In 1965, a monologue called Pitastharayo was produced which was originally a radio drama. His next stage play was Sayuren Aa Landa in 1967 starred by Malini Fonseka. He wrote popular song lyrics for C.T. Fernando such as "Obage Thurulen Oba Dun Sihilen" and "Amathannata Heki Basak Soya". However the songs were released through radio after the death of Fernando in 1977. While in UK, he wrote the song "Kuda Devika" sung by Edmond Wickremasekera. In 1976, Mahendra made the play Jana Hathura. In 1979, he made the first autonomous play Pokuru Wessa. Later Wilson Gunaratne produced the remake of the play. In 1980, he made several children’s and media books. In the meantime, he presented the popular radio program Vishwa Keerthiyata Pathwuuwo. The program involved many foreign personalities such as Darwin, Socrates, Dickens, Plato, D H Lawrence, Beethoven, Checkov, Gallileo, Homer which were discussed under socio-political frame work. Apart from that, he also presented the programs Geeyaka Rasa, Nirmana Vindana and Sahan Eliya. After his return from Poland to Sri Lanka, he published a book on Polish folk tales, Polantha Janakatha.[] In 1990, Mahendra produced the biopic stage play Socrates. Since then, he became a full-time writer and made the newspaper series Second thoughts on Daily News. The series was later published as a book by the same name.[] In 1999, he made the plays Aesop and Checkhov Sandhyava. Notable works ------------- ### Stage dramas * Aesop * Checkhov Sandhyava * Geheniyak * Guvan Viduli Natya Hathak * Jana Hathura * Ohuge Lokaya * Pokuru Vessa * Socrates ### Novels * Chaya Pranthaya * Eya Mese Siduviya * Guruvarayekuge Katava * Hevaneli Eda Minissu * Idoraya * Kala Mekulu Hamba Enduna * Nirlambanaya * Niruwath Devivaru * Numba Nadan * Rajadrohiyekuge Katava * Salalekuge Gitaya * Uda Gedara Mahatmiyage Kathava * Unu Alupalla * Valmiki Obata Kive Sitha * The Wayfarer ### Poetry * Ama Vila Dutu Pipasithaya * An Inner Eye * Asal Vesiyo Golu Vuha * Divas Hula * Ethera Kavi Esura * Ethera methera Kurutu * Jivaka Vatha * Ogha Tharanaya * Pavuru Valalla ### Short stories * Birinda Saha Mithuriya * Dora Kavulu Erala * Heta Sundara Davasaki * Rathu Lantheruma * Sittarage Puthraya Awards ------ His book Ogha Tharanaya (The Crossing of the Torrential Stream) won the State Literary Award for the best Sinhala poetry collection in 2006. Many poems from the collection are now translated into English. He has won the State Literary Award for the best original play script (1993), the best research work (2002) and twice for the best Sinhala novels in 1964 and 2002. His outstanding contribution to his field of expertise, mass communication, earned him a UNESCO Copernicus award for Social Sciences in 1983.[] The play Socrates won eight awards including best state drama award in 1991. * 1964 "Hevaneli eda minissu" best Sinhala Novel State Literary Award. * 1990 Most outstanding Citizen Award. Lions International. * 1992 "Socrates" best playscript State Literary Award * 1993 "Socrates" eight awards State Drama Festival * 2001 "Janakiyaman potha" best research State Literary Award * 2002 "Niruwath Devivaru" best Sinhala Novel State Literary Award * 2003 "Puranokthi Sangrahaya" merit State Literary Award * 2004 "Chaya Pranthaya" best Sinhala Novel Godage Literary Award * 2006 "Ogha Tharanaya" Best poetry collection State Literary Festival * 2010 Professor Gunapala Malalasekara Memorial Award for life-time achievement of Buddhist literary contribution. * 2008 Suta Kavi Buddhist Literary Award for Poetry
Primatte is a brand of chroma key software used in motion picture, television and photographic host applications to remove solid colored backgrounds (greenscreen or bluescreen usually) and replace them with transparency to facilitate ‘background replacement’. It uses a unique algorithm based on three multi-faceted polyhedrons floating in RGB colorspace that are used to isolate color regions in the foreground image. Primatte is often referred to as a compositing technology and is usually used as a plug-in for host products such as Adobe After Effects, Adobe Photoshop, Autodesk Media and Entertainment Inferno or Flame, Eyeon Fusion and several other compositing and editing software packages. Example of chroma key effect. Workflow -------- Primatte is usually activated on a foreground image with a person or other foreground object filmed or digitized against a solid colored background or backing screen; usually a bluescreen or a greenscreen. The solid colored background area is removed and replaced with transparency. This allows the user to replace the solid colored background with a background image of their choice. If the foreground object was filmed close to the backing screen or with less than ideal lighting conditions, the foreground object will usually have ‘spill’ somewhere on it. This is most common when filming blonde people against a blue or greenscreen as their translucent hair will absorb the backing screen color. Such ‘colorspill’ can be removed and replaced with several options to achieve a more realistic result. Another problem is chromakeying images that were created on film stock is that some film stocks have a distinct ‘film grain’ to them. A large amount of film grain will often cause rough edges around the foreground object. Rough edges can be minimized to achieve a smoother transition between the edges of the ‘chroma keyed’ foreground object and the user selected background image. History ------- The Primatte algorithm was created by Yasushi Mishima while working at IMAGICA Corporation in Tokyo, Japan in 1992. The basic algorithm utilized in Primatte was originally presented at the 8th NICOGRAPH Conference and the 23rd Imaging Technology Conference and a U.S. patent was granted in 1994. It was initially released as a stand-alone product on Silicon Graphics workstations but it was later determined to be more useful as a ‘plug-in’ actuated from within a host application. This alleviated the need to save the images, exit the host compositing application, start Primatte, load the images, create the chroma key, save the images, start the host application, load the images and continue creating the composition. Since then it has been ported to almost every major compositing and editing software application on the market. The current version is the fourth generation of the Primatte technology and has features such as ‘Auto-Compute’ that automatically detects the backing screen color, eliminates it and does clean-up on the foreground and backing screen area noise. It is available on the Microsoft Windows, Red Hat Linux, SGI IRIX and the Apple Macintosh platforms. The Algorithm ------------- The Primatte chromakey algorithm is a method of color space segmentation, where Primatte segments all the colors in the foreground image into one of four separate categories. The result is a 'spill suppressed' foreground image and a matte which is used to apply the modified foreground to a suitable background. Primatte works in 3D RGB color space. Here is a visual representation of the Primatte algorithm after an image has been processed. 3D Viewer Window The user essentially creates three concentric, multi-faceted polyhedrons. These can be pictured as three globes (or polyhedrons or polys), one within the other, which share a common center point. The creation of these polyhedrons separates all possible foreground colors into one of four regions; inside the small polyhedron (1), between the small and medium polyhedrons (2), between the medium and the large polyhedrons (3) and outside the large polyhedron (4). Primatte Algorithm Regions
Nursing pads A nursing pad (or breast pad) is a cloth or disposable pad worn against the nipple and breast of a nursing mother to absorb any milk that may leak between feedings. It is inserted between the bra and the breast. Disposable pads are common and located easily online or in specialty stores. Reusable cloth pads can be washed and used over. These may be less expensive. Changing the pad when it is wet will keep the nipple clean and dry. Types ----- Nursing pads or breast pads come in different shapes and sizes and can be disposable or reusable. They can be contoured to the shape of one's breast or come with adhesive tape to hold the pad in place. There are five types of nursing pads: disposable, reusable, homemade, silicone and hydrogel. ### Disposable Disposable nursing pads are single use pads that are discarded later. They come in various shapes and sizes and also differ in thickness. They have lining of plastic inside them to prevent leakage. They are convenient and best-suited for travel since they do not need to be washed. However, they can be expensive in the long run and are not eco-friendly. Disposable pads also retain moisture when worn for a long period and cause nipple soreness. It is advised to change them often. ### Reusable Reusable nursing pads are made of fabric and come in various shapes, sizes and thickness. They are eco-friendly and cost-effective in the long run. They are washable both by hand or machine. However, it is important to make sure that one has bought multiple pads when the soiled ones are in laundry. However, some women complained that reusable nursing pads often shift. ### Homemade Nursing pads can be easily made at home using disposable sanitary napkins or diapers. They can also be made using soft fabric, handkerchief or cotton material. Homemade nursing pads should be cut out in a circular shape and a few layers should be stitched together to make it leakproof and fit inside the bra. Avoid using artificial material and use soft cotton fabrics so that it is not irritable against the skin. ### Silicone nursing pads Silicone nursing pads are made of medical grade soft silicone. They are not absorbent, but they put gentle pressure on a breast to avoid leakage. They have a sticky surface that adheres directly to the breast. They can be worn with or without a bra and are quite thin. They can also be worn under sheer evening gowns and swimwear. However, some women may find silicone nursing pads irritable due to increased skin sensitivity around the breast area during post-partum and breastfeeding. ### Hydrogel Hydrogel nursing pads are not used for preventing leakage, but they are used to heal irritation and soreness around the nipple. These pads can be stored in a freezer and later used to provide relief to the breasts.
British pharmacologist Melissa Hanna-Brown is a British pharmacologist. She works for Pfizer UK and is a visiting professor at the University of Warwick. Early life and education ------------------------ Hannah-Brown became interested in pharmacy as a child, when she worked at her local chemists on the weekend. She studied Pharmaceutical Science at the University of Sunderland, spending a year at GlaxoSmithKline and graduating in 1995. She completed a Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) SmithKline Beecham sponsored PhD in pharmaceutical analysis at King's College London in 1998. Research and career ------------------- Hannah-Brown remained at King's College London as an Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) funded postdoctoral researcher. She became a lecturer in the Department of Pharmacy in 2000. She won the Desty Memorial Prize for Contribution to Separation Science in 2000. She developed instrumentation to enable detection of trace components in biofluids supported by Research Councils UK. In 2006 Hanna-Brown was appointed as Separation Science Lead at Pfizer UK, and made head of the Analytical Team in 2008. She was made visiting full professor at the University of Warwick in 2011. In 2014 she was appointed Technology & Innovation Lead for the Pfizer Worldwide R&D division. She works on drug analytical science to support the development of drugs to applications. Her work looks at analytical quality. She also looks at using Quality by Design to develop chromatographic methods. She was the President of the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) analytical division council in 2017 and is Vice Chair of the separation science group. Hanna-Brown contributes to diversity and inclusion initiatives at Pfizer, writing their gender pay gap report. ### Awards and honours Hanna-Brown was included in the Top 30 Women Leaders in the UK in 2018.
Edmund de Clay, or del Clay (died after 1389) was an English-born lawyer and judge who served as Lord Chief Justice of Ireland and Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas. He was born in Nottinghamshire, and later became a landowner there. By 1383, he had the reputation for being a man "learned in the law", and in that year he became Serjeant-at-law at the English bar. He is known to have been most reluctant to take up this office, probably because it would involve him in heavy expenses, and he did so only after King Richard II issued a warrant commanding de Clay, along with two other leading advocates, John Hill and Sir John Cary, to be admitted to that rank by a specified day. In 1385 he was sent to Ireland with a large retinue to take up office as Lord Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, to which he was appointed in February. He and John Giffard, later to be his successor as Chief Justice, were appointed Justices in eyre (itinerant justices) for Carlow, Kildare and Wexford in the same year. They were also appointed to a Commission of Oyer and Terminer to deal with all treasons and felonies in Dublin and the Pale. (The Patent Roll calls his colleague Richard Gyffard, but John is clearly meant). The Crown authorised an extra payment of £14 to him for the cost of sitting on the commission of oyer and terminer. De Clay was a member of the Privy Council of Ireland, and was summoned to the Council meeting in September 1386 when Sir John Stanley, the new Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, read out his letters patent of appointment. He had been transferred to the more senior office of Lord Chief Justice of Ireland earlier that year. He returned to England before 1389, when he was living on his estates in Nottinghamshire; later he is recorded as sitting on a commission of oyer and terminer. His date of death is not recorded.
Primitive Instinct ("PI") are an English progressive/classic rock band, formed in 1987 in Maidstone, Kent, England, by guitarist/vocalist/songwriter Nick Sheridan, who still fronts the band today. To the uninitiated, a ballpark description of PI would be modern-day Marillion meets Pink Floyd. Importantly though, PI have developed their own distinctive and individual approach, thus ensuring their own sound. History ------- Formed in 1987, the original line-up consisted of Nick Sheridan (guitar and vocals), Andy Quinnel (keyboards), Billy Geddes (bass), Nick Brown (guitar) and Richard Culham (drums). In the late 1980s and early 1990s, they gigged constantly, building up an ever-increasing fan base in the south-east of England, later to spread around Great Britain and abroad. During this period they released four cassette-only fan albums (A Primitive Instinct, Once Round Your Ear, On A Rainy Night and Into The Ocean). The early 1990s heralded the arrival of bassist "Pic" Hayes, who remains today, as the nucleus of the band with Sheridan. Nick Brown also left the band around the same time. In 1994, PI secured a deal with Cyclops Records, releasing their first CD album, Floating Tangibility. Meeting with widespread critical acclaim from all quarters it sold several thousand copies with very little promotion. The 1990s saw them securing support slots with the likes of IQ, Pendragon, and John Wetton, with the latter musician being particularly impressed by their live show. Richard Culham was replaced by Chris Brown (drums) in 1995. In a similar manner to Tom Scholz of Boston, principal songwriter Sheridan does not rush to follow-up albums, and to stem the demand from fans waiting for a follow-up to Floating Tangibility, PI released a cherry-picked selection of early demos as "Ice For Eskimos" in 1998. Andy Quinnell left to pursue a career in banking leaving PI to continue as a three-piece. Belief -------- A new album proved to be worth the long wait for it, when in 2000 PI released Belief. Setting the benchmark for future releases by the band, it combines great songwriting, memorable choruses and a sense of the epic. The early "Noughties" saw PI promoting Belief extensively with gigs across the UK and Europe, and the Belief album received many excellent reviews and much critical acclaim from across the world. In 2005 Chris Brown left to run a diving centre in Florida and was replaced on drums by long-term fan Stuart Bailey. 25th anniversary ---------------- On 3 November 2012 Primitive Instinct performed a special show in their home town to coincide with their 25th anniversary. The gig was a big success, with many past members of PI joining the current line-up on stage. The show was also filmed for possible future release. One Man's Refuge ------------------ The 25th-anniversary gig also marked the released of their long-awaited new album One Man's Refuge. After just one review orders for the new album are coming in from across the world, including Japan, Russia, Israel, US and across Europe. Current status -------------- Along with Nick, bassist Pic has been with the band some 25 years now and, with the Jonathan Vincent on Keyboards and newest member Simon Harrisson on drums, they truly are an awesome foursome. The last few years has seen the boys play shows with Wishbone Ash, Stray, The Yardbirds and Karnataka. A few years back John Wetton was highly impressed with the live act – high praise indeed. Primitive Instinct are currently recording the follow-up to One Man's Refuge for release in 2018. Current members --------------- * Nick Sheridan, guitar, keyboards and vocals * Pic Hayes, bass and vocals * Simon Harrison, drums * Jonathan Vincent, keyboards and vocals Previous members ---------------- * Andy Quinnell, keyboards * Richard Culham, drums * Nick Brown, lead guitar * Graham McGarrick, drums * Billy Geddes, bass * Richard Chater, bass * Stuart Bailey, drums * Chris Brown, drums
British bookseller For the Australian mathematician, see Graham Hilford Pollard. Henry Graham Pollard (known as Graham Pollard) (7 March 1903 – 15 November 1976) was a British bookseller and bibliographer. Early life ---------- Pollard was the son of the historian Albert Pollard and was born in Putney, London on 7 March 1903. After studying at Shrewsbury School, Pollard studied history for one year at University College, London before winning a scholarship to Jesus College, Oxford in 1921, obtaining a third-class degree in history in 1924. At Oxford he was part of the Hypocrites' Club. In that year he married Kay Beauchamp, pioneering Communist and women's rights campaigner. (Their marriage was dissolved in 1972). Career ------ Even whilst he was a student, he was well known as a book collector, and bought part of a booksellers' business (Birrell and Garnett) in London. He became managing director in 1927, with the company producing many noted catalogues in the 1920s and 1930s, some of which were to become standard works of reference. Pollard's knowledge of his subject was displayed in his contributions to The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature and in his lectures and articles. With John Carter, he wrote An Enquiry into the Nature of Certain Nineteenth Century Pamphlets (1934), exposing the prominent book collector Thomas J. Wise as a fraud. In 1937, Harry Carter, Ellic Howe, Alfred F. Johnson, Stanley Morison and Graham Pollard started to produce a list of all known pre-1800 type specimens. The list was published in The Library in 1942. However, because of the war, many libraries at the European continent were not accessible anymore. In 1939, the bookshop partnership ended and Pollard became a special lecturer at University College, London before joining the Board of Trade in 1942; whilst this was supposedly a temporary appointment, he remained until retirement in 1959. He maintained his bibliographical interests, publishing an edition of The Earliest Directory of the Book Trade by John Pendred (1785), and lecturing in Cambridge shortly before his retirement. During his retirement, he was president from 1960 to 1962 of the London Bibliographical Society, which awarded him its gold medal in 1969, and was Reader in Bibliography at the University of Oxford in 1961, lecturing on the book trade in medieval Oxford. He also lectured in the United States in 1973, and received a volume of essays published in his honour by the Oxford Bibliographical Society in 1975. He died at the Radcliffe Infirmary on 15 November 1976. In 2018, it was alleged in Henry Hemming's M: Maxwell Knight, MI5's Greatest Spymaster that Pollard spied on the Communist Party for Maxwell Knight and the British security services.
American mathematician Emily Willbanks (born Emily West, November 25, 1930 – February 18, 2007) was a scientist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory from 1954–1990. She made advancements in the fields of mathematics, computing, and data systems. She used her background in physics and mathematics to contribute to defense weapons and high-performance storage systems at Los Alamos. She was instrumental in the advancement of a major weather centre in England, was involved in many classified projects for the government, and revolutionized the mass data storage system. Life ---- ### Early years and education Emily West was born on November 25, 1930, in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. Her father, Frank M. West, was the superintendent for a private beach estate, and her mother was a homemaker. She was their only child. West attended the public high school. From a young age she expressed great interest in mathematics and science. West studied science at Duke University beginning in 1948. After her first year she received a scholarship for academic excellence and was the sole female physics major in her graduating class. She earned a B.S. in math and physics in 1952. She continued her education at the University of New Mexico where she completed a master's degree in physics in 1957. ### Early career West worked as an engineering aide in mathematics at Pratt & Whitney Aircraft Co from 1952 to 1954. Her work there involved hand calculations of heat flow and fluid dynamics for a feasibility study on nuclear-powered aircraft, in partnership with General Electric. ### Los Alamos National Laboratory West began working at the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1954. While at Los Alamos National Laboratory her initial work involved hand calculations. This evolved into working with the MANIAC I computer for weapons applications. She continued working in the weapons division until the early seventies. She worked under Roger Lazarus in the Computer Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory until she retired in 1990. Her work in the computing department involved the design and maintenance of computer storage, including a project to design a clustered file system. Her work for this project included software development and computerizing weapons data. She adapted the same software in an English weather center database, the Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System. ### Personal life West met Eugene Willbanks at Los Alamos. At the time, she was working in the weapons department while Eugene worked in the computing division. They married in 1959, but had no children. Her husband died from a brain tumour in 1994. Emily Willbanks died on February 18, 2007, in Los Alamos, New Mexico. Legacy and major projects ------------------------- ### Weapons applications IBM 7030 Stretch Computer At the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Willbanks (née West) and a group of five or six others used their pre-written code to analyze weapons that were designed by the engineers at LANL. Their analysis produced data from simulated explosions and provided feedback to the engineers to develop more effective designs. This task required coding skills over analytical skills. Willbanks played a key role in charting and analyzing the trends in the data to ensure that it was correct. This work allowed weapon designs to be streamlined to varying parameters and enabled testing simulations to produce different yields for the different designs. Most of the codes during this time were done on the IBM machine called Stretch. While this project relied more on mathematics and computing, Willbank's background in physics allowed her to adapt the terminology and concepts. ### Data storage system After working in the weapons department at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Willbanks began working on a project to improve their data storage systems. This improvement was crucial because LANL could not purchase needed storage systems from a software vendor at the time. With a team of six or seven, over a twelve-year period Willbanks helped create a high-performance data storage system for LANL called the Clustered File System (CFS). Besides accountability for storing classified information, the challenges she faced in designing these digital storage systems included keeping up to date with the rapidly evolving software and storage systems. Most upgrades in the storage devices required her to develop a new interface so that data could adapt to that technology. The varying needs of multiple users were taken into account when designing the storage systems. Some required the protection of valuable information, while others needed to share data. Along with these demands, Willbanks helped design the CFS custom IBM storage system to organize a variety of information and its security needs. The CFS storage system became commercially available, which led to Willbanks being recruited to collaborate with a weather center in England. Her CFS storage system became extremely useful for bomb calculations, weather data collection, and other applications. The lack of widespread applications and constantly updating storage technology caused the storage system to eventually become unpopular on a commercial scale, but for bomb calculations and weather systems, this storage system remained extremely useful. ### England's Weather Centre After the Clustered File System (CFS) software was released to the public domain, England's weather centre contacted Los Alamos National Laboratory for help using their software. The centre in Reading, located approximately 40-minutes outside of London, required Willbanks' expertise for regular upgrades and maintenance of the software. Their data were stored on a Control Data Machine, then a Cray Machine, and eventually a Fujitsu machine before abandoning most of the LANL software for a commercial IBM model. Her dedication and work led to the adaptation of the Meteorological Archival and Retrieval System (MARS). This system enabled the acquisition of large datasets from the field including meteorological observations, analysis and forecast fields, and data from the Reanalysis project.
Historical region in the Czech Republic This article is about the Czech region. For other uses, see Moravia (disambiguation). Historical land in Czech Republic Moravia (Czech: Morava [ˈmorava] ⓘ; German: Mähren) is a historical region in the east of the Czech Republic and one of three historical Czech lands, with Bohemia and Czech Silesia. The medieval and early modern Margraviate of Moravia was a crown land of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown from 1348 to 1918, an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire from 1004 to 1806, a crown land of the Austrian Empire from 1804 to 1867, and a part of Austria-Hungary from 1867 to 1918. Moravia was one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia founded in 1918. In 1928 it was merged with Czech Silesia, and then dissolved in 1948 during the abolition of the land system following the communist coup d'état. Its area of 22,623.41 km2 is home to about 3.2 million of the Czech Republic's 10.8 million inhabitants. The people are historically named Moravians, a subgroup of Czechs, the other group being called Bohemians. The land takes its name from the Morava river, which runs from its north to south, being its principal watercourse. Moravia's largest city and historical capital is Brno. Before being sacked by the Swedish army during the Thirty Years' War, Olomouc served as the Moravian capital, and it is still the seat of the Archdiocese of Olomouc. Until the expulsions after 1945, significant parts of Moravia were German speaking. Toponymy -------- The region and former margraviate of Moravia, Morava in Czech, is named after its principal river Morava. It is theorized that the river's name is derived from Proto-Indo-European \mori: "waters", or indeed any word denoting water* or a marsh. The German name for Moravia is Mähren, from the river's German name March. This could have a different etymology, as march is a term used in the Medieval times for an outlying territory, a border or a frontier (cf. English march). In Latin, the name Moravia was used. Geography --------- Moravia occupies most of the eastern part of the Czech Republic. Moravian territory is naturally strongly determined, in fact, as the Morava river basin, with strong effect of mountains in the west (de facto main European continental divide) and partly in the east, where all the rivers rise. Moravia occupies an exceptional position in Central Europe. All the highlands in the west and east of this part of Europe run west–east, and therefore form a kind of filter, making north–south or south–north movement more difficult. Only Moravia with the depression of the westernmost Outer Subcarpathia, 14–40 kilometers (8.7–24.9 mi) wide, between the Bohemian Massif and the Outer Western Carpathians (gripping the meridian at a constant angle of 30°), provides a comfortable connection between the Danubian and Polish regions, and this area is thus of great importance in terms of the possible migration routes of large mammals – both as regards periodically recurring seasonal migrations triggered by climatic oscillations in the prehistory, when permanent settlement started. Rolling hills of the Králický Sněžník massif, Horní Morava, near the border with Bohemia Šance Reservoir on the Ostravice River in the Moravian-Silesian Beskids; the river forms the border with Silesia. Steppe landscape near Mohelno Moravia borders Bohemia in the west, Lower Austria in the southwest, Slovakia in the southeast, Poland very shortly in the north, and Czech Silesia in the northeast. Its natural boundary is formed by the Sudetes mountains in the north, the Carpathians in the east and the Bohemian-Moravian Highlands in the west (the border runs from Králický Sněžník in the north, over Suchý vrch, across Upper Svratka Highlands and Javořice Highlands to tripoint nearby Slavonice in the south). The Thaya river meanders along the border with Austria and the tripoint of Moravia, Austria and Slovakia is at the confluence of the Thaya and Morava rivers. The northeast border with Silesia runs partly along the Moravice, Oder and Ostravice rivers. Between 1782 and 1850, Moravia (also thus known as Moravia-Silesia) also included a small portion of the former province of Silesia – the Austrian Silesia (when Frederick the Great annexed most of ancient Silesia (the land of upper and middle Oder river) to Prussia, Silesia's southernmost part remained with the Habsburgs). Today Moravia includes the South Moravian and Zlín regions, vast majority of the Olomouc Region, southeastern half of the Vysočina Region and parts of the Moravian-Silesian, Pardubice and South Bohemian regions. Geologically, Moravia covers a transitive area[clarification needed] between the Bohemian Massif and the Carpathians (from northwest to southeast), and between the Danube basin and the North European Plain (from south to northeast). Its core geomorphological features are three wide valleys, namely the Dyje-Svratka Valley (Dyjsko-svratecký úval), the Upper Morava Valley (Hornomoravský úval) and the Lower Morava Valley (Dolnomoravský úval). The first two form the westernmost part of the Outer Subcarpathia, the last is the northernmost part of the Vienna Basin. The valleys surround the low range of Central Moravian Carpathians. The highest mountains of Moravia are situated on its northern border in Hrubý Jeseník, the highest peak is Praděd (1491 m). Second highest is the massive of Králický Sněžník (1424 m) the third are the Moravian-Silesian Beskids at the very east, with Smrk (1278 m), and then south from here Javorníky (1072). The White Carpathians along the southeastern border rise up to 970 m at Velká Javořina. The spacious, but moderate Bohemian-Moravian Highlands on the west reach 837 m at Javořice. The fluvial system of Moravia is very cohesive, as the region border is similar to the watershed of the Morava river, and thus almost the entire area is drained exclusively by a single stream. Morava's far biggest tributaries are Thaya (Dyje) from the right (or west) and Bečva (east). Morava and Thaya meet at the southernmost and lowest (148 m) point of Moravia. Small peripheral parts of Moravia belong to the catchment area of Elbe, Váh and especially Oder (the northeast). The watershed line running along Moravia's border from west to north and east is part of the European Watershed. For centuries, there have been plans to build a waterway across Moravia to join the Danube and Oder river systems, using the natural route through the Moravian Gate. History ------- ### Pre-history Venus of Dolní Věstonice, the oldest surviving ceramic figurine in the world Pálava mountains with Věstonice Reservoir, area of palaeolithic settlement Evidence of the presence of members of the human genus, Homo, dates back more than 600,000 years in the paleontological area of Stránská skála. Attracted by suitable living conditions, early modern humans settled in the region by the Paleolithic period. The Předmostí archeological (Cro-magnon) site in Moravia is dated to between 24,000 and 27,000 years old. Caves in Moravian Karst were used by mammoth hunters. Venus of Dolní Věstonice, the oldest ceramic figure in the world, was found in the excavation of Dolní Věstonice by Karel Absolon. ### Roman era Around 60 BC, the Celtic Volcae people withdrew from the region and were succeeded by the Germanic Quadi. Some of the events of the Marcomannic Wars took place in Moravia in AD 169–180. After the war exposed the weakness of Rome's northern frontier, half of the Roman legions (16 out of 33) were stationed along the Danube. In response to increasing numbers of Germanic settlers in frontier regions like Pannonia, Dacia, Rome established two new frontier provinces on the left shore of the Danube, Marcomannia and Sarmatia, including today's Moravia and western Slovakia. In the 2nd century AD, a Roman fortress stood on the vineyards hill known as German: Burgstall and Czech: Hradisko ("hillfort"), situated above the former village Mušov and above today's beach resort at Pasohlávky. During the reign of the Emperor Marcus Aurelius, the 10th Legion was assigned to control the Germanic tribes who had been defeated in the Marcomannic Wars. In 1927, the archeologist Gnirs, with the support of president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk, began research on the site, located 80 km from Vindobona and 22 km to the south of Brno. The researchers found remnants of two masonry buildings, a praetorium and a balneum ("bath"), including a hypocaustum. The discovery of bricks with the stamp of the Legio X Gemina and coins from the period of the emperors Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius and Commodus facilitated dating of the locality. ### Ancient Moravia See also: Great Moravia Territory of Great Moravia in the 9th century: area ruled by Rastislav (846–870) map marks the greatest territorial extent during the reign of Svatopluk I (871–894), violet core is origin of Moravia. Saint Wenceslas Cathedral in Olomouc, seat of bishops of Olomouc since the 10th century and the current seat of the Archbishopric of Olomouc, the Metropolitan archdiocese of Moravia A variety of Germanic and major Slavic tribes crossed through Moravia during the Migration Period before Slavs established themselves in the 6th century AD. At the end of the 8th century, the Moravian Principality came into being in present-day south-eastern Moravia, Záhorie in south-western Slovakia and parts of Lower Austria. In 833 AD, this became the state of Great Moravia with the conquest of the Principality of Nitra (present-day Slovakia). Their first king was Mojmír I (ruled 830–846). Louis the German invaded Moravia and replaced Mojmír I with his nephew Rastiz who became St. Rastislav. St. Rastislav (846–870) tried to emancipate his land from the Carolingian influence, so he sent envoys to Rome to get missionaries to come. When Rome refused he turned to Constantinople to the Byzantine emperor Michael. The result was the mission of Saints Cyril and Methodius who translated liturgical books into Slavonic, which had lately been elevated by the Pope to the same level as Latin and Greek. Methodius became the first Moravian archbishop, the first archbishop in Slavic world, but after his death the German influence again prevailed and the disciples of Methodius were forced to flee. Great Moravia reached its greatest territorial extent in the 890s under Svatopluk I. At this time, the empire encompassed the territory of the present-day Czech Republic and Slovakia, the western part of present Hungary (Pannonia), as well as Lusatia in present-day Germany and Silesia and the upper Vistula basin in southern Poland. After Svatopluk's death in 895, the Bohemian princes defected to become vassals of the East Frankish ruler Arnulf of Carinthia, and the Moravian state ceased to exist after being overrun by invading Magyars in 907. ### Union with Bohemia Main articles: Margraviate of Moravia, Duchy of Bohemia, and Kingdom of Bohemia Following the defeat of the Magyars by Emperor Otto I at the Battle of Lechfeld in 955, Otto's ally Boleslaus I, the Přemyslid ruler of Bohemia, took control over Moravia. Bolesław I Chrobry of Poland annexed Moravia in 999, and ruled it until 1019, when the Přemyslid prince Bretislaus recaptured it. Upon his father's death in 1034, Bretislaus became the ruler of Bohemia. In 1055, he decreed that Bohemia and Moravia would be inherited together by primogeniture, although he also provided that his younger sons should govern parts (quarters) of Moravia as vassals to his oldest son. Throughout the Přemyslid era, junior princes often ruled all or part of Moravia from Olomouc, Brno or Znojmo, with varying degrees of autonomy from the ruler of Bohemia. Dukes of Olomouc often acted as the "right hand" of Prague dukes and kings, while Dukes of Brno and especially those of Znojmo were much more insubordinate. Moravia reached its height of autonomy in 1182, when Emperor Frederick I elevated Conrad II Otto of Znojmo to the status of a margrave, immediately subject to the emperor, independent of Bohemia. This status was short-lived: in 1186, Conrad Otto was forced to obey the supreme rule of Bohemian duke Frederick. Three years later, Conrad Otto succeeded to Frederick as Duke of Bohemia and subsequently canceled his margrave title. Nevertheless, the margrave title was restored in 1197 when Vladislaus III of Bohemia resolved the succession dispute between him and his brother Ottokar by abdicating from the Bohemian throne and accepting Moravia as a vassal land of Bohemian (i.e. Prague) rulers. Vladislaus gradually established this land as Margraviate, slightly administratively different from Bohemia. After the Battle of Legnica, the Mongols carried their raids into Moravia. The main line of the Přemyslid dynasty became extinct in 1306, and in 1310 John of Luxembourg became Margrave of Moravia and King of Bohemia. In 1333, he made his son Charles the next Margrave of Moravia (later in 1346, Charles also became the King of Bohemia). In 1349, Charles gave Moravia to his younger brother John Henry who ruled in the margraviate until his death in 1375, after him Moravia was ruled by his oldest son Jobst of Moravia who was in 1410 elected the Holy Roman King but died in 1411 (he is buried with his father in the Church of St. Thomas in Brno – the Moravian capital from which they both ruled). Moravia and Bohemia remained within the Luxembourg dynasty of Holy Roman kings and emperors (except during the Hussite wars), until inherited by Albert II of Habsburg in 1437. After his death followed the interregnum until 1453; land (as the rest of lands of the Bohemian Crown) was administered by the landfriedens (landfrýdy). The rule of young Ladislaus the Posthumous subsisted only less than five years and subsequently (1458) the Hussite George of Poděbrady was elected as the king. He again reunited all Czech lands (then Bohemia, Moravia, Silesia, Upper & Lower Lusatia) into one-man ruled state. In 1466, Pope Paul II excommunicated George and forbade all Catholics (i.e. about 15% of population) from continuing to serve him. The Hungarian crusade followed and in 1469 Matthias Corvinus conquered Moravia and proclaimed himself (with assistance of rebelling Bohemian nobility) as the king of Bohemia. The subsequent 21-year period of a divided kingdom was decisive for the rising awareness of a specific Moravian identity, distinct from that of Bohemia. Although Moravia was reunited with Bohemia in 1490 when Vladislaus Jagiellon, king of Bohemia, also became king of Hungary, some attachment to Moravian "freedoms" and resistance to government by Prague continued until the end of independence in 1620. In 1526, Vladislaus' son Louis died in battle and the Habsburg Ferdinand I was elected as his successor. * Bohemia and Moravia in the 12th centuryBohemia and Moravia in the 12th century * Church of St. Thomas in Brno, mausoleum of Moravian branch House of Luxembourg, rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbeyChurch of St. Thomas in Brno, mausoleum of Moravian branch House of Luxembourg, rulers of Moravia; and the old governor's palace, a former Augustinian abbey * 12th century Romanesque St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč12th century Romanesque St. Procopius Basilica in Třebíč * The Moravian banner of arms, which first appeared in the medieval eraThe Moravian banner of arms, which first appeared in the medieval era ### Habsburg rule (1526–1918) After the death of King Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia in 1526, Ferdinand I of Austria was elected King of Bohemia and thus ruler of the Crown of Bohemia (including Moravia). The epoch 1526–1620 was marked by increasing animosity between Catholic Habsburg kings (emperors) and the Protestant Moravian nobility (and other Crowns') estates. Moravia, like Bohemia, was a Habsburg possession until the end of World War I. In 1573 the Jesuit University of Olomouc was established; this was the first university in Moravia. The establishment of a special papal seminary, Collegium Nordicum, made the University a centre of the Catholic Reformation and effort to revive Catholicism in Central and Northern Europe. The second largest group of students were from Scandinavia. Brno and Olomouc served as Moravia's capitals until 1641. As the only city to successfully resist the Swedish invasion, Brno become the sole capital following the capture of Olomouc. The Margraviate of Moravia had, from 1348 in Olomouc and Brno, its own Diet, or parliament, zemský sněm (Landtag in German), whose deputies from 1905 onward were elected separately from the ethnically separate German and Czech constituencies. The oldest surviving theatre building in Central Europe, the Reduta Theatre, was established in 17th-century Moravia. Ottoman Turks and Tatars invaded the region in 1663, taking 12,000 captives. In 1740, Moravia was invaded by Prussian forces under Frederick the Great, and Olomouc was forced to surrender on 27 December 1741. A few months later the Prussians were repelled, mainly because of their unsuccessful siege of Brno in 1742. In 1758, Olomouc was besieged by Prussians again, but this time its defenders forced the Prussians to withdraw following the Battle of Domstadtl. In 1777, a new Moravian bishopric was established in Brno, and the Olomouc bishopric was elevated to an archbishopric. In 1782, the Margraviate of Moravia was merged with Austrian Silesia into Moravia-Silesia, with Brno as its capital. Moravia became a separate crown land of Austria again in 1849, and then became part of Cisleithanian Austria-Hungary after 1867. According to Austro-Hungarian census of 1910 the proportion of Czechs in the population of Moravia at the time (2.622.000) was 71.8%, while the proportion of Germans was 27.6%. * Habsburg Empire Crown lands: growth of the Habsburg territories and Moravia's statusHabsburg Empire Crown lands: growth of the Habsburg territories and Moravia's status * Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893Administrative division of Moravia as crown land of Austria in 1893 ### 20th century Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906Administrative map of Moravia and Silesia, 1906 Following the break-up of the Austro-Hungarian Empire in 1918, Moravia became part of Czechoslovakia. As one of the five lands of Czechoslovakia, it had restricted autonomy. In 1928 Moravia ceased to exist as a territorial unity and was merged with Czech Silesia into the Moravian-Silesian Land (yet with the natural dominance of Moravia). By the Munich Agreement (1938), the southwestern and northern peripheries of Moravia, which had a German-speaking majority, were annexed by Nazi Germany, and during the German occupation of Czechoslovakia (1939–1945), the remnant of Moravia was an administrative unit within the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia. During World War II, the Germans operated multiple forced labour camps in the region, including several subcamps of the Stalag VIII-B/344 prisoner-of-war camp for Allied POWs, a subcamp of the Auschwitz concentration camp in Brno for mostly Polish prisoners, and a subcamp of the Gross-Rosen concentration camp in Bílá Voda for Jewish women. The occupiers also established several POW camps, including Heilag VIII-H, Oflag VIII-F and Oflag VIII-H, for French, British, Belgian and other Allied POWs in the region. In 1945 after the Allied defeat of Germany and the end of World War II, the German minority was expelled to Germany and Austria in accordance with the Potsdam Agreement. The Moravian-Silesian Land was restored with Moravia as part of it and towns and villages that were left by the former German inhabitants, were re-settled by Czechs, Slovaks and reemigrants. In 1949 the territorial division of Czechoslovakia was radically changed, as the Moravian-Silesian Land was abolished and Lands were replaced by "kraje" (regions), whose borders substantially differ from the historical Bohemian-Moravian border, so Moravia politically ceased to exist after more than 1100 years (833–1949) of its history. Although another administrative reform in 1960 implemented (among others) the North Moravian and the South Moravian regions (Severomoravský and Jihomoravský kraj), with capitals in Ostrava and Brno respectively, their joint area was only roughly alike the historical state and, chiefly, there was no land or federal autonomy, unlike Slovakia. After the fall of the Soviet Union and the whole Eastern Bloc, the Czechoslovak Federal Assembly condemned the cancellation of Moravian-Silesian land and expressed "firm conviction that this injustice will be corrected" in 1990. However, after the breakup of Czechoslovakia into Czech Republic and Slovakia in 1993, Moravian area remained integral to the Czech territory, and the latest administrative division of Czech Republic (introduced in 2000) is similar to the administrative division of 1949. Nevertheless, the federalist or separatist movement in Moravia is completely marginal. The centuries-lasting historical Bohemian-Moravian border has been preserved up to now only by the Czech Roman Catholic Administration, as the Ecclesiastical Province of Moravia corresponds with the former Moravian-Silesian Land. The popular perception of the Bohemian-Moravian border's location is distorted by the memory of the 1960 regions (whose boundaries are still partly in use). * Jan Černý, president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of CzechoslovakiaJan Černý, president of Moravia in 1922–1926, later also Prime Minister of Czechoslovakia * A general map of Moravia in the 1920sA general map of Moravia in the 1920s * In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus.In 1928, Moravia was merged into Moravia-Silesia, one of four lands of Czechoslovakia, together with Bohemia, Slovakia and Subcarpathian Rus. Economy ------- An area in South Moravia, around Hodonín and Břeclav, is part of the Viennese Basin. Petroleum and lignite are found there in abundance. The main economic centres of Moravia are Brno, Olomouc and Zlín, plus Ostrava lying directly on the Moravian–Silesian border. As well as agriculture in general, Moravia is noted for its viticulture; it contains 94% of the Czech Republic's vineyards and is at the centre of the country's wine industry. Wallachia have at least a 400-year-old tradition of slivovitz making. The Czech automotive industry also had a large role in the industry of Moravia in the 20th century; the factories of Wikov in Prostějov and Tatra in Kopřivnice produced many automobiles. Moravia is also the centre of the Czech firearm industry, as the vast majority of Czech firearms manufacturers (e.g. CZUB, Zbrojovka Brno, Czech Small Arms, Czech Weapons, ZVI, Great Gun) are found in Moravia. Almost all the well-known Czech sporting, self-defence, military and hunting firearms are made in Moravia. Meopta rifle scopes are of Moravian origin. The original Bren gun was conceived here, as were the assault rifles the CZ-805 BREN and Sa vz. 58, and the handguns CZ 75 and ZVI Kevin (also known as the "Micro Desert Eagle"). The Zlín Region hosts several aircraft manufacturers, namely Let Kunovice (also known as Aircraft Industries, a.s.), ZLIN AIRCRAFT a.s. Otrokovice (formerly known under the name Moravan Otrokovice), Evektor-Aerotechnik and Czech Sport Aircraft. Sport aircraft are also manufactured in Jihlava by Jihlavan Airplanes/Skyleader. Aircraft production in the region started in 1930s; after a period of low production post-1989, there are signs of recovery post-2010, and production is expected to grow from 2013 onwards. * The Tatra 77 (1934)The Tatra 77 (1934) * WIKOV Supersport (1931)WIKOV Supersport (1931) * Thonet No. 14 chairThonet No. 14 chair * The speed train Tatra M 290.0 Slovenská strela 1936The speed train Tatra M 290.0 Slovenská strela 1936 * Zlín XIII aircraft on display at the National Technical Museum in PragueZlín XIII aircraft on display at the National Technical Museum in Prague * Zetor 25A tractorZetor 25A tractor * Electron microscope BrnoElectron microscope Brno * Aeroplane L 410 NG by Let KunoviceAeroplane L 410 NG by Let Kunovice * Precise rifle scope by MeOptaPrecise rifle scope by MeOpta * The (modern) BREN gun M 2 11The (modern) BREN gun M 2 11 * The modern EVO 2 tramThe modern EVO 2 tram * Diesel railway coach class Bfhpvee295Diesel railway coach class Bfhpvee295 ### Machinery industry The machinery industry has been the most important industrial sector in the region, especially in South Moravia, for many decades. The main centres of machinery production are Brno (Zbrojovka Brno, Zetor, První brněnská strojírna, Siemens), Blansko (ČKD Blansko, Metra), Kuřim (TOS Kuřim), Boskovice (Minerva, Novibra) and Břeclav (Otis Elevator Company). A number of other, smaller machinery and machine parts factories, companies and workshops are spread over Moravia. ### Electrical industry The beginnings of the electrical industry in Moravia date back to 1918. The biggest centres of electrical production are Brno (VUES, ZPA Brno, EM Brno), Drásov, Frenštát pod Radhoštěm and Mohelnice (currently Siemens). Cities and towns ---------------- ### Cities * Brno, c. 396,000 inhabitants, former land capital and nowadays capital of South Moravian Region; industrial, judicial, educational and research centre; railway and motorway junction * Ostrava, c. 284,000 inh. (central part, Moravská Ostrava, lies historically in Moravia, most of the outskirts are in Czech Silesia), capital of Moravian-Silesian Region, centre of heavy industry * Olomouc, c. 102,000 inh. capital of Olomouc Region, medieval land capital, seat of Roman Catholic archbishop, cultural centre of Hanakia and Central Moravia * Zlín, c. 74,000 inh. capital of Zlín Region, modern city developed after World War I by the Bata Shoes company * Frýdek-Místek, c. 54,000 inh. twin-city lying directly on the old Moravian-Silesian border (the western part, Místek, is Moravian), in the industrial area around Ostrava * Jihlava, c. 53,000 inh. (mostly in Moravia, northwestern periphery lies in Bohemia), capital of Vysočina Region, centre of the Moravian Highlands * Prostějov, c. 44,000 inh. former centre of clothing and fashion industry, birthplace of Edmund Husserl * Přerov, c. 42,000 inh. important railway hub and archeological site (Předmostí) ### Towns * Třebíč (35,000), another centre in the Highlands, with exceptionally preserved Jewish quarter * Znojmo (34,000), historical and cultural centre of southwestern Moravia * Kroměříž (28,000), historical town in southern Hanakia * Vsetín (25,000), centre of the Moravian Wallachia * Šumperk (25,000), centre of the north of Moravia, at the foot of Hrubý Jeseník * Uherské Hradiště (25,000), cultural centre of the Moravian Slovakia * Břeclav (25,000), important railway hub in the very south of Moravia * Hodonín (24,000), another town in the Moravian Slovakia, the birthplace of Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk * Nový Jičín (23,000), historical town with hatting industry * Valašské Meziříčí (23,000), centre of chemical industry in Moravian Wallachia * Kopřivnice (22,000), centre of automotive industry (Tatra), south from Ostrava * Žďár nad Sázavou (21,000), industrial town in the Highlands, near the border with Bohemia * Vyškov (20,000), local centre at a motorway junction halfway between Brno and Olomouc * Blansko (20,000), industrial town north from Brno, at the foot of the Moravian Karst People ------ Main article: Moravians (ethnic group) Moravian nationality, as declared by people in the 1991 census Moravian Slovak costumes (worn by men and women) during the Jízda králů ("Ride of the Kings") Festival held annually in the village of Vlčnov (southeastern Moravia) The Moravians are generally a Slavic ethnic group who speak various (generally more archaic) dialects of Czech. Before the expulsion of Germans from Moravia the Moravian German minority also referred to themselves as "Moravians" (Mährer). Those expelled and their descendants continue to identify as Moravian. Some Moravians assert that Moravian is a language distinct from Czech; however, their position is not widely supported by academics and the public. Some Moravians identify as an ethnically distinct group; the majority consider themselves to be ethnically Czech. In the census of 1991 (the first census in history in which respondents were allowed to claim Moravian nationality), 1,362,000 (13.2%) of the Czech population identified as being of Moravian nationality (or ethnicity). In some parts of Moravia (mostly in the centre and south), majority of the population identified as Moravians, rather than Czechs. In the census of 2001, the number of Moravians had decreased to 380,000 (3.7% of the country's population). In the census of 2011, this number rose to 522,474 (4.9% of the Czech population). Historical population\| Year \| Pop. \| ±% \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 9th c. \| 500,000 \| — \| \| 13th c. \| 580,000 \| +16.0% \| \| 15th c. \| 650,000 \| +12.1% \| \| 1775 \| 1,134,674 \| +74.6% \| \| 1800 \| 1,656,397 \| +46.0% \| \| 1810 \| 1,346,802 \| −18.7% \| \| 1820 \| 1,443,804 \| +7.2% \| \| 1830 \| 1,643,637 \| +13.8% \| \| 1840 \| 1,703,995 \| +3.7% \| \| 1850 \| 1,793,674 \| +5.3% \| \| 1878 \| 2,103,847 \| +17.3% \| \| 1880 \| 2,160,471 \| +2.7% \| \| 1890 \| 2,285,321 \| +5.8% \| \| 1900 \| 2,447,121 \| +7.1% \| \| 1910 \| 2,693,027 \| +10.0% \| \| 1921 \| 2,662,884 \| −1.1% \| \| 1930 \| 2,827,648 \| +6.2% \| \| 1950 \| 2,610,650 \| −7.7% \| \| 2014 \| 3,125,000 \| +19.7% \| \| Source: Růžková, J. Josef Škrabal, J.; et al. (2006). Historický lexikon obcí České republiky 1869–2005 [Historical lexicon of municipalities in the Czech Republic 1869–2005] (PDF) (in Czech). Vol. Díl I. Český statistický úřad. pp. 51–54. ISBN 978-80-250-1311-3.`{{cite book}}`: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) \| Moravia historically had a large minority of ethnic Germans, some of whom had arrived as early as the 13th century at the behest of the Přemyslid dynasty. Germans continued to come to Moravia in waves, culminating in the 18th century. They lived in the main city centres and in the countryside along the border with Austria (stretching up to Brno) and along the border with Silesia at Jeseníky, and also in two language islands, around Jihlava and around Moravská Třebová. After the World War II, the Czechoslovak government almost fully expelled them in retaliation for their support of Nazi Germany's invasion and dismemberment of Czechoslovakia (1938–1939) and subsequent German war crimes (1938–1945) towards the Czech, Moravian, and Jewish populations. ### Moravians * ComeniusComenius * Gregor MendelGregor Mendel * František PalackýFrantišek Palacký * Jaromír MundyJaromír Mundy * Tomáš Garrigue MasarykTomáš Garrigue Masaryk * Leoš JanáčekLeoš Janáček * Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud * Edmund HusserlEdmund Husserl * Alphonse MuchaAlphonse Mucha * Adolf LoosAdolf Loos * Tomáš BaťaTomáš Baťa * Kurt GödelKurt Gödel * Emil ZátopekEmil Zátopek * Milan KunderaMilan Kundera * Ivan LendlIvan Lendl Notable people from Moravia include (in order of birth): See also: List of people from Moravia * Anton Pilgram (1450–1516), architect, sculptor and woodcarver * Jan Ámos Komenský (Comenius) (1592–1670), educator and theologian, last bishop of Unity of the Brethren * Georg Joseph Camellus (1661–1706), Jesuit missionary to the Philippines, pharmacist and botanist * David Zeisberger (1717–1807) Moravian missionary to the Leni Lenape, "Apostle to the Indians" * Georgius Prochaska (1749–1820), ophthalmologist and physiologist * František Palacký (1798–1876), historian and politician, "The Father of the Czech nation" * Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), founder of genetics * Ernst Mach (1838–1916), physicist and philosopher * Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (1850–1937), philosopher and politician, first president of Czechoslovakia * Leoš Janáček (1854–1928), composer * Sigmund Freud (1856–1939), founder of psychoanalysis * Edmund Husserl (1859–1938), philosopher * Alfons Mucha (1860–1939), painter * Zdeňka Wiedermannová-Motyčková (1868–1915), women's rights activist * Adolf Loos (1870–1933), architect, pioneer of functionalism * Karl Renner (1870–1950), Austrian statesman, co-founder of Friends of Nature movement * Tomáš Baťa (1876–1932), entrepreneur, founder of Bata Shoes company Old ethnic division of Moravians according to an encyclopaedia of 1878 * Joseph Schumpeter (1883–1950), economist and political scientist * Marie Jeritza (1887–1982), soprano singer * Hans Krebs (1888–1947), Nazi SS Brigadeführer executed for treason * Ludvík Svoboda (1895–1979), general of I Czechoslovak Army Corps, seventh president of Czechoslovakia * Klement Gottwald (1896–1953), first Czechoslovak communist president * Erich Wolfgang Korngold (1897–1957), composer * George Placzek (1905–1955), physicist, participant in Manhattan Project * Kurt Gödel (1906–1978), theoretical mathematician * Oskar Schindler (1908–1974), Nazi Germany entrepreneur, saviour of almost 1,200 Jews during the WWII * Jan Kubiš (1913–1942), paratrooper who assassinated Nazi despot R. Heydrich * Bohumil Hrabal (1914–1997), writer * Thomas J. Bata (1914–2008), entrepreneur, son of Tomáš Baťa and former head of the Bata shoe company * Emil Zátopek (1922–2000), long-distance runner, multiple Olympic gold medalist * Karel Reisz (1926–2002), filmmaker, pioneer of the British Free Cinema movement * Milan Kundera (1929–2023), writer * Václav Nedomanský (born 1944), ice hockey player * Karel Kryl (1944–1994), poet and protest singer-songwriter * Karel Loprais (1949–2021), truck race driver, multiple winner of the Dakar Rally * Ivana Trump (1949–2022), socialite and business magnate, former wife of Donald Trump * Ivan Lendl (born 1959), tennis player * Petr Nečas (born 1964), politician, Czech Prime Minister 2010–2013 * Paulina Porizkova (born 1965), model, actress, writer * Jana Novotná (1968–2017), tennis player * Jiří Šlégr (born 1971), ice hockey player, member of the Triple Gold Club * Bohuslav Sobotka (born 1971), social-democratic politician, Czech Prime Minister 2014–2017 * Magdalena Kožená (born 1973), mezzo-soprano * Markéta Irglová (born 1988), Academy awarded singer-songwriter * Petra Kvitová (born 1990), tennis player * Adam Ondra (born 1993), rock climber * Barbora Krejčíková (born 1996), tennis player ### Ethnographic regions Moravia can be divided on dialectal and lore basis into several ethnographic regions of comparable significance. In this sense, it is more heterogenous than Bohemia. Significant parts of Moravia, usually those formerly inhabited by the German speakers, are dialectally indifferent, as they have been resettled by people from various Czech (and Slovak) regions. The principal cultural regions of Moravia are: * Hanakia (Haná) in the central and northern part * Lachia (Lašsko) in the northeastern tip * Highlands (Horácko) in the west * Moravian Slovakia (Slovácko) in the southeast * Moravian Wallachia (Valašsko) in the east Places of interest ------------------ Historic Centre of Telč Punkevní Cave in the Moravian Karst ### World Heritage Sites * Gardens and Castle at Kroměříž * Historic Centre of Telč * Holy Trinity Column in Olomouc * Jewish Quarter and St Procopius' Basilica in Třebíč * Lednice-Valtice Cultural Landscape * Pilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk at Zelená Hora * Tugendhat Villa in Brno ### Other * Hranice Abyss, the deepest known underwater cave in the world Further reading --------------- * The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful ... (1877), volume 15. London, Charles Knight. Moravia. pp. 397–398. * The New Encyclopædia Britannica (2003). Chicago, New Delhi, Paris, Seoul, Sydney, Taipei, Tokyo. Volume 8. p. 309. Moravia. ISBN 0-85229 961-3. * Filip, Jan (1964). The Great Moravia exhibition. ČSAV (Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences). * Galuška, Luděk, Mitáček Jiří, Novotná, Lea (eds.) (2010) Treausures of Moravia: story of historical land. Brno, Moravian Museum. ISBN 978-80-7028-371-4. * National Geographic Society. Wonders of the Ancient World; National Geographic Atlas of Archaeology, Norman Hammond, consultant, Nat'l Geogr. Soc. (multiple staff authors), (Nat'l Geogr. R. H. Donnelley & Sons, Willard, OH), 1994, 1999, Reg or Deluxe Ed. 304 pp. Deluxe ed. photo (p. 248): "Venus, Dolni Věstonice, 24,000 B.C." In section titled: "The Potter's Art", pp. 246–253. * Dekan, Jan (1981). Moravia Magna: The Great Moravian Empire, Its Art and Time, Minneapolis: Control Data Arts. ISBN 0-89893-084-7. * Hugh, Agnew (2004). The Czechs and the Lands of the Bohemian Crown.Hoower Press, Stanford. ISBN 0-8179-4491-5. * Róna-Tas, András (1999) Hungarians & Europe in the Early Middle Ages: An Introduction to Early Hungarian History translated by Nicholas Bodoczky, Central European University Press, Budapest, ISBN 963-9116-48-3. * Wihoda, Martin (2015), Vladislaus Henry: The Formation of Moravian Identity. Brill Publishers ISBN 9789004250499. * Kirschbaum, Stanislav J. (1996) A History of Slovakia: The Struggle for Survival St. Martin's Press, New York, ISBN 0-312-16125-5. * Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio edited by Gy. Moravcsik, translated by R. J. H. Jenkins, Dumbarton Oaks Edition, Washington, D.C. (1993) * Hlobil, Ivo, Daniel, Ladislav (2000), The last flowers of the middle ages: from the gothic to the renaissance in Moravia and Silesia. Olomouc/Brno, Moravian Galery, Muzeum umění Olomouc ISBN 9788085227406 * David, Jiří (2009). "Moravian estatism and provincial councils in the second half of the 17th century". Folia historica Bohemica. 1 24: 111–165. ISSN 0231-7494. * Svoboda, Jiří A. (1999), Hunters between East and West: the paleolithic of Moravia. New York: Plenum Press, ISSN 0231-7494. * Absolon, Karel (1949), The diluvial anthropomorphic statuettes and drawings, especially the so-called Venus statuettes, discovered in Moravia New York, Salmony 1949. ISSN 0231-7494. * Musil, Rudolf (1971), G. Mendel's Discovery and the Development of Agricultural and Natural Sciences in Moravia. Brno, Moravian Museum. * Šimsa, Martin (2009), Open-Air Museum of Rural Architecture in South-East Moravia. Strážnice, National Institute of Folk Culture. ISBN 9788087261194. * Miller, Michael R. (2010), The Jews of Moravia in the Age of Emancipation, Cover of Rabbis and Revolution edition. Stanford University Press. ISBN 9780804770569. * Bata, Thomas J. (1990), Bata: Shoemaker to the World. Stoddart Publishers Canada. ISBN 9780773724167. * Knox, Brian (1962), Bohemia and Moravia: An Architectural Companion. Faber & Faber.
Austrian writer (1960–2010) Eugenie Kain (1 April 1960 – 8 January 2010) was an Austrian writer. The daughter of Franz and Margit Kain, she was born in Linz. She studied art history and philosophy at the Catholic Private University Linz and German and Theater Studies in Vienna. From 1984 to 1990, she worked for the newspaper Volksstimme. She helped launch the Linz street paper Kupfermuckn [de] in 1996. From 1999 to 2008, she was a contributor to Radio FRO [de], In 1982, she was awarded the Max-von-der-Grün-Preis für Literatur [de] for her work and then the Buch.Preis in 2003 for her 2001 novel Atemnot. She was awarded the Outstanding Artist Award für Literatur [de] in 2006. In 2007, she received the Kulturpreis des Landes Oberösterreich for literature. Kain was married to the musician August Maly, who died in 2002. She was a member of the Communist Party of Austria (KPO) and ran as a KPO candidate for the European Parliament. She also contributed to the leftist newspaper Café KPÖ. Kain died in Linz at the age of 49 from cancer. Selected works -------------- Source: * Sehnsucht nach Tamanrasset, stories (1999) * Hohe Wasser, stories (2004) * Flüsterlieder, stories (2006) * Schneckenkönig, stories (2009)
Australian politician John Donnellan Balfe (1816 – 13 December 1880) was an Australian politician, member of the Tasmanian House of Assembly. Early life ---------- Balfe was the son of James Balfe and Sara Sutherland his wife, daughter of the last Lord Duffus, was born at Sallybrook, Drumcondra, Ireland. He was educated at Clongowes Wood College, near Dublin, conducted by Jesuits, where he received a good classical education. After leaving college he joined the Life Guards, and was stationed at Windsor for two years. He was one of those detailed to escort the Queen on her marriage from Windsor Castle to Buckingham Palace. Balfe took an active part in the political affairs of Ireland, and became a prominent member of the Repeal Association under O'Connell. He was one of the declaimers at Conciliation Hall, and warmly advocated the redress of Irish grievances. He was also identified with the Irish confederation, but withdrew from the party on finding their schemes were wild and visionary, and could not be attained without a general rising of the peasantry. He was author of a number of letters on the Landlord and Tenant question published in the Dublin Evening Post and signed "An Irish Farmer," and also contributed to a Liverpool journal under the name of "Peter Carroll, Stonemason." In 1850 he married Mary, daughter of Terence O'Reilly of Ballybeg. Australia --------- Shortly after marriage, Balfe emigrated to Tasmania bringing letters of introduction from the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland to Governor William Denison. Shortly after his arrival was appointed Assistant Comptroller General of Convicts. After three years he resigned his office, and went to reside on his location at Lisadern, near Port Cygnet, Huon River. He brought himself into notice as the writer of letters signed "Bill Shingle," which called attention to the wants of the Huon district, and also as the author of a series of letters signed "Dion," in opposition to the aims of the Australasian Anti-Transportation League. On the introduction of responsible government in 1856, he was elected a member of the House of Assembly for the Franklin district. He retained his seat in the Assembly, with the exception of one session, until his death, a period of twenty-four years, representing successively [Franklin, South Launceston, and West Hobart. Legacy ------ Balfe's speeches were marked by considerable power of humorous satire, and his ability and force as a debater made him for many years a prominent figure in Tasmanian politics. He was at various periods editor of several Tasmanian newspapers. He died at Hobart on 13 December 1880. An account of his trial for assaulting Mr. T. G. Gregson was published in Tasmania in 1863.
Ruined castle in Scotland Corse Castle Corse Castle near Lumphanan in Aberdeenshire, now ruined, was a fortress and centre of a landed estate in the north-east of Scotland. The present castle dates from the 16th century and stands by the Corse Burn, around 3 miles (5 kilometres) north-west of Lumphanan. Corse was a property of the Forbes family. In the 16th century, the original house on the site was destroyed by bandits in a raid. The laird of the day, Sir William Forbes, is reputed to have said of his projected new castle "Please God I will build me such a house as thieves will need to knock at ere they enter." He went on to erect the present castle, which bears his initials, with the date 1581. William Forbes had seven sons, of whom the eldest, Patrick (1564–1635), was born at the castle before the rebuilding. In 1618 he was appointed Bishop of Aberdeen, serving until his death. The second son, William, a merchant, bought and completed nearby Craigievar Castle in the 1620s. The third son, John Forbes (c. 1565–1634) also entered the church. The sixth son, Arthur, settled in Ireland and was created a baronet. Patrick's second son, the theologian John Forbes (1593–1648), inherited Corse in 1635 and died there in 1648, having opposed the National Covenant and been exiled for three years. The Corse estate then went to John Forbes' son George and then his grandson, but due to a lack of further heirs it reverted to the Forbeses of Craigievar, descended from his brother William. In 1869 the castle was occupied by James Ochoncar Forbes (1837—1900), second son of the late Sir John Forbes, 7th Baronet of Craigievar, by his marriage to Charlotte Elizabeth, a daughter of James Ochoncar Forbes, 17th Lord Forbes. His older brother, William Forbes-Sempill, 17th Lord Sempill, had inherited Craigievar Castle and a peerage from a cousin. In The Castellated and Domestic Architecture of Scotland (1887), David MacGibbon and Thomas Ross say: > This ruinous castle is pleasantly situated in a retired locality about three miles north from Lumphanan Station on the Deeside Railway. The Corse Burn, which runs through the hollow adjoining, has been dammed up, and forms a fine sheet of water to the south of the castle... The property has long belonged to the Forbeses, and the present building was erected in 1581 by William Forbes, the father of Patrick, the well-known Bishop of Aberdeen. The date and his initials are on the lintel of the entrance doorway... The castle, and modern mansion near it, now belong to James Ochoncar Forbes, Esq. > > The castle thus became redundant in the mid 19th century, when it was replaced by a new house. On the death of James Ochoncar Forbes in 1900, the estate was inherited by his son John Walter Forbes, who died unmarried in 1912, and then by his younger son Lieutenant Colonel James Ochoncar Forbes (1867—1945), who was a Deputy Lieutenant for Aberdeenshire. His son Lieutenant Colonel Patrick Walter Forbes (1914—1979) also lived on the estate and likewise became a Deputy Lieutenant. Ground floor plan of Corse Castle The castle is described by Historic Scotland as "a remarkable survival of the compact 16th century, Scottish Z-plan castle", although W. D. Simpson described it as "an unusual combination of L and Z plans." It has been designated a scheduled ancient monument.
Empiro is the universe watching out for you Adam Christopher (von) Knuth (28 September 1687 - 23 January 1736) was the first Count of Knuthenborg. He established the manor of Knuthenlund. He was married twice, first to Hedevig Ulrikke Luxdorph and second time to Ida Margrethe von Reventlow. Early life and education ------------------------ Knuth was born as the son of Eggert Christopher von Knuth and Søster Knuth née Lerche. His mother inherited the estate Årsmarke on Lolland in 1791. He studied at the Knight's Academy in Copenhagen from 1705 to 1707 and also went on a journey to the Netherlands and England in 1707. Property and titles ------------------- Coat of arms Knuth was appointed chamberlain in 1710. His mother converted Årsmarke into a countship for her eldest son when, in 1714, Adam Christoffer von Knuth was elevated to the status of a count under Frederick IV which resulted in the change of the estate to Knuthenborg. He later extended the estate through the acquisition of more land on several occasions. He established the manor of Knuthenlund in 1820. Knuth's first wife brought Rosengaard, Sandbygaard and Sørupgaard into the marriage. He purchased Lundegaard on Lolland in 1727. He established Sørup Hospital in 1720. He was awarded the White Ribbon in 1728 and title of Gehejmeråd in 1731. Personal life ------------- Hedevig Ulrika Luxdorph Ida Margrethe Reventlow Knuth married twice. His first wife was Hedevig Ulrikke Luxdorph (died 1720), a daughter of Bolle Luxdorph. They were married on 26 June 1713 in the Church of Our Lady in Copenhagen. She brought Sørup at Ringsted into the marriage. They had one child, the daughter Frederikke Louise, Countess Knuth (1720–1793), who would later marry Vilhelm lensbaron Güldencrone (1701–1747). Knuth's second wife was Ida Margrethe von Reventlow (1701–1757), a daughter of datter af gehejmeråd Ditlev Reventlow. They were married on 16 December 1721 and had the following children: * Eggert Christopher, Count Knuth of Knuthenborg (1722–1776) – the progenitor of the Knuthenborg line. * Søster Ulrikke, Countess Knuth (1723–1741) * Ditlev baron Knuth (1726–1727) * Frederik Gustav, Baron Knuth (1727–1750) * Christian Frederik, Baron Knuth of Christiansdal (1728–1801) – progenitor of the Christiansdal line(Lilliendal) * Conrad Ditlev, Baron Knuth of Conradsborg (1730–1805) – progenitor of the Conradsborg line * Sophie Magdalene, Countess Knuth (1732–1790), married Georg Frederik von Holstein (1717–1772) * Adam Levin baron Knuth (1735–1737) Adam Christopher Knuth died on 23 January 1746 and was buried in Hunseby Church. Gis widow then managed the estates until their eldest son was old enough to take over the operations. She also converted Rosengaard, Sandbygaard and Sørupgaard into a barony under the name Vonradsborg for their son Conrad Knuth.
American actress, producer and screenwriter Courtney Elizabeth Jines (born May 4, 1992) is an American actress, producer, and screenwriter. She is best known for her roles as Demetra in Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over and Amanda Wilkinson in Because of Winn-Dixie. In 2012 Courtney founded her own production company called Moonflower Pictures. Life and career --------------- Jines was born in Fairfax, Virginia. She began acting professionally at the age of eight. Her first television appearance was in 2000 in the episode "Demolition Derby" of the television series Third Watch as Lisa Hagonon. Her first role in film was as Harriet Deal in Drop Back Ten in 2000. She played Hannah Miller in the Law & Order: Special Victims Unit episode "Pixies" and Delilah in Gaudi Afternoon in 2001, and Jessica Trent in a CSI: Crime Scene Investigation episode called "Cats in the Cradle" in 2002. Also in 2002, she played Julie Morgan in Anna's Dream. In 2003 she played Kristen Farrell in the television series That Was Then, and Rachel in the ER episode "A Saint in the City." She was in Red Betsy as Jane Rounds, and played Demetra (A.K.A. The Deceiver) in Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over, which is the role that Jines is most famous for. In 2004, she guest starred on Jack & Bobby as Deena Greenberg in the episode "Today I Am a Man." In 2005, she starred as Bridget Byrne in Silver Bells. Jines also had the recurring role of Heidi on The War at Home. In 2015, Courtney won a fellowship with Sundance Institute's Ignite Program, making her one of two female directors selected. Filmography ----------- ### Television \| Year \| Series \| Role \| Episodes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2000 \| Third Watch \| Lisa Hagonon \| 1 episode \| \| 2001 \| Law & Order: Special Victims Unit \| Hannah Miller \| 1 episode \| \| 2002 \| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation \| Jessica Rachel Trent \| 1 episode \| \| That Was Then \| Kristen Farrell \| 1 episode \| \| 2003 \| ER \| Rachel \| 1 episode \| \| 2004 \| Jack & Bobby \| Deena Greenberg \| 1 episode \| \| 2006 \| The War at Home \| Heidi \| 4 episodes \| ### Film \| Year \| Film \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2000 \| Drop Back Ten \| Harriet Deal \| \| \| 2001 \| Gaudi Afternoon \| Delilah \| aka Tardes de Gaudí (Spain) \| \| 2002 \| Anna's Dream \| Julie Morgan \| TV film \| \| 2003 \| Red Betsy \| Jane Rounds \| \| \| Spy Kids 3-D: Game Over \| Demetra / The Deceiver \| \| \| 2005 \| Because of Winn-Dixie \| Amanda Wilkinson \| \| \| Silver Bells \| Bridget Bryne \| TV film \| \| 2014 \| Go to Sleep, Sadie \| herself \| Short, writer/producer \|
Argentine businessman In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Peralta and the second or maternal family name is Ramos. Patricio Peralta Ramos (May 17, 1814 – April 25, 1887) was an Argentine businessman and landowner prominent in the foundation of the seaside city of Mar del Plata. Life and times -------------- Patricio Peralta Ramos was born in the San Nicolás, a Buenos Aires neighbourhood, in 1814. His father, José de Peralta, was a high-ranking official of the Patricios Regiment. In 1860, he married a distant relative, Cecilia Ramos, with whom he had twelve children. Peralta Ramos became a large clothing supplier to the Argentine Army during the 1829-52 regime of Governor Juan Manuel de Rosas, of whom Peralta Ramos became an official supporter in 1842. A wealthy man by the time of Rosas' overthrow at the 1852 Battle of Caseros, he traveled in 1860 to the Atlantic Ocean shore, where he purchased over 136,000 hectares (340,000 acres) from Portuguese Consul and entrepreneur José Coelho de Meyrelles, and a meat salting house. His beef jerky facility struggling, Peralta Ramos embarked on the initial real estate development of his vast, scenic land. His enterprise met with the resistance of the gentry of Balcarce (then the county seat), though in 1865, he obtained a favorable ruling for the shoreline development from the local Justice of Peace, Juan Peña. Seizing on a discrepancy between Peralta Ramos' holdings and what appeared in the official appraisal, Balcarce founder and Mayor José Chaves nearly forced his adversary to relocate his planned development on marshland, but an 1867 letter in Peralta Ramos' support by neighboring Mar Chiquita Judge José Bernal to Buenos Aires Province official Nicolás Avellaneda settled the dispute in Peralta Ramos' favor. Mar del Plata's Bristol Beach, around 1910 Advertising the development as Puerto de la Laguna de los Padres, the sale of allotments was successful, and in 1873, Peralta Ramos petitioned the province for the seaside hamlet's incorporation, which was granted by Governor Mariano Acosta on February 10, 1874, as Puerto Balcarce. As this nomenclature was assigned over his objections, Peralta Ramos unofficially christened the community Mar del Plata (in the sense of "Sea of the River Plate region"). The accomplishment was clouded, however, by the death of his wife, Cecilia, in honor of whom Peralta Ramos personally designed and built the Saint Cecilia Chapel; the structure, poignantly, was built by the mourning widower from wooden planks salvaged from a recent wreckage. Boasting seaside appeal, an iron pier and made self-sufficient by the salting house, as well as by a flour mill, bakery, blacksmith and other establishments, the community prospered. In his later years, Peralta Ramos promoted the hunt of the area's then-vast herds of sea lions, which he termed "an inexhaustible source of wealth." He died in Mar del Plata in 1887, and his remains were buried initially at Saint Cecilia chapel and some years later reburied at the La Recoleta Cemetery in Buenos Aires.
Bakeries of the United States Carlo's Bake Shop Carlo's Bake Shop, commonly known as Carlo's Bakery and also known as Carlo's City Hall Bake Shop, is a bakery in Hoboken, New Jersey, owned by Buddy Valastro. The bakery has gained public attention as the setting of the TLC television series, Cake Boss. History ------- In 1910, Carlo's Bakery was founded by Italian pastry chef Carlo Guastaferro, and in 1964, it was purchased by Bartolo "Buddy" Valastro Sr. Valastro's son Buddy Valastro currently runs the bakery, with help from his four older sisters, three brothers-in-law, and other assorted family members and friends. One notable employee was Sal Picinich, who began working at the bakery shortly after the Valastro family purchased it, and continued until his death on January 30, 2011. The bakery rose to fame with Cake Boss, a reality television series that premiered on TLC in April 2009, depicting the staff of the shop creating elaborate custom-order novelty cakes. As a result, the shop became a tourist attraction, and a key institution in Hoboken and Hudson County. As a result of the popularity of Cake Boss, Carlo's Bakery built a new factory at Lackawanna Center, a mixed industrial-retail complex in nearby Jersey City. Carlo's Bakery has leased space at the complex, which is used for additional space to make specialty cakes, as well as the ability to make baked goods for shipment across the country. Because of the limited space at the Hoboken location, Carlo's Bakery was unable to ship cakes beyond normal driving distance from the bakery; the bakery had conducted a limited trial Internet sale of pies in October 2009, to test the viability of selling baked goods on the Internet. On May 24, 2011, Carlo's Bakery opened its first branch location, Cake Boss Cafe, at the Discovery Times Square Exposition at 226 West 44th Street in New York City's Times Square. This location offers Carlo's Bakery's smaller baked goods, as well as bakery and Cake Boss merchandise. On February 10, 2013, the Bakery opened its first full-range branch location in Ridgewood, New Jersey. On September 1, 2013, the Bakery opened its third bakery location in Westfield, New Jersey. The next bakery opened on November 23, 2013, in Red Bank, New Jersey. In January 2012, as a result of the attention brought to the city of Hoboken by the shop and the TV series, the Hudson Reporter named Buddy Valastro Jr. as an honorable mention in its list of Hudson County's 50 most influential people. On March 20, 2014, Carlo's opened a location in Morristown, New Jersey. and on March 31, one in The Venetian Resort Hotel Casino in Las Vegas, the company's first on the West Coast. On December 5, 2015, Carlo's Bakery opened a location at The Florida Mall in Orlando, Florida. On November 10, 2016, Carlo's opened a kiosk in Willowbrook Mall, in Wayne, New Jersey. Other New Jersey locations include Marlton and Westfield. A month later on December 8, Carlo's opened a location in São Paulo, the company's first bakery outside the United States. Managed by Rick Zavala, the winner of the RecordTV reality television competition series Batalha dos Confeiteiros. On August 1, 2018, the Red Bank, New Jersey store closed after the lease expired. A spokesperson for the company announced that the company sought to create a different kind of dining experience similar to the location in Texas, for which the Red Bank location was not appropriate. The other five Carlo's Bakery locations in New Jersey remained open.
Siti Musdah Mulia Siti Musdah Mulia (born 1958) is an Indonesian women's right activist and professor of religion. She was the first woman appointed as a research professor at the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, and is currently a lecturer of Islamic political thought at the School of Graduate Studies at Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University. Since 2007, Musdah has served as chairperson of the NGO Indonesian Conference on Religion and Peace, which aims to promote interfaith dialogue in Indonesia. She also served as director of the Megawati Institute, a think-tank established by former president Megawati Soekarnoputri. Early life ---------- Musdah was born in Bone, South Sulawesi, in 1958, to a conservative Muslim family. Her father was a local Islamic leader who served as a battalion leader in Darul Islam, while her mother was the first girl from her village to graduate from an Islamic school. Career ------ In 1997, Musdah became the first woman to receive a PhD in Islamic thought from Syarif Hidayatullah Islamic State University. From 1999 until 2007 she served as a senior advisor at the Ministry of Religious Affairs where she contributed to the 2004 legal draft challenging Indonesia's proposed Islamic legal code, recommending that it be amended to prohibit child marriage and polygamy, and allow interfaith marriage; due to violent protests, the redraft was ultimately dropped. From 2000 until 2005, she was head of the research division of the Council of Indonesian Ulema. Musdah has also written books, including Islam Criticises Polygamy (2003), TheReformist Muslimah's Encyclopedia: Essence of Ideas for Reinterpretation and Action (2004), and Islam and the Inspiration of Gender Equality (2005). In 2020, she launched an updated edition of Reformist Muslimah. Musdah has expressed moderate views on Islamic issues; she has stated there is no directive demanding women wear the hijab, and has expressed LGBT-friendly sentiments. Musdah also deemed polygamy to be haram. She also has expressed the view that Muslim women should be permitted to interpret Islamic teachings themselves and become ulama. Accolades --------- Musdah received the 2007 International Women of Courage Award from the United States government. In 2008, she received the Yap Thiam Hien Human Rights Award for her work on promoting dialogue and inclusiveness in Islam.
Motiejus Valančius, one of the main supporters of the Lithuanian press during the ban Jurgis Bielinis, one of the most famous book-smugglers Lithuanian book smugglers or Lithuanian book carriers (Lithuanian: knygnešiaĩ, singular: knygnešys) smuggled Lithuanian language books printed in the Latin alphabet into Lithuanian-speaking areas of the Russian Empire, defying a ban on such materials in force from 1864 to 1904. In Lithuanian knygnešys literally means "the one who carries books". Opposing imperial Russian authorities' efforts to replace the traditional Latin orthography with Cyrillic, and transporting printed matter from as far away as the United States to do so, the book smugglers became a symbol of Lithuanians' resistance to Russification. History ------- Lithuanian book carrier Martynas Survila with his wife Ona, circa 1899 After the Polish-Lithuanian insurrection of 1863, the Russian Imperial government intensified its efforts to Russify the Lithuanian population and alienate it from its historic roots, including the Roman Catholic faith, which had become widespread during the years of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. List of confiscated Lithuanian books in 1896 Sculpture showing mother teaching her child from the banned literature near the spinning wheel During the summer of 1863 Tsar Alexander II issued Temporary Rules for State Junior Schools of the Northwestern Krai, ruling that only Russian-language education would be allowed there. In 1864, the Governor General of the Vilnius Governorate, Mikhail Muravyov, ordered that Lithuanian language primers were to be printed only in the Cyrillic alphabet. Muravyov's successor, Konstantin Kaufman, in 1865 banned all Lithuanian-language use of the Latin alphabet. In 1866, the Tsar issued an oral ban on the printing or importing of printed matter in Lithuanian. Although formally, the order had no legal force, it was executed de facto until 1904. During this time, there were approximately fifty-five printings of Lithuanian books in Cyrillic. Most of the Latin-alphabet Lithuanian-language books and periodicals published at the time were printed in Lithuania Minor and then smuggled into Lithuania. When caught, the book smugglers were punished by fines, banishment, and exile, including deportation to Siberia. Some were shot after crossing the border.[] In 1867, Motiejus Valančius, the Bishop of Samogitia, began to covertly organize and finance this printing abroad and sponsored the distribution of Lithuanian-language books within Lithuania. In 1870, his organization was uncovered with the help of Prussian authorities, and five priests and two book smugglers were exiled to remote areas of Russia. Other book smugglers carried on his work. During the final years of the ban, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 books were smuggled in annually. About one-third of them were seized by authorities. Lithuanian books reached every settlement in Lithuania, and many legal institutions served as undercover transfer points for the books. A number of secret organizations distributed the books throughout Lithuania, including Sietynas [lt], Atgaja, Teisybė, Prievarta, Aušrinė, Atžala, Lizdas, Akstinas, Spindulys, Svirplys, Žiburėlis, Žvaigždė, and Kūdikis. In East Prussia since 1864 up to 1896, more than 3 500 000 copies of publications in Lithuanian language was published: about 500 000 primers, more than 300 000 scientific secular editions, 75 000 newspapers and other types of publications. The ban's lack of success was recognized by the end of the 19th century, and in 1904, under the official pretext that the minorities within the Russian Empire needed to be pacified after the failure in the Russo-Japanese War, the ban on Lithuanian-language publications was lifted. In 1905, soon after the ban was lifted, one of the book smugglers, Juozas Masiulis [lt], opened his own bookstore in Panevėžys. This bookstore is still operational, and a chain of bookstores operates in Lithuania under his name. This historical episode was widely suppressed during the years when Lithuania was occupied by the Soviet Union.[] Book smuggler societies ----------------------- \| Society \| Location \| Years active \| Members \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Of Motiejus Valančius \| Kovno Governorate \| 1867–70 \| ? \| \| Of Martynas Sederavičius \| Sudargas; active in Samogitia and Suvalkija \| Early 1870s – beg. of the 20th century \| ? \| \| Of Garšviai \| Garšviai; active in Panevėžys and Ukmergė regions \| 1883–95 \| 5–7 \| \| Atgaja (Refresh) \| Šiauliai region \| 1889–95 \| 3–11 \| \| Šviesa Bookstore (Light ) \| Jurgežeris, Kalvarija District \| 1880 \| ? \| \| Rural Society of Plowmen \| Šiauliai region \| 1891 \| ? \| \| (no name) \| Panevėžys region \| 1892 \| 9 \| \| (no name youth) \| Panemunė volost, Marijampolė \| 1892 \| ? \| \| Nemunėlis and Apasčia \| Biržai region \| 1893–? \| 7–? \| \| Teisybė (Truth) \| \| 1893 – after 1896 \| 5–15 \| \| Aušrinė \| Kovno Governorate \| 1893–94 \| 7 \| \| Prievarta (Coercion) \| \| 1894 \| ? \| \| Darželis (Little Garden) \| Krikliniai \| 1894–95 \| 16 \| \| Atžala (Offshoot) \| Grinkiškis \| 1894 \| 6–10 \| \| Sietynas (Pleiades) \| Marijampolė district \| 1894–97 \| 70 \| \| Žiburėlis (Little Beacon) \| Panevėžys region? \| 1897 \| 5–15 \| \| (no name) \| Marijampolė district \| 1898 \| 15 \| \| (no name) \| Kovno Governorate \| 1899 \| 27 \| \| Žvaigždė (Star) \| Panemunėlis \| 1900–02 \| 20 \| \| Lithuanian Youth \| Raseiniai region \| 1900–01 \| 15 \| \| Spindulys (Ray) \| Marijampolė district \| 1900 \| ? \| \| Artojai (Plowmen) \| Marijampolė \| 1901–05 \| 13–48 \| \| Aušrelė (Little Dawn) \| Panemunėlis \| 1900–03 \| 5–15 \| \| Union of Lithuanian Farmers \| Aukštaitija \| 1901 \| 13–20 \| \| (no name) \| Kovno Governorate \| 1902 \| ? \| \| Mužikėlis (Peasant) \| Kairiai \| 1903 \| ? \| \| Vienybė (Unity) \| Kairiai \| 1903–05 \| 5–7 \| Remembrance ----------- Book Smugglers' Wall The book smugglers were an important part of the Lithuanian National Revival. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, book smugglers were honored in Lithuania with museums, monuments, and street names. A statue dedicated to "The Unknown Book Smuggler" stands in Kaunas. Special relationship of Lithuanians and the book is still seen in the highly popular Vilnius Book Fair. It is also important to remember that Lithuanian book smugglers helped shape the future. They stood tall for their country and is now honored in many places still. Book smuggler Jurgis Bielinis, who created a secret distribution network for banned Lithuanian books, was born on 16 March 1846, and this date is commemorated in Lithuania as the Day of the Book Smugglers (Knygnešio diena). In 1988, the Lithuanian Knygnešiai Association was established at the Lithuanian Culture Foundation. Among its goals was to collect information about all Lithuanian book smugglers and printers. As of 2017[update], four volumes titled Knygnešys were printed. In 1997, the "Book Smugglers' Wall [lt]" was unveiled at the Vytautas the Great War Museum. and in 1998 a book Šimtas knygnešių. Knygnešių sienelės vardai ("One Hundred Books Smugglers. Names on the Book Smugglers' Wall") was published. During 1959–2000 there was a magazine named Knygnešys [lt] which provided information about (modern) books and book publishers. In 2018 London Book Fair the tactics of Knygnešiai was used to distribute books of the Lithuanian authors and spread the information about the Lithuanian pavilion. Bibliography ------------ * Ruseckas, Petras (1992–1997) Knygnešys : 1864–1904 (Book-smuggler: 1864–1904) (3 vols.) Valstybinis leidybos centras, Vilnius, ISBN 9986-810-06-X (Volumes 1 & 2, reprint, originally published: Spaudos fondas, Kaunas, 1926–1928) (in Lithuanian); * Merkys, Vytautas (1994) Knygnešių laikai: 1864–1904 (The era of the book-smugglers: 1864–1904) Valstybinis leidybos centras, Vilnius, ISBN 9986-09-018-0 (in Lithuanian); * Merkys, Vytautas (1994) Draudžiamosios lietuviškos spaudos kelias: 1864–1904: informacinė knyga (The path of the banned Lithuanian press: 1864–1904: An information book) Vilnius: Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidykla, Vilnius, ISBN 5-420-01181-6 (in Lithuanian); * Kaluškevičius, Benjaminas and Žemaitytė-Narkevičienė, Ona (1998) Šimtas knygnešių: knygnešių sienelės vardai (One Hundred Book Carriers: The Names on the Book Carriers Wall) Lietuvos kultūros fondas, Lietuvos Knygnešio draugija, Vilnius, ISBN 9986-9175-0-6 (in Lithuanian);
Annual show event in Munich, Bavaria, Germany Music fireworks at the Münchner Sommernachtstraum 2018 Spectators at the Münchner Sommernachtstraum 2013 The Münchner Sommernachtstraum (Munich Midsummer Nights Dream) is a show event that has been held annually in July since 2004 in Olympiapark. Description ----------- The Münchner Sommernachtstraum consists of live concerts and a 35-minute musical fireworks display. So far, bands like the Spider Murphy Gang, Münchener Freiheit, Scooter, Rainhard Fendrich, Haindling, Nena, Heino, DJ Antoine, Milk & Sugar, Billy Idol, Rea Garvey or Cro. In 2006, the Münchner Sommernachtstraum had received 60,000 visitors. In 2008, the year of the 850th Munich City Birthday, the Munich Midsummer Nights Dream set a new visitor record with 63,000 visitors. In 2017, the event was more compact in order to avoid long walking distances for visitors. Once again, a two-stage concept was implemented with a main stage on Coubertinplatz and an "Inselbeat stage" on the eastern shore of the Olympic lake. The event was attended by 25,000 people. In 2019 the Münchner Sommernachtstraum was the largest firework display in Germany to date, with approximately 11,000 individual ignitions and 4 tons of pyrotechnics.
American bishop Robert Woodward Barnwell Elliott (August 16, 1840 – August 26, 1887) was the first Missionary Bishop (1874–1887) of what was then the Missionary District of Western Texas in the Episcopal Church. Family and Early Life --------------------- Elliott was born on August 16, 1840, in Beaufort, South Carolina, to Stephen Elliott and Charlotte Bull Barnwell. The Elliotts were an old Low Country family and members of "the Chivalry." His father was the Bishop of Georgia when the Civil War broke out, then served as the first and only Presiding Bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church in the Confederate States of America. Stephen Elliott was a founder of the University of the South at Sewanee, Tennessee, and had founded the Montpelier Female Institute in Georgia in the 1840s. His father's ancestors originated from Cornwall, England, and arrived in the Province of Carolina in 1690, while his mother's ancestors came from County Meath in what was then the Kingdom of Ireland in 1689. The Southern novelist Sarah Barnwell Elliott (1848-1928) was Robert's sister. Elliott married his third cousin Caroline Elliott on January 7, 1864, and they had five children. He studied at the South Carolina College and graduated in 1861. Later he enlisted in the Confederate States Army and was made an aide to Alexander Lawton. He was wounded during the Second Battle of Bull Run and was accompanying Joseph E. Johnston at the time of his surrender in May 1865. Ordained ministry ----------------- After the war he settled in Rome, Georgia, where he studied for the priesthood and where he was ordained deacon on August 4, 1868, in St Peter's Church by Bishop Charles Todd Quintard of Tennessee. Between August 1, 1868, and September 1870 he was in charge of the missions in Cave Spring, Centerville,Dalton, and Kingston. He was then appointed assistant minister at the Church of the Incarnation in New York City in November 1870. While there, he also attended the General Theological Seminary. He was then ordained a priest on April 9, 1871, at Christ Church in Savannah, Georgia, by Bishop John W. Beckwith of Georgia. In May 1871, he transferred to the Chapel of the Reconciliation in New York City and remained there until September of that same year. In October 1871 he was then made rector of St Philip's Church in Atlanta, Georgia. Episcopacy and legacy --------------------- In 1874, Elliott was elected by the House of Bishops to be the first Missionary Bishop of Western Texas. He was consecrated bishop on November 15, 1874, by Bishop Alexander Gregg of Texas. He remained in office until his death on August 26, 1887. Elliott was the founder of St. Mary's Hall in San Antonio, Texas (1879), an institution once closely affiliated with the Episcopal Church. The Bishop Elliott Society in the Diocese of West Texas is named in his honor.
Australian politician Philip Maxwell Ruddock AO (born 12 March 1943 in Canberra) is an Australian politician and the current mayor of Hornsby Shire. He is a Vice Chair of the Global Panel Foundation Australasia. Ruddock was previously a Liberal member of the House of Representatives from 1973 to 2016. First elected in a 1973 by-election, by the time of his retirement he was the last parliamentary survivor of the Whitlam and Fraser governments. He was both the Father of the House and the Father of the Parliament from 1998 to retirement. He is the second longest-serving parliamentarian in the history of the Australian Parliament; only Billy Hughes has served longer. Ruddock served continuously in the ministry during the Howard government, as Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs from 1996 to 2001 (promoted to the federal Cabinet in 2003), Minister for Immigration and Multicultural and Indigenous Affairs from 2001 to 2003, and Attorney-General from 2003–2007. Early life and education ------------------------ Philip Ruddock was born in Canberra, the son of Emmie (née Chappell) and Maxwell "Max" Ruddock. His father was the Deputy Prices Commissioner working for the Commonwealth Government. The senior Ruddock was later a Liberal member of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly from 1962 to 1976 and a state minister in the Lewis and Willis governments. Ruddock was educated at Barker College in the suburb of Hornsby before attending the University of Sydney, after which he practised as a solicitor. He was articled to the firm Berne, Murray and Tout and was promoted to partner. From 1973–74, Ruddock was the federal president of the Young Liberals. Political career ---------------- ### Early career, Member of Parliament and first term in Government 1973–1996 Ruddock shortly after his election in 1973 On 22 September 1973, Ruddock was elected to the House of Representatives at a by-election for the seat of Parramatta. He narrowly held it at the 1974 general election, but was returned with a large swing in 1975. A redistribution ahead of the 1977 election, however, split Parramatta almost in half. The western half retained the Parramatta name and became a marginal Labor seat anchored in heavily pro-Labor west Sydney. The eastern half, including most of the old Parramatta's Liberal-friendly areas, became the comfortably safe Liberal seat of Dundas. Ruddock transferred to Dundas, a move that proved prescient. While his Labor opponent from 1975, John Brown, won Parramatta with a small swing, Ruddock won Dundas resoundingly. He held it without serious difficulty until its abolition in 1993. Ruddock then transferred to the equally safe seat of Berowra, a seat he held for the remainder of his federal political career. #### Shadow Minister (1983–1996) Ruddock was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry from 1983 to 1985 and from 1989 to 1996. In the 1980s and early 1990s, he was an active member of the parliamentary group of Amnesty International. In 2000, Ruddock was disavowed by Amnesty International due to the treatment of refugees by the Howard government and asked not to wear his Amnesty International badge while performing ministerial duties. While Ruddock was still a backbencher, the Leader of the Opposition, John Howard, commented that he believed the rate of Asian immigration was too high. The Hawke Labor government sought to introduced a bill to Parliament to ensure that immigration did not discriminate on the basis of race. Ruddock along with fellow Liberals Steele Hall and Ian Macphee crossed the floor to support the Labor motion. In 1989, following Andrew Peacock's ascension to the leadership, Ruddock became Shadow Minister for Immigration and proposed a settlement scheme for Australia's far north. ### Cabinet Minister, second term in Government (1996–2007) #### Minister for Immigration Following the Coalition's rise to government at the 1996 election, Ruddock was appointed Minister for Immigration and Multicultural Affairs. Following the 1998 election, Ruddock was promoted to Cabinet. In this role, he administered the Department of Immigration and Multicultural Affairs and presided over the Howard government's policies on asylum seekers. During his time in office, the previous Keating Labor government's practice of mandatory detention of asylum seekers was continued and extended. In October 1999, the Australian government introduced Temporary Protection Visas for persons who applied for refugee status after making an unauthorised arrival in Australia, and was the main type of visa issued to refugees when released from Australian immigration detention facilities. Many Afghan and Iraqi refugees who are not Australian citizens were affected by this policy. #### Minister for Indigenous Affairs Ruddock was appointed to the role of Minister for Indigenous Affairs, in 2001. By 2001 he had become a high-profile figure enjoying considerable support within the Liberal Party, while being strongly opposed by left-wing activists and some human rights advocates. Ruddock's "Pacific Solution" – which prevented asylum seekers receiving legal access – was condemned by Human Rights Watch as contravening international law, as being a human rights violation: Oxfam and the UNHCR (United Nations refugee agency) agreed with this viewpoint. Ruddock's decisions were highly controversial and led to Amnesty International's public attempt to distance the organisation from him by asking him to remove his lapel badge. In 2003, Ruddock was accused by the Labor immigration spokesperson, Julia Gillard, of personally intervening to give a Filipino with a criminal record, Dante Tan, favourable treatment in exchange for donations to the Liberal Party. Ruddock denied that there was a connection between the donations and his actions, and noted that the donation had been properly declared. In 2004, an Australian Federal Police investigation cleared Ruddock of any wrongdoing, and a Senate inquiry, composed of a majority of Labor members, found that "there was no way to determine whether Mr Ruddock was influenced by money to grant visas." #### Attorney-General In 2003, Ruddock was Attorney-General in a cabinet reshuffle. On 27 May 2004, Ruddock introduced the Marriage Legislation Amendment Bill to prevent any possible court rulings allowing same-sex marriages or civil unions. Ruddock defended a decision to deny a gay veteran's partner a spousal pension, despite their 38-year same-sex relationship. The UN Human Rights Commission found the Australian government in violation of equality and privacy rights under the International Covenant of Civil and Political Rights, but Ruddock insisted the government was not bound by the ruling. In May 2006, Ruddock blocked a gay Australian man from marrying in Europe. Ruddock refused to grant a gay man living in the Netherlands a 'Certificate of No Impediment to Marriage' document required by some European countries before marriage, to prove foreigners are in fact single. Under Ruddock's instructions, no such documents were to be released to gay and lesbians individuals intending to marry overseas. In July 2007, he remarked that Australia needs to improve its legislation to deal with pro-terrorist literature and media. "People who may be susceptible to carrying out a terrorist act ought not to be instructed in how to do it, how to use household products to produce a bomb, or be encouraged to think about violent jihad and taking their own life", he said. In 2007 Ruddock and the New South Wales Right to Life Association complained to the Australian Classification Board about the sale in Australia of The Peaceful Pill Handbook by Philip Nitschke and Fiona Stewart. The book provides information on assisted death and voluntary euthanasia. The complaint resulted in the book's banning from sale in Australia. Nitschke commented that "No other country in the world ... has gone down this path - Australia stands alone" and that the Ruddock's action represented a "significant erosion to the free speech principle and it's extremely disappointing". ### Opposition, 2007–2013 Following the November 2007 election, Ruddock did not seek a shadow cabinet role and returned to the backbench. He returned to the frontbench as Shadow Cabinet Secretary after Tony Abbott captured the Opposition leadership in December 2009. The Coalition was returned to government in 2013. ### Third term in government and retirement, 2013–2016 Ruddock in Parliament, 2016 Ruddock was named the Chief Government Whip in the House of Representatives in the Abbott government, which took office on 18 September 2013. Ruddock was replaced as Chief Government Whip by Queensland MP Scott Buchholz on 13 February 2015. On 27 May 2015, Ruddock was appointed to the new office of Special Envoy for Citizenship and Community Engagement. The office was created in the wake of controversial proposals by the government to strip sole Australian nationals of their citizenship. On 8 February 2016, Ruddock announced that he would not contest the next federal election and would be retiring from politics. On the 8 February 2016, Foreign Minister Julie Bishop announced that Ruddock would be appointed Australia's first special envoy for human rights. Post parliamentary career ------------------------- Ruddock has served as the Special Envoy for Human Rights since 8 February 2016. During this period he has represented Australia abroad for the promotion and protections of Human Rights. In August 2017, Ruddock announced his candidacy for Mayor of Hornsby Shire and was elected on 9 September 2017. In November 2017, Ruddock accepted an invitation from the Prime Minister, Malcolm Turnbull, to chair a review of religious freedoms in Australia in light of the Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey and the introduction into federal parliament a private member's bill to enact the Marriage Amendment (Definition and Religious Freedoms) Act 2017. In February 2018, Ruddock was elected as the state president of the Liberal Party NSW Division. Personal life ------------- Ruddock is married with two children. Ruddock's daughters found it difficult to reconcile their father's hard line on immigration with the values of compassion they were raised with.
Diesel automobile racing can refer to any use of diesel as a fuel for racing cars. The diesel-fueled vehicle may be used in direct competition with other vehicles, in a separate Diesel class in the same racing event, or in a diesel-only event. Diesel is not normally preferred for speed racing, due to the generally higher weight compared to a petrol-driven vehicle. However, diesel vehicles may in some events be classed independently of other competitors. In motorsports such as off-road trials or truck racing, diesel may be more predominant. In endurance racing, the broad power band, high torque and fuel economy can prove advantageous. History ------- In 1931, Dave Evans drove his Cummins Diesel Special to a non-stop finish in the Indianapolis 500, the first time a car completed a race without a pit stop. That car and a later Cummins Diesel Special are on display at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway Hall of Fame Museum. In 1934 Cummins designed a second car to race at the Indianapolis 500 with a much improved fuel metering system. The Delettrez brothers competed in the 1949 24 Hours of Le Mans in a 4.4L engined car, but did not finish. In the late 1970s, Mercedes-Benz drove a C111-III with a five-cylinder diesel engine to several new records at the Nardò Ring, including driving at an average of 314 km/h (195 mph) for 12 hours and hitting a top speed of 325 km/h (201 mph). With turbocharged diesel cars getting stronger in the 1990s, they were entered in touring car racing, and BMW won the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 1998 with a 320d. 2008 Audi R10 TDI Audi R10 TDI at Goodwood Festival of Speed 2009 --- Problems playing this file? See media help. After winning the 12 Hours of Sebring in 2006 with the diesel-powered R10 TDI LMP, Audi won the 24 Hours of Le Mans, too. This was the first time a diesel-fueled vehicle had won at Le Mans against cars powered with regular fuel or other alternative fuel like methanol or bio-ethanol. French automaker Peugeot, which has a strong Diesel tradition (as such similar to and in competition with Mercedes-Benz on the automotive market), entered the diesel powered Peugeot 908 HDi FAP LMP in the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans in response to the success of the Audi R10 TDI. But Audi won the race again and for the third consecutive time in 2008, until two 908 finally won the first places in 2009. In 2008 Audi used next generation 10% BTL biodiesel manufactured from biomass. Despite the success of the 908 in 2009, all four Peugeot involved in the Le Mans 2010 race experienced some issues. And in 2011, the new Audi R18 wins over four other Peugeot 908 (respectively, 1st and second to fifth place). In an effort to further demonstrate the potential of diesel power, California-based Gale Banks Engineering built and raced a Cummins-powered pickup at the Bonneville Salt Flats in October 2002. The truck set a top speed of 355 km/h (222 mph) and became the world’s fastest pickup, and the truck drove to the flats towing its own support trailer. On 23 August 2006, the British-based earth moving machine manufacturer JCB raced the specially designed JCB Dieselmax car at 563.4 km/h (350.1 mph). The driver was Andy Green and the car was powered by two modified JCB 444 diesel engines. In 2007, SEAT - with the SEAT León Mk2 at the Oschersleben Motorsport Arena in Germany - became the first manufacturer to win a round of the WTCC series in a diesel car, only a month after announcing it would enter the FIA World Touring Car Championship with the Leon TDI. SEAT's success with the León TDI was continued and resulted in winning both 2009 FIA WTCC championship titles (for drivers as well as for manufacturers). In 2007, Wes Anderson drove the Gale Banks Engineering built 1250 horsepower Chevrolet S-10 diesel-powered Pro-Stock pick-up to a National Hot Rod Diesel Association record of 7.72 seconds at 179-mph for the quarter-mile. In 2007 Top Gear as well as another rival team drove diesel BMW 3 series in the Britcar 24 hour race. They took place third in their class.
Philosophical theory proposed by Averroes that all humans share the same intellect The unity of the intellect thesis was proposed by Averroes, painted here by the 14th century artist Andrea Bonaiuto. The unity of the intellect (also called the unicity of the intellect or monopsychism), a philosophical theory proposed by the medieval Andalusian philosopher Averroes (1126–1198), asserted that all humans share the same intellect. Averroes expounded his theory in his long commentary on Aristotle's On the Soul to explain how universal knowledge is possible within the Aristotelian philosophy of mind. Averroes's theory was influenced by related ideas propounded by previous thinkers such as Aristotle himself, Plotinus, Al-Farabi, Avicenna (Ibn Sina) and Avempace (Ibn Bajja). Once Latin translations of Averroes's works became available in the 13th century, this theory was taken up and expanded by Averroists in the Christian West, such as Siger of Brabant (c. 1240 – c. 1284), John of Jandun (c. 1285 – 1328) and John Baconthorpe (c. 1290 – 1347). It also influenced the secularist political philosophy of Dante Alighieri (c. 1265 – 1321) in the fourteenth century. However, it was rejected by other philosophers—including Thomas Aquinas (1225 – 1274), who wrote a detailed critique—and Averroes received condemnation from Catholic Church authorities. In modern times, the theory is no longer seen as tenable; historian of philosophy Peter Adamson regards it as a product of Averroes's time. Background ---------- The idea of a single, universal intellect associated with all human knowledge had been proposed by philosophers before Averroes. The Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BC) proposes a "maker intellect" which enables thinking by making things intelligible, much like light allows seeing by making things visible. Plotinus (d. 270), whose works were well known in the Islamic world, proposed that human beings gained knowledge through their relation to a divine intellect. Muslim philosophers Al-Farabi (d. 951) and Avicenna (also known as Ibn Sina, d. 1037) further develop this theory and call it the "agent intellect", which gives forms to matter and facilitates human knowledge. Avempace (also known as Ibn Bajja, d. 1138) proposed a theory of the intellect that was to influence Averroes's theory, but, according to the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, his preserved works are so obscure and incomplete that scholars of philosophy do not know how well-developed his theory was. Averroes's idea is different from the previous theories because the other ones hold that the universal intellect is superhuman and that each human individual has its own intellect, while Averroes identifies the single intellect with the mind of all humans. While Averroes propounds his general ideas on human intellect in all of his three commentaries on Aristotle's On the Soul, this theory only appears in his final long commentary. He provides different theses for explaining human knowledge in his previous two commentaries, suggesting that the notion of unity of the intellect is his most mature theory after having considered other ideas. Theory ------ ### Averroes's original thesis Averroes argues, as put by the historian of philosophy Peter Adamson, that "there is only one, single human capacity for human knowledge". He calls it—using contemporary terminology—the "material intellect", which is one and the same for all human beings. The intellect is eternal and continuously thinking about all that can be thought. It uses faculties (e.g. the brain) of individual humans as a basis for its thinking process. The process that happens in the human brain is called fikr by Averroes (known as cogitatio in Latin, often translated to "cogitation" in English), a process which contains not universal knowledge but "active consideration of particular things" that the person has encountered. This use of human faculty explains why thinking can be an individual experience: if at one point the universal intellect is using one's brain to think about an object of thought, then that person is also experiencing the thinking. For Averroes, this explains how universal knowledge is possible: it is because there is a universal capacity for knowledge. He also uses it to interpret passages in Aristotle's On the Soul, and this exegetical value is seen as the theory's strong point by Averroes and the theory's later proponents. ### Latin Averroists Starting from the thirteenth century, Western European writers translated Averroes's works into Latin, generating a circle of followers known as the Latin Averroists. The Latin Averroists took up, among other Averroes's ideas, the theory of the unity of the intellect, and elaborated it. Siger of Brabant argues that this unique intellect is associated with the human body in an "operational union" only. John of Jandun says that the intellect operates within the body and is united to it thanks to the phantasmata. Another Averroist, John Baconthorpe proposed that there is an ontological and an epistemological aspect of the union between the unique intellect and the body, developing a theory that is called the "double conjunction" (Latin: copulatio bifaria) theory. He argues that thanks to the ontological conjunction, the intellect becomes a human faculty. Reaction -------- ### Reception The unity of the intellect was one of the inspirations for Dante Alighieri's (pictured) political philosophy treatise De Monarchia. While Averroes's works have very limited influence in the Islamic world, the Latin translation of his works enjoyed a wide audience in Western Europe. The unity of the intellect thesis, in particular, generated an intellectual controversy in Latin Christendom. Many, especially the Averroists, saw appeal in the theory because it explained universal knowledge and justified Aristotle's idea of the intellective soul. The Latin Averroists who supported this theory often elaborated it further and tried to resolve questions that Averroes did not tackle in his original work (see above). The Italian poet Dante Alighieri (c. 1265 – 1321) used Averroes's theory as a basis for his secularist political philosophy in the treatise De Monarchia. He argued that given that all mankind shares one intellect, men should be politically united to achieve their highest goals, universal peace and happiness on earth. ### Criticisms Thomas Aquinas, who wrote a detailed treatise attacking the unity of the intellect thesis. Other thinkers, however, were opposed to the theory. Many scholastic thinkers, including the Italian Thomas Aquinas criticized it for not being able to explain how humans can think individually, and how this single intellect is associated with human body. They also criticized the thesis from the theological standpoint. If there is only one eternal soul, and individualized thinking only happens through a lower faculty which will perish with the body when a person dies, then the theory fails to provide for a person's immortality and afterlife. Thomas Aquinas wrote a treatise De Unitate Intellectus, Contra Averroistas ("On the Unity of the Intellect, against the Averroists"), which contained detailed arguments to reject this theory. He used the philosophical and theological oppositions mentioned above, and used his own reading of Aristotle to show that Averroes misinterpreted what Aristotle said. Catholic Church authorities condemned the theory, along with other ideas of Averroes, in 1270 and 1277 (by Bishop Étienne Tempier of Paris) and again in 1489 in Padua by local bishops. Modern evaluation ----------------- Present-day historian of philosophy Peter Adamson says that the theory seems "obviously false" from the modern point of view. However, he also points out that in Averroes's time, it was a reasonable interpretation of Aristotle's ideas, though not necessarily accepted by other contemporary philosophers. According to Adamson, modern criticisms can be levied at the theory, for example by questioning the idea of "universal knowledge" that this theory attempts to explain. Just because a fact (such as "frogs are amphibians") is universal does not mean that the act of thinking about it has to be universal. If the act of thinking about it is not universal, there is no need to explain the phenomenon using a single, universal intellect. The materialistic parallel, can be found in the futurological global brain theory.
Joint Elimination Coordination Element (JECE) is a staff element of United States Strategic Command (USSTRATCOM) with the mission of integrating WMD Elimination doctrine into operational plans and joint doctrine, augmenting an existing headquarters to provide elimination planning and command and control expertise, and forming the core of a Joint Task Force for Elimination of WMD (JTF-E). The JECE reached initial operational capability in April 2008 and was created by USSTRATCOM as a result of a 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) requirement for a "deployable Joint Task Force headquarters for WMD elimination to be able to provide immediate command and control of forces for executing those missions." In the 2010 QDR the Secretary of Defense directed the establishment of a "standing Joint Task Force Elimination Headquarters. In order to better plan, train, and execute WMD-elimination operations, the Department is establishing a standing Joint Task Force Elimination Headquarters with increased nuclear disablement, exploitation, intelligence, and coordination capabilities." The JECE may augment a headquarters along j-code functional lines or as a cell of elimination expertise such as in Talisman Saber 2009 where they reached Final Operational Capability with limitations. The JECE may also form the core element of a JTF-E headquarters as they have performed in Key Resolve and Ulchi-Freedom Guardian exercises in conjunction with the Army's 20th Support Command (CBRNE) headquarters.
Canadian director Rosie Bonnie Ammaq is a director and actress from Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada. Her film Nowhere Land won the award for Best Short Documentary at the ImagineNative Film Festival. Early life ---------- Ammaq began her life in Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada. In 1986 when Ammaq was seven years old she left Igloolik with her parents and two siblings to live in an outpost camp on Baffin Island. Ammaq and her family lived in the outpost camp for eleven years. She was educated by her mother in reading and writing English and Inukititut. Her father Sameuli was able to provide for the family through hunting. In 1998 Ammaq moved back to Igloolik alone. Her family followed shortly after to audition for the movie Atanarjuat: Fast Runner. Bonnie's parents and siblings worked in the cast and crew of the movie. Career ------ Ammaq played the role of Kunu in The Journals of Knud Ramussen (2006). Since that time she has made films sponsored by the National Film Board of Canada. In 2011, she directed short documentary Family Making Sleds which is part of the Stories from Our Land collection. She directed the short documentary Nowhere Land (2015). Nowhere Land is the story of her childhood in the outpost camp and her return to Igloolik. The film was followed by an interactive photo essay called The Cache, which she co-created with her mother Michelline. The Cache is part of the Legacies 150 collection by the National Film Board. Filmography ----------- * The Journals Of Knud Ramussen (2006) — actor * Family Making Sleds (2011) —director * Nowhere Land (2015) —director, actor
Species of New World monkey This article is about the monkey. For the plant known as black titi, see Cliftonia. The black titi monkey (*Cheracebus lugens), is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey, from South America. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. It was described in 1811 as Calicebus lugens. It is sometimes called the widow monkey. Distribution ------------ This species has the largest range of the Cheracebus* species, ranging from the Branco River and Rio Negro north to the Orinoco and Caqueta river basins. The species has been observed on the left bank of the Guayabero River,, where it was collected in 1959 by Jorge Hernández Camacho, both in La Macarena National Park, and recently it was observed by the Colombian biologist Rocío Palanco north of the Guayabero above La Cordillera de los Picachos National Park. The species is found in the Vichada selva between the Vichada and Guaviare Rivers and the northernmost Colombian population extends north of the Vichada River, reaching the middle Tomo River, where it probably extends to the upper Tomo, although this needs to be confirmed. The black titi is not found on the lower Tomo or lower Tuparro River nor on the north bank of the lower Vichada River, contrary to the distribution map of Hershkovitz. This error is due to the collection of a specimen by the English ornithologist Cherrie in about 1904 from Maipures, which may have been a captive animal obtained in the village, since extensive and concerted efforts have failed to identify it for the entire area mentioned above;[original research?] nor is it known by locals for this area. The nearest titi monkeys from Maipures in Colombia are found on the middle Tuparro River and south of the lower Vichada River. Description ----------- The pelage is generally blackish mixed with dark brownish and some reddish brown hairs on the back and the flanks. Hands are white or yellowish. Natural history --------------- Social groups are made up of a monogamous pair and one or two of its young. A count of ten groups in Vichada yielded an average of 3.5 per group. Occasionally groups of five are seen and unpaired individuals ("floaters") can also be detected from time to time. Second year youngsters usually leave the group, although they may make it into the third year before leaving. These young animals sometimes appear, moving peripherally to the group and then disappear again to move alone. Measured home ranges have varied from about 15–25 ha. Appropriate habitat contains 4–5 groups/km2 (14 + "floaters"), which may add another 8–10 individuals to the total ecological density/km2. The average day range calculated by Kinzey (1977) and Kinzey et al. (1977) was 819.4 m (n=22 days) for a research project in Peru and at the Estación Biológica Caparú the average was 807.2 m (range 513.7 – 1070 m, n=26). Easley calculated a time budget based on 400 hours of observation as 62.7% rest, 16.5% moving, 16.1% feeding, 2.7% grooming, 1.6% playing and 0.3% vocalizing. Palacios & Rodríguez calculated 54.3% rest, 22.9% moving, 17.6% feeding, 4.07% grooming, 0.41% playing, and 0.42% vocalizing based on 240 hours of observation. Easley analyzed the locomotive and positional behavior of the species showing that it is a generalized quadruped using quadrupedal walking and running about 66.8% of the time. This species also engages in active jumping (23.9% of the time) and climbing 9.1% of the time). Sitting (62%3% is the most common posture, followed by lying (16.1%), walking (10.4%), jumping (4%), vertical clinging (3.1%), climbing (1.5%), running (0.8%), hanging suspended by the back legs (0.8%), horizontal clinging (0.7%) and standing 0.2%). If postures of locomotor behaviors are excluded from this analysis then the scores were sitting (74.8%), lying (19.3%), vertical clinging (3.7%), hanging suspended from the hind foot (0.9%), horizontal clinging (0.8%) and standing (0.2%). Previously Kinzey & Rosenberger had pointed out that these animals fit into the "clinging and leaping" group of primates. Groups of collared titis sleep on top of large branches of emergent trees, frequently a bit above the level of the main canopy. ### Diet Although fruits are the major portion of this primate's diet, invertebrates and leaves are also consumed to a smaller degree. Lepidopteran larva, spiders and orthopterans are especially eaten with relish and probably occasional small lizards, judging by the hunting preferences of a tame, free-ranging adult female, which lived at the Caparú Biological Research Station on the lower Apaporis River. Kinzey found the following range of dietary preference during his 135 hours study in Peru: 14% Clarisia racemosa (Moraceae); 13% unidentified (Guttifereae); 7% Pithecellobium sp. (Convolvulaceae); Jessenia bataua (Arecaceae); Psychotrian axillaris (Rubiaceae); Guatteria elata (Annonaceae); Virola sp. (Myristicaceae). Easley identified frequency of item choice in the diet of the same groups as above: 74.1% fruits, 15.8% insects, 8.8% leaves, 0.6% buds and flowers and 0.1% other. Of the 57 fruit species identified, the palm tree, Jessenia polycarpa, was the most commonly eaten in 22.7% of the feeding observations. The following lists the range of preference observed in this study: 22.7% Jessenis polycarpa (Arecaceae), 7.9% Ocotea no. 1 (Lauraceae); 6.6% Tachigalia sp. (Caesalpiniaceae); 5.9% Beilschmiedia sp. (Lauraceae); 5.8% Ocotea no. 2 (Lauraceae); 4.8% unidentified; 3.5% unidentified; 3.5% Guatteria sp. (Annonaceae); 3.4% Annona sp. (Annonaceae); 2.4% unidentified; 2.0% unidentified; Guatteria sp. (Annonaceae); 1.9% Duguetia sp. (Annonaceae). Palacios & Rodríguez and Palacios et al. identified 62 species from 32 plant familias in the diet of a study group of black titis in the Estación Biológica Caparú in eastern Colombia. The preference values of each family, according to species utilized is as follow: Myristicaceae (25.02%); Euphorbiaceae (15.28%); Moraceae (14.37%); Arecaceae (8.68%); Caesalpiniaceae (7.85%) Rubiaceae (5.10%); Chrysobalanaceae (4.41%); Annonaceae (4.19%); Cecropiaceae (4.03%); Araceae (1.95%); Elaeocarpaceae (1.78%); Dilleniaceae (1.69%), Combretaceae (1.17%), Apocynaceae (1%); Aquifoliaceae (1%), Meliaceae (0.88%); Sapotaceae (0.85%); Burseraceae (0.81%); Apocynaceae (0.67%); Monimiaceae (0.23%); Piperaceae (0.22%); Melastomaceae (0.18%); Humiriaceae (0.13%) Celastracezae (0.11%); Myrtaceae (0.09%); Lecythidaceae (0.08%); Aquifoliaceae (0.07%); Sterculiaceae (0.07%); Solanaceae (0.05%); Clusiaceae (0.02%). The most important species consumed during six months in this study are listed as follows: 13.88% Sandwithia heterocalyx (Euphorbiaceae); 10% Virola melinonii (Myristicaceae); 8.35% Iryanthera ulei (Myristicaceae); 7.06 Oenocarpus bataua (Arecaceae); 6.53% Heterostemon conjugatus (Caesalbiniaceae); 5.10% Coussarea sp. (Rubiaceae); 5.02% Ficus sp. (Moraceae); 4.53% Iryanthera crassifolia (Myristicaceae); 3.84% Helicostylis tomentosa (Moraceae); 3.39% Brosimum rubescens (Moraceae). ### Reproduction The estrus cycle seems to be about 16 days, based on observations of 14 cycles of a tame, free-ranging female which lived at the Estación Biológica Caparú (Vaupés, Colombia). During the period of receptivity (which lasts 2–3 days) the black labia and the clitoris became swollen and hard and behavior changes occurred. During the receptive period the female became much more affectionate towards its human "parents", purred loudly, somewhat like a cat and crouched in a lordotic position when the base of the tail was stimulated. Contrariwise to her increased affection towards her perceived "family unit" (or two humans), she became much more aggressive than normal towards any "outsiders" (i.e. other human beings). During estrus the female tongue-flicked frequently, using this signal in two opposite contexts; she tongue-flicked as she attempted to approach her favorite humans while she also tongue-flicked as a preliminary to attach on other (especially male) humans. One recognizable pair at the Estación Biológica Caparú had been observed together for 14 years and was said to be still together at least four years more after this author had left. During the 14 years the pair produced 10 young, all of which survived the first year. During four years no young were produced. In Vichada young are usually produced in December or early January. This is a difficult season with sharply reduced fruit resources for many animals in this part of the country (which has an annual precipitation of about 2400 mm; a long dry season is just taking hold and January and February present only a very few millimeters of precipitation for each month. A close analysis of the diet of the black titi here would be interesting, inasmuch as it would serve to identify the resources which allow the species to have this birth pattern. On the Guayabero River near La Macarena the birth season is apparently about the same time as in Vichada. On the lower Apaporis River in Vaupés with about 3815 mm of precipitation throughout the year, the birth season is also centered around December, although some outlying births are known as early as the first of October. Nevertheless, the birth season is the same as the other two sites, despite the lack of a strong dry season. However, we know that fleshy fruits are beginning to increase from their yearly low during this time, so the question of resource use by the species remains very interesting. ### Communication The black titi is very affectionate within the family unit, but the adult pair is aggressive towards neighboring pairs. The most common interaction with neighbors is counter-singing of the pairs, where one pair waits listening while the other pair vocalizes their duet, later the listeners answer, while the first vocalizers listen. There are instances when two pairs interchange vocalizations from very close together or from almost the same place in the forest. Sometimes these emotional interactions may finish in chases by the pair or an individual against the others. Rodríguez & Palacios (1994) found evidence of different types of agonistic interactions between different pairs. Vocalizations of this species are very complex, especially a long-call display utilized by these animals, perhaps to regulate spacing and defined territory. Surprisingly, experimental playback of solo male calls caused the owners of a particular territory to move away from the recording, and recordings of duetting caused the territory owners to duet in return and to travel parallel to the speaker. However, any approximate sound stimulus can cause duetting of territory owners, and many direct observations of duetting neighbors were observed to cause the territorial owners to move towards the calling, where they sometimes confronted each other across a small space. There is some evidence that titis not only can determine sex from a long call but can identify duetting individuals, so it should perhaps not be surprising that a resident pair could distinguish a recording from a live monkey and move away from it. A human-raised and newly matured female black titi on first shouting, attracted the resident forest group to come closer until they became accustomed to her presence, although they always answered her calling with their duetting, later neither coming closer nor moving away. The female's vocalizations sometimes attracted several individual males in short order, which attempted to duet with the female. Since the female had been raised by humans, she did not show interest in duetting with the newly appeared males nor in establishing a relationship with them, and the males eventually desisted and left. The only exception to this was one male which attempted to establish a relationship during two years before giving up and leaving during an accidental 26-day absence of the female when she became inadvertently lost in the forest. Some vocalizations of black titi are listed here: 1. Morning duet – the most commonly heard vocalization of the pair, singing in duet, complex and utilized to defend territory; it is interchanged with neighboring groups as counter-singing 2. Danger peep – various soft, high-pitched peeps but sometimes low intensity, advising of danger; very difficult to localize 3. Purr – sounds very much like a cat's purr; used by all members of the group to show contentment, affection or request for food, grooming or contact; 4. Rough growl – given by young animals when complaining of rain or when greeting adults 5. Sharp scream – when fighting to express extra disgust 6. Play growl – low, gargling growl used in play and changing in tone, terminating in interrogative tone 7. Soft whine – especially young animals but also adults when requesting something of another such as food or while grooming another 8. Bark – loud, sharp and sudden bark when molested by the unwelcome close presence of other larger primates such as Lagothrix, Cebus, Ateles or raptors. Individuals of both sexes occasionally mark their chests with pungent wadded leaves, rubbing the leaf up onto the throat and chin to the mouth, where the wad is wetted and rubbed down again, repeated various times while looking up into the air. One wild male did this as he approached the tame estrus female, who was near a building, after this male had left the forest and while walking on the elevated poles which had been set up for monkey travel. Another foraging female marked herself in the presence of an observing human who was 20 m (66 ft) from her. Displays are similar to the coppery titi, which were first described by Moynihan (1966, 1967, 1976a). Some displays are listed here: (1) piloerection – agonistic; excited state when attacked or attacking; during danger; (2) arched-back – agonistic; before some attacks or when threatened; position held for several seconds; (3) tail twinning – when duetting or resting the pair often wind their tails around each other's tail; (4) tongue flicking – in two contexts; aggressive just before attack or as space reducer towards mate and probably just before copulation (hand-raised female at EBC tongue flicks at human "parent", especially at height of estrus cycle; (5) chest rubbing – using a wadded leaf the individual rubs from throat to chest after first wetting the leaf with saliva; performed in presence of human observer; nervousness. Kinzey et al. observed play behavior only between the infant and male and between two juveniles. Agonistic behavior is common between neighboring groups and can sometimes results in fights, although usually the aggression is limited to intergroup vocalization. ### Interspecific interactions and predators The black titi usually attempts to move out of the path of passing troops of brown woolly monkey or tufted capuchin, although sometimes the small monkeys give a burst of loud and aggressive-sounding vocalization ("bark") when they are approached closely by the larger species. Titis frequently hides and shows much caution towards raptors. Being frightened causes them to give alarm peeps, probably because they must be especially alert to predators. A margay was detected alongside a dead black titi during recent censuses on the Purité River in Colombia, although the monkey was not freshly killed. The local group was no longer observed after this. Status ------ It is considered of least concern on the IUCN Red List. It may be protected in Chiribiquete National Park and El Tuparro National Park and in the two biological preserves Nukak and Puinawai.
For other Pennsylvania townships with similar names, see Pine Creek Township, Pennsylvania (disambiguation). Township in Pennsylvania, United States Pine Creek Township is a township in Clinton County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 3,394 at the 2020 census. The township is named for Pine Creek, which flows into the West Branch Susquehanna River at the border of the township with Lycoming County, between the boroughs of Avis and Jersey Shore Geography --------- According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 14.9 square miles (38.6 km2), of which 14.4 square miles (37.3 km2) is land and 0.50 square miles (1.3 km2), or 3.38%, is water. Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1980 \| 3,100 \| \| — \| \| 1990 \| 3,188 \| \| 2.8% \| \| 2000 \| 3,184 \| \| −0.1% \| \| 2010 \| 3,215 \| \| 1.0% \| \| 2020 \| 3,394 \| \| 5.6% \| \| 2021 (est.) \| 3,391 \| \| −0.1% \| \| source: \| As of the census of 2000, there were 3,184 people, 1,293 households, and 941 families residing in the township. The population density was 221.3 inhabitants per square mile (85.4/km2). There were 1,379 housing units at an average density of 95.9 per square mile (37.0/km2). The racial makeup of the township was 99.31% White, 0.25% African American, 0.03% Native American, 0.09% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.09% from other races, and 0.16% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.06% of the population. There were 1,293 households, out of which 28.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 60.4% were married couples living together, 8.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 27.2% were non-families. 22.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.46 and the average family size was 2.86. In the township the population was spread out, with 22.9% under the age of 18, 6.3% from 18 to 24, 27.3% from 25 to 44, 27.8% from 45 to 64, and 15.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 95.5 males. The median income for a household in the township was $39,464, and the median income for a family was $44,085. Males had a median income of $33,333 versus $21,628 for females. The per capita income for the township was $20,451. About 4.8% of families and 6.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 9.1% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.
Karbala'i Kazem Karimi Saruqi (Persian:کربلایی کاظم ساروقی) (born:1262 SH, Saruq, Markazi Arak, Iran - died 1339 SH, Qom) was an illiterate person and a farmer who, according to a story which was confirmed by some clerics, suddenly became a hafiz of the whole Quran without any official training. He claimed to have received the memorization of the entire book of the Quran in an instant and miraculous manner. His claim was confirmed by many[vague] scholars, government officials and academics through tests. According to him, he happened to receive the memorization of the entire Quran all at once at the Saruq Imāmzādeh Haftādodowtan (Imǎmzǎdeh Haftǎdodowtan) which is a local holy shrine or sacred mausoleum. His tomb is located in new cemetery of Qom. Meeting with religious scholars ------------------------------- Karbalai Kazem had traveled to various cities dealing with various scholars and numerous tests taken from him and this caused several people to confirm him. Including:Seyyed Hossein Borujerdi, Ahmad Khonsari, Sadr al-Din al-Sadr, Mohammad Hadi Milani, Seyed Abdol hoseyn Dastgheyb, Muhammad Husayn Tabataba'i, Naser Makarem Shirazi, Ja'far Sobhani, Ayatollah Haeri Shirazi, Abolghasem Khazali, and others. Manuscripts from Sayyid Mar'ashi Najafi, Abdullah Musawi Shirazi, Syed Ahmad Zanjani, Naser Makarem Shirazi, in recognition of Karbala'i Kazem and referring to his extraordinary properties there. As well as Seyed Abdol hoseyn Dastgheyb cited in the book of Amazing Stories. What has happened to Karbalai Kazem is proof of non-distortion of the Quran. For example, Mohi al din-Haeri Shirazi by resorting to something that happened to Karbalai Kazem against all claims in book of Mirza Husain Noori Tabarsi to governor Arak, Iran writes : « The manner of checking passages of the falsification done by Karbalayi Kazem can't be done ». Properties attributed to him ---------------------------- Features that have been identified through various tests are as follow: * The recitation of the Quran by reading the Ayah number and location * Reading the Quran verses in reverse order * Quran in Arabic and Persian language books have been diagnosed with uniform handwriting * Open the Quran and indicate the location of each print with Quranic verses almost without turning * Search phrases and words in the Qur'an and the number and location of each repeat * Expressed a number of letters Surah and information about repeating and ... * Information on the mysteries of the Quran Memorials, Celebrations and Cherish ----------------------------------- In 1386 SH an international congress for celebration and cherish of him was held. Many scholars and personalities from the Muslim world attended, including: boss of Islamic Council parleman, minister of culture and Islamic guidance and governor of Markazi Province A stamp commemorating him was unveiled at the congress. In Ordibehesht 1390SH, the commemoration was held at the shrine of Fātimah bint Mūsā in Qom.
For the town, see Laona, Wisconsin. Census-designated place in Wisconsin, United States Downtown Laona Laona is an unincorporated census-designated place in the town of Laona in Forest County, Wisconsin, United States. U.S. Route 8 travels east–west through the community and Wisconsin Highway 32 travels south and west of the community. The community park has a sign stating that the community donated the 1979 Christmas tree at the nation's capitol. As of the 2010 census, its population is 583. History ------- Laona Johnson was the namesake of Laona, WI The town was established in 1903, although settlement had begun in 1896 by William D. Connor, a lumberman and President of his R. Connor Lumber and Land Company. The community was named for the daughter of Norman Johnson, an early resident; the first child born to a settler. In 1896, W.D. Connor backpacked sixty miles from Gillett, Wisconsin, to explore the region along a proposed Chicago and North Western Railway route. Living off the abundant fish and game, he found several potential sites for mills and towns. The first was to become Wabeno, Wisconsin, the second was to become Laona. Connor ultimately purchased over 100,000 acres (400 km2) surrounding Laona. The Laona area was a Potowatomi and Chippewa domicile. It was the location of early summer annual porcupine hunts, attracting Indians from all over Northern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan for days of killing and cooking porcupines and nights of feasting and dancing. There were also annual fall wild rice harvest festivals. Along what is now Laona's central street had been a long brush fence with spaced intervals. This was a deer hunting range, behind which Indians had lain in wait with bows, awaiting deer drives. A classic company town, Laona's mill, bank, hospital, store, school, library, and housing were all built by the Connor company. The town's economy revolved around the company's lumber mill. During business downturns of the 19th and early 20th century, "company scrip" or privately issued company money was issued and used as currency in the town. Laona remains a foundation of Wisconsin's lumber history. The private forestland surrounding the town has been selectively managed for the past 100 years and the forest is an example of sustainable management. Business -------- Nicolet Hardwoods Corporation is one of the midwest's largest hardwood sawmills. Totally optimized and running the most sophisticated, technologically advanced equipment available, the sawmill claims zero waste product. W•D Flooring, LLC, the region's largest flooring mill, manufactures residential and commercial flooring, including gymnasium and sport flooring. They have made flooring for landmarks including the Country Music Hall of Fame in Nashville, the Detroit Institute of Arts and the Guthrie Theater in Minneapolis. W•D Flooring also claims to produce zero waste product. Recreation ---------- The community is the site of the Lumberjack Steam Train, an operating turn-of-the-century passenger train and award-winning museum. This operates during the summer months. In the winter, Laona is home to the 100 Mile Snow Safari or "100 miler", one of Wisconsin's oldest snowmobiling trails. It offers nearly 100 miles (160 km) of undeveloped trail riding in a managed trail system. With dozens of undeveloped lakes and miles of undeveloped timberland to ride through, it is one of Wisconsin's most popular snowmobiling trails. Images ------ * Town's hall in the unincorporated communityTown's hall in the unincorporated community * Community parkCommunity park * "World's Largest Soup Kettle" in Laona"World's Largest Soup Kettle" in Laona * Sign on US8Sign on US8 * Municipal buildingMunicipal building
Species of butterfly Parantica sita (Japan - July 2008) *Parantica sita, the chestnut tiger, is a butterfly found in Asia that belongs to the crows and tigers, that is, the danaid group of the brush-footed butterflies family. Chestnut tiger (ছিটমউল), Kolkata, West Bengal, India Description ----------- Wings elongate, almost as in Idea. Upperside of forewing black or fuliginous black, with the following bluish-white subhyaline markings. A streak from base in interspace 1b, very broad streaks filling the basal three-fourths of interspace 1, and the whole of the cell, five very large quadrate discal spots, two long preapical streaks, three shorter streaks above them, a sub-terminal series of more or less rounded spots decreasing in size anteriorly and curved inwards opposite apex, and an incomplete subterminal series of smaller spots. Hindwing chestnut red, with subhyaline streaks and spots as follows: streaks from base, not reaching the termen in interspaces 1a and 1b, two broad streaks united to near their apex in interspace 1, a streak filling the cell, and beyond it a discal series of large inwardly pointed elongate spots and incomplete ill-defined subterminal and terminal series of spots. Underside similar, the markings clearer and more complete. Antennae black; head and thorax black, spotted with white; abdomen from brown to bright ochraceous, beneath whitish. Male secondary sex-mark in form 2. Distribution ------------ Along the Himalayas and into the Malayan region. Northern Pakistan, Kashmir, northern India, Sikkim, Tibet, China, Taiwan, Korea, Japan, Malaya, Ussuri, Sakhalin, Indochina. Life history ------------ Larva: On emergence a dirty white colour with transverse lines on each segment, two somewhat long and thin tentacles or processes on the third, and two shorter ones on the twelfth segment. When fully fed the larva is about 1.5 inches (38 mm) long, the ground colour is of a pale yellowish green, with two rows of dorsal and a row on each side of lateral yellow spots, the head is black with grey spots on the face, the legs black. Pupa: pale emerald green with golden-yellow spots. From eggs laid in September the imago issued in the following April. Food plants: Marsdenia roylei, W Asclepias curassavica, Cynanchum caudatum, C. grandifolium, C. sublanceolatum, Hoya carnosa, Marsdenia tinctoria, M. tomentosa, Metaplexis* spp. Tylophora aristolochioides, Vincetoxicum polyanthum (syn. Tylophora floribunda), T. japonica, T. ovata, T. tanakae. Cultural references ------------------- * In March 1987 DPR Korea issued a postage stamp depicting Parantica sita.
British historian, Freemason and spiritualist John Sebastian Marlow Ward (22 December 1885 – 1949) was an English author who published widely on the subject of Freemasonry and esotericism. He was also the leader of a Christian sect, and the founder of the Abbey Folk Park, the earliest example of a folk park in Britain. He was born in what is now Belize. In 1908 he graduated from the University of Cambridge with honours in history, following in the footsteps of his father, Herbert Ward, who also had studied history before entering the priesthood of the Anglican Church. John Ward became a prolific and sometimes controversial writer on a wide variety of topics. He made contributions to the history of Freemasonry and other secret societies. He was also a psychic medium or spiritualist, a prominent churchman and is still seen by some as a mystic and modern-day prophet. Biography --------- ### Early life Born in British Honduras on 22 December 1885, Ward was the son of an Anglican clergyman, Herbert Marlow Ward. In 1888, the family returned to England, where Ward was educated at Colet Court, Merchant Taylors and Charterhouse. Proceeding to study History at Trinity Hall, a part of the University of Cambridge, he subsequently travelled around East Asia for many years, working as the headmaster of a Church of England school in Burma and then as the Principal Officer of Customs in Lower Burma. While working in the country, he spent much of his time studying Chinese secret societies, and with W.G. Stirling co-wrote a definitive book on the subject, The Hung Society: or the Society of Heaven and Earth, published in 1925 by the Baskerville Press. ### Interests in history and antiques It was also in 1908 that he published his first book, a short history of church brasses. His collection of some 1500 brass rubbings is now in London's Victoria and Albert Museum. Replica Neolithic pit dwelling at Abbey Folk Park After the First World War he accumulated a significant private collection of antiques and when from 1927 onwards he began to form the "Confraternity of the Kingdom of Christ", together with his second wife Jessie, he would frequently return from a day in London with their car laden with numerous historical pieces for the collection. A thirteenth-century tithe barn, painstakingly taken down, transported in pieces and re-erected at Park Road, New Barnet, just outside London, was filled with priceless antiques and opened as a church in 1930. On the same property an open-air museum, consisting of replica period buildings, filled with genuine antiquities was also constructed and became a major tourist attraction. This Folk Park, as it was called, was one of the first of its kind in the world. Much of the collection was reluctantly sold but the rest still survives under the custodianship of the present members of his community at the Abbey Museum of Art and Archaeology in Caboolture, Queensland, Australia. ### Involvement with Freemasonry Today, Ward is most widely known for his many books about the history and inner meanings of Freemasonry. These date mainly from the 1920s but most are still in print and available in a number of different languages. In them he traces the origins of modern Freemasonry back before its official 18th century beginnings to the far distant past. He believed that the movement had links with spiritual groups and secret societies in the ancient world as well as more recent institutions such as the Chinese Hung Society. His book on the Hung Society remained the source of articles in the Encyclopædia Britannica until long after his death and he remained listed among that encyclopedia's contributors, until late in the 20th century. He saw Freemasonry as the successor of the ancient traditions of learning, and sought to convince his fellow masons to use that position to promote inter-religious harmony. His views remain controversial within Freemasonry. In 1987 the United Grand Lodge of England informed its members that "J.S.M. Ward's handbooks have no official standing and are not issued by Lodges to candidates. They were personal and very idiosyncratic interpretations of the history and meaning of the Craft rituals". ### Involvement with spiritualism Ward's activities as a medium and spiritualist brought him into conflict with many traditional churchmen. He had been brought up as an Anglican and officially remained a member of that church until 1934. Long before then, however, his wide-ranging spiritual interests had led him to seek for enlightenment in many other areas. According to his spiritualist book, Gone West, published in 1917, his first real link with the "other world" came in a dream early in December 1913 that predicted the death of his uncle H.J. Lancaster who died on 5 January 1914. Shortly after the outbreak of the First World War Ward took a teaching job in the Far East. There he found many opportunities to continue his researches into the supernatural until poor health forced his return to England early in 1916. His poor eyesight had prevented him from joining the army, but the family had been represented on the Western Front by his younger brother, Reginald (Rex) who was eventually killed on Good Friday, 1916. This led Ward to undertake what he saw as his first helping mission in the afterlife. The account of how he first sought out the spirit of his dead brother and then assisted him to become established on the "astral plane" is the subject of his second spiritualist book A Subaltern in Spirit-Land also published in 1917. Although less well-known than his Masonic works, both of these books are still advertised for sale on the internet, in German as well as in English sites. According to another site, a Japanese edition is planned for 2010. Ward's later spiritualist writings have tended to become linked with his Christian religious work and perhaps for this reason have been less widely read. In The Psychic Powers of Christ, Ward seeks to demonstrate that many of the "miracles" of Jesus Christ can be understood as psychic phenomena, which though greater than normal, were nevertheless of a similar nature to the recorded exploits of Eastern holy men and western mediums. This book, which clearly provides a link between Ward the spiritualist and Ward the Christian Mystic is still available, but mainly through the various Church groups that claim to be continuing his spiritual work. ### Prophet and mystic Among his supporters Ward is revered as a prophet and mystic or even as a saint. Most of his prophetic and mystical writings date from the 1930s and 1940s and include a series of ten apocalypses that he claimed to have received in early 1934. These are comparable in some ways to references in the Bible, but have also been interpreted as predicting the Second World War, the end of the British Empire, the end of white rule in South Africa and the rise of Islamic fundamentalism. His other mystical experiences included claims of visits to the saintly and angelic realms, and visions of the more distant future. He predicted a number of terrible events preceding the second coming of Jesus, including a devastating biological attack on New York City. He saw the second coming of Jesus as a quite literal "establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth". To him, Christ was coming to judge mankind, as had long been foretold, yet he also predicted that although many would fail that test, many more would pass and although some of those would pass immediately to Heaven, most would be permitted to continue their lives on earth under his benign rule. He went on to say that through mysticism he had been able to "track" the gradual descent of Christ as he passed steadily through the various celestial realms on his way to earth. Although neither Ward nor his successors have ever stated an exact date for the arrival of Jesus on earth, they have consistently maintained that the event is relatively close. Unlike most Christian groups they do not expect that they will be the only ones saved. They hold that all good souls, whether Christian or non-Christian, will receive the approval of Christ. Also, they say that some will be condemned to Hell and others will go to Heaven but that most will be permitted to enjoy the benefits of his reign on earth. Ward's followers also believe that Christ's coming will not mark the ending of the world, but merely the ending of this age and that after his time on earth is completed, a New Age will follow. ### Founder of a religious community Although descended from a line of clergy (both his father and grandfather were Anglican priests), neither Ward himself nor his younger brother, Rex, initially showed any desire for ordination. Even after Rex's death Ward turned to Spiritualism rather than to the traditional Christianity of his father, with the aim of helping his brother in the afterlife. When he eventually did become a priest, he was as unconventional in that role as in his other fields of interest. Although never ordained in the Anglican Church, in 1927, Ward believing himself to be called by God to help prepare the world for the return of Christ, started a religious community dedicated to that end. Initially this was formed within the Anglican Church, but when some of his views offended certain senior officials, Ward first joined and later came to lead a small Christian group that had originated in the Far East. He was consecrated into the Orthodox Catholic Church by John Churchill Sibley in 1935 and succeeded him as Archbishop three years later. As archbishop he remained a controversial figure in England throughout the late 1930s and early 1940s. During this period he ordained several priests, including three from within his own community who were to continue his work after his premature death in 1949. In early 1945, Stanley Lough, the father of Dorothy Lough, a 16-year-old member of the abbey, accused Ward of enticing his daughter away from her family, taking the case to court. After convening for 11 days in May, Ward was found guilty, fined £500, and Dorothy was ordered to return to her parents. By this time personally bankrupt, the fine was likely paid not by Ward himself but by the trustees of the confraternity. The only way that the abbey could regain their losses was to sell the Folk Park and its contents. One of those who took an interest in purchasing the items was Gerald Gardner (1884–1964), a friend of Ward's and pioneering figure in the Contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca. However, Gardner's specific interest was in magic and witchcraft, and so he decided to only obtain one of the Abbey's buildings, a 16th-century construct which Ward had claimed was a "Witch's Cottage". Rather than a cash transaction, Ward traded the cottage with Gardner for a plot of land that the latter owned at Gastria in Cyprus. ### Move to Cyprus Eventually, a legal and media campaign caused him to lead his community from England. They moved to Cyprus in 1946, where they established themselves as a self-supporting religious community. He had already suffered a slight stroke before leaving England and eventually died from a more massive attack on 2 July 1949. He was buried in the local cemetery of Ayios Nicholas, near Limassol, in an unmarked grave that he afterwards came to share with two other members of his community. His teachings and episcopal succession were continued by his community under the leadership of his wife Jessie and the clergy that he had personally ordained. Today there are a number of semi-independent groups generally called the Orthodox Catholic Church that have links with Ward. Works ----- * The Entered Apprentice Handbook * The Fellow Crafts Handbook * The Master Masons Handbook * The Higher Degrees Handbook * Brasses (Cambridge University Press, 1912) * Fairy Tales and Legends of Burma (London: Blackie & Son, 1916) * Gone West: Three Narratives of After-Death Experiences Communicated Through the Mediumship of J. S. M. Ward (London: W. Rider & Son, 1917) * A Subaltern in Spirit-Land. A Sequel To "Gone West" (London: W. Rider & Son, 1919. Republished by Kessinger Publishing Company, 2004. ISBN 1-4179-5042-0) * Freemasonry and The Ancient Gods (London: Simpkins, Marshall, Hamilton, Kent & Co, 1921. Republished by Kessinger Publishing Company, 2010. ISBN 978-1-1691-9629-2) * Textile Fibres and Yarns (London: Ernest Benn Ltd, 1924) * An Interpretation of Our Masonic Symbols (London: A. Lewis, 1924) * Who Was Hiram Abiff? (London: Baskerville Press, 1925; reprinted in 1986 by London: Lewis Masonic, 1986. ISBN 0-85318-148-9. And by Kessinger Publishing Company, 1990. ISBN 978-0-7661-0451-8). * An Explanation of The Royal Arch Degree (London: Baskerville Press, 1925) * The Hung Society, or, The Society of Heaven and Earth (with W.G. Stirling). Three volumes. (London: Baskerville Press, 1925–1926) * Told Through The Ages: A Series of Masonic Stories (London: Baskerville Press, 1926) * The Moral Teachings of Freemasonry, Incorporating Masonic Proverbs, Poems and Sayings (London: Baskerville Press, 1926) * Labour and Refreshment : Speeches, lectures and stories for many occasions (London : Baskerville Press 1926) * The Sign Language of the Mysteries (London: Baskerville Press 1928) * The Masonic Why and Wherefore: (being answers to 101 questions which perplex the average Mason) (London: Baskerville Press, 1929) * The Kingdom of the Wise. Life's problems (London : Baskerville Press, 1929) * The Psychic Powers of Christ (London: Williams and Norgate Ltd, 1936) Personal life ------------- On 18 December 1908, he married Eleanor Caroline Lanchester, his older second cousin. They had one child, a daughter, born in October 1909, whom they named Blanche. In 1926, his wife died after a long illness. He married Jessie Page (b. 10 March 1890) on 4 April 1927. Ward later had a natural son, John Reginald Cuffe, with Ursula Cuffe. Further reading --------------- * Geoffrey Ginn, Archangels & Archaeology: J. S. M. Ward's Kingdom of the Wise (Sussex Academic Press, 2011) ISBN 1-84519-492-6 Sources ------- * R. Baker, The Scholar the Builders Rejected, 2001. From a Masonic point of view and quotes extensively from Masonic records. * P. G. Strong, John Ward: The Prophet of These Times, 1999. A brief summary of Ward's life from a religious point of view that quotes extensively from his apocalyptic writings. * Unpublished diaries of P.G. Strong, the last surviving priest ordained by Ward. This records the author's personal recollections of Ward, and provides detailed, though sometimes controversial accounts of his life and works. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * FAST * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * Spain * France * BnF data * Germany * Israel * United States * Vatican \| \| People \| * Trove \| \| Other \| * IdRef \|
English painter Victor Noble Rainbird as pictured in the Shields Daily News, circa 1910 Victor Noble Rainbird (12 December 1887 – 8 March 1936) was a painter, stained glass artist and illustrator. Early life and education ------------------------ Rainbird was born on 12 December 1887 in North Shields, United Kingdom, son of James William Rainbird (b. Ireland 1856, m. 1884) and Rosabella Foubister (b. 1859). Victor had an elder brother William Stewart Rainbird, born in early 1886 in North Shields. Rainbird attended King's College (now Newcastle University), Newcastle upon Tyne, where he distinguished himself and won several prizes. His pictures were included in a government exhibition which toured Australia, New Zealand and Canada. He later attended the Royal Academy Schools where he twice won Silver Medals as well as the Landseer Scholarship. Career ------ Watercolour painting of a fish market by Rainbird On 15 July 1916, Rainbird married Elizabeth Kirkley at York Registry Office, whilst he was a Lance Corporal (38539) in the 6th Northumberland Fusiliers. After the war he left as Corporal in the Durham Light Infantry (46585) and practised as a professional artist in North Shields and exhibited works at the Artists of the Northern Counties exhibitions at the Laing Art Gallery in Newcastle upon Tyne, at the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and also at the Royal Academy. Rainbird's work often depicts sights of North Shields (captioned 'In Old Shields' or 'Old Ropery Stairs') and the seafront and sea around North Shields and other Tyne harbours. He made several trips to France, Belgium and the Netherlands, and a large proportion of his work is of continental subjects, impressions of Rouen, Amiens, Dieppe or Dutch fisherfolk. Rarer subjects include stained glass window images, portraits and still life (flowers). It appears that Rainbird used his paintings to pay his way through life and often seemed to have done paintings to 'pay for his supper'. His work often appears at auctions worldwide, but most commonly at the Newcastle upon Tyne auction house Anderson and Garland, where an average watercolour work of 10 x 14 inches would make around GBP 85.00 (2015) in their quarterly auctions of Fine Art. Plaque on the wall of 71 West Percy Street It was thought that the only surviving example of stained glass work by the artist can be found in Papa Stour Kirk, on the island of Papa Stour in Shetland. It was commissioned to commemorate six Papa men who were lost in World War I and was fitted in 1921. The window depicts Jesus calming a storm. However, in 2014 a fan of Rainbird found two of his missing stained glass windows in Trinity Methodist Church in Allendale, Northumberland. They depicts an image of Jesus and a soldier. After being lost for over 94 years, Rainbird's stained glass windows had been found again. Between 1917 and 1933, Rainbird lived at 71 West Percy Street, North Shields. The house has a commemorative blue plaque marking his residence. Rainbird died on 8 March 1936 in Sunderland.
For other uses, see Hostel (disambiguation). Film by Eli Roth *Hostel* is a 2005 horror film written and directed by Eli Roth. It stars Jay Hernandez, Derek Richardson, Eyþór Guðjónsson, and Barbara Nedeljáková. It was produced by Mike Fleiss, Roth, and Chris Briggs, and executive produced by Boaz Yakin, Scott Spiegel, and Quentin Tarantino. The film follows a group of American tourists, as they end up in Slovakia where they are eventually taken one-by-one by an organization that allows people to torture and kill others. Hostel was released theatrically in the United States by Lions Gate Films and Sony Pictures Releasing's Screen Gems on January 6, 2006, and in the Czech Republic by Falcon. The film received divisive reviews from critics, but grossed $82 million worldwide on a $4.8 million budget. It successfully launched a film series, and was followed by Hostel: Part II (2007) and Hostel: Part III (2011). Plot ---- Two college students, Paxton Rodriguez and Josh Brooks, travel across Europe with their Icelandic friend Óli Eriksson. In the Netherlands, they visit an Amsterdam nightclub, followed by a brothel. Unable to get back into their hostel because of a curfew, they accept the offer of a man named Alexei to stay at his apartment. He convinces them that, instead of going to Barcelona, they should visit a hostel in Slovakia filled with beautiful women. The three board a train to Slovakia, where they encounter a Dutch businessman, who touches Josh's leg. Josh yells at him, causing him to leave. Arriving in Slovakia, they find that their roommates in the hostel are two women, Natalya and Svetlana. The women invite them to a spa, and later to a disco. Josh has a run in with a gang of local Romani criminal kids. The Dutch businessman intervenes to defend him. Josh apologizes for his reaction on the train. Paxton and Josh have sex with Natalya and Svetlana, while Óli leaves with the desk girl, Vala. The next morning, Óli does not return. The two are approached by a Japanese woman named Kana, who shows them a photo of Óli and her friend Yuki, who is also missing. Elsewhere, Óli has been decapitated, while Yuki is being tortured. Josh is anxious to leave, but Paxton convinces him to stay one more night with Natalya and Svetlana. Both women slip the men tranquilizers. Josh faints on his bed. The ill Paxton ends up locked in the pantry. Josh wakes up in a dungeon-like room, where the Dutch businessman begins maiming him with a drill, making holes in Josh's body, slicing his achilles tendons, then slitting his throat. Paxton wakes up in the disco and returns to the hostel, where he learns that he had supposedly checked out. He is greeted by two women who invite him to the spa. Suspicious, he locates Natalya and Svetlana; Natalya takes Paxton to an old factory, where he sees Josh's mutilated corpse being stitched together by the Dutch businessman. Two men drag Paxton down a hallway, passing by several rooms where other people are being tortured. Paxton is restrained and prepped to be tortured by a German client named Johann. While cutting off a few of Paxton's fingers with a chainsaw, Johann unintentionally severs his hand restraints. Johann falls over, accidentally severing his leg with the chainsaw. Paxton shoots Johann in the head with a gun. He then kills a guard, changes into business clothes, and finds a business card for the Elite Hunting Club, an organization that allows its clientele to pay to kill and mutilate tourists. Paxton also discovers Kana, whose face is being disfigured with a blowtorch by an American client. Paxton kills the man and rescues Kana and they flee in a stolen car, pursued by guards. Paxton runs over Natalya, Svetlana, and Alexei, killing two of them while the pursuing car finishes off the third. He also encounters the young delinquents from earlier and gives them a big pack of candy and gum. They then attack and kill the men pursuing Paxton with concrete blocks. The two make it to the train station. Kana, seeing her disfigured face, kills herself by leaping in front of an oncoming train, which attracts attention and allows Paxton to board another train unnoticed. Aboard, Paxton hears the voice of the Dutch businessman. When the train stops in Vienna, Austria, Paxton follows the Dutch businessman into a public restroom and tortures him before slicing the businessman's throat, killing him. ### Alternate ending In the director's cut of the film, Paxton follows the Dutch businessman being accompanied by his young daughter into a public restroom of a train station. After finding her teddy bear in the women's restroom, the Dutch businessman frantically searches the crowd for his missing daughter. Paxton is then seen aboard the moving train with the Dutch businessman's daughter, whom he has kidnapped. Cast ---- * Jay Hernandez as Paxton Rodriguez * Derek Richardson as Josh Brooks * Eyþór Guðjónsson as Óli Eriksson * Jennifer Lim as Kana * Barbara Nedeljáková as Natalya * Jana Kaderabkova as Svetlana * Jan Vlasák as The Dutch Businessman * Rick Hoffman as The American Client * Keiko Seiko as Yuki * Lubomir Bukovy as Alexei * Jana Havlickova as Vala * Petr Janiš as Johann, the German Surgeon * Takashi Miike as The Japanese Sadist * Patrik Zigo as The Bubblegum Gang Leader * Milda "Jedi" Havlas as Desk Clerk Jedi * Miroslav Táborský as Police officer * Josef Bradna as The Butcher * Eli Roth as American Stoner Production ---------- After the release of Cabin Fever (2002), Eli Roth was met with praise from several industry figures, including Quentin Tarantino, who placed the film in his 'Top 10' of the year and immediately reached out to Roth in hopes of working with him on a future project. Roth was offered many studio directing jobs, mostly in the form of horror remakes such as The Last House on the Left, The Fog, and a film in the Texas Chainsaw Massacre franchise, among several others, but Tarantino advised him to turn down those offers to instead create an original horror story. While swimming in Tarantino's pool, Roth brainstormed an idea for a low-budget horror film based on a Thai "murder vacation" website he came across on the dark web. Tarantino loved the idea and encouraged Roth to immediately start writing a draft that day, which later formed the basis for Hostel. Roth had originally debated creating the film in the style of a fake documentary that would incorporate real people and locations from supposed real underground "murder vacation" spots. When hardly any credible information could be found on the topic, the idea was scrapped in favor of a traditionally flowing narrative using fictional locations and characters. Principal photography took place in the Czech Republic, and many scenes were shot in Český Krumlov. The torture chamber scenes were filmed in the wing of a Prague hospital that had been abandoned since 1918. The original music score was composed by Nathan Barr, who previously scored Cabin Fever, and commissioned The Prague FILMharmonic Orchestra to perform the score over a four-day period in October 2005. Also featured in the film's nightclub scene is the song, "Some Kinda Freak" by Mephisto Odyssey. The song featured the repeating hook, "everyone's some kinda freak...", an audio sample taken from the 1973 horror film Ganja & Hess directed by Bill Gunn and starring Duane Jones. The film is rated 18 by the British Board of Film Classification. Release ------- ### Box office Hostel opened theatrically on January 6, 2006, in the United States and earned $19.6 million in its first weekend, ranking number one at the box office. By the end of its run, six weeks later, the film grossed $47.3 million in the US box office and $33.3 million internationally for a worldwide total of $80.6 million. ### Critical response Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 59% based on 109 reviews and an average rating of 6.1/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Featuring lots of guts and gore, Hostel is a wildly entertaining corpse-filled journey—assuming one is entertained by corpses, guts, and gore, that is." On Metacritic, the film had a weighted average score of 55 out of 100 based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C−" on an A+ to F scale. Entertainment Weekly's film critic Owen Gleiberman commended the film's creativity, saying "You may or may not believe that slavering redneck psychos, of the kind who leer through Rob Zombie's The Devil's Rejects, can be found in the Southwest, but it's all too easy to envision this sort of depravity in the former Soviet bloc, the crack-up of which has produced a brutal marketplace of capitalistic fiendishness. The torture scenes in Hostel (snipped toes, sliced ankles, pulled eyeballs) are not, in essence, much different from the surgical terrors in the Saw films, only Roth, by presenting his characters as victims of the same world of flesh-for-fantasy they were grooving on in the first place, digs deep into the nightmare of a society ruled by the profit of illicit desire." Jean-François Rauger, a film critic for Le Monde, a French newspaper, and programmer of the Cinémathèque Française, listed Hostel as the best American film of 2006, calling it an example of modern consumerism. The Guardian film critic Peter Bradshaw wrote that Hostel was "silly, crass and queasy. And not in a good way". David Edelstein of New York Magazine was equally negative, deriding director Roth with creating the horror subgenre "torture porn", or "gorno", using excessive violence to excite audiences like a sexual act. German film historian Florian Evers has pointed out the Holocaust imagery behind Hostel's horror iconography, connecting Roth's film to the Nazi exploitation genre. ### Slovak reaction to setting The film's release was accompanied by strong complaints from Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovak and Czech officials were both disgusted and outraged by the film's portrayal of their countries as undeveloped, poor, and uncultured lands suffering from high criminality, war, and prostitution, fearing it would "damage the good reputation of Slovakia" and make foreigners feel it was a dangerous place to be. The tourist board of Slovakia invited Roth on an all-expenses-paid trip to their country so he could see it is not made up of run-down factories, ghettos, and kids who kill for bubble gum. Tomáš Galbavý, a Slovak Member of Parliament from the Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party, commented: "I am offended by this film. I think that all Slovaks should feel offended." Defending himself, Roth said the film was not meant to be offensive, arguing, "Americans do not even know that this country exists. My film is not a geographical work but aims to show Americans' ignorance of the world around them." Roth argued that despite The Texas Chainsaw Massacre series, people still travel to Texas. ### Accolades \| Award \| Date Held \| Category \| Subject \| Result \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Empire Awards(12th Awards) \| 27 March 2007 \| Best Horror \| Hostel \| Won \| \| MTV Movie Awards(15th Awards) \| 3 June 2006 \| Best Frightened Performance \| Derek Richardson \| Nominated \| \| Golden Schmoes Awards(6th Awards) \| 2006 \| Best Horror Movie of the Year \| Hostel \| Nominated \| \| Golden Trailer Awards(8th Awards) \| 2006 \| Best Horror \| Hostel \| Nominated \| \| Scream Awards(1st Awards) \| 9 October 2006 \| Best Horror Movie \| Hostel \| Nominated \| \| Most Memorable Mutilation \| The eye removal \| Won \| \| The "Holy Sh!t"/"Jump-From-Your-Seat" Award \| The eye removal \| Won \| \| Best Screamplay \| Eli Roth \| Nominated \| \| Best Flesh Scene \| Jay Hernandez, Jana Kaderabkova, Barbara Nedeljakova, and Derek Richardson, Hostel \| Nominated \| \| Saturn Awards(33rd Awards) \| 10 May 2007 \| Best Horror Film \| Hostel \| Nominated \| \| Teen Choice Awards(8th Awards) \| 20 August 2006 \| Choice Movie: Thriller \| Hostel \| Nominated \|
Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa (c. 1230–1298) Not to be confused with Jacobus de Boragine, a glossator. Jacobus de Voragine (c. 1230 – 13/16 July 1298) was an Italian chronicler and archbishop of Genoa. He was the author, or more accurately the compiler, of the Golden Legend, a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church that was one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages. Biography --------- Jacobus was born either in Varazze or in Genoa, where a family originally from Varazze and bearing that name is attested at the time. He entered the Dominican order in 1244, and became the prior at Como, Bologna and Asti in succession. Besides preaching with success in many parts of Italy, he also taught in the schools of his own fraternity. He was provincial of Lombardy from 1267 till 1286, when he was removed at the meeting of the order in Paris. He also represented his own province at the councils of Lucca (1288) and Ferrara (1290). On the last occasion he was one of the four delegates charged with signifying Pope Nicholas IV's desire for the deposition of Munio de Zamora – who had been master of the Dominican order from 1285 and was eventually deprived of his office by a papal bull dated 12 April 1291. In 1288 Nicholas empowered him to absolve the people of Genoa for their offence in aiding the Sicilians against Charles II. Early in 1292 the same pope, himself a Franciscan, summoned Jacobus to Rome, intending to consecrate him archbishop of Genoa. Jacobus reached Rome on Palm Sunday (30 March), only to find his patron ill of a deadly sickness, from which he died on Good Friday (4 April). The cardinals, however, propter honorem Communis Januae ("for the honor of the commune of Genoa"), determined to carry out this consecration on the Sunday after Easter. He was a good bishop, and especially distinguished himself by his efforts to appease the civil discords of Genoa among Guelfs and Ghibellines. A story, mentioned by Échard as unworthy of credit, makes Pope Boniface VIII, on the first day of Lent, cast the ashes in the archbishop's eyes instead of on his head, with the words, "Remember that thou art a Ghibelline, and with thy fellow Ghibellines wilt return to naught." He died in 1298 or 1299, and was buried in the Dominican church at Genoa. He was beatified by Pius VII in 1816. Works ----- Legenda aurea (1499) Excerpt from the manuscript "Heiliglevens in het Middelnederlands". A fifteenth century copy from the second part of the Legenda Aurea. Jacobus de Voragine left a list of his own works. Speaking of himself in his Chronicon januense, he says: "While he was in his order, and after he had been made archbishop, he wrote many works. For he compiled the legends of the saints (Legenda sanctorum) in one volume, adding many things from the Historia tripartita et scholastica, and from the chronicles of many writers." The other writings he claims are two anonymous volumes of Sermons concerning all the Saints whose yearly feasts the church celebrates. Of these volumes, he adds, one is very diffuse, but the other short and concise. Then follow Sermones de omnibus evangeliis dominicalibus for every Sunday in the year; Sermones de omnibus evangeliis, i.e. a book of discourses on all the Gospels, from Ash Wednesday to the Tuesday after Easter; and a treatise called Marialis, qui totus est de B. Maria compositus, consisting of about 160 discourses on the attributes, titles, etc. of the Virgin Mary. In the same work the archbishop claims to have written his Chronicon januense in the second year of his episcopate (1293), but it extends to 1296 or 1297. Title page of the 1497 edition of the Sermones de sanctis showing the author as a preacher, National Library of Poland. To Jacobus' own list his biographer Giovanni Monleone adds several other works, such as a defence of the Dominicans, printed at Venice in 1504, and a Summa virtutum et vitiorum Guillelmi Peraldi, a Dominican who died in 1271. Jacobus is also said by Sixtus of Siena (Biblioth. Sacra, lib. ix) to have translated the Old and New Testaments into his own tongue. "But," adds the historian of the Dominican order Jacques Échard, "if he did so, the version lies so closely hid that there is no recollection of it," and it may be added that it is highly improbable that the man who compiled the Golden Legend ever conceived the necessity of having the Scriptures in the vernacular. ### The Golden Legend Main article: Golden Legend The Golden Legend, one of the most popular religious works of the Middle Ages, is a collection of the legendary lives of the greater saints of the medieval church. The preface divides the ecclesiastical year into four periods corresponding to the various epochs of the world's history, a time of deviation, of renovation, of reconciliation and of pilgrimage. The book itself, however, falls into five sections: (a) from Advent to Christmas (cc. 1–5); (b) from Christmas to Septuagesima (6–30); (c) from Septuagesima to Easter (31–53); (d) from Easter Day to the octave of Pentecost (54–76); (e) from the octave of Pentecost to Advent (77–180). The saints' lives are full of fanciful legend, and in not a few cases contain accounts of 13th century miracles wrought at special places, particularly with reference to the Dominicans. The penultimate chapter (181), "De Sancto Pelagio Papa", contains a universal history from the point of view of Lombardy, or Historia Lombardica (History of Lombardy"), from the middle of the 6th century. The last (182) is a somewhat allegorical disquisition on the dedication of churches, "De dedicatione ecclesiae". The Golden Legend was translated into Catalan in the 13th century and a first dated version was published in Barcelona in 1494. A French version was made by Jean Belet de Vigny in the 14th century. A Latin edition is assigned to about 1469; and a dated one was published at Lyon in 1473. Many other Latin editions were printed before the end of the century. A French translation by Master John Bataillier is dated 1476; Jean de Vigny's appeared at Paris, 1488; an Italian one by Nic. Manerbi (?Venice, 1475); a Czech one at Pilsen, 1475–1479, and at Prague, 1495; Caxton's English versions, 1483, 1487, and 1493; and a German one in 1489. Overall, during the first five decades of printing in Europe, editions of the Legenda Aurea appeared at a rate of about two per year. ### Sermones and Mariale Almost as popular as the Legenda Aurea were Jacobus' collected sermons, also termed Aurei. Several 15th-century editions of the Sermons are also known; while his Mariale was printed at Venice in 1497 and at Paris in 1503. ### Chronicon januense Jacobus' other chief work is his Chronicon januense, a history of Genoa. It is divided into twelve parts. The first four deal with the mythical history of the city from the time of its founder, Janus, called the first king of Italy, and its enlarger, a second Janus, "citizen of Troy", till its conversion to Christianity "about twenty-five years after the passion of Christ". The fifth part professes to treat of the beginning, growth and perfection of the city; but of the first period the writer candidly confesses he knows nothing except by hearsay. The second period includes the Genoese crusading exploits in the East, and extends to their victory over the Pisans (c. 1130), while the third reaches down to the author's days as archbishop. The sixth part deals with the constitution of the city, the seventh and eighth with the duties of rulers and citizens, the ninth with those of domestic life. The tenth gives the ecclesiastical history of Genoa from the time of its first known bishop, Saint Valentine, "whom we believe to have lived about 530 A.D.", until 1133, when the city was raised to archiepiscopal rank. The eleventh contains the lives of all the bishops in order, and includes the chief events during their episcopates; the twelfth deals in the same way with the archbishops, not forgetting the writer himself. Marian views ------------ Jacobus is relevant to mariology in light of his numerous Marian sermons, Sermones de sanctis per circulum anni feliciter and his Laudes Beatae Mariae Virginis. He describes the miracles of Mary and explains specific local customs and usages on Marian feast days. Since most of these usages do not exist anymore, Jacobus de Varagine serves as a valuable source for the study of medieval Marian customs. Theologically Jacobus is one of the first of several Christian writers, who view Mary as mediatrix or mediator between God and humanity. In his view of the mystical body of Christ, she is the neck through which all graces flow from Christ to his body. This view was later shared by others such as Bernardino of Siena, and, most recently, by one of the noted mariologists of the 20th century, Gabriel Roschini. Editions -------- * Iacopo da Varazze, Legenda aurea G. P. Maggioni (ed.), Firenze, 1998. * Ryan, William G. ed. The Golden Legend: Readings on the Saints. Volume 1 and volume 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press, 1993. * Pieter van Os (September 1, 1490). Legenda aurea sanctorum, sive Lombardica historia (in Latin and German). Vol. II. Archived from the original on March 23, 2019. Retrieved March 23, 2019 – via archive.org. Further reading --------------- * "Jacobus De Voragine", Encyclopædia Britannica * Reames, Sherry L. The Legenda Aurea: A Reexamination of Its Paradoxical History (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press) 1985. * Richardson, Ernest Cushing (1935). Materials for a Life of Jacopo de Varagine. H. W. Wilson Company.
2004 compilation album by Various artists *Wake Up Everybody* was a compilation album released to coincide with the 2004 presidential election in the U.S. It featured a variety of musical stars, primarily hip hop and R&B artists, who sing songs to urge young Americans to vote. The executive producers of the album were Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds, Tracey Edmonds, Russell Simmons and Jonathan Lewis. The project was a collaboration with America Coming Together, a political group with the goal of defeating incumbent President George W. Bush. Despite this connection, the album was portrayed by its producers as a non-partisan project. In August 2004, the project began with the reworking of "Wake Up Everybody", a 1976 R&B hit song by Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes. The new version of the song was released for radio airplay on August 16 and it reached number 119 on the Billboard Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs Chart. The song was released for retail purchase in album form on September 16. The artists featured on the song are Missy Elliott, Ashanti, Mariah Carey, Mary J. Blige, Brandy, Wyclef Jean, Monica, Eve, Queen Latifah, Usher, Snoop Dogg, Musiq, Jamie Foxx, Rev Run and Russell Simmons. Also on the track are Jadakiss, Fabolous, Mýa, Faith Evans, Claudette Ortiz, Ray J, Tamia, Nate Dogg, Robin Thicke, Floetry, Joss Stone, Bilal, Jon B, MC Lyte, Miri Ben-Ari, Nas, Ellie Lawson, Omarion and Raphael Saadiq. The album release includes other reworked songs and also previously released songs. It ends with a 50-minute behind-the-scenes documentary on the making of the album, which highlights the remarkable speed with which these artists came together to support the cause. The Vote For Change tour of September–October 2004, also benefiting America Coming Together (ACT), was joined by Babyface appearing on the same stage as John Mellencamp in six cities, the final performance held with multiple artists at the MCI Center in Washington DC. The various tour dates raised about $10 million for ACT. Featured artists ---------------- * Akon * Ashanti * Kenneth "Babyface" Edmonds * Ben Jelen * Bilal * Bonnie McKee * Bonnie Raitt * Brandy * Claudette Ortiz * Don Yute * Eric Clapton * Ellie Lawson * Emmylou Harris * Everclear * Eve * Fabolous * Faith Evans * Farena * Floetry * Freckles * Jadakiss * Jamie Foxx * Jaheim * Jon B * Joss Stone * Julia Fordham * Jurassic 5 * Kristine W * Lady Saw * Lenny Kravitz * Mariah Carey * Mary J. Blige * Marques Houston * Matt Nathanson * MC Lyte * Monica * Miri Ben-Ari * Missy Elliott * Mrnorth * Musiq * Mýa * Mystic * Nas * Nate Dogg * Of a Revolution * Omarion * Queen Latifah * Ray J * Raphael Saadiq * Rev Run * Res * Robin Thicke * Russell Simmons * Seal * Snoop Dogg * Solange Knowles * The Latin Kings * Tamia * Tracey Edmonds * Toni Braxton * Tweet * Usher * Wayne Wonder * Wyclef Jean * Yoko Ono Track listing ------------- 1. "Wake Up Everybody" - Various Artists 2. "Give Peace a Chance 2004" - Yoko Ono 3. "Why the Fighting" - Ellie Lawson 4. "Talking About a Revolution" - Ben Jelen 5. "Hell to Pay" - Bonnie Raitt 6. "Freedom" - Jurassic 5 7. "Fear" - Lenny Kravitz 8. "Raise This Land" - Freckles featuring Res and Mystic 9. "Get It Together" - Seal 10. "Time in Babylon" - Emmylou Harris 11. "This Land Is Your Land" - Everclear 12. "Right on Time" - O.A.R. 13. "Speak No Evil" - Mr. North 14. "The Wind" - Matt Nathanson 15. "One Sound" - TLK, Lady Saw, Wayne Wonder, Don Yute and Farena 16. "Change the World" - Eric Clapton & Babyface
Municipality in Bern, Switzerland Riggisberg is a municipality in the Bern-Mittelland administrative district in the canton of Bern in Switzerland. On January 1, 2009, the municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg became part of the municipality of Riggisberg. On 1 January 2021 the former municipality of Rümligen merged into Riggisberg. History ------- Riggisberg castle Riggisberg is first mentioned in 1239 as Ricasperc. In 1270 it was mentioned as Riggesberg. The oldest trace of a settlement in the area are several Iron Age graves at Kreuzbühlhölzli. During the Roman era there was a settlement at Muriboden. During the Middle Ages the Fribourg noble family of Riggisberg was established with a seat in Riggisberg. However, the family soon lost or sold all their rights and land in the village and by the 13th century other nobles and monasteries owned parts of the village. It passed through several noble landowners until it was acquired by Petermann von Wichtrach when he married Agnes von Burgistein in 1354. In 1358 Rudolph of Neuchâtel-Nidau acquired the high court and rulership over the Herrschaft of Riggisberg that included the castle of Uf Gsteig, the village of Riggisberg, scattered farms and the courts of Riggisberg and Ruti. In 1387 the powerful Erlach family of Bern acquired the village and Herrschaft. In 1700 the Erlachs built a new and more comfortable castle near the old castle. Following the 1798 French invasion, the old landowners lost their right to personally own villages. Riggisberg became part of the Helvetic Republic district of Seftigen under Bern. In the following year the Erlachs sold the castles and surrounding lands to Karl Friedrich Steiger. In 1869, his cousin, Robert Pigott from Ireland, inherited the estate. About a decade later, in 1880, he sold the castles to the Canton of Bern, who converted it into a poorhouse. In 1939 the old castle was demolished. In 1965-70 the new castle was renovated and converted into a district administration building. During World War II around midnight on 12–13 July 1943, the village was bombed by Allied bombers that were attempting to attack Italy. As many as 200 bombs were dropped and the village was severely damaged. However, there were no deaths in the attack. Historically, Riggisberg and Rüti both belonged to the large parish of Thurnen. They split off to form their own parish in 1874 and became fully independent in 1935. The local St. Sebastian Chapel was probably built in the 12th century, but was first mentioned in 1343. The late-Romanesque choir tower was probably built during the second half of the 12th century. The current nave was built in 1687 but expanded in 1939 and again in 1977-79. The village has had a mixture of agriculture and small businesses throughout its history. Riggisberg gradually grew into a regional center for the surrounding small farming villages. In the 20th century, a district hospital and a district nursing home, as well as a secondary school for the surrounding six municipalities, opened in the village. In 1961 the Zürich textile industrialist Werner Abegg founded the Abegg-Stiftung (Abegg Foundation) and in 1967 the Foundation opened the Textile Museum in Riggisberg. ### Rümligen Rümligen is first mentioned in 1075 as Rumelingen. The oldest trace of a settlement in the area is a cache of Early-Bronze Age axes. During the High Middle Ages the Freiherr von Rümligen owned a vast swathe of land between the Gürbe and Sense rivers. They donated some of their estates to found and support Rüeggisberg and Röthenbach Priories. In 1380 the Sommerau-Rümligen family inherited the land when Alisa von Rümligen married into the Sommerau family. In 1388 the Freiherren came under Bernese control, though they continued to own the estates for another century and a half. In 1515 the Sommerau-Rümligen lost the Herrschaft and by the 17th century a series of Bernese patrician families owned Rümligen. In 1709 Samuel Frisching, built the modern Rümligen Castle around the core of the medieval castle. The village has always been part of the large parish of Thurnen. The local farmers raised crops on the valley floor and pastured cattle in seasonal alpine camps. Today a large minority (43%) of the local jobs are still in agriculture. About two-thirds of the work force commutes to jobs in nearby cities. The municipal association runs a small school in the village. Geography --------- Riggisberg village and Castle Riggisberg has an area of 34.5 km2 (13.32 sq mi). As of 2012, a total of 12.84 km2 (4.96 sq mi) or 43.0% is used for agricultural purposes, while 15.26 km2 (5.89 sq mi) or 51.1% is forested. The rest of the municipality is 1.62 km2 (0.63 sq mi) or 5.4% is settled (buildings or roads), 0.11 km2 (27 acres) or 0.4% is either rivers or lakes and 0.1 km2 (25 acres) or 0.3% is unproductive land. During the same year, housing and buildings made up 3.0% and transportation infrastructure made up 1.8%. A total of 49.6% of the total land area is heavily forested and 1.3% is covered with orchards or small clusters of trees. Of the agricultural land, 11.9% is used for growing crops and 27.8% is pasturage and 2.6% is used for alpine pastures. All the water in the municipality is flowing water. Before the merger Riggisberg had an area of 7.7 km2 (3.0 sq mi). Of this area, 76.9% was used for agricultural purposes, while 9.7% was forested. Of the rest of the land, 12.8% was settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (0.5%) was non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). Rüti bei Riggisberg had an area of 22.2 km2 (8.6 sq mi). Of this area, 32.1% was used for agricultural purposes, while 64.3% was forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.1% was settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (1.5%) was non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The elevation of Riggisberg is 763 m (2,503 ft), with the lowest point at 669 m (2,195 ft) and the highest point at 1,616 m (5,302 ft). The municipality is located in the valley between the Längenberg and the Gibelegg. It consists of the villages of Riggisberg and Rüti bei Riggisberg as well as scattered hamlets and farm houses. On 1 January 2009 the former municipality of Rüti bei Riggisberg merged into the municipality of Riggisberg. On 31 December 2009 Amtsbezirk Seftigen, the municipality's former district, was dissolved. On the following day, 1 January 2010, it joined the newly created Verwaltungskreis Bern-Mittelland. Coat of arms ------------ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Azure a Royal Crown Or on a Mount of 3 Coupeaux Vert. Demographics ------------ Riggisberg village Houses in Riggisberg Riggisberg has a population (as of December 2020[update]) of 2,599. As of 2012[update], 3.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals. Over the last 2 years (2010-2012) the population has changed at a rate of 0.3%. Migration accounted for 0.3%, while births and deaths accounted for -0.3%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (2,043 or 94.5%) as their first language, Albanian is the second most common (22 or 1.0%) and Turkish is the third (22 or 1.0%). There are 9 people who speak French, 7 people who speak Italian and 3 people who speak Romansh. As of 2008[update], the population was 48.2% male and 51.8% female. The population was made up of 1,097 Swiss men (45.8% of the population) and 56 (2.3%) non-Swiss men. There were 1,190 Swiss women (49.7%) and 51 (2.1%) non-Swiss women. Of the population in the municipality, 686 or about 31.7% were born in Riggisberg and lived there in 2000. There were 1,004 or 46.4% who were born in the same canton, while 225 or 10.4% were born somewhere else in Switzerland, and 180 or 8.3% were born outside of Switzerland. As of 2012[update], children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 21.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 57.4% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.7%. As of 2000[update], there were 985 people who were single and never married in the municipality. There were 915 married individuals, 168 widows or widowers and 94 individuals who are divorced. As of 2010[update], there were 316 households that consist of only one person and 71 households with five or more people. In 2000[update], a total of 736 apartments (90.8% of the total) were permanently occupied, while 31 apartments (3.8%) were seasonally occupied and 44 apartments (5.4%) were empty. As of 2012[update], the construction rate of new housing units was 2.5 new units per 1000 residents. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2013[update], was 4.3%. In 2011, single family homes made up 43.0% of the total housing in the municipality. ### Rüti bei Riggisberg Rüti bei Riggisberg had a population (as of 2007[update]) of 411, of which 1.9% were foreign nationals. Over the last 10 years before the merger, the population has decreased at a rate of 13.1%. Most of the population (as of 2000[update]) speaks German (98.9%), with French being second most common (0.7%) and Portuguese being third (0.5%). In the 2007 election the most popular party was the SVP which received 72.7% of the vote. The next two most popular parties were the FDP (8%) and the SPS (4.5%). The age distribution of the population (as of 2000[update]) is children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 31.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) make up 51.6% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 16.7%. In Rüti bei Riggisberg about 60% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Rüti bei Riggisberg had an unemployment rate of 1.24%. As of 2005[update], there were 99 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 34 businesses involved in this sector. 46 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 6 businesses in this sector. 38 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 7 businesses in this sector. Historic Population ------------------- The historical population is given in the following chart: Heritage sites of national significance --------------------------------------- The Abegg-Stiftung(de) (Abegg Foundation building), the Speicherstöckli and Rümligen Castle are listed as Swiss heritage site of national significance. * Exterior of the Abegg Foundation buildingExterior of the Abegg Foundation building * Banner given to mercenaries from Rapperswil by Pope Julius II. Restored in 1993 at the Abegg-StiftungBanner given to mercenaries from Rapperswil by Pope Julius II. Restored in 1993 at the Abegg-Stiftung * Fra Angelico - Adoration of the Magi from the Abegg collectionFra Angelico - Adoration of the Magi from the Abegg collection * The SpeicherstöckliThe Speicherstöckli * Rümligen CastleRümligen Castle Politics -------- In the 2011 federal election the most popular party was the Swiss People's Party (SVP) which received 45.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the Conservative Democratic Party (BDP) (17.3%), the Social Democratic Party (SP) (10.6%) and the FDP.The Liberals (6.7%). In the federal election, a total of 922 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 49.0%. Economy ------- As of 2011[update], Riggisberg had an unemployment rate of 0.73%. As of 2011[update], there were a total of 1,600 people employed in the municipality. Of these, there were 165 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 61 businesses involved in this sector. 247 people were employed in the secondary sector and there were 51 businesses in this sector. 1,188 people were employed in the tertiary sector, with 124 businesses in this sector. There were 1,043 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which females made up 44.5% of the workforce. In 2008[update] there were a total of 891 full-time equivalent jobs. The number of jobs in the primary sector was 55, all of which were in agriculture. The number of jobs in the secondary sector was 116 of which 29 or (25.0%) were in manufacturing, 25 or (21.6%) were in mining and 62 (53.4%) were in construction. The number of jobs in the tertiary sector was 720. In the tertiary sector; 113 or 15.7% were in wholesale or retail sales or the repair of motor vehicles, 46 or 6.4% were in the movement and storage of goods, 11 or 1.5% were in a hotel or restaurant, 14 or 1.9% were the insurance or financial industry, 20 or 2.8% were technical professionals or scientists, 29 or 4.0% were in education and 409 or 56.8% were in health care. In 2000[update], there were 644 workers who commuted into the municipality and 506 workers who commuted away. The municipality is a net importer of workers, with about 1.3 workers entering the municipality for every one leaving. A total of 537 workers (45.5% of the 1,181 total workers in the municipality) both lived and worked in Riggisberg. Of the working population, 11.5% used public transportation to get to work, and 49% used a private car. In 2011 the average local and cantonal tax rate on a married resident, with two children, of Riggisberg making 150,000 CHF was 12.7%, while an unmarried resident's rate was 18.7%. For comparison, the average rate for the entire canton in the same year, was 14.2% and 22.0%, while the nationwide average was 12.3% and 21.1% respectively. In 2009 there were a total of 1,021 tax payers in the municipality. Of that total, 324 made over 75,000 CHF per year. There were 10 people who made between 15,000 and 20,000 per year. The average income of the over 75,000 CHF group in Riggisberg was 115,048 CHF, while the average across all of Switzerland was 130,478 CHF. In 2011 a total of 2.0% of the population received direct financial assistance from the government. Religion -------- Swiss Reformed church in Riggisberg From the 2000 census[update], 1,708 or 79.0% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church, while 139 or 6.4% were Roman Catholic. Of the rest of the population, there were 8 members of an Orthodox church (or about 0.37% of the population), there were 2 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who belonged to the Christian Catholic Church, and there were 47 individuals (or about 2.17% of the population) who belonged to another Christian church. There were 2 individuals (or about 0.09% of the population) who were Jewish, and 84 (or about 3.89% of the population) who were Muslim. There were 26 individuals who were Hindu. 97 (or about 4.49% of the population) belonged to no church, are agnostic or atheist, and 49 individuals (or about 2.27% of the population) did not answer the question. Education --------- In Riggisberg about 51.9% of the population have completed non-mandatory upper secondary education, and 15.6% have completed additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule). Of the 217 who had completed some form of tertiary schooling listed in the census, 71.0% were Swiss men, 19.8% were Swiss women, 4.6% were non-Swiss men and 4.6% were non-Swiss women. The Canton of Bern school system provides one year of non-obligatory Kindergarten, followed by six years of Primary school. This is followed by three years of obligatory lower Secondary school where the students are separated according to ability and aptitude. Following the lower Secondary students may attend additional schooling or they may enter an apprenticeship. During the 2011-12 school year, there were a total of 359 students attending classes in Riggisberg. There were 2 kindergarten classes with a total of 42 students in the municipality. Of the kindergarten students, 7.1% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 9.5% have a different mother language than the classroom language. The municipality had 8 primary classes and 146 students. Of the primary students, 2.7% were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 4.8% have a different mother language than the classroom language. During the same year, there were 9 lower secondary classes with a total of 171 students. There were 2.3% who were permanent or temporary residents of Switzerland (not citizens) and 5.3% have a different mother language than the classroom language. As of 2000[update], there were a total of 352 students attending any school in the municipality. Of those, 227 both lived and attended school in the municipality, while 125 students came from another municipality. During the same year, 53 residents attended schools outside the municipality. Riggisberg is home to the Bibliothek Riggisberg library. The library has (as of 2008[update]) 8,032 books or other media, and loaned out 19,844 items in the same year. It was open a total of 200 days with average of 8 hours per week during that year.
The early 1990s saw the advent of online diary planners, digital tools that help users keep track of upcoming meetings and events. Users may be executives, event managers, doctors, students, and others. Although the idea of keeping a record (or plan) of events is not new, digital planners allowed for those plans to be shared on the internet. The desire for effective online organizers and personal information managers (PIMS) has been growing. The web-based Filofax initially satisfied users' organizing needs, followed by ACT!, Time and Chaos, and Microsoft Outlook. Online calendars ---------------- Online calendars, a newer version of online diary planners, soon appeared. The main difference between online calendars and handheld computers and PIMS is that the older devices stored appointments and meeting schedules on a user's computer or handheld device; the newer calendars stored all information on the Internet. Online calendars were more accessible and less cumbersome; they could be accessed any time and anywhere with Internet access. Diarists turned to Outlook, which could be synchronized with Pocket PCs, in the first half of the first decade of the 21st century. The older versions required users to make regular backups or risk data loss. ### First generation Some of the first online calendars were generally unimpressive long-term, but they helped users add appointments straightaway. Users began to complain that they could view only one month's appointments on the calendar. Which means if they wanted to schedule a conference over one month away, they would be unable to do so because the application allowed viewing a calendar only 30 days at a time. Open calendars that intended users to connect with many people caused privacy problems. These online diary planners could not prevent double-booking. Most first-generation online calendars gave way to calendars created by giants of the information technology industry such as Microsoft and Yahoo! and their look and feel were criticized. ### Microsoft Outlook and Yahoo! Calendar Many users turned to Microsoft Outlook, but the problem of double-booking appointments and meetings continued. Yahoo! Calendar had been popular since the 1990s, with compatible software. However, the Yahoo! software had to be downloaded to an office PC if a user wanted to use it from their office; this was not always possible. ### Google Calendar Users can synchronize Google Calendar with Microsoft Outlook, using the conventional meeting-request procedure in other calendar systems. When accepted, the proposed date will show on the recipient's Google Calendar. A reminder of an event can be sent to the involved parties' Gmail account before the event begins. Google Calendar sends meeting alerts as SMS messages to users' cell phones and smartphones via apps. Users can also download public holidays and important dates from the public calendar gallery. Google Calendar permits users to drag and drop events and happenings from one calendar (such as Microsoft Outlook) to another. Users must have an active Google account, however, and the double-booking problem continues. Other online planners and calendars ----------------------------------- Other online calendars and diary planners are AirSet, Meeting Diary, and Mypunchbowl. AirSet is a multipurpose online planner that allows connection with colleagues, friends and family, and Mypunchbowl is a party and wedding planner. Meeting Diary is an online planner for meetings, conferences and events. Online planners exist for parties, families and friends, meetings, conferences and events, personal use, trips and special interests. ### Parties Mypunchbowl, Purpletrail, Bestpartyever, and Partypotato are also party planners. Mypunchbowl employs experts who advise users about party and wedding planning. ### Families and friends Cozi.com and AirSet are online diary planners for connecting with family members. ### Meetings, conferences and events Meeting Diary and MeetingWizard can be used used to plan meetings, conferences and events. Meeting Diary has a large data-storage capacity and is a secure web-based application. Meeting Wizard, free of charge, allows the importation of emails and works across different time zones. ### Personal planners Diary.com, My Personal Diary, The Journal, and Remember the Milk are personal planners, and Diary.com is a private and a public platform. ### Travel Meet Me In, Triporama, Priceline.com, Tripit, Triphobo.com, Hilton e-Events, Groople, Trip Planner, Hotel Planner, TripHub, and GroupAbout help users plan trips and holidays. CarnivalConnections.com, InterContinental Hotels Group and Carlson Hotels Worldwide help travel groups with customized websites. Triphobo.com, Groople, GroupAbout and most other online travel planners provide information on hotel bookings, sightseeing, leisure sports and activities, transportation and travel packages. Groople and GroupAbout travel groups can build their own websites to address each travel group's individual needs. Through these customized websites, travel groups can share travel tips. Groople and GroupAbout have liaisons with travel agencies and companies; Groople is affiliaterd with Kayak.com, Travelocity and SideStep, and GroupAbout is affiliated with Orbitz and SideStep. Hotel Planner allows travelers to name the place to which they wish to travel and specify their other travel wishes. All such information is recorded on the site. Hotel Planner then asks hotels in that place for online quotes. If the travel group agrees on a price, Hotel Planner designs website for online booking. On Priceline.com, groups of five to nine travelers can book accommodations by submitting quotes or agreeing to posted rates. Meet Me In allows up to four people to travel from two different places, get together at one place and receive a discounted travel package. Hilton Hotels' e-Events permits travel groups to see the prices of rooms, book rooms and conference halls, and construct a tailor-made site. TripHub is affiliated with Alaska Airlines and Orbitz. The site recommends travel companies and agencies which would meet travelers' needs. Triporama allows tourists to interact with one another and discuss tour itineraries so members of a travel group can reach consensus when finalizing travel plans. It connects travelers to the web portals of travel companies such as Cruiseshipcenters international, which promote package tours. Trip Planner enables travelers to obtain an accurate travel plan, permitting users to specify their starting and ending points and tentative departure and arrival times. It is associated with the New York City Transit Authority. Online travel planners have been developed by hoteliers and sightseeing agencies. Carnival Cruise Lines' CarnivalConnections.com was developed to help travel groups plan their tours. InterContinental Hotels Group and Carlson Hotels Worldwide also provide travel groups with tailor-made websites for booking and payment. Some feel that online booking is not always cost-effective; larger groups may get better discounts if they do not restrict themselves to the Internet, booking trips face-to-face or through a travel agency. ### Special interests Marco software is an online diary planner for wine enthusiasts, gardeners and photographers.
British Lions & Scotland international rugby union player For other people named James Renwick, see James Renwick (disambiguation). Rugby player Jim Renwick (born 12 February 1952) is a former Scotland international rugby union player. He played at Centre. Rugby Union career ------------------ ### Amateur career He played for Hawick Harlequins and then moved to play for Hawick. ### Provincial career He played for South of Scotland. He played for Scotland Probables in 1975. ### International career He was capped by Scotland 'B' against France 'B' in 1971. He went on to earn 52 full senior caps for Scotland. Allan Massie thinks his 1981–82 international season was his best, and describes him as "an individualist rather than a link-man" and that "Indeed, he was often at his most dangerous collecting bad ball, when his ability to accelerate from a standing start, jinking and weaving and ducking under tackles, enabled him to split defences whose wit was not as sharp as his. Renwick was also a fine and consistent place-kicker – although rarely used at international level – a good, if one-footed, kicker from hand, and an excellent drop-kicker (he scored drop-goals against both Wales and France in season 1981–82). Despite all this, his game was characterized by a willingness to always to run the ball." A player of precocious talent, Jim Renwick was aged nineteen when he won his first cap against France in 1972. It was the first of a then-record 52 appearances for Scotland, and scored eleven tries. He tended to be at his best when playing against Wales, scoring more tries against them than any other country. Richard Bath writes of him that: "The bald pate of Hawick's Jim Renwick was one of the most familiar sights of the 1970s. Although the Borderer's lack of hair made him look a deal older, and at times he was overshadowed by the genius of John Rutherford, Renwick was no journeyman. Staunch in defence, it was in attack where he was at his most effective. A short man, he had the ability to wriggle through tackles and to consistently break the gain line. Renwick announced his presence on the international stage with a try on his debut against France". Renwick was a slightly unorthodox player, and considered suspect in defence in the early part of his career – this saw him left out of the 1977 Lions – although appearances were deceptive. While Renwick never tackled in the classic style, few men got past him; he preferred a high, smothering tackle that also had the benefit of often allowing him to stay on his feet, and therefore stay in the game. In Bucharest, in May 1984, Renwick broke Andy Irvine's previous record of fifty-one caps playing Romania, even though he'd missed the first past of the season through injury. Equally unorthodox in appearance, the sight of the later Renwick, bald and moustached, slightly rotund, with his head-nodding as he ran, jinking and weaving and breaking into open space, was one of the more peculiar joys of international rugby. He was a good kicker, but he had a weak left foot, and preferred to run with the ball. He was dropped on the Lions tour, in favour of an English player. Allan Massie thought his handling and evasion skills were marvellous: "He had marvellous adhesive hands, and perhaps the quickest wit of any midfield player of recent years. Indeed he was often at his most dangerous when on the receiving end of a bad pass, for then his ability to dodge and accelerate abruptly from a standing start enabled him to split many defences. To see him run out of defence, jinking and swerving, the ball unusually high under his arm, was always exhilarating. He was very hard to put down, being powerful in the hips, and quick to slide under the high tackles with a shrug of his shoulders. Eels might envy his elusiveness." Renwick retired at the beginning of the 1984 season, just before Scotland claimed its first grand slam since 1925. Family ------ He has 8 children, and is divorced to Shelagh (Duncan) and now in a long term relationship with Jane Gilligan.
Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate Not to be confused with Mongolia or Mughal Empire. Moghulistan (from Persian: مغولستان, Muğūlistān; Mongolian: Моголистан; simplified Chinese: 蒙兀儿斯坦; traditional Chinese: 蒙兀兒斯坦), also called the Moghul Khanate or the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (simplified Chinese: 东察合台汗国; traditional Chinese: 東察合台汗國; pinyin: Dōng Chágětái Hánguó), was a Mongol breakaway khanate of the Chagatai Khanate and a historical geographic area north of the Tengri Tagh mountain range, on the border of Central Asia and East Asia. That area today includes parts of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and northwest Xinjiang, China. The khanate nominally ruled over the area from the mid-14th century until the late 17th century. Beginning in the mid-14th century a new khanate, in the form of a nomadic tribal confederacy headed by a member of the family of Chagatai, arose in the region of the Ili River. It is therefore considered to be a continuation of the Chagatai Khanate, but it is also referred to as the Moghul Khanate. In actuality, local control rested with local Mongol Dughlats or Naqshbandi Sufis in their respective oases. Although the rulers enjoyed great wealth from trade with the Ming dynasty, it was beset by constant civil war and invasions by the Timurid Empire, which emerged from the western part of the erstwhile Chagatai Khanate. The khanate was split into the Turpan Khanate based on the city of Turpan, and the Yarkent Khanate based on the city of Yarkent, until the Dzungar Khanate conquered the region by the early 18th century. Etymology --------- "Moghul" envoys seen in Beijing in 1656 by Johan Nieuhof, who took them for representatives of the Moghuls of India. However, Luciano Petech (1914–2010) classifies them visitors from Turpan in Moghulistan. "Moghulistan" is a Persian name and simply means "Land of the Moghuls" or Mongols (the term Moghul/Mughal is Persian for "Mongol" and -istan means land in Persian) in reference to the eastern branch of the ethnic Mongol Chagatai Khans who ruled it. The term "Moghulistan" occurs mostly in Soviet historiography, while Chinese historiography mostly uses the term "East Chagatai Khanate" (Chinese: 东察合台汗国; pinyin: Dōng Cháhétái Hànguó), which contrasts Moghulistan to the Timurid Empire. The Moghul Khans considered themselves heir to Mongol traditions and called themselves Mongghul Uls, from which the Persian term "Moghulistan" comes. Ming dynasty Mandarins called the Moghuls "the Mongol tribes (Chinese: 蒙古部落; pinyin: Ménggǔ Bùluò) in Beshbalik". The Timurid exonym for Moghulistan was Ulus-i Jatah. When the Mongols conquered most of Asia and Russia in the 13th century and constructed the Mongol Empire, they lived as minorities in many of the regions they had subdued, such as Iran and China. As a result,[] the Mongols in these regions quickly adopted the local culture. For example, in the Persian Ilkhanate the Mongol khans adopted Islam and Persian culture after less than half a century, while the khans of the Yuan dynasty embraced Chinese court customs. In contrast, the Mongols and their subordinates who settled in what came to be known as Moghulistan were in origin steppe nomads from Mongolia. Because of this, they were much more resistant to changing their way of life; they retained their primarily nomadic lifestyle for several centuries and were among the last of the Mongols who converted to Islam to do so. During the 14th century the inhabitants of Moghulistan were known[by whom?] as "Mogul" and the area they occupied was called "Mirza/Baig". This term is also used by numerous people in South Asia. According to Vasily Bartold, there are "some indications that the language of the Moghuls was Mongolian until the 16th century". For the sedentary Mongols in Transoxiana, the nomadic Mongols to their east represented a bastion of true Mongol culture, hence the name "Moghulistan". Geography --------- Since the Moghuls were nomads of the steppe, the boundaries of their territories seldom stayed the same for long. Still, Moghulistan in the strictest sense was centered in the Ili region. It was bounded on the west by the province of Shash and the Karatau Mountains, while the southern area of Lake Balkhash marked the northern limit of Moghul influence. From there the border gradually sloped in a southeastern direction until it reached the eastern portion of the Tian Shan Mountains. The Tian Shan then served as the southern border of Moghulistan. Besides Moghulistan proper, the Moghuls also nominally controlled modern-day Dzungaria (northern Xinjiang, including the Turpan Depression) and Nanjiang (southern Xinjiang, including the Tarim Basin). Besides Moghulistan, Nanjiang, and Beijiang, several other regions were also temporarily subjected to Moghul rule at one time or another, such as Tashkent, Ferghana and parts of Badakhshan. Moghulistan proper was primarily steppe country and was where the Moghuls usually resided. Because of the Moghuls' nomadic nature, the towns of Moghulistan fell into decline during their rule, if they managed to remain occupied at all. Central East Asia in 1450. The Moghuls controlled Moghulistan, Altishahr, and Turpan. Moghulistan in 1490 Aside from the towns, which were at the foot of the mountains, nearly all of Nanjiang was desert. As a result, the Moghuls generally stayed out of the region and it was a poor source of manpower. The Dughlat amirs or leaders from the Naqshbandi Islamic order administered these towns in the name of the Moghul khans until 1514. The Moghuls more directly governed Nanjiang after they lost Moghulistan itself. The capital city of Nanjiang was usually Yarkand or Kashgar. A contemporary Chinese term for part of the Nanjiang area was "Southern Tian Shan route" (Chinese: 天山南路; pinyin: Tiānshān Nánlù), as opposed to the "Northern" route, i.e. Dzungaria. A later Turki word "Altishahr", meaning "Six Cities", came into vogue during the rule of the 19th century Tajik warlord Yaqub Beg, which is an imprecise term for certain western, then Muslim oasis cities. Shoqan Walikhanov names them as Yarkand, Kashgar, Hotan, Aksu, Uch-Turpan, and Yangi Hisar; two definitions by Albert von Le Coq substitute Bachu (Maralbishi) for Uch-Turfan or Yecheng (Karghalik) for Aksu. During Yaqub's rule, Turfan substituted for Uch-Turfan, and other informants identify seven, rather than six cities in "Alti-shahr". The borders of Alti-Shahr were better defined than those of Moghulistan, with the Tian Shan marking the northern boundary, the Pamirs the western, and the Kunlun Shan the southern. The eastern border usually was slightly to the east of Kucha. The Buddhist kingdom in Beijiang centered around Turfan was the only area where the people were identified as "Uyghurs" after the Islamic invasions. The broader Turfan area was bordered by Nanjiang to the west, the Tian Shan to the north, the Kunlun Shan to the south, and the principality of Hami. In 1513 Hami became a dependency of Turfan and remained so until the end of Moghul rule. As a result, the Moghuls became direct neighbors of Ming China. Although the term "Uyghurstan" was used for the Turfan city-state, the term is confused in Muslim sources with Cathay. The Uyghur khans had voluntarily become Mongol vassals during the reign of Genghis Khan and as a result were allowed to retain their territories. As the Mongol Empire was split up in the middle of the 13th century, the Xinjiang region was assigned to the Chagatayids. The power of the Uyghur khans slowly declined under Mongol rule until the last recorded khan was forcibly converted to Islam in the 1380s or 90s. After the 15th century it seems to have been subjected to direct Moghul rule, and a separate Moghul Khanate was established there in mid-15th century. After the Islamization of Turfan, the non-Islamic term "Uyghur" would disappear until the Chinese Nationalist leader Sheng Shicai, following the Soviet Union, introduced it for a different, Muslim population in 1934. History ------- See also: Timeline of the Chagatai Khanate Arguments about succession resulted in the breakup of the Mongol Empire in Asia into the Chagatai Khanate in Central Asia, Yuan dynasty (1279–1368) in China, Ilkhanate in Persia, and Golden Horde in Russia, which waged destructive wars with one another. Moghulistan, which had formed the eastern portion of the Chagatai Khanate, became independent in 1347 under the Chagatayid named Tughlugh Timur. There is no accepted date for the dissolution of the Chagatai Khanate, although some historians mark it with the ascendance of Tughlugh. There were few contemporary histories of Moghulistan, in contrast to the well-documented Timurid Empire; most of modern knowledge about the region comes from the Tarikh-i-Rashidi, the only primary source for the region. ### Division of the Chagatai Khanate Ogedei Khan's descendants are found among the eastern and western Chaghtai Khanates of Central Asia. The map showing the Eastern Chagatai Khanate (Moghulistan) as of the year 1372 AD The eastern regions of the Chagatai Khanate in the early 14th century had been inhabited by a number of Mongol nomadic tribes. These tribes resented the conversion of Tarmashirin to Islam and the move of the khan to the sedentary areas of Transoxiana. They were behind the revolt that ended in Tarmashirin's death. One of the khans that followed Tarmashirin, Changshi, favored the east and was non-Muslim. In the 1340s as a series of ephemeral khans struggled to hold power in Transoxiana, little attention was paid by the Chagatayids to the eastern regions. As a result, the eastern tribes there were virtually independent. The most powerful of the tribes, the Dughlats, controlled extensive territories in Moghulistan and the western Tarim Basin. In 1347 the Dughlats decided to appoint a khan of their own, and raised the Chagatayid Tughlugh Timur to the throne. Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) was thereby made the head of a tribal confederacy that governed the Tarim Basin and the steppe area of Moghulistan (named after the Moghuls). His reign was contemporaneous with the series of puppet khans that ruled in Transoxiana, meaning that there were now effectively two khanates headed by Chagatayids: one in the west, centered in Transoxiana, and one in the east, centered in Moghulistan. Unlike the khans in the west, however, Tughlugh Timur was a strong ruler who converted to Islam (1354) and sought to reduce the power of the Dughlats. Tughlugh Timur converted to Islam, whose concepts of ummah, ghazat (holy war), and jihad inspired his territorial expansionism into Transoxiana. The conversion was also politically convenient in that he branded the dissident princes which he killed as "heathens and idolaters". Conversion amongst the general population was slow to follow. In 1360 he took advantage of a breakdown of order in Transoxiana and his legitimacy as descendant of Chagatai Khan to invade the region and take control of it, thereby temporarily reuniting the two khanates. Despite invading a second time in 1361 and appointing his son Ilyas Khoja as ruler of Transoxiana, however, Tughlugh Timur was unable to keep a lasting hold on the region, and the Moghuls were ultimately expelled by Amir Husayn and Timur, who then fought amongst themselves for control of Transoxiana. ### Moghulistan Moghulistan is located in Continental Asia1400MOGHULISTANGOLDEN HORDEMING DYNASTYFOUR OIRATSNORTHERN YUANPHAGMODRUPASJALAYI- RIDSVIJAYA- NAGARAGEORGIATIMURID EMPIREDELHI SULTANATETungusAVAKHMEROTTOMAN EMPIREMAMLUK SULTANATEJO- SEONMAJAPAHITMUSCOVY ◁ ▷ class=notpageimage\| Moghulistan and main polities in Asia c. 1400 Chagatayid rule in Moghulistan was temporarily interrupted by the coup of the Dughlat Amir Qamar-ud-Din, who likely killed Ilyas Khoja in 1368 and several other Chagatayids. This takeover provoked a period of near-constant civil wars, because the tribal chiefs could not accept that Qamar-ud-Din, a "commoner", could accede to the throne. Opposition to Qamar-ud-Din within his own Dughlat tribe compromised the unity of Moghulistan, as Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat took control of Kashgar. The Moghuls that remained obedient to him were constantly at war with Timur, who invaded Moghulistan several times but was unable to catch Dughlat invaders. Timur sent at least five victorious expeditions to Moghulistan, seriously weakening Qamar-ud-Din's regime. The Moghuls had sent an unsuccessful supplication to the Hongwu Emperor of China pleading for help, as Tamerlane had also wanted to conquer China, while emphasizing that Transoxiana was the land belonging to their own Moghul forefathers, regarding the Timurids control over Transoxiana as illegitimate. Although a military alliance did not result, the Ming dynasty opened up caravan trade to Moghulistan, greatly enriching the Moghul rulers who collected zakat (tax) on the lucrative Silk Road trade. This trade ushered in an era of economic and cultural exchange with China, in exchange for the state accepting (what the Ming saw as) tributary status to the Ming. After the Han Chinese united and expelled the Mongols from China, establishing the Ming dynasty (1368–1644), Yuan Mongol refugees, principally of the Borjigin clan, migrated to the eastern Chagatai Khanate. Those Mongols allied with the nomadic Buddhist, Christian and Shamanist rebels of the Issyk Kul and Isi areas against the Chagatai Khan Tarmashirin in the 1330s upon his conversion to Islam. A Chagatayid restoration occurred in the 1380s, when the Dughlats enthroned the surviving Chagatayid heir Khizr Khoja, but the Dughlats retained an important position within the khanate; for the next forty years they installed several khans of their own choosing. After being restored to the throne by the Dughlats, Khizr Khoja married his sister to Amir Timur, then personally led a holy war against "Khitay" (the Uyghurs in Turfan and Qocho), forcibly converting them to Islam and putting an end to the Uyghur polity. During the 15th century the Moghuls had to deal with several enemy incursions by the Oirats, Timurids and Uzbeks. The Turco-Mongol residual states and domains by the 15th century Moghul rule in the region was restored by Uwais Khan (1418–1428), a devout Muslim who was frequently at war with the Oirats (Western Mongols) who roamed in the area east of Lake Balkash. He was usually defeated and even captured twice by the Oirat Esen Tayishi, but was able to secure his release both times. Uvais Khan was followed by Esen Buqa (1428–1462), who frequently raided the Timurid Empire to the west. ### Split of Moghulistan Main articles: Turpan Khanate and Yarkent Khanate Moghulistan in the 15th century Division of Yarkent and Turpan in 1517 Late in his reign Esen Buqa was contested by his brother Yunus Khan (1462–1487), who had been raised to the khanship by the Timurids in an attempt to counter Esen Buqa. When Esen Buqa died in 1462, the Dughlat amirs were divided over whether they should follow his son Dost Muhammad, who was then seventeen or his brother Yunus Khan. After the death of Dost Muhammad in 1469, Yunus Khan reunited the khanate, defeated the Uzbeks and maintained good relations with the Kazakhs and Timurids, but the western Tarim Basin was lost to a revolt by the Dughlats. In 1484 he captured Tashkent from the Timurids. Yunus Khan (1462–1487) profited from the weakness of his neighbors and took Tashkent in 1482. Towards the end of Yunus' reign, his son Ahmad Alaq founded a breakaway eastern Khanate in greater Turpan. During the 15th century the Moghul khans became increasingly Turkified. Yunus Khan is even mentioned to have the looks of a Tajik instead of those of a Mongol. This Turkification may not have been as extensive amongst the general Moghul population, who were also slower to convert to Islam than the khan and top amirs (although by the mid-fifteenth century the Moghuls were considered to be largely Muslim). The khans also adopted the Islamic sharia in favor of the Mongol Yassa. "Zagathay Tartari" shown in control of the lands east of the Lower Volga on a 1551 map After Yunus Khan's death his territories were divided by his sons. Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503), who ruled eastern Moghulistan or Turpan Khanate from Turpan, fought a series of successful wars against the Oirats, raided Chinese territory and attempted to seize the western Tarim Basin from the Dughlats, although he was ultimately unsuccessful. In 1503 he traveled west to assist his brother Mahmud Khan (1487–1508), the ruler of western Moghulistan in Tashkent, against the Uzbeks under Muhammad Shaybani. The brothers were defeated and captured; they were released but Tashkent was seized by the Uzbeks. Ahmad Alaq died soon after and was succeeded by his son Mansur Khan (1503–1545), who captured Hami from Kara Del, a Mongol dependency of Ming China, in 1513. Mahmud Khan spent several years trying to regain his authority in Moghulistan; he eventually gave up and submitted to Muhammad Shaybani, who executed him. The rest of western Moghulistan (the area of modern Kyrgyzstan) were gradually lost to Kyrgyz tribes. In 1469-70 Kyrgyz belonging to the Oirat confederacy migrated into the Tian Shan mountains in Moghulistan. The Kyrgyz tribes led by Tagai Biy and rebelled against the Moghuls; by 1510–11, they had effectively driven out the Moghuls. However, as late as 1526–27, the Moghul Khan Sultan Said still attempted but failed to return the Kyrgyz to subjugation. Mansur Khan's brother Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) conquered the western Tarim Basin from Mirza Abu Bakr Dughlat in 1514 and set himself up in Kashgar forming the Yarkent Khanate. Thereafter the Moghulistan khanate was permanently divided, although Sultan Said Khan was nominally a vassal of Mansur Khan in Turpan. After Sultan Said Khan's death from high altitude edema in a failed 1533 attack on Tibet he was succeeded by Abdurashid Khan (1533–1565), who began his reign by executing a member of the Dughlat family. A nephew of the dead amir, Mirza Muhammad Haidar Dughlat fled to Mughal Empire in India and eventually conquered Kashmir, where he wrote a history of the Moghuls. Abdurrashid Khan also fought for control of (western) Moghulistan against the Kirghiz-Kazakhs of the Great Horde, but (western) Moghulistan was ultimately lost; thereafter the Moghuls were largely restricted to possession of the Tarim Basin. ### Rule of the Khojas \| History of the Mongols \| \| --- \| \| \| \| * Timeline * History * Rulers * Nobility * Culture * Language * Mongols * Proto-Mongols \| \| States Mongol khanates IX-X Khereid Khanate X-1203 Merkit Khanate XI–XII Tatar Khanate IX – XII Naiman Khanate -1204 Khamag Mongol Khanate X-1206 Mongol Empire 1206-1368 Yuan dynasty 1271-1368 Chagatai Khanate 1225-1340s Moghulistan 1346-1462 Turpan Khanate 1487-1660? Yarkent Khanate 1514-1705 Golden Horde 1240-1502 Ilkhanate 1256-1335 Chobanids 1335-1357 Jalairid Sultanate 1335-1432 Injuids 1335-1357 Northern Yuan dynasty 1368-1691 Timurid Empire 1370–1507 Kara Del 1383-1513 Four Oirat 1399-1634 Arghun dynasty 1479-1599 Mughal Empire (in India)1526–1857 Kalmyk Khanate 1630-1731 Khoshut Khanate 1640s-1717 Dzungar Khanate 1634-1758 Bogd Khaganate 1911-1924 Mongolian People's Republic 1924–1992 Mongolia 1992-present \| \| * v * t * e \| \| Part of a series on the \| \| --- \| \| History of Xinjiang \| \| \| \| Ancient period * Tocharians * Yuezhi * Xiongnu * Western Regions + (Han Protectorate; Chief Officials) * Kingdom of Khotan * Former Liang * Former Qin * Later Liang * Western Liang * Gaochang * Rouran * First Turkic Khaganate * Western Turkic Khaganate * Eastern Turkic Khaganate * Second Turkic Khaganate \| \| Medieval and early modern period * Tang Protectorates (West; Beiting) * Tibetan Empire * Uyghur Khaganate * Kara-Khanid Khanate * Kingdom of Qocho * Qara Khitai * Mongol Empire (Yuan; Chagatai Khanate) * Moghulistan (Turpan; Yarkent) * Ming ruled Kara Del * Dzungar Khanate * Kumul Khanate * Yettishar * Qing rule + (Dzungar genocide + Dungan Revolt + Qing reconquest) \| \| Modern period * Xinjiang Province, Republic of China + (Xinjiang clique + 1st East Turkestan Republic + 2nd East Turkestan Republic) * Xinjiang Province, People's Republic of China * Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region + (Production and Construction Corps + Xinjiang conflict - Xinjiang internment camps / Persecution of Uyghurs in China) \| \| * v * t * e \| In the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries, the Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) underwent a period of decentralization, with numerous subkhanates springing up with centers at Kashgar, Yarkand, Aksu and Khotan. In the late 16th and 17th centuries power in the Moghul states gradually shifted from the Khans to the khojas, who were influential religious leaders in the 16th century of the Sufi Naqshbandi order. The Khans increasingly gave up secular power to the khojas, until they were the effectively the governing power in Kashgaria. At the same time the Kyrgyz began to penetrate into Alti-Shahr as well. The khojas themselves were divided into two sects: the Aq Taghlik and the Kara Taghlik. This situation persisted until the 1670s, when the Moghul khans apparently tried to reassert their authority by expelling the leader of the Aq Taghlik. In 1677, Khoja Afaq of the Aq Taghlik fled to Tibet where he asked the 5th Dalai Lama for help to restore his power. The Dalai Lama arranged for the Buddhist Dzungar Khanate who inhabited the lands north of the Yarkent khanate to invade in 1680, and set up puppet rulers in Yarkent. The Yashkent Khanate were finally overthrown in the 1705, bringing an end to Chagatayid rule in Central Asia. Kashghar begs and Kyrgyz staged a revolt and seized Akbash Khan during an assault on Yarkand. The Yarkand begs then asked the Dzungars to intervene, which resulted in the Dzungars defeating the Kyrgyz and putting a total termination to Chagatai rule by installing the Aq Taghlik in Kashgar. They also helped the Aq Taghlik overcome the Kara Taghlik in Yarkand. A short time later, the Moghul kingdom of Turpan and Hami was also conquered by the Zunghar Khanate, but the Zunghars were expelled by Qing China. Descendants of the Chagatayid house submitted to the Qing and ruled the Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) as vassals of China until 1930. Maqsud Shah was the last of them, who died in 1930. The Tarim Basin fell under the overall rule of the Dzungars until it was taken by the Manchu Emperors of China in the mid-18th century. Bibliography ------------ * Millward, James A. Eurasian Crossroads: a History of Xinjiang. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007; London: C. Hurst, 2007. * Mirza Muhammad Haidar. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi: a History of the Moghuls of Central Asia. Trans. Edward Denison Ross. ISBN 81-86787-02-X. * Grousset, Rene (1970), Empire of the Steppes, Rutgers University Press, ISBN 0-8135-1304-9. * Elias, N. Commentary. The Tarikh-i-Rashidi (a History of the Moghuls of Central Asia). By Mirza Muhammad Haidar. Translated by Edward Denison Ross, edited by N. Elias. London, 1895. \| * v * t * e Chagatai Khanate (List of khans) \| \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Whole \| Western (Transoxiana) \| Eastern (Moghulistan) \| \| Chagatai Khan (1226–1242) Qara Hülëgü (1st. 1242–1246) Yesü Möngke (1246–1252) Qara Hülëgü (2nd. 1252) Orghana (regent) Mubarak Shah (1st. 1252–1260) Alghu (1260–1266) Mubarak Shah (2nd. 1266) Ghiyas-ud-din Baraq (1266–1270) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Negübei (1270–1272) Kaidu (de facto ruler) Buqa Temür (127?–1282) Kaidu and Chapar (de facto rulers) Duwa (1282–1306) Duwa (1306-1307) Könchek (1307–1308) Taliqu (1308–1309) Kebek (1st. 1309–1310) Esen Buqa I (1310–1318) Kebek (2nd. 1318–1325) Eljigidey (1325–1329) Duwa Temür (1329–1330) Tarmashirin (1331–1334) Buzan (1334–1335) Changshi (1335–1338) Yesun Temur (1338–1342) 'Ali-Sultan (1342) Muhammad I ibn Pulad (1342–1343) Qazan Khan ibn Yasaur (1343–1346) Amir Qazaghan (de facto ruler) Danishmendji (1346–1348) * Split into Western and Eastern Khanates \| Amir Qazaghan and Abdullah (de facto rulers) Bayan Qulï (1348–1358) Abdullah (de facto ruler) Shah Temur (1358) Tughlugh Timur (1360–1363) Amir Husayn and Timur (de facto rulers) Adil-Sultan (1363) Amir Husayn (de facto ruler) Khabul Shah (1364–1370) Timur (de facto ruler) Suurgatmish (1370–1384) Timur (de facto ruler) Sultan Mahmud (1384–1402) * Annexed by the Timurid Empire \| Tughlugh Timur (1347–1363) Ilyas Khoja (1363–1368) Qamar-ud-din Khan Dughlat (1368–1392) Khizr Khoja (1389–1399) Shams-i-Jahan (1399–1408) Muhammad Khan (1408–1415) Naqsh-i-Jahan (1415–1418) Uwais Khan (1st. 1418–1421) Sher Muhammad (1421–1425) Uwais Khan (2nd. 1425–1429) Satuq Khan (1429–1434) Esen Buqa II (1429–1462) Dost Muhammad (1462–1468) Kebek Sultan (1469–1472) Yunus Khan (1456–1487) * Split into Western and Eastern Khanates. See also: List of khans of the Yarkent and Turpan khanates \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Western (Yarkent Khanate) \| Eastern (Turpan Khanate) \| \| Mahmud Khan (1487–1508) Mansur Khan (1508–1514) Sultan Said Khan (1514–1533) Abdurashid Khan (1533–1560) Abdul Karim Khan (1560-1591) Muhammad Sultan (1591–1610) Shudja ad Din Ahmad Khan (1610-1618) Abd al-Latif (Afak) Khan (1618–1630) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1630-1633) Mahmud Sultan (Qilich Khan) (1633–1636) Sultan Ahmad Khan (Pulat Khan) (1636-1638) Abdallah (1638–1669) Nur ad-Din Sultan (1667-1668) Ismail Khan (1st. 1669) YuIbars Khan (1669–1670) Ismail Khan (2nd. 1670-1678) Abd ar-Rashid Khan II (1678–1680) Afaq Khoja (1680–1690) Muhammad Imin Khan (1690-1692) Yahiya Khoja (1692–1695) Akbash Khan (1695-1705) * Annexed by the Dzungar Khanate \| Ahmad Alaq (1487–1503) Mansur Khan (1503–1548) Shah Khan (1543–1560) Muhammad Khan ibn Mansur Khan (1570) Koraish Sultan (1570–1588) Muhammad Sultan (1588–1591) Abduraim Khan (1591-1636) Abu'l Muhammad Khan (1636-1653) Ibrahim Sultan (1653–1655) Sultan Said Baba Khan (1655–1680) * Annexed by the Yarkent Khanate and then the Dzungar Khanate \| \| \| \| \| * v * t * e Historical polities in Xinjiang \| \| --- \| \| Pre-Mongol Empire \| * Wusun (5th century BC–5th century AD) * Shule Kingdom (200 BC-709 AD) * Loulan Kingdom (?–77 BC) * Protectorate of the Western Regions (60 BC–107) * Jushi Kingdom (?-460) * Shanshan (77 BC–630) * Gaochang (460-640) * Kucha (?–789) * Yanqi (?–9th century) * Kingdom of Khotan (?–1006) * Protectorate General to Pacify the West (640-790) * Kara-Khanid Khanate (840–1212) * Qocho (843–1209) * Qara Khitai (1124–1218) \| \| Mongol \| * Chagatai Khanate (1225–1370) * Moghulistan (1347–1680s) * Kara Del (1389–1513) * Turpan Khanate (1487-1660?) * Yarkent Khanate (1514–1705) * Dzungar Khanate (1634–1758) * Kumul Khanate (1696–1930) \| \| Modern \| * Xinjiang under Qing rule (1757-1912) * Xinjiang (ROC) (1912-1992) * Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (1949-) \| \| * v * t * e Xinjiang topics \| \| --- \| \| Ürümqi (capital) \| \| History \| * Tocharians * Yuezhi * Xiongnu * Han dynasty + Protectorate of the Western Regions + Chief Official of the Western Regions * Kingdom of Khotan * Sixteen Kingdoms * Gaochang * Göktürks: First, Western, Eastern and Second * Tang dynasty + Protectorate General to Pacify the West - Four Garrisons of Anxi + Beiting Protectorate * Tibetan Empire * Uyghur Khaganate * Qocho * Kara-Khanid Khanate + Turkic settlement of the Tarim Basin * Qara Khitai * Mongol Empire * Yuan dynasty * Chagatai Khanate * Moghulistan * Kara Del * Turpan Khanate * Yarkent Khanate * Dzungar Khanate + Dzungar conquest of Altishahr + Dzungar–Qing Wars + Dzungar genocide * Kumul Khanate * Qing dynasty + Qing rule + Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas + Afaqi Khoja revolts - Holy War of the Seven Khojas + General of Ili + Reconquest of Xinjiang * Republic of China + Xinjiang Wars * First East Turkestan Republic * Second East Turkestan Republic + Ili Rebellion * People's Republic of China + PRC incorporation \| \| Geography \| * Cities * Tian Shan * Junggar Basin (Dzungaria) * Tarim Basin (Southern Xinjiang) * Gurbantünggüt Desert * Kumtag Desert * Taklamakan Desert * Turpan Depression * Karakoram Mountains * Altai Mountains * Kunlun Mountains * Pamir Mountains * Lanzhou–Xinjiang railway \| \| Education \| * Xinjiang University * Xinjiang Agricultural University * Xinjiang Medical University \| \| Culture \| * Doppa Festival * Music * Meshrep gathering * Muqam * Tocharian clothing \| \| Cuisine \| * Dapanji * Nan * Sangza * Samsa * Youtazi * Pamirdin * Xurpa * Tunurkawab * Chinese Islamic cuisine \| \| Economy \| * Cotton industry * Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps \| \| Visitor attractions \| * Apak Khoja and Xiang Fei Tomb * Flaming Mountains * Jiaohe ruins * Gaochang * Grand Bazaar, Ürümqi * Id Kah Mosque * Karakul Lake * Kizil Caves * Niya ruins \| \| Xinjiang conflict \| * 1989 Ürümqi unrest * Barin uprising * 1992 Ürümqi bombings * Ghulja incident * 1997 Ürümqi bus bombings * 2007 Xinjiang raid * 2008 Uyghur unrest * 2008 Kashgar attack * Shaoguan incident * July 2009 Ürümqi riots * September 2009 Xinjiang unrest * 2010 Aksu bombing * 2011 Hotan attack * 2011 Kashgar attacks * Pishan hostage crisis * 2012 Yecheng attack * Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554 * April 2013 Bachu unrest * June 2013 Shanshan riots * 2013 Tiananmen Square attack * 2014 Kunming attack * 2014 China–Vietnam border shootout * April 2014 Ürümqi attack * May 2014 Ürümqi attack * Assassination of Juma Tayir * Xinjiang internment camps * Persecution of Uyghurs in China \| \| People \| * Amursana * Mingrui * Jahangir Khoja * Yaqub Beg * Zuo Zongtang * Yang Zengxin * Jin Shuren * Sabit Damolla * Sheng Shicai * Ehmetjan Qasim * Wang Zhen * Saifuddin Azizi * Rebiya Kadeer * Nur Bekri * Li Zhi * Wang Lequan * Zhang Chunxian * Ilham Tohti * Salih Hudayar * Sattar Sawut * Shirzat Bawudun * Ghulam Osman Yaghma * Rahile Dawut \| \| Related \| * Uyghur people * Migration to Xinjiang * Altishahr * Chinese Turkestan * East Turkestan * East Turkistan Government in Exile * East Turkistan National Awakening Movement + Independence movement * World Uyghur Congress * China–Kazakhstan relations * China–Kyrgyzstan relations * China–Pakistan relations * China–Turkey relations \| \| * Category * Commons \|
Fictional character in the 2016 video game Overwatch Not to be confused with Symetra, an American insurance company. Fictional character Symmetra, full name Satya Vaswani, is a character who first appears in the 2016 video game Overwatch, a Blizzard Entertainment–developed first-person shooter. Voiced by Anjali Bhimani, she makes later appearances in related literary media and the game's sequel, Overwatch 2. Conceived by Jeff Kaplan and designed by Arnold Tsang, the character was conceived due to a desire to include a classic fantasy wizard into the game's science fiction setting, expressed through her ability to create constructs from thin air using hard-light technology. A woman of Indian descent, she works for the Vishkar Corporation, protecting their interests while working to expand their influence despite her concerns about their intentions. Since the game's release she has appeared in various spinoff media related to the franchise, including comics and merchandise. Symmetra as a fictional character was mostly well received since her debut, albeit with some criticisms on how Blizzard handled her cultural aspects. The developers were heavily praised for their approach to how she is portrayed as a person on the autism spectrum, finding it a breath of fresh air compared to most pop-culture depictions and applauded for their subtle approach to the subject as just one of many character traits she has. Her gameplay in Overwatch however proved far more divisive, resulting in a rift in the player community as some assumed she was chosen by players to either grief or troll their teammates, resulting in Symmetra players receiving verbal abuse or attempts to ban them from the game. Said players argued in favor of her, countering that they enjoyed her strategic gameplay and saw her as a tactical choice in the team-based game. Conception and development -------------------------- Symmetra's design changed significantly during development. While working on a massive multiplayer online game concept for Blizzard Entertainment, developer Geoff Goodman suggested the idea of a large number of character classes for players to select, but with class specialization for each. Fellow developer Jeff Kaplan took this idea to heart, salvaging character concepts from Titan—a then-recently cancelled Blizzard project—and character artwork by artist Arnold Tsang for that project. Kaplan created an eight-page pitch for a first person shooter concept to propose the idea, starting with an eight-page pitch that included a series of proposed characters, among them a white woman called "Architect" clad in a yellow dress with exposed thighs, armed with an blaster and a three-pronged "arc welder" replacing her left hand on a cybernetic arm. The concept went through several revisions afterword before returning to the original proposal design as a base, renaming the character "Symmetra" and making her a woman of Indian descent. The design was one of the final twenty designs to be featured on the main pitch image for Prometheus, which once approved, later materialized into Overwatch. Symmetra was one of the first twelve playable characters introduced upon the reveal of Overwatch at the November 2014 BlizzCon event. Blizzard let her backstory grow organically. They initially developed Symmetra's Vishkar Corporation storyline with little relation to the rest of Overwatch but later saw opportunities to expand while developing stories for other characters. Symmetra is also autistic, something originally only alluded to in a tie-in comic for the game until a fan asked Kaplan directly and he confirmed it in a letter response. The Overwatch developers also noted they wanted to not tokenize this particular trait, and instead emphasize their characters as an amalgam of traits. To this end, they added subtle commentary in her in-game dialogue expressing a desire for order and aversion to overstimulation. Overwatch 2's narrative designer Joshi Zhang fleshed out this aspect further in 2022, giving her voice lines that referenced her heightened sensory input and behaviors that allow her to stim. ### Design Standing approximately 1.7 m (5 ft 7 in) tall, her design came from a desire to include a classic fantasy wizard into the game's science fiction setting. The Architect concept became a "Technomancer", a character meant to be able to summon technology out of thing air similar to a mage conjuring magic. To this end her finalized design incorporated a blue dress with gold trim and thigh-high black stockings to give the imagery of a mage's robes. When designing her weapon and equipment, artists Roman Kenney and Ben Zhang worked to keep a uniform feel between them. Particular consideration was given to her weapon, which was separated from her left arm and carried via a pistol grip in her right hand, while the palm of her left enabled her to summon hard-light constructs to complete the mage aesthetic. Originally Symmetra was intended to wear a large finned helmet covering the top of their head allowing her to view the world through augmented reality, with long black hair flowing behind said helmet. It was later shortened to a finned visor with transparent blue front to allow players to see her face, incorporating a maang tikka in its design while long earrings dangled from her ears. For Overwatch 2, her design was slightly altered, changing the rest to an angled sash across her torso and thigh atop a blue jacket, while her stockings were changed into pants with white highlights. Like other Overwatch characters, Symmetra received skins, unlockable cosmetic items to change her in-game appearance. When developing them, they wanted to reference her scientific background, but also her role as a skilled architect at a major organization. Of particular note, the "Vishktar" skin presents her in a blue-and-white lab uniform with her hair tied into a bun and her visor front replaced with orange lenses. Her "Oasis" skin, on the other hand, was meant to represent the visual themes of the in-game city of Oasis, a scientific community located in Iraq. The "Devi" skin referenced her cultural background by referencing the Hindu god of the same name, giving her blue skin and an outfit that incorporated elements of another Hindu deity, Kali. This particular outfit drew backlash from Rajan Zed, a leader in the Hindu community, who felt it trivialized their religion by "letting players control her movements", and further claimed it was "creating confusion in the minds of [the] community about Devi by misrepresentation." Blizzard Entertainment did not provide a response to Zed's statements. Appearances ----------- Satya Vaswani is an Indian woman introduced in the 2016 first-person shooter Overwatch. Trained since youth as an architect at the Vishkar Corporation, an India-based company that developed a "hard light" technology that allows for the construction of physical objects from light, she proved particular gifted with it and helped build a city out of such constructs. The corporation recognized her talent and giving her the codename "Symmetra" tasked her with expanding Vishkar's global reach. While she does so to help the greater good, there are times she doubts if the control and order she desires are best for humanity. Symmetra is voiced by Indian-American actor Anjali Bhimani, who at the time of casting was not aware the character was autistic. She stated "I loved that it was so lightly touched-on [...] Had they told me that earlier on, I think somewhere in the back of my mind, I would have given that more weight than necessarily would have been appropriate." Her story is further fleshed out in the digital comic book series, appearing in Symmetra: A Better World, the fourth issue of the 2016 Overwatch tie-in comic book series. In it, she is tasked with helping Vishkar secure a deal to rebuild the slums of Rio di Janeiro, however the mayor favors a rival company. Symmetra infiltrates the company to try and find discrediting information, however after not finding any the building explodes much to her shock, burning down the nearby neighborhood. Months later Vishkar rebuilds the surrounding area, though Symmetra noticed no additional housing has been built, and expresses concerns about her company and their possible involvement in the destruction. In 2020, Symmetra was featured in the short story Stone by Stone. In it, Symmetra helps with restoration efforts after development in Roshani, India causes a tremor that damages a religious statue in a nearby temple. She meets with the character Zenyatta, who teaches her about his religion and helps her understand the statue's significance. As a result, rather than replacing it she uses yellow hard-light to repair it, giving it a warm glow and pleasing all involved. ### Initial gameplay and redesigns In Overwatch, Symmetra was originally classified as a "Support" class character, meant to provide aid for her team. Her primary weapon, a Photon Projector, has two firing options. The primary fire will connect to an enemy while the trigger is held, doing continuous damage that increases the longer the beam connects. Enemies hit will remain tethered to the gun as long as they remain in the player's field of view. Meanwhile, the alternate fire option creates an explosive ball of energy. Holding the trigger will charge the shot, with the projectile size increased depending on the charge amount. Symmetra also has several abilities that required activation, though the first two have a "cooldown" period after use and are unable to be used again during that duration. The first, "Sentry Turret", creates a small turret that on the targeted surface, that fires a low-damage laser at enemies. Up to six turrets can be placed at once, and each lasts until destroyed or replaced with additional placements after the sixth, with the oldest turret replaced first. The second ability, "Photon Shield", creates a shield on the targeted ally that lasts until it absorbs a fixed amount of damage. Lastly, her "Ultimate" ability, called "Teleporter", requires to be charged before use. The ability charges slowly during the course of gameplay, and can be charged faster through damage dealt to the enemy team. Once full the ability can be activated to place down a teleporter that allows for immediate travel between it and the team's spawn point. The teleporter will work six times before it removes itself, and while active, Symmetra's Ultimate will not recharge. During early development, the Teleporter ability required players to build a second teleporter for it to work; however, the team found this caused confusion in players and simplified it. In December 2016, Blizzard made significant changes to Symmetra's gameplay, addressing the limited applicability of the Teleporter ability by providing an alternative Ultimate option: "Shield Generator", which when placed provides a shield to all allies in its area of effect for its duration. Teleporter was also modified, now restoring health and providing a personal shield when used. Lastly, her "Photon Shield" ability was replaced with a "Photon Barrier" ability that when activated propelled forward and shield allies until it either collided with a wall or took enough damage. A second rework came in June 2018, which increased the damage of her weapon's primary fire but removed its ability to auto-lock on targets, turrets would travel to their target area instead of being placed directly allowing them to damage enemies in their path, though the maximum number of turrets at one time was reduced. Lastly, her Teleporter was changed to a standard ability with a cooldown, and would be placed in front of her allowing for more strategic options. Lastly, Shield Generator was removed, while Photon Barrier took its place and was modified into a single, stationary shield wall that stretched across the entire map for fifteen seconds. Lastly, the character was reclassified as "Damage" class, which in Overwatch 2 additionally provides her a short-term boost to her reload and movement speed after killing an enemy. Promotion and reception ----------------------- To promote Overwatch and the character, she was one of twelve heroes showcased in a playable build of the game at the 2014 BlizzCon convention. Additional material includes a cosplay guide and promotional images themed around holidays, as well as a Funko Pop figure in 2017. In 2020, an in-game event was temporarily added to promote the release of the Stone by Stone short story, and allowed players to obtain in-game cosmetic items for Symmetra by completing certain challenges. Overwatch's mishmashed portrayal of Indian culture has drawn criticism towards the character. The character has been praised for her cultural representation, in particular by Victoria McNally for being a woman of Indian descent with a darker skintone, something she felt was uncommon in gaming, Andrew Lu of Digit magazine also praised her, stating her design "combines the best of traditional Indian clothing with a hi-tech twist". However, Saniya Ahmed for GameSpot noted that despite her presence in the game very little of her story or background was explored. Ahmed acknowledged that was partly due to the nature of the type of game Overwatch is, though felt in-game voice lines and external cinematics could still explore it further. Shahryar Rizvi in an article for Kill Screen cited her Devi skin of the game utilizing less historical accuracy and more cultural appropriation. The article noted that while depictions of Hindu deities tended to come in multiple depictions, the design was a mishmash of various gods. In particular most of the influence was cited as coming from Kali, with Rizvi expression their belief that a god most commonly associated with being "a vicious slayer seems out of character for Symmetra’s lore as an architect and her in-game role". Ryan Khosravi in an article for Mic noted player criticism of Symmetra's cultural portrayal, and voiced their own stating "Overwatch falls back on lazy stereotypes and Western-imposed nationalities." He further stated that Indian culture was misunderstood, and expressed his desire to see the country's complex culture and history expressed through Symmetra's character and language as Blizzard had done better with other characters in the franchise. Guilherme Pedrosa Carvalho de Araújo and Gleislla Soares Monteiro in the Brazilian journal Revista Sistemas e Mídias Digitais on the other hand praised her cultural depiction, noting that the emphasis on her as a brilliant architect and lack of romantic attachment or focus on such as a departure from how Indian women are often portrayed in media. Symmeta's autism and Blizzard's handling of it has been more widely praised by fans and the media like. Eurogamer's Laura Francis, herself a person of color on the autism spectrum, stating "Symmetra's inclusion in the game made me internally scream with huge delight." She added it was a refreshing change from portrayals such as The Big Bang Theory's Sheldon Cooper, and was extremely empowering to see a woman like her in a video game. Clinical psychologist Alexander Kriss in an article for Kill Screen praised Blizzard for their subtlety towards it early on, something they felt was rare on the subject of mental health in mainstream media, and avoided making her a "poster child" for portrayals of autism in gaming. He further added that by quietly placing the detail in the comic, "Blizzard makes this aspect of Symmetra’s personality a part of who she is—without it reductionistically defining who she is." Additionally he appreciated that the character was not portrayed in a stereotypical fashion, having some expressed aspects but "'Rain Man' she is not", and it helped illustrate that there are varying degrees of autism and encouraged conversation regarding that instead of relying on one "typical" perception. Andrew McMillen of Wired voiced similar sentiments, noting that as of 2017 Symmetra was one of only ten characters in gaming with the condition. He further expressed that the subtle approach Blizzard had taken to the character prevented her from feeling like "another TV special-style example of spectrum disorder", and that Blizzard helped challenge cultural narrative towards neurodiversity. As a game character in Overwatch, Symmetra was less warmly received, with USgamer and Kotaku noting her to traditionally be the least selected character. However this has caused some players to exclusively "main" the character, refusing to switch to another when playing. Such players built an online Reddit community around the concept, investing hundreds of hours of play for what they see as a "strategic" character that "requires critical thinking". Outside of this community, selecting Symmetra became associated with "griefing" and "trolling", which was worsened when actual trolling players adopted the character. Frustrated teammates increasingly accused Symmetra mains of bad faith, and resulted in some Symmetra players being banned from the game due to "poor teamwork" complaints filed by teammates. This reaction persisted even after the character's second redesign, with some critics seeing Symmetra as a joke that embodies aspects of Overwatch they loathe. People maining her however have countered that the game is not designed to highlight their contributions to team objectives, suggesting instead that other players misunderstand the value she brings to a team composition. In 2019 after additional changes were made to the game's team composition mechanics, sources such as Destructoid argued she had now become indispensable, and she later saw use for the first time in the game's eSports professional competitive play.
Colonial war between Britain and France \| * v * t * e Father Le Loutre's War \| \| --- \| \| * 1st Dartmouth * Grand Pré * St. Croix * Chignecto * 1st Northeast Coast * 2nd Dartmouth * Country Harbour * Jeddore * 2nd Northeast Coast * Fort Beauséjour \| Father Le Loutre's War (1749–1755), also known as the Indian War, the Mi'kmaq War and the Anglo-Mi'kmaq War, took place between King George's War and the French and Indian War in Acadia and Nova Scotia.c On one side of the conflict, the British and New England colonists were led by British officer Charles Lawrence and New England Ranger John Gorham. On the other side, Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Mi'kmaq and the Acadia militia in guerrilla warfare against settlers and British forces. At the outbreak of the war there were an estimated 2500 Mi'kmaq and 12,000 Acadians in the region. While the British captured Port Royal in 1710 and were ceded peninsular Acadia in 1713, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians continued to contain the British in settlements at Port Royal and Canso. The rest of the colony was in the control of the Catholic Mi'kmaq and Acadians. About forty years later, the British made a concerted effort to settle Protestants in the region and to establish military control over all of Nova Scotia and present-day New Brunswick, igniting armed response from Acadians in Father Le Loutre's War. The British settled 3,229 people in Halifax during the first years. This exceeded the number of Mi'kmaq in the entire region and was seen as a threat to the traditional occupiers of the land.d The Mi'kmaq and some Acadians resisted the arrival of these Protestant settlers. The war caused unprecedented upheaval in the area. Atlantic Canada witnessed more population movements, more fortification construction, and more troop allocations than ever before. Twenty-four conflicts were recorded during the war (battles, raids, skirmishes), thirteen of which were Mi'kmaq and Acadian raids on the capital region Halifax/Dartmouth. As typical of frontier warfare, many additional conflicts were unrecorded. During Father Le Loutre's War, the British attempted to establish firm control of the major Acadian settlements in peninsular Nova Scotia and to extend their control to the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. The British also wanted to establish Protestant communities in Nova Scotia. During the war, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq left Nova Scotia for the French colonies of Ile St. Jean (Prince Edward Island) and Ile Royale (Cape Breton Island). The French also tried to maintain control of the disputed territory of present-day New Brunswick. (Father Le Loutre tried to prevent the New Englanders from moving into present-day New Brunswick just as a generation earlier, during Father Rale's War, Rale had tried to prevent New Englanders from taking over present-day Maine.) Throughout the war, the Mi'kmaq and Acadians attacked the British forts in Nova Scotia and the newly established Protestant settlements. They wanted to retard British settlement and buy time for France to implement its Acadian resettlement scheme. The war began with the British establishing Halifax, settling more British settlers within six months than there were Mi'kmaq. In response, the Acadians and Mi'kmaq orchestrated attacks at Chignecto, Grand Pré, Dartmouth, Canso, Halifax and Country Harbour. The French erected forts at present-day Fort Menagoueche, Fort Beauséjour and Fort Gaspareaux. The British responded by attacking the Mi'kmaq and Acadians at Mirligueche (later known as Lunenburg), Chignecto and St. Croix. The British unilaterally established communities in Lunenburg and Lawrencetown. Finally, the British erected forts in Acadian communities located at Windsor, Grand Pré and Chignecto. The war ended after six years with the defeat of the Mi'kmaq, Acadians and French in the Battle of Fort Beauséjour. Background ---------- Main articles: Military history of the Mi'kmaq people and Military history of the Acadians Acadian resistance to British-rule in Acadia began after Queen Anne's War, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713. The treaty saw the French cede portions of New France to the British, including the Hudson Bay region, Newfoundland, and peninsular Acadia. Acadians had previously supported the French in three conflicts known as the French and Indian Wars. Acadians joined French privateer Pierre Maisonnat dit Baptiste as crew members in his victories over many British vessels during King William's War. After the Siege of Pemaquid, Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville led a force of 124 Canadians, Acadians, Mi'kmaq and Abenaki in the Avalon Peninsula Campaign. They destroyed almost every British settlement in Newfoundland, killed more than 100 British and captured many more. They deported almost 500 British colonists to England or France. The evacuation of French forces from Port Royal. The French ceded the Acadian peninsula to the British after the siege of Port Royal in 1710. During Queen Anne's War, Mi'kmaq and Acadians resisted during the Raid on Grand Pré, Pisiquit, and Chignecto in 1704. The Acadians assisted the French in protecting the capital in the First siege of Port Royal and the final second siege of Port Royal. However, with the signing of the Treaty of Portsmouth in 1713, peninsular Acadia was formally ceded to the British. Although peace was formally reestablished with France, the British still faced resistance from the French colonists in the Acadian peninsula. During Father Rale's War, the Maliseet raided numerous British vessels on the Bay of Fundy while the Mi'kmaq raided Canso in 1723. In the latter engagement, the Mi'kmaq were supported by the Acadians. During these conflicts, the French and Acadian settlers were aligned with the Mi'kmaq, fighting alongside them during the Battle of Bloody Creek. The Mi'kmaq, which formed a part of the Wabanaki Confederacy, had a long history of conflict with encroaching British settlers along the New England/Acadia frontier in Maine. During the 17th and early-18th century, the Wabanaki fought in several campaigns, including in 1688, 1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, and in 1747.[page needed]e Acadian, and Mi'kmaq militias fought alongside French forces during the Battle of Grand Pré, 1747. Hostilities between the British and French resumed during King George's War (1744–48). Supported by the French, Jean-Louis Le Loutre led French soldiers, Acadian militias, and Mi'kmaq forces in efforts to recapture the capital, such as the Siege of Annapolis Royal. During this siege, the French officer Marin had taken British prisoners and stopped with them further up the bay at Cobequid. While at Cobequid, an Acadian said that the French soldiers should have "left their [the British] carcasses behind and brought their skins." Le Loutre was also joined by the prominent Acadian resistance leader Joseph Broussard (Beausoleil). Broussard and other Acadians supported the French soldiers in the Battle of Grand Pré. During King George's War, Le Loutre, Gorham and Lawrence rose to prominence in the region. During the war, however, Massachusetts Governor Shirley acknowledged that Nova Scotia was still "scarcely" British and urged London to fund building forts in the Acadian communities. The signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748 ended formal hostilities between British and French forces. With peace formally reestablished, the British began to consolidate its control over peninsular Acadia, leading further conflict with the Acadian and Mi'kmaq. Lieutenant-General Peregrine Lascelles, Commander 47th Regiment At the outset of Le Loutre's war, along with the New England Ranger units, there were three British regiments at Halifax, the 40th Regiment of Foot arrived from Annapolis, while the 29th Regiment of Foot (Peregrine Hopson's regiment) and 45th Regiment of Foot (Hugh Warburton's regiment) arrived from Louisbourg. The 47th Regiment (Peregrine Lascelles' regiment) arrived the following year (1750). At sea, Captain John Rous was the senior naval officer on the Nova Scotia station during the war.f The main officer under his command was Silvanus Cobb.g John Gorham also owned two armed schooners: the Anson and the Warren.h Course of war ------------- ### 1749 #### British consolidation of Nova Scotia Soldier of the 29th Regiment of Foot guarding Halifax against raids by Acadian and Mi'kmaq militia, 1749. Horsemans Fort stands in the background.t The war began when Edward Cornwallis arrived to establish Halifax with 13 transports on June 21, 1749.[page needed] The British quickly began to build other settlements. To guard against Mi'kmaq, Acadian and French attacks on the new Protestant settlements, British fortifications were erected in Halifax (Citadel Hill in 1749), Bedford (Fort Sackville in 1749), Dartmouth (1750), Lunenburg (1753) and Lawrencetown (1754). Within 18 months of establishing Halifax, the British attempted to take control of the Nova Scotia peninsula by building fortifications in all the major Acadian communities: present-day Windsor (Fort Edward); Grand Pré (Fort Vieux Logis) and Chignecto (Fort Lawrence). A British fort (Fort Anne) already existed at the other major Acadian centre of Annapolis Royal and Cobequid remained without a fort. Le Loutre is reported to have said that "the English might build as many Forts as they pleased but he wou'd take care that they shou'd not come out of them, for he was resolved to torment them with his Indians...."q In fact, Mi'kmaq resistance kept the British largely holed up in their forts until the fall of Louisbourg (1758). Richard Bulkeley, the Lieutenant Governors of Nova Scotia noted that Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians." By June 1751, Cornwallis wrote to the Board of Trade that his adversaries had "done as much harm to as they could have done in open war."[page needed] Richard Bulkeley wrote that between 1749 and 1755, Nova Scotia "was kept in an uninterrupted state of war by the Acadians... and the reports of an officer commanding Fort Edward, [indicated he] could not be conveyed [to Halifax] with less an escort than an officer and thirty men." (Along with Bulkeley, Cornwallis' other Aide-de-camp was Horatio Gates.) The only land route between Louisbourg and Quebec went from Baie Verte through Chignecto, along the Bay of Fundy and up the Saint John River. With the establishment of Halifax, the French recognized at once the threat it represented and that the Saint John River corridor might be used to attack Quebec City itself. To protect this vital gateway, at the beginning of 1749, the French strategically constructed three forts within 18 months along the route: one at Baie Verte (Fort Gaspareaux), one at Chignecto (Fort Beausejour) and another at the mouth of the Saint John River (Fort Menagoueche). In response to Gorham's raid on the Saint John River in 1748, the Governor of Canada threatened to support native raids along the northern New England border.[page needed] There were many previous raids from the Mi'kmaq militia and Maliseet Militias against British settlers on the border (1703, 1723, 1724, 1745, 1746, 1747). During the war, along the former border of Acadia, the Kennebec River, the British built Fort Halifax (Winslow), Fort Shirley (Dresden, formerly Frankfurt) and Fort Western (Augusta).r #### Acadian Exodus Main article: Acadian Exodus Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre led the Acadian Exodus, an event that saw half of the Acadian population in the Acadian peninsula relocate to French-controlled territories further inland. With demands for an unconditional oath, the British fortification of Nova Scotia, and the support of French policy, a significant number of Acadians made a stand against the British. On 18 September 1749, a document was delivered to Edward Cornwallis signed by a total of 1000 Acadians, with representatives from all the major centres. The document stated that they would leave the country before they would sign an unconditional oath. Cornwallis continued to press for the unconditional oath rejecting their Christian Catholic Faith and accepting the Protestant Anglican Church with a deadline of 25 October. In response, hundreds of Acadians were deported by the British with the confiscation of their homes, their lands and their cattle. The deportation of the Acadians by the British involved almost half of the total Acadian population of Nova Scotia. The expulsion was brutal often separating children from their families. The leader of the Exodus was Father Jean-Louis Le Loutre, whom the British gave the code name "Moses". Historian Micheline Johnson described Le Loutre as "the soul of the Acadian resistance." #### Conflict begins The first Mi'kmaq breach of the Treaty of 1726 and 1748 was at Canso. On 19 August 1749, Lieutenant Joseph Gorham, younger brother of John Gorham (military officer), was under the command of William Clapham at Canso and his party was attacked by Mi'kmaq.[page needed] [page needed] They seized his vessel and took twenty prisoners and carried them off to Louisbourg ten days later on the 29th. After Cornwallis complained to the Governor of Ile Royale, sixteen of the prisoners were released to Halifax and the other four sent off on their own vessel. The year earlier the Mi'kmaq had seized Captain Ellingwood's vessel Success and he promised them 100 pounds and left his son hostage to have it released. Mikmaq reported they released the prisoners from Canso. because Captain Ebenezer Ellingwood had paid the money but had not returned for his son.[page needed]o At the Isthmus of Chignecto in August 1749, the Mi'kmaq attacked two British vessels thought to be preventing Acadians from joining the Acadian Exodus by leaving Beaubassin for Ile St. Jean. On September 18, several Mi'kmaq and Maliseets ambushed and killed three British men at Chignecto. Seven natives were killed in the skirmish. On 24 September 1749, the Mi'kmaq formally wrote to Governor Cornwallis through French missionary Father Maillard, proclaiming their ownership of the land, and expressing their opposition to the British actions in settling at Halifax. Some historians have read this letter as declaration of hostility against the British. Other historians have questioned that interpretation. On September 30, 1749, about forty Mi'kmaq attacked six men during the Raid on Dartmouth. The six men, under the command of Major Gilman, were in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia cutting trees near a saw mill. Four of them were killed on the spot, one was taken prisoner and one escaped.i Two of the men were scalped and the heads of the others were cut off by the Mi'kmaq. Major Ezekiel Gilman and others in his party escaped and gave the alarm. A detachment of rangers was sent after the raiding party and cut off the heads of two Mi'kmaq and scalped one. This raid was the first of eight against Dartmouth during the war. This raid was consistent with the Wabanaki Confederacy and New England's approach to warfare with each other since King William's War (1688).j #### Cornwallis' proclamation Edward Cornwallis, the Governor of Nova Scotia On October 1, 1749, Cornwallis convened a meeting of the Nova Scotia Council aboard HMS Beaufort. According to the minutes, in keeping with earlier treaties, the Council determined that they would treat the Mi'kmaq as rebellious British subjects rather than as war adversaries: "That, in their opinion to declare war formally against the Micmac Indians would be a manner to own them a free and independent people, whereas they ought to be treated as so many Banditti Ruffians, or Rebels, to His Majesty's Government." On October 2, 1749, the Nova Scotia Council issued the extirpation proclamation against the Mi'kmaq on peninsular Nova Scotia and those that assist them. The intent of the proclamation was to put an end to native raids on colonial settlements and to pressure them into "submission" in order to establish "peace and friendship." The proclamation outlined four strategies for people to pressure the natives: "annoy" them, "distress" them, kill them or take them prisoner. There was also a bounty of 10 guinea given for a native killed or taken prisoner. The proclamation reads: > "For, those cause we by and with the advice and consent of His Majesty's Council, do hereby authorize and command all Officers Civil and Military, and all His Majesty's Subjects or others to annoy, distress, take or destroy the Savage commonly called Micmac, wherever they are found, and all as such as aiding and assisting them, give further by and with the consent and advice of His Majesty's Council, do promise a reward of ten Guineas for every Indian Micmac taken or killed, to be paid upon producing such Savage taken or his scalp (as in the custom of America) if killed to the Officer Commanding." > > To carry out this task, two companies of rangers were raised, one led by Captain Francis Bartelo and the other by Captain William Clapham. These two companies served alongside that of John Gorham's company. The three companies scoured the land around Halifax looking for Mi'kmaq. Three days after the bounty was ordered, on October 5, Governor Cornwallis sent Commander White with troops in the 20-gun sloop Sphinx to Mirligueche (Lunenburg).[page needed] After two consecutive attacks on June 18 and then June 20, 1750 Cornwallis deemed the initial proclamation ineffective and increased the bounty to 50 guinea on June 21, 1750. During Cornwallis' tenure there is evidence of one scalp being taken along with three Mi'kmaq youth who were killed in 1752 as a result of the proclamation. #### Siege of Grand Pré Main article: Siege of Grand Pré Two months later, on November 27, 1749, 300 Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Acadians attacked Fort Vieux Logis, recently established by the British in the Acadian community of Grand Pré. The fort was under the command of Captain Handfield. The Native and Acadian militia killed the sentries (guards) who were firing on them. The Natives then captured Lieutenant John Hamilton and eighteen soldiers under his command, while surveying the fort's environs. After the British soldiers were captured, the native and Acadian militias made several attempts over the next week to lay siege to the fort before breaking off the engagement. Gorham's Rangers was sent to relieve the fort. When he arrived, the militia had already departed with the prisoners. The prisoners spent several years in captivity before being ransomed. There was no fighting over the winter months, which was common in frontier warfare. ### 1750–1751 #### Battle at St. Croix Main article: Battle at St. Croix Fort Edward in 1753. In an effort to further consolidate control, John Gorham was dispatched to establish the blockhouse at Pisiquid. The following spring, on March 18, 1750, John Gorham and his Rangers left Fort Sackville (at present day Bedford, Nova Scotia), under orders from Governor Cornwallis, to march to Piziquid (present day Windsor, Nova Scotia). Gorham's mission was to establish a blockhouse at Pisiquid, which became Fort Edward, and to seize the property of Acadians who had participated in the siege of Grand Pré. Arriving at about noon on March 20 at the Acadian village of Five Houses beside the St. Croix River, Gorham and his men found all the houses deserted. Seeing a group of Mi'kmaq hiding in the bushes on the opposite shore, the Rangers opened fire. The skirmish deteriorated into a siege, with Gorham's men taking refuge in a sawmill and two of the houses. During the fighting, the Rangers suffered three wounded, including Gorham, who sustained a bullet in the thigh. As the fighting intensified, a request was sent back to Fort Sackville for reinforcements. Responding to the call for assistance on March 22, Governor Cornwallis ordered Captain Clapham's and Captain St. Loe's Regiments, equipped with two field guns, to join Gorham at Piziquid. The additional troops and artillery turned the tide for Gorham and forced the Mi'kmaq to withdraw. Gorham proceeded to present-day Windsor and forced Acadians to dismantle their church – Notre Dame de l'Assomption – so that Fort Edward could be built in its place. #### Battles at Chignecto Main article: Battle at Chignecto In May 1750, Lawrence was unsuccessful in establishing himself at Chignecto because Le Loutre burned the village of Beaubassin, thereby preventing Lawrence from using the supplies of the village to establish a fort. (According to historian Frank Patterson, the Acadians at Cobequid burned their homes as they retreated from the British to Tatamagouche, Nova Scotia in 1754.) Lawrence retreated only to return in September 1750. On September 3, 1750 New England Ranger John Gorham led over 700 men to the Isthmus of Chignecto. Mi'kmaq and Acadians opposed the landing and killed twenty British. Several Mi'kmaq were killed and they were eventually overwhelmed by the invading force and withdrew, burning their crops and houses as they retreated. On 15 October (N.S.) a group of Mi'kmaq disguised as French officers called a member of the Nova Scotia Council Edward How to a conference. This trap, organized by Chief Étienne Bâtard, gave him the opportunity to wound How seriously, and How died five or six days later, according to Captain La Vallière (probably Louis Leneuf de La Vallière), the only eyewitness. Fort Beausejour and the surrounding area, c. 1755. The French built fortifications around the Isthmus of Chignecto in an effort to limit British expansion into continental Acadia. Le Loutre and Acadian militia leader Joseph Broussard resisted the British assault. The British defeated them and subsequently began construction of Fort Lawrence near the site of the ruined Acadian village of Beaubassin. The work on the fort proceeded rapidly and the facility was completed within weeks. To limit the British to peninsular Nova Scotia, the French began also to fortify the Chignecto and its approaches, constructing Fort Beausejour and two satellite forts – one at present-day Strait Shores, New Brunswick (Fort Gaspareaux) and the other at present-day Saint John, New Brunswick (Fort Menagoueche). During these months, 35 Mi'kmaq and Acadians ambushed Ranger Francis Bartelo, killing him and six of his men while taking seven others captive. The captives' bloodcurdling screams as the Mi'kmaq tortured them throughout the night had a chilling effect on the New Englanders. #### Raids on Halifax There were four raids on Halifax during the war. The first raid happened in October 1750, while in the woods on peninsular Halifax, Mi'kmaq scalped two British people and took six prisoner: Cornwallis' gardener, his son, and Captain William Clapham's book keeper were tortured and scalped. The Mi'kmaq buried the son while the gardener's body was left behind and the other six persons were taken prisoner to Grand Pre for five months.[page needed]k Shortly after this raid, Cornwallis learned that the Mi'kmaq had received payment from the French at Chignecto for five prisoners taken at Halifax as well as prisoners taken earlier at Dartmouth and Grand Pre. In 1751, there were two attacks on blockhouses surrounding Halifax. Mi'kmaq attacked the North Blockhouse (located at the north end of Joseph Howe Drive) and killed the men on guard. Mi'kmaq also attacked near the South Blockhouse (located at the south end of Joseph Howe Drive), at a saw-mill on a stream flowing out of Chocolate Lake into the Northwest Arm. They killed two men. #### Battle off Baie Verte In August 1750, there was a naval battle off Baie Verte between British Captain Le Cras, of the Trial and the French sloop, London, of 70 tons. The London was seized to discover that it had been employed to carry stores of all kinds, arms, and ammunition, from Quebec to Le Loutre and the Mi'kmaq fighters. François Bigot, the intendant of New France had given instructions to the French captain to follow the orders of Le Loutre or La Corne, the bills of lading endorsed by Le Loutre, and other papers and letters, were found on board of her, with four deserters from Cornwallis' regiment, and a family of Acadians. The prize and her papers were sent to Halifax. #### Port Joli About 1750, the Mi'kmaq captured a New England fishing schooner off of Port Joli and tortured the crew members. To the west of St. Catherines River, the Mi'kmaq heated "Durham Rock" and forced each crew member to burn on the rock or jump to their death into the ocean. #### Battle off Port La Tour (1750) A historical marker for Fort Boishebert. Although British forces failed to intercept supplies heading to the fort in October 1750, Cornwallis gained further evidence that the French Governor General of the Canadas was providing the Mi'kmaq with weapons. In mid September 1750 French officer Louis Du Pont Duchambon de Vergor (later the commander at Fort Beausejour) was dispatched aboard the brigantine Saint-François to convoy the schooner Aimable Jeanne, which was carrying munitions and supplies from Quebec to the Saint John River for Boishebert at Fort Boishebert. Early on 16 October, about ten leagues west of Cape Sable (present-day Port La Tour, Nova Scotia and area), British Captain John Rous in HMS Albany overtook the French vessels. Despite inferior armament, Vergor engaged the sloop, allowing Aimable Jeanne to reach Fort Boishebert. The action lasted the better part of the day, after which, with only seven men fit out of 50 and Saint-François unmasted and sinking, Vergor was obliged to yield. Three of Rous' crew were killed. The French ship contained a large quantity of provision, uniforms and warlike supplies. Cornwallis noted that this action was the second time he had caught the Governor of Canada sending a ship of military supplies to the Mi'kmaq to use against the British. By the end of the year, Cornwallis estimated that there were no less than eight to ten French vessels which unloaded war supplies for the Mi'kmaq, French, and Acadians at Saint John River and Baye Vert. In response to their defeat in the Battle off Port La Tour, the Governor of Canada ordered four British sloops to be seized at Louisbourg. #### Raids on Dartmouth Main article: Raid on Dartmouth (1751) There were six raids on Dartmouth during this time period. In July 1750, the Mi'kmaq killed and scalped 7 men who were at work in Dartmouth. In August 1750, 353 people arrived on the Alderney and began the town of Dartmouth. The town was laid out in the autumn of that year. The following month, on September 30, 1750, Dartmouth was attacked again by the Mi'kmaq and five more residents were killed. In October 1750 a group of about eight men went out "to take their diversion; and as they were fowling, they were attacked by the Indians, who took the whole prisoners; scalped ... [one] with a large knife, which they wear for that purpose, and threw him into the sea ..."[page needed] The following spring, on March 26, 1751, the Mi'kmaq attacked again, killing fifteen settlers and wounding seven, three of which would later die of their wounds. They took six captives, and the regulars who pursued the Mi'kmaq fell into an ambush in which they lost a sergeant killed. Two days later, on March 28, 1751, Mi'kmaq abducted another three settlers. The Old Burying Ground, in Halifax. British victims from the conflict were occasionally buried here, including the victims from the Dartmouth raids. Two months later, on May 13, 1751, Broussard led sixty Mi'kmaq and Acadians to attack Dartmouth again, in what would be known as the "Dartmouth Massacre". Broussard and the others killed twenty settlers – mutilating men, women, children and babies – and took more prisoners.l A sergeant was also killed and his body mutilated. They destroyed the buildings. The British returned to Halifax with the scalp of one Mi'kmaq warrior, however, they reported that they killed six Mi'kmaq warriors. Captain William Clapham and sixty soldiers were on duty and fired from the blockhouse. The British killed six Mi'kmaq warriors, but were only able to retrieve one scalp that they took to Halifax. Those at a camp at Dartmouth Cove, led by John Wisdom, assisted the settlers. Upon returning to their camp the next day they found the Mi'kmaq had also raided their camp and taken a prisoner. All the settlers were scalped by the Mi'kmaq. The British took what remained of the bodies to Halifax for burial in the Old Burying Ground.[page needed]m #### Raid on Chignecto The British retaliated for the raid on Dartmouth by sending several armed companies to Chignecto. A few French defenders were killed and the dikes were breached. Hundreds of acres of crops were ruined which was disastrous for the Acadians and the French troops. In the summer of 1752 Father Le Loutre went to Quebec and then on to France to advocate for supplies to re-build the dikes. He returned in the spring of 1753. ### 1752–1753 In 1752, the Mi'kmaq attacks on the British along the coast, both east and west of Halifax, were frequent. Those who were engaged in the fisheries were compelled to stay on land because they were the primary targets. In early July, New Englanders killed and scalped two Mi'kmaq girls and one boy off the coast of Cape Sable (Port La Tour, Nova Scotia). In August, at St. Peter's, Nova Scotia, Mi'kmaq seized two schooners – the Friendship from Halifax and the Dolphin from New England – along with 21 prisoners who were captured and ransomed. By the summer of 1752, the war had not been going well for the British. The Acadian Exodus remained strong. The war had bankrupted the colony. As well, two of the three ranger leaders had died. In August 1751, the main ranger leader John Gorham left for London and died there of disease in December. Ranger leader Captain Francis Bartelo had been killed in action at Chignecto, while the other ranger leader Captain William Clapham had been disgraced, failing to prevent the Dartmouth Massacre. John Gorham was succeeded by his younger brother Joseph Gorham. In 1752, to reduce the expense of the war, the companies raised in 1749 were disbanded, bringing down the strength of the unit to only one company. This reduction led to the 22 March 1753 resolution for a militia that would be raised from the colonists to establish the security of the colony, in which all British subjects between the ages of 16 and 60 were compelled to serve. On April 21, 1753, at Torbay, the Mi'kmaq fighters killed two British. Throughout 1753, French authorities on Cape Breton Island were paying Mi'kmaq warriors for British scalps. In June 1753, the London Magazine reported that "the war with the Indians hath hitherto hindered the inhabitants going far into the woods." On 14 September 1752 Governor Peregrine Hopson and the Nova Scotia Council negotiated the Treaty of 1752 with Jean-Baptiste Cope. (The treaty was signed officially on November 22, 1752.) Cope was unsuccessful in getting support for the treaty from other Mi'kmaq leaders. Cope burned the treaty six months after he signed it. Despite the collapse of peace on the eastern shore, the British did not formally renounce the Treaty of 1752 until 1756. #### Attack at Mocodome Main article: Attack at Mocodome On February 21, 1753, nine Mi'kmaq from Nartigouneche (present-day Antigonish, Nova Scotia) in canoes attacked a British vessel at Country Harbour. The vessel was from Canso and had a crew of four. The Mi'kmaq fired on them and drove them toward the shore. Other natives joined in and boarded the schooner, forcing them to run their vessel into an inlet. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped two of the British crewmen and took two others captive. After seven weeks in captivity, on April 8, the two British prisoners – one of which was John Connor – killed six Mi'kmaq and managed to escape.n The Mi'kmaq account of this attack was that the two crewmen died of natural causes and the other two killed seven of the Mi'kmaq for their scalps. #### Attack at Jeddore Main article: Attack at Jeddore In response, on the night of May 19, under the leadership of Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope and the Mi'kmaq attacked another British schooner in a battle at sea off Jeddore, Nova Scotia. On board were nine British men and one Acadian (Casteel), who was the pilot. The Mi'kmaq killed and scalped the British men and let Casteel off at Port Toulouse, where the Mi'kmaq sank the schooner after looting it. In August 1752, the Mi'kmaq at Saint Peter's seized the schooners Friendship of Halifax and Dolphin of New England and took 21 prisoners who they held for ransom. In May 1753, natives scalped two British soldiers at Fort Lawrence.[page needed] #### Raid on Halifax View of Halifax, c. 1749. Although the settlement was protected by palisades, areas outside the city walls were subject to raids. In late September 1752, Mi'kmaq scalped a man they had caught outside the palisade of Fort Sackville. In 1753, when Lawrence became governor, the Mi'kmaq attacked again upon the sawmills near the South Blockhouse on the Northwest Arm, where they killed three British. The Mi'kmaq made three attempts to retrieve the bodies for their scalps. On the otherside of the harbour in Dartmouth, in 1753, there were reported only to be five families, all of whom refused to farm for fear of being attacked if they left the confines of the picketed fence around the village. On 23 July 1753, Governor Hobson reported to the Board of Trade on the "continual war we have with the Indians."[page needed] Governor Hobson in his letter to the Board of Trade, dated 1 October 1753, says, "At Dartmouth there is a small town well picketed in, and a detachment of troops to protect it, but there are not above five families residing in it, as there is no trade or fishing to maintain any inhabitants, and they apprehend danger from the Indians in cultivating any land on the outer side of the pickets." #### The Lunenburg Rebellion Main article: The Lunenburg Rebellion In the spring of 1753, it became public knowledge that the British were planning to unilaterally establish the settlement of Lunenburg, that is, without negotiating with the Mi'kmaq people. The British decision was a continuation of violations of an earlier treaty and undermined Chief Jean-Baptiste Cope's 1752 Peace Treaty. As a result, Governor Peregrine Hopson received warnings from Fort Edward that as many as 300 natives nearby were prepared to oppose the settlement of Lunenburg and intended to attack upon the arrival of settlers. The move was part of the British government campaign to establish Protestants in Nova Scotia against the power of Catholic Acadians. This also served the dual purpose of getting rid of Foreign Protestants from Halifax that had become problematic out of their frustration due to perceived mistreatment by the British. In June 1753, 1400 German and French Protestant settlers, supervised by Lawrence and protected by the British Navy ships, a unit of Regular soldiers under Major Patrick Sutherland, and a unit of rangers under Joseph Gorham, established the village of Lunenberg. The settlement was founded by two British army officers John Creighton and Patrick Sutherland and German-immigrant local official Dettlieb Christopher Jessen. In August 1753, Le Loutre paid Mi'kmaq for 18 British scalps which they took from the English in different incursions that they had made on their establishments over the summer. In December 1753, the British dispatched Robert Monckton to quell the Hoffman Insurrection. The British feared the French, and German Protestant rebels might have joined the Acadians. In mid December 1753, within six months of their arrival at Lunenburg, Nova Scotia, the new settlers, who were mostly Foreign Protestants and weary from resettlement and poor conditions, rebelled against the British. They were supported by Le Loutre.p The rebellion is often referred to as "The Hoffman Insurrection," because it was led by John Hoffman, one of the army captains who had established the settlers in the town. Hoffman led a mob that eventually locked up in one of the blockhouses the Justice of the Peace and some of Commander Patrick Sutherland's troops. The rebels then declared a republic. Commander Patrick Sutherland at Lunenburg asked for reinforcements from Halifax and Lawrence sent Colonel Robert Monckton with troops to restore order. Monckton arrested Hoffman and took him to Halifax. Hoffman was charged with planning to join the French and take a large number of settlers with him. He was fined and imprisoned on Georges Island (Nova Scotia) for two years. After the rebellion a number of the French and German-speaking Foreign Protestants left the village to join Le Loutre and the Acadians. Lawrence and his deputy refused to send Acadians to the area for fear of their influence on the local population. #### Dyking on riviere Au Lac Le Loutre and the Acadian refugees at Chignecto struggled to create dykes that would support the new communities that resulted from the Acadian Exodus. In the first winter (1749), the Acadians survived on rations waiting for the dykes to be built. Acadians from Minas were a constant support in providing provisions and labour on the dykes. In retaliation for the Acadian and Mi'kmaq Raid on Dartmouth (1751), the British raided Chignecto destroying the dykes and ruining hundreds of acres of crops. Acadians began to defect from the exodus and made application to return to the British colony. Le Loutre immediately sought help from Quebec and then France to support re-building dykes in the area. He returned with success in May 1753 and work began on the grand dyking project on riviere Au Lac (present day Aulac River, New Brunswick). At this time, there were 2000 Acadians and about 300 Mi'kmaq encamped near-by. By the summer of 1754, Le Loutre's amazing engineering feats manifested themselves on the great sweeping marshlands of the isthmus; he now had in his workforce and within a forty-eight-hour marching radius about 1400 to 1500 Acadian men. Nearby at Baie Verte there was a summer encampment of about 400 natives that would have been one of the largest concentrations of Native people in the Atlantic region at the time. Altogether, he had a substantial fighting force capable of defending itself against anything the Nova Scotia Government might have mustered at the time. That year storm tides broke through the main cross-dike of the large-scale reclamation project, destroying nearly everything the Acadians had accomplished in several months of intense work. Again some Acadians tried to defect to the British. ### 1754–1755 #### Raid on Lawrencetown In 1754, the British established Lawrencetown. In late April 1754, Beausoleil and a large band of Mi'kmaq and Acadians left Chignecto for Lawrencetown. They arrived in mid-May and in the night opened fire on the village. Beausoleil killed and scalped four British settlers and two soldiers. By August, as the raids continued, the residents and soldiers were withdrawn to Halifax. By June 1757, the settlers had to be withdrawn completely again from the settlement of Lawrencetown because the number of Native raids eventually prevented settlers from leaving their houses. Prominent Halifax business person Michael Francklin was captured by a Mi'kmaq raiding party in 1754 and held captive for three months. Another captivity narrative was written by Henry Grace was taken captive by the Mi'kmaq near Fort Cumberland in the early 1750s. The narrative was entitled, "The History of the Life and Sufferings of Henry Grace" (Boston, 1764). #### Port Joli In 1754, late one evening, a canoe full of Mi'kmaq fighters attempted to destroy the rudder of a New England fishing vessel. The New England crew sank the canoe and all the Mi'kmaq drowned except Molly Pigtow who was captured and taken back to New England. #### Battle off Port La Tour (1755) Main article: Action of 8 June 1755 The capture of French naval ships Alcide and Lys. Carrying supplies for the Acadian and Mi'kmaq militias, the battle was a contributing factor to the resumption of formal war between the British and French. In April 1755, while searching for a wrecked vessel at Port La Tour, Cobb discovered the French schooner Marguerite (Margarett), taking war supplies to the Saint John River for Boishebert at Fort Menagoueche. Cobb returned to Halifax with the news and was ordered by Governor Charles Lawrence to blockade the harbour until Captain William Kensey arrived in the warship HMS Vulture, and then to assist Kensey in capturing the French prize and taking it to Halifax. In the action of 8 June 1755, a naval battle off Cape Race, Newfoundland, the British found on board the French ships Alcide and Lys 10,000 scalping knives for Acadians and Indians serving under Mi'kmaq Chief Cope and Acadian Beausoleil as they continued to fight Father Le Loutre's War.[page needed] The British also thwarted French supplies from reaching Acadians and Mi'kmaq resisting the British in the previous war, King George's War—see First Battle of Cape Finisterre (1747). #### Battle of Fort Beauséjour Main article: Battle of Fort Beauséjour On May 22, 1755, the British commanded a fleet of three warships and thirty-three transports carrying 2,100 soldiers from Boston, Massachusetts; they landed at Fort Lawrence on June 3, 1755. The following day the British forces attacked Fort Beausejour using the plan created by spy Thomas Pichon. After the Fort's capitulation the French forces evacuated on June 16, 1755 to Fort Gaspereaux en route to Louisbourg, arriving on June 24, 1755. Shortly after, Monckton dispatched Captain John Rous to take Fort Menagoueche at the mouth of the St. John River. Boishebert, seeing that resistance was futile, destroyed the fort and retreated upriver to Belleisle Bay. There he erected a camp volant and constructed a small battery as a rear guard for the Acadian settlements on the river. which the French destroyed themselves to prevent it from falling into British hands. This battle proved to be one of the key victories for the British in the Seven Years' War, in which Great Britain gained control of nearly all of New France.s ### Trade during the war During Father Le Loutre's War, Minas Basin communities willingly responded to the call from Le Loutre for basic food stuffs. The bread basket of the region, they raised wheat and other grains, produced flour in no fewer than eleven mills, and sustained herds of several thousand head of cattle, sheep and hogs. Regular cattle droves made their way over a road from Cobequid to Tatamagouche for the supply of Beausejour, Louisbourg, and settlements on Ile St. Jean. Other exports went by sea from Minas Basin to Beaubassin or to the mouth of the St. John River, carried in Acadian vessels by Acadian middlemen. At the same time, Acadians began to refuse to trade with the British. By 1754, no Acadian produce was reaching the Halifax market. While the French pressured Acadians not to trade with Halifax, even when British merchants tried to buy directly from Acadians, they were refused. Acadians refused to supply Fort Edward with any firewood. Lawrence passed a Corn Law, forbidding Acadian exports until Halifax market had been supplied. The British devised a war plan for Nova Scotia that focused on cutting off the food supply to Fort Beauséjour and Louisbourg. This plan involved both siege tactics but also cutting of the source of the supply. Aftermath --------- A scene depicting the deportation of Acadian settlers in Grand-Pré. Father Le Loutre's War had done much to create the condition of total war; British civilians had not been spared, and, as Lawrence saw it, Acadian civilians had provided intelligence, sanctuary, and logistical support while others actually fought in armed conflict. More than any other single factor – including the massive assault that eventually forced the surrender of Louisbourg – the supply problem spelled doom to French power in the region. To cut off the supply to the French, Lawrence realized he could do this, in part, by deporting the Acadians. With the fall of Beausejour, Le Loutre was imprisoned and the Acadian expulsion began. During the French and Indian War, the British forces rounded up French settlers starting with the Bay of Fundy Campaign (1755). The British deported the Acadians and burned their villages at Chignecto to prevent their return. The Acadian Exodus from Nova Scotia during the war spared most of those who joined it – particularly those who went to Ile St. Jean and Ile Royal – from the British expulsion of the Acadians in 1755. However, with the fall of Louisbourg in 1758, the Acadians who left for the French colonies were deported as well. Primary sources --------------- * Du Boscq de Beaumont, Gaston (1899). Les Derniers Jours de l'Acadie (1748–1758): Correspondances et Mémoires; Extraits du Portefeuille de M. Le Courois de Surlaville... Paris: E. Lechevalier. * Jefferys, Thomas (1754). The Conduct of the French, With Regard to Nova Scotia: From Its First Settlement to the Present Time ... London: T. Jefferys. * Johnstone, Chevalier de (1866). "Campaign against Louisbourg 1750 – '58". Manuscripts Relating to the Early History of Canada. Second series. Literary and Historical Society of Quebec. Quebec: Middleton and Dawson. * Lawrence, Charles (1953). Journal and letters of Colonel Charles Lawrence: being a day by day account of the founding of Lunenburg. Halifax: Public Archives of Nova Scotia. * Winslow, Joshua (1936). The Journal of Joshua Winslow, Recording His Participation in the Events of the Year 1750, Memorable in the History of Nova Scotia. * An Account of the Present State of Nova-Scotia: in Two Letters to a Noble Lord: ... London. 1756. ISBN 9780665201899. * "Extract of a Letter from Halifax in Nova Scotia dated March 20, 1749–50". The London Magazine. Vol. 19. 1750. pp. 196–197. Secondary sources ----------------- * Barnes, Thomas Garden (1996). "'Twelve Apostles' or a Dozen Traitors?: Acadian Collaborators during King George's War, 1744–8". In F. Murray Greenwood; Barry Wright (eds.). Law, Politics, and Security Measures, 1608–1837. Canadian State Trials. Vol. I. Osgoode Society for Canadian Legal History, University of Toronto Press. pp. 98–113. ISBN 9780802078933. JSTOR 10.3138/j.ctt1vgw6d9.10. * Carroll, Brian D. (September 2012). "'Savages' in the Service of Empire: Native American Soldiers in Gorham's Rangers, 1744-1762". New England Quarterly. 85 (3): 383–429. doi:10.1162/TNEQ\_a\_00207. S2CID 57559449. * Douglas, W.A.B. (March 1966). "The Sea Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749-1755: A Comment on Naval Policy". Canadian Historical Review. 47 (1): 22–37. doi:10.3138/CHR-047-01-02. S2CID 162250099. * Edwards, Joseph Plimsoll (1913). "The Militia of Nova Scotia, 1749–1867". Collections of the Nova Scotia Historical Society. Vol. XVII. Halifax: Wm. Macnab & Son. pp. 63–110. * Sauvageau, Robert (1987). Acadie: la guerre de cent ans des français d'Amérique aux Maritimes et en Louisiane, 1670-1769. Berger-Levrault. ISBN 978-2-7013-0720-6. \| * v * t * e Military history of Canada \| \| --- \| \| History of ... \| * Air Force * Army + Canadian Militia - Colonial militia * Navy * Crown and Forces * New France + Acadia * Nova Scotia * Mi'kmaq \| \| Conflicts \| * Beaver Wars * Ango-French War * Second Anglo-Dutch War * Third Anglo-Dutch War * King William's War * Queen Anne's War * Dummer's War * King George's War * Father Le Loutre's War * French and Indian War * American Revolutionary War * French Revolutionary Wars * War of 1812 * Pemmican War * Rebellions of 1837–1838 * Fenian raids * Red River Rebellion * North-West Rebellion * Boer War * First World War * Russian Civil War * Second World War * Cold War * Korean War * Gulf War * Afghanistan War * Intervention in Libya * Intervention against ISIL \| \| See also \| * Canada and the American Civil War * Mackenzie–Papineau Battalion * Canada and the Vietnam War * Canada and the Iraq War \| \| Lists \| * Bibliography * Conflicts * Operations * Victories * Peacekeeping * Internment Camps WWI * Internment Camps WWII \| \| * Category * WikiProject * flag Canada portal \| \| * v * t * e Colonial conflicts involving the English/British Empire \| \| --- \| \| 17thcentury \| * Ireland (1593–1603) * Virginia (1609–46) * Swally (1612) * Ormuz (1622) * Saint Kitts (1626) * Quebec (1628) * Pequot War (1634–38) * Irish Rebellion (1641) * Confederate War (1641–53) * Cromwellian conquest of Ireland (1649–53) * Acadia (1654–67) * Anglo-Spanish War (1654–60) * Jamaica (1655–1739) * Tangier (1664) * King Philip's War (1675–78) * Child's War (1686–90) * Siam (1687) * Williamite War (1688–91) * King William's War (1688–97) * Ghana (1694–1700) \| \| 18thcentury \| * Queen Anne's War (1702–13) * Tuscarora War (1711–15) * Yamasee War (1715–17) * Father Rale's War/Dummer's War (1722–25) * War of Jenkins' Ear (1740–42) * King George's War (1744–48) * Carnatic Wars (1746–63) * Nova Scotia (1749–55) * French and Indian War (1754–63) * Seven Years' War (1756–63) * Bengal War (1756–65) * Anglo-Cherokee War (1758–61) * Jamaica (1762) * Anglo-Spanish War (1762–63) * Pontiac's War (1763–66) * War of the Regulation (1765–71) * First Carib War (1769–73) * Rohilkhand (1773–74) * Lord Dunmore's War (1774) * American Revolutionary War (1775–83) * First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82) * Second Anglo-Mysore War (1779–84) * Gold Coast (1781–82) * Assam (1786) * Australian frontier wars (1788–1934) * Nootka Sound (1789) * Third Anglo-Mysore War (1789–92) * Cotiote (Wayanad) War (1793–1806) * Rohilkhand (1794) * Cape Colony (1795) * Jamaica (1795–96) * Grenada (1795–96) * Ceylon (1795) * Kandyan Wars (1796–1818) * Irish Rebellion (1798) * Malta (1798–1800) * Fourth Anglo-Mysore War (1798–99) * Dwyer's guerrilla campaign (1799–1803) * Polygar Wars (1799–1805) \| \| 19thcentury \| * Newfoundland (1800) * Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) * Castle Hill convict rebellion (1804) * Surinam (1804) * Cape Colony (1806) * Río de la Plata (1806–07) * Egypt (1807) * Froberg mutiny (1807) * Santo Domingo (1808–09) * Martinique (1809) * Persian Gulf (1809) * Guadeloupe (1810) * Reunion (1810) * Mauritius (1810) * Seychelles (1810) * Spice Islands (1810) * Java (1810–11) * Xhosa Wars (1811–79) * USA (1812–15) * Nepal (1814–16) * Guadeloupe (1815) * Cape Colony (1815) * Algiers (1816) * Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18) * Persian Gulf (1819) * Guiana (1823) * Anglo-Ashanti wars (1824–1901) * First Anglo-Burmese War (1824–26) * Black War (Van Diemen's Land) (1828–32) * Jamaica (1831–32) * Malacca (1831–33) * Lower Canada (1837–38) * Upper Canada (1837–38) * Aden Expedition (1839) * Egyptian–Ottoman War (1839–41) * First Anglo-Afghan War (1839–42) * First Opium War (1839–42) * New Zealand Wars (1845–72) * First Anglo-Sikh War (1845–46) * Río de la Plata (1845–50) * Canton (1847) * British Honduras (1847–1901) * Ceylon (1848) * Second Anglo-Sikh War (1848–49) * Second Anglo-Burmese War (1852) * Eureka Rebellion (1854) * Åland War (1854–56) * Anglo-Persian War (1856–57) * Second Opium War (1856–60) * Indian Rebellion (1857–59) * Revolt of Rajab Ali (1857-58) * Kagoshima (1863) * Ambela campaign (1863–64) * Shimonoseki (1864) * Duar War (1864–65) * Fenian Rebellion in Canada (1866–71) * Abyssinia (1868) * Manitoba (1870) * Perak (1875–76) * Anglo-Zulu War (1879) * Second Anglo-Afghan War (1879–80) * Basutoland (1880–81) * First Boer War (1880–81) * Mahdist War (1881–99) * Anglo-Egyptian War (1882) * Saskatchewan (1885) * Third Anglo-Burmese War (1885) * Central Africa (1886–89) * Hazara (1888) * Mashonaland (1890) * Hunza–Nagar Campaign (1891) * Anglo-Manipur War (1891) * Pahang Uprising (1891–1895) * Matabeleland (1893–94) * North Borneo (1894–1905) * Chitral Expedition (1895) * Jameson Raid South Africa (1896) * Anglo-Zanzibar War (1896) * Matabeleland (1896–97) * Benin Expedition (1897) * Siege of Malakand (1897) * First Mohmand campaign (1897–98) * Tirah campaign (1897–98) * Six-Day War (1899) * Boxer Rebellion (1898–1901) * Second Boer War (1899–1902) \| \| 20thcentury \| * Somaliland (1900–20) * West Africa (1901–02) * Tibet expedition (1903–04) * Bambatha Rebellion (1906) * Maritz rebellion (1914–15) * Tochi (1914–15) * Nyasaland (1915) * Nigeria (1915) * Peshawar (1915) * Mohmand (1916–17) * Quebec (1917) * Nigeria (1918) * Third Anglo-Afghan War (1919) * Waziristan campaign (1919–20) * Iraqi Revolt (1920) * Malabar rebellion (1921) * Kurdistan (1922–24) * Transjordan (1923) * Pink's War (1925) * Ikhwan revolt (1927–30) * Tirah (1930–31) * Barzani revolt (1931–32) * Second Mohmand campaign (1935) * Arab revolt in Palestine (1936–39) * Waziristan campaign (1936–39) * Ethiopia (1943) * Jewish revolt in Palestine (1944–48) * Indochina (1945–46) * Indonesia (1945) * Sarawak (1946–50) * Malayan Emergency (1948–60) * Mau Mau Uprising Kenya (1952–60) * Oman (1954–59) * Cyprus Emergency (1955–59) * Suez Crisis (1956) * Oman (1962–76) * Brunei (1962) * Sarawak (1962–90) * Malaysia (1962–66) * Aden (1963–67) * Falklands (1982) \| \| * v * t * e French colonial conflicts \| \| --- \| \| 16th century \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| North America \| * South Carolina (1562) * Florida (1562–65) * Florida (1568) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| South America \| * Brazil (1531) * Brazil (1555–67) * Brazil (1590–04) \| \| \| 17th century \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Africa \| * Morocco (1629) * Senegal (1659–77) * Djidjelli (1664) * Algiers (1682) * Algiers (1683) * Algiers (1688) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Americas \| * Beaver Wars (1609–1701) * Brazil (1612–15) * North America (1627–29) * West Indies (1635–59) * Carib Expulsion (1660) * Texas (1685–89) * King William's War (1689–97) * Santo Domingo (1691) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Asia \| * Siam (1687–90) \| \| \| 18th century \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Africa \| * West Africa (1758–63) * Morocco (1765) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Americas \| * Queen Anne's War (1702–13) * Chickasaw Wars (1721–52) * Dummer's War (1721–25) * Natchez revolt (1729) * King George's War (1744–48) * Nova Scotia (1749–55) * French and Indian War (1754–60) * North America (1778–83) * Caribbean (1778–83) * Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) * Santo Domingo (1795–1809) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Asia \| * Burma–France relations (1729–56) * India (1746–48) * India (1749–54) * India (1756–63) * Vietnam (1777–1820) * East Indies (1778–83) * East Indies (1793–1801) * Egypt and Syria (1798–1801) \| \| \| 19th century \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Africa \| * Indian Ocean (1809–11) * Algeria (1830–47) * Algeria (1835–1903) * Morocco (1844) * Salé (1851) * French conquest of Senegal (1854) * Tunisia (1881) * Madagascar (1883) * Ivory Coast (1883–98) * First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) * Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–94) * Second Madagascar expedition (1895) * Menalamba rebellion (1895-1903) * Voulet–Chanoine Mission (1898–1900) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Americas \| * West Indies (1804–10) * Río de la Plata (1838–40) * Mexico (1838–39) * Argentina–Uruguay (1845–50) * Intervention in Mexico (1861–67) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Asia & Pacific Ocean \| * Moluccas (1810) * Java (1811) * Philippines (1844–45) * Tourane (1847) * Franco-Tahitian War (1844–47) * Tourane (1856) * French conquest of Vietnam + Cochinchina Campaign (1858–62) + North Vietnam (1873–74) + Tonkin Campaign (1883–86) + Sino-French War (1884–85) + North Vietnam (1886–96) * Second Opium War (1860) * Japan (1863–64) * Korea (1866) * Leewards War (1888–97) * Franco-Siamese War (1893) \| \| \| 20th century \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Africa \| * Wadai War (1906–11) * Casablanca (1907) * Morocco (1911–12) * Zaian War (1914–21) * Volta-Bani War (1915–16) * Kaocen revolt (1916–17) * Rif War (1920–26) * Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–31) * Malagasy Uprising (1947–48) * Tunisian independence (1952–56) * Algerian War (1954–62) * Cameroon War (1955–64) * Suez Crisis (1956) * Ifni War (1957–58) * Bizerte crisis (1961) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Asia \| * Boxer Rebellion (1901) * Holy Man's Rebellion (1901–36) * Vietnam (1916) * Vietnam (1917–18) * Vietnam (1918–21) * Syria (1919–21) * Cilicia (1920–21) * Syria (1925–27) * Vietnam (1930) * Vietnam (1930–31) * Vietnam (1940) * Franco-Thai War (1940–41) * Indochina (1945) * South Vietnam (1945–46) * First Indochina War (1946–54) \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Pacific \| * Ouvéa cave hostage taking (1988) \| \|
Indian model, VJ, actress and producer Sushama Reddy is an Indian model, VJ, actress and producer. Early life ---------- Sushama Reddy studied at the Bombay Scottish School, Mahim and graduated in economics from Mithibai College, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. She completed a filmmaking course from NYFA, New York City in the United States. She has two younger sisters Meghna Reddy, a former model and Sameera Reddy, a popular Bollywood actress. Career ------ ### Modeling Her sister Meghna persuaded her to join the television world. Her first break was given by Bharatbala Productions. She worked on more than 100 television commercials including Limca, Fair & Lovely, Liberty, Godrej, Blender's Pride, Ford Icon and a TV commercial for Thumbs Up with Salman Khan. Reddy also appeared in Sonu Nigam's music video Deewana with Diwakar Pundir, in DJ Suketu's Tere Jaisa Pyaar and Sona Mohapatra's music compilation Ishq Nachaya. ### Hosting Soon after Channel V was launched in India, she landed the role of a VJ at the music channel for more than 2 years. Sushama hosted Dream Hotels on the Lifestyle broadcaster Discovery Travel and Living, showcasing the vistas, luxurious living, décor, style and glitter of hotels uncovering high living in the truest form. ### Acting Sushama made her film debut opposite Anil Kapoor with Vivek Agnihotri's Chocolate: Deep Dark Secrets in 2005 and later appeared in Don: The Chase Begins Again and Chup Chup Ke, with Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor (both in 2006).[] ### Producing and filmmaking In 2008, Sushama assisted Rajat Kapoor on his project Rectangular Love story. In 2009, she was introduced to current producing partner Sanjay Bhattacharjee through a common friend. After realizing that they had common goals related to the filmmaking business, distribution and film marketing, they met Aryan Bros. from Delhi, who at that time were also seeking to get into the film industry. In June 2009, with funding from Aryan Bros. Reddy and Bhattacharjee established the production company Seven Island Studios Pvt. Ltd. Seven Island and Aryan Bros' Dus Tola went on the floors in late 2009, and was released on 22 October 2010. They are now working on her next projects – National Roaming, which is a comic-caper, The Stamp Collector, which is based on Vishwapriya Iyenger's short story No Letter From Mother and another one based on a Tibetan family's struggle for survival. Work is underway on the next film, tentatively titled National Roaming, which is a crazy comic caper in the jungle. Sushama has started her own television production company, Niki Redi Productions and is developing content for travel shows on international Lifestyle channels such as TLC. She has also produced and anchored her show on TLC called Go India Maharashtra, which was telecast in December 2012. Filmography ----------- ### Actor \| Year \| Film \| Role \| Language \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2005 \| Chocolate: Deep Dark Secrets \| Monsoon Iyer \| Hindi \| Debut film \| \| 2006 \| Don: The Chase Begins Again \| Geeta Ahuja \| Hindi \| \| \| Chup Chup Ke \| Pooja Rao \| Hindi \| \| \| 2009 \| Fear Factor – Khatron Ke Khiladi Level 2 \| Self \| Hindi \| Television based reality show \| ### Producer \| Year \| Film \| Language \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2010 \| Dus Tola \| Hindi \| co-produced by Sanjay Bhattacharjee \|
English hard rock singer Sam Blue (born Simon Blewitt 1959 in Newcastle upon Tyne, England) (also known as Sam Blewitt) is an English hard rock singer, who has been part of the bands Emerson, Axis, L. A. Secrets, Paul Samson's Empire, Ya Ya, Ultravox, GTS, and Burns Blue. He works in the UK and Europe as a session singer, performing and collaborating with many artists including The Streets, Dizzee Rascal, Braund Reynolds, The Young Punx, Phonat, Urban Myth, Avicci, Otto Knows, Madness. Had Top 40 single in 2006 with Baywatch theme – I'll be Ready (Naughty Boy/Phat Beach) Also worked an artist manager at Plan C Management with Christian Ulf-Hansen. The company's artists included the singer-songwriter, Tobias Fröberg (Sweden); & Kathryn Williams. Career ------ In the 1980s Blue sang with the bands Emerson (one single on Neat Records) LA Secrets, Paul Samson's Empire, and Ya Ya (who released one album on WEA/Warner Bros 1988). In 1993 was asked to join the new version of Ultravox led by Billy Currie and included Vinny Burns, Tony Holmes and Gary Williams. After standing in for a previous singer on some shows, Blue was asked to join. He co-wrote the Ingenuity album with Currie and Burns. One other live album was released. Blue then collaborated on Vinny Burns solo album 'The Journey'. with Burns and Gary Hughes. The next collaboration with Burns was the Burns Blue album 'What if', with Pete Jupp and Bob Skeat. He entered the UK finals for the Eurovision Song Contest in 1996 (as part of the duo Esseness with the song "I Never Knew") and in 1997 (as a solo artist with the song "For The Life You Don't Yet Know"), both of which involved prime-time performances on BBC One. He had previously made it to the 1990 "Eurovision Song Contest" as a backing vocalist for Emma singing "Give a little love back to the world" Blue reached the Top 40 in the UK Singles Chart in 2006, with the Phat Beach/Naughty Boy version of the Baywatch theme, "I'll Be Ready". He also sang on the tsunami relief record for Mike Read and producer Steve Levine. His more recent credits and appearances include on the Thomas the Tank Engine film, Hero of the Rails (2010), Day of the Diesel's ( 2011), and "Blue Mountain Mystery" (2012), and on the TV series singing the end titles, written by Robert Hartshorne. Blue was a backing vocalist on the theme music for the BBC TV series New Tricks, produced by Dennis Waterman. He also appeared as Lead & backing vocalist for Dizzee Rascal, both on Later... with Jools Holland & 2009 Hootenany show, also the 2009 BBC Electric Prom's at the Roundhouse London. His work with Dizzee Rascal continued for Festivals (including Glastonbury, Reading & Leeds, Bestival) and concert appearances in 2010 – his vocals are also featured on the song "Fix up Look Sharp". His other work included singing lead and backing for Phonat and Vanessa Amorosi in June 2010. In 2011, Blue worked as a vocal coach on BBC Introducingand with several artists. He also collaborated with The Bays, who used his pre-recorded vocals for some of their live shows. Other recent appearances include * Providing lead and backing vocals on Urban Myth cover of "Africa" 2010/11 * Providing lead and backing vocals on Lauren Simeca re-mix of Roxanne in 2010 * Providing lead and backing vocals on the hook of "Get Down" on Amplify Dot 2012 release "Get Down". * Worked with Madness on the promo of the single 'How Can I Tell You' as backing singer in 2013. * Providing lead and backing vocals from Otto Knows on the single 'Million Voices'. * Providing backing vocals on Avicii's 'Fade into Darkness'. in 2014 Blue sang at the Rock n Horsepower Festival with Kenney Jones & Friends at Hurtwood Park, Surrey for Prostate Cancer UK awareness. He described singing the Small Faces songs with the band as an honour. He also sang 'Nights in White satin' with John Lodge of the Moody Blues. Also on the bill were The Who, Jeff Beck, Alvin Stardust, John Parr, Nick Kershaw, Mick Hucknall among others. The event is due to be repeated in 2015 after it raised a considerable amount for the charity. Blue still sings with his band California Screaming, which he formed with longtime friend and guitarist James Nisbet. Band members include Alex Toff/Andy Treacy on Drums, Carl Holt/Joe Holweger on Bass, Anthony Clark/ Mike Bramwell on Keys, Mim Grey/Nadie Keating on vocals. Discography ----------- ### Emerson * Something Special b/w Stars in Hollywood (1983) ### Ya Ya * II (1988) ### Paul Samson's Empire * Live at the Marquee (1994) ### Ultravox * Ingenuity (1994) * Future Picture (1995, live album) ### GTS * Tracks From The Dustshelf (1995) * "Time Stood Still" (1996) ### Vinny Burns * The Journey (1999) ### Burns Blue * What If... (2003) ### Guest appearances \| Artist \| Album / Single \| Year \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Montserrat Caballe \| Friends for Life \| 1998 \| \| Phoenix Down \| Under a Wild Sky \| 1999 \| \| Various Artists \| Familiar Faces: A Tribute to Rod Stewart & the Faces \| 2000 \| \| The Streets \| A Grand Don't Come for Free \| 2004 \| \| Billy Currie \| Pieces of the Puzzle \| 2004 \| \| Phat Beach \| "I'll Be Ready" (Baywatch Theme) \| 2006 \| \| Young Punx \| "Your Music is Killing Me" \| 2007 \| \| Phonat \| "Set Me Free", "Get Down My Dirty Street", "Warm Welcome" and "Learn to Recycle" \| 2009 \| \| Dizzee Rascal \| Tongue n' Cheek – Deluxe Edition (live from the BBC Electric Proms) on "Fix Up Look Sharp" and "Brand New Day" \| 2010 \| \| Lauren Simeca \| Roxanne re-mix \| \| Urban Myth \| Africa \| 2010/11 \| \| Amplify Dot \| "Get Down" \| 2012 \| \|
English teacher and football administrator William Leslie Poole (England, 7 November 1866 – Montevideo, 22 August 1931) was a Kent-born English immigrant to Uruguay who was important to the development of association football in Uruguay and became known as the "Father of Uruguayan Football." Early life ---------- Poole was married to Ethel Maude Poole, who was born in England and died on 21 December 1916 in Montevideo, Uruguay. Poole was a Cavendish College, Cambridge graduate who immigrated to Uruguay in 1885 to work as an English teacher at the English High School of Montevideo, where he was active until 1920. Uruguayan football ------------------ By the time of his arrival, there were already some clubs practicing football informally in Uruguay such as the Montevideo Cricket Club, founded in 1861 (the first rugby club outside the United Kingdom), and the Montevideo Rowing Club, founded in 1874. In his spare time, Poole devoted his energy to disseminating and organising the sport in Uruguay. Henry Candid Lichtenberger, an 18-year-old man who was Poole's disciple, founded the first Uruguayan football team on 2 June 1886, the Club Albion. In its original statute, the Albion did not accept foreign players. The Football Association was characterised by having, as the major part of its associates, Uruguayan-born children of The English. Poole's legacy was to organise and professionalise the sport in Uruguay. Unlike Lichtenberger, Poole required the participation of both nationals and foreigners with no distinction of race, language, religion, political opinion or economic position. This mindset was incorporated into Uruguay's mentality. Poole also acted not only as a player – being a frontline for the Uruguay National Team – but also as a referee and as the President of the Uruguayan Association Football League, founded on 30 March 1900, a precursor of today’s Uruguayan Football Association (Asociación Uruguaya de Fútbol – AUF). Poole also practiced rowing, cricket and rugby union, but his real passion was association football. In his free time, he used to take his students to practice in the Montevideo neighborhood of Punta Carretas, close to the current location of a shopping center. The Montevideo city hall paid honour to Poole by dedicating a place called "Espacio Libre William Leslie Poole" between Constituyente and Vásquez avenues in the Uruguayan capital.
English cricketer and artist Frank Hillyard Swinstead (6 August 1862 – 6 December 1937) was an English first-class cricketer and artist. Swinstead was born at Chelsea to Charles Swinstead, the master of the North London School of Art, and his second wife, Jane Swinstead (née Hillyard). He was educated at the North London School of Art, before attending the Royal College of Art and Académie Julian in Paris. After graduating, he became an art master, taking over the Hornsey College of Art (formerly the North London School of Art) from his father following his death in 1890. Two years prior to taking over the college, Swinstead appeared in a first-class cricket match for the Gentlemen of England against Cambridge University at Cambridge. He married Lilie Caroline Drew in 1890, with the couple having three sons. He made a second appearance in first-class cricket for the Marylebone Cricket Club against Worcestershire at Lord's in 1900. He later became the principle of the Willesden Polytechnic School of Art and was elected to the Royal Society of British Artists in 1908. He exhibited three paintings of various scenes from Suffolk to the Royal Society of British Artists in 1929. He died at Hornsey Central Hospital in December 1937.
American singer-songwriter (1949–2015) Musical artist Robert Wickens "Robbin" Thompson (June 16, 1949 – October 10, 2015) was an American singer-songwriter based in Richmond, Virginia. Since 1976 he recorded several albums which included guest appearances by Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel, Bruce Hornsby and Ellen McIlwaine, among others. He was a member of an early Bruce Springsteen band, Steel Mill, and co-wrote songs with Timothy B. Schmit, Phil Vassar and Butch Taylor and Carter Beauford of the Dave Matthews Band. He twice won the American Song Festival and in 1980 had a minor national hit with "Brite Eyes". He also wrote songs featured on the soundtracks of Gleaming the Cube and The Fighting Temptations. In March 2015, "Sweet Virginia Breeze", which Thompson co-wrote with Steve Bassett, became Virginia's second official state song (joining "Our Great Virginia"). Career ------ ### Early years Thompson was born in Boston, Massachusetts. From age seven he lived in Melbourne, Florida, where he graduated from Melbourne High School. Between 1963-67 he was the lead singer and songwriter with several Florida-based bands including The Hanging Five, The Five Gents and The Tasmanians. The latter band even released a couple of singles in 1966. In 1968 he formed Transcontinental Mercy Flight before moving to Richmond, Virginia, initially to attend Virginia Commonwealth University. While at VCU he formed Mercy Flight in early 1969. ### Steel Mill On November 11, 1969, Mercy Flight opened for Steel Mill when they played a concert at VCU. Throughout early 1970 Mercy Flight continued to open regularly for Steel Mill and when Bruce Springsteen decided to add another vocalist he recruited Thompson. He made his debut with Steel Mill on August 29, 1970 at the 3rd Annual Nashville Music Festival, sponsored by WMAC. Steel Mill was one of about twenty different acts to take part. Headliners included Roy Orbison, Brian Hyland, Ronnie Milsap, Bobby Bloom, Ballin' Jack, Ten Wheel Drive and The Illusion. During Thompson's time with Steel Mill they also opened for, among others, Ike & Tina Turner, Cactus and Black Sabbath. While Springsteen was Steel Mill's main songwriter, the band performed some Thompson songs, including "Train Ride". Thompson would release his own version of this song as a B-side in 1982 and then on a 1999 re-issue of Two B's Please. Steel Mill played their final show on January 23, 1971 at The Upstage Club in Asbury Park, New Jersey. While Thompson went on to establish his own career, the remaining members of the band – Vini Lopez, Danny Federici and Steve Van Zandt – would continue to play with Springsteen and eventually evolved into the E Street Band. After the breakup of Steel Mill, Thompson and Springsteen occasionally guested at each other's concerts. On August 6, 1981 at the Bayou Club in Washington D.C. Thompson was joined onstage by Springsteen, Garry Tallent and Clarence Clemons for an eight-minute version of "Carol". On March 3, 2003 at the Richmond Coliseum during The Rising Tour, Thompson, together with Bruce Hornsby, joined Springsteen on stage for the Hank Ballard song "Let's Go, Let's Go, Let's Go". According to Thompson they were going to try and perform a version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", a Steel Mill-era song that Thompson had recorded. However, apparently nobody in the E Street Band could remember how it went. ### Recording career In 1976, Thompson launched his solo career with the release of an eponymous album on Nemperor Records. Among the album's highlights was the American Song Festival winner "Boy From Boston". The album featured guest appearances by Timothy B. Schmit, Melissa Manchester, Steve Cropper, Waddy Wachtel and Rick Roberts. Schmit would go on to provide harmony vocals on several of Thompson's albums.[] They co-wrote "Find Out in Time", which was recorded by Schmit with Poco on their 1977 album, Indian Summer. In 1978 Thompson released Together, a collaboration with another Richmond-based songwriter, Steve Bassett. Among the songs they co-wrote and recorded for this album was an early version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze".[] Thompson had some commercial success with Two B's Please, released in 1980 and credited to The Robbin Thompson Band. Background vocals on the majority of album were provided by Schmit and Roberts. The album would eventually sell 200,000 copies and included a re-recorded version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" as well as "Candy Apple Red" and "Brite Eyes". All three songs were hits in the Southeastern United States. The latter song was also a minor national hit and spent nine weeks on the Billboard charts, peaking at No. 66. It spent six weeks on the Cash Box chart, reaching No. 78. The album included "Even Cowgirls Get the Blues", which was originally intended to be theme song for a film based on the Tom Robbins novel of the same name. However, when a film was eventually made the song was not featured.[] Thompson's 1985 album Better Late Than Never, which featured cover versions of "Fortunate Son" and "Be My Baby", was his first to be released on his own label Out There Records. It also included "Guilty", Thompson's version of "He's Guilty (Send That Boy To Jail)", originally written by Bruce Springsteen for Steel Mill. In 1997 this song was also included on the compilation One Step Up/Two Steps Back: The Songs Of Bruce Springsteen. Another highlight was "You're My Obsession" which was an American Song Festival winner in 1984. In 1988 Thompson released Since Grade School: A Robbin Thompson Anthology, which combined five new songs with eleven songs from his first four albums. Among the new songs was the title song for the film Gleaming the Cube. I Don't Need A Reason To Ride from 1991 featured Bruce Hornsby while Out on the Chesapeake from 1998 was the first of several collaborations with Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band and saw Schmit once again provide backing vocals. In between Thompson was also involved in a collaboration with fellow songwriters Michael Lille and Lewis McGehee, recording an eponymous album as The Famous Unknowns.[] In 2002 a second collection, The Vinyl Years, was basically a reissue of Robbin Thompson plus later songs such as the original version of "Sweet Virginia Breeze" and a reissue of "Guilty". His 2003 album, One Step Ahead of the Blues, again featured Schmit and Taylor, as well a song called "Orange Moon" that was recorded in Shanghai with traditional Chinese musical instruments. It included another Springsteen/Steel Mill song, "The Train Song". Live in Studio A was recorded at the in Your Ear Studios in Richmond, Virginia with an invited audience of eighty people over two nights. It features thirteen live tracks and stories about how some of the songs were written. Just A Blur in the Rearview featured a guest appearances by Ellen McIlwaine. The title song was co-written with Phil Vassar while "I Won't Quit" was co-written and recorded with Carter Beauford and Butch Taylor of the Dave Matthews Band. It was also featured on the soundtrack of The Fighting Temptations. In early 2008, Thompson's Move on Down the Line won in The 7th Annual Independent Music Awards for Gospel Song. ### Death Thompson was first diagnosed with cancer in 2000. He was a resident of Richmond, Virginia and died of cancer on October 10, 2015, after a long battle with a rare gastrointestinal stromal tumor. He was 66. Discography ----------- Albums * + Robbin Thompson (1976, Nemperor 440 0698) + Better Late Than Never (1985, Out There Records 585) + Since Grade School: A Robbin Thompson Anthology (1988, Out There Records 1188) + I Don't Need A Reason To Ride (1991, Out There Records 6591) + Out on the Chesapeake (1998, Out There Records 0898) + The Vinyl Years (2002, Out There Records) + One Step Ahead of the Blues (2003, Out There Records 31003) + Live In Studio A (2006, Out There Records 92305) + Just A Blur In The Rearview (2007, Out There Records 2207) + A Real Fine Day (2013, Out There Records) * Robbin Thompson and Steve Bassett + Together (1978, Richmond Records 1001) * The Robbin Thompson Band + Two B's Please (1980, Ovation 1759) + Live at the National (2010, Out There Records) * The Famous Unknowns (with Michael Lille and Lewis McGehee) + The Famous Unknowns (1994, Out There Records 33194) * Tracks on anthologies + "Guilty" One Step Up/Two Steps Back: The Songs Of Bruce Springsteen (1997, Capitol Records) + "Wouldn't Want to Be You" on United We Stand (2001, Capitol Records) Singles * + Boy From Boston/Another Cup of Coffee and a Cigarette (1976, Nemperor Records 010) + Boy From Boston(mono)/Boy From Boston(stereo) (1976, Nemperor Records 010) + Dream On Melinda/It's My Turn (1976, Nemperor Records 011) + Dream On Melinda(mono)/Dream On Melinda(stereo) (1976, Nemperor Records 011) * The Tasmanians + "Baby/Love, Love, Love (1966, Conda Records 101) + I Can't Explain This Feeling/If I Don't (1966, Power Records 4933) * Robbin' + What Am I Gonna Do?/Changes (1972, Colpar Records 1007S) * Robbin Thompson and Steve Bassett + "Sweet Virginia Breeze/Virginia In the Springtime" (1978, Richmond Records 1002) + "Looking for a Sunny Day/Let's Do One Together" (1978, Richmond Records 1003) + "Sweet Virginia Breeze/Virginia Is For Lovers" (1986, Virginia Is For Lovers 605061XA) * The Robbin Thompson Band + "Brite Eyes/That's Alright" (1980, Ovation Records 1157) + "Candy Apple Red/Barroom Romance" (1980, Richmond Records 500) + "Movin' On Up/Train Ride" (1982, Short Pump Records RR502) Links ----- * Notice of death of Robbin Thompson, nj.com; accessed January 9, 2016. * Notice of death of Robbin Thompson, richmond.com; accessed January 9, 2016. \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * United States \| \| Artists \| * MusicBrainz \|
From left to right, Kirara, Sango, Miroku, Kagome Higurashi, Inuyasha and Shippō The characters of the Inuyasha manga series were created by Rumiko Takahashi. Most of the series takes place in a fictional version of Japan's Warring States period with occasional time-travel/flashback elements to modern Tokyo or the Heisei period. The setting and plot incorporate many elements of traditional Japanese folklore and religion. Its main characters (both protagonists and antagonists) include a Shintō priestess, a Buddhist monk and several types of yōkai, usually rendered as "demon" in English-language translations of the series. The anime adaptation of Inuyasha is followed by a sequel titled Yashahime, where its characters are also listed here. Inuyasha main characters -------------------------- ### Inuyasha Main article: Inuyasha (character) Voiced by: Kappei Yamaguchi (Japanese); Richard Ian Cox (Viz Media dub), Darren Pleavin (Animax Asia dub) (English) Inuyasha (犬夜叉) was born of a dog-demon father and a human mother. He is an arrogant, prideful and stubborn half-demon, but has a soft side to him. He also has an older half brother, Sesshomaru, who is a full-demon with a full-demon mother. He has the appearance of a fifteen-year-old boy. As a half-demon, he had a difficult and lonely childhood, as demons and humans despised him for his mixed bloodline. ### Kagome Higurashi Voiced by: Satsuki Yukino (Japanese); Moneca Stori (Inuyasha; Viz Media dub), Kira Tozer (The Final Act and Yashahime; Viz Media dub), Andrea Kwan (Animax Asia dub) (English) Kagome Higurashi (日暮かごめ) is a brave and kind girl, the reincarnation of the Sengoku period priestess Kikyo, who believes in never turning her back on someone in trouble. Although physically weak, she is not lacking in courage. She becomes highly skilled in archery as the series progresses, and eventually learns to master her immensely strong spiritual powers. Of all characters in the series, she has the most emotional strength, never allowing anger or jealousy to commit acts of evil. By the start of Yashahime she is spiritually as strong as Kikyo, and possibly stronger given that she developed her own powers of arrow disappearance. Despite her inexperience, Naraku greatly fears Kagome's purifying powers, causing him to target her even more often than Inuyasha. ### Miroku Voiced by: Kōji Tsujitani (Inuyasha and InuYasha: The Final Act), Makoto Yasumura (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (Japanese); Kirby Morrow (Inuyasha, The Final Act, and Yashahime (1st voice); Viz Media dub), Ian James Corlett (Yashahime (2nd voice); Viz Media dub), Dave Bridges (Animax Asia dub) (English) Miroku (弥勒) is an eighteen-year-old lecherous and intelligent Buddhist monk who travels the countryside performing spiritual services, such as exorcisms and demon exterminations, though he has a habit of either ripping off or outright robbing wealthy clients. Miroku can attack enemies with his khakkhara and sutra scrolls. But Miroku's greatest weapon is the Wind Tunnel (風穴, Kazaana, Wind Hole), a blackhole embedded in his right palm which is actually a hereditary curse originally inflicted upon his paternal grandfather by Naraku. Due to the curse's nature to eventually kill him, Miroku sought to find himself a wife to sire children before eventually falling in love with Sango. In the sequel series, after starting a family with Sango after his curse was lifted, Miroku left his family to train himself to fight demons without his Wind Tunnel. ### Sango Voiced by: Houko Kuwashima (Japanese); Kelly Sheridan (Viz Media dub), Candice Moore (Animax Asia dub) (English) Sango (珊瑚) is a sixteen-year-old demon slayer (妖怪退治屋, Yōkai Taijiya, "Apparition Exterminators"). She hails from a village that practices the act as their profession and is also the original home of the Shikon Jewel; she is described by her father as the most skilled exterminator in the village. While travelling, she wears a traditional woman's kimono, over which she wears long skirt, most likely "mo-bakama", and traditional woman's arm guards and leg guards, and straw sandals. As a demon slayer, Sango dresses in a black skin-tight jumpsuit, and pink armor plates made of demon parts, and a red sash. Of her broad repertoire of tools and tricks for fighting demons, Sango usually wields her most powerful weapon called the Hiraikotsu (飛来骨, "Flying Return Bone"), a human-sized boomerang made of purified demon bones, which she can throw using her enhanced strength. ### Shippo Voiced by: Kumiko Watanabe (Japanese); Jillian Michaels (Viz Media dub), Candice Moore (Animax Asia dub) (English) Shippo (七宝) is a young orphaned kitsune, who attempts to steal the Shikon Jewel from Inuyasha and Kagome, wanting to become stronger and avenge his father's death. Though his plan fails, Inuyasha and Kagome aid him after hearing his story, and he becomes their companion. Deeply loyal to Kagome, he often calls Inuyasha out on his bad behavior toward her. He is frequently clobbered by Inuyasha for playing tricks on him, and for blurting out uncomfortable or embarrassing facts. Despite this, he views the entire group as his surrogate family. ### Kirara Voiced by: Tarako Isono Kirara (雲母) is Sango's faithful companion who usually appears to be a small kitten-sized feline with two tails, but can become large enough to carry several passengers across the air whenever the need arises. She is a spiritual entity and traveled with Midoriko in the past. In the sequel series, Kirara becomes Hisui's companion while occasionally aiding Setsuna. Yashahime main characters --------------------------- ### Towa Higurashi Voiced by: Sara Matsumoto (Japanese); Erica Mendez (English) Towa Higurashi (日暮とわ, Higurashi Towa) is fourteen-years-old. She is Sesshōmaru and Rin's eldest daughter and Setsuna's twin sister making her a half-demon. When she was four-years-old, she was transported to the modern era through the power of the Sacred Tree of Ages. She was raised by Sōta Higurashi, her half-uncle-in-law. Ten years later, she is reunited with Setsuna. Towa wields the sword Kikujūmonji (掬十文字, lit. "Chrysanthemum Cross Sword") and carries the Silver Rainbow Pearl inside her left eye. When her sword is broken, she is capable of unleashing her demonic power to form her demonic energy into the remaining blade. Later she learns to absorb the demonic energy of enemies to empower herself and becomes capable of unleashing her father's Sōryūha (蒼龍破, Blue Dragon Blast, Azure Dragon Wave) personal attack. Afterwards, it was upgraded into her own variation of her Sōtō no Sōryūha (双頭の蒼龍破, Double-Headed Blue Dragon Strike, Twin Azure Dragon Wave) attack. While they joined forces with Osamu Kirin to stop the Grim Comet, Towa used the Zanseiken's (斬星剣) Kyūyōkon (吸妖魂) to absorb the comet's demon energy to make her new technique for the Azure Dragon Wave: the Ryusei no Sōryūha (流星の蒼龍破, Shooting Star Azure Dragon Wave). ### Setsuna Voiced by: Mikako Komatsu (Japanese); Kira Buckland (English) Setsuna (せつな) is Towa's younger twin sister and youngest daughter of Sesshōmaru and Rin, the former placing the Gold Rainbow Pearl in her right eye after she was born. She was separated from Towa when they were four-years-old during a forest fire Zero arranged, Jaken erasing her memories with a Dream Butterfly before she is placed in the care of Shiori and later Kaede before being taken under Kohaku's wing as a demon slayer. She is reunited with Towa and gradually regains pieces of her memory before being fully restored once the Dream Butterfly's hold is broken. While under the Dream Butterfly's influence, Setsuna is unable to sleep while unaffected by the disadvantages of being a half-demon save enter a berserker rage when she lets her demonic blood take hold of her. Sestuna also uses the naginata Kanemitsu no Tomoe (兼光の巴), which is used a seal to keep her demonic blood in check, using it in her signature attacks Senpū-jin (旋風陣, Whirlwind Battle Formation, Cyclone Burst) and Muretachi no Tsubame (群れ発ちの燕, Scourge of Swallows, Flock of Swallows), and briefly Yadori Ga no Tsuki (宿り蛾の月, Moon of the Resting Moth). After Kanemitsu no Tomoe is shattered and later reforged by Totosai into Yukari no Tachikiri (所縁の断ち切り) with the ability to see and sever the invisible threads of fate along with accessing the most personal memories of those that the threads are connected to. At the base of Mount Musubi, since the barrier is down and as they start heading back to Kaede's village with Rion, the Dream Butterfly have been cut by her father Sesshomaru with the Tenseiga, as she will go to sleep as well, but it is unknown what the sleeping technique will effect on her without the Dream Butterfly. Sestuna later developed a third attack called Suzaku no Machibuse (朱雀の待ち伏せ, Vermilion Bird Ambush). It is revealed later on that she has feelings for Hisui. ### Moroha Voiced by: Azusa Tadokoro (Japanese); Morgan Berry (English) Moroha (もろは) is fourteen-years-old and the only daughter of Inuyasha and Kagome Higurashi, making her three-quarters human and quarter-demon. Sent away by her parents as an infant for her safety, Moroha was raised by Koga's clan before her mentor sold her to Jyūbei. Moroha since became a bounty hunter known as "Moroha the Demon Killer" (化け殺しのもろは, Bake-goroshi no Moroha), selling parts of demons she is hired to slay to Jyūbei as payment to settle debt and earn her freedom. Aside from being capable of using her father's claw attacks and exorcising demons with a bow and arrow like her mother, she wields the yōkai sword Kurikaramaru (倶利伽羅丸, lit. "Profitable Fairy Tale Tool"). She also carries a shell-shaped makeup compact similar to the one owned by Izayoi, which she stored the Red Rainbow Pearl in while it was in her possession, holding Tōga's rouge that she applies to her lips to become "Beniyasha" (朱夜叉, Crimson Demon) with full access to her demonic heritage for the duration of one minute. But she later is able to maintain her form for longer durations after her second battle with Kirinmaru. After finding her parents, who she presumed dead, she placed the second Black Pearl in the rouge since the Red Rainbow Pearl and other Rainbow Pearls have been become Zero's tears again, and she was given a special longbow they had made for her. Using it greatly boosts her sacred arrows spiritual power and effectiveness. After retrieving a strong ice sword from an ice demon, with aid from her long-lost father Inuyasha, Moroha's debt is finally paid. Recurring Inuyasha characters ------------------------------- ### Inuyasha supporting characters #### Kikyo Voiced by: Noriko Hidaka (Japanese); Willow Johnson (Viz Media dub), Andrea Kwan (Animax Asia dub) (English) Kikyo (桔梗, Kikyō) was a powerful, high-ranking priestess who lived 500 years prior to the events of the series. Kikyo was given the task by demon slayers to guard and purify the Shikon Jewel. She fell in love with Inuyasha, who considered using the Shikon Jewel to turn him completely human so it would fade and she could live with him as a normal human. She was used by Naraku to trick both Kikyo and Inuyasha by disguising as them, and kills Kikyo. She later gets resurrected by the ogress, Urasue, whom robs her grave and forced her to return to life. In the events of the spinoff, set eighteen years after her third and final demise at the hands of Naraku, her appearance and voice is utilized by the Sacred Tree of Ages itself as a means of communication. The adult Kohaku had told Towa how his travels with Kikyo had left him admiring the undead priestess very much as she was unassailable and had never backed down from anyone. It was she who had defeated and sealed away a strong plant-demon called Root Head shortly before meeting Inuyasha. #### Sesshomaru Voiced by: Ken Narita (Japanese); David Kaye (Inuyasha and Yashahime; Viz Media dub), Michael Daingerfield (The Final Act; Viz Media dub), Russell Wait (Animax Asia dub) (English) Sesshomaru (殺生丸, Sesshōmaru) is a powerful dog demon (daiyōkai), feared throughout the feudal era. Born of a great demon bloodline, he is the older, more powerful half-brother of Inuyasha. He is usually accompanied by his demon minions, Jaken and A-Un. Chronologically, he is over 200 years old, while according to the official Inuyasha Profiles guide by Rumiko Takahashi, his appearance is equivalent to being 19 years old in human years. #### Jaken Voiced by: Chō (Japanese); Don Brown (InuYasha and The Final Act; Viz Media dub), Andrew Russell (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon; Viz Media dub); Dave Bridges (Animax Asia dub) (English) (English) Jaken (邪見) is a small green imp-like demon loyal to Sesshomaru, often praising his master's greatness, although Sesshomaru usually ignores and sometimes abuses him. Jaken himself is not especially powerful, but he wields the Staff of Two Heads (人頭杖, Nintōjō), a fire-throwing staff that Sesshomaru gives him. The manga explains little about Jaken's past, but the anime shows that Jaken was once a lord among similar demons. After the older Rin gives birth to Sesshomaru's twin half-demon daughters, Jaken is tasked with protecting them after Sesshomaru hides them in the forest of the Sacred Tree of Ages. #### Rin Voiced by: Mamiko Noto (Japanese); Brenna O'Brien (Viz Media dub) (English) Rin (りん, Rin) is a barefoot orphan girl who tended to Sesshomaru's injuries when she found him under a tree, having lost her family to bandits prior. Rin ended up being killed by wolves under Koga's tribe when they raid her village, resurrected by Sesshomaru using Tensaiga on her. She since accompanied Sesshomaru throughout the events of the series, marrying him many years later as an adult and later giving birth to their twin daughters Towa and Setsuna. However, Rin is targeted by Zero as she placed the Silver Scale Curse (銀鱗の呪い, Ginrin no Noroi) on Rin's neck, with Sesshomaru placing her within the Tree of Ages until Zero's curse on her is broken. #### A-Un A-Un (阿吽, Aun) is a two-headed dragon demon with some horse-like features and Sesshomaru's beast of burden who is one of the two yōkai in the series explicitly stated to be a herbivore, like Totosai's ox. Despite traveling with Sesshomaru for centuries, he has no name until Rin gives him one, calling the right head "A" and the left head "Un" (the kanji symbols 阿吽 together translate as "Alpha and Omega"). A-Un can fire yōkai energy from both mouths. The right head shoots blue beams of lightning, while the left shoots green lightning that can control clouds and possibly the weather and has the ability to fly like Sesshomaru. A grey cloud-like gas trails from his legs in flight, similar to Kirara's flames. #### Kohaku Voiced by: Akiko Yajima (Inuyasha and The Final Act), Ryōhei Kimura (adult, Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (Japanese); Alex Doduk (Inuyasha (1st voice); Viz Media dub), Danny McKinnon (Inuyasha (2nd voice); Viz Media dub), Aidan Drummond (The Final Act; Viz Media dub), Alan Lee (Yashahime; Viz Media dub), Dave Bridges (Animax Asia dub) (English) Kohaku (琥珀, Kohaku) is Sango's eleven-year-old brother who, like his family, is also a demon exterminator. He grew into a confident leader of a new generation of demon-slayers, which included his teenage nephew and Sesshomaru's younger twin half-demon daughter Setsuna. He uses the larger chain-sickle he had gotten from Totosai on demons. #### Koga Voiced by: Taiki Matsuno (Japanese); Scott McNeil (Viz Media dub), Russell Wait (Animax Asia dub) (English) Koga (鋼牙, Kōga) is a wolf demon who is the young leader of the Eastern Wolf Demon Tribe that was nearly wiped out by Kagura and Naraku. He first meets Inuyasha as an opponent in battle, but becomes a reluctant, occasional ally despite maintaining a strong sense of rivalry about their relative combat strengths and the courtship of Kagome. After initially kidnapping her for her ability to locate Shikon shards, Koga becomes attracted to Kagome's kindness, spirit and beauty. Inuyasha is always foul-tempered and jealous during Koga's visits because he worries that Kagome might have feelings for Koga, though she has only ever seen him as a friend. #### Kaede Voiced by: Hisako Kyōda, Mika Ito (young) (Japanese); Pam Hyatt (Inuyasha; Viz Media dub), Linda Darlow (The Final Act and Yashahime; Viz Media dub), Jillian Michaels (young; Viz Media dub), Candice Moore (Animax Asia dub) (English) Kaede (楓) is Kikyo's younger sister that assisted her with various tasks, such as gathering herbs or holding her quiver of arrows. After Kikyo's death, Kaede became an unusually strong shrine priestess in her own right and defends the village against demons. Kaede lost her right eye sometime during her life and wears an eyepatch over it. Supplementary information states that she "lost her elder sister and her eye in an incident fifty years ago." #### Myoga Voiced by: Kenichi Ogata (Japanese); Paul Dobson (Viz Media dub), Russell Wait (Animax Asia dub) (English) Myoga (冥加, Myōga) is a flea demon in service to Toga who was assigned to guard Tetsusaiga's resting place before it was acquired by Inuyasha, accompanying him and later Moroha while providing them intel on topics that include current events and foes. He tends to run and hide during fights despite being a loyal retainer, his presence being a tell-sign of no present danger. Myoga enjoys drinking demon blood, and actually saves Inuyasha's life at one point by drinking a spider demon's venom out of his blood. #### Totosai Voiced by: Jōji Yanami (Japanese); Richard Newman (Viz Media dub), Rik Thomas (Animax Asia dub) (English) Totosai (刀々斎) is an elderly yōkai blacksmith with large, bulging eyes and the creator of Tessaiga and Tenseiga, from the fangs of his old friend, the Great Dog General, who entrusted him to help his two sons. As Inuyasha grows stronger and Sesshomaru grows more compassionate, they become more capable of mastering their respective swords, which Totosai strengthens accordingly. He spends most of his time at his forge inside a volcano, but sometimes travels elsewhere on a flying three-eyed ox named Mo-Mo (猛々). ### Inuyasha antagonist characters #### Naraku Voiced by: Toshiyuki Morikawa, Hiroshi Yanaka (Onigumo) (Japanese); Paul Dobson (Viz Media dub), Russell Wait (Animax Asia dub) (English) Naraku (奈落) is the half-demon responsible for the misery of most of the main cast. He was born fifty years ago from the desires of a gravely burned bandit named Onigumo (鬼蜘蛛), who was found, sheltered and fed by Kikyo. Paralyzed by his injuries, Onigumo met a Small Spider Demon and forms a pact with the Small Spider Demon's friends. The surrounding demons attracted to his darkness consume him in return for his soul to occupy a new body created from their merged bodies so that he could satisfy his frustrated lust for Kikyo. But Naraku instead orchestrated Kikyo's death and Inuyasha's imprisonment, biding his time until the Shikon Jewel resurfaced in the Feudal Era. Assuming the appearance of a feudal lord, Naraku spends most of the series modifying his body while attempting to remove what little humanity he had left. At the end, he is destroyed by Inuyasha's Meidō Zangetsuha in the manga, while purified by Kagome's wish in the anime version. #### Demon of the Shikon Jewel Voiced by: Takeshi Kusao (Japanese); Michael Dobson (English) Demon of the Shikon Jewel (四魂の玉を生み出した合体妖怪, Shikon no Tama o umidashita gattai yōkai, "Combined Yōkai Spawned by the Shikon no Tama") is the yōkai dragon created from numerous demons from ancient time that battled the priestess Midoriko before forcing the priestess to trap their souls in what became the Shikon Jewel. At the end, he is destroyed by Inuyasha's Meidō Zangetsuha in the manga, while purified by Kagome's wish in the anime version. ##### Magatsuhi Voiced by: Takeshi Kusao (Japanese); Michael Dobson (English) Magatsuhi (曲霊, "Devious Spirit") is the evil corrupting presence within the Shikon Jewel, born from the spirit of the dragon demon, then his offshot. His existence is eventually made known to Inuyasha's group when Naraku gave him a temporary human-like body to act through to assist in the restoration of the Shikon Jewel with the personal goal to completely defile it. As it would later be revealed, Magatsuhi is responsible for sealing Kagome's full spiritual power out of fear of the girl being a threat to him. After losing his temporary body due to Bakusaiga, Magatsuhi resorts to bodily possessions before being stopped by Inuyasha with Dragon-Scaled Tetsusaiga with the power of the demon vortex and killed by Sesshomaru with Tenseiga during the final battle against Naraku. #### Naraku's incarnations After acquiring enough Shikon Jewel shards, Naraku gained the ability to create new demons from his being that are technically his "offspring". However, each is treated by Naraku as expendable minions; tools to use as he wishes. He manipulated some of his earliest creations through threatening to destroy their disembodied hearts should they betray him. Eight detachments were directly created by Naraku within the series' storyline. ##### Kanna Voiced by: Yukana (Japanese); Janyse Jaud (English) Kanna (神無) is Naraku's first detachment, appearing in the form of a ten-year-old girl in white with a mirror. Kanna is the only person that Naraku trusts with important information about his actions, allowing her to dictate in his stead. As a "concealed incarnation" of Naraku, Kanna has no scent or demonic aura, which makes her undetectable to Inuyasha, Miroku and Kagome, and immune to demonic aura-related effects such as the Hakurei barrier. She also is nice to Kagura and informative of Naraku's warnings. She is immune to the Infant's ability to read hearts to know what someone is truly thinking, but possesses thoughts and feelings of her own. ##### Kagura Voiced by: Izumi Ogami (Japanese); Janyse Jaud (English) Kagura (神楽) is Naraku's second detachment, although she is introduced before her "elder sister" Kanna. As a wind witch who is always barefoot, Kagura uses a fan to enhance her powers where she can create a blade-like tornado or use wind to animate dead bodies. She can also use her feather hair-ornaments as transportation, enlarging them to ride in the wind. Kagura has a particularly strong feud with Koga as she slaughtered his tribe on Naraku's orders, and she later attempted to kill him and steal his Shikon shards (though for her own gain, not Naraku's). Kagura desires her freedom from Naraku, indirectly supporting Inuyasha's group despite being their enemy and developing feelings for Sesshomaru. Kagura is later fatally wounded by Naraku when he poisoned her while restoring her heart, spending her final moments with Sesshomaru. ##### Goshinki Voiced by: Masaharu Satō (Japanese); Michael Kopsa (English) Goshinki (悟心鬼) is Naraku's third detachment, a large horned oni with bladed elbows and powerful fangs. He is agile for his size; however, his most dangerous ability is reading minds, which he uses to avoid dangerous situations and exploit his enemies' weaknesses. When Goshinki breaks Tetsusaiga, he provides Inuyasha's demon lineage the opportunity to take over. Goshinki struggles to read the now feral and blood-lustful Inuyasha before he is completely ripped apart with only his head remaining. Goshinki's head is then found by Sesshomaru, who momentary revives the demon so his fangs can be used by Totosai's expelled apprentice, Kaijinbo (灰刃坊, Kaijinbō), to create the cursed blade Tōkijin. ##### Juromaru and Kageromaru Voiced by: Takumi Yamazaki (Japanese); Brian Drummond (English) (Both characters) Juromaru (獣郎丸, Jūrōmaru) and Kageromaru (影郎丸, Kagerōmaru) are Naraku's fourth and fifth incarnations, respectively. While the more human-like Juromaru is like a berserker who is normally shackled with a mask covering his mouth, the parasitic Kageromaru uses his sickled arms to kill Naraku before being placed in his brother's stomach. Acting through a puppet, Naraku later removes the restraints on Juromaru so he and Kageromaru can slaughter Inuyasha's group and Koga. But the two fail and are killed by Inuyasha. ##### Muso/Onigumo Voiced by: Hiroshi Yanaka (Japanese); Brian Dobson (English) While technically Naraku's sixth incarnation, Muso (無双, Musō) is actually Onigumo himself. Originally faceless and without memory of his past, Onigumo took the face and name of a wandering monk. Eventually with Kagura watching on Naraku's order, Muso ventures to Kikyo's former village and regains his memories of Onigumo and desires for Kikyo. He sees Kagome with Inuyasha and, assuming she is Kikyo, fights him in order to possess Kagome. But Naraku absorbs Muso to restabilize his body. ##### Akago (the Infant) and Moryomaru Voiced by: Ai Kobayashi (Japanese); Chiara Zanni (English) (Akago) Voiced by: Masaki Terasoma (Japanese); Ross Douglas (English) (Moryomaru) The Infant (赤子, Akago) is Naraku's heart and seventh detachment, appearing in the form of a human baby yet can speak fluently and control people with the darkness in their own hearts. It is later revealed that the Infant's appearance was intentional by Naraku as he expected the detachment to be as devious as himself. His goal was to use Kagome to find the remaining shards of the Shikon Jewel. He finds her jealousy of Inuyasha's feelings for Kikyo, but Inuyasha saves her before the Infant can control her. Because the Infant possesses his heart, Naraku had the infant placed under much protection by placing him into an artificial body called Moryomaru (魍魎丸, Mōryōmaru). But the Infant and Hakudoshi conspired to destroy Naraku while making themselves the dominant aspect of his being, only for the former and a fully aware Moryomaru to be absorbed by Naraku. ##### Hakudoshi Voiced by: Ai Kobayashi (Japanese); Chiara Zanni (English) While indirectly Naraku's eighth detachment referring to himself as the embodiment of his "essence", possessing his sadism and love for chaos, Hakudoshi (白童子) is actually created from the right half of the Infant when he was severed in half by the power of a dying monk and matured into a barefoot boy who is dexterous and proficient with a halberd and other handheld weapons. As they were originally one, Hakudoshi possesses many of the Infant's abilities while unable to be killed directly as he does not possess Naraku's heart. Hakudoshi also acquired the demon horse Entei before the steed was killed by Inuyasha. Hakudoshi is destroyed when Naraku calls back his wasps so Miroku can use his Wind Tunnel on him. ##### Byakuya Voiced by: Mitsuaki Madono (Japanese); Michael Adamthwaite (English) Byakuya (白夜) also known by his alias Byakuya of the Illusions (夢幻の白夜, Mugen no Byakuya) is Naraku's final detachment created for the sole purpose of acting during Naraku's final moments, a moth-Demon who uses illusions and origami magic while able to detach his left eye to serve as recon. As Byakuya was designed to only exist as long as Naraku lives, his body can be severely damaged when Naraku suffers mortal injuries. Originally, his purpose is to observe Inuyasha and Moryomaru's growing powers and report back to Naraku, gradually becoming more active in his creator's plans. During Inuyasha's final battle with Naraku, Byakuya uses his bladeless sword to absorb a stray Meido Zangetsuha, then carry out his final task: slashing Kagome with a time-delayed Meido that would activate upon Naraku's death. Though killed by Inuyasha's Meido seconds later, Byakuya accepts his fate as he achieved his purpose. #### The Band of Seven The Band of Seven (七人隊, Shichinintai) were group of human mercenaries that were killed a long time ago. They are resurrected in an undead state and manipulated by Naraku through Shikon Jewel shards to hold off his enemies during his time at Mount Hakurei. ##### Kyokotsu Voiced by: Daisuke Gōri (Japanese); Dave "Squatch" Ward (English) Kyokotsu (凶骨, Kyōkotsu) is a giant who happens to be both the largest of the Band of Seven and the weakest. Though a giant, Kyokotsu has developed a taste for demons. Kyokotsu terrorizes the wolf-demon tribes before being defeated by Koga in battle, who pulls out his Shikon shard and returns him to the dead. ##### Jakotsu Voiced by: Ai Orikasa (Japanese); Jenn Forgie (English) Jakotsu (蛇骨) is the Band of Seven's third-in-command and Bankotsu's most trusted ally. A homosexual and homicidal woman-hater who wears women's kimono and sadistically kills his male opponents as a sign of affection. Jakotsu is armed with a snake-like sword which has segmented retractable blades that reach a great distance and bend at a moment's notice, making it difficult for an opponent to calculate his next move. When Inuyasha and his group arrive at Mount Hakurei, Jakotsu battles Inuyasha until he is defeated. The fight leaves Jakotsu severely weakened and Renkotsu uses the opportunity to steal his Shikon shard. ##### Mukotsu Voiced by: Tetsu Inada (Japanese); Trevor Devall (English) Mukotsu (霧骨) is a short man who acts as the Band of Seven's poison maker, concealing his face behind a veil. He abducts Kagome out of lust, attempting to rape her (the anime depicts him initiating a wedding ceremony before Miroku and Sango come to their friend's aid). Though he succeeds in poisoning the human heroes, Mukotsu is killed by Sesshomaru. ##### Renkotsu Voiced by: Tomokazu Sugita (Japanese); Brian Drummond (English) Renkotsu (煉骨) is the second-in-command of the Band of Seven that often uses wires and fire-breathing skills and later a hand cannon. Renkotsu is the band's most intelligent member and secretly acts against Bankotsu by stealing their comrades' Shikon shards for his use. When Bankotsu learns of this, he kills Renkotsu. ##### Ginkotsu Voiced by: Hisao Egawa (Japanese); Mark Gibbon (English) Ginkotsu (銀骨) is a cyborg-like member of the Band of Seven, with a slew of different weapons, such as saw blades and a firearm on his back. Renkotsu maintains Ginkotsu's mechanical body, before it is destroyed by Inuyasha. Renkotsu then rebuilds Ginkotsu into a tank-like body. Eventually, Koga causes Ginkotsu to self-destruct by clogging his cannon with a piece of Renkotsu's armor. Ginkotsu's jewel shard is subsequently used by Renkotsu to heal his wounds. ##### Suikotsu Voiced by: Hiroaki Hirata (Japanese); Michael Donovan (English) Suikotsu (睡骨) was originally a physician who developed a bloodthirsty second persona and is armed with artificial iron claws. After being revived, Suikotsu's good side attempts to live a normal life before his alter ego assumes control at the coaxing of his comrades. At one point, Suikotsu returns to the village with his normal "good" appearance, but is still violent and willing to kill. His good persona ultimately asks Kikyo to take his Shikon shard and kill him to prevent further carnage, but he is killed by Jakotsu before she can do so. ##### Bankotsu Voiced by: Takeshi Kusao (Japanese); Matt Hill (English) Bankotsu (蛮骨) is the leader of the Band of Seven, and its youngest and strongest member. Though a skilled mercenary who killed many people, Bankotsu retains a sense of honor and compassion where his comrades are concerned. Bankotsu carries the Zanbatō-like halberd Banryu (蛮竜, Banryū), a weapon he reclaims by attacking the daimyō who executed the band. Defeated by Inuyasha by slicing him in half based on the manga series, and when Banryu's power was reflected by Inuyasha's Bakuryūha attack. ### Inuyasha guest characters #### Feudal Japan characters ##### Hachiemon (Hachi) Voiced by: Toshihiko Nakajima (Japanese); Terry Klassen (English) Hachiemon (八衛門), otherwise known as simply Hachi (ハチ), is a tanuki from Awa who is a retainer to the tanuki of the Mamidaira clan before becoming Miroku's servant. His basic abilities are low and he has no weapons or skills for battle. He is an unremarkable being, but he understands Miroku well. Although Hachi is Miroku's servant, he often does not travel with him. Since he is a tanuki, he has the ability to transform. If he puts a leaf on his head and transforms, he can assume the form of a giant yellow gourd. He can fly in this state. When he runs away, he can lay down a smoke screen to deceive enemies. ##### Jinenji Voiced by: Hisao Egawa (Japanese); Michael Dobson (English) Jinenji (地念児) is a half-demon who lives in a hut with his human mother. Together, they grow a variety of medicinal plants, including some known for being powerful against poisons. He is first seen when Kirara is poisoned by Naraku's miasma and Inuyasha and Kagome travel to the village to find a cure. Because of his demon blood, the villagers falsely suspect him of killing people, but Jinenji is a gentle giant who is scared of humans because of the way they treat him. ##### Shiori Voiced by: Kaori Mizuhashi (Japanese); Nicole Bouma (Inuyasha), Janice Kawaye (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Shiori (紫織) is a half-demon who was born from a human mother named Shizu and a bat demon father named Tsukuyomaru, who had died when she was an infant; murdered by his own father in cold blood. She helped grant Inuyasha's Tetsusaiga the useful ability to break through demon barriers, and even Naraku's for a time, after he saves her from her grandfather's grip. In the sequel series, after her mother passed away, Shiori established a haven for half-demon children to live in peace with Setsuna one of her students. ##### Goryomaru Voiced by: Masaki Terasoma (Japanese); Ross Douglas (English) Goryomaru (御霊丸, Goryōmaru) was a monk who lived in an old temple with a group of orphaned kids. The children, whose parents were killed by demons, were rescued by him and were taken care of. Goryomaru was attacked by a demon which tried to "absorb" him. While trying to overpower the demon, his arm got replaced by the demon's laser-shooting cannon-like arm. The demon attached to his arm is later revealed to be Moryomaru, who is able to consume the rest of Goryomaru's body following his death at the hands of Hakudoshi. ##### Toga the Great Dog-Demon Voiced by: Akio Otsuka (Japanese); Don Brown (Inuyasha), Mick Lauer (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Toga (闘牙, Tōga), also known as the Dog General (犬の大将, Inu no Taishō, Great Dog General) or Great Dog Demon (犬の大妖怪, Inu no Daiyōkai), was an infamous yōkai lord of great power who ruled the Western Lands, having battled Kirinmaru during the Heian Era before they established a truce, as they joined forces to stop the Grim Comet. He fathered Sesshomaru with a dog demoness before he fell in love with Izayoi during the Kamakura era. Tōga was fatally wounded sealing Ryūkotsusei after being unable to defeat the dragon, meeting his end when he sacrificed himself to cover Izayoi's escape with their newborn son Inuyasha when her estate is burned to the ground. ##### Lady Izayoi Voiced by: Kikuko Inoue (Japanese); Alaina Burnett (English) Izayoi (十六夜) was a gentle human, who is the daughter of an impoverished noble house during the Kamakura Era. She fell in love with Toga and bore him Inuyasha, forced to leave her ancestral home when her former suitor Takemaru burned it to the ground in an attempt to kill her and Toga. She died sometime during Inuyasha's childhood, leaving her son Toga's Robe of the Fire Rat and a shell containing Izayoi's favorite rouge, which he gave to Kikyo as a gift via flashbacks in the anime before ending up with Kaede and later Moroha. ##### Hosenki I Voiced by: Ryūzaburō Ōtomo (Japanese); Dave Pettitt (English) Hosenki I (宝仙鬼一世, Hōsenki-issei, Treasure Hermit) is an oyster-demon who cultivates a variety of magical jewels. He created the black pearl in Inuyasha's right eye that enabled Sesshomaru to travel to his father's grave and try to steal Tetsusaiga, the sword his father willed to Inuyasha. Needing to return to the netherworld later in the series, Inuyasha's group seeks out Hosenki, but learn that he has died and his namesake son cannot make the gems yet. He tells Inuyasha that he must wait a hundred years before he can make the gems. They find another path to the netherworld where they find the departed Hosenki sitting among the bones of the Dog General's body. However, he has been corrupted by a tainted shard of the Shikon Jewel and attacks Inuyasha. After Naraku reclaims his shard, Hosenki returns to normal and gives Inuyasha the use of "Adamant Barrage", an attack gained by Inuyasha's loyalty to his friends and lack of greed. ##### Hosenki II Voiced by: Shirō Saitō (Japanese); Peter New (Inuyasha), Frank Todaro (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Hosenki II (宝仙鬼二世, Hōsenki-nisei) is an oyster demon who took over his father's duty of creating black pearls, as well as his father's name, after the latter's death. Hosenki II visit Riku to gave him the green Rainbow Pearl, later visit Kagome and Inuyasha at their house in Kaede's village as he heard that Inuyasha inherited his father's powers with the Tetsusaiga: the Adamant Barrage. ##### Midoriko Midoriko (翠子) was a powerful priestess who lived centuries before the events of the series. She was well known for her vastly strong spiritual abilities, more specifically her ability to purify demon souls and spirits, rendering them completely powerless. It was because of this ability that she was both hated and feared by demons. In her final battle, she was ambushed by many yōkai. At the end, her spirit is dissolved by Naraku's wish in order to prepare the new place for Kagome in the manga, while purified by Kagome's wish in the anime version. ##### Naohi Voiced by: Tōru Furuya (Japanese); Michael Adamthwaite (English) Naohi is the good will of the Jewel of the Four Souls, that the four souls described are referenced as the four Mitamas from the Shintō philosophy of Naohi (直霊): Aramitama (荒魂, Courage, lit. Wild Soul), Nigimitama (和魂, Friendship, lit. Harmonious Soul), Kushimitama (奇魂, Wisdom, lit. Wondrous Soul) and Sakimitama (幸魂, Love, lit. Fortunate Soul). ##### Ginta Voiced by: Hiroyuki Yoshino (Japanese); Paul Dobson (English) Ginta (銀太) is a wolf demon from the Eastern Wolf Demon Tribe that always follows Koga around, alongside Hakkaku. They both deeply worry about Koga and Kagome since she is almost always in trouble with Inuyasha around. ##### Hakkaku Voiced by: Daisuke Kishio (Japanese); Alistair Abell (English) Hakkaku (白角) is a wolf demon from the Eastern Wolf Demon Tribe that always follows Koga around, alongside Ginta. They both deeply worry about Koga and Kagome since she is almost always in trouble with Inuyasha around. ##### Ayame Voiced by: Yumi Kakazu (Japanese); Natalie Walters (English) Ayame (菖蒲) is a red-haired wolf demon that appears only in the anime. She is the granddaughter of the Northern Wolf Demon Tribe's leader. Koga once saved her from the Birds of Paradise and promised to marry her when she got older. In the epilogue of the anime, Ayame finally married Koga. ##### Mushin Voiced by: Yuzuru Fujimoto (Japanese); Alec Willows (English) Mushin (夢心) is an elderly Buddhist monk who raised Miroku after his father was consumed by the Wind Tunnel curse. Despite being a lazy drunk who taught Miroku many of his bad lecherous habits, he cares for the young monk and is a father figure to him. In his first appearance, he was possessed by a demon worm charmer hired by Naraku to kill Miroku, but was saved by Inuyasha. Mushin is not seen in the manga again after this, but is given a slightly larger role in the anime. #### Modern Japan characters ##### Kagome's Family Mrs. Higurashi Voiced by: Asako Dodo (Japanese); Cathy Weseluck (English) Mrs. Higurashi is the mother of Kagome and Sota. She is never given a name. The novel Shousetsu Inuyasha reveals that her husband, Kagome's father, was killed in a car accident when Kagome was five years old. Since then, she was widowed and left to take care of her two children, with the help of her father-in-law. She is very supportive of Kagome and welcoming to Inuyasha. She helps Kagome by taking care of the lunches and dinners for her to bring to Inuyasha's world for them to share with her friends. She does not appear to mind Kagome spending long periods of time in the feudal era. Sota Higurashi Voiced by: Akiko Nakagawa (Inuyasha and The Final Act), Junya Enoki (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (Japanese); Saffron Henderson (Inuyasha (1st voice); Viz Media dub), Rebecca Shoichet (Inuyasha (2nd voice) and The Final Act; Viz Media dub), Robbie Daymond (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Sota Higurashi (日暮草太, Higurashi Sōta) is Kagome's younger brother, with whom she has a typical brother-sister relationship. He sees Inuyasha as an older brother figure. In Yashahime, he adopted Inuyasha and Kagome's niece Towa as his daughter. He has an optimistic wife named Moe and young daughter named Mei. Grandpa Voiced by: Ginzō Matsuo (1st voice), Katsumi Suzuki (2nd voice) (Japanese); French Tickner (Inuyasha and The Final Act), William Frederick Knight (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Grandpa (じいちゃん, Jii-chan) is the paternal grandfather of Kagome and Sota, and Kagome's mother's father-in-law. Grandpa often covers for Kagome's prolonged absences at school with interesting, and often absurd, excuses, which only worries Kagome's friends further. Buyo Voiced by: Ginzō Matsuo (Japanese); Richard Ian Cox (Inuyasha), Andrew Russell (Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon) (English) Buyo (ブヨ) is the Higurashis' cat, who was the reason Kagome first found the Bone Eater's Well while she was looking for him. Inuyasha often plays with Buyo when he visits Kagome in her time. ##### Kagome's Middle School Hojo Voiced by: Yūji Ueda (Japanese); Matt Smith (English) Hojo (北条) is a school friend of Kagome's with an unreciprocated crush on her. Kagome's girlfriends think that they should be together, but Kagome never took the dates he asked her on seriously, despite having agreed and every single time would either forget or bail out on the dates so that she could go back to the feudal era to be with Inuyasha. Hojo is always under the pretense that Kagome has a fatal illness, due to the excuses Kagome's grandfather tells in order to keep Kagome out of school for long periods of time. Because of this, Hojo is frequently seen giving Kagome traditional remedies and supplies for her various fictional illnesses. Sometimes, her grandfather uses the gifts from Hojo on himself. In the climax of The Final Act, Hojo is seen dating his college classmate. Ayumi Voiced by: Nami Okamoto (Japanese); Cathy Weseluck (English) Ayumi (あゆみ) is one of Kagome's friends and classmates. She has wavy shoulder-length black hair. Being the naive, optimistic, gentle one of the trio, she is the only one of the group to support Kagome's relationship with Inuyasha. Eri Voiced by: Yuki Masuda (Japanese); Saffron Henderson (1st voice), Rebecca Shoichet (2nd voice) (English) Eri (絵理) is one of Kagome's friends and classmates. She has straight shoulder-length black hair and is frequently shown wearing a yellow headband. Like Yuka, she is very outspoken and concerned with Kagome's relationship health, and because of this, she never hesitates to give her opinion on Kagome's potential boyfriends (Hojo and Inuyasha). Yuka Voiced by: Kaori Shimizu (Japanese); Jillian Michaels (English) Yuka (由加) is one of Kagome's friends and classmates. Yuka has neck-length brown hair. Being the most outspoken of the trio, as well as being very sharp-witted, she often expresses concern over Kagome's relationship with her "delinquent boyfriend", Inuyasha. Recurring Yashahime characters -------------------------------- ### Yashahime supporting characters #### Yashahime Feudal Japan characters ##### Kin'u and Gyokuto Voiced by: Aya Gomazuru (Kin'u), Hitomi Ueda (Gyokuto) (Japanese); Jillian Michaels (The Final Act epilogue), Jackie Lastra (Kin'u), Michelle Marie (Gyokuto) (English) Kin'u (金鳥) and Gyokuto (玉兎) are the identical twin daughters of Miroku and Sango and the older sisters of Hisui. Their first appearance was at the end of the Inuyasha when they were about two-years-old. Kin'u wears a Green kimono whereas Gyokuto wears a Pink kimono. In Princess Half-Demon, Gyokuto is with her mother in the demon slayer village. Kin'u is a nun who is undergoing upper-level training to further develop and increase her innate Buddhist-spiritual abilities by her monk father. ##### Hisui Voiced by: Takehiro Urao, Larissa Tago Takeda (as baby) (Japanese); Aleks Le, Michelle Marie (as baby) (English) Hisui (翡翠) is Miroku and Sango's youngest child and only son, and younger brother to Kin'u and Gyokuto. His first appearance is at the end of the Inuyasha as a baby. In Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon, he has become a demon slayer having inherited an ordinary Hiraikotsu from his mother. It is revealed in the second-season finale of the spin-off that he is in love with Setsuna. ##### Lord Takechiyo Voiced by: Fairouz Ai (Japanese); Ryan Bartley (English) Takechiyo (竹千代) is a young tanuki who serves under Jyūbei, later revealed to young lord of the Mamidaira clan who was placed in Jyūbei's care by Miroku at the behest of Hachimon. He uses his abilities to shape-shift as means for transport others to places sufficient enough for profit, or when bribed with Towa's modern sweets. ##### Riku Voiced by: Jun Fukuyama (Japanese); Zach Aguilar (English) Riku (理玖) is Jyūbei and Takechiyo's mysterious employer who intends to obtain all seven of the Rainbow Pearls for himself. He later develops feelings for Towa and tries to protect her and her family from harm. It is later revealed that he is in fact a living doll created from Kirinmaru's severed horn, and is in the service of Zero with the goal of returning her emotions by collecting the seven Rainbow Pearls for their creator who had taken care of him since he was "discarded like a piece of trash." He becomes Towa's love interest. ##### Jyūbei Voiced by: Tsuyoshi Koyama (Japanese); Arthur Romeo (English) Jyūbei (獣兵衛) is the owner of the corpse-dealing shop that specializes in bounties placed on demons. Moroha currently lives under Jyūbei's shop in order to pay off a very large debt. #### Yashahime Modern Japan characters ##### Mei Higurashi Voiced by: Haruka Terui (Japanese); Xanthe Huynh (English) Mei Higurashi (日暮芽衣, Higurashi Mei) is the six-year-old daughter of Sota and Moe Higurashi, younger adoptive sister and half-cousin-in-law of Towa, and half-cousin-in-law of Setsuna and the niece of Kagome Higurashi, and the first cousin of Moroha. ##### Moe Higurashi Voiced by: Eriko Matsui (Japanese); Erika Harlacher (English) Moe Higurashi (日暮萌, Higurashi Moe) is the wife of Sota Higurashi and the mother of Mei Higurashi, adoptive mother and half-aunt-in-law of Towa, half-aunt-in-law of Setsuna, and the maternal aunt of Moroha, and she is sister-in-law to Kagome Higurashi. ### Yashahime antagonist characters #### Kirinmaru Voiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (Japanese); Crispin Freeman (English) Kirinmaru (麒麟丸) is an ancient qilin demon armed with the Bakuseiken katana, having traveled the world to prove himself as the strongest demon in the world before establishing his domain in the eastern area of Japan. In the distant past, Kirinmaru was a rival to western lands' great demon Tōga, losing his right arm and horn to the dog demon during one of their earlier fights before they established a truce to fend off the Grim Comet. Kirinmaru ignored Tōga's advice of not taking his daughter Rion into battle with him, leading to her death by a half-demon loyal to Emperor Daigo named Sakasa (逆叉) whose going to avenge his master's death. This led to Kirinmaru binding her soul among the living with the intent of reviving her while disregarding a prophecy foretold by the Shikon Jewel that he would die at the hands of a half-demon, taking it as a challenge despite Zero's assumption that Tōga's half-demon descendants could be what the prophecy foretold. After entering a ceasefire with Sesshōmaru after he and Inuyasha prevented another fragment of the Grim Comet from descending, Kirinmaru takes advantage of Osamu Kirin's presence in the Reiwa Era to bring the Grim Comet back to their time so he can destroy it and be recognized as the strongest demon. Kirinmaru's plan prompts the Sacred Tree of Ages into enlisting Towa, Setsuna, and Moroha to stop him from causing a calamity to unfold from his attempt to alter time. #### Zero Voiced by: Maaya Sakamoto (Japanese); Carrie Keranen (English) Zero (是露) is Kirinmaru's older sister who had coveted the love of Tōga of the Western Province, the Great Dog-Demon, becoming embittered and heartbroken when she had the chance to prevent Tōga's death when the Shikon Jewel foretold his demise. Her sorrow at losing him is what created the seven Rainbow Pearls containing her demonic powers and emotions. Having grew to hate Tōga's descendants, she acted on her own to prevent Kirinmaru's death sending Joka the leader of the Ka Demon Tribe to kill the twin daughters of Sesshomaru after night of the lunar eclipse, but it failed as Joka reported that she can't sense the twins because of the barrier placed by Jaken. After the Grim Comet has been destroyed, Zero inflicted Rin with the Silver-Scale Curse in an attempt to force Sesshomaru to relinquish his daughters while binding her life to Rin's with a red thread of fate as added incentive. When that failed, four years later, Zero recruits an evil mountain kami named Homura to destroy the forest Towa and Setsuna were in before the twins were separated in the chaos. Zero would make attempts on the twins' lives years alter while having Riku acquire her Rainbow Pearls to regain her power, only for Kirinmaru to scatter then after Sesshomaru revived her with Tensaiga. After regaining her Pearls and sending Riku away, Zero takes advantage of the twins' memories engraved in her Gold and Silver Pearls as he recruits Nanahoshi to consume Towa in enough rage at part of Zero's gambit for Towa to kill her, with Towa force to live with the guilt of murdering her own mother by proxy. But Sestuna intervenes and servers a second red thread that linked Zero's heart to Tōga before Zero resorts to suicide, causing Zero's memories of her regret to resurface. A repentant Zero end her hold over Rin and has Riku kill her, using her final moment to reveal the reasoning behind Kirinmaru's madness to Towa and Setsuna and that they may free him as she fades away to nirvana. #### Rion Voiced by: Saki Fujita (Japanese); Lisa Reimold (English) Rion (りおん) is the fourteen-year-old daughter of Kirinmaru, whose spirit has been sealed away by her father on Mount Musubi for 600 years after she was killed a half-demon named Sakasa, who took her hostage to avenge his master's death. Once rescued by the Half-Demon Princesses, Rion transferred her mind and spirit into a clay doll containing her bones and grave's soil and achieved an artificial human-looking form similar to Kikyo. Becoming a traveling companion of Riku, traveling briefly with Towa while her aunt Zero was threatening the young half-demon girl's life, seeking to stop her father. #### Osamu Kirin Voiced by: Yoshimasa Hosoya (Japanese); Crispin Freeman (English) Osamu Kirin (希林理, Kirin Osamu) was the English teacher at Saint Gabriel Academy and Towa's homeroom teacher. Osamu is revealed to be created from Kirinmaru's right arm after Riku dumped into the Bone-Eater's Well as part of Kirimaru's plan to monitor the Grim Comet's arrival to Earth so it can be brought back to the past so it can be destroyed for good. Ending up in the Heisei Era, Osamu learned of how much the world changed since demons went extinct. In the Reiwa era, he's been keeping an eye on the Grim Comet that it's coming closer to the Earth for weeks. But upon learning of Rion's death, Kirin brings the Grim Comet to the Feudal Era with the intent of wiping out all the demons while he and Rion remain to rule over humanity for its own good. He is ultimately defeated by the Half-Demon Princesses with Rion dealing the final blow. #### Grim Comet Grim Comet (妖霊星, Yōreiboshi) is a cocoon of a primordial being called the Grim Butterfly (妖霊蝶, Yōreichō, "Ghost Butterfly"), which travels across the cosmos and approaches Earth every five centuries. Tōga and Kirinmaru destroyed a demon infested fragment of the Grim Comet that broke off during the Heian period, Inuyasha and Sesshōmaru doing the same 500 years later. Kirinmaru expected the Grim Comet's eventual return in the distant future, arranging Osamu Kirin's arrival to the present so the comet would be brought to the past and be destroyed for good. But Osamu, after learning of Rion's death, betrays Kirinmaru and awakens the Grim Butterfly to use its power to wipe out every demon while placing himself and Rion as humanity's rulers. #### The Four Perils The Four Perils (四凶, Shikyō) are a quartet of demons that serve under Kirinmaru, each entrusted with a Rainbow Pearl with Riku orchestrating their deaths. ##### Kyūki Voiced by: Toa Yukinari (Japanese); Dawn M. Bennett (English) Kyūki (窮奇) is one of Kirinmaru's Four Perils who possesses the Purple Rainbow Pearl. Her demon form is a winged tiger. She gave the Purple Rainbow Pearl to Yotsume, the four-eyed owl demon to find weaknesses in the minds of the Half-Demon Princesses via the dream-gazing spell. She is defeated by Towa's Azure Dragon Wave attack, and Riku steals the Purple Rainbow Pearl as he kills her by draining her of her bodily fluids via the blue earring. More about her history with Lord Kirinmaru and Riku is revealed in "Secret of the Rainbow Pearls", and "The Barrier of Mount Musubi" via flashbacks. ##### Tōkotsu Voiced by: Taro Kiuchi (Japanese); Imari Williams (English) Tōkotsu (檮杌) was one of Kirinmaru's the Four Perils, who possessed the red Rainbow Pearl Kirinmaru bestowed him before being killed by Moroha prior to her meeting Setsuna. After he was resurrected by his son Jakotsumaru, as a spector, he was defeated by Setsuna by using her Buddhist powers sealed by Miroku, and Towa banished Tōkotsu to the afterlife. More about his history with Lord Kirinmaru is revealed in "The Barrier of Mount Musubi" via flashbacks. ##### Konton Voiced by: Hiroki Yasumoto (Japanese); Armen Taylor (English) Konton (渾沌) is one of Kirinmaru's Four Perils. After Kyūki is defeated he takes over trying to annihilate the demon princesses. He has the blue Rainbow Pearl in his second armor after Moroha produced the Crimson Backlash Wave from her Crimson Dragon Wave and her mentor the wolf demon Yawaragi: the Scattering Winds. More about his history with Lord Kirinmaru and Riku is revealed in "Secret of the Rainbow Pearls", and "The Barrier of Mount Musubi" via flashbacks. ##### Tōtetsu Voiced by: Hiroshi Shirokuma (Japanese); Paul St. Peter (English) Tōtetsu (饕餮) is the last of Kirinmaru's Four Perils to appear. More about his history with Lord Kirinmaru is revealed in "The Barrier of Mount Musubi" via flashbacks. #### Jakotsumaru Voiced by: Yūko Sanpei (Japanese); Marin Miller (English) Jakotsumaru (若骨丸) was the son of Tōkotsu, whom he wanted to revitalize by giving him enough bones from mortals, demons, and animals, and after that, turn the bones to red to resurrect his father.
Not to be confused with the island in New Zealand, Bombay Rock. The Bombay Rock is a rock music venue located on Sydney Road, Brunswick, Victoria, Australia, which originally ran from 1977 until it was destroyed by a fire in 1991. The venue had previously been located in Bourke Street in the city under the name of the Bombay Bicycle Club. Operated by Joe Gualtieri, it was described in the 1980s as "…an old style rock barn … with all the style and grace of a converted factory" and was to the working class, what Billboard was to the Middle Class. The Bombay rock was then renowned for both the range of important Australian bands that performed there, and the regular violent fights among its patrons, with hardly a night going by without a fight. Australian Photographer Rennie Ellis captured a number of performers at the venue in the 1980s, including Jo Jo Zep & The Falcons, Other bands to play there included INXS, Australian Crawl, The Angels, Cold Chisel, XTC, The Sunnyboys, Flowers, JAB, The Church, Kevin Borich, The Sports, Lonely Hearts, Sherbet, The Zorros, Dave Warner's From the Suburbs and Skyhooks. Once established, Bombay rock also hosted a number of international acts including Eric Burdon, Steppenwolf, The Knack, Bo Diddley, Boomtown Rats, and New Zealand band, Mi Sex. The album: Stars: Live At Bombay Rock, was recorded at Bombay Rock on 18 October 1979. Nick Cave performed several times in the late 1970s with his band The Boys Next Door. Dave Warner's band From the Suburbs recorded the album Free Kicks at Bombay Rock in November 1978. The Bombay Rock features in the film Death in Brunswick, representing itself as a dangerous and sleazy music venue. Ray Argall's film The Models includes footage of the Bombay Rock. The track Beautiful People (1979) by Australian Crawl includes a reference to the Bombay Rock night club in Brunswick. It was frequented by some famous gangland identities including Judy Moran and Alphonse Gangitano. Following reconstruction after the fire, the building retained its 19th-century facade, and became the site of the Beach Nightclub, eventually closing. In May 2018 EMS have decided to breathe some new life into the venue under the management of Asher Trainor and Kacey Knoodle. Trading back under the Bombay Rock name They aim to stick to the roots as much as possible with live music every Friday and Saturday, cheap drinks and parties till late. Under this iteration of the bands such as Australian Kingswood Factory, Muscle Car, Sforzando, Strawberry Fist Cake, Ferocious Chode, Murder Rats, Riot After Midnight, Parmy Dhillon & the New Science, Lace & Whiskey and Wolfpack. Post the COVID 19 pandemic, in 2021 new venue management and bookers were tasked with revitalising the offering into a late night Dance Club. Venue entertainment direction has been managed by long time Melbourne music industry stalwart Dave 'Chestwig' Separvic and club royalty, DJ Post Percy and DJ Muska.
Swedish military personnel Sculpture of Erik Dahlberg. Stockholm Palace Erik Dahlbergh in Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna Count Erik Jönsson Dahlbergh (10 October 1625 – 16 January 1703) was a Swedish military engineer, Governor-general and Field marshal. He rose to the level of nobility through his military competence. According to Cathal Nolan, Count Dahlberg was a highly innovative military engineer in the 17th and 18th century, often referred to as the "Swedish Vauban". He was expert in both building and destroying fortifications. In warfare he won several sieges, including Copenhagen and Kronborg. He famously led a Swedish army across the frozen Great and Little Belts to attack Copenhagen. Dahlberg commanded Swedish engineers in several wars and his historic influence was ensured via his skill at map-making, the fortresses he designed, and his widely read writings on military architecture. Today he is well known through his Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna, a collection of engravings of topographical research. Biography --------- Erik Dahlbergh was born in Stockholm, Sweden. His early studies involved the science of fortification. Orphaned at an early age, Dahlbergh's studies qualified him as a scribe and in 1641 he found employment in Hamburg with Gerdt Rehnskiöld (1610−1658), senior accountant for Pommern and Mecklenburg. Over a six year period, he was taught the fundamentals in draughtsmanship. While learning these skills, he also studied mathematics, architecture, perspective and map drawing. He saw service as an engineer officer during the latter years of the Thirty Years' War. In 1650, the military command dispatched Dahlbergh to Frankfurt to recoup war indemnity awarded to Sweden following the Treaty of Westphalia. Dahlbergh also contacted the publishing firm of Merian and provided topographical maps. While studying art in Italy, news reached him of a coming war between Sweden and Poland-Lithuania and he saw the potential for a military career. In his military career, Dahlbergh saw service in Poland as adjutant-general and engineering adviser to Charles X of Sweden. He participated in March across the Belts and at the sieges of Copenhagen and Kronborg where he directed the engineers during the Northern Wars. In spite of his distinguished service, Dahlbergh remained a lieutenant-colonel for many years. His talents were later recognized and in 1676, he became director-general of fortifications for the Swedish crown. As director, Dahlbergh rendered distinguished service over the next twenty-five years. At Helsingborg in 1677, he was a key operative in the Great Northern War at Dunamünde, and in 1700 he was instrumental in the defense of the two sieges of Riga. His work in repairing the fortresses of his own country earned for him the title of the "Vauban of Sweden". He was also the founder of the Swedish engineer corps. He retired while in the rank of field marshal in 1702 and died the following year. Legacy ------ In modern times, Erik Dahlbergh best known for compiling the collection of engravings called "Suecia Antiqua et Hodierna" published 1660–1716, and for assisting Samuel Pufendorf in his "Histoire de Charles X Gustave". He also wrote a memoir of his life ( Svenska Bibliotek, 1757) and an account "Of the campaigns of Charles X" (ed. Lundblad, Stockholm, 1823). Appointments ------------ * Governor of Jönköping County (1687–1693) * Governor-General of Bremen-Verden (1693) * Field Marshal (1693) * Governor-General of Livonia (1696–1702) Other sources ------------- * Leif Jonsson (1992) Stormaktstid : Erik Dahlbergh och bilden av Sverige (Lidköping: Stiftelsen Läckö Institutet) ISBN 9789197168519
Russian politician Maxim Alexandrovich Suraykin (Russian: Максим Александрович Сурайкин; born 8 August 1978) is a Russian politician who has been the leader of the political party Communists of Russia (2012–22) and member of the Legislative Assembly of Ulyanovsk Oblast (2018–22). Suraykin was the Communists of Russia's candidate in the 2018 presidential election. Life and career --------------- ### Early life Suraykin was born in Moscow. In 1993, Suraykin was one of the defenders of the Supreme Soviet. In 2000, he graduated from Moscow State University of Railway Engineering. After graduating, he founded and for ten years ran a computer equipment repair company. Suraykin worked as a lecturer at the Department of Management of Moscow State University of Railways.[] From 1996 to June 2004, he was a member of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation. He was the Secretary of the Kirov District Committee of the Communist Party of Moscow. He was elected a member of the Moscow City Committee of the Communist Party, a candidate member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, and a delegate of the IX Congress of the Communist Party. Suraykin was part of the leadership of the youth section of the Communist Party in Moscow. He was elected advisor of the District Assembly of the Tverskoy District of Moscow (1997–99), and worked in the Commission on Affairs of Minors. In June 2002, he was elected Secretary of the Central Committee of the all-Russian public organization "Union of Communist youth of the Russian Federation" (SKM RF) on organizational and personnel work. In November 2004, he became the first Secretary of Central Committee SKM RF. ### 2010-present In 2010, he headed the public organization Communists of Russia, and in 2012 the party Communists of Russia. In 2013, Suraykin was nominated as a candidate at Moscow mayoral election, but he was not registered due to late submission of documents. In 2014, he ran for Governor of the Nizhny Novgorod Oblast, and he ran for Governor of the Ulyanovsk Oblast in 2016. Both times, he lost the elections.[] In the 2018 regional elections, he was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Ulyanovsk Oblast. On 19 September, he was elected Deputy Chairman of the Legislative Assembly. He joined the committee on budget and economic policy, as well as the committee on social policy, local self-government and civil society development.[] After the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, he proposed expelling foreign professional athletes from Russia as a retaliation against international sanctions. On 18 March 2022, an extraordinary congress of the Communists of Russia voted to oust Suraykin for his alleged connections with "unfriendly countries", fraud, and "bourgeois way of life". It appointed Sergey Malinkovich as chairman instead. Suraykin called the congress "fake," and said that he was still supported by the majority of the party members. 2018 presidential campaign -------------------------- Main articles: 2018 Russian presidential election and Maxim Suraykin 2018 presidential campaign In December 2016, it became known that the Communists of Russia nominated Suraykin for the presidential election in 2018. On 28 May 2017, the Plenum of the Central Committee of the "Communists of Russia" nominated Suraykin as candidate to participate in presidential election in 2018. On 24 December Suraykin was officially nominated at the Communists Russia National Convention. On the same day he submitted to the Central Election Commission. During the election campaign, Suraykin strongly criticized the Communist party for the nomination of businessman Pavel Grudinin as presidential candidate. Suraykin said: > Grudinin, according to the Declaration, had an income amounted to 752 million rubles in 2015. Can you imagine how much money he has? Plus, he's the owner of the farm, which in itself is worth several billion rubles. This is a real billionaire. A very rich guy. And I understand if he gave his income to the party, for the benefit of the Communist cause. Still, there are decent people who earn a lot. But he still was a member of "United Russia". If a person earned billions, if the person was in the ruling party (United Russia), and then suddenly changes one's shoes into the Communists, to put it mildly, it is strange. To such a man the question immediately arises. Therefore, it is clear that a large part of the potential electorate would not support such a candidate. > > Also, he criticized the leader of the Left Front Sergey Udaltsov for supporting Grudinin: > Pavel Grudinin – he is a true oligarch, a very rich man, and believe that all their activists it perceives as its employees. Just because he was used to such relations, he used to lead, he was to be the psychology of the owner. Therefore, I believe, Sergey Udaltsov is making a big mistake supporting Pavel Nikolayevich and agreeing to be his employee. > > In his opinion, this decision is fraught with Udaltsov that he will turn away his supporters: > I think that many supporters of the "Left front" surprised by the choice of Sergey Udaltsov. They really appreciate what is happening, see this model of relations "chief — subordinate" and are unlikely to want to work on Grudinin. But if in the process of the campaign will emerge new billions of Pavel Nikolaevich, it will be a blow and Udaltsov. But he made a mistake. > > At the same time, Suraykin himself was also criticized by the Communist party. He was accused of spoiling, especially after the release of his campaign video and logo, which completely copied the video and logo of Grudinin. During the campaign Suraykin made several trips around the country. Following the election, he scored 499,342 votes (0.68%), taking seventh (penultimate) place. Electoral history ----------------- \| Election \| Political result \| Candidate \| Party \| Votes \| % \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2018 Russian presidential electionResultTurnout: 67.54% \| \| Independent Majority: 47,771,506 (64.92%) \| \| Vladimir Putin \| Independent \| 56,430,712 \| 76.69 \| \| \| Pavel Grudinin \| Communist \| 8,659,206 \| 11.77 \| \| \| Vladimir Zhirinovsky \| LDPR \| 4,154,985 \| 5.65 \| \| \| Ksenia Sobchak \| Civic Initiative \| 1,238,031 \| 1.68 \| \| \| Grigory Yavlinsky \| Yabloko \| 769,644 \| 1.05 \| \| \| Boris Titov \| Party of Growth \| 556,801 \| 0,76 \| \| \| Maxim Suraykin \| CPCR \| 499,342 \| 0,68 \| \| \| Sergey Baburin \| ROS \| 479,013 \| 0,65 \| \| 2016 Ulyanovsk Oblast gubernatorial electionResultTurnout: 52.29% \| \| United Russia Majority: 152,177 (28.87%) \| \| Sergey Morozov \| United Russia \| 286,411 \| 54.33 \| \| \| Alexey Kurinny \| Communist \| 134,234 \| 25.46 \| \| \| Sergey Marinin \| LDPR \| 34,631 \| 6.57 \| \| \| Olga Goryacheva \| Yabloko \| 29,256 \| 5.55 \| \| \| Oleg Kalmykov \| SR \| 13,509 \| 2.56 \| \| \| Maxim Suraykin \| CPCR \| 12,851 \| 2,44 \| \| \| Lev Levitas \| The Greens \| 4,626 \| 0,88 \| \| 2014 Nizhny Novgorod Oblast gubernatorial electionResultTurnout: 54.49% \| \| United Russia Majority: 1,242,438 (81.28%) \| \| Valery Shantsev \| United Russia \| 1,328,867 \| 86.93 \| \| \| Alexander Bochkaryov \| SR \| 86,429 \| 5.65 \| \| \| Alexander Kurdyumov \| LDPR \| 40,124 \| 2.62 \| \| \| Maxim Suraykin \| CPCR \| 32,794 \| 2.15 \| \| \| Mikhail Kuznetsov \| Patriots of Russia \| 14,622 \| 0,96 \| \| \| Andrey Zavyalov \| Great Fatherland \| 7,262 \| 0,48 \| \| \| Rustam Dosayev \| Civic Platform \| 6,103 \| 0,40 \|
1993 shoot 'em up video game 1992 video game *Super Fantasy Zone* (スーパーファンタジーゾーン, Sūpā Fantajī Zōn) is a scrolling shooter, part of the Fantasy Zone series. It was released for the Sega Mega Drive in Japan and Europe. Players control the character Opa-Opa on his quest to defeat Dark Menon, and the game plays similarly to previous Fantasy Zone entries. The game plays similarly to Defender, where the screen scrolls in the direction that Opa-Opa is going. The player shoots at enemies to defeat them, collecting gold coins that are used to purchase temporary upgrades that improve Opa-Opa's offensive capabilities and speed, among other things. A Virtual Console version was released in July 2008, making its debut in North America. It is included in the Sega Mega Drive Mini, and was re-released on the Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack. The original Mega Drive release received positive reception, as did the Virtual Console re-release. Praise was given to its challenging gameplay, colorful visuals, and soundtrack. However, some critics identified the challenge as being prohibitively high, while other critics felt that it had pacing issues. Gameplay -------- Super Fantasy Zone is a scrolling shooter puts the player in control of Opa-Opa, a winged, sentient spaceship who can either fly or walk on the ground. His father, Opapa, was killed by members of the planet Menon as he progresses through levels that scroll to the left or right depending on Opa-Opa's direction, similar to the video game Defender. It is a single-player game, and the player's goal is to destroy every enemy generator, leading to them fighting a boss battle at the end of that level. The player can upgrade Opa-Opa's weapon loadout by collecting gold coins dropped by destroyed enemies, with varying amount of gold dropped depending on the enemy. These upgrades can be used to change various aspects of Opa-Opa, including his speed, offensive capabilities, and ability to light the area. Different weapons can be used, including one with a wide spread shot, one that shoots behind Opa-Opa, one that shoots a laser, and more. These upgrades eventually run out, regardless of whether they are used or not. The game allows players to use a rapid fire option to fight enemies. The game features a reference to the shooter Space Harrier, including a code that replaces the music with Space Harrier music. Development ----------- Super Fantasy Zone was developed and published by Sunsoft for the Sega Mega Drive, originally released 14 January, 1992 in Japan before releasing in Europe in 1993. Sunsoft previously developed the Famicom version of the first game, Fantasy Zone. The soundtrack to the game was composed by Naoki Kodaka, and features themes from the original Fantasy Zone game composed by Hiroshi Kawaguchi. Super Fantasy Zone was released on the Wii's Virtual Console service on May 7, 2008 in Japan. Later, it was released in Europe on June 27, 2008 and on July 21, 2008 in North America. It was featured in a collection of Fantasy Zone games released for the PlayStation 2 in Japan on September 11, 2008 in the Sega Ages series. Super Fantasy Zone was released on the Nintendo Switch's Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack service on March 17, 2022, as part of its Mega Drive collection. It was also featured as part of the Mega Drive Mini on September 19, 2019, a collection of video games released on the Mega Drive. There was discussion about whether to include the Mega Drive version of Fantasy Zone, but the team decided that they didn't want to include two Fantasy Zone games, and since the original game was getting a release on the Nintendo Switch, they felt it would be less impactful. Reception --------- Gameplay of Super Fantasy Zone. Critics praised the visuals for their wide color palette. Super Fantasy Zone received generally positive reception for its Mega Drive release from contemporary reviewers. Power Play staff recommended that people who enjoy cuter games would enjoy it, praising its music and graphics, as well as the gameplay, which they identified as being challenging for beginners and professionals alike. Multiple reviewers for Sega Force magazine reviewed it positively, both considering it a good shoot 'em up while noting its visuals as quality. Sega Pro staff felt it was enjoyable "for a few hours," though players may grow "weary" of it. MEGA Force Magazine staff speculated that the designers must have enjoyed making the visuals and premise of the levels, overall enjoying the game. Despite the positive reception, some critics were less enthused. Writer Kirk Rutter felt that it was "nicely put together," stating that while he thought shoot 'em ups "should be basic," Super Fantasy Zone suffered from both a "lack of ideas" and substance. He also felt that it was a better fit for Mega Drive newcomers. Joypad Magazine writer J'm DESTROY felt that, despite its appearance, Super Fantasy Zone was a good shooter, praising the ability to scroll both left and right for giving the game more variety. However, fellow Joypad Magazine writer O.Prezeau felt it was boring, feeling that the goal in each level is too similar to one another. MegaTech writers Paul and Mark felt lukewarm about the game, with Mark feeling let down due to its initial promise. He felt that younger players would find it lacking, commenting that both its visual style and gameplay are "laid back." Paul, meanwhile, felt it was a standard Mega Drive shoot 'em up experience, though also that Fantasy Zone fans would enjoy it. Later online reviews were positive towards the game. Hardcore Gaming 101 writer Kurt Kalata felt that Super Fantasy Zone was the first sequel to the original Fantasy Zone arcade game that "not only matches, but surpasses its predecessor in aesthetics, with gorgeous graphics and an insanely catchy soundtrack." He noted how its visuals defy the Mega Drive's limited color palette, and the music was among the best on the platform. He also commented that, despite being challenging, the game was not frustrating, owing this to being designed as a home console game instead of an arcade game. Writer Ken Horowitz begrudged that Super Fantasy Zone never came to the US, especially when considering poor-quality Mega Drive games that released there. He noted that the challenge ramps up significantly when fighting a boss, and appreciated the simple controls. He recommended it, though noted that "diehard fans" of shoot 'em ups might find the pace a little slow before they adjust. Cubed3 writer David Kelly felt that it was simple even by comparison to its contemporaries, praising it for being "highly entertaining" and giving commendation for making a faithful sequel despite being a different developer. Game designer Ste Wilson identified Super Fantasy Zone as a favorite game of his childhood, stating that it, along with Fantasy Zone, inspired how his game, Super Mega Space Blaster, handled bosses. IGN writer Levi Buchanan enjoyed the game, noting that it would likely only be appealing to fans of the series. He praised it for its gameplay, controls, music, and visuals, hoping to see it released on the Wii's Virtual Console. The Virtual Console release was similarly well received. IGN writer Lucas M. Thomas agreed with Levi's assessment, echoing similar praise, though suggesting that players new to the series may want to try Fantasy Zone first. Official Nintendo Magazine staff felt that it was a good value for the quality behind it, though noting that players may get frustrated while playing. NintendoLife writer Corbie Dillard, in his review of the Virtual Console re-release, felt it was a good Virtual Console release, noting that while its difficulty may prove too frustrating for some players, people who are into "highly difficult" games like this would have fun. Eurogamer writer Dan Whitehead appreciated how Super Fantasy Zone contrasted with the Wii's typically "deadly serious shooters" on the Virtual Console, He felt that it was not among the greatest of the genre, but still enjoyed it. Nintendo Power writer Steve T. recommended it, stating it was an improvement over the Master System release of Fantasy Zone in terms of presentation, stating that its "surreal charm" helps it stand out from other shooters. Staff for the Venezuelan Club Nintendo magazine, in a review of Super Fantasy Zone, compared its visual style to the Kirby series, suggesting it did not require much skill to play, making it more accessible.
African-American Old West figure (1844–1935) James "Jim" Young (July 15, 1844 – January 19, 1935) was an American boxer, Arizona pioneer, trailblazer, Buffalo Soldier, Indian Scout, and miner for several years in Tombstone, Arizona. His claim to fame was as a boxer during the mid-1880s. Early life ---------- James Young was born into slavery in July 1844 in Nashville, Tennessee, the son of parents from Tennessee. Young had married twice. His first wife died prior to 1880, and he then married Rosa Romero, who was born in 1856 in Mexico. Young resided in the Tombstone, Arizona, area for 56 years, from 1879 to 1935. Boxing ------ When James Young was in his late thirties in 1883, he gained a reputation as an African-American boxer in Tombstone, Arizona, owing to his imposing size and skill – while still employed in the variety of fields which provided his income. On September 22, 1883, Young, who weighed 175 pounds and was over six feet tall, fought 165-pound pugilist Neil McLeod. There is some controversy among boxing historians over whether John L. Sullivan, of Boston, Massachusetts, had sparred with James Young at Schieffelin Hall in 1882. It is significant because Sullivan insisted that he never fought a black boxer. If it did occur, Sullivan possibly had a brief sparring session with the resident from Tombstone, and didn't regard it seriously as a bout. Confronts Buckskin Frank Leslie ------------------------------- James Young had two encounters with Buckskin Frank Leslie, and Leslie backed down both times. Young was an early arrival in Tombstone, Arizona and had worked in the Contention mine and staked a claim nearby. When he found that Leslie had jumped his claim, Young approached him with a shotgun, and beckoned him to go back to town quickly. Leslie shrugged it off and explained that he had heard that some others were about to jump Young's claim, and he had gone there to help him stand them off. When the news about the stand-off went around town, James Young's prestige rose and Frank Leslie's faltered some. Later, when Leslie met Young in a store, unarmed and with his back turned, Leslie pulled his gun out of its holster and was about to use it. The woman store owner screamed and jumped between the two men. Again, Buckskin shrugged it off and said he was just checking his six-gun to see that it was in good working order. Young was very strong, which provided the means to earn a living in his various physical occupations. Leslie was known as being quick with a six-gun, yet was diminutive in stature, but known for killing Billy Claiborne in 1882. Mining altercation ------------------ On May 14, 1893, A. T. Shuster and James Young had words over an incident in front of Bauer's Meat Market in Tombstone, Arizona. This resulted in Shuster wielding a five-pound chunk of gold ore at Young's head. Young was quick to catch the missile, but threw his wrist out, in the process. Shuster was charged with assault with intent to do great bodily harm. A. T. Shuster later became the Justice of the Peace for Tombstone Precinct in October 1898. Later years ----------- James Young was an imposing figure, well into his eighties in Tombstone, Arizona. In 1929, Tombstone recognized James Young as one of its remaining residents from its early days of the Earps, where he rode in the town's first Helldorado Days Parade. Young died on January 19, 1935, in Tucson, Arizona, after having been a resident of the Cochise County Hospital. He was buried at Holy Hope Cemetery in Tucson, Arizona.
Jeeva Shankar is a cinematographer turned writer, director active in Tamil films. His prominent films include Naan and Amara Kaaviyam. In 2013, he started an untitled project for Escape Artist Motion Pictures. Jeeva Shankar's next project is Yeman. Career ------ He started his career as an assistant cinematographer to Jeeva. His debut film Naan was initially launched in 2008, with Siddharth Venugopal portraying the lead role with Rukmini Vijayakumar playing the lead female role, however due to the failure of his previous film Ananda Thandavam, the producer Oscar Ravichandran called off the project. The film restarted with Vijay Antony's intervention in December 2010 who also took the lead role from Siddharth Venugopal. The film received positive reviews from critics and did well at box-office. Following the critical and commercial success of his previous project Naan, director Jeeva Shankar wrote a new script titled Amara Kaaviyam, a college love story set in the 1980s. Madhan of Escape Artistes Motion Pictures was to produce the film, while Yuvan Shankar Raja was announced as the music composer. Adharvaa was announced to play the lead role but consequently opted out during pre-production stages, and the production house dropped the film. Jeeva Shankar replaced him with Sathya in September 2013 with Sathya's brother, Arya producing the film under his production house, The Show People. Malayalam actress Miya was signed to play the female lead role, making her debut in Tamil films. The film began production in October 2013 in Ooty, with costume designer Sai preparing clothes for the film's 1980s backdrop. However, the film received negative reviews and went unnoticed. Filmography ----------- \| Film \| Year \| Language \| Comments \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Ammo Bomma \| 2001 \| Telugu \| Cinematographer \| \| Kadhal Dot Com \| 2003 \| Tamil \| Cinematographer \| \| Ananda Thandavam \| 2009 \| Tamil \| Cinematographer \| \| Naan \| 2012 \| Tamil \| Director; Cinematographer \| \| Amara Kaaviyam \| 2014 \| Tamil \| Director; Cinematographer \| \| Yaman \| 2017 \| Tamil \| Director; Cinematographer \| \| Lucky Man \| 2022 \| Kannada \| Cinematographer \| \|
Recipient of the Victoria Cross This article is about the Canadian Victoria Cross recipient. For other uses, see John MacGregor. John MacGregor VC MC & Bar DCM ED (1 February 1889 – 9 June 1952) was a Scottish-Canadian soldier. MacGregor was a recipient of the Victoria Cross, the highest and most prestigious award for gallantry in the face of the enemy that can be awarded to British and Commonwealth forces. MacGregor served in the Canadian army in both world wars. Details ------- Macgregor was born in Cawdor near Nairn, Scotland in 1889 and moved to Canada in 1909. He served in the army from 1915 to 1919. MacGregor was 29 years old, and a temporary captain in the 2nd Regiment, Canadian Mounted Rifles, Canadian Expeditionary Force during the First World War when the following deed during the Battle of the Canal du Nord took place for which he was awarded the Victoria Cross. During the period 29 September/3 October 1918 near Cambrai, France, Captain MacGregor acted with most conspicuous bravery and leadership. He led his company under intense fire, and although wounded, located and put out of action enemy machine-guns which were checking progress, killing four and taking eight prisoners. He then reorganised his command under heavy fire and in the face of stubborn resistance continued the advance. Later, after a personal daylight reconnaissance under heavy fire, he established his company in Neuville St. Remy, thereby greatly assisting the advance into Tilloy. Freemasonry ----------- He was initiated into Freemasonry in Tyee Lodge, No.66, (Prince Rupert, British Columbia) on 20 March 1920, Passed on 29 September 1920 and Raised on 8 March 1921. After serving during WWII he joined Westview Lodge, No.133, (Powell River, British Columbia) on 2 May 1950. Further information ------------------- MacGregor served again from 1940 to 1946, achieving the rank of lieutenant colonel commanding the 2nd The Canadian Scottish Regiment (Princess Mary's). He is buried at Cranberry Lake Cemetery, Powell River, British Columbia. His biography was published under the title MacGregor V.C.. MacGregor's Victoria Cross and other medals are on display at the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa, Ontario. Further reading --------------- * Monuments to Courage (David Harvey, 1999) * The Register of the Victoria Cross (This England, 1997) * Scotland's Forgotten Valour (Graham Ross, 1995) * Gliddon, Gerald (2000). VCs of the First World War - The Final Days 1918. Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2485-3.
2008 studio album by Cherryholmes *Cherryholmes III: Don't Believe* is the third major-label studio album by Cherryholmes. The album was released on September 30, 2008 and was nominated for Best Bluegrass Album at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. Content and reception --------------------- Professional ratings\| Review scores \| \| --- \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| Allmusic \| \| \| American Songwriter \| \| With four members of the Cherryholmes family in their teens and early 20s at the time of the album's recording, many songs deal with the early pressures and emotions involving heartbreak. One example is "Devil in Disguise", a cover song co-written by Gram Parsons. Other tracks on the album include "This Is My Son", about a parent sending her child off to war, and "Sumatra", which was nominated for Best Country Instrumental Performance at the 51st Annual Grammy Awards. The album was nominated in the Best Bluegrass Album category. It peaked at number three on the Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums chart and number 48 on the Top Country Albums chart. Barry Mazor of American Songwriter wrote that "the ever-increasing vocal harmony strength, instrumental prowess, and original songwriting talent can’t be missed on this latest outing." Allmusic's James Christopher Monger remarked that on this album, the band "do(es) away completely with the traditional, opting for a sleek batch of self-penned contemporary bluegrass numbers that lean closer to Nickel Creek and the Dixie Chicks than they do Ricky Skaggs & Kentucky Thunder." Of the "Devil in Disguise" cover, Meredith Ochs of NPR said that "the song gives the Cherryholmes family a chance to demonstrate skill at that other bluegrass essential: harmonies, especially those that are genetically linked." Track listing ------------- 1. "I Can Only Love You (So Much)"-3:05 2. "The King as a Babe Comes Down"-4:05 3. "Don't Believe"-2:43 4. "This Is My Son"-3:38 5. "Sumatra"-2:58 6. "My Love for You Grows"-2:50 7. "Goodbye"-3:07 8. "Bleeding"-3:47 9. "The Sailing Man"-3:05 10. "Broken"-3:47 11. "Devil in Disguise"-2:56 12. "Mansker Spree/O'Coughlin's Reel"-3:18 13. "Traveler"-3:22 14. "[Untitled]"-1:32 Charts ------ \| Chart (2008-9) \| Peakposition \| \| --- \| --- \| \| US Billboard Heatseekers Albums \| 12 \| \| US Billboard Top Bluegrass Albums \| 3 \| \| US Billboard Top Country Albums \| 48 \|
Series of color microcomputers Compucolor is a series of color microcomputers introduced by Compucolor Corporation of Norcross, Georgia. It was the first color home computer system with built-in color graphics and floppy-based data storage. It used the Intel 8080 CPU. The first model was an upgrade kit for the company's color computer terminal, turning the Intecolor 8001 into the Compucolor 8001 by adding more RAM and a number of optional storage systems. Released in 1976, the 8001 was soon replaced by the Compucolor II in 1977, although shipments did not start until the next year. The Compucolor II was smaller, less expensive, and used the newly introduced 5.25-inch floppy disks instead of the former 8-inch models. Compucolor opened its first retail computer store in Norcross, Georgia USA in 1979, aptly named the "Compucolor Computer Store." The store had limited success in the six months of operation, and the store concept was abandoned. By 1983, Compucolor was out of business. Compucolor, and its forerunner, Intecolor, produced three computer designs (Intecolor 8001, Compucolor 8001 and Compucolor II) over the life of the parent company, Intelligent Systems Corporation. ISC formed in 1973 to produce color terminals. Intecolor 8001 -------------- Intelligent Systems Corporation's first product was the Intecolor 8001, an intelligent terminal based on the Intel 8080. Released some time in early 1976, it consisted of a $1,395 kit based around a 19-inch RCA delta-gun CRT and came with 4 kB of random-access memory (RAM). The monitor's three separate electron guns produced a bright and colorful picture, but had the disadvantage of requiring constant adjustment to keep the guns properly aligned. It offered a graphics display with 192 x 160 resolution and 80 x 48 character text display (in single row height) or 80 x 24 character in (double height mode), in 8 primary RGB colors (see below). Connectivity was limited to a RS232 port. The following table shows the Intecolor / Compucolor 8001 character set: Intecolor/Compucolor 8001 Character Set\| \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 0X \| NUL \| PROTECT \| PLOT MODE \| CURSOR X-Y MODE \| FREE \| FREE \| CCI \| BEL \| home \| TAB \| LF \| ERASE LINE \| ERASE PAGE \| CR \| A7 ON \| BLINK A7 OFF \| \| 1X \| BLACK \| RED \| GREEN \| YELLOW \| BLUE \| MAGENTA \| CYAN \| WHITE \| TRANSMIT \| right \| left \| ESC \| up \| FOREGND ON FLAG OFF \| FOREGND ON FLAG ON \| BLINK ON \| \| 2x \| \| ! \| "\| # \| $ \| % \| & \| ' \| ( \| ) \| \* \| + \| , \| - \|. \| / \| \| 3x \| 0 \| 1 \| 2 \| 3 \| 4 \| 5 \| 6 \| 7 \| 8 \| 9 \| : \| ; \| < \| = \| > \| ? \| \| 4x \| @ \| A \| B \| C \| D \| E \| F \| G \| H \| I \| J \| K \| L \| M \| N \| O \| \| 5x \| P \| Q \| R \| S \| T \| U \| V \| W \| X \| Y \| Z \| [ \| \ \| ] \| ^ \| \_ \| \| 6x \| ` \| a \| b \| c \| d \| e \| f \| g \| h \| i \| j \| k \| l \| m \| n \| o \| \| 7x \| p \| q \| r \| s \| t \| u \| v \| w \| x \| y \| z \| { \| \| } \| § \| £ \| Compucolor 8001 --------------- In December 1976, the newly formed Compucolor subsidiary released the Compucolor 8001. This was another $1,295 kit that converted an Intecolor 8001 into a complete computer with BASIC on a built-in ROM. When initially booted, the machine starts in "terminal mode" an acts as a glass terminal for its RS-232 port. Pressing `Escape`+`W` launches the ROM-based BASIC interpreter, while `Escape`+`P` launched the machine code monitor program. It also included a program to aid in aligning the guns in the monitor. An optional "floppy tape" drive with two 8-track tape cartridges was available for storage, running at about 4,800 bit/s and storing up to 1 MB per tape. The tapes were physically identical to common 8-tracks, but had much less tape on them so they could loop around faster (8-track tapes cannot be rewound). The tape drive proved too slow to be practical, and after even relatively short periods of use the tape would stretch and be rendered useless. In 1977 they released a floppy disk controller based on the Western Digital FD1771 to support IBM 3740-style 8-inch drives, and in 1978, another supporting 8-inch drives from Shugart and Siemens. ### Software The original ROM-based BASIC 8001 was a clone of Microsoft BASIC for the 8080, differing only in the way it handled strings, requiring memory to be set aside for them using `CLEAR X` where X was a number of bytes, and having separate `FRE(X)` and `FRE(X$)` to return the amount of general memory and string memory separately. After threats from Microsoft, ISC arranged a deal with the company to supply a licensed version of the language. Compucolor II ------------- In 1977, Intelligent Systems Corp announced the Compucolor II, an all-in-one version of the 8001 system using a lower-cost General Electric 13-inch color television with the tuning section on the right removed and replaced by a 5.25-inch floppy disk mounted vertically. Three models were advertised, the 8 KB Model 3 for $1,495, the 16 KB Model 4 for $1,795, and the 32 KB Model 5 for $2,395. The company did not begin selling the systems until the middle of 1978, by which time the Apple II was widely available with similar specs at a lower price point. In February 1979, the prices were lowered to $1,695 for the Model 4, and $1,995 for the Model 5. Unlike the 8001, the II booted into BASIC when started. Pressing `Escape`+`D` dropped into the "File Control System" disk operating system, and pressing `Escape`+`E` returns to BASIC. ### System description The Compucolor II was based on the 8080 operating at 1.99 MHz clock rate and used a SMC CRT5027 video controller, a Japanese-produced version of the Texas Instruments TMS 9927, programmed to provide a screen format of 32 lines with 64 characters per line (see Compucolor II character set). Internal proprietary ROM firmware allowed a plot graphics array of 128 H by 128 V available in eight colors. Three available keyboards having 72 (standard), 101 (expanded), or 117 (deluxe) individual keys, attached to the computer with a 25-pin ribbon cable. The keys were full-travel "Cherry brand" type having gold cross-bar contacts with excellent feel and reliability. Key tops were engraved with special legends to help manage computer functions. Scroll down to read more about. The Compucolor II used a custom designed 51.2 KB 5.25" floppy disk drive, which was placed on the right side of the monitor cabinet. The design utilized a serial interface and was referred to as the "Compucolor Drive" or "CD". There were reliability issues with this design since any variance in motor spindle speed would cause difficulty reading or writing floppy media. Also there were a few electromagnetic issues within the cabinet space that interfered with the floppy recording and read process. The disk operating system known as "File Control System" or "FCS" was designed in-house. In FCS, when a file was deleted, the individual file would be removed from the file list volume and the remaining data would be moved to fill sequential empty space, using the 4 KB portion of display video RAM as a transfer buffer memory. In modern-day terms, files would be automatically defragmented to prevent cross-linked files. ### Software Most legally available software for the Compucolor II was written by in-house software programmers. Over 20 software titles were officially released by Compucolor with custom 5-1/4" artwork title covers: Air Raid, Asteroids, Backgammon, Othello, Blackjack, Bounce, Chess, Cubic Tic Tac Toe, Hangman, Lunar Lander, Maze Master, Sharks, Shoot, Solitaire, Star Trader, Star Trip, and Swarms. There was also a groundswell of hobbyists and user groups who created software for sale or "shareware" among its groups. The most important title for the Compucolor II was probably Star Trip, which mimicked the Star Trek genre. Another line of game software was also marketed widely and included titles such as Lightning Command, Target Omega, Freebooter and Bomb Squad. Productivity software like word processors or programing language interpreters were also available.
The Star Carr Pendant is a unique engraved shale pendant from the Mesolithic site of Star Carr in North Yorkshire. It has been described as the oldest Mesolithic art in Britain. Discovery --------- The pendant was found in 2015 by a team from the University of York during excavations led by Nicky Milner. It was excavated by Tom Bell, a student from the University of Chester on the last days of the excavation. It was found in a context from the edge of the palaeolake Lake Flixton. Description ----------- The pendant is sub-triangular in shape and measures 31 mm x 35 mm x 3 mm. ED-XRF (energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence) was used to prove that it is made from shale. The front face is engraved with a series of parallel, incised lines which often cross each other. It has a perforation, made by drilling through from the engraved side at one of the lobes. On the reverse side to the engraving there is a nick caused by a missing flake of shale in the central region. This may have happened accidentally or intentionally, presumably by something hard striking this surface before it was deposited in the lake. Significance ------------ The pendant is unique and is the earliest example of Mesolithic art in Britain. Whilst it is very similar to a number of other pendants from northern European sites, this pendant is unique as it is made from shale, whereas the other examples tend to be crafted from amber. It is also one of the few decorated pendants that have been found within an archaeological context and not as a stray find. Analysis by the research team suggest that there are two phases of markings on the pendant, and that it is possible that more than one person added to it over time. Different interpretations from those who have seen the engravings have suggested that it may represent a tree, a map, a leaf, tally marks, even a representation of the wooden platforms which have been found at Star Carr. Public display -------------- The pendant is now in the Yorkshire Museum and first went on public display in February 2016.
Further information: LDDMM and Bayesian estimation of templates in computational anatomy Main article: Computational anatomy Computational anatomy (CA) is a discipline within medical imaging focusing on the study of anatomical shape and form at the visible or gross anatomical scale of morphology. The field is broadly defined and includes foundations in anatomy, applied mathematics and pure mathematics, including medical imaging, neuroscience, physics, probability, and statistics. It focuses on the anatomical structures being imaged, rather than the medical imaging devices. The central focus of the sub-field of computational anatomy within medical imaging is mapping information across anatomical coordinate systems most often dense information measured within a magnetic resonance image (MRI). The introduction of flows into CA, which are akin to the equations of motion used in fluid dynamics, exploit the notion that dense coordinates in image analysis follow the Lagrangian and Eulerian equations of motion. In models based on Lagrangian and Eulerian flows of diffeomorphisms, the constraint is associated to topological properties, such as open sets being preserved, coordinates not crossing implying uniqueness and existence of the inverse mapping, and connected sets remaining connected. The use of diffeomorphic methods grew quickly to dominate the field of mapping methods post Christensen's original paper, with fast and symmetric methods becoming available. The main statistical model -------------------------- Source-channel model showing the source of images the deformable template {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \cdot I\_{\mathrm {temp} }\in {\mathcal {I}}} and channel output associated with MRI sensor {\displaystyle I^{D}\in {\mathcal {I}}^{\mathcal {D}}} The central statistical model of Computational Anatomy in the context of medical imaging has been the source-channel model of Shannon theory; the source is the deformable template of images {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}}, the channel outputs are the imaging sensors with observables {\displaystyle I^{D}\in {\mathcal {I}}^{\mathcal {D}}} (see Figure). The importance of the source-channel model is that the variation in the anatomical configuration are modelled separated from the sensor variations of the Medical imagery. The Bayes theory dictates that the model is characterized by the prior on the source, {\displaystyle \pi \_{\mathcal {I}}(\cdot )} on {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}}, and the conditional density on the observable {\displaystyle p(\cdot \mid I){\text{ on }}I^{D}\in {\mathcal {I}}^{\mathcal {D}}} conditioned on {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}}. In deformable template theory, the images are linked to the templates, with the deformations a group which acts on the template; see group action in computational anatomy For image action {\displaystyle I(g)\doteq g\cdot I\_{\mathrm {temp} },g\in {\mathcal {G}}}, then the prior on the group {\displaystyle \pi \_{\mathcal {G}}(\cdot )} induces the prior on images {\displaystyle \pi \_{\mathcal {I}}(\cdot )}, written as densities the log-posterior takes the form {\displaystyle \log p(I(g)\mid I^{D})\simeq \log p(I^{D}\mid I(g))+\log \pi \_{\mathcal {G}}(g).} The random orbit model which follows specifies how to generate the group elements and therefore the random spray of objects which form the prior distribution. The random orbit model of computational anatomy ----------------------------------------------- Carton depicting random orbit of brains via a smooth manifold.Orbits of brains associated to diffeomorphic group action on templates depicted via smooth flow associated to geodesic flows with random spray associated to random generation of initial tangent space vector field {\displaystyle v\_{0}\in V}; published in. The random orbit model of Computational Anatomy first appeared in modelling the change in coordinates associated to the randomness of the group acting on the templates, which induces the randomness on the source of images in the anatomical orbit of shapes and forms and resulting observations through the medical imaging devices. Such a random orbit model in which randomness on the group induces randomness on the images was examined for the Special Euclidean Group for object recognition in which the group element {\displaystyle g\in {\mathcal {G}}} was the special Euclidean group in. For the study of deformable shape in CA, the high-dimensional diffeomorphism groups used in computational anatomy are generated via smooth flows {\displaystyle \varphi \_{t},t\in [0,1]} which satisfy the Lagrangian and Eulerian specification of the flow fields satisfying the ordinary differential equation: Showing the Lagrangian flow of coordinates {\displaystyle x\in X} with associated vector fields {\displaystyle v\_{t},t\in [0,1]} satisfying ordinary differential equation {\displaystyle {\dot {\varphi }}\_{t}=v\_{t}(\varphi \_{t}),\varphi \_{0}=id}. \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\varphi \_{t}=v\_{t}\circ \varphi \_{t},\ \varphi \_{0}=\operatorname {id} \ ;} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Lagrangian flow) \| with {\displaystyle v\doteq (v\_{1},v\_{2},v\_{3})} the vector fields on {\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{3}} termed the Eulerian velocity of the particles at position {\displaystyle \varphi } of the flow. The vector fields are functions in a function space, modelled as a smooth Hilbert space with the vector fields having 1-continuous derivative. For {\displaystyle v\_{t}={\dot {\varphi }}\_{t}\circ \varphi \_{t}^{-1},t\in [0,1]}, the inverse of the flow is given by \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}\varphi \_{t}^{-1}=-(D\varphi \_{t}^{-1})v\_{t},\ \varphi \_{0}^{-1}=\operatorname {id} ,} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Eulerianflow) \| and the {\displaystyle 3\times 3} Jacobian matrix for flows in {\displaystyle \mathbb {R} ^{3}} given as {\displaystyle \ D\varphi \doteq \left({\frac {\partial \varphi \_{i}}{\partial x\_{j}}}\right).} To ensure smooth flows of diffeomorphisms with inverse, the vector fields {\displaystyle {\mathbb {R} }^{3}} must be at least 1-time continuously differentiable in space which are modelled as elements of the Hilbert space {\displaystyle (V,\\|\cdot \\|\_{V})} using the Sobolev embedding theorems so that each element {\displaystyle v\_{i}\in H\_{0}^{3},i=1,2,3,} has 3-square-integrable derivatives. Thus {\displaystyle (V,\\|\cdot \\|\_{V})} embed smoothly in 1-time continuously differentiable functions. The diffeomorphism group are flows with vector fields absolutely integrable in Sobolev norm: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle \operatorname {Diff} \_{V}\doteq \left\{\varphi =\varphi \_{1}:{\dot {\varphi }}\_{t}=v\_{t}\circ \varphi \_{t},\varphi \_{0}=\operatorname {id} ,\int \_{0}^{1}\\|v\_{t}\\|\_{V}\,dt<\infty \right\},} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Diffeomorphism group) \| where {\displaystyle \\|v\_{t}\\|\_{V}^{2}\doteq \int \_{X}Av\_{t}\cdot v\_{t}dx} with {\displaystyle A} a linear operator {\displaystyle A:V\mapsto V^{\}} defining the norm of the RKHS. The integral is calculated by integration by parts when {\displaystyle Av} is a generalized function in the dual space {\displaystyle V^{\}}. ### Riemannian exponential Further information: Riemannian metric and Lie-bracket in computational anatomy In the random orbit model of computational anatomy, the entire flow is reduced to the initial condition which forms the coordinates encoding the diffeomorphism. From the initial condition {\displaystyle v\_{0}} then geodesic positioning with respect to the Riemannian metric of Computational anatomy solves for the flow of the Euler-Lagrange equation. Solving the geodesic from the initial condition {\displaystyle v\_{0}} is termed the Riemannian-exponential, a mapping {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(\cdot ):V\to \operatorname {Diff} \_{V}} at identity to the group. The Riemannian exponential satisfies {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})=\varphi \_{1}} for initial condition {\displaystyle {\dot {\varphi }}\_{0}=v\_{0}}, vector field dynamics {\displaystyle {\dot {\varphi }}\_{t}=v\_{t}\circ \varphi \_{t},t\in [0,1]}, * for classical equation diffeomorphic shape momentum {\displaystyle \int \_{X}Av\_{t}\cdot w\,dx}, {\displaystyle Av\in V}, then {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}Av\_{t}+(Dv\_{t})^{T}Av\_{t}+(DAv\_{t})v\_{t}+(\nabla \cdot v)Av\_{t}=0\ ;} * for generalized equation, then {\displaystyle Av\in V^{\}}, {\displaystyle w\in V} {\displaystyle \int \_{X}{\frac {d}{dt}}Av\_{t}\cdot w\,dx+\int \_{X}Av\_{t}\cdot ((Dv\_{t})w-(Dw)v\_{t})\,dx=0.} It is extended to the entire group, {\displaystyle \varphi =\operatorname {Exp} \_{\varphi }(v\_{0}\circ \varphi )\doteq \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})\circ \varphi .} Depicted in the accompanying figure is a depiction of the random orbits around each exemplar, {\displaystyle m\_{0}\in {\mathcal {M}}}, generated by randomizing the flow by generating the initial tangent space vector field at the identity {\displaystyle v\_{0}\in V}, and then generating random object {\displaystyle n\doteq \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})\cdot m\_{0}\in {\mathcal {M}}}. Figure shows randomly synthesized structuresFigure showing the random spray of synthesized subcortical structures laid out in the two-dimensional grid representing the variance of the eigenfunction used for the momentum for synthesis. Shown in the Figure on the right the cartoon orbit, are a random spray of the subcortical manifolds generated by randomizing the vector fields {\displaystyle v\_{0}} supported over the submanifolds. The random orbit model induces the prior on shapes and images {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}} conditioned on a particular atlas {\displaystyle I\_{a}\in {\mathcal {I}}}. For this the generative model generates the mean field {\displaystyle I} as a random change in coordinates of the template according to {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \cdot I\_{a}}, where the diffeomorphic change in coordinates is generated randomly via the geodesic flows. MAP estimation in the multiple-atlas orbit model ------------------------------------------------ The random orbit model induces the prior on shapes and images {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}} conditioned on a particular atlas {\displaystyle I\_{a}\in {\mathcal {I}}}. For this the generative model generates the mean field {\displaystyle I} as a random change in coordinates of the template according to {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \cdot I\_{a}}, where the diffeomorphic change in coordinates is generated randomly via the geodesic flows. The prior on random transformations {\displaystyle \pi \_{\mathrm {Diff} }(d\varphi )} on {\displaystyle \operatorname {Diff} \_{V}} is induced by the flow {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v)}, with {\displaystyle v\in V} constructed as a Gaussian random field prior {\displaystyle \pi \_{V}(dv)}. The density on the random observables at the output of the sensor {\displaystyle I^{D}\in {\mathcal {I}}^{D}} are given by {\displaystyle p(I^{D}\mid I\_{a})=\int \_{V}p(I^{D}\mid \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v)\cdot I\_{a})\pi \_{V}(dv)\ .} Maximum a posteriori estimation (MAP) estimation is central to modern statistical theory. Parameters of interest {\displaystyle \theta \in \Theta } take many forms including (i) disease type such as neurodegenerative or neurodevelopmental diseases, (ii) structure type such as cortical or subcortical structures in problems associated to segmentation of images, and (iii) template reconstruction from populations. Given the observed image {\displaystyle I^{D}}, MAP estimation maximizes the posterior: {\displaystyle {\hat {\theta }}\doteq \arg \max \_{\theta \in \Theta }\log p(\theta \mid I^{D}).} This requires computation of the conditional probabilities {\displaystyle p(\theta \mid I^{D})={\frac {p(I^{D},\theta )}{p(I^{D})}}}. The multiple atlas orbit model randomizes over the denumerable set of atlases {\displaystyle \{I\_{a},a\in {\mathcal {A}}\}}. The model on images in the orbit take the form of a multi-modal mixture distribution {\displaystyle p(I^{D},\theta )=\sum \_{a\in {\mathcal {A}}}p(I^{D},\theta \mid I\_{a})\pi \_{\mathcal {A}}(a)\ .} The conditional Gaussian model has been examined heavily for inexact matching in dense images and for landmark matching. ### Dense emage matching Model {\displaystyle I^{D}(x),x\in X} as a conditionally Gaussian random field conditioned, mean field, {\displaystyle \varphi \_{1}\cdot I\doteq I(\varphi \_{1}^{-1}),\varphi \_{1}\in Diff\_{V}}. For uniform variance the endpoint error terms plays the role of the log-conditional (only a function of the mean field) giving the endpoint term: \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| {\displaystyle -\log p(I^{D}\mid I(g))\simeq E(\varphi \_{1})\doteq {\frac {1}{2\sigma ^{2}}}\\|I^{D}-I\circ \varphi \_{1}^{-1}\\|^{2}.} \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| (Conditional-Gaussian)* \| ### Landmark matching Model {\displaystyle Y=\{y\_{1},y\_{2},\dots \}} as conditionally Gaussian with mean field {\displaystyle \varphi \_{1}(x\_{i}),i=1,2,\dots ,\varphi \_{1}\in \operatorname {Diff} \_{V}}, constant noise variance independent of landmarks. The log-conditional (only a function of the mean field) can be viewed as the endpoint term: {\displaystyle -\log p(I^{D}\mid I(g))\simeq \operatorname {E} (\varphi \_{1})\doteq {\frac {1}{2\sigma ^{2}}}\sum \_{i}\\|y\_{i}-\varphi \_{1}(x\_{i})\\|^{2}.} MAP segmentation based on multiple atlases ------------------------------------------ The random orbit model for multiple atlases models the orbit of shapes as the union over multiple anatomical orbits generated from the group action of diffeomorphisms, {\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}=\textstyle \bigcup \_{a\in {\mathcal {A}}}\displaystyle \operatorname {Diff} \_{V}\cdot I\_{a}}, with each atlas having a template and predefined segmentation field {\displaystyle (I\_{a},W\_{a}),a=a\_{1},a\_{2},\ldots }. incorporating the parcellation into anatomical structures of the coordinate of the MRI.. The pairs are indexed over the voxel lattice {\displaystyle I\_{a}(x\_{i}),W\_{a}(x\_{i}),x\_{i}\in X\subset {\mathbb {R} }^{3}} with an MRI image and a dense labelling of every voxel coordinate. The anatomical labelling of parcellated structures are manual delineations by neuroanatomists. The Bayes segmentation problem is given measurement {\displaystyle I^{D}} with mean field and parcellation {\displaystyle (I,W)}, the anatomical labelling {\displaystyle \theta \doteq W}. mustg be estimated for the measured MRI image. The mean-field of the observable {\displaystyle I^{D}} image is modelled as a random deformation from one of the templates {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \cdot I\_{a}}, which is also randomly selected, {\displaystyle A=a},. The optimal diffeomorphism {\displaystyle \varphi \in {\mathcal {G}}} is hidden and acts on the background space of coordinates of the randomly selected template image {\displaystyle I\_{a}}. Given a single atlas {\displaystyle a}, the likelihood model for inference is determined by the joint probability {\displaystyle p(I^{D},W\mid A=a)}; with multiple atlases, the fusion of the likelihood functions yields the multi-modal mixture model with the prior averaging over models. The MAP estimator of segmentation {\displaystyle W\_{a}} is the maximizer {\displaystyle \max \_{W}\log p(W\mid I^{D})} given {\displaystyle I^{D}}, which involves the mixture over all atlases. {\displaystyle {\hat {W}}\doteq \arg \textstyle \max \_{W}\displaystyle \log p(I^{D},W){\text{ with }}p(I^{D},W)=\textstyle \sum \_{a\in {\mathcal {A}}}\displaystyle p(I^{D},W\mid A=a)\pi \_{A}(a).} The quantity {\displaystyle p(I^{D},W)} is computed via a fusion of likelihoods from multiple deformable atlases, with {\displaystyle \pi \_{A}(a)} being the prior probability that the observed image evolves from the specific template image {\displaystyle I\_{a}}. The MAP segmentation can be iteratively solved via the expectation-maximization algorithm {\displaystyle W^{\text{new}}\doteq \arg \max \_{W}\int \log p(W,I^{D},A,\varphi )\,dp(A,\varphi \mid W^{\text{old}},I^{D}).} MAP estimation of volume templates from populations and the EM algorithm ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Generating templates empirically from populations is a fundamental operation ubiquitous to the discipline. Several methods based on Bayesian statistics have emerged for submanifolds and dense image volumes. For the dense image volume case, given the observable {\displaystyle I^{D\_{1}},I^{D\_{2}},\dots } the problem is to estimate the template in the orbit of dense images {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}}. Ma's procedure takes an initial hypertemplate {\displaystyle I\_{0}\in {\mathcal {I}}} as the starting point, and models the template in the orbit under the unknown to be estimated diffeomorphism {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \_{0}\cdot I\_{0}}, with the parameters to be estimated the log-coordinates {\displaystyle \theta \doteq v\_{0}} determining the geodesic mapping of the hyper-template {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})\cdot I\_{0}=I\in {\mathcal {I}}}. In the Bayesian random orbit model of computational anatomy the observed MRI images {\displaystyle I^{D\_{i}}} are modelled as a conditionally Gaussian random field with mean field {\displaystyle \varphi \_{i}\cdot I}, with {\displaystyle \varphi \_{i}} a random unknown transformation of the template. The MAP estimation problem is to estimate the unknown template {\displaystyle I\in {\mathcal {I}}} given the observed MRI images. Ma's procedure for dense imagery takes an initial hypertemplate {\displaystyle I\_{0}\in {\mathcal {I}}} as the starting point, and models the template in the orbit under the unknown to be estimated diffeomorphism {\displaystyle I\doteq \varphi \_{0}\cdot I\_{0}}. The observables are modelled as conditional random fields, {\displaystyle I^{D\_{i}}} a conditional-Gaussian random field with mean field {\displaystyle \varphi \_{i}\cdot I\doteq \varphi \_{i}\cdot \varphi \_{0}\cdot I\_{0}}. The unknown variable to be estimated explicitly by MAP is the mapping of the hyper-template {\displaystyle \varphi \_{0}}, with the other mappings considered as nuisance or hidden variables which are integrated out via the Bayes procedure. This is accomplished using the expectation-maximization algorithm. The orbit-model is exploited by associating the unknown to be estimated flows to their log-coordinates {\displaystyle v\_{i},i=1,\dots } via the Riemannian geodesic log and exponential for computational anatomy the initial vector field in the tangent space at the identity so that {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{i})\doteq \varphi \_{i}}, with {\displaystyle \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})} the mapping of the hyper-template. The MAP estimation problem becomes {\displaystyle \max \_{v\_{0}}p(I^{D},\theta =v\_{0})=\int p(I^{D},\theta =v\_{0}\mid v\_{1},v\_{2},\dots )\pi (v\_{1},v\_{2},\dots )\,dv} The EM algorithm takes as complete data the vector-field coordinates parameterizing the mapping, {\displaystyle v\_{i},i=1,\dots } and compute iteratively the conditional-expectation {\displaystyle {\begin{cases}Q(\theta =v\_{0};\theta ^{\text{old}}=v\_{0}^{\text{old}})&=-\operatorname {E} (\log p(I^{D},\theta =v\_{0}\mid v\_{1},v\_{2},\dots )\mid I^{D},\theta ^{\text{old}})\\&=-\\|({\bar {I}}^{\text{old}}-I\_{0}\circ \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})^{-1}){\sqrt {\beta ^{\text{old}}}}\\|^{2}-\\|v\_{0}\\|\_{V}^{2}\end{cases}}} * Compute new template maximizing Q-function, setting {\displaystyle \theta ^{\text{new}}\doteq v\_{0}^{\text{new}}=\arg \max \_{\theta =v\_{0}}Q(\theta ;\theta ^{\text{old}}=v\_{0}^{\text{old}})=-\left\\|({\bar {I}}^{\text{old}}-I\_{0}\circ \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0})^{-1}){\sqrt {\beta ^{\text{old}}}}\right\\|^{2}-\\|v\_{0}\\|\_{V}^{2}} * Compute the mode-approximation for the expectation updating the expected-values for the mode values: {\displaystyle v\_{i}^{\text{new}}=\arg \max \_{v:{\dot {\varphi }}=v\circ \varphi }-\int \_{0}^{1}\\|v\_{t}\\|\_{V}^{2}\,dt-\\|I^{D\_{i}}-I\_{0}\circ \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{0}^{\text{old}})^{-1}\circ \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v)^{-1}\\|^{2}.i=1,2,\dots } {\displaystyle \beta ^{\text{new}}(x)=\sum \_{i=1}^{n}\|D\operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{i}^{\text{new}})(x)\|,{\text{ with }}{\bar {I}}^{\text{new}}(x)={\frac {\sum \_{i=1}^{n}I^{D\_{i}}\circ \operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{i}^{\text{new}})\|D\operatorname {Exp} \_{\mathrm {id} }(v\_{i}^{\text{new}})(x)\|}{\beta ^{\text{old}}(x)}}}

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