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American actress, singer, and model Nadia Alexandra Bjorlin (born August 2, 1980) is an American actress, singer, and model. Early life ---------- Bjorlin was born on August 2, 1980, in Newport, Rhode Island. She is the second eldest child of Swedish composer and conductor Ulf Björlin and Fary Björlin (née Dadashi), an Iranian interior designer. Bjorlin is fluent in English, Swedish, and Persian and is also schooled in French, Italian, and Russian. Bjorlin's family moved to her father's native country of Sweden while she was still an infant. She has described her childhood as "wonderful" with "loving parents and siblings to lean on", although Bjorlin recalls being "oblivious" to racial tensions going on in Sweden. Although she never attended school there, a few of her siblings did and she remembers them talking about how they "experienced some torment" from classmates due to being half-Iranian. Being born after the Revolution of Iran, Bjorlin says she "grew up in a time where Iranians were looked down upon in places of the world". Bjorlin's family moved back and forth between the States and Sweden before she was seven years old. They moved a few times because of her father's work, living in Stockholm, Los Angeles and Palm Beach Florida. For her education, she attended the Interlochen Center for the Arts and the Boston University Tanglewood Institute, where she was honored for her excellence in theatre, voice, music and dance. Along with her brothers Ulf and Jean Paul, Bjorlin attended the Palm Beach County School of the Arts (now Dreyfoos School of the Arts) for her first 2 years of high school. During her time there, Bjorlin sang with the Palm Beach Opera and in 1996, she competed in a large international vocal competition in Verona, Italy, where she was part of the choir who won the gold medal. While she was a junior in high school her family moved, this time to New York City. Bjorlin was able to attend the Professional Children's School, where she studied alongside other famous actors and actresses, including Julia Stiles, Gaby Hoffmann, and Macaulay Culkin. In May 1999, Bjorlin won first place in the Metro Lyric Opera Competition, taking place in NYC. When she graduated from high school, she decided to shift her focus from singing to acting. Career ------ Bjorlin's first major role was in April 1999 as Chloe Lane on the soap opera Days of Our Lives. In late 1999, she appeared as a go-go dancer in the music video for Ricky Martin's song Shake Your Bon-Bon. Bjorlin left Days in June 2003 to concentrate on her singing career but returned later in December 2003. In September 2005, Bjorlin left Days of our Lives again and joined the cast of the UPN series Sex, Love & Secrets. The show was canceled by the network, but Bjorlin continued to make guest appearances on television series such as Jake in Progress and Out of Practice. Bjorlin appeared in the 2007 independent feature film If I Had Known I Was a Genius, starring Markus Redmond, Whoopi Goldberg, Sharon Stone, and Tara Reid. The film was screened at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Bjorlin was also cast as the female lead of the Chicago Pictures' feature film, Redline. Produced by her then fiancé, Daniel Sadek, who used his soon to fail subprime lending firm as his source of funding, the intent was to help Bjorlin break out of the soap opera scene. Released in April 2007, review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes shows the film with a rare approval rating of 0% – meaning no favorable reviews whatsoever. Bjorlin returned to Days of Our Lives in November 2007. Since 2009, Bjorlin has starred as lesbian author Lara Miller in the web series Venice: The Series. In 2010, Bjorlin had a small role in NCIS as a suburban housewife wearing a bikini during a door-to-door canvasing by one of the NCIS investigators. That same year she guest starred on the CBS sitcom Two and a Half Men as Evelyn Harper's (Holland Taylor) lesbian lover, Jill. In 2011, Bjorlin was one of the stars of the reality television series Dirty Soap which gave viewers a behind-the-scenes view of Nadia's departure from Days of Our Lives, and afterward, including a bit of insight into the tenuous relationship between Nadia's live-in boyfriend and her mother who doesn't like him because she believes that he doesn't treat her well enough. Bjorlin returned to her role on Days of Our Lives as Chloe for a two-episode stint on August 3, and 4, 2013, to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the daytime serial.[] Bjorlin guest starred on 2 Broke Girls as the owner of a cat found by the girls in an episode aired on October 7, 2013. Personal life ------------- Bjorlin dated Los Angeles radio personality Frank Kramer around 2000 or 2001; Kramer would often refer to her on his show as "Tuesday". She also dated Bruce Willis around 2001–2002. Bjorlin was once engaged to subprime lending tycoon Daniel Sadek, who produced her film Redline. Bjorlin had been in a relationship with her Days of Our Lives co-star Brandon Beemer for seven years until 2013. Bjorlin became engaged to boyfriend Grant Turnbull, a property developer and home builder, in August 2014. Bjorlin married Turnbull on May 15, 2015, in Palm Springs. The couple have two sons, Torin Mathias, and Viggo Sebastian. Bjorlin is good friends with her former Days of Our Lives co-star Farah Fath. Bjorlin's father Ulf Björlin died in 1993 at age 60 due to Leukemia. Since then, Bjorlin has been involved in several charities and fundraisers to help raise awareness and money for research on this type of cancer. She has even formed her own team; Nadia's Cancer Crusaders to help find a cure for this disease. On June 15, 2013, Bjorlin and her then-boyfriend Brandon Beemer participated in and hosted the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society's annual "Light the Night" walk at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles, California, with the goal of raising $500,000 for Leukemia research and to help people fight the disease. On October 5, 2013, Bjorlin again participated in the "Light the Night" at Sunset Gower Studios in Hollywood. In 2017, Bjorlin's sister Kamilla, also an actress, was investigated by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for heading up a pump and dump scheme. Apart from singing and acting, Bjorlin is also a musician and plays the flute, harp, guitar, and piano. Filmography ----------- Film\| Year \| Title \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2002 \| The Marriage Undone \| Tracie \| \| 2007 \| If I Had Known I Was a Genius \| Faith \| \| 2007 \| Redline \| Natasha Martin \| \| 2008 \| Jack Rio \| Sonia Hunter \| \| 2012 \| Divorce Invitation \| Alex Roverson \| \| 2020 \| Alone \| Interviewer \| \| 2020 \| Faith Based \| Katie \| Television\| year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1999-2005, 2007-11, 2013, 2015-present \| Days of Our Lives \| Chloe Lane \| Regular role (1999–2003, 2007–11, 2013, 2016–19, 2020–present); Recurring role (2003–05); Guest role (2013, 2015, 2016, 2020) \| \| \| \| \| \| \| 2004 \| Complete Savages \| Woman no. 2 \| Episode: "Almost Men in Uniform" \| \| 2005 \| Jake in Progress \| Pretty woman \| Episode: "Sign Language" \| \| 2005 \| Sex, Love & Secrets \| Meg \| 2 episodes \| \| 2006 \| Out of Practice \| Alana \| Episode: "Model Behavior" \| \| 2010 \| NCIS \| Brittany \| Episode: "Dead Air" \| \| 2010 \| Two and a Half Men \| Jill \| Episode: "Springtime on a Stick" \| \| 2012 \| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation \| Crystal Hasselbeck \| Episode: "Malice in Wonderland" \| \| 2013 \| Anger Management \| Dr. Miller \| Episode: "Charlie's New Sex Study Partner" \| \| 2013 \| 2 Broke Girls \| Pam \| Episode: "And the Kitty Kitty Spank Spank" \| \| 2016 \| I Know Where Lizzie Is \| Tracy \| TV film \| \| 2015 \| Satisfaction \| Amara \| Episode: ... Through Travel \| Web series\| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2009–present \| Venice: The Series \| Lara Miller \| Main cast \| Awards and nominations ---------------------- \| Year \| Award \| Work \| Category \| Result \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2011 \| Indie Series Awards \| Venice: The Series \| Best Supporting Actress-Drama \| Nominated \| \| \| 2020 \| Soap Hub Awards \| Days of Our Lives \| Favorite Days of Our Lives Actress \| Nominated \| \| \| 2021 \| Soap Hub Awards \| Days of Our Lives \| Favorite Days of Our Lives Actress \| Nominated \| \|
Former African-American high school during the racial segregation era Collis P. Huntington High School, commonly referred to as just Huntington High School (opened in 1927) was a black high school located in the East End section of Newport News, Virginia, USA during the era of racial segregation. After desegregation, it became an integrated intermediate school (eighth and ninth grades), and in 1981 was converted to a middle school (sixth through eighth grades). The school was named after the shipping and railroad pioneer, Collis P. Huntington, who founded the local shipyards, the Newport News Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Company, at one time the largest shipbuilding concern in the world. Lutrelle Palmer, the principal of Huntington High, also a strong NAACP advocate, whose own wages were supplemented by voluntary parental contributions, in November 1937 chastised his daughter for accepting a job in Newport News that paid her a third less per month than a beginning white teacher earned. This led to a unanimous vote by the Virginia State Teachers Association to file equal-pay lawsuits in partnership with the NAACP. This move paved the way to a statewide campaign attacking the legal basis for school segregation. Palmer was sacked from the school in 1943 for his activism. Huntington's football team, coached by Thad Madden from 1943 through 1971, had 28 straight winning seasons, compiling a 251-114-16 record. Madden's Huntington teams won sixteen Virginia Interscholastic Association eastern District titles and seven VIA state championships. Huntington track and field squads, also under Madden, won 19 VIA state championships and were declared seven times runners-up after the VIA integrated with the Virginia High School League. Notable alumni -------------- * Joe Durham, Former MLB player (Baltimore Orioles. St. Louis Cardinals) * Former U.S. Energy Secretary, Hazel R. O'Leary (1937-) * Thaddeus E. Hayes, founder of Thaddeus Hayes Dance Theatre (ca. 1928-April 26, 2000)
American artist Emil Armin (1 April 1883 – 2 July 1971) was an American artist known for his use of vibrant color and brushwork. From the 1920s through his death in 1971, Armin maintained a high profile in Chicago's artistic community. Art critic Samuel Putnam, of the Chicago Evening Post, described Armin as "perhaps the most finely sensitized artist in Chicago…with a soul of a peasant and poet and the mind of a philosopher." Early life and education ------------------------ Armin was born in Rădăuți, Austria-Hungary (now Romania) in 1883. His grandfather was a Jewish scribe, copying sacred scrolls for the local synagogue. Armin began drawing at the age of five and presumably learned woodcarving from his father, Hirsch Lieb, who was an amateur artist. When Armin was 10, his parents died. He was raised by older siblings until he got a full-time job at a restaurant at age 14 and moved into the home of the owner. In 1901, when he was 18, he moved to Chernivtsi to study art after a restaurant patron encourage him to attend art school. In 1905, Armin emigrated to the United States, to join his siblings Sigmund and Frieda in Chicago, where he continued to draw sketches whenever he could while unhappily working in a wealthy cousin's store. Armin began his studies at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago in 1908, and he continued working and studying whenever possible, even through periods of great economic struggle. In 1916, having saved four hundred dollars from his many jobs, he transitioned from taking only night classes to taking day classes as a full-time student, pausing only once during World War I to take a job making artillery harnesses at eighteen dollars a week. He studied under, and was inspired by, George Bellows, Randall Davey and Herman Sachs. Other instructors included Enella Benedict, Albert Henry Krehbiel, Antonin Sterba, John W. Norton and Harry L. Timmins. In the spring of 1920, at age 36 and twelve years after he first enrolled in a night class, Armin graduated. ### Early work * Untitled Drawing (1917), Private CollectionUntitled Drawing (1917), Private Collection * Untitled Drawing (1919), Private CollectionUntitled Drawing (1919), Private Collection * Fairyland (1922), Bernard Friedman CollectionFairyland (1922), Bernard Friedman Collection * Irene (1922), The Art Institute of ChicagoIrene (1922), The Art Institute of Chicago * Miriam (1923), Smart Museum of Art, University of ChicagoMiriam (1923), Smart Museum of Art, University of Chicago * Wood Lake (1924), Lakewood, MichiganWood Lake (1924), Lakewood, Michigan * City Scene (1924), Hand-Carved FrameCity Scene (1924), Hand-Carved Frame * The Dream (1924), Smart Museum, University of ChicagoThe Dream (1924), Smart Museum, University of Chicago * Untitled (Mountain) (1924), Richard Norton GalleryUntitled (Mountain) (1924), Richard Norton Gallery * Frances Strain (1924), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts CollectionFrances Strain (1924), Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts Collection * Chicago (1925), The Art Institute of ChicagoChicago (1925), The Art Institute of Chicago * The Dreamer, (1925), The Art Institute of ChicagoThe Dreamer, (1925), The Art Institute of Chicago * Portrait by Emil Armin, (1925), Private CollectionPortrait by Emil Armin, (1925), Private Collection * Oil Painting by Emil Armin, (1925), Private CollectionOil Painting by Emil Armin, (1925), Private Collection * Bookplate by Emil Armin, (1925), Made for Jun Fujita, Graham and Pamela Lee CollectionBookplate by Emil Armin, (1925), Made for Jun Fujita, Graham and Pamela Lee Collection * Mountain Farm, Santa Fe by Emil Armin, (1926), The Art Institute of ChicagoMountain Farm, Santa Fe by Emil Armin, (1926), The Art Institute of Chicago * The Gateway by Emil Armin, (1927), Ohio Arts CouncilThe Gateway by Emil Armin, (1927), Ohio Arts Council Career ------ Armin's artwork included paintings, woodcuts, woodcarvings, sculptures, cartoons and etchings, but he is best known for his paintings. He was a modernist painter, with a fondness for painting landscapes, primitive peoples, flowers and animals. In his work, Armin synthesized contemporary artistic trends with inspiration drawn from his Jewish roots and from the peasant traditions of the American Southwest and his native Eastern Europe. Most of his work was completed in Chicago. After finishing his studies, Armin joined a group of artists, including Gertrude Abercrombie, Francis Strain and Charles Biesel, at the 57th Street Art Colony in Hyde Park, near Stony island Avenue, where he lived and worked until 1925. (This group of artists was called the Fifty Seventh Street Group and were also known as the Jackson Park Colony. Other notable artists that joined included Frances Foy, Gustaf Dalstrom and Beatrice S. Levy.) Armin then shared an art studio with fellow modernist Todros Geller at 59 East Adams from 1926 to 1930. He then briefly moved to the North Side of Chicago, where he worked and lived at 927 Sunnyside Avenue before permanently relocating back to the South Side on Harper Avenue in Hyde Park. His Chicago exhibits in the 1920s included the No-Jury Society, Cor Ardens, Neo-Arlimusc, and the Chicago Society of Artists. In the 1930s he entered the Grant Park Art Fair, and he worked as an easel painter for the Works Progress Administration (WPA). In 1940, Armin secured a job working for the Illinois Art Project. In this post Armin visited other artists working for the Project offering advice and criticism. It was also in 1940 that Armin, along with other local Jewish artists, formed the American Jewish Art Club and continued to exhibit with them until his death. Expanding his horizons beyond Chicago, Armin also traveled to work, briefly relocating to Dayton and making trips to the Indiana Dunes, the Wisconsin Dells, New Mexico, Maine and later in life to Lake Chapala in Mexico. Over time, Armin was able to make a modest living as an artist, selling his art and making ends meet with occasional jobs teaching art, including working with the Jewish Board of Education and teaching at Hull House. Armin exhibited regionally and nationally until he died at age 88. ### Works Progress Administration (WPA) artwork * July Morning (1940), WPA, Federal Art ProjectJuly Morning (1940), WPA, Federal Art Project * River and Clouds (1941), WPA, Federal Art ProjectRiver and Clouds (1941), WPA, Federal Art Project Approach to art --------------- Armin believed that "the way an artist finds it necessary to live in modern times will automatically assert itself in his work, if he is a true and independent artist." Critical response ----------------- Armin made an impression with the local Chicago art critics. J. Z. Jacobson, an art critic for The Chicagoan, covered Armin's work and eventually wrote a full book on Armin called Thirty-Five Saints and Emil Armin, in which he described Armin as "Playful as a child. Solemn as a prophet. Funny as a clown. Poor as St. Francis of Assisi and almost as happy. Taking the slings and arrows of outrageous fate with stoic calm." Role in Chicago Modernism ------------------------- Ad designed by Armin for the No-Jury Society's 1923 Cubist BallFollowing his graduation in 1920, Armin became an active member in Chicago's emerging modernist art community, which emphasized freedom of individual expression as its sole doctrine. (Art historian Sue Ann Price has described the Chicago Modernism movement as the "city's vitriolic struggle between an old guard who advanced the ideals of traditional nineteenth-century art and an avantgarde of painters, illustrators, photographers, and sculptors who espoused the new modernist art from Europe.") In 1913, Armin had visited the controversial Armory Show when it was exhibited at the Art Institute, and he fell under the sway of European and American modernism. Inspired by the modernist movement, Armin and other Chicago artists formed their own open and free groups—including The Introspectives, the Cor Ardens, Chicago No-Jury Society of Artists, and Neo-Arlimusc—to provide an alternative to the conservative Art Institute of Chicago. Active in all of these groups, Armin exhibited in every one of the No-Jury Society's shows beginning with the second, and eventually served as president of the Society. He also exhibited with the Chicago Society of Artists, which had taken a contentious turn to modernism in 1923. Marriage and family ------------------- In 1945, at the age of 65, Armin married Hilda Rose Diamond, a social worker for the Jewish Family and Community Service in Chicago.
American football player (born 1960) For the biologist, see Michael F. Whiting. American football player Michael L. Whiting (born January 11, 1960) is a former American football fullback in the United States Football League (USFL) for the Jacksonville Bulls. He played college football at Florida State University. Early years ----------- Whiting attended Largo High School, where he was an all-around fullback. He accepted a football scholarship from Florida State University. He was a two-year starter at fullback. As a junior, he posted 133 carries for 500 yards, 6 rushing touchdowns and 25 receptions for 203 yards. As a senior, he registered 111 carries for 461 yards, 4 rushing touchdowns, 29 receptions for 211 yards and 2 receiving touchdowns. In the school's first game against the University of Notre Dame, he had 115 total yards (71 rushing yards) and 2 receiving touchdowns, to help the team win 19-13. He finished his college career with 355 carries for 1,485 rushing yards (4.2-yard avg.), 12 rushing touchdowns, 74 receptions for 575 yards and 2 receiving touchdowns. He had 2 career 100-rushing games and one 90-yard rushing effort against Ohio State University. Professional career ------------------- ### Dallas Cowboys Whiting was selected by the Dallas Cowboys in the eleventh round (304th overall) of the 1982 NFL Draft. He was waived on July 30. ### St. Louis Cardinals On August 2, 1982, he was claimed off waivers by the St. Louis Cardinals. He was released on August 23. ### Tampa Bay Bandits (USFL) On September 22, 1982, he was signed as a free agent by the Tampa Bay Bandits of the United States Football League. ### Jacksonville Bulls (USFL) In 1984, he played with the Jacksonville Bulls of the United States Football League. He played with the team until the league folded.
1986 Odia film *Manika* is a 1986 socio-mythological Odia-language Indian feature film directed by R. Asrar. The film depicts the legendary story of one of the devotees of Lord Jagannath, Manika the milkmaid. Plot ---- Manika, a milkmaid (Gauduni) and orphan girl, is a devotee of the Lord Jagannath, convinced that one day she will get a glimpse of the Lord and ultimately attain Moksha: freedom from the endless cycle of transmigration into a state of bliss. After defeat in the famous Kanchi expedition, the Gajapati of Kalinga now Odisha, India prays Lord Jagannath and moved with the prayer Lorg Jagannath along with his brother Lord Balabhadra started expedition to Kanchi on horse-back. On the banks of Mahanadi, they reach to Manika, who is selling curd. Both the Gods drink curd and presented a golden ring studded with precious gems to Manika and said, 'the king of Kalinga' will come here, after some time, on his way to Kanchi. You present it to him and he will pay you the money. Later, the king himself passed by with his army. Milkmaid Manika obstructed the Gajapati pleading for the unpaid cost of yogurt consumed by Gajapati's two leading soldiers riding on black and white horses and produced the gold ring as evidence. Gajapati identified the ring as that of Lord Jagannath and upon the divine support, enthusiastically led the expedition. Manika is in a state of disbelief and she finally get glimpse of the God. Her ambition of the lifetime fulfilled. She decide to devote her rest of life in the prayer of lord Jagannath. Cast ---- * Tandra Ray as Manika * Bijay Mohanty as Chandra Behera * Gurudatta Samantsinhar as Lord Jagannath * Gita Datta * Gadi * Premananda Mohanty Music ----- The music of the film composed by Upendra Kumar. The tracks from the film include: \| Track \| Singer \| Lyricist \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Rakhitha mitha dahi \| S. Janaki \| Narayana Prashad Singh \| \| Krushna maya kale \| Pranab Patnaik \| Narayana Prashad Singh \| \|
Franco-Flemish composer Jhan Gero (also Ghero, Giero; first name rendered occasionally as Jehan, Jan) (fl. 1540–1555) was a Franco-Flemish composer of the Renaissance, apparently active mainly in Italy, particularly Venice. He was a practitioner of the note nere madrigal style during its period of popularity in the 1540s, and also wrote didactic music, probably intended for teaching beginning singers. Life ---- Nothing is known about his early life, but it is inferred that he was from northern Europe, perhaps Flanders, as were many musicians of the time who were working in Italy. He seems to have risen to prominence through the efforts of the Venetian publishing company run by Antonio Gardano and Girolamo Scotto; they may have paid him to make arrangements of works by others, as indicated by his first publication, in 1541, which contained Italian madrigals and French chansons, originally for three or four voices, however in this case arranged for only two singers each. This particular publication went through numerous reprints, all the way until the end of the 17th century. Gero was employed at some unknown time as maestro di cappella for Pietro Antonio Sanseverino, the Prince of Bisignano, according to the dedicatory epistle to Gero's 1555 book of motets. After this year, during which he published two books of motets, no further records of his life or activities have yet come to light. Music and influence ------------------- In the 1540s, after his initial assumed employment with Gardano and Scotto, Gero published two books of madrigals in the then-popular note nere (black note) style. In music of this style, black notes referred to quick note values (i.e. filled-in note heads, as in modern quarter-notes rather than half-notes); quick passages alternated with slower ones, and syncopation was common. Gero's music was widely distributed, being popular in Italy as well as Germany.
2002 compilation album by Frank Sinatra Professional ratings\| Review scores \| \| --- \| \| Source \| Rating \| \| Allmusic \| \| *Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940–1964* is a 2002 compilation album by the American singer Frank Sinatra. This boxed set collates songs that Sinatra recorded for films made by Paramount, MGM, Columbia, RKO, Universal, Warner Bros. United Artists, and 20th Century Fox, between 1940 and 1964. Track listing ------------- ### Disc one From "Las Vegas Nights" (PARAMOUNT, 03/28/1941) : * 1. "Delores" (outtake) - (Louis Alter, Frank Loesser) - 3:25 (rec. 11/24/1940, Frank Sinatra, The Pied Pipers, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) * 2. "I'll Never Smile Again" - (Ruth Lowe) - 3:14 (rec. 11/24/1940, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, The Pied Pipers, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) From "Ship Ahoy" (MGM, 05/15/1942) * 3. Radio Spot for "Ship Ahoy" (Excerpt) - 2:09 (Aired circa 1942, Frank Sinatra) * 4. "Moonlight Bay" - (Edward Madden, Percy Wenrich) - 2:43 (rec. 12/29/1941, Frank Sinatra, The Pied Pipers, Mixed Chorus, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) * 5. "Poor You" - (Yip Harburg, Burton Lane) - 5:47 (rec. 12/16/1941, Frank Sinatra, Red Skelton, Virginia O'Brien, Eleanor Powell, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) * 6. "The Last Call for Love" - (Marcus Cummings, Harburg, Lane) - 2:27 (rec. 12/16/1941, Frank Sinatra, Jo Stafford, The Pied Pipers, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) * 7. "Blue Skies" (outtake) - (Irving Berlin) - 2:57 (rec. 12/15/1941, Frank Sinatra, Ziggy Elman (Trumpet), Band Chorus, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) * 8. Finale : "The Last Call for Love" - 1:18 (rec. 01/30/1942, Frank Sinatra, The Pied Pipers, Mixed Chorus, Tommy Dorsey And His Orchestra) From "Reveille with Beverly" (COLUMBIA, 02/04/1943)' * 9. "Night and Day" - (Cole Porter) - 3:13 (rec. 09/17/1942, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) From "Higher and Higher" (RKO, 12/11/1943) * 10. "I Couldn't Sleep a Wink Last Night" - (Harold Adamson, Jimmy McHugh) - 2:13 (rec. 09/08/1943, Frank Sinatra, Stanley Wrightsman (Piano), The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 11. "The Music Stopped" - (Adamson, McHugh) - 3:01 (rec. 09/01/1943, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 12. "I Saw You First" - (Adamson, McHugh) - 1:43 (rec. 08/24/1943, Frank Sinatra, Marcy McGuire, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 13. "A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening" (w/ Orch.) - (Adamson, McHugh) - 3:12 (rec. 09/08/1943, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 14. "A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening" (w/ Piano) - (Adamson, McHugh) - 1:48 (rec. 09/08/1943, Frank Sinatra, Stanley Wrightsman (Piano)) * 15. "You're on Your Own" - (Adamson, McHugh) - 2:31 (rec. 08/24/1943, Frank Sinatra, Dooley Wilson, Mel Tormé, Marcy McGuire, Michèle Morgan, Victor Borge, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 16. "You're on Your Own" (Reprise) - (Adamson, McHugh) - 0:57 (rec. 08/24/1943, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 17. Finale: "I Saw You First"/"A Lovely Way to Spend an Evening"/"The Music Stopped" - (Adamson, McHugh) - 1:30 (rec. 09/01/1943 & 09/08/1943, Frank Sinatra, Marcy McGuire, Barbara Hale, Chorus, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) From "Your Hit Parade Extra" (Presented by Lucky Strike, 1943) * 18. "Stardust" - (Hoagy Carmichael, Mitchell Parish) - 2:33 (rec. circa 1943, Frank Sinatra, The Hit Paraders, The Hit Parade Orchestra, Mark Warnow) From "The Road To Victory" (a.k.a. "The Shining Future") (WARNER BROS. 05/18/1944) * 19. "(There'll Be A) Hot Time in the Town of Berlin (When the Yanks Go ...)" - (Joe Bushkin, John DeVries) - 1:53 (rec. 03/04/1944, Frank Sinatra, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Leo Forbstein) From "The All-Star Bond Rally" (20th CENTURY-FOX, 04/25/1945) * 20. "Saturday Night (Is the Loneliest Night of the Week)" - (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) - 2:05 (rec. 11/08/1943, Frank Sinatra, Harry James And His Orchestra) From "Step Lively" (RKO, 06/24/1944) * 21. "Come Out, Come Out, Wherever You Are" - (Sammy Cahn, Jule Styne) - 2:02 (rec. 01/31/1944, Frank Sinatra, Gloria DeHaven, Chorus, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 22. "As Long as There's Music" - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:02 (rec. 01/31/1944, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 23. "Where Does Love Begin?" - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:15 (rec. 02/21/1944, Frank Sinatra, Anne Jeffreys, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 24. "Some Other Time" - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:34 (rec. 02/24/1944, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 25. "Some Other Time" (Ft. Gloria DeHaven) - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:14 (rec. 02/24/1944, Frank Sinatra, Gloria DeHaven, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 26. "And Then You Kissed Me" (Outtake) - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:07 (rec. 02/24/1944, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 27. Finale: "As Long as There's Music"/"Some Other Time"/"As Long as There's Music" - (Cahn, Styne) - 4:37 (rec. 02/25/1944, Frank Sinatra, Gloria DeHaven, George Murphy, Chorus, RKO Radio Studio Orchestrra, C. Bakaleinikoff) ### Disc two From "Anchors Aweigh" (MGM, 07/19/1945) * 1. "We Hate to Leave" (Cahn, Styne) - 1:49 (rec. 06/13/44, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 2. "The Cradle Song" - (Brahms' Lullaby) (Johannes Brahms) - 1:35 (rec. 06/4/44, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 3. "I Begged Her" - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:26 (rec. 06/14/44, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 4. "If You Knew Susie Like I Know Susie" - (Buddy DeSylva, Joseph Meyer) - 2:00 (rec. 06/13/44, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 5. "What Makes the Sunset?" - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:33 (rec. 06/30/44, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 6. "The Charm of You" - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:18 (rec. 08/18/44, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 7. "I Fall in Love Too Easily" - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:38 (rec. 09/05/44, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) From "The House I Live In" (RKO, 1945) * 8. Acceptance Speech for Receiving an Honorary Academy Award - 2:54 (rec. 03/07/46, Frank Sinatra) * 9. "The House I Live In" - (Lewis, Robinson) - 3:22 (rec. 05/08/45, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Axel Stordahl) * 10. "If You Are But a Dream" - (Nat Bonx, Jack Fulton, Moe Jaffe) - 2:12 (rec. 05/08/45, Frank Sinatra, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Axel Stordahl) From "A Thousand and One Nights" (COLUMBIA, 07/20/1945) * 11. "All or Nothing at All" - (Arthur Altman, Jack Lawrence) - 1:36 (rec. 04/26/45, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) From "Till the Clouds Roll By" (MGM, 12/04/1946) * 12. "Ol' Man River" - (Oscar Hammerstein II, Jerome Kern) - 3:00 (rec. 03/18/46, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) From "It Happened in Brooklyn" (MGM 04/04/1947) * 13. "Whose Baby Are You?" - (Cahn, Styne) - 0:57 (rec. 07/18/46, Frank Sinatra, André Previn (Piano)) * 14. "The Brooklyn Bridge" - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:42 (rec. 06/06/46, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 15. "The Brooklyn Bridge" (alternate ending/outtake) - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:05 (rec. 06/06/46, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 16. "Invention #1" - (Johann Sebastian Bach) 2:15 (rec. 06/04/46, Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, School Children, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 17. "I Believe" - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:50 (rec. 10/21/46, Frank Sinatra, Jimmy Durante, Bobby Long, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 18. "Time After Time" - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:50 (rec. 09/17/46, Frank Sinatra, André Previn (Piano), The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 19. "The Song's Gotta Come from the Heart" - (Cahn, Styne) - 4:17 (rec. 09/26/46, Frank Sinatra, Jimmy Durante (Vocal, Piano), The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 20. "Otchi-Tchor-Ni-Ya" (Outtake) - (Traditional) - 0:43 (rec. 09/26/46, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 21. "La Ci Darem la Mano" - (from Don Giovanni) (Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart) - 3:20 (rec. 07/18/46, Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, André Previn (Piano), The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 22. "It's the Same Old Dream" - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:52 (rec. 09/23/46, Frank Sinatra, André Previn (Piano), The Starlighters, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 23. "It's the Same Old Dream" (Reprise) - (Cahn, Styne) - 2:36 (rec. 09/23/46, Frank Sinatra, André Previn (Piano), The Starlighters, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 24. Finale : "The Brooklyn Bridge" - (Cahn, Styne) - 0:51 (rec. 10/09/46, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 25. Presentation of Modern Screen Magazine's Award for "Most Popular Film Star Of 1946" - 2:04 (rec. 10/09/46, Frank Sinatra, Louis B. Mayer) From "The Miracle of the Bells" (RKO, 03/16/1948) * 26. "Ever Homeward" (A Capella) - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:32 (rec. 08/19/47 & 08/20/47, Frank Sinatra) * 27. Promotional Spot for "The Chapel of Four Chaplains" and "The Miracle Of The Bells" - 1:45 (rec. 03/18/48, Frank Sinatra) From "The Kissing Bandit" (MGM, 01/28/1949) * 28. "If I Steal a Kiss" - (Nacio Herb Brown, Edward Heyman) - 3:06 (rec. 05/08/47, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 29. "Senorita" - (Brown, Heyman) - 2:15 (rec. 06/28/47, Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 30. "Siesta" - (Brown, Earl Brent) - 2:06 (rec. 05/27/47, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 31. "What's Wrong With Me?" - (Brown, Heyman) - 1:29 (rec. 02/26/48, Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 32. "We're on Our Way" (Outtake) - (Brown, Brent) - 2:59 (rec. 05/08/47, Frank Sinatra, J. Carrol Naish, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) * 33. Finale : "If I Steal a Kiss" - (Brown, Heyman) - 1:24 (rec. 06/28/47, Frank Sinatra, Kathryn Grayson, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, George Stoll) ### Disc three * 1. Promotional interview discussing The Kissing Bandit and Take Me Out to the Ball Game - 3:16 (rec. 1949, Frank Sinatra, Dick Simmons) From "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" (MGM, 03/09/1949) * 2. "Take Me Out to the Ball Game" - (Jack Norworth, Albert Von Tilzer) - 2:02 (rec. 07/22/48, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 3. "Yes, Indeedy" - (Betty Comden, Roger Edens, Adolph Green) - 3:16 (rec. 07/22/48, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch ) * 4. "O'Brien to Ryan to Goldberg" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 4:02 (rec. 07/23/48, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 5. "The Right Girl for Me" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 2:56 (rec. 08/12/48, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 6. "Boys and Girls Like You and Me" (Outtake) - (Oscar Hammerstein II, Richard Rodgers) - 3:26 (rec. 08/12/48, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 7. "It's Fate, Baby It's Fate" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 3:13 (rec. 08/12/48, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 8. "Strictly U.S.A." - (Edens) - 3:21 (rec. 10/15/48, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, Betty Garrett, Esther Williams, Dick Lane, Tommy Dugan, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) * 9. Finale : "Strictly U.S.A." - (Edens) - 2:19 (rec. 10/15/48, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, Betty Garrett, Esther Williams, Judy Matson, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Adolph Deutsch) From "On the Town" (MGM, 12/08/1949) * 10. "New York, New York" (full length version) - (Comden, Green) - 4:07 (rec. 05/03/49, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin Ralph Brewster, Charles Pavalato, Marvin Bailey, Bill Lee, Harry Stanton, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) * 11. "Come Up to My Place" - (Leonard Bernstein, Comden, Green) - 2:53 (rec. 03/03/49, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) * 12. "You're Awful" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 3:18 (rec. 03/24/49, Frank Sinatra, Betty Garrett, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) * 13. "Count on Me" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 3:33 (rec. 03/24/49, Frank Sinatra, Jules Munshin, Ann Miller, Betty Garrett, Alice Pearce, The M-G-M Studio Chorus, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) * 14. "Pearl of the Persian Sea" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 2:07 (rec. 03/24/49, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) * 15. "On the Town" - (Comden, Edens, Green) - 5:43 (rec. 03/23/49, Frank Sinatra, Gene Kelly, Jules Munshin, Ann Miller, Vera-Ellen, Betty Garrett, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Lennie Hayton) From "Double Dynamite" (RKO, 12/25/1951) * 16. "It's Only Money" (Ft. Groucho Marx) - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:31 (rec. 01/28/49, Frank Sinatra, Groucho Marx, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 17. "Kisses and Tears" (Ft. Jane Russel) - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:29 (rec. 12/2/48, Frank Sinatra, Jane Russell, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) * 18. Finale : "It's Only Money" (Ft. Groucho Marx & Jane Russel) - (Cahn, Styne) - 1:08 (rec. 01/31/49, Frank Sinatra, Groucho Marx, Jane Russell, The RKO Radio Studio Orchestra, Constantin Bakaleinikoff) From "Meet Danny Wilson" (UNIVERSAL, 04/01/1952) * 19. Promotional Spot for Meet Danny Wilson - 0:24 (rec. 1951, Frank Sinatra) * 20. "All of Me" - (Gerald Marks, Seymour Simons) - 1:31 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 21. "How Deep Is the Ocean?" - (Berlin) - 1:55 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 22. "You're a Sweetheart" - (Adamson, McHugh) - 2:21 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 23. "She's Funny That Way" (Edited version) - (Neil Moret, Richard A. Whiting) - 1:32 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), Manny Klein (Trumpet), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 24. "A Good Man Is Hard to Find" - (Eddie Green) - 2:58 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Shelley Winters, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 25. "Lonesome Man Blues" (Edited version) - (Sy Oliver) - 1:29 (rec. 06/21/51, Frank Sinatra, Danny Welton (Harmonica), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 26. "That Old Black Magic" - (Harold Arlen, Johnny Mercer) - 2:39 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 27. "I've Got a Crush on You" - (George Gershwin, Ira Gershwin) - 1:53 (rec. 07/11/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Ebonaires, The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) * 28. "When You're Smiling (The Whole World Smiles With You)" - (Mark Fisher, Joe Goodwin, Larry Shay) - 1:52 (rec. 06/13/51, Frank Sinatra, Ken Lane (Piano), The Universal Studio Orchestra, Joseph Gershenson) ### Disc four From "From Here to Eternity" (COLUMBIA, 08/05/1953) * 1. "From Here to Eternity"/"Re-Enlistment Blues" (Instrumental) - (Fred Karger, Robert Wells) - 2:54 (rec. 1953, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) * 2. Acceptance Speech for Receiving the "Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor" - 1:17 (rec. 03/25/54, Frank Sinatra) * 3. "From Here to Eternity" - (Karger, Wells) - 3:01 (rec. 05/02/53, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Three Coins in the Fountain" (20th CENTURY-FOX, 05/12/1954) * 4. Interview Discussing "Three Coins in The Fountain" & "Young At Heart" - 3:08 (rec. 05/06/54, Frank Sinatra, Louella Parsons) * 5. "Three Coins in the Fountain" (Capitol Records master) - (Cahn, Styne) - 3:04 (rec. 03/01/54, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Young at Heart" (WARNER BROS. 12/16/1954) * 6. "Young at Heart" (Capitol Records master) - (Carolyn Leigh, Johnny Richards) - 2:51 (rec. 12/09/53, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 7. "Someone to Watch Over Me" (Alternate Mix, w/orchestra) - (G. Gershwin, I. Gershwin) - 2:21 (rec. 07/12/54, Frank Sinatra, Bill Miller (Piano), The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Ray Heindorf) * 8. "Just One of Those Things" (w/Jazz Quartet) - (Porter) - 2:08 (rec. 07/13/54 & 07/14/54, Frank Sinatra, Bill Miller (Piano), Jazz Quartet) * 9. "One for My Baby (and One More for the Road)" (Piano, Vocal) - (Arlen, Mercer) - 3:40 (rec. 08/11/54, Frank Sinatra, Bill Miller (Piano)) * 10. "You, My Love" (Alternate Mix) - (Mack Gordon, Jimmy Van Heusen) - 2:13 (rec. 08/25/54, Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Ray Heindorf) From "Finian’s Rainbow" (Unreleased) (Distributors Corp. Of America, 1954) * 11. "Necessity" - (Harburg, Lane) - 2:42 (rec. 12/10/54, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 12. "Ad Lib Blues" (Ft. Louis Armstrong) - (Traditional) - 1:56 (rec. 11/20/54, Frank Sinatra, Louis Armstrong, Jazz Trio, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 13. "That Great Come-And-Get-It Day" - (Harburg, Lane) - 2:11 (rec. 11/20/54, Frank Sinatra, Children's Chorus, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 14. "Necessity" (Scat Version) - (Harburg, Lane) - 0:26 (rec. 12/10/54, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 15. "If This Isn't Love" - (Harburg, Lane) - 2:20 (rec. 12/09/54, Frank Sinatra, Children's Chorus, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 16. "Old Devil Moon" - (Harburg, Lane) - 8:00 (rec. 12/02/54, Frank Sinatra, Ella Logan, The Jazz All Stars (Red Norvo, Ray Brown, Herb Ellis, Oscar Peterson, Frank Flynn), Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 17. "Old Devil Moon" (Reprise) (Piano, Vocal) - (Harburg, Lane) - 0:24 (rec. 11/20/54, Frank Sinatra, Oscar Peterson (Piano)) * 18. "Necessity" (Ft. Ella Fitzgerald) - (Harburg, Lane) - 3:01 (rec. 11/20/54, Frank Sinatra, Ella Fitzgerald, The Oscar Peterson Trio, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) * 19. Finale:"How Are Things in Glocca Morra?" (Ft. Ella Logan) - (Harburg, Lane) - 1:00 (rec. 11/20/54, Frank Sinatra, Ella Logan, Chorus, Orchestra, Lynn Murray) From "Not as a Stranger" (UNITED ARTISTS, 06/28/1955) * 20. "Not as a Stranger" - (Buddy Kaye, Van Heusen) - 2:46 (rec. 03/04/55, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Guys and Dolls" (Samuel Goldwyn, 11/03/1955) * 21. "The Oldest Established (Permanent Floating Crap Game in New York)" - (Loesser) - 3:01 (rec. 03/01/55, Frank Sinatra, Stubby Kaye, Johnny Silver, Chorus, Orchestra, Jay Blackton) * 22. "Guys and Dolls" - (Loesser) - 3:28 (rec. 03/01/55, Frank Sinatra, Stubby Kaye, Johnny Silver, Orchestra, Jay Blackton) * 23. "Adelaide" - (Loesser) - 3:19 (rec. 03/11/55, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Jay Blackton) * 24. "Sue Me" - (Loesser) - 2:56 (rec. 03/09/55, Frank Sinatra, Vivian Blaine, Orchestra, Jay Blackton) From "The Tender Trap" (MGM, 11/04/1955) * 25. "(Love Is) The Tender Trap" (Main Title) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 3:09 (rec. 07/27/55, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Jeff Alexander) * 26. "(Love Is) The Tender Trap" (Piano, Vocal) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 3:10 (rec. 07/15/55, Frank Sinatra, Bill Miller (Piano)) * 27. "(Love Is) The Tender Trap" (End Title) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) -0:48 (rec. 07/27/55, Frank Sinatra, David Wayne, Celeste Holm, Debbie Reynolds, Betty Noyes, Barbara Allen, Dorothy McCarty, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Jeff Alexander) ### Disc five From "Carousel" (20th CENTURY-FOX, 02/16/1956) * 1. "Soliloquy" (Outtake) - (Hammerstein, Rodgers) - 8:25 (rec. 02/23/55, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Richard Jones) From "The Man with the Golden Arm" (UNITED ARTISTS, 01/1956) * 2. "The Man With the Golden Arm" - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 3:23 (rec. 10/31/55, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Johnny Concho" (UNITED ARTISTS, 07/1956) * 3. Johnny Concho Theme : "Wait For Me" - (Nelson Riddle, Dok Stanford) - 2:52 (rec. 04/05/56, Frank Sinatra, Loulie Jean Norman, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "High Society" (MGM, 07/17/1956) * 4. Promotional Spots for "High Society" - 1:16 (rec. 1956, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby) * 5. "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire?" (Alt. Mix) - (Porter) - 2:01 (rec. 01/20/56, Frank Sinatra, Celeste Holm, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 6. "You're Sensational" - (Porter) - 3:09 (rec. 01/20/56, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 7. "Well, Did You Evah!" (Ft. Bing Crosby) (Alt. Mix) - (Porter) - 3:39 (rec. 01/17/56, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) * 8. "Mind if I Make Love to You?" (Alt. Mix) - (Porter) - 2:17 (rec. 01/20/56, Frank Sinatra, The M-G-M Studio Orchestra, Johnny W. Green) From "The Joker is Wild" (PARAMOUNT, 10/1957) * 9. "All the Way" (Version 1) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 2:05 (rec. 10/03/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 10. "I Cried for You (Now It's Your Turn to Cry Over Me)" - (Gus Arnheim, Arthur Freed, Abe Lyman) - 1:35 (rec. 10/03/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 11. "If I Could Be With You (One Hour Tonight)" - (Henry Creamer, Turner Layton) - 1:17 (rec. 10/03/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 12. "At Sundown" - (Walter Donaldson) - 1:44 (rec. 10/03/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 13. "All the Way" (Version 2) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 2:09 (rec. 10/03/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 14. Medley: "Out of Nowhere"/"Swingin' on a Star" - (Johnny Green, Heyman)/(Johnny Burke, Van Heusen) - 1:45 (rec. 11/19/56 & 11/20/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 15. Medley: "Naturally"/"Ah, So Pure"/"Naturally" - (Harry Barris, Joseph McCarthy, Friedrich Van Flotow) - 1:56 (rec. 11/19/56 & 11/20/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 16. "All the Way" (Parody) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 1:09 (rec. 11/19/56 & 11/20/56, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Walter Scharf) * 17. "Chicago (That Toddlin' Town)" (Capitol Records master) - (Fred Fisher) - 2:13 (rec. 08/13/57, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Pal Joey" (COLUMBIA, 10/25/1957) * 18. Promotional Spots for "Pal Joey" (Kim Novak, Frank Sinatra) - 0:49 (rec. 1957, Frank Sinatra, Kim Novak) * 19. "I Didn't Know What Time It Was" - (Rodgers, Lorenz Hart) - 2:47 (rec. 05/23/57, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) * 20. "There's a Small Hotel" - (Rodgers, Hart) - 2:16 (rec. 06/14/57, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) * 21. "I Could Write a Book" - (Rodgers, Hart) - 2:17 (rec. 06/14/57, Frank Sinatra, Trudy Erwin, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) * 22. "The Lady is a Tramp" - (Rodgers, Hart) - 3:14 (rec. 05/23/57, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) * 23. "Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered" (Capitol Records master) - (Rodgers, Hart) - 3:39 (rec. 08/13/57, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 24. Finale: "Dream Sequence"/"What Do I Care for a Dame?"/"I Could Write a Book" - (George Duning) (Rodgers, Hart) - 5:57 (rec. 09/25/57, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Morris Stoloff) ### Disc six From "Kings Go Forth" (UNITED ARTISTS, 07/1958) * 1. "Monique" (Capitol Records master) - (Bernstein, Cahn) - 3:17 (rec. 05/29/58, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Felix Slatkin) From "Some Came Running" (MGM 12/18/1958) * 2. "To Love and Be Loved" (Capitol Records master) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 2:58 (rec. 10/15/58, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "A Hole in the Head" (UNITED ARTISTS, 07/15/1959) * 3. Promotional Spots for "A Hole in the Head" - 1:47 (rec. 1959, Frank Sinatra) * 4. "All My Tomorrows" (Capitol Records master) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 3:14 (rec. 12/29/58, Frank Sinatra, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 5. "High Hopes" (Ft. Eddie Hodges) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 2:11 (rec. 02/12/59, Frank Sinatra, Eddie Hodges, Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Can-Can" (20th CENTURY-FOX, 03/09/1960) * 6. Main Title: "Can-Can/Montmart’" - (Porter) 3:02 (rec. 09/01/59, Frank Sinatra, Maurice Chevalier, 20TH Century Fox Chorus, 20TH Century Fox Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 7. "I Love Paris" (full length version/outtake) - (Porter) 3:40 (rec. 10/13/59, Frank Sinatra, Maurice Chevalier, 20TH Century Fox Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 8. "C'est Magnifique" - (Porter) - 2:01 (rec. 08/27/59, Frank Sinatra, 20TH Century Fox Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 9. "Let's Do It (Let's Fall in Love)" (Ft. Shirley MacLaine) - (Porter) - 2:48 (rec. 09/22/59, Frank Sinatra, Shirley MacLaine, 20TH Century Fox Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 10. "It's All Right With Me" - (Porter) - 4:16 (rec. 08/27/59, Frank Sinatra, 20TH Century Fox Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Advise and Consent" (COLUMBIA, 06/06/1962) * 11. "Heart of Mine" (Alt. Mix, w/Orchestra) - (Jerry Fielding, Ned Washington) - 2:18 (rec. 09/18/61, Frank Sinatra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Jerry Fielding) From "Come Blow Your Horn" (PARAMOUNT, 06/05/1963) * 12. Promotional Spot for "Come Blow Your Horn" 0:58 (rec. 1963, Frank Sinatra) * 13. "Come Blow Your Horn" (Cahn, Van Heusen) 4:51 (rec. 10/25/62, Frank Sinatra, The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "The Victors" (COLUMBIA 12/1963) * 14. "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas" - (Ralph Blane, Hugh Martin) - 3:32 (rec. 07/16/63, Frank Sinatra, The Wally Stott Chorus, The Wally Stott Orchestra, The Columbia Pictures Orchestra, Gus Levene) From "Paris When It Sizzles" (PARAMOUNT, 04/1964) * 15. "The Girl Who Stole the Eiffel Tower" - (Richard Quine, Riddle) - 1:38 (rec. 03/13/63, Frank Sinatra, William Holden (Narration), The Paramount Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) From "Robin and the 7 Hoods" (WARNER BROS. 06/24/1964) * 16. "My Kind of Town (Chicago Is)" - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 2:58 (rec. 11/13/63, Frank Sinatra, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 17. "I Like to Lead When I Dance" (Reprise Records master) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 4:08 (rec. 04/08/64, Frank Sinatra, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 18. "Mister Booze" (Reprise Records master) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 5:17 (rec. 04/10/64, Frank Sinatra, Bing Crosby, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. The Warner Bros. Studio Chorus, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 19. "Style" (Alt. Mix) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 4:29 (rec. 12/03/63, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Bing Crosby, The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 20. Finale : "Don't Be a Do-Badder" - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 1:11 (rec. 10/18/63, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) * 21. Bonus : "Don't Be a Do-Badder" (Vocal Tracking Session) - (Cahn, Van Heusen) - 5:28 (rec. 10/18/63, Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Sammy Davis Jr. The Warner Bros. Studio Orchestra, Nelson Riddle) Credits ------- Produced by Charles L. Granata & Didier C. Deutsch. Grammy-Nominated Liner Notes by Will Friedwald, with Granata, Deutsch, Leonard Maltin and Scott Allen Nollen.
Concept in mathematics or computer science For bound variables in computer programming, see Name binding. For free variables in systems of linear equations, see Free variables (system of linear equations). "Free variable" redirects here. Not to be confused with Free parameter or Dummy variable (statistics). In mathematics, and in other disciplines involving formal languages, including mathematical logic and computer science, a variable may be said to be either free or bound. A free variable is a notation (symbol) that specifies places in an expression where substitution may take place and is not a parameter of this or any container expression. Some older books use the terms real variable and apparent variable for free variable and bound variable, respectively. The idea is related to a placeholder (a symbol that will later be replaced by some value), or a wildcard character that stands for an unspecified symbol. In computer programming, the term free variable refers to variables used in a function that are neither local variables nor parameters of that function. The term non-local variable is often a synonym in this context. An instance of a variable symbol is bound, in contrast, if the value of that variable symbol has been bound to a specific value or range of values in the domain of discourse or universe. This may be achieved through the use of logical quantifiers, variable-binding operators, or an explicit statement of allowed values for the variable (such as, "...where {\displaystyle n} is a positive integer".) A variable symbol overall is bound if at least one occurrence of it is bound.pp.142--143 Since the same variable symbol may appear in multiple places in an expression, some occurrences of the variable symbol may be free while others are bound,p.78 hence "free" and "bound" are at first defined for occurrences and then generalized over all occurrences of said variable symbol in the expression. However it is done, the variable ceases to be an independent variable on which the value of the expression depends, whether that value be a truth value or the numerical result of a calculation, or, more generally, an element of an image set of a function. While the domain of discourse in many contexts is understood, when an explicit range of values for the bound variable has not been given, it may be necessary to specify the domain in order to properly evaluate the expression. For example, consider the following expression in which both variables are bound by logical quantifiers: {\displaystyle \forall y\,\exists x\,\left(x={\sqrt {y}}\right).} This expression evaluates to false if the domain of {\displaystyle x} and {\displaystyle y} is the real numbers, but true if the domain is the complex numbers. The term "dummy variable" is also sometimes used for a bound variable (more commonly in general mathematics than in computer science), but this should not be confused with the identically named but unrelated concept of dummy variable as used in statistics, most commonly in regression analysis. Examples -------- Before stating a precise definition of free variable and bound variable, the following are some examples that perhaps make these two concepts clearer than the definition would: In the expression {\displaystyle \sum \_{k=1}^{10}f(k,n),} n is a free variable and k is a bound variable; consequently the value of this expression depends on the value of n, but there is nothing called k on which it could depend. In the expression {\displaystyle \int \_{0}^{\infty }x^{y-1}e^{-x}\,dx,} y is a free variable and x is a bound variable; consequently the value of this expression depends on the value of y, but there is nothing called x on which it could depend. In the expression {\displaystyle \lim \_{h\rightarrow 0}{\frac {f(x+h)-f(x)}{h}},} x is a free variable and h is a bound variable; consequently the value of this expression depends on the value of x, but there is nothing called h on which it could depend. In the expression {\displaystyle \forall x\ \exists y\ {\Big [}\varphi (x,y,z){\Big ]},} z is a free variable and x and y are bound variables, associated with logical quantifiers; consequently the logical value of this expression depends on the value of z, but there is nothing called x or y on which it could depend. More widely, in most proofs, bound variables are used. For example, the following proof shows that all squares of positive even integers are divisible by {\displaystyle 4} Let {\displaystyle n} be a positive even integer. Then there is an integer {\displaystyle k} such that {\displaystyle n=2k}. Since {\displaystyle n^{2}=4k^{2}}, we have {\displaystyle n^{2}} divisible by {\displaystyle 4} not only k but also n have been used as bound variables as a whole in the proof. ### Variable-binding operators The following {\displaystyle \sum \_{x\in S}\quad \quad \prod \_{x\in S}\quad \quad \int \_{0}^{\infty }\cdots \,dx\quad \quad \lim \_{x\to 0}\quad \quad \forall x\quad \quad \exists x} are some common variable-binding operators. Each of them binds the variable x for some set S. Many of these are operators which act on functions of the bound variable. In more complicated contexts, such notations can become awkward and confusing. It can be useful to switch to notations which make the binding explicit, such as {\displaystyle \sum \_{1,\ldots ,10}\left(k\mapsto f(k,n)\right)} for sums or {\displaystyle D\left(x\mapsto x^{2}+2x+1\right)} for differentiation. Formal explanation ------------------ Tree summarizing the syntax of the expression {\displaystyle \forall x\,((\exists y\,A(x))\vee B(z))} Variable-binding mechanisms occur in different contexts in mathematics, logic and computer science. In all cases, however, they are purely syntactic properties of expressions and variables in them. For this section we can summarize syntax by identifying an expression with a tree whose leaf nodes are variables, constants, function constants or predicate constants and whose non-leaf nodes are logical operators. This expression can then be determined by doing an inorder traversal of the tree. Variable-binding operators are logical operators that occur in almost every formal language. A binding operator Q takes two arguments: a variable v and an expression P, and when applied to its arguments produces a new expression Q(v, P). The meaning of binding operators is supplied by the semantics of the language and does not concern us here. Variable binding relates three things: a variable v, a location a for that variable in an expression and a non-leaf node n of the form Q(v, P). Note: we define a location in an expression as a leaf node in the syntax tree. Variable binding occurs when that location is below the node n. In the lambda calculus, `x` is a bound variable in the term `M = λx. T` and a free variable in the term `T`. We say `x` is bound in `M` and free in `T`. If `T` contains a subterm `λx. U` then `x` is rebound in this term. This nested, inner binding of `x` is said to "shadow" the outer binding. Occurrences of `x` in `U` are free occurrences of the new `x`. Variables bound at the top level of a program are technically free variables within the terms to which they are bound but are often treated specially because they can be compiled as fixed addresses. Similarly, an identifier bound to a recursive function is also technically a free variable within its own body but is treated specially. A closed term is one containing no free variables. ### Function expressions To give an example from mathematics, consider an expression which defines a function {\displaystyle f=\left[(x\_{1},\ldots ,x\_{n})\mapsto t\right]} where t is an expression. t may contain some, all or none of the x1, …, xn and it may contain other variables. In this case we say that function definition binds the variables x1, …, xn. In this manner, function definition expressions of the kind shown above can be thought of as the variable binding operator, analogous to the lambda expressions of lambda calculus. Other binding operators, like the summation sign, can be thought of as higher-order functions applying to a function. So, for example, the expression {\displaystyle \sum \_{x\in S}{x^{2}}} could be treated as a notation for {\displaystyle \sum \_{S}{(x\mapsto x^{2})}} where {\displaystyle \sum \_{S}{f}} is an operator with two parameters—a one-parameter function, and a set to evaluate that function over. The other operators listed above can be expressed in similar ways; for example, the universal quantifier {\displaystyle \forall x\in S\ P(x)} can be thought of as an operator that evaluates to the logical conjunction of the Boolean-valued function P applied over the (possibly infinite) set S. Natural language ---------------- When analyzed in formal semantics, natural languages can be seen to have free and bound variables. In English, personal pronouns like he, she, they, etc. can act as free variables. Lisa found her* book.* In the sentence above, the possessive pronoun her is a free variable. It may refer to the previously mentioned Lisa or to any other female. In other words, her book could be referring to Lisa's book (an instance of coreference) or to a book that belongs to a different female (e.g. Jane's book). Whoever the referent of her is can be established according to the situational (i.e. pragmatic) context. The identity of the referent can be shown using coindexing subscripts where i indicates one referent and j indicates a second referent (different from i). Thus, the sentence Lisa found her book has the following interpretations: Lisai* found heri book.* (interpretation #1: her = of Lisa) Lisai* found herj book.* (interpretation #2: her = of a female that is not Lisa) The distinction is not purely of academic interest, as some languages do actually have different forms for heri** and herj*: for example, Norwegian and Swedish translate coreferent heri* as sin and noncoreferent herj** as hennes. English does allow specifying coreference, but it is optional, as both interpretations of the previous example are valid (the ungrammatical interpretation is indicated with an asterisk): Lisai* found heri own book.* (interpretation #1: her = of Lisa) \Lisai found herj** own book.* (interpretation #2: her = of a female that is not Lisa) However, reflexive pronouns, such as himself, herself, themselves, etc. and reciprocal pronouns, such as each other, act as bound variables. In a sentence like the following: Jane hurt herself. the reflexive herself can only refer to the previously mentioned antecedent, in this case Jane, and can never refer to a different female person. In this example, the variable herself is bound to the noun Jane that occurs in subject position. Indicating the coindexation, the first interpretation with Jane and herself coindexed is permissible, but the other interpretation where they are not coindexed is ungrammatical: Janei* hurt herselfi.* (interpretation #1: herself = Jane) \Janei hurt herselfj*. (interpretation #2: herself = a female that is not Jane) The coreference binding can be represented using a lambda expression as mentioned in the previous Formal explanation section. The sentence with the reflexive could be represented as (λx.x hurt x)Jane in which Jane is the subject referent argument and λx.x hurt x is the predicate function (a lambda abstraction) with the lambda notation and x indicating both the semantic subject and the semantic object of sentence as being bound. This returns the semantic interpretation JANE hurt JANE with JANE being the same person. Pronouns can also behave in a different way. In the sentence below Ashley hit her. the pronoun her can only refer to a female that is not Ashley. This means that it can never have a reflexive meaning equivalent to Ashley hit herself. The grammatical and ungrammatical interpretations are: \Ashleyi hit heri*. (interpretation #1: her = Ashley) Ashleyi* hit herj.* (interpretation #2: her = a female that is not Ashley) The first interpretation is impossible. Only the second interpretation is permitted by the grammar. Thus, it can be seen that reflexives and reciprocals are bound variables (known technically as anaphors) while true pronouns are free variables in some grammatical structures but variables that cannot be bound in other grammatical structures. The binding phenomena found in natural languages was particularly important to the syntactic government and binding theory (see also: Binding (linguistics)). Further reading --------------- * Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre, eds. (2008). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. pp. 15–16. doi:10.1515/9781400830398. ISBN 978-0-691-11880-2. JSTOR j.ctt7sd01. LCCN 2008020450. MR 2467561. OCLC 227205932. OL 19327100M. Zbl 1242.00016. \| * v * t * e Calculus \| \| --- \| \| Precalculus \| * Binomial theorem * Concave function * Continuous function * Factorial * Finite difference * Free variables and bound variables * Graph of a function * Linear function * Radian * Rolle's theorem * Secant * Slope * Tangent \| \| Limits \| * Indeterminate form * Limit of a function + One-sided limit * Limit of a sequence * Order of approximation * (ε, δ)-definition of limit \| \| Differential calculus \| * Derivative * Second derivative * Partial derivative * Differential * Differential operator * Mean value theorem * Notation + Leibniz's notation + Newton's notation * Rules of differentiation + linearity + Power + Sum + Chain + L'Hôpital's + Product - General Leibniz's rule + Quotient * Other techniques + Implicit differentiation + Inverse functions and differentiation + Logarithmic derivative + Related rates * Stationary points + First derivative test + Second derivative test + Extreme value theorem + Maximum and minimum * Further applications + Newton's method + Taylor's theorem * Differential equation + Ordinary differential equation + Partial differential equation + Stochastic differential equation \| \| Integral calculus \| * Antiderivative * Arc length * Riemann integral * Basic properties * Constant of integration * Fundamental theorem of calculus + Differentiating under the integral sign * Integration by parts * Integration by substitution + trigonometric + Euler + Tangent half-angle substitution * Partial fractions in integration + Quadratic integral * Trapezoidal rule * Volumes + Washer method + Shell method * Integral equation * Integro-differential equation \| \| Vector calculus \| * Derivatives + Curl + Directional derivative + Divergence + Gradient + Laplacian * Basic theorems + Line integrals + Green's + Stokes' + Gauss' \| \| Multivariable calculus \| * Divergence theorem * Geometric * Hessian matrix * Jacobian matrix and determinant * Lagrange multiplier * Line integral * Matrix * Multiple integral * Partial derivative * Surface integral * Volume integral * Advanced topics + Differential forms + Exterior derivative + Generalized Stokes' theorem + Tensor calculus \| \| Sequences and series \| * Arithmetico-geometric sequence * Types of series + Alternating + Binomial + Fourier + Geometric + Harmonic + Infinite + Power - Maclaurin - Taylor + Telescoping * Tests of convergence + Abel's + Alternating series + Cauchy condensation + Direct comparison + Dirichlet's + Integral + Limit comparison + Ratio + Root + Term \| \| Special functionsand numbers \| * Bernoulli numbers * e (mathematical constant) * Exponential function * Natural logarithm * Stirling's approximation \| \| History of calculus \| * Adequality * Brook Taylor * Colin Maclaurin * Generality of algebra * Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz * Infinitesimal * Infinitesimal calculus * Isaac Newton * Fluxion * Law of Continuity * Leonhard Euler * Method of Fluxions * The Method of Mechanical Theorems \| \| Lists \| * Differentiation rules * List of integrals of exponential functions * List of integrals of hyperbolic functions * List of integrals of inverse hyperbolic functions * List of integrals of inverse trigonometric functions * List of integrals of irrational functions * List of integrals of logarithmic functions * List of integrals of rational functions * List of integrals of trigonometric functions + Secant + Secant cubed * List of limits * Lists of integrals \| \| Miscellaneous topics \| * Complex calculus + Contour integral * Differential geometry + Manifold + Curvature + of curves + of surfaces + Tensor * Euler–Maclaurin formula * Gabriel's horn * Integration Bee * Proof that 22/7 exceeds π * Regiomontanus' angle maximization problem * Steinmetz solid \|
Subculture Against the background of various internal fashion trends, the color black is the core element of the self-promoting and individualistic concept of the dark scene. Dark culture (German Schwarze Szene; Portuguese cultura obscura; Spanish escena oscura; Italian scena Dark or scena gotica), also called dark alternative scene, includes goth and dark wave culture, the dark neoclassical/dark ambient scene, parts of the post-industrial scene (with the genres electro-industrial, EBM, aggrotech and dark electro) parts of neofolk and the early gothic metal scene. Dark culture's origin lies in followers of dark wave and independent music, but over the decades it has developed to a social network held together by a common concept of aesthetics, self-representation, and individualism. The musical preferences of the dark scene are characterized by a mix of styles ranging from futurism, electropop, early music, (neo-) classical, and folk music to punk rock, rock, techno and ambient music. Overview -------- Dark culture has historically been used as an umbrella term to describe several subcultures, only emerging as its own movement in the late 1980s. Dark culture includes goth and dark wave culture, electro subculture and parts of the neofolk and post-industrial subcultures. Sometimes referred to as 'dark alternative scene', the term is rarely used in the English language, despite its significance in shaping several other movements and subcultures that emerged throughout history. In this context, the "culture" should not be understood as closed subculture, but as a social environment, consisting of people with similar preferences. Dark culture is regarded as a community defined by common interests such as art, fashion, philosophy, and arguably most significantly, by music. Originating from the shared appreciation of dark wave and independent music, the term now collectively used as 'dark music', dark culture emerged to represent a group of people who define themselves through internal symbols and alternate forms of media. In the 21st century, the culture is appreciated as a heterogeneous collection of different subcultural currents, without being tied to a particular style of music, associated thinking, behavior, or dress code, despite most members sharing similar interests of such due to its emergence from the dark scene. The scene is not a musically or aesthetically closed and homogeneous group but rather it is composed of many different currents, some of which may be diametrically opposed in their musical or fashion ideals. The anchor that holds all elements of dark culture together can be viewed as the color black with all its associated symbolism. It is seen as an expression of seriousness, darkness and mysticism, but also of hopelessness and emptiness, melancholy, as well as its association with mourning and death. The dark scene is a community which defines itself through the characteristic fashions of the different currents, as well as through its media and meeting places, especially events and dance clubs. History ------- Although the significant movement of 'dark culture' only emerged in the late 1980s, a deeper history exists that inspired this movement dating back to the 1600s during the emergence of witchcraft and witches in Early Modern Europe, as well as the influence from Victorian iconographies. The origin of the term 'dark culture' initially appeared in Berlin, its use slowly emerging in more magazines and reports, finally becoming a widely-used term in the 1990s. The term was used initially to target a specific group of magazine readers who shared similar interests in the dark scene, the magazine Zillo considered the most important media platform for dark culture and was at the forefront of anchoring the term 'dark culture' into modern language. Mostly used as a generic term for all sub-scenes and trends in the black scene, nowadays the term is preferred by a large number of scene followers. By 2010, it can be said that the term had properly established itself, particularly in sociology and youth culture research. Due to its emergence in Germany, an assessment was done to conduct the size of German dark culture in 2004, resulting in an estimation of around 50,000 to 100,000 members of people, this number later re-confirmed in 2010. This number has since grown and spreads internationally by the day, members of dark culture forming in many countries around the world. Elements of dark culture ------------------------ The broad spectrum of dark culture has many elements that comprise the movement's general description. Music, the colour black, and fashion can be viewed as the main features of dark culture and are a few of the characteristics that allow for individual expression within the movement itself. The element of religion has been historically scrutinised as a signifier of dark culture, however many members of the scene attribute occultist ways of thinking to religious beliefs. ### Music The Italian dark culture wave band Dark Door at the Nocturnal Culture Night 12 2017 in Deutzen/Germany. Dark culture is divided into different currents, some of which are in stark contrast to one another in their musical and fashion ideas. The musical preferences of the different supporters of the black scene are characterized by a style mix that covers a broad spectrum from avant-garde to electronic pop music, early music, neo-classical and folk to punk rock, techno and ambient. The term dark music is preferred in the social and cultural studies of music within dark culture, used as a collective term for the entirety of the music received in this scene. Alternate dark waves of music includes darkcore, dark ambient, dark cabaret, dark folk, dark psytrance, and dark wave music which is part of the new wave movement. Due to its internationally recognized events and the high proportion of music produced in Germany, the German subculture is perceived as outstanding and special. Much of dark culture's foundations can be attributed to beginning in Germany, where the movement is celebrated by many, particularly visible in the element of music. Throughout Germany, dark music is very popular and each year the country hosts a number of festivals that celebrate this musical genre. 'Wave-Gotik-Treffen' is an annual festival held in Leipzig, Germany, which honours 'dark music' and 'dark culture', attracting between 18,000 - 20,000 attendees each year. The event is one of the largest worldwide celebrations of the gothic, cybergoth, steampunk, and rivethead subcultures, hosting up to 200 alternate bands each year. ### The colour black The colour black within dark culture can be noted as the lowest common denominator in recognizing features of this movement. Black is a central part of communication within dark culture, symbolizing and representing a vast spectrum of elements this scene represents, within emotion, fashion, music, and general behavior. Among other things, it is a visual expression of feelings surrounding hopelessness, melancholy, darkness, and is moreover most significantly used as a reference towards grief and death. ### Fashion In addition to the color black, aesthetic awareness and a theme of individuality has been at the center of dark culture. These factors require a constant individual self-presentation against the background of what can be considered as 'the norm'. Thus, the main points of social demarcation are stylistic and visually aesthetic, whereby the fashion and style becomes the core content of self-expression. Since its emergence, dark culture has differentiated a range of sub-scenes, resulting in a variation of emerging styles, all independent however in close similarity to a general 'gothic style'. The different currents of dark culture often intrinsically influenced one another throughout the gradual development of the movement. While there were always dominant style elements in the different time periods in which dark culture has existed, these were often combined with other current or past styles, however all generally corresponding to a typical 'gothic style' which has existed for many years and can be dated back to styles existing during the Victorian era. Despite the deep rooting in the history of dark culture's fashion, the evolution of stylistic elements and their fluid nature means that the scene cannot be reduced to a certain appearance. A general similarity can only be determined in the dominance of the color black, the general appearance of dark culture usually corresponding to a mixed form of different stylistic elements. Common accessory worn by members of dark culture: a backpack in the shape of a coffin The colour black and the rise of consciousness surrounding aesthetics and visual self expression have been developed through the stylistic elements that dark culture represents. Although the fashion of the movement cannot be narrowed down to one particular style, there are notable common aesthetic choices made by members of the scene. Body jewelry such as piercings and tattoos are just as common as clothing in the realm of self-expression in dark culture. Jewelry is mostly worn in silver and steel and often include animal symbols in the form of spiders, snakes and scorpions as well as religious and mythological symbols. Furthermore, alternate materials that are generally seen as more 'alternate' fashion choices are enjoyed by dark culture designers such as leather, mesh and velvet. Articles of clothing that are also seen as more androgynous are common within the scene, such as men's skirts and more masculine fits of clothing worn by females to challenge societal gender norms. ### Religion Religion as an element of dark culture has been viewed by many in the scene as an abstract topic that is constantly critically questioned. The concept of death which stands as a main theme within dark culture, as well as the human emotion in dealing with mourning is considered by some members of the movement to be relative to religious content. Throughout recent years, the attention to the topic of faith has been attributed to humanity's continuation in attaining the meaning behind the concept of being, which has been seen as especially prevalent within youth. This engagement with finding a higher power of meaning in life, specifically within religion, although not directly relative, has been considered by some to be a leading element of what dark culture represents. In the scene, religious rituals and ceremonies have been explored yet are not engrained in the foundations of what dark culture was bred from. Despite this, the theoretical and practical preoccupation with occultism and esotericism has always been a permanent part of dark culture, and in some ways can be attributed to religious movements and ways of thinking. Gothic subculture ----------------- Main article: Goth subculture Although the term dark culture has been used in scene media and the press since the 1990s, the misleading title Gothic, referring to a sub-flow of the scene, is wrongly used to describe elements specifically linked to dark culture. Since circa 2004, term 'Gothic' has been used by non-members of the dark scene to wrongly title members of dark culture, leading to much confusion and controversy regarding all sub-cultures and sub-flows of dark culture. The Gothic subculture is specifically linked to the post-punk and wave movement within music, and thus only represents a small portion of the large spectrum of dark culture, despite Gothicism being used as an overarching term to name all members of the dark scene. Due to this, the use of gothic subculture as a term has sparked controversy within dark culture, most notable in the music press industry and international use of the term, such misuse rooted in confusion and lack of knowledge of the subcultures and their differentiating elements. Events ------ Dark Malta Festival 2019. Event held in Southern Europe that offers international gothic/metal/industrial bands. Throughout history, highly significant events have evolved in the celebration and acknowledgement of movements surrounding dark culture. A significant event is World Goth Day, which originated in the United Kingdom in 2009; held on 22 May, its observance has spread internationally. Aspects of dark culture's fashion, music, and art are celebrated on this day and combine to honour the history of this movement and the inclusivity and dark expression that it represents. Events that celebrate the movement include festivals, such as Blackfield, Castle Rock, and Dark Dance which all focus exclusively on interpretations of dark culture. Other events that are not specifically attributed to the celebration of dark culture, however, feature dark music artists and bands include Amphi festival, Dark Malta festival, Secret Garden festival, and Zita rock festival.
Economic think-tank and a business information company in Mumbai, India The Centre for Monitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) is an independent private limited entity that serves both as an economic think-tank as well as a business information company. CMIE research group has built databases on the Indian economy and private companies. CMIE provides this information in the form of databases and research reports via a subscription-based business model. It is headquartered in Mumbai, with additional offices in India. History ------- CMIE was founded by Narottam Shah on 13 April 1976. It began as an information organisation cum Think Tank that helped the business community gain access to economic data and to understand the underlying trends. The company ran a service called Economic Intelligence Service which delivered a set of documents every 5th of the month. Economic Intelligence Service delivered mostly statistics from hundreds of official documents. It presented these with useful pithy observations of the trends which reflected Shah's studious understanding of the Indian economy. The service included a Monthly Review of the Indian Economy and reference volumes such as Basic Statistics Relating to Indian Economy I & II and Key Financial Data of Larger Business Units and special occasional documents such as Profiles of Districts and Shape of Things to Come. The service was famous for punctuality and reliability. Narottam Shah died on 23 March 1984 Eventually, the Economic Intelligence Service was phased out. But, CMIE continues to retain two main characteristics of Shah's CMIE – delivering long normalised time-series data and always being updated with the latest available data in its new deliveries.[] Prof D T Lakdawala, Narottam Shah's Ph D guide took over as Director of CMIE after the sudden death of Shah. CMIE started undergoing a gradual change in the early 1990s. It had transformed itself into a private limited company owned entirely by the immediate family members of Shah. The company continues to be a family owned enterprise with shares held entirely by the four children of Narottam Shah. Narottam Shah's son, Ajay Shah, an IIT-B alumni and a Ph D in economics from USC, LA took over the Directorship of CMIE in the early to mid-1990s. After a few years at CMIE he moved on to a career in academics and public policy work in IGIDR and then Ministry of Finance. Mahesh Vyas took over as managing director and CEO of CMIE in 1996.[] In the 1990s, CMIE transformed itself into a database services company. The foundations of creating database were established by Narottam Shah in 1984 just before his death. Ajay Shah played a pivotal role in strengthening that foundation. CMIE became an early user of UNIX-based systems, an early adopter of internet connectivity in the late 1980s / early 1990s thanks to his efforts and his connections with IIT-B. Ajay Shah continues to be on the board of CMIE. But, he has not been involved in the day-to-day management of the company since he left the company in 1996. CMIE has evolved substantially since those early days, under the directorship of Mahesh Vyas. It is currently headed by Mahesh Vyas. Research focus -------------- CMIE's focuses on the Indian economy, industries, states, agriculture, foreign exchange, and businesses, as well as global economies. National accounts figures, public finance statistics, money controls, and balance of payments statistics are all included in the firm's macroeconomic database. Market beacon is a database of macroeconomic time series, and International economics is a database of macroeconomic time series data on individual countries. Industry analysis is provided by the firms' sectoral services, which covers the manufacturing and service sectors. Its monthly state-level overview examines recent economic developments in each state, including agriculture, public distribution, infrastructure, electricity, manufacturing, investments, rates, tourism, and public finance. Competitor monitoring, analytical company reports, content delivery, spot commodity price polling, and the collection of industry statistics are also offered. According to CMIE, India has never tracked and published monthly, quarterly or yearly employment and unemployment data for its people. This may have been a political convenience, states Mahesh Vyas, as "no measurements means there are no [political] arguments" about unemployment in India. CMIE, a non-government private entity, started to survey and publish monthly unemployment data for the first time in Indian history in 2016. Its data collection methodology and reports differ from those published by the NSSO. Primary and secondary databases ------------------------------- In the late 1980s, CMIE started building proprietary primary databases. It began with a database of the performance of enterprises operating in India. The foundation of this effort was laid by Narottam Shah. But, the operations scaled up substantially in the 1990s as the business databases industry grew rapidly and became intensely competitive. Market forces shook CMIE's hitherto monopolistic pace. CMIE's first foray into offering its enterprises database – CIMM (Corporate Information on Magnetic Media) in the late 1980s was quickly beaten by competition in the early 1990s. CMIE relaunched the database in the late 1990s, re-christened as Prowess and regained a leadership in a highly fragmented market for databases on enterprises. Prowess contains data on the financial performance of companies for over fifty thousand companies. Prowess is a database base of the profit and loss statements, balance sheet, financial ratios, shareholding pattern, board of directors, equity prices and total returns and other market-based ratios. Prowess is a standardised database with trace-back to original values and has a long time-series from 1990. Prowess is the largest database of standardised information and with the longest time-series. The database is delivered in the form of multiple services. ProwessIQ is a querying packaging of the data, PACE is for credit evaluation and ProwessDX is for research applications. The second proprietary database from CMIE is CapEx which tracks the life cycle of new investment projects from their announcement through their conclusion. CapEx was launched in 1997 but has its antecedents in CMIE's Shape of Things to Come compilation created by DJ Unakar in the 1970s. CMIE started work on creating a database of the wellbeing of households in 2006. The sample, execution machinery and delivery were completely revamped in 2012 and 2013. The work, Consumer Pyramids Household Survey (CPHS), is India's largest panel survey of households. The sample size is 176,600 households. The full sample is surveyed in Waves lasting 4 months each. This is a continuous household survey since January 2014. CMIE had conducted 22 Waves since then, as of June 2021. CPHS collects data on household member details such as age, gender, religion, caste, education, occupation, employment status, financial inclusion and income. For the household as a whole it collects data on household income, consumption expenditure, amenities and ownership of assets. CPHS is the brainchild of Mahesh Vyas. CMIE makes the anonymised unit level data from CPHS available to researchers. CMIE's primary databases have focused on the demand side of the Indian economy. CMIE has built very very long time-series based on official data. These can be classified as its secondary databases. These are built by drawing upon data presented periodically by the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, by economic ministries, RBI, stock exchanges and other credible and reliable sources. The secondary databases also include derivative databases from CMIE's own primary databases. Aggregates from Prowess, CapEx and CPHS. Collectively, perhaps, CMIE is the largest depository of data on the World economy in India. []
Hawaiian judge Jonah Kapena (died March 12, 1868), also spelled Iona Kapena, was a royal advisor and statesman in the Kingdom of Hawaii who helped draft the 1840 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii. In addition to his legislative career as a member of the House of Nobles, he also served as a judge and became an assistant judge of Hawaii's first Supreme Court. Early life ---------- Nothing is known of Kapena's early life except that he was born into a family from the lesser strata of Hawaiian nobility, subordinate to the high chiefs or aliʻi nui. In 1831, he became a member of the first class of the Lahainaluna Seminary under American missionary Lorrin Andrews, the school's first principal. His classmates included historian David Malo and Samuel Kamakau and politicians Boaz Mahune and Timothy Haʻalilio. He graduated in 1835 after four years in the school. Political career ---------------- Kapena became the secretary and advisor of Kīnaʻu, the Kuhina Nui, and represented her in the drafting of Hawaii's first constitution. Many graduates of Lahainaluna became politicians or advisors in the court of King Kamehameha III. Kapena became the secretary and advisor to Kīnaʻu, the Kuhina Nui (an office similar to that of a prime minister or co-regent), and represented her in the drafting of Hawaii's first constitution and declaration of rights. In an effort to establish a stable government against colonial ambitions, King Kamehameha III, the Kuhina Nui and the council of chiefs sought to make Hawaii a constitutional monarchy. Kapena and Boaz Mahune (representing the King) assisted American missionary William Richards in the endeavor of drafting this document. Mahune and the graduates at Lahainaluna were chiefly credited with drafting the Declaration of Rights of 1839 in the contemporary newspaper The Polynesian. However, research by Hawaiian historian Jon Kamakawiwoʻole Osorio credits Richards as the actual author of the Declaration and the majority of the later 1840 Constitution while Mahune and Kapena were only assistants. The 1840 constitution codified the existing political structure of the kingdom and created the Hawaiian Supreme Court and the Legislature of Hawaii. Kapena worked as a governmental clerk during the 1841 session of the Legislature Assembly at Lahaina, the capital at the time. This session was the first time that the King and his nobles had met as a governing body since the ratification of the Constitution in 1840. He served as a clerk to the legislature again in 1843 with George Luther Kapeau, and then with William Richards during the 1845 session. In 1842, Kapena was elected by the legislature to serve as one of the four Assistant Judges of the Supreme Court of Hawaii. This court was the first formed in the Kingdom of Hawaii between 1842 and 1848, and was headed by King Kamehameha III and Kuhina Nui Kekāuluohi, and by Keoni Ana after Kekāuluohi's death. The four judges appointed in 1842 were not Associate Justices (like individuals appointed after 1848) but served the same capacity as assistant to the Chief Justice, i.e. the King. Kapena sat as a judge from 1842 to 1848, when the body was reformed under Chief Justice William Little Lee. In 1845, Kapena was also appointed an official member of the House of Nobles. In order to replace the diminishing number of aliʻi nui, it was decided by the existing members of the House of Nobles on April 2, 1845 to vote into the council lower ranking chiefs who were "men of learning" and elevate their chiefly statuses. Kapena was among the first group of six lesser chiefs chosen. As a member of the House of Nobles, Kapena would go on to serve in multiple legislative sessions between 1850 and 1866. Kapena was also later appointed Circuit Judge for Oahu. His obituary said that in this office he "gave satisfaction to all." After the accession of King Kamehameha V in 1864, Kapena was also appointed as a member of the Privy Council of State, an advisory council for the monarch. Personal life ------------- In addition to his political positions, Kapena worked as a newspaper editor. He wrote in one of the kingdom's first Hawaiian language newspapers, the Ka Nonanona (which ran from 1841 to 1845), and later became the editor of the, Ke Au Okoa (which ran from 1865 to 1873). In 1870, his hānai son John Mākini Kapena became its editor until it merged with Ka Nupepa Kuokoa, and became Ka Nupepa Kuokoa Me Ke Au Okoa I Huiia in 1873. Kapena married Kahilipulu on September 2, 1846, in Honolulu, Oʻahu. Kapena was also married to a sister of Joshua Kekaulahao. She died before 1858. Kapena led the procession at the funeral of all six of her family members including her two brothers, nephew, cousin and father. It is not known if these two pieces of information refer to the same person. Nothing beyond that is known about Kapena's marital status. In the Hawaiian tradition of hānai (a form of informal adoption), he adopted his nephew John Mākini Kapena (1843–1887), the only son of Mākini and Nāʻawa, a relative of King Kalākaua. John Kapena went on to become an important government minister under the reign of Kalākaua in the 1870s. The younger Kapena also married Emma Aʻalailoa Malo (1846–1886), the only daughter of David Malo, the elder Kapena's Lahainaluna classmate. Death and burial ---------------- Grave marker for Kapena in the Kawaiahaʻo Cemetery The Kapena family plot in the Kawaiahaʻo Cemetery On March 12, 1868, Kapena died in Honolulu at his residence in the Nuuanu Valley. Kapena had become an invalid in the last years of his life which prevented him from performing any governmental duties. In 1868, the Hawaiian Gazette wrote of Kapena's legacy; > Judge Kapena, the last rites to whose memory, have just been performed, was a man whose character stood unblemished in this nation, and whose abilities, in the various positions of life, by him occupied, were conspicuous. In his official and social relation he was admired and beloved by the Hawaiian people. and his good name will be cherished not only by his family, but by a large circle of friends. > > His funeral at Kawaiahaʻo Church was attended by friends, family, members of the Legislature, and the Chamberlain, who represented the King. The church was packed with mourners. The funeral service was conducted by Henry H. Parker, a reverend of Kawaiahaʻo Church, with assistance from George Washington Pilipō of Kaumakapili Church. Parker's discourse, which was in Hawaiian, gave a brief sketch of Kapena's life, and held him up as an example for his countrymen to follow. After the service, Kapena's coffin was placed in a newly constructed tomb or vault in the churchyard. His grave marker reads "Kupuna Kapena 1868." John Mākini Kapena and his wife Emma Aʻalailoa Malo Kapena were also buried in the Kapena family plot. Other relatives interred there include Umiuimi, David Kalu and Kahoihoi Pahu. Bibliography ------------ * Bingham, Hiram (1855). A Residence of Twenty-one Years in the Sandwich Islands (Third ed.). Canandaigua, NY: H. D. Goodwin. OCLC 7294318. * Frear, Walter F. (1894). "Evolution of the Hawaiian Judiciary". Papers of the Hawaiian Historical Society. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society (7): 1–25. hdl:10524/966. * Lydecker, Robert Colfax, ed. (1918). Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette Company. OCLC 60737418. * Hawaii (1842). Translation of the Constitution and Laws of the Hawaiian Islands, Established in the Reign of Kamelhameha III (reprint ed.). Washington, DC: Statute Law Book Company. OCLC 123237932. * Hawaiian Historical Society (1943). "William Richards' Report to the Sandwich Islands Mission on His First Year In Government Service, 1838–1839". Fifty-First Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1942. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 65–70. hdl:10524/90. OCLC 2105039. * Judd, Albert Francis (1888). Thrum, Thomas G. (ed.). "Early Constitution of the Judiciary of the Hawaiian Islands, Maile Wreath, February 1875, reprinted in". Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1889. Honolulu: Honolulu Star-Bulletin: 63–67. hdl:10524/655. OCLC 1663720. * Kamakau, Samuel (1992) [1961]. Ruling Chiefs of Hawaii (Revised ed.). Honolulu: Kamehameha Schools Press. ISBN 0-87336-014-1. OCLC 25008795. * Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1965) [1938]. The Hawaiian Kingdom 1778–1854, Foundation and Transformation. Vol. 1. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-87022-431-X. OCLC 47008868. * Mookini, Esther K. (1974). The Hawaiian Newspapers. Honolulu: Topgallant Publishing Company. OCLC 1009863. * Osorio, Jon Kamakawiwoʻole (2002). Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-2549-7. OCLC 48579247. * Silva, Noenoe; Badis, Iokepa (2008). "Early Hawaiian Newspapers and Kanaka Maoli Intellectual History, 1834–1855". The Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 42: 105–134. hdl:10524/402. OCLC 60626541. * Spaulding, Thomas Marshall (1930). "Early Years of the Hawaiian Legislature". Thirty-Eighth Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1929. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society: 25–33. hdl:10524/33. OCLC 2105039.
17th century Scottish soldier William Munroe (1625-1717) was a 17th-century Scottish soldier who later became a settler in the United States and a Freemason. Lineage ------- According to historian Alexander Mackenzie, William Munroe was born in 1625, third son of Robert Munro, Commissary of Caithness, who in turn was the third son of John Mor Munro, 3rd of Coul, a descendant of George Munro, 10th Baron of Foulis. However, Y chromosome DNA testing of paternal descendants of William Munroe has confirmed that he was not descended from the Munros of Foulis. Battle of Worcester ------------------- He is one of four men by the surname of Munroe recorded as being captured at the Battle of Worcester in 1651 and transported to America during the Wars of the Three Kingdoms as an indentured servant. He is likely to have been fighting alongside other men from the Clan Munro such as Sir Alexander Munro of Bearcrofts who was fortunate enough to escape. William is almost certainly one of four men transported on the ship called the John and Sara, though the record of this has been damaged so that his first name is obscured. The names of the other three men are still fully visible on the ship's record. Marriages --------- William Munroe is known to be the ancestor of a vast family of Munroes in New England, United States. William married three times. He remained single for the first thirteen years after his arrival in Massachusetts, finally marrying about 1665. His first bride was Martha George, whose father once worked for Massachusetts governor John Winthrop. At the time of Martha's marriage, her father faced trouble with Puritan authorities for founding an illegal Baptist church in Charlestown. Martha died a few years after the marriage, leaving William to raise four young children. William then married twenty-year-old Mary Ball of Watertown, a woman with a troubled past. Her parents were in and out of court on charges of beatings and neglect, amid hints that the mother was insane, and Mary herself had suffered judicial sanctions for an out-of-wedlock child. William brought stability to Mary's life, and they had ten children together during their twenty years of marriage. His third wife was Elizabeth Johnson Wyer, a widow of a Scots tailor from Charlestown. Property -------- William began acquiring small pieces of land in Cambridge Farms, which is present-day Lexington, and he and his sons and a son-in-law purchased 100 acres (0.40 km2) in 1695. With increased landholdings came greater status in the community, and he was made a freeman, chosen as one of the town Selectmen, and admitted as a member of the church. William died in 1717 aged 92. Descendants ----------- In the 18th century, a descendant of his claimed to fire the first shot in the American Revolutionary War at the Battles of Lexington and Concord on 19 April 1775. Of the seventy-seven Lexington militiamen involved in the battle, eleven were Munroes, including Robert Munroe, who was one of the eight men killed, and Srg. (later Col.) William Munroe, who was the orderly sergeant. Munroe Tavern, which was used as a field hospital by Lt. Gen. Hugh Percy for retreating British soldiers, still stands in Lexington today. Munroe had many descendants in the Lexington area who also fought at the Battle of Lexington, including his great-great-grandson, Solomon Peirce, who was wounded in the battle. Edwin Munroe Bacon, was a writer and editor.
American actor (born 1959) Judd Asher Nelson (born November 28, 1959) is an American actor. He is best known for his roles as Hot Rod/Rodimus Prime in The Transformers: The Movie, John Bender in The Breakfast Club, Alec Newbury in St. Elmo's Fire, Alex in Cybermutt, Joe Hunt in Billionaire Boys Club, Nick Peretti in New Jack City, Billy Beretti in Empire, and Jack Richmond in the television series Suddenly Susan. Early life ---------- Nelson was born in Portland, Maine, the son of Merle Nelson (née Royte), a court mediator and former member of the Maine House of Representatives, and Leonard Nelson, a corporate lawyer. He grew up in a Conservative Jewish home although his family did not keep kosher. His father was the first Jewish president of the Portland Symphony Orchestra. He has two sisters, Eve and Julie. He went to school at St. Paul's School in Concord, New Hampshire and Waynflete School in Portland, Maine. While at St Paul's School, an Episcopalian school, he started embracing his Jewish identity after experiencing Antisemitism. He studied at Haverford College in Pennsylvania, leaving during his sophomore year. He subsequently moved to Manhattan to study acting with Stella Adler. Career ------ ### 1980s Nelson began acting in the mid-1980s, starring in Making the Grade (1984), and in Fandango (1985) opposite Kevin Costner. It was his roles in John Hughes's The Breakfast Club (1985) and Joel Schumacher's St. Elmo's Fire (1985) – and his affiliation with the Brat Pack – that made Nelson a star, along with Emilio Estevez, Anthony Michael Hall, Rob Lowe, Andrew McCarthy, Demi Moore, Molly Ringwald, and Ally Sheedy. The St. Elmo's Fire (Man in Motion) music video – also directed by Schumacher – reached No. 1 in the US (1985). It was written by David Foster and John Parr and performed by John Parr. Nelson appears in the video. He also appeared on a video for the Simple Minds' song "Don't You (Forget About Me)", from The Breakfast Club, in which members of the "Pack" feature prominently. A subsequent article in New York magazine, which focused primarily on the success of these films, resulted in the term "Brat Pack" being coined. In 1986 Nelson provided the voice of Hot Rod/Rodimus Prime in The Transformers: The Movie and teamed up with Breakfast Club alumna Ally Sheedy for a third time in Blue City. He also provided narration for Bill Couturie's Dear America: Letters Home from Vietnam, a critically acclaimed war documentary that featured a cast including Tom Berenger, Robert De Niro, Willem Dafoe, and Matt Dillon. Film critic Roger Ebert praised the documentary, and it maintains a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes. He starred opposite Burt Reynolds in the ABC Afterschool Special Shattered If Your Kid's On Drugs, which also featured Megan Follows and Dermot Mulroney. In 1987 he starred in the Bob Clark courtroom comedy From the Hip, which co-starred John Hurt and Elizabeth Perkins; he also provided a stand-out performance in Billionaire Boys Club, a courtroom thriller based on actual events; his performance earned him a Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actor in a Mini-Series. In late 1988 he played Konstantin in Chekhov's The Seagull directed by Charles Marowitz at the Los Angeles Theatre Center, earning praise, as did the entire production. Nelson closed the 1980s with the William Lustig thriller, Relentless (1989), in which he plays a Los Angeles serial killer hunted by two police officers (Robert Loggia and Leo Rossi); he provided a cameo in the Adam Rifkin road film Never on Tuesday (1989) along with Nicolas Cage, Cary Elwes, Emilio Estevez and Charlie Sheen; and appeared in Tommy Chong's Far Out Man (1989) with Rae Dawn Chong and C. Thomas Howell. Key TV roles in the 1980s included Moonlighting (1986) – episode "Camille" – in which he played a police officer opposite Cybill Shepherd and Bruce Willis. ### 1990s Nelson began the 1990s with a starring role opposite Max von Sydow in the World War II drama Hiroshima: Out of the Ashes (1990). The film focused on the horror of the Hiroshima bombing. It co-stars Mako Iwamatsu and Pat Morita. In the Fall of 1990 he appeared on stage in Chicago and New York in Jules Feiffer's Carnal Knowledge with Jon Cryer. He then worked for a second time with Adam Rifkin, this time starring in The Dark Backward (1991) with Bill Paxton. This quirky comedy featured fellow actor Rob Lowe, as well as Lara Flynn Boyle, James Caan, and Wayne Newton. Nelson plays the worst comedian in stand-up comedy history. In 1991, he had a starring role in the Mario Van Peebles-directed New Jack City, an urban gangster film with Wesley Snipes, Ice-T, Vanessa A. Williams, and Chris Rock. The film was a commercial success. He then had a special guest appearance in the HBO TV series Tales from the Crypt – on the episode What's Cookin (1992) – with Christopher Reeve and Meat Loaf, followed by a starring role with Richard Jordan in the thriller Primary Motive (1992), and a similar role in Entangled (1993) opposite Pierce Brosnan, which was set in Paris. In 1994 Nelson appeared with Steve Buscemi, Chris Farley, and Adam Sandler in the comedy Airheads, with Gina Gershon in the psychological thriller Flinch, and with then partner Shannen Doherty in the thriller Blindfold: Acts of Obsession. Nelson wrote, produced, and starred in the thriller Every Breath in which he co-starred with Joanna Pacula. He headlined the Australian thriller, Blackwater Trail (1995), with Peter Phelps. He had a starring role on the NBC television sitcom Suddenly Susan (1996), which saw success for a four-season run. He had a starring role in the Shaquille O'Neal movie Steel (1997). The film also starred Annabeth Gish and Richard Roundtree (Steel was a commercial flop). Nelson wrapped up the 1990s with another urban gangster thriller, Light It Up (1999), which featured an ensemble cast including R&B singer/actor Usher Raymond (in his first leading role), Rosario Dawson, Forest Whitaker, and Vanessa L. Williams. He played Alan Freed in the latter's life story, Mr. Rock 'N' Roll: The Alan Freed Story (1999) opposite Mädchen Amick and Paula Abdul. ### 2000s to present day In the 21st century, Nelson has appeared in such TV series as The Outer Limits (2000), CSI: Crime Scene Investigation (2006), CSI: NY (2007), Las Vegas (2007), Eleventh Hour (2008) as a psychologist researching soldiers returning from Iraq who suffer from posttraumatic stress disorder, Psych (2010), and a recurring role in Two and a Half Men (2010) with Charlie Sheen. Films include the psychological thriller Cabin by the Lake (2000), its sequel Return to Cabin by the Lake (2001), and a cameo appearance in the 2001 film Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back; the film's writer-director, Kevin Smith, had been a long-time fan of Nelson and the "Brat Pack" films. In 2002 he co-starred with Lauren Holly in Santa Jr. and reprised his role as John Bender in an episode of Family Guy (2007). Later, Nelson reprised his role of Rodimus Prime in Transformers Animated (2009) and appeared in The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day (2009), the latter with Julie Benz, Billy Connolly, Sean Patrick Flanery, and Peter Fonda. He portrayed Father Charley Lock on Brookwood Sleazebags (2010), a pilot he did for HBO. In 2012, Nelson played the role of Headmaster Nash in the live-action feature film Bad Kids Go to Hell, based on the graphic novel of the same name. The same year, Nelson co-wrote and starred in the short film The Spin Room: Super Tuesday. Nelson reprised his role as Rodimus in Transformers: Animated and voiced Ben 10,000, Eon, and Atomic-X in Ben 10: Omniverse. In 2013, Nelson authored four books released on Kindle: The Power of Speech, Nine of Diamonds, The Gig, and Water Music. Nelson played a pivotal role in the final season of Nikita. Nelson played a lead role in the 2010 Hallmark movie, Cancel Christmas. He portrayed Chris Frost, who is also Santa Claus. In 2019, he starred in the suspense thriller, Dead Water. In 2021, Nelson starred as Don Cody in the Lifetime film Girl in the Basement which was inspired by the Fritzl case. Filmography ----------- ### Film \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1983 \| Rock 'n' Roll Hotel \| Rocker Johnny \| \| \| 1984 \| Making the Grade \| Eddie Keaton \| \| \| 1985 \| The Breakfast Club \| John Bender \| Won – MTV Movie Silver Bucket of Excellence Award \| \| St. Elmo's Fire \| Alec Newbury \| \| \| Fandango \| Phil Hicks, Groover \| \| \| 1986 \| The Transformers: The Movie \| Hot Rod / Rodimus Prime \| Voice \| \| Blue City \| Billy Turner \| \| \| 1987 \| From the Hip \| Robin 'Stormy' Weathers \| \| \| 1989 \| Relentless \| Arthur 'Buck' Taylor \| \| \| Never on Tuesday \| Motorcycle Cop \| Uncredited \| \| 1990 \| Far Out Man \| Himself \| Cameo \| \| 1991 \| New Jack City \| Nick Peretti \| \| \| The Dark Backward \| Marty Malt \| \| \| 1992 \| Primary Motive \| Andrew Blumenthal \| \| \| 1993 \| Conflict of Interest \| Gideon \| \| \| Entangled \| David \| \| \| 1994 \| Every Breath \| Jimmy \| Also Writer and Producer \| \| Hail Caesar \| Prisoner One \| \| \| Airheads \| Jimmie Wing \| \| \| Flinch \| Harry Mirapolsky \| \| \| Blindfold: Acts of Obsession \| Dr. Jannings \| Television film \| \| Caroline at Midnight \| Phil Gallo \| \| \| 1995 \| Blackwater Trail \| Matt \| \| \| 1996 \| For a Few Lousy Dollars \| Hitman \| \| \| 1997 \| Steel \| Nathaniel Burke \| \| \| 1999 \| Light It Up \| Ken Knowles \| \| \| 2000 \| Endsville \| Rufus the Buck-Toothed Sluggard \| \| \| Falcon Down \| Harold Peters \| \| \| 2001 \| Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back \| Sheriff \| \| \| Return to Cabin by the Lake \| Stanley \| Television film \| \| Dark Asylum \| Quitz \| \| \| The Cure for Boredom \| Max \| \| \| 2002 \| Deceived \| Jack Jones \| \| \| 2003 \| White Rush \| Brian Nathanson \| \| \| 2005 \| Lethal Eviction \| Shep \| \| \| The Lost Angel \| Father Brian \| \| \| 2006 \| National Lampoon's TV: The Movie \| Fear Factor Host/Judd \| \| \| 2007 \| Netherbeast Incorporated \| Steven P.D. Landry \| \| \| Nevermore \| Jonathon Usher \| \| \| 2008 \| The Caretaker \| Ella's dad \| \| \| The Day the Earth Stopped \| Charlie \| \| \| 2009 \| Dirty Politics \| Billy \| \| \| A Single Woman \| Jewish reporter \| \| \| Little Hercules in 3-D \| Kevin \| \| \| The Boondock Saints II: All Saints Day \| Concezio Yakavetta \| \| \| 2010 \| The Terror Experiment (Fight or Flight) \| Agent Wilson \| \| \| Endure \| Emory Lane \| \| \| Mayor Cupcake \| Donald Maroni \| \| \| 2012 \| Bad Kids Go to Hell \| Headmaster Nash \| \| \| 2013 \| Last Chance Holiday \| Glenn Cartwell \| \| \| Down and Dangerous \| Charles \| Nominated – Maverick Movie Award \| \| 2014 \| Nurse 3D \| Dr. Morris \| \| \| Bigfoot Wars \| Dr. Smith \| \| \| Private Number \| Sheriff Stance \| \| \| Road to the Open \| Anger Management Counseler \| \| \| 2016 \| Stagecoach: The Texas Jack Story \| Sid Dalton \| \| \| 2018 \| Billionaire Boys Club \| Ryan Hunt \| \| \| 1/1 \| Robert \| \| \| 2019 \| Dead Water \| San McLean \| \| \| Santa Fake \| Seb \| \| \| Electric Jesus \| Pastor Wember \| \| \| Dauntless: The Battle of Midway \| Admiral R.A. Spruance \| \| \| 2022 \| The Most Dangerous Game \| Marcus Rainsford \| Completed \| ### Television \| Year \| Title \| Role \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1986 \| Moonlighting \| Policeman \| Episode: "Camille" \| \| 1987 \| Billionaire Boys Club \| Joe Hunt \| 2 episodesNominated—Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film \| \| 1990 \| Hiroshima: Out of the Ashes \| Pete Dunham \| Television film \| \| 1992 \| Tales from the Crypt \| Gaston \| Episode: "What's Cookin'" \| \| 1995 \| Circumstances Unknown \| Paul Kinsey \| Television film \| \| 1996–1999 \| Suddenly Susan \| Jack Richmond \| 71 episodes \| \| 1999 \| Mr. Rock 'n' Roll: The Alan Freed Story \| Alan Freed \| Television film \| \| 2000 \| The Outer Limits \| Harry Longworth \| Episode: "Something About Harry" \| \| 2000 \| Cabin by the Lake \| Stanley \| Television film \| \| 2000 \| The Spiral Staircase \| Phillip Warren \| Television film \| \| 2000 \| The New Adventures of Spin and Marty: Suspect Behavior \| Jack Hulka \| Television film \| \| 2001 \| Strange Frequency \| Martin Potter \| Television film \| \| 2001 \| Lost Voyage \| Aaron Roberts \| Television film \| \| 2002 \| Cybermutt \| Alex \| Television film \| \| 2002 \| Santa Jr. \| Darryl Bedford \| Television film \| \| 2005 \| Three Wise Guys \| George \| Television film \| \| 2006 \| Black Hole \| Eric \| Television film \| \| 2006 \| CSI: Crime Scene Investigation \| Mick Sheridan \| Episode: "Time of Your Death" \| \| 2007 \| Las Vegas \| Ollie \| Episode: "Fleeting Cheating Meeting" \| \| The Kidnapping \| Glen \| Television film \| \| CSI: NY \| Cigarette Company Executive \| Episode: "The Ride In" \| \| Family Guy \| John Bender \| Voice, episode: "Blue Harvest" \| \| 2008 \| Infected \| Malcolm Burgess \| Television film \| \| 2009 \| Phineas and Ferb \| The Guru \| Voice, episode: "Isabella and the Temple of Sap" \| \| Transformers: Animated \| Rodimus Prime \| Voice, episode: "TransWarped Part 1" \| \| 2010 \| Psych \| Dr. Steven Reidman \| Episode: "Death Is in the Air" \| \| Two and a Half Men \| Chris McElroy \| 2 episodes \| \| 2011 \| Cancel Christmas \| Santa / Chris Frost \| Television film \| \| 2013–2014 \| Ben 10: Omniverse \| Eon, Ben 10,000, Atomic-X \| Voice, 5 episodes \| \| 2013 \| Nikita \| Ronald Peller \| 2 episodes \| \| 2015, 2019 \| Empire \| Billy Beretti \| 5 episodes \| \| 2017 \| Transformers: Titans Return \| Rodimus Prime / Hot Rod \| Voice, main role \| \| 2017 \| From Straight A's to XXX \| Don \| Television film \| \| 2018 \| Transformers: Power of the Primes \| Rodimus Prime / Hot Rod / Rodimus Cron \| Voice, recurring role \| \| 2021 \| Girl in the Basement \| Don Cody \| Television film \| \| 2021 \| Law & Order: SVU \| Tom Mesner \| Episode: "Post-Graduate Psychopath" \| ### Music videos \| Year \| Title \| Artist \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2012 \| "Gotten" \| Slash featuring Adam Levine \|
Hollyoaks is a British television soap opera that was first broadcast on 23 October 1995. The following is a list of characters that first appeared in the serial in 2013, by order of first appearance. All characters were introduced by the show's executive producer Bryan Kirkwood. In January, Kevin Foster made his debut screen appearance. The following month saw the arrivals of Nate Tenbury-Newent and Trudy Ryan, played by former EastEnders actress Danniella Westbrook. Anna Blake was the only character to be introduced in March. April saw Robbie Roscoe, Trevor Royle and Vincent Elegba arrive. The following month Robbie was joined by the rest of his family—Freddie, Jason, Joe, Ziggy and Sandy. Joe's fiancée, Lindsey Butterfield debuted in June, as did Frank Symes. Danny Lomax and DS Trent made their first appearances in July, while Fraser Black, Chloe and Sam Lomax began appearing from August. September saw Jade Hedy arrive. Mariam Andrews, Peri, Tegan and Leela Lomax were introduced in October. There were 3 births in October, Tony and Diane's twins Anthony Hutchinson and Rose Lomax and Tegan Lomax and Fraser Black's daughter Dee Dee Hutchinson. November saw the appearances of Fraser's other daughter Grace and enemy Ray McCormick. Kevin Foster ------------ Kevin Foster, played by Elliot Balchin, made his first screen appearance on 30 January 2013. On 14 January 2013, Balchin tweeted that he had joined the cast. Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Kevin would arrive at Chez Chez looking for work as a barman. He described him as a "mystery guy" who "might not be all he seems" as he spies on Brendan Brady (Emmett J. Scanlan) while reporting back to a contact. Kilkelly later reported that Kevin had an ulterior motive for his arrival and was working for Brendan's enemy Walker (Neil Newbon). He added that the revenge plot would continue with Kevin planting drugs in Chez Chez. Kevin will also contact Amy Barnes (Ashley Slanina-Davies) to warn her that Brendan is living with her children. Laura Morgan from All About Soap questioned the plausibility of the storyline with Kevin having Amy's telephone number. On 20 August 2013, Balchin revealed that he would be returning to the show. A show spokesperson confirmed the news and questioned, "will Kevin be in a body bag after Patrick's intervention or did he make it out of their altercation alive?" Kevin arrives for a new job at Chez Chez. He monitors Brendan's movements and reports back to Walker. Brendan becomes suspicious of Kevin who tries to flirt with him. Walker encourages Kevin to cause trouble between Brendan and Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson). Kevin makes friends with his colleague Maxine Minniver (Nikki Sanderson), but Walker tries to fool her into gathering information on Brendan. Walker becomes annoyed that Kevin has not been able to ruin his life. Following orders, Kevin lies to Brendan that his uncle used to abuse him. Brendan sympathises with Kevin and they chat. But he realizes Kevin is lying and throws him out of Chez Chez. Walker beats Kevin up and forces him to tell the police that Brendan has sexually assaulted him. Brendan and Ste attempt to get Kevin to tell the truth. But when he accepts a payoff from Brendan, Walker attacks him and orders Kevin to kill Maxine. Kevin drugs her and locks her in her bedroom. He dumps a rug into the river to convince Walker he is disposing of a body. He keeps Maxine captive for her own protection, but she eventually manages to break free. She convinces him to run away together but Walker prevents them. She escapes and Walker beats Kevin up again. Maxine visits Kevin in hospital and forgives him. He briefly lives with Maxine until Patrick Blake (Jeremy Sheffield) becomes jealous, so frames him for stealing her necklace so she kicks him out. Patrick takes Kevin away in his car before returning with blood on his shirt. Nate Tenbury-Newent ------------------- Nate Tenbury-Newent, played by Tom Turner, made his first screen appearance in Hollyoaks on 8 February 2013. Nate had previously appeared in the fifth series of Hollyoaks Later as a love interest of Cheryl Brady (Bronagh Waugh). In January 2013, it was reported that Nate would appear in the main show. A writer from E4.com described Nate as "a happy-go-lucky kinda fella". Waugh had previously told Kilkelly (Digital Spy) that nothing came of Cheryl and Nate's relationship because her brother Brendan Brady (Emmett J. Scanlan) had committed a murder. She believed that if it had not happened, Nate and Cheryl would have been married. Kilkelly later reported that Nate is reacquainted with Cheryl at a business conference in Southport. But she discovers that Nate is a millionaire and was dishonest with her. Turner told an interviewer from E4.com that he enjoyed the opportunity to reprise the role because it allowed him to work with the rest of the cast. He revealed that Nate would not solely be involved with Cheryl's storyline and other stories would be integrated. Turner branded some of Nate's scenes as "very dramatic" and teased an "almighty" offer Nate would eventually make to Cheryl. Discussing Nate and Cheryl with Kilkelly, Waugh stated, "I've always wanted her to fall in love with the right guy and it's within grasp with Nate at the moment." Cheryl and Leanne Holiday (Jessica Forrest) pitch a potential new idea to a company but Cheryl is shocked to see Nate there. She discovers he is actually a millionaire and is furious with him. However, later the two start a relationship. When Nate starts sneaking off, Cheryl's father, Seamus Brady (Fintan McKeowan), believes he is having an affair but it transpires he is actually visiting his estranged mother, Cressida (Brigit Forsyth). Nate lets his mother insult him, which annoys Cheryl. He decides to stand up to his mother and she commends him and lets him inherit the family estate. Nate proposes to Cheryl who accepts. Seamus tries to convince Cheryl to stay in Hollyoaks to run the local pub, but Nate wants her to move to Ireland. When Brendan insinuates Seamus abused him, Cheryl does not believe him and calls off their engagement. Brendan's enemy Walker (Neil Newbon) kidnaps Cheryl but Nate rescues her. Cheryl forgives Nate and agrees to move to Ireland. Cheryl shoots Seamus dead when she discovers the truth about the abuse. She tells Nate the truth and he forgives her and decides to stand by her and they leave together. Trudy Ryan ---------- Trudy Ryan, played by Danniella Westbrook, made her first appearance on 21 February 2013. The character and Westbrook's casting was announced on 29 December 2012. Trudy features in a storyline involving established characters Jacqui McQueen (Claire Cooper) and Theresa McQueen (Jorgie Porter). Trudy met Jacqui while when they spent time in prison together. She employs Jacqui and Theresa as cleaners when they are in need of money. Further storyline details were undisclosed. A spokesperson added that the actress was "thrilled" to join the cast. Westbrook began filming in December 2012 and finished in February 2013. Jacqui goes to a job interview for a cleaner role at Trudy's offices. It becomes clear that they know each other and despite Jacqui's hostile attitude, Trudy decides to hire Jacqui and Theresa. Trudy plants products on Jacqui and accuses her of stealing. The pair argue about their time spent in prison together. Jacqui becomes suspicious of Trudy's activities and finds an illegal vodka distillery and smashes it up. Trudy makes Jacqui work for her transporting the vodka. Trudy tries to bond with Jacqui and reveals that she was also raped. Jacqui plans to con Trudy out of money but the plan backfires. She sets up a deal pretending to be Trudy with Trevor Royle (Greg Wood). Trudy learns of the deal and warns Jacqui off. She goes ahead with the deal and discovers that Trudy and Trevor are involved in human trafficking. She reports Trudy to the police and she is subsequently arrested. Anna Blake ---------- Anna Blake, played by Saskia Wickham, made her first screen appearance on 15 March 2013. Anna and Wickham's casting were announced in the 10 February 2013 edition of the Daily Star. Anna is the estranged mother of Sienna Blake (Anna Passey), Dodger Savage (Danny Mac), Will Savage (James Atherton) and Liberty Savage (Abi Phillips/Jessamy Stoddart). She is also the former wife of Sienna and Dodger's father Patrick Blake (Jeremy Sheffield) and Will and Liberty's father Dirk Savage (David Kennedy). Anna arrives in Hollyoaks with the revelation that Patrick has abused her, an accusation which he denies. A Hollyoaks insider said that when Anna arrives she "has a lot of questions to answer. Her children are going to struggle with her reasons for leaving". Anna arrives to care for Will, who uses a wheelchair, posing as Ellie, his new care worker. She manages to fool Will when he discovers that she is not named Ellie. Will invites her to attend his engagement party to Texas Longford (Bianca Hendrickse-Spendlove). Upon her attendance, Anna's true identity is revealed. She tries to explain her absence to her children and is shocked to discover Sienna is present, apologising for leaving her with Patrick. She claims that Patrick used to abuse her and he reveals that she tried to kill Sienna and Dodger when they were young. Patrick arranges for Anna to be sectioned. Will starts visiting Anna in hospital and convinces Sienna to visit her too. Patrick is annoyed and threatens Anna, ordering her to refuse to see her children. She complies and they begin to resent her. Anna decides to gain revenge on Patrick and attacks him in his flat. As she prepares to set fire to his home, Sienna arrives home. Anna orders Sienna to leave and tries to convince her of Patrick's dishonesty but she sides with her father. Anna decides to kill both of them but her plan is ruined by Maxine Minniver (Nikki Sanderson). Anna is sectioned again but continues to have visits from Will and he later confides that he murdered Texas. She decides to confess to the murder in order to protect Will. Dodger is distraught when he learns of Anna's admission and confronts her. Ash Kane (Holly Weston) arrives on Anna's secure unit to carry out a placement for her university course. She grows close to Anna, but when Will learns of their meetings, he forces Ash to stay away. Dodger soon begins to visit Anna and Ash returns to see her. Will fears that Anna will reveal the truth and begins to plot murder. Anna fears for Ash's safety and attempts to warn her that Will killed Texas. Anna pleads with Will to confess but he refuses and carries Anna into the bathroom where he drowns her in the bath. Before she dies, she was about to speak to Patrick, telling him that she still loves him. Two months later, Anna's will was given to Will, but after his arrest for her murder along with Texas and attempted murder of Ash before being kill by a bomb, it was discovered that Patrick is the rightful of Anna's belonging since he is legally married her at that time, making Sienna's & Dodger as a co-owner and Dirk along with his children valid. After Patrick's death after he killed by their granddaughter Nico while Dodger is on run for pushing Will, Sienna becomes the new owner of her mother's will. Robbie Roscoe ------------- Main article: Robbie Roscoe Robbie Roscoe, played by Charlie Wernham, made his first screen appearance on 2 April 2013. Robbie is part of the Roscoe family, a family of brothers headed by mother Sandy Roscoe (Gillian Taylforth), and the first member to be introduced. Wernham's casting was confirmed on 27 March 2013. Wernham auditioned for the show the previous year, attending his second audition on 24 October 2012. Wernham continued in his role until 2016 when Robbie was written out of the serial. The character departed on 28 March 2016. Trevor Royle ------------ Trevor Royle, played by Greg Wood, made his first screen appearance on 15 April 2013. Trevor is introduced for Jacqui McQueen's (Claire Cooper) exit storyline. He is billed as a "dangerous guy" and a contact of Trudy Ryan (Danniella Westbrook). Jacqui plans to con Trevor out of £50,000 but her plan fails. He attempts to kill Jacqui and she leaves the village fearing for her safety. Cooper told Daniel Kilkelly (Digital Spy) that Trevor is "aggressive and a bad egg" and "dangerous", adding that he has the potential to kill Jacqui. The actress stated that had his scenes with Jacqui aired in the spin-off series Hollyoaks Later, the scenes would have been more "brutal". But due to the 6.30pm timeslot Hollyoaks airs in, they were structured differently. But Cooper felt the scenes were scary for some viewers. It was announced on 28 May 2013 that Wood had reprised the role and Trevor would appear regularly. Trevor returns when he is revealed to be Freddie Roscoe's (Charlie Clapham) drug supplier. In September 2015, Laura-Jayne Tyler of Inside Soap praised the car crash which killed Trevor's son, Dylan Jenkins (James Fletcher), and Wood's acting following it. She commented, "The Hollyoaks car crash was a thrilling ride—but the most touching part was when Trevor picked out a burial frock for his dead son Dylan. Sob!" Trevor arrives to meet Jacqui who is posing as Trudy. He initiates an illegal deal and threatens to kill Jacqui if she makes an error. After Jacqui rips him off he comes to find her at Trudy's office where she is taking Trudy's money. He attempts to kill her but is knocked unconscious by Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard). Trevor begins dealing drugs to Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) but Trevor soon tires of Ste ruining jobs. Phoebe Jackson (Mandip Gill) contacts Trevor to obtain a passport for illegal immigrant Vincent Elegba (John Omole) not realising that Trevor had smuggled him into the country. Trevor realises that Pheobe is connected to Jacqui and kidnaps her. He also holds Vincent to ransom and beats Ste up for attempting to defend the pair. He threatens to kill Vincent if the McQueen family do not hand Jacqui over. Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson) arranges a scam to fool Trevor into believing that Jacqui is dead. He does not believe them until a dead body falls from Jacqui coffin. Trevor then releases Vincent and does not realise that Doctor Browning has used the body of a deceased patient. Trevor agrees to hire Doctor Browning a hit man to murder Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane), who he believes to be stalking him. He cannot afford to keep up the payments and he arranges a hold up of a medicine van. Trevor learns that Ste will be carrying out the robbery and demands to know the details. Trevor hijacks the robbery, but Freddie, who is assisting Ste, resists and is stabbed during the struggle. Trevor is angry with Freddie and visits him in hospital. He also threatens Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin), so her boyfriend Joe Roscoe (Ayden Callaghan) attacks Trevor. He begins to harass the Roscoe family and in order to protect them, Freddie offers to work for Trevor. Doctor Browning's stalker is later revealed to be Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell) and working for his long-time client Trevor. They plan to force Doctor Browning into selling his share of The Loft nightclub and leaving. When Fraser Black's (Jesse Birdsall) daughter Grace Black (Tamara Wall), arrives in the village, it's not long before Trevor and Grace both give into their feelings for each other and kiss. Angry by this, Fraser makes sure Trevor plead guilty to giving Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer) drugs which led her to having a heart attack. Jim visits Trevor and reveals that Fraser killed his dad in order for him to help get Fraser locked up. Sam Lomax (Lizzie Roper) promises Trevor to get him out of prison if he confesses to who his boss is; unaware to Jim, Trevor has set him up to be the fall guy and pins everything on him. After Joe wakes up from his coma, Trevor helps him escape so they can both get rid of Fraser for good. When they think their plan is working they are unaware that Grace has ruined the whole thing as she doesn't want her father dead and instead Sandy Roscoe (Gillian Taylforth) is the only one left for dead. Knowing that Fraser is still alive, Trevor heads out to his safehouse with a gun to look for him but is instead held at gun point by Fraser, who teases him about his father which infuriates Trevor and knocks him out, escaping in the process. In The Hutch, Trevor is shocked to hear Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) reveal that Fraser is dead. In a shock twist of events, Fraser is confirmed to be still alive and Trevor heads off to end him once and for all. By the time Trevor heads to the garage, Fraser is already dead but is seen by Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis), and she tells the police that she saw Trevor leaving the garage. When Sonny Valentine (Aaron Fontaine) shows Grace evidence of an emergency call from Fraser made to the police the night he died, she then retracts her statement and Trevor gets sent down for his murder. Trevor is released from prison after new developments in Fraser's murder case which proves that he was innocent and framed for the murder. Arriving back in the village, Trevor is blackmailed by Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) over their secret that they slept together on the night Fraser died. Threatening to tell Grace all, she demands Trevor for £1,000 or she will tell Grace everything. When Grace discovers Trevor's betrayal, she kicks him out. Proving himself to Grace, he holds Freddie Roscoe (Charlie Clapham) at gun point after suspicions fall on him over Fraser's murder. Freddie teases Trevor over his messed up life causing Trevor to get angrier. Grace manages to talk Trevor out of shooting Freddie by telling him she'll give him another chance. On 25 May 2016, Trevor was stabbed by Nico Blake (Persephone Swales-Dawson) on his and Grace's wedding day. He dies in Grace's arms, but is able to marry her. Vincent Elegba -------------- Main article: Vincent Elegba Vincent Elegba, played by John Omole, made his first screen appearance on 16 April 2013. Omole's casting was announced in April via his management's website. The actor signed a six-month contract with Hollyoaks. Vincent arrives alongside four other illegal immigrants who are discovered hiding by Jacqui McQueen (Claire Cooper) and Phoebe Jackson (Mandip Gill). Kilkelly (Digital Spy) later announced that the character was a possible love interest for Phoebe. He added that Phoebe would be impressed with Vincent when he administers first aid on Maxine Minniver (Nikki Sanderson) after she collapses in The Loft. Producers used the character to highlight asylum seeking as a result of being homosexual. Vincent departed the serial in February 2014. Although he appeared in two episodes in September 2014. Freddie Roscoe -------------- Main article: Freddie Roscoe Freddie Roscoe, played by Charlie Clapham, made his first screen appearance on 6 May 2013. The character and Clapham's casting was announced on 29 April 2013. Clapham commented that auditioning for the role "was a long process". He had to audition in London and numerous times in Liverpool, before having a final screen test during Christmas 2012. He went up against twenty-five other actors for the role. Freddie is the second member of the Roscoe family to be introduced. Clapham described Freddie as a "slightly more charming" and matured version of his younger brother, Robbie (Charlie Wernham). Freddie soon notices that Robbie's behaviour has spiralled out of control and tries to teach him a lesson when he catches Robbie stealing. Freddie also makes a deal to sell drugs with Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson). E4.com describes him as a "rebellious and unpredictable" intelligent risk taker who is energetic, but lacks a sense of direction. Jason Roscoe ------------ Jason Roscoe, played by Alfie Browne-Sykes, debuted on-screen during the episode airing on 23 May 2013. Jason is a sweet and caring character who always tries to do what is right. Upon his arrival, Jason instantly fell head over heels for Holly Cunningham (Amanda Clapham) but much to Jason's disappointment Holly didn't return his feelings. Over the next few months Jason tried to win Holly's heart by pretending to be her fake boyfriend so she could hang out with Callum Kane (Laurie Duncan). On 19 November 2013, Clapham took over the role of Holly and soon enough Jason and Holly got together with the help of Jason's twin brother, Robbie Roscoe's (Charlie Wernham) help. On Christmas Day 2013 Jason and Holly decided to take their relationship further by sleeping together for the first time on Holly's 16th birthday. Things became awkward between the couple after they realised that they put too much pressure on each other to lose their virginities. Holly came to watch Jason during his football match and the two went back to the Roscoe house and slept together again. In January 2014, Jason broke into Patrick Blake's (Jeremy Sheffield) flat to retrieve Holly's phone for her resulting in him being arrested for beating up Patrick's girlfriend Maxine Minniver (Nikki Sanderson). Jason got let off with no charges but Holly's mother Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) and his mother Sandy Roscoe (Gillian Taylforth) banned them from seeing each other, convinced they were both bad influences on each other. In April 2014, Jason and Holly ran away from home due to Jason being blackmailed by Sonny Valentine (Aaron Fontaine) and ended up at Holly's grandmother's house where they stay for a few days. While on the run Jason starts getting ill because of his lack of insulin and proper food and collapses in his father, Rick Spencer's (Victor Gardener) bar. Jason believes that Holly tried flirting with Rick to stop him from calling the police on her, Jason then sends Holly back home where she sleeps with Dodger Savage (Danny Mac). Over the next few weeks Holly continues to lie about willingly sleeping with Dodger and convinces Jason that he raped her. When Jason finally finds out about Holly and Dodger this leads to him to start taking steroids in order to bulk up. Over the next few months Jason starts to deteriorate and stops eating so he can lose weight and even sends Cindy back into a clinic so he can keep his secret. Jason's secret is eventually found out when Holly finds the food he was hiding in his draws and tells his brothers. Unfortunately for Jason, Rick is killed by the Gloved Hand Killer on New Year's Day 2015, which causes more upset for him. Jason enters an eating disorder clinic in January 2015 where he meets a boy who tries to tempt Jason back into losing weight and taking pills. Jason manages to beat his eating disorder and comes back home in March 2015. After being told by Patrick that he cannot continue his education, Jason decides to become a police officer. When Cindy stops taking her medication she starts to try and seduce Jason and the day before her wedding to Dirk Savage, the two of them share a kiss. Over the next few months Jason starts helping Cindy with her book and she continues to try and seduce him. In July 2015, Jason decides to propose to Holly to prove to Cindy how much Holly means to him and how much he loves her. Cindy decides to take her attempts to seduce Jason up a notch when she turns up at his work in a wedding dress reciting quotes from her book. Holly eventually finds out about Cindy and Jason's kiss when Robbie accidentally tells her, this leads to Holly confronting him at his work and leaving him embarrassed. Later on in the day Jason is on traffic duty and sees a car speeding off, unaware it is Robbie. Jason and Robbie have a confrontation at the edge of a ravine where Robbie pushes Jason off of it and runs away. Robbie later goes home and sleeps with Holly. In October 2015, Jason is involved in his biggest storyline to date when him, Robbie and their half-brother Freddie Roscoe (Charlie Clapham) jump into white water rapids to escape Trevor Royle (Greg Wood). Jason, Robbie and Freddie all survive but Freddie goes into witness protection to testify against Trevor. Over the next few months Jason is unaware that Holly is sleeping with Robbie. In December 2015, Jason proposes to Holly at her school disco and she accepts, even though she is sleeping with Robbie. Jason starts to become increasingly paranoid that Holly is cheating on him and clones her phone after he finds her at a hotel with a man. Jason and Holly decide to get married as soon as possible to try and save their relationship and move to Edinburgh. Jason and Holly get married in February 2016 but at their reception Jason finds out Holly was having an affair with Robbie. Despite Holly trying to get Jason back, her and Robbie start a relationship much to Jason's devastation. Jason cannot cope seeing Robbie and Holly together so he goes on a downward spiral and starts drinking and taking steroids, this leads to him failing his firearms tests and forcing himself on Holly. Jason and Robbie decide to leave the village together to save their relationship as brothers and they departed in March 2016. In 2018, Jason is mentioned multiple times during Holly's wedding to Damon Kinsella (Jacob Roberts). Joe Roscoe ---------- Joe Roscoe, played by Ayden Callaghan, made his first screen appearance on 23 May 2013. Joe is the eldest brother of the family, who is always looking out for his younger siblings. With old-fashioned values, Joe acts as the patriarch of the Roscoe family. Callaghan revealed to Digital Spy that Joe is "a guy who's full of love and passion", but that he is hiding a "dark past" that he's trying to overcome. The character was killed off on 2 November 2016 as part of the show's "Halloween Spooktacular" episodes. Joe arrives in the village with his brothers and mother in order for his family to make a new start. Shortly after moving to the village Joe's fiancée Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin) discovers she is pregnant; however, she loses the baby after being hit by a car driven by Frankie Osborne (Helen Pearson). Lindsey sleeps with Joe's brother, Freddie (Charlie Clapham) after she believes Joe has walked out on her; however, in reality he is in a medically induced coma at a hospital after he was almost murdered by Grace Black (Tamara Wall). She then discovered she is pregnant but does not know who the father is. After the baby which is named JJ Roscoe is born a DNA test proves that he is Joe's; however, Lindsey has chosen to be with Freddie after realising she loves him more than Joe. After Joe discovered Freddie tried to frame him for the murder of Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall), he helps Grace frame him for the murder of Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe), who is actually hiding out in France. Joe has a one-night stand with Mercedes and when she returns to the village several months later, she reveals she is pregnant with Joe's baby. Joe discovers Mercedes and Lockie Campbell's (Nick Rhys) affair, and Joe breaks up with her; however, she gets back at him by lying that he is not the father of her baby, even though he is. After these harsh words he decides to flee the village. Mercedes goes to find him, but is left devastated when she discovers he had fled the village prior to their heated argument. Joe returns to Hollyoaks over a week later to patch things up with Mercedes. However, as he returns, his half-brother Robbie Roscoe (Charlie Wernham) and Holly Cunningham (Amanda Clapham) tell him that his and Mercedes' son, Gabriel, died after he fled the village. Joe proposes to Mercedes on a ferris wheel at the Hollyoaks Halloween Spooktacular event. Joe and Mercedes become stuck at the top of the ferris wheel when Joe's jealous ex-girlfriend, Joanne Cardsley (Rachel Leskovac) turns off the power. While they are being rescued, sparks from a fire at the maze cause the power supply to explode, forcing Joe to jump to the cherry picker. However, he cannot hold on and falls, plummeting onto the ground. Joe suffers a serious head injury and his life support is turned off, after Mercedes, Freddie and Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson) say their goodbyes. Ziggy Roscoe ------------ David "Ziggy" Roscoe, played by Fabrizio Santino, made his first screen appearance on 23 May 2013. Santino's management announced his casting, confirming his character as a member of the Roscoe family. Hollyoaks had announced their intention to introduce the family, consisting of a mother and her five sons, in February 2013. Ziggy is a cheeky charmer who is billed as "confident and hilariously vain". Although Ziggy has luck with the ladies, he is known for falling in and out of love very quickly. In August 2013, Ziggy begins a relationship with Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer), but has an affair with Frankie Osborne (Helen Pearson) and the relationship ends. He is a model who finds himself out of work quite a lot. He begins modelling for a lonely wives website with help from Nana McQueen (Diane Langton), which puts his potential relationship with Leela Lomax (Kirsty-Leigh Porter) in jeopardy, after she catches him flexing his muscles in the toilets whilst they are on a date. However, they later reconcile. George Smith (Steven Roberts) confides in Ziggy about meeting a man that he came across on an online dating site. Ziggy tells George to go for it, but later discovers that the man was actually Danny Lomax (Stephen Billington)—Leela's father. Leela visits Ziggy and they have sex in a customer's car at the mechanics'. George arrives and talks to Ziggy about Danny, not realising Leela is in the garage and can hear. She blames Ziggy for playing a part in the breakup of her family and ends their relationship. In 2015 he marries Leela; however, he is actually in love with her sister Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis). On Christmas Day 2015, Ziggy finally gets together with Tegan, but tragically dies from a brain injury which he got after saving Leela from an explosion caused by Leela's ex-boyfriend Cameron Campbell (Cameron Moore). Two years later, Cameron was later arrested for the murders of Ziggy, Celine McQueen (Sarah George), Ziggy's brother Joe Roscoe (Ayden Callaghan), Nico Blake (Persephone Swales-Dawson), Danny, Leela's mother Sam Lomax (Lizzie Roper) and his brother Lockie Campbell (Nick Rhys). Sandy Roscoe ------------ Sandy Roscoe, played by Gillian Taylforth, made her first screen appearance on 23 May 2013. Taylforth's casting and the character were announced on 4 February 2013. It was confirmed that she would play Sandy, the mother of six sons also due to join the serial. Taylforth commented on her casting, saying: "I am really looking forward to joining Hollyoaks, which is going from strength to strength under Bryan Kirkwood at the moment". The actress also revealed she was excited to relocate to Liverpool where the serial is filmed and was eager to meet her on-screen family. Taylforth had previously announced that she was in talks to join the serial, saying that she felt nervous at the prospect of joining the serial but that the part was "a long contract so it will be nice to settle back into something". She was revealed to be the real mother of established character Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson). It was announced on 9 March 2014 that Taylforth had decided to leave the soap. Although she departed on 22 August 2014, executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said she might return sometime in the future. The character made a brief return in 2015 before departing the show and moving to Canada. Lindsey Butterfield ------------------- Main article: Lindsey Butterfield Lindsey Roscoe (also Butterfield), played by Sophie Austin, debuted on-screen on 3 June 2013. Lindsey was the fiancée of the eldest Roscoe brother Joe (Ayden Callaghan). She is described as "feisty, determined and driven" and is more than capable of holding her own with the outspoken Roscoe boys. Lindsey's romance with Joe is a strong one as he regards her as the love of his life, while family matriarch Sandy (Gillian Taylforth) enjoys having another female living in the house. Speaking of her new role, Austin commented: "I'm so excited to be joining the cast of Hollyoaks as Lindsey Butterfield and being part of the Roscoe clan. We have lots of exciting stories ahead." Lindsey works at the local hospital as a junior doctor. Frank Symes ----------- Frank Symes, played by Mark Wingett, made his first screen appearance on 27 June 2013 and departed the following episode. The character was announced on 7 June 2013. A statement posted on the Hollyoaks website revealed that Frank is "a filthy-rich businessman, who uses his dough to get what he wants. His character's arrival in town will have major consequences for one young lady in the village." It was later revealed that Frank would proposition Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) with £200 to sleep with him. Davis told a reporter from Inside Soap that "Frank tells Sinead he'll give her money if she spends the night with him. She refuses and goes home, but the next morning she arranges another meeting with Frank. And this time, it looks like she might go through with the deed." Frank is a football manager who hires Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell) and his nightclub for a private function. Frank complains about the lack of female company and invites Sinead and Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer) back to his hotel for a party with his football team. He propositions Sinead with £200 in exchange for sex but she refuses. Sinead later returns to accept his offer but she steals his wallet when Frank leaves the room. Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy branded Frank both unscrupulous and a sleazy football manager. A writer from Virgin Media also described him as a sleazy character. Danny Lomax ----------- Danny Lomax, played by Stephen Billington, made his first screen appearance on 8 July 2013. Danny arrives to teach at Hollyoaks High and becomes a love interest for John Paul McQueen (James Sutton). He added that there are "skeletons in Danny's closet, which could turn the worlds of a number of Hollyoaks residents upside down". Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood added that Danny and John Paul's romance "will lead to dark and unexpected consequences for a number of characters.". On 1 July, Kilkelly announced that Billington had been cast to play Danny and would debut the following week. In August 2014, Danny alongside his wife Sam Lomax departed the soap as they were killed in a horrific car accident while they were departing for New Zealand. A writer from the Hollyoaks website described Danny as "charismatic, charming, pretty-sweeting-captivating". He is also a "thoughtful, intelligent, articulate and well respected member of the teaching profession". Danny is liked by his students because of his youthful approach to life. He also has a "cheeky twinkle in his eyes" which charm everyone. Billington told the writer that can relate to Danny because he also teaches and gets along with young people. But he warned that Danny has a different side to his personality. Viewers will not discover this until later on because it will be revealed over time. Billington added that "you'll still like him, but he's much more complex than he first appears." In an unpublicised storyline twist, Danny is revealed to be Ste Hay's (Kieron Richardson) biological father. Billington told Kilkelly that he was "absolutely thrilled" with his storyline and that he was always aware of the development. He explained that Danny had attempted to make contact on many occasions but Ste's mother, Pauline Hay (Jane Hogarth) prevented it. Billington also warned that Danny had more secrets yet to be disclosed and was confident that Danny would be able to charm the audience with his persona. The actor added that Danny is "definitely not a bad person. He's just a bit of a free spirit and he likes getting his own way. Perhaps he's a bit greedy too, but when it comes down to it, he's a fundamentally good guy." The following episode another secret about Danny was revealed as viewers were introduced to Danny's wife Sam Lomax (Lizzie Roper). Kilkelly reported Sam would be a prominent character as Danny "desperately" attempts to maintain family life and his affair with John Paul. In September 2013, the show announced the arrival of Danny and Sam's three children Leela (Kirsty-Leigh Porter), Peri (Ruby O'Donnell) and Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis). Danny arrives as a drama supply teacher at Hollyoaks High to organise a production with John Paul. He becomes attracted to Danny and asks him about his sexual preference. He remains secretive and later kisses John Paul. They begin working with Tilly Evans (Lucy Dixon) and Esther Bloom (Jazmine Franks). He goes on a date with John Paul but when she is offered a permanent position at the college, he tells John Paul nothing more can happen between them. Danny changes his mind and arranges a date with John Paul and they sleep together. But once the school holidays begin Danny ignores John Paul's calls. He soon returns to take up his permanent teaching post and successfully pleads for another chance with John Paul. Danny becomes worried when headteacher Patrick Blake (Jeremy Sheffield) mentions that he has acquired job references, he warns Danny not to involve his personal life with his professional role. Tony Hutchinson (Nick Pickard) decides to contact Ste's biological father and he is revealed to be Danny. When John Paul forgets about their date, Danny retaliates by flirting with Ste. They get drunk and go back to Ste's flat. Danny runs off when he finds the birthday card he sent to Ste and Pauline's photograph. John Paul presumes that Danny has slept with Ste and attacks him. Danny denies this and tells John Paul he has a son but does not name Ste. Danny has sex with John Paul before going to meet up with his secret wife Sam. He continues to see John Paul and deceive Sam. His student Robbie Roscoe (Charlie Wernham) discovers their affair and threatens to tell Sam if he does not prevent his expulsion from the college. Doug Carter (PJ Brennan) later figures out that Danny is Ste's father. Doug confronts Danny and Danny admits to being Ste's father. At Ste's and Doug's leaving party, a bomb is detonated by Clare Devine (Gemma Bissix), killing Doug. Danny later finds Ste at the deli with a bottle of vodka and pills. Danny tries to stop Ste from committing suicide and Ste tells Danny that he doesn't even know him and that he is nothing to him. Danny then tells Ste that he means everything to him because he is his son. In 2014, Peri sees Danny kissing John Paul on a camera she had set up. In the following weeks, she is diagnosed with a brain tumour after falling down the stairs and, when she confronts Danny about his affair with John Paul, he convinces her that it did not happen and that her brain tumour is causing her mind to play tricks on her. Sam finds out about this but only tells Danny weeks later to keep their family together. Sam forgives Danny, as he promises never to stray again. Soon after, on the laptop, Sam discovers that Danny has an account on a gay dating website and is talking to somebody online and planning to meet them. She confronts him angrily, but then begins to believe that Sienna Blake (Anna Passey) did it. Sienna tells them it was Peri, but soon after, tells Peri that it was Sam and Danny who believed it was her. Sam later tells Danny she cannot forgive him and ends their relationship. Danny then discovers that the man he was talking to online was in fact George Smith (Steven Roberts). He visits him and they kiss. Of Danny's arrival, a writer from Fabulous magazine said that "there's never a dull moment in Hollyoaks" and quipped that Danny wanted to get involved with John Paul "in more ways than one". Richie Trent ------------ Richie Trent, played by Michael Dixon, made his first screen appearance on 11 July 2013. The character was first announced by Stephanie Davis when she was interviewed by Laura Morgan from All About Soap. Dixon's management revealed that he would star in nine episodes of Hollyoaks. Davis said that her character Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) meets Richie at a hotel and he flirts with her knowing that she is a prostitute. but Sinead does not realise that Richie is a police officer. Sinead attempts to steal Richie's money but he catches her. Davis said that "Sinead thinks Trent's going to turn violent, but he simply makes her a proposition—she can stay, sleep with him, and then she can walk away with £200 from his wallet." Richie turns at Sinead's home to investigate allegations that Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) is drug dealing. Davis revealed that Richie blackmails Sinead into turning Ste in or he will arrest her for robbery. Richie meets Sinead in a hotel bar and invites her back to his room. Sinead attempts to steal his wallet but he catches her. Richie offers Sinead money for sex and she obliges. Richie later arrives to carry out a drug raid at Sinead and Ste's flat. He realises that Sinead lied about her identity and takes her in for questioning. He threatens to charge her with theft if she does not exchange information about Ste. She refuses but Richie bribes Sinead to set Ste up in exchange for an injunction order against her step-mother Diane O'Connor (Alex Fletcher). Richie forces Sinead to attempt to expose Trevor Royle (Greg Wood) as a criminal. She begins work at her club but when she cons his client Trevor attacks Sinead. Richie convinces Sinead to make a statement against Trevor but the CPS do not prosecute. Richie vows to protect Sinead from Trevor and they sleep together. He asks her to move in with him but Trevor breaks into Richie's house and murders him. He pays Freddie Roscoe (Charlie Clapham) to dispose of his body and taunts Sinead over Richie's death. Rebecca Bowden from Yahoo! said that Richie is a "much younger [and] wealthy potential target" for Sinead, but noted that he is not "as dumb" as her other clients. Fraser Black ------------ Fraser Black, played by Jesse Birdsall, made his first on-screen appearance on 8 August 2013. Daniel Kilkelly announced the character and Birdsall's casting on 31 July 2013. The writer revealed that he would be introduced as a love interest for Sandy Roscoe (Gillian Taylforth). Sandy's son Joe Roscoe (Ayden Callaghan) attempts to get Fraser and Sandy together because he does not approve of her relationship with Dodger Savage (Danny Mac). Fraser approaches the Roscoe family with the offer of business to service his fleet of cars. He begins dating Sandy following an intervention from her children. Fraser meets Sandy for a drink, but Dodger also competes for her attention. Fraser tells Sandy that he would like a serious relationship and warns her to choose between himself and Dodger. Fraser tells Dodger to stay away from Sandy or Fraser will kill him. It becomes clear that Fraser is a serial criminal and works alongside Trevor Royle (Greg Wood). He attempts to kill Joe and hides the fact he is in a hospital, when everyone believes he has fled the area and abandoned everybody. He also kills Jim McGinn (Dan Tetsell). Joe escapes from the hospital, with the help of Trevor, which Fraser isn't aware of. He is quickly brought back into hospital, where his brother Freddie Roscoe (Charlie Clapham) and Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin) notice him being brought in. They inform the family and Robbie finds Fraser's book, proving that Fraser had planned to kill Joe. Fraser then frames his daughter Grace Black (Tamara Wall) for the attempted murder, for which she gets bail. Fraser also attempts to frame Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) for crashing into Sinead O'Connor's (Stephanie Davis) car and fleeing the scene, with a policeman's body in the boot. Ste, under pressure from Fraser, continually agrees that it was himself who did it. In April 2014, Grace decides she wants to murder Fraser. Joe and Trevor help to plan how to kill him, setting up a tracking device on his phone. Sonny Valentine (Aaron Fontaine) and Sam Lomax (Lizzie Roper), who are in the police force, are adamant that Fraser committed both crimes. After planning to leave the area with his daughter Rose Lomax, by tricking Rose's mother Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis) that he wants to take her as well, Fraser is shot dead in the seat of his car and is found by a distraught Tegan. It is later revealed that Freddie is Fraser's killer. Chloe ----- Main article: Chloe (Hollyoaks) Chloe, played by Susan Loughnane, made her first on-screen appearance on 12 August 2013. Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy announced details of the character on 6 August 2013. He revealed that Chloe arrives in Hollyoaks to visit her son Matthew McQueen. She acted as a surrogate mother so John Paul McQueen (James Sutton) and Craig Dean (Guy Burnett) could begin a family. She pretends to want to visit Matthew, then reveals that she needs £5000. When John Paul refuses she threatens to take Matthew away claiming that Craig is the father. Sutton told Kilkelly that he enjoyed filming with Loughnane and they had fun working on the storyline. He detailed how Chloe and John Paul had become best friends while living in Ireland. They share a lot of history and he has previously been there to bail her out of money troubles. Sam Lomax --------- Sam Lomax (also known as DI Lacey), played by Lizzie Roper, made her first on-screen appearance on 20 August 2013. Sam and Roper's casting was announced on 19 August, shortly after she made an appearance in E4's first look broadcast. Producers did not reveal Roper's casting beforehand as they wanted her character to be a surprise for viewers. Sam is the wife of Hollyoaks High teacher Danny Lomax (Stephen Billington). Roper stated "I'm so lucky getting to play Sam: one moment she's fun and feisty starting food fights, the next she's facing up to gangsters and doing everything she can to bring them to justice. She's not afraid of anything and has got a heart of gold, but when it comes to her family she's a lioness—don't mess with her!" Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy reported that Sam would become a prominent character on-screen as Danny's storyline continues and their daughters arrive. In September 2013, the show announced the arrival of Sam and Danny's three daughters, Leela Lomax, Tegan Lomax and Peri Lomax, played by Kirsty-Leigh Porter, Jessica Ellis and Ruby O'Donnell, respectively, named after Doctor Who companions of the 1970s and '80s. Sam drives Danny to and from work unaware he is having an affair. Sam breaks up a row between John Paul McQueen (James Sutton) and Darren Osborne (Ashley Taylor Dawson) and reveals she is a police officer. Sam is excited due to her wedding anniversary, unaware that Danny plans on spending the evening with John Paul. Sam later witnesses Cindy Cunningham (Stephanie Waring) slapping John Paul's half-sister Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) in the street. Sam suspects something is wrong and later ends up bringing Cindy and Mercedes in, alongside Lindsey Butterfield (Sophie Austin) for the murder of Mercedes' husband Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson) and once she finds out they killed him, she lets them go and vows not to tell anybody about what happened. Sam then discovers John Paul has been raped and takes him to the hospital to be examined, and provides support for him. However, once she discovers he and Danny were having an affair, she gets him put into prison for the assault of his rapist Finn O'Connor (Keith Rice). Sam discovers that Leela's boyfriend Cameron Campbell (Cameron Moore) has been released from prison and he kidnaps her, but she escapes after revealing she got him locked up. She and Danny plan to leave the village with their family to escape from Cameron, but Leela reveals she and Cameron are Peri's parents to her, so Sam and Danny attempt to flee the village on their own, leaving Leela, Tegan and Peri behind. Tegan and Peri later sneak away and contact Sam and Danny, begging them to come and pick them up, but before they can, an unknown car smashes into theirs, killing Sam and Danny. The family learn of this, and the unknown driver is later revealed to be Cameron. Jade Hedy --------- Jade Hedy, played by Lucy Gape, made her first on-screen appearance on 13 September 2013. The character was announced by executive producer Bryan Kirkwood on 13 July 2013. Hollyoaks usually introduces freshers as new characters. Kirkwood revealed that Jade is the only new character in the freshers group. He wanted to focus on the established characters Tilly Evans (Lucy Dixon) and George Smith (Steven Roberts) and their transition into university. They will move into a "knackered old student house" which replaces the old student halls set. Jade approaches Esther Bloom (Jazmine Franks) at a Freshers party and introduces herself. She ignores Tilly and later turns up inside her house revealing that landlord Dennis Savage (Joe Tracini) has let her move in. In Hollyoaks Later, Jade is seen getting close with Esther which Tilly becomes wary of. Jade suggests the three have a threesome, which Esther and Tilly reluctantly agree to. Jade becomes interested in Esther's stitches from her transplant. It is later revealed that this is because Jade's boyfriend was the organ donor. When Jade's boyfriend dies, Jade holds Esther captive in a dark room. Jade then stabs Callum Kane (Laurie Duncan) with a samurai sword through his back when he attempts to rescue Esther. Eventually, Esther escapes with Tilly and Jade follows them. This progresses into a chase sequence which ends with Jade falling onto her own knife. Tilly and Esther sit next to Jade and comfort her whilst she dies. Peri Lomax ---------- Main article: Peri Lomax Peri Lomax, played by Ruby O'Donnell, made her first on-screen appearance on 4 October 2013. The character and O'Donnell's casting was announced on 17 September 2013. O'Donnell auditioned for the role of Peri and was invited back twice, before she learned she had got the part. Her mother commented "When we got the call I started crying and then we started jumping up and down in the kitchen. The more I see the scripts the more I think Ruby is quite similar to her character Peri and I think she's fitted in well with the family." O'Donnell began filming during the summer months. Mariam Andrews -------------- Mariam Andrews, played by Helen Lederer, made her first on-screen appearance on 23 October 2013. Lederer's casting was announced on 10 August 2013. Mariam is a midwife who delivers Anthony and Dee Dee Hutchinson. She later realises Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis) is in labour and helps deliver her daughter, Rose. It is later revealed that she was drunk when she delivered them and so she accidentally swapped Rose and Dee Dee. Following this reveal she blackmails Dr. Charles S'avage (Andrew Greenough) so she can get off the hook. Dr. S'avage has her sectioned as a result. Whilst sectioned she meets Sienna Blake (Anna Passey) and reveals that she had accidentally swapped the babies, Sienna then gets Mariam drunk in a hope to learn Dr. S'avage's secret so she can leave the ward. When Mariam is discharged from the ward she asks Dr. S'avage for her old job back. When she sees Sienna embrace Dr. S'avage, she reveals to Sienna that he didn't pass his medical examinations and therefore isn't a real doctor. Mariam discovered evidence that possibly proved Dr. S'avage was the Gloved Hand Killer. When printing out the copies of the murdered victims, the killer enters the office, sneaks up on her, and fatally injects her with a large dose of potassium chloride, killing her instantly. Sienna finds her dead in the office. On the day of her death, she had arguments with both Tegan and Dr. S'avage, making them possible suspects, but her death is later ruled as a heart attack caused by her alcoholism. The killer is later revealed as Lindsey Roscoe (Sophie Austin). Tegan Lomax ----------- Tegan Lomax, played by Jessica Ellis, made her first appearance on 23 October 2013. The character and casting was announced on 17 September 2013. Tegan is a member of the Lomax family, which consists of parents Danny (Stephen Billington) and Sam (Lizzie Roper) and siblings Peri (Ruby O'Donnell) and Leela (Kirsty-Leigh Porter). In "a shocking twist", Tegan gave birth to a daughter within hours of arriving on-screen, having been unaware that she was pregnant. Describing Tegan, a writer for the show's official website stated "She's exciting, warm and full of cracking one-liners. She always sees the best in people—a quality which we ruddy admire!" Ellis was written out of the series in 2018 and Tegan departs in October 2018, five years after her arrival. The actress expressed her sadness at her departure. Kirkwood confirmed that Tegan's exit would mark the beginning of a "very different direction" for the Lomax family. Tegan's death was nominated for "Most devastating Soap Death" at the 2018 Digital Spy Reader Awards; it came in fourth place with 9.7% of the total votes. Tegan first appears at Dee Valley Hospital, where she gives birth to a daughter, Rose Lomax. It soon emerges that gangster Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall) is Rose's father. He persuades Tegan to leave with him and Rose, but kidnaps Rose instead. However, before he can leave, Fraser is killed. Tegan is questioned by the police, but released without charge. Tegan later runs for student secretary against Blessing Chambers (Modupe Adeyeye), who she defends when it is revealed that Blessing is transgender. Tegan is devastated when Sam and Danny are killed in a car accident. Tegan develops an attraction to Leela's boyfriend, Ziggy Roscoe (Fabrizio Santino). When they become trapped together during a siege at the hospital, Tegan and Ziggy have sex. Tegan becomes pregnant and Cameron Campbell (Cameron Moore) tells Leela about their infidelity, straining the sisters' relationship. Tegan confides in Ziggy that she is not pregnant and that the cancer, which she developed as a child, has returned. Ziggy supports Tegan through her treatment and when Cameron learns that Tegan has cancer, he encourages her to tell Leela; she does and they reconcile. When Rose becomes ill, Tegan donates blood to her through a transfusion, although this worsens Rose's condition and it emerges that Rose is not Tegan's biological daughter. Tegan and Celine McQueen (Sarah George) discovers that Diane O'Connor (Alex Fletcher) and Tony Hutchinson's (Nick Pickard) daughter, Dee Dee Hutchinson (Annabelle and Charlotte White; Lacey Findlow), is her biological daughter and Rose is Diane and Tony's biological daughter. Tegan, Ziggy and her family visit her aunt's cabin, where Tegan and Ziggy eat soup containing magic mushrooms. Ziggy confesses his love for Tegan, but she rejects him due to her cancer treatment. Tegan's condition deteriorates and she requires a bone marrow transplant. Tegan cannot find a match and refuses to reveal that Dee Dee is her biological daughter. After pressure from Celine and Sinead O'Connor's (Stephanie Davis), Tegan tells Tony and Diane the truth; Tony gives consent for Dee Dee to donate bone marrow. Tegan survives her treatment. Leela and Ziggy later plan to marry, but Ziggy confesses his love for Tegan again. As she goes to tell Leela, she discovers that Diane is planning to gain full custody of Rose and Dee Dee. Tegan and Diane agree to keep their daughters, and Tegan is upset when Leela and Ziggy marry. Tony tries to gain more access to Rose by faking romantic feelings for Tegan, but Tegan discovers this and plans to run away with Rose with Scott Drinkwell's (Ross Adams) help. Tegan pretends that Rose has been kidnapped, but is arrested when Ziggy informs the police of the plan; she is charged with perverting the course of justice and sentenced to four weeks imprisonment. Leela discovers that Tegan and Ziggy were planning to run away with Rose so hands Rose to her biological parents. Ziggy visits Tegan in prison and she vows revenge on him and Leela for their actions. Tegan is released and tries to see Rose, but Diane denies her access. Tegan reveals to Diane that Scott helped her in the kidnapping; they physically fight, but then try to remain civil. Diane bans Tegan from seeing Rose after suspecting her of poisoning her. When Tegan does visit her, Rose cannot recognise her mother, upsetting Tegan. Cameron is exposed as a serial killer and the murderer of Sam and Danny; when Tegan learns that Leela knew about this, she disowns her. Tegan and Ziggy plan to leave, but Leela reveals that she is pregnant with Ziggy's child. Shortly afterwards, Tegan learns that Leela is lying, but Leela asks Tegan not to tell Ziggy as she does not want to lose him. Leela soon admits the truth to Ziggy and he tells Tegan that they cannot have a future together. At Diane and Tony's wedding, Tegan gives a speech about her love for Rose and Dee Dee and tells Diane that she has torn her family apart. Diane agrees to return Rose to Tegan as she agrees that they cannot continue in their current position. Tegan and Ste attend Cameron's court hearing for Sam and Danny's murder, where Leela reads a positive statement about Cameron; he receives a two-year driving ban. Tegan punches Cameron and leaves for a holiday with Rose. When she returns, she reconciles with Leela and claims to be dating a man named Raphael, which is revealed to be a lie. She goes on a date with Seth (Wilson James), but Ziggy becomes jealous and stops it. Tegan and Ziggy admit their love for each other and almost kiss, but Leela interrupts them. When Leela announces her and Ziggy's intentions to have a baby, Ziggy ends their marriage and confesses his love for Tegan. Leela and Peri leave following the revelation, while Ziggy tries to woo Tegan. When Leela is nearly killed in an explosion, she and Tegan make peace and Leela encourages her to be with Ziggy. Tegan and Ziggy begin a relationship, but as they celebrate, Ziggy dies, leaving Tegan devastated. In October 2018, Tegan struggles to find Rose during a storm in the village. As she searches for her, a tree falls onto her. Misbah Maalik (Harvey Virdi) performs emergency treatment on Tegan, but when she arrives at hospital, Tegan is told that she needs an operation because of internal bleeding caused by a ruptured spleen as result of the treatment given to her by Misbah. She does not tell anyone about her critical condition, but says goodbye to Rose, Dee Dee, Leela, Ste and Peri. Diane and Tony tell Tegan she can help co-parent Rose and Dee Dee, delighting her, saying it was all she ever wanted. Tegan then goes into cardiac arrest and after attempted resuscitation, she dies, devastating her family. Ro Hutchinson ------------- Ro Hutchinson (formerly Rose Clare Lomax) is the biological son of Tony and Diane Hutchinson, the adoptive daughter of Fraser Black and Tegan Lomax, the twin brother of Anthony Hutchinson, the half-brother of Harry Thompson, and Grace and Eva Hutchinson, the adoptive brother of Dee Dee Hutchinson, and the adoptive half-brother of Clare Devine and Grace Black. He is the twin brother of Anthony Hutchinson, but was mixed up with Dee Dee Hutchinson after Mariam Andrews, a midwife whom was drunk on the job, ended up inadvertently switching the babies. Since Tegan's death, Ro has lived with Tony and Diane. Anthony Hutchinson ------------------ Anthony "Ant" Hutchinson is the son of Tony and Diane Hutchinson, the twin brother of Rose Lomax, the half-brother of Harry Thompson, and Grace and Eva Hutchinson, and the adoptive brother of Dee Dee Hutchinson. It was later revealed that Tegan Lomax is the biological mother of Dee Dee, whilst Diane was the biological mother of Tegan's daughter Rose. This was the result of the midwife, Mariam Andrews, mixing up the babies as she was drunk. Dee Dee Hutchinson ------------------ Dee Dee Hutchinson is the biological daughter of Fraser Black and Tegan Lomax, the adoptive daughter of Tony and Diane Hutchinson, the half-sister of Grace Black and Clare Devine, the adoptive sister of Anthony Hutchinson and Rose Lomax, and the adoptive half-sister of Beau Ramsey, Harry Thompson, and Grace and Eva Hutchinson. She was switched at birth with Rose Lomax, by the nurse Mariam Andrews. However the mothers of the switched babies, Diane and Tegan, agreed to continue raising the children they had been raising. Leela Lomax ----------- Leela Lomax (also Campbell and Roscoe), played by Kirsty-Leigh Porter, made her first appearance on 24 October 2013. Leela is a member of the Lomax family consisting of Danny (Stephen Billington), Sam (Lizzie Roper) and siblings Peri (Ruby O'Donnell) and Tegan Lomax (Jessica Ellis). Former Emmerdale actress Porter's casting was announced in June 2013, three months prior to the announcement of her character. Executive producer Bryan Kirkwood said that Porter was "a terrific signing for Hollyoaks. She will join us later on in the year in a very exciting role. She is certainly set to mix things up for one of our much-loved characters." Kirkwood later revealed that he intended on introducing sisters of the established character Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson). He wanted to introduce female characters to benefit Hollyoaks' future and revealed his excitement to watch the sisters interact with Ste. In August 2013, it was announced that Porter would be playing one of Ste's sisters. She was named after the Doctor Who character Leela, in honour of its 50th anniversary in November 2013. Leela temporarily departed the serial in early 2019, following the death of Porter's daughter. She returned in April 2019. Porter took a break in 2020 to take maternity leave. She departed on 8 October 2020 and returned briefly from 28 to 30 December 2020. She returned on 27 October 2021. Leela arrives to visit Tegan after she gives birth to a surprise baby. She agrees to move in with her parents and meets her half-brother Ste. In trying to help Sienna Blake (Anna Passey) to find her daughter, Leela revealed that Peri was not her sister but her daughter. She admits that she gave birth young and her parents agreed to be parents to her. She finally tells Peri that she is her mother and Peri rejects her. Leela's ex Cameron Campbell (Cameron Moore) arrives in Hollyoaks and tries to win her back, but at the time she was with Ziggy Roscoe (Fabrizio Santino). In 2015, Leela married Ziggy. Peri becomes pregnant at 15 by Tom Cunningham (Ellis Hollins), and later gives birth to a baby girl called Steph, making Leela a grandmother at 28. Ziggy dies on Christmas Eve 2015 after suffering a head injury in an explosion a day before leaving Leela heartbroken. Leela later falls pregnant. Leela is horrified when Peri goes missing and it is revealed that Nico kept her hostage in a bunker. Peri reveals this to them at the hospital and a furious Cameron vows revenge. He starts a fire which kills Nico but it also kills Ziggy's brother Joe Roscoe (Ayden Callaghan), after an explosion causes him to fall from a ferris wheel. A few weeks later, Cameron proposes to Leela and she happily accepts. Celine McQueen (Sarah George) discovers that Cameron started the fire so Cameron kills her to keep his secret. At Leela's hen party, Tegan pays Zack Loveday (Duayne Boachie) to be the stripper and an angry Cameron punches him. The guilt of Cameron's crimes becomes too much for him, so he writes a confession letter and leaves. Leela panics when he disappears so his cousin Courtney Campbell (Amy Conacham) tricks him into meeting her at the hospital. He tries to confess his crimes but Courtney persuades him to return to Leela. Leela finds his confession letter but only reads the first page before rushing off to the ceremony and Cameron burns it. After saying their vows, Leela goes into labour two months early. She gives birth to a baby boy but the baby is struggling to breathe. Cameron spots a bruise on the baby's leg and angrily accuses the staff of harming his child. Leela names the baby Daniel after her father. While they are alone, Tegan tells Leela that it was a Mongolian blue spot which is common in mixed race babies, meaning Cameron isn't the father. Leela tells Cameron that he isn't the father and he makes her choose between him or the baby and Leela chooses him. The baby's father is revealed to be Louis Loveday (Karl Collins) whose son Zack was the main suspect. Leela is horrified when she discovers that Nico tried to kill Peri and Harley and goes to find her. She goes to Sienna's flat and walks in on Nico attacking Sienna so she pulls Nico of Sienna, but accidentally pushes her against a table. Believing Nico to be dead, Leela apologises to Sienna but Nico wakes up and pushes Leela before trying to kill Sienna with a glass vase. Sienna picks up a doorstep and hits Nico with it, killing her. In August 2017, the revelation that Louis is the father of Leela's son, Daniel was longlisted for Best Shock Twist at the Inside Soap Awards. The nomination did not progress to the viewer-voted shortlist. Grace Black ----------- Main article: Grace Black Grace Black, played by Tamara Wall, made her first appearance on 8 November 2013. Wall's character and casting was announced on 24 October 2013. Grace is the sister of Clare Devine (Gemma Bissix) and daughter of Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall). Daniel Kilkelly from Digital Spy also warned that viewers could expect an "interesting dynamic" between Grace and Fraser's employee Trevor Royle (Greg Wood). Describing Grace, Kilkelly was told that "considering her relations, I don't think she's going to be the nicest of characters." Ray McCormick ------------- Ray McCormick, played by Cristian Solimeno, made his first appearance on 28 November 2013. A writer from SoapSquawk revealed that Ray's arrival would create problems for Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall). The two are enemies who have previously clashed. Solimeno's initial episodes Ray will air from November with more frequent appearances in December. Ray returned in 2014 and Fraser lied to Trevor Royle (Greg Wood), saying that Ray had killed his father. However, it was Fraser who had killed his father. Ray was later believed to have been murdered by Grace Black (Tamara Wall). However, she may have paid him off in order for him to leave the village for good. Other characters ---------------- \| Character \| Date(s) \| Actor \| Circumstances \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Penny \| 2 January \| Debra Stewart \| Penny is a social worker who visits the Osborne family following an accident involving Charlie Dean (Charlie Behan). \| \| Police Officer \| 8 January \| Martin Walsh \| A police officer who investigates Esther Bloom (Jazmine Franks) claims that Bart McQueen (Jonny Clarke) drove while intoxicated and was responsible for causing a bus crash that killed four people in November 2012. \| \| Doctor \| 14 January \| Blue Merrick \| A doctor who treats Will Savage (James Atherton) when he falls down a flight of stairs and informs Will's family of his condition. \| \| Doctor Singer \| 21 January \| Dominic Gately \| A doctor who treats Esther Bloom (Jazmine Franks) following her attempted suicide. \| \| John Davies \| 22–27 January \| Roderic Culver \| John Davies is a Doctor who works at Dee Valley Hospital as a consultant and is the boss of Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson). When Doctor Browning lies to Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane) that she is terminally ill, Myra attempts to prosecute the hospital. Doctor Browning and his fiancée Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe) host a dinner party to win Davies' favour. Davies has the investigation overthrown on the condition Mercedes has sex with him. Doctor Browning does not agree to Davies condition so he threatens to report him for faking Myra's test results. Doctor Browning tells Mercedes who confronts Davies, slapping him. Davies tells her that Doctor Browning would lose his job and possibly go to prison if he was exposed and Mercedes agrees to his requests. Phoebe McQueen (Mandip Gill) sees Davies with Mercedes and warns her that he is dangerous. She ignores Phoebe's warnings and leaves in a taxi with him so Phoebe tells Doctor Browning that they have gone to a hotel. At the hotel Mercedes hides a camera to try to blackmail Davies but he discovers the camera and confronts her. Doctor Browning arrives and hits Davies, telling him that he can not reveal Doctor Browning's lies or Doctor Browning will show his wife the footage of him kissing Mercedes. \| \| Doctor Daley \| 22–23 January \| Donna Berlin \| A doctor who informs Esther Bloom's (Jazmine Franks) family that, following her attempted suicide, she will need a liver transplant or she will die. She later tells Esther about the complications she will face in her life if she does live. \| \| Police Officer Sandra \| 1 February \| Fiona Clarke \| Sandra is a police officer who lets Nana McQueen (Diane Langton) and Myra McQueen (Nicole Barber-Lane) out of their holding cell after Nana complains about feeling ill. Sandra lets the rest out individually to give their statements. \| \| Consultant \| 4–5 February \| Jane Jeffrey \| A consultant who tells Jack Osborne (Jimmy McKenna) and Frankie Osborne (Helen Pearson) that Esther Bloom's (Jazmine Franks) condition has worsened She later tells Jack that the liver Esther needs has been delayed. She later told Frankie that would be soon be preparing Esther for the liver transplant. She then tells the Osbornes that she is happy with Esther to have the transplant. \| \| Doctor \| 7 February \| Denver Issac \| A doctor who treats Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer) after she is run over by Jack Osborne (Jimmy McKenna). \| \| Tyson \| 8 February \| Tristan Temple \| Tristan is a male stripper who Mitzeee (Rachel Shenton) believes is the father of her child, he, however, refuses to help her. \| \| Hitman \| 13 February \| Delroy Brown \| A hitman who Mitzeee (Rachel Shenton) visits to arrange the murder of Walker (Neil Newbon), she calls him off after meeting him. \| \| Eamonn Holmes \| 14 February \| Himself \| Eamonn Holmes appeared in Hollyoaks on 14 February 2013. The Sky News presenter publicised his involvement in the show on 17 December 2012. He tweeted a thank you message to Rachel Shenton, who plays Mitzeee. A picture of the pair revealed that Mitzeee was appearing on Holmes' Sunrise programme. The scenes were filmed as part of Shenton's exit from Hollyoaks. \| \| Nurse \| Faye Elvin \| A nurse who performs Mitzeee's (Rachel Shenton) ultrasound scan. \| \| Cressida \| 1–13 March \| Brigit Forsyth \| Cheryl Brady (Bronagh Waugh) suspects that her boyfriend Nate Tenbury-Newent (Tom Turner) is having an affair. She follows him to a house and barges in expecting to find another woman. Nate introduces Cheryl to the woman, who is actually his mother, Cressida. She goes to Cheryl's for tea, but ends up criticising Nate. Cheryl shouts at Cressida and urges Nate to stand up to his mother. Cressida later visits again to apologise and tell Nate that he can have the family estate. \| \| D.I Bulmer \| 9 May – 27 June \| Daymon Britton \| D.I Bulmer is a detective investigating the murder of Texas Longford (Bianca Hendrickse-Spendlove). \| \| D.I Johnson \| 16 May \| Una McNulty \| D.I Johnson arrests Mercedes McQueen (Jennifer Metcalfe), Carmel Valentine (Gemma Merna) and Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson) after finding drugs in Chez Chez. \| \| Katy O'Connor \| 22 May – 31 March 2014 \| Uncredited \| Sinead O'Connor's (Stephanie Davis) daughter with the deceased Rhys Ashworth (Andrew Moss). She was born in the back of a burnt out car on 22 May 2013 but she dies from an undiagnosed heart problem on 1 April 2014. \| \| Mrs Rahj \| 25–31 July \| Jamila Massey \| Mrs Rahj first appears in hospital where she annoys Pauline Hay (Julie Hogarth) as she becomes upset over her long-lost granddaughter. Dr. Paul Browning (Joseph Thompson) begins to tire of Mrs Rahj until she reveals that her deceased husband was a millionaire. Doctor Browning convinces Phoebe McQueen (Mandip Gill) to pose as her granddaughter and she believes her. Mrs Rahj gives Phoebe an expensive bracelet which makes her feel guilty. Phoebe lies to Doctor Browning that Mrs Rahj does not have much money so he will leave her alone. \| \| Punter \| 26 July \| Matthew Booth \| Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) arranges to meet the punter for sex in her flat. However, Sinead changes her plans and asks Ruby Button (Anna Shaffer) to babysit. The punter arrives and Ruby fears that he will assault her. \| \| Norman Wright \| 30 July \| Richard Cunningham \| Sinead O'Connor (Stephanie Davis) arranges to meet the Norman for sex in her flat. He does not realise that Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) is watching them and he takes photographs. The duo blackmail Norman and he hands over five thousand pounds. \| \| Don Trent \| 9–10 September 2013 \| Stephen Bent \| Don is Richie Trent's father. \| \| Henry Forrester \| 5 November \| Adrian Grove \| Henry Forrester arrives to inform Will Savage (James Atherton) that his mother has left him a mansion in her will. \| \| Bella Sharpe \| 5–7 November 2013, 25–27 August 2014 \| Imaani Byndloss \| Bella is Amber Sharpe (Lauren Gabrielle-Thomas) and Finn O'Connor's (Keith Rice) daughter. In early-November 2013, Finn goes to see Bella. Dale (Dominic Ridley) orders him to leave but Robbie Roscoe (Charlie Wernham) tells Dale to stay away from Bella. In August 2014, Amber and Bella briefly return for three episodes, revolving around Finn. \| \| Dale \| 5–7 November \| Dominic Ridley \| Dale is looking after Bella Sharpe (Imaani Byndloss) when her biological father Finn O'Connor (Keith Rice) arrives to see her. He wants Finn to keep away but Robbie Roscoe (Charlie Wernham) punches him and tells him to back off. \| \| Superintendent Marlow \| 15 November 2013 – 21 April 2014 \| Paul Clayton \| Marlow is a corrupt police officer who gets involved with criminal Fraser Black (Jesse Birdsall). Fraser gets him on side. He returns in 2014 and in April, Fraser forces Ste Hay (Kieron Richardson) to take the blame for crashing into Sinead O'Connor's (Stephanie Davis) car and killing a policeman. However, it transpires that Fraser is the culprit and Ste begs Marlow to tell Fraser that it wasn't his fault that this information came out. Sam Lomax (Lizzie Roper) and Sonny Valentine (Aaron Fontaine) overhear and he gets fired from his police job. He is later murdered by Fraser. \|
Final resting place of Thomas Baylies and his family, Dighton, Massachusetts Thomas Baylies (1687–March 1756) was a Quaker ironmaster first in England, then in Massachusetts. Origins and family ------------------ Thomas Baylies was the son of Nicholas Baylies of Alvechurch in north Worcestershire. On 5 June 1706, he married Esther, daughter of Thomas Seargeant of Fulford Heath, in Solihull in a Quaker ceremony at which 38 witnesses were present. They had eight children. Esther's sister Mary married Abraham Darby I. Coalbrookdale ------------- By 1714, Baylies had joined his brother-in-law, Abraham Darby, at his Coalbrookdale ironworks, becoming a partner with him and John Chamberlain. Together they built a second blast furnace at Coalbrookdale and secured the rights to build a furnace at Dolgûn near Dolgellau and taking over Vale Royal Furnace in 1718. However, Darby died in July 1717, before any progress was made with either project, and the partnership was dissolved. Vale Royal Company ------------------ Baylies took over the Coalbrookdale Company's right to Vale Royal in Cheshire. Lacking sufficient capital, he formed a new partnership with Charles Cholmondeley of Vale Royal Abbey, Richard Turner of Pettywood and William Watts of Newton near Middlewich. Turner was concerned in a coal mine at Thatto Heath near St Helens and persuaded his partners to build a furnace at Sutton (there). They also built a forge at Acton Bridge and intended to (but perhaps did not) build another at Dean Mill in Haydock. Baylies moved to Marton near the works. The original capital of £5000 was doubled when the second furnace was planned. Baylies had difficulty in paying up the capital of his share, now reduced to one-sixth, because it was still tied up in the stock at Coalbrookdale. His difficulties were made worse by Mary Darby's death following soon after that of her husband. The company suffered substantial losses, forcing Cholmondeley to make an assignment of his estate for the benefit of his creditors, blaming his troubles on the obstinacy of Dick Turner. Later activities in Great Britain --------------------------------- It is not clear how long Baylies remained a partner in the Vale Royal Company; certainly he was not its clerk. In 1723, he was employed by William Wood to negotiate a lease of an iron ore mine at Frizington in Cumberland, and he may have had some involvement with his works there in 1728. However he was living in Stourbridge in Worcestershre in 1729. Between 1730 and 1735, he may have even been concerned in the management of the Culnakyle ironworks at Abernethy of the York Buildings Company. In 1735, he became the manager of a furnace near Neath, perhaps Bryncoch Furnace, which belonged to a Quaker Company from Bristol. Massachusetts ------------- In June 1737, Baylies emigrated from London to Boston, Massachusetts, with his son Nicholas and daughter Esther. The following year, he brought over his wife and his daughters Mary and Helen. He settled at Attleborough Gore (now Cumberland, Rhode Island), where he was an ironmaster under contract (of 1738) with Richard Clarke & Co. of Boston. Another son, Thomas, Jr. emigrated later, and settled in Taunton, Massachusetts, where he kept a store, and later operated an iron works there. In 1739, Nicholas moved to Uxbridge, Massachusetts to operate a forge on the Mumford River, in what is now Whitinsville. Thomas Baylies, Sr. died at Cumberland, Rhode Island in March 1756. He was buried in the family burying ground beside the Taunton River, next to his wife Esther, who had died in 1756. A few months later in July 1756, Thomas, Jr. also died. Nicholas Baylies left Uxbridge to take over the works in Taunton later that same year. The Baylies Iron Works, as it became known, was located on the Three Mile River in west Taunton, near the Dighton town line. The business flourished under the leadership of Nicholas Baylies. He soon became a large land owner in the area. After the end of the American Revolution, Hodijah, youngest son of Nicholas and a distinguished veteran of the war, took over control of the iron works. During this time, among other large contracts, he made the anchor for the frigate USS Constitution in 1797. This was considered a great event in iron manufacture at the time. It required ten yoke of oxen to transport the anchor to tidewater at Dighton, to be taken on board Old Ironsides at Boston. Hodijah continued in the iron business until 1810, when he received the appointment of judge of probate, which office he held twenty four years. He disposed of the privilege and old mills to John West in 1809, who built the paper mill on the opposite side of the river. West, who had been a merchant in Boston, was the first paper manufacturer in the Old Colony. In 1823–24, West associated with Crocker & Richmond built a cotton mill on the site of the old iron works. He continued as agent of the cotton and paper mills until the time of his death in 1827. The cotton mill was then managed by Crocker & Richmond until the time of their suspension in 1837. It later became part of Whittenton Mills, operating as Westville Spinning Mill. In 1930, a bronze plaque was placed near the spot once occupied by the Baylies Iron Works. The Baylies family became very well known in the Taunton and Dighton area for many years, including William Baylies and Francis Baylies, who represented Massachusetts in the United States Congress during the early 1800s, and Nicholas Baylies, who served as a Justice of the Vermont Supreme Court. In 1923, the remains of Thomas Baylies and the first branch of the family were relocated a few miles from the Walker Blake Cemetery in south Taunton to the burial ground behind the family's church in Dighton. The church is now known as the Dighton Community Church.
Japanese ceramicist (born 1955) Keiko Fukazawa (born 1955 in Niigata, Niigata Prefecture, Japan) is an Issei (first generation) Japanese ceramicist active in the United States. She is known for her whimsical yet poignant sculptures that often incorporate traditional Asian motifs, while also addressing cultural and social issues. Fukazawa's later work incorporates graffiti-like styles that reference violence and modern issues such as globalization, consumerism, and capitalism. Her "functional, though impractical...interpretations of traditional forms serve as a personal vehicle of expression to integrate her heritage with her American environment." She states, "I want to share something as an immigrant artist." After moving to the United States to escape the limited opportunities for women artists in Japan, she studied at Otis College of Art and Design and Parsons School of Art. Education and career -------------------- After growing up in Tokyo, Fukazawa earned her Bachelor of Fine Arts at Musashino Art University in 1977, originally focusing on painting. She later changed her focus to ceramics to pursue a more practical profession for a woman in Japan. Completing her post-graduate studies in ceramics there in 1981, she also studied at the studio of Sotoen in Shigaraki, but soon realized that due to the "conservative nature of art education for women" in Japan, it could be years before she would be allowed to produce her own individual work. Fukazawa relocated to the United States, and after a brief time at Anderson Ranch Arts Center in Snowmass Village, Colorado, she moved to California in 1984 to follow her interest in the California Funk Movement and artists like Peter Voulkos, Marilyn Levine, and Ron Nagle. "I'd read in a magazine of many things happening on the West Coast in avant-garde ceramics, beautiful, strong pieces." In LA she studied at Otis College of Art and Design and earned her Master of Fine Arts in 1986. There, she studied under ceramicist Ralph Bacerra, whose focus in teaching was on technical ability and the integrity in form and surface, which influenced her early work. Teaching career --------------- Fukazawa went on to teach at the Department of Corrections, California Rehabilitation Center in Norco and as adjunct faculty at Otis College of Art and Design in 1992, at the California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, the University of Southern California, Cerritos College and multiple disciplinary youth/women's facilities. In 1998, Fukazawa married photographer Dennis O. Callwood. In a joint 2002 exhibition Art and Deviation, the couple challenged "assumptions about 'juvie' kids and their so-called low culture" through works in collaboration with youth at Camp Ronald McNair, an incarcerating rehabilitative center in Lancaster, CA. Starting in 2013, Fukazawa spent three years in Jingdezhen, China, a "global center of ceramic production and innovation for almost 2,000 years." These experiences inspired her 2016 exhibition, Made in China, which featured pieces that address Chinese capitalism. She retired as associate professor of visual arts and media studies at Pasadena City College in Pasadena, CA, in 2019. Artist statement ---------------- Fukazawa has stated: > There are many directions to explore in clay. It is important to open myself to this era and this moment, and to use the material freely... I really enjoy the inconsistencies and mysteries of clay and glaze... My interest now is in making environmental pieces using both figurative and abstract expression. > >
2011 film by David Mackenzie This article is about the film. For the unrelated song by Roger Waters, see Perfect Sense (song). *Perfect Sense* is a 2011 science fiction romantic drama film directed by David Mackenzie, written by Kim Fupz Aakeson and starring Eva Green and Ewan McGregor. In the film, a chef (McGregor) and a scientist (Green) fall in love as an epidemic begins to rob people of their sensory perceptions. Plot ---- An epidemic begins to spread throughout the globe, causing humankind to lose their sensory perceptions one by one. The story focuses on two people: Susan, one of a team of epidemiologists who are trying to find the causes of the disease, and Michael, a chef who works at a busy restaurant located next to Susan's flat. The two meet and get to know each other as the epidemic progresses, a relationship which soon turns to love. Humans begin to lose their senses one at a time. Each loss is preceded by an outburst of an intense feeling or urge. First, people begin suffering uncontrollable bouts of crying and this is soon followed by the loss of their sense of smell. An outbreak of irrational panic and anxiety, closely followed by a bout of frenzied gluttony, precedes the loss of the sense of taste. The film depicts people trying to adapt to each loss and trying to carry on living as best they can, rediscovering their remaining senses as they do so. Michael and his co-workers do their best to cook food for people who cannot smell nor taste. The loss of hearing comes next and is accompanied by an outbreak of extreme anger and rage. Michael experiences it first and is verbally abusive at Susan who flees in fear, losing her own hearing shortly afterwards. Despite her knowledge that it was the disease that caused the outburst, Susan cannot face Michael again. People struggle to adjust and to go on living. One day, every person on Earth suddenly experiences a feeling of joyful euphoria. Susan realizes she both forgives and still loves Michael and rushes to his job. The two find each other and embrace just as they, and the rest of the world, become blind. Cast ---- * Ewan McGregor as Michael * Eva Green as Susan * Connie Nielsen as Jenny, Susan's sister * Stephen Dillane as Stephen, Susan's boss * Ewen Bremner as James, Michael's workmate * Denis Lawson as Michael's boss * Alastair Mackenzie as Susan's workmate * Katy Engels as Narrator Production ---------- The film had the working title The Last Word, and Kim Fupz Aakeson's script was originally set in Copenhagen, Denmark, the capital of his homeland, but was transferred to Glasgow, Scotland, after director David Mackenzie's homeland. Scenes were shot in various locations around Glasgow, Mexico City and Kenya. The film premiered at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival. Reception --------- Reviews for Perfect Sense have been mixed. Rotten Tomatoes has the film ranked at 57%. Tirdad Derakhshani of the Philadelphia Inquirer wrote in his review, "The film loses its charm with annoying sequences that have a narrator explain to us 'The Meaning of it All' and then tell us 'What Really Matters' in life: Love. Love. Love."; and Stephen Holden of The New York Times defined it as "a solemn sci-fi parable set in present-day Glasgow, whose deepening sense of foreboding is sustained by the enigmatic, pseudo-biblical reflections of an unseen narrator." Mark Holcomb of The Village Voice said the film "beautifully captures the ache and counterintuitive thrill of 'the days as we know them, the world as we imagine the world' fading away by degrees—just don't be surprised if you find yourself longing for a contagion-spawned zombie bloodbath to counter the shambling lyricism." Writing for The A.V. Club, Alison Willmore gave a more positive appraisal: "Each deprivation is preceded by a flurry of emotion that leads to the film's most vivid sequences". The film opened at 59 cinemas on its domestic release grossing £21,675 for the weekend 7–9 October 2011.
Ulla Möllersvärd Ulrika "Ulla" Ottiliana Möllersvärd (1791–1878) was a Finnish courtier in service of the Russian Imperial court. She was rumored to have been the secret daughter of Princess Sophie Albertine of Sweden, and the lover of Tsar Alexander I of Russia. Life ---- She was one of seven children of the noble Carl Adolph Möllersvärd and Maria Charlotta L'Estrade, and sister of Carl Magnus Möllersvärd. She is foremost known for the occasion, where she danced with Tsar Alexander I of Russia at the Diet of Porvoo in 1809, which was repeated at Mäntsälä some days later and gave rise to rumors that they had an affair: the incident has been portrayed in fiction. She was the subject of much attention in contemporary Finland. She was claimed to be the foster child of Möllersvärd and in actuality the secret illegitimate daughter of Princess Sophia Albertina of Sweden; Möllersvärd was also reputed to have had a secret child with Tsar Alexander. She was maid of honor to the Russian empress Elizabeth Alexeievna (Louise of Baden) from 1811 to 1813. The last year, she left court to marry noble general major Odert Reinhold von Essen. She divorced him the following year and left him to live with her unmarried brother. Legacy ------ Möllersvärd has been portrayed in fiction, both literature and film. Her rumored affair with Tsar Alexander was portrayed in the novel Tanssi yli hautojen by Mika Waltari (1944), which was made into a film in 1950.
*JDS Atsumi* (LST-4101)** was the lead ship of the Atsumi-class tank landing ships of the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force. She was commissioned on 27 November 1972. Development and design ---------------------- The three Atsumi-class tank landing ships (LSTs) had a standard displacement of 1,500 tonnes (1,500 long tons) and 2,400 t (2,400 long tons) at full load. They were 89 m (292 ft 0 in) overall with a beam of 13 m (42 ft 8 in) and a draft of 2.7 m (8 ft 10 in). Ships in the class were powered by two Kawasaki-MAN V8V 22/30 AMTL diesel engines turning two shafts rated at 3,300 kilowatts (4,400 bhp). This gave them a maximum speed of 14 knots (26 km/h; 16 mph). Vessels of the class carried two Landing Craft Vehicle Personnel (LCVPs). The LCVPs were slung under davits and a traveling gantry crane with folding rails that could be extended over the side handled the two LCMs positioned on the foredeck. The LSTs could carry up 130 troops. The Atsumi class were armed with twin-mounted 40 mm (1.6 in) guns in a single turret placed each at the bow and aft. The LSTs were equipped with OPS-9 air search. They had a complement of 100 officers and crew. Construction and career ----------------------- She was laid down by Sasebo Heavy Industries on 7 December 1971 as the No. 4101 planned transport ship in 1970 based on the 4th Defense Force Development Plan, launched on 13 June 1972, and launched on 27 November 1972. It was commissioned on the day and was incorporated into the Yokosuka District Force as a ship under direct control.[] Engaged in disaster dispatch due to the eruption of Mt. Mihara, Izu Oshima in November 1986.[] Engaged in disaster dispatch due to the Great Hanshin Earthquake in January 1995.[] On 13 February 1998, she was decommissioned after 25 years. The total itinerary reached 345,823 nautical miles. As a substitute ship, JDS Miura was incorporated into the Yokosuka District Force from the 1st Transport Corps. Citations --------- 1. ↑ "Atsumi class tank landing ship LST japan maritime self defense force". www.seaforces.org. Retrieved 28 October 2020. 2. ↑ 「ニュース・フラッシュ」『世界の艦船』page 538、海人社、May 1995、 138頁。 3. ↑ 「初の国産輸送艦「あつみ」退役」『世界の艦船』page 537、海人社、April 1995、 118頁。
The Queensland Certificate of Education (QCE) is the certificate awarded to students completing their secondary schooling in Queensland. The QCE was introduced in 2008, to replace the Senior Certificate. It is currently issued by the Queensland Curriculum and Assessment Authority (QCAA). Structure --------- The Queensland Certificate of Education is generally awarded to students completing Year 12, though alternative avenues of study are available. All Queensland courses of study are awarded credits, which can contribute towards a QCE. These courses are divided into: * Core courses * Preparatory courses * Enrichment courses * Advanced courses Core courses are the most common form of education undertaken in Years 11 and 12 and include both Authority and Authority-registered subjects. Authority subjects are those whose syllabuses are maintained by the QSA and whose results contribute to a student's Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR), which is the ranking used for entrance to tertiary education institutions, whereas Authority-registered subjects are developed from a Study Area Specification. Authority-registered subjects do not contribute to the ATAR of a student. Preparatory and Enrichment courses are commonly Vocational Education and Training (VET) qualifications, which often result in Certificate qualifications. Advanced courses are often university subjects completed alongside a student's regular secondary schooling. ### Assessment Students are assessed based upon the subjects which they undertake. A student's final grade is given as a Level of Achievement, of which there are five grades: * Very High Achievement (VHA), roughly equivalent to an "A" * High Achievement (HA), roughly equivalent to a "B" * Sound Achievement (SA), roughly equivalent to a "C" * Limited Achievement (LA), roughly equivalent to a "D" * Very Limited Achievement (VLA), roughly equivalent to an "E" Each of these achievement levels are split into 10 rungs, to further differentiate the achievement of individual students. A VHA10 is the highest mark a student can achieve for a subject and a VLA1 is the lowest. These marks, along with the weighting of subjects (determined by students' academic performance in the Queensland Core Skills Test) is responsible in determining a students ATAR. Award ----- In order to be awarded a QCE, a student must be awarded at least 20 credits from their studies, in which at least 12 credits must come from Core courses. Core courses not fully completed may also contribute some credits, however the level of achievement must be at least a Sound Achievement (or Pass). In addition, a student must pass the literacy and numeracy requirements. Even if failing to receive a QCE at the end of Year 12, a student may continue to work towards one, though credits expire after nine years. A student's result in the Queensland Core Skills Test also appears on their QCE as a letter grade.
Reservoir in Germany Huttaler Widerwaage and mouth of the Huttal Water Tunnel Plan of the Huttaler Widerwaage and the structures linked to it The Huttaler Widerwaage is a small reservoir that is a part of the Upper Harz Water Regale, an old mining water management system in the Harz Mountains of Germany that is now a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The reservoir lies east of the mining town of Clausthal-Zellerfeld. It is designed to feed water from the Huttal river during times of low water to the reservoir pond of the Hirschler Teich and, during times of high water, to handle the overflow of water from it. Location -------- The Huttaler Widerwaage lies in the Upper Harz in the Harz Nature Park. It is located southeast of Clausthal-Zellerfeld around 550 metres east-southeast of the source of the Innerste and about 500 metres south of the B 242 at Huttaler Graben at about 605 m above sea level (NHN). Function -------- A Widerwaage is the name used in the region of the Upper Harz Water Regale for a small basin or small impoundment. This particular basin is impounded by a small wooden weir structure, a so-called Fehlschlag. It is linked by the Huttal Water Tunnel (Huttaler Wasserlauf) with the Hirschler Teich on the other side of the ridge and is designed so that the two reservoirs act as a communicating vessels. Water from the Schwarzenberg and the Polsterberg Pumphouse is supplied to the Widerwaage by the Huttal Ditch (Huttaler Graben). If the weir is full, water is drained out of it through the Huttal Water Tunnel to the Hirschler Teich. There it was used to supply hydropower for the very productive Caroline and Dorothea Pits.
Type of painful muscle spasm Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) are defined as cramping (painful muscle spasms) during or immediately following exercise. Muscle cramps during exercise are very common, even in elite athletes. EAMC are a common condition that occurs during or after exercise, often during endurance events such as a triathlon or marathon. Although EAMC are extremely common among athletes, the cause is still not fully understood because muscle cramping can occur as a result of many underlying conditions. Elite athletes experience cramping due to paces at higher intensities. The cause of exercise-associated muscle cramps is hypothesized to be due to altered neuromuscular control, dehydration, or electrolyte depletion. Electrolyte depletion and dehydration theory -------------------------------------------- It is widely believed that excessive sweating due to strenuous exercise can lead to muscle cramps. Deficiency of sodium and other electrolytes may lead to contracted interstitial fluid compartments, which may exacerbate the muscle cramping. According to this theory, the increased blood plasma osmolality from sweating sodium losses causes a fluid shift from the interstitial space to the intervascular space, which causes the interstitial fluid compartment to deform and contributes to muscle hyperexcitability and risk of spontaneous muscle activity. Neuromuscular control --------------------- The second hypothesis is altered neuromuscular control. In this hypothesis, it is suggested that cramping is due to altered neuromuscular activity. The proposed underlying cause of the altered neuromuscular control is due to fatigue. There are several disturbances, at various levels of the central and peripheral nervous system, and the skeletal muscle that contribute to cramping. These disturbances can be described by a series of several key events. First and foremost, repetitive muscle exercise can lead to the development of fatigue due to one or more of the following: inadequate conditioning, hot and or humid environments, increased intensity, increased duration, and decreased supply of energy. Muscle fatigue itself causes increased excitatory afferent activity within the muscle spindles and decreased inhibitory afferent activity within the Golgi tendon. The coupling of these events leads to altered neuromuscular control from the spinal cord. A cascade of events follow the altered neuromuscular control; this includes increased alpha-motor neuron activity in the spinal cord, which overloads the lower motor neurons, and increased muscle cell membrane activity. Thus, the resultant of this cascade is a muscle cramp.[] Treatment and prevention ------------------------ Medication has not been found to help reduce or prevent muscle cramping. To prevent or treat, athletes are recommended to stretch, stop movement and rest, massaging the area that is cramping, or drink fluids. Stretching helps to calm down spindles by lengthening the muscle fibers and increase firing duration to slow down the firing rate of the muscle. Recommended fluids during cramping are water or fluids that are high in electrolytes to replenish the system with sodium.
Restaurant in D.C. United States Michel Richard Citronelle was an American restaurant located in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. The chef and owner of Citronelle was James Beard Award-winning chef Michel Richard. Background and opening ---------------------- Michel Richard became a nationally-renowned chef in Los Angeles in the 1980s, and he opened his first Citronelle restaurant in Santa Barbara, California in 1989. In 1993, he opened Citronelle at the Latham Hotel at 3000 M St. NW in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. hiring Etienne Jaulin as the executive chef. Subsequent versions of Citronelle opened in Baltimore, Tokyo and Carmel, California. A review in the Washington Post noted that even though Richard was not regularly in the kitchen, the food had "the brilliance, the originality and the quality of Richard's cooking in California." A Washingtonian magazine review noted the "sense of festivity," highlighting the Reuben sandwiche ravioli and Richard's re-envisioning of a Kit Kat bar. The New York Times called Citronelle "one of the most consistently excellent newcomers" in the D.C. dining scene. In its early days, Citronelle was a regular destination for members of President Bill Clinton's administration. Attorney General Janet Reno was seen there having dinner with Barbra Streisand. Citronelle was also frequented by First Lady Hillary Clinton and Secretary of State Warren Christopher. Renovation and recognition -------------------------- In 1998, Richard renovated the restaurant and renamed it Michel Richard Citronelle. He sold off half of his interest in his Los Angeles restaurants and moved to Washington, D.C. making Michel Richard Citronelle his flagship restaurant and giving it his full-time attention. In 2002, Citronelle was named Fine Dining Restaurant of the Year by the Restaurant Association of Metropolitan Washington, and Richard was named Chef of the Year. In 2001 and 2006, it was named among the top 20 restaurants in the country by Gourmet magazine. In 2007, Richard won the James Beard Foundation Award for Outstanding Chef, and Citronelle wine director Mark Slater won for Outstanding Wine Service. Washingtonian magazine named Citronelle the No.1 Very Best Restaurant in Washington in 2007 and 2008. In May 2009, President Barack Obama and Michelle Obama celebrated their first date night at Citronelle. In July 2012, Citronelle closed due to water damage. The restaurant did not reopen.
Anakena is a privately owned winery based in the Alto Cachapoal area of the Rapel Valley of Chile. It produces a variety of styles. In September 2015 Anakena was bought by Accolade Wines for $30 million. Overview -------- Vina Anakena was founded by Felipe Ibáñez and childhood friend, Jorge Gutiérrez, in 1999. Anakena currently owns over 400 hectares (990 acres) of vineyards (155 hectares (380 acres) in Cachapoal Valley, 128 hectares (320 acres) hectares in Leyda in the San Antonio Valley, 70 hectares (170 acres) in Cerro Ninquén in the Colchagua Valley, and 70 hectares (170 acres) in Las Cabras, near the Peumo area) producing 400,000 cases of wine per year. The wines are exported to over 40 countries around the world. Culture ------- The name Anakena signifies ‘bird cave’ in the Rapa Nui culture (based on the birdman legend). The legend of the Tangata manu (bird-man) tells that the Easter Island seagull, or Manu tara, hid its precious egg in a secret hideaway, or Anakena. Every year the bravest islanders swam the long distance from Rapa Nui to the islet of Motu Nui in search of the egg. The one who found it and carried it safely back to Rapa Nui was given the title of birdman, or Tangata manu, and bestowed with honour and fortune. Anakena uses ancestral engravings and pictographs on its labels to reflect its commitment to Chile’s native cultures and show the world the cultural and artistic legacy of all the precolumbian people who preceded them. Winery ------ Anakena ONA Pinot noir, 2007. Anakena’s winery is 6,600 square metres (71,000 sq ft) in size and contains 148 stainless steel tanks and 1,300 barrels, enabling the production of 3.5 million litres of wine per year. All the wines are bottled in the cellar. There is also a wine store and visitor centre. Tours of the vineyards can be arranged in advance. ### Winemaking Winemaking at Anakena is overseen by chief oenologist, Gonzalo Pérez. Gonzalo has been making wine for over 15 years and previously held winemaking positions at a number of Chilean wineries including Santa Rita, Viña Francisco de Aguirre, Viña Cantera and Viña Tarapacá. Anakena Portfolio ----------------- Varietal range: Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Carmenère, Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon Rose Indo range: Merlot-Syrah, Cabernet-Syrah, Sauvignon Blanc, Chardonnay, Single Vineyard range: Sauvignon Blanc, Viognier, Riesling, Late Harvest, Pinot Noir, Carmenère, Malbec, Syrah, Cabernet Sauvignon ONA range: Sauvignon Blanc, Riesling-Viognier-Chardonnay, Pinot Noir-Merlot-Syrah-Viognier, Cabernet Sauvignon-Merlot-Carmenère, Syrah
British airliner designed for pleasure flights The Airspeed AS.4 Ferry was three-engined ten-seat biplane airliner designed and built by the British aircraft manufacturer Airspeed Limited. It was the company's first powered aircraft to be produced. It was proposed for development in April 1931, shortly following Airspeed's founding. The Ferry was designed specifically for Alan Cobham's National Aviation Day events, performing 'air-experience' flights for the general public. On 5 April 1932, the prototype performed its maiden flight. Only four examples were produced at the company's facilities in York during the early 1930s. Two aircraft served with the Royal Air Force during the opening years of the Second World War, although largely being used as instructional airframes. Development ----------- The origins of the Airspeed Ferry can be traced back to the company's first post-formation board meeting, held on 17 April 1931. Aviation innovator and Airspeed director Sir Alan Cobham sought a compact multi-engined airliner to perform 'air-experience' flights in Cobham's National Aviation Day displays. Amongst the requirements for such an aircraft was an extraordinary short takeoff and landing (STOL) capability for the era due to the austere airstrips common at the time, which were often little more than fields. During June of that same year, an initial order for a pair of aircraft, each being priced at £5,195 and for delivery ten months later, was placed with Airspeed. Both the design and construction work were undertaken at Airspeed's York facilities. Work proceeded to schedule, with the prototype being conveyed to Sherburn-in-Elmet Aerodrome in March 1932 ahead of the type's maiden flight. To avoid the time and cost involved in its dismantling and reassembly, the prototype was instead towed in a completed state to the aerodrome, despite the risks and challenges involved, leading to the aircraft being escorted by local police. On 5 April 1932, the first aircraft, G-ABSI Youth of Britain II, performed its maiden flight, piloted by H. V. Warrall. According to the aviation author H. A. Taylor, there were only two serious faults identified during this initial 19-minute flight, these being a marginally overbalanced rudder and the weight distribution being offset towards the nose, both being quickly remedied. The prototype was determined to be within envisioned limits, including its weight, thus it was loaded to its maximum gross weight of 5,400 lb (2,400 kg) and flown three days later. This time, its takeoff performance was less than had been hoped, thus it was refitted with finer-pitch propellers that improved its takeoff and climb performance when it flew again one day later. The certification process, which took four days to complete, revealed minor matters with the exhaust manifold as well as a sheared bolt on the undercarriage. Design ------ The Airspeed AS.4 Ferry was an unusual biplane airliner designed around the needs of Alan Cobham, one of the company's directors. It featured an unorthodox configuration, particularly the mounting of its third engine in the centre section of the upper wing, an arrangement which was principally adopted to provide the pilot with superior external visibility, although it also presented some aerodynamic benefits as well. The three engines installed upon the Ferry consisted of a pair of de Havilland Gipsy IIs mounted upon the upper surface of the lower wing, while the engine installed upon the upper wing was an inverted de Havilland Gipsy III instead. While the fuel tanks of the Ferry had sufficient size for around five hours of flight at cruising speeds, to best suit its air-experience role, the tanks were only ever partially filled, else it wouldn't be able to carry its maximum capacity of ten passengers. The Ferry was a biplane with equal-span wings, both of which were positioned high relative to the fuselage, with the lower wing being aligned with the top of the fuselage. According to Alan Cobham, this arrangement was to provide the passengers with an unobstructed view of the ground. The structure of the aircraft was conventional and largely composed of spruce and plywood, featuring monocoque construction across the fuselage. The wings were supported by box spars paired with wooden flanges and steel tubes for key areas such as the compression drag struts. While the Ferry had been designed specifically for short-haul pleasure flying, the design team made provisions towards its use in other roles, such as a longer distance airliner carrying five or six passengers with luggage. Despite having ten seats, which necessitated the fitting of a radio under British regulations of the era, it was certified for local flying without any radio present. To enable a faster turnaround, relatively rapid refuelling was facilitated via a pipeline to the tank from the side of the fuselage. An unusual feature of the design, believed to provide a beneficial ground-cushioning effect as well as possibly additional lift, was the aerofoil-section fairings present on the split-axle undercarriage. The Airspeed Ferry "Youth of Africa", formerly "Youth of Britain III" in 1933.The Airspeed Ferry "Youth of Africa", formerly "Youth of Britain III" in 1933. Operational history ------------------- On 24 April, delivery of the prototype officially took place; it made the type's first public appearance following month. The prototype was quickly followed by the second aircraft, G-ABSJ Youth of Britain III. Both aircraft were used as envisioned for Cobham's air-experience flights, attracting large numbers of the public to ride in them. According to the aviation periodical Flight, within their first season of operation alone, the two aircraft had carried around 92,000 passengers. This was achieved via a particularly fast turnaround rate, taking as little as 30 seconds, while refuelling only took one and a half minutes. In 1940, following the outbreak of the Second World War, the first aircraft (G-ABSI) was impressed into service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) and given the military registration AV968. It was active at RAF Halton until November 1940, after which it saw use as an instructional airframe, registered as 2758M. The second aircraft received repairable damage from a crash in July 1932, only one month after its delivery. During 1934, the second aircraft was sold in India to Himalaya Air Transport and Survey Company Limited as VT-AFO. For around six months, it was used to ferry pilgrims from Haridwar to Gaucher. However, it was destroyed by vandals in a hangar fire in 1936. The third (G-ACBT) and fourth (G-ACFB) aircraft were built for the Midland and Scottish Air Ferries Ltd and used on services from Renfrew to Campbeltown, Belfast and Speke. However, these services were suspended after roughly 18 months of operation on 30 September 1934 due to the closure of the company, after which both aircraft were put up for sale. G-ACBT was not sold and was dismantled in 1941. G-ACFB returned to England to be used for pleasure flying for Air Publicity Ltd. It was pressed into service with the RAF in 1941 and later saw use as an instructional airframe. While Airspeed promoted the Ferry for sale at £3,975, and negotiations with prospective customers such as Hillman's Airways were undertaken, no further examples were built. This was in part due to competition from other contemporary airliners, such as the de Havilland Dragon, which typically offered higher cruising speeds. Operators --------- ### Civil operators India British India * Himalaya Air Transport and Survey Company Ltd United Kingdom * Air Publicity Ltd * Midland & Scottish Air Ferries Ltd * National Aviation Day Displays Ltd * C.W.A. Scott's Flying Displays Ltd * Portsea, Southsea and Isle of Wight Aviation Ltd * Sir Alan Cobham * C.W.A. Scott ### Military operators United Kingdom * Royal Air Force + Halton Station Flight Specifications -------------- Data from British Civil Aircraft since 1919:Volume I General characteristics * Crew: 1 * Capacity: 10 passengers * Length: 39 ft 8 in (12.09 m) * Wingspan: 55 ft 0 in (16.76 m) * Height: 14 ft 3 in (4.34 m) * Wing area: 610.5 sq ft (56.72 m2) * Empty weight: 3,300 lb (1,497 kg) * Max takeoff weight: 5,400 lb (2,449 kg) * Powerplant: 3 × de Havilland Gipsy II and III air-cooled inline piston, 120 hp (89 kW) each Performance * Maximum speed: 112 mph (180 km/h, 97 kn) * Cruise speed: 100 mph (160 km/h, 87 kn) * Stall speed: 49 mph (79 km/h, 43 kn) * Range: 340 mi (550 km, 300 nmi) * Service ceiling: 15,500 ft (4,700 m) * Rate of climb: 800 ft/min (4.1 m/s)
Part of the American Indian Wars The Battle of Pima Butte, or the Battle of Maricopa Wells, was fought on September 1, 1857 at Pima Butte, Arizona near Maricopa Wells in the Sierra Estrella. Yuma, Mohave, Apache and Yavapai warriors attacked a Maricopa village named Secate in one of the largest battles in Arizona's history. It was also the last major battle fought by the Yumas and the last major battle fought solely between Native Americans in North America. Battle ------ Two Mohave warriors in 1871, by Timothy H. O'Sullivan For hundreds of years prior to 1857, the Yumas and the Maricopas were enemies. On many occasions the two tribes would gather their warriors together at the peak of Berdache Mountain. There the two sides would shout insults at each other before fighting a battle. Chief Francisco of the Yuma led the combined army which numbered at least 300 men and they arrived near Secate on August 31, 1857. Francisco began his attack the following morning and captured the Maricopa village and began burning the structures. The Yumas and their allies had just walked 160 miles over the course of eight days so Francisco's men were tired and hungry. As a result, the Yumas and their allies made the deadly mistake of remaining in the burning village to rest and eat the captured Maricopa food. When Francisco's army attacked, the surviving women and children fled for protection to Pima Butte, which was just to the south of the village. The warriors gathered as well and sent a distress call to the nearby Pima villages. The Pima sent all of their warriors in the area and a counterattack was then launched. But before the Maricopa and Pima arrived, all of the Apaches, Yavapais and most of the Mohaves fled, leaving the remaining Yumas and Mohaves outnumbered. The Maricopa and Pima forces, some mounted on horses, surrounded the attackers before annihilating them. Most of the Yumas and Mohaves were killed, including Chief Francisco. On or about September 11, traveler John B. Hilton visited the battlefield and later wrote that he observed ninety bodies in one spot, lying on the ground in every kind of position. The San Diego Herald mistakenly reported on September 12 that the battle was a three-sided engagement between the Pima, Yuma and the Maricopa all against each other. At the same time the Daily Alta California reported that the battle was > ....seldom equaled in Indian warfare. It is reported that 150 to 160 allied Indians, being nearly of quite the entire party, were left dead in the field. > > The allies referred to the Yuma who after the Yuma War became good neighbors with the Americans on the California side of the Colorado River. In a later article, the San Diego Herald stated the following; > ....from all accounts it would appear that this battle, in which the Maricopas and their allies the Pima so bravely defended their homes, destroying nearly the whole force which came into battle against them, is the largest Indian fight in this region for years. > >
Soviet country (1921–1931) 43°00′N 41°01′E / 43.000°N 41.017°E / 43.000; 41.017 The Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia (SSR Abkhazia) was a short-lived republic within the Caucasus region of the Soviet Union that covered the territory of Abkhazia, and existed from 31 March 1921 to 19 February 1931. Formed in the aftermath of the Red Army invasion of Georgia in 1921, it was independent until 16 December 1921 when it agreed to a treaty that united it with the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR). The SSR Abkhazia was similar to an autonomous Soviet republic, though it retained nominal independence from Georgia and was given certain features only full union republics had, like its own military units. Through its status as a "treaty republic" with Georgia, Abkhazia joined the Transcaucasian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, which united Armenian, Azerbaijani, and Georgian SSRs into one federal unit when the latter was formed in 1922. The SSR Abkhazia was abolished in 1931 and replaced with the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Georgian SSR. During its existence, the SSR Abkhazia was led by Nestor Lakoba, who served officially as the Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars but controlled the republic to such an extent that it was jokingly referred to as "Lakobistan". Due to Lakoba's close relationship with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin, collectivisation was delayed until after Abkhazia was incorporated into Georgia. Abkhazia remained a major tobacco producer in this era, growing over half of the USSR's supply. It also produced other agricultural produce, including tea, wine, and citrus fruits, leading to Abkhazia being one of the wealthiest regions in the Soviet Union. Its sub-tropical climate also made it a prime holiday destination, with Stalin and other Soviet leaders owning dachas (holiday homes) in the region and spending considerable time there. An ethnically diverse region, Abkhazia was nominally led by the Abkhaz people, who made up less than 30 per cent of the population. Other major groups included Georgians, Armenians, Greeks, and Russians. Even though they did not form the majority, the Abkhaz were heavily favoured and the Abkhaz language was promoted as a result of the korenizatsiia policies of the era. An Abkhaz national identity was promoted through these policies, leading to the rise of Abkhaz nationalism. The main legacy of the SSR Abkhazia is that for the first time in modern history, it created a defined geographic entity under the name of Abkhazia. Though the quasi-independent republic was downgraded in 1931, the Abkhaz people did not forget that it had existed. With the advent of glasnost and perestroika in the late 1980s, Abkhaz leaders called for their state to be re-formed and secede from Georgia, citing the SSR Abkhazia as a precedent. This led to them restoring the 1925 SSR Abkhazian constitution, which led to the 1992–1993 war between Abkhazian secessionists and Georgia, and the modern Abkhaz–Georgian conflict. History ------- ### Background See also: History of Abkhazia Efrem EshbaNestor Lakoba The Russian Empire annexed Abkhazia in the early nineteenth century and had consolidated its authority over the region by 1864. Reluctant to create ethno-territorial units, the Russian authorities incorporated the region into the Kutais Governorate. Large-scale population transfers saw the ethnic composition of Abkhazia radically altered, with thousands of ethnic Abkhaz expelled and ethnic Mingrelians brought in to replace them. After the 1917 February Revolution, which ended the Russian Empire, the status of Abkhazia became contested and was unclear. Free from Russian rule, it considered joining the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus in 1917, but ultimately decided against this due to the distance between Abkhazia and the rest of the groups involved. In February 1918, Abkhaz Bolsheviks attempted to create a commune—a similar system to the soviets (councils) being formed in Russia. This effort was unsuccessful and the Bolshevik leaders, Efrem Eshba and Nestor Lakoba, fled. The Abkhaz People's Council (APC) was formed in the aftermath and effectively controlled the region. When the Democratic Republic of Georgia was formed in May 1918, it annexed Abkhazia, considering it an integral part of its territory. Georgia never fully established control of the region, leaving the APC to rule it until the Bolshevik invasion of 1921. The status of Abkhazia was confirmed in the Georgian constitution of 1921. Article 107 guaranteed "Abkhazeti (district of Soukhoum)" autonomy for "the administration of their affairs". The constitution was proclaimed after the Red Army invasion of Georgia in February 1921; the nature of the promised autonomy was never determined. According to the historian Timothy Blauvelt, this had a lasting legacy in the region because it marked the first time in modern history Abkhazia was defined as a distinct geographic entity. ### Formation One of the first rallies in Sukhumi after the establishment of Soviet power on 8 March 1921 On 15 February 1921, the Red Army invaded Georgia. Abkhazia was invaded two days later. Eshba and Lakoba returned to Abkhazia before the invasion and formed a Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) in preparation for a Bolshevik government. Sukhumi, the capital, was captured on 4 March. With fighting in Georgia continuing, the Revkom, who did not expect to be the sole authority over Abkhazia, took advantage of the confusion and moved to declare Abkhazia an independent republic. They sent a telegram to Moscow asking for advice on how to proceed, and suggested joining the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, but Sergo Ordzhonikidze—a leading Bolshevik and the leader of the Caucasus Bureau (Kavbiuro)—dismissed the idea. As a result, on 31 March 1921, it declared that "at the will of workers a new Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia is born." This made Abkhazia a nominally independent republic with the understanding on both the Abkhaz and Georgian sides that eventually Abkhazia would join the newly formed Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgian SSR). Until then it was regarded as being completely detached from Georgia and was treated as such. The Georgian Revkom, the governing body of the Georgian SSR, welcomed Abkhazia in a telegram on 21 May 1921, and said the form of relations should be settled during the first Workers' Congresses of both republics. ### Status The Georgian SSR as it appeared in 1922. The SSR Abkhazia is highlighted in pink. The Abkhaz Revkom, in a position of power, was reluctant to schedule a congress to determine the future status of Abkhazia because it would mean relinquishing control over the region. The Kavbiuro forced the Revkom to act and negotiations for a treaty between Abkhazia and Georgia began in October 1921. The result, signed on 16 December 1921, was a two-article treaty: > 1. SSR Georgia and SSR Abkhazia enter into political, military and financial-economic union. > 2. In order to fulfill the aforementioned goal both governments declare the merging of the following Commissariats: a) military, b) finance, c) peoples' agriculture, d) post and telegraph, e) ChKa, f) RKI, g) People's Commissariat of Justice, and h) [Commissariat of] Sea Transport. > > — Union Treaty between SSR Georgia and SSR Abkhazia The treaty united the two states, leaving Abkhazia as a "treaty republic" nominally subservient to Georgia. The special status of Abkhazia within Georgia was reinforced in the 1922 Georgian constitution, which mentioned the "special union treaty" between the two. The 1925 Abkhazian constitution noted it was united with Georgia "on the base of a special treaty". On 13 December 1922, while united with Georgia, Abkhazia joined the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (TSFSR), along with Armenia and Azerbaijan. This new federation was created ostensibly for economic purposes, but was more likely done to consolidate Soviet control over the region, which had been contentious. Abkhazia was mostly treated as an autonomous region of Georgia, though unlike other autonomous states in the Soviet Union, it had its own national symbols—a flag and coat of arms—and national army units, a right only given to full republics. The coat of arms was initially described in the 1925 constitution as being "composed of a golden hammer and sickle on the background of the Abkhazian landscape with inscription in the Abkhaz language 'SSR Abkhazia'". This was slightly modified in 1926, when the republican (and Soviet-wide) motto "Proletarians of all countries, unite!" was written in Abkhaz, Georgian, and Russian (previously it had only been written in Abkhaz). It also had its own constitution, created on 1 April 1925, another right only granted to full republics. The union with Georgia was not popular among the Abkhaz populace or leadership. It was also received poorly in Georgia, where it was regarded as a ploy by the Bolsheviks to divert Georgian hostility from the authorities in Moscow towards the Abkhaz, as the Georgians were one of the most hostile groups towards the Bolsheviks. As the only "treaty republic" in the USSR, the exact status of the SSR Abkhazia concerned the Soviet and Georgian authorities, which did not want other regions to demand a similar status. To resolve this it was decided to downgrade Abkhazia, and on 19 February 1931, it was re-formed as the Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, subservient to the Georgian SSR while remaining a member of the TSFSR. The move was met with public protests, the first large-scale protests in Abkhazia against the Soviet authorities. Politics -------- Nestor Lakoba, who served as the de facto leader of Abkhazia from 1921 until his death in 1936. He was instrumental in having the SSR Abkhazia established. Initially, the Abkhaz Revkom, led by its chairman Efrem Eshba, controlled Abkhazia until a more permanent body could be established. On 17 February 1922 the Council of People's Commissars was established, and Nestor Lakoba was elected its Chairman, becoming the head of government of the republic; this was a formality for Lakoba, who had effectively been in control of Abkhazia since the Bolsheviks took control in 1921. Alongside Eshba, he had been a leading Bolshevik in the aftermath of the Russian Revolution. Lakoba and Eshba led two abortive attempts to seize Abkhazia in February and April 1918. After the latter attempt failed, they both fled, only returning in March 1921 after Bolshevik control had been consolidated; Eshba was soon transferred to other positions, leaving Lakoba alone as the head of Abkhazia. Lakoba effectively controlled Abkhazia as a personal fiefdom, which was jokingly referred to as "Lakobistan", and his status as supreme leader of the republic was never contested or challenged. He resisted many of the repressive policies that were being implemented elsewhere in the Soviet Union, including collectivization. Lakoba also financially supported the Abkhaz nobility, which he was able to do because of his close personal relationship with Soviet leader Joseph Stalin. Economy ------- Joseph Stalin's Dacha at Lake Ritsa [ru], one of Stalin's dachas in Abkhazia Abkhazia was a major producer of tobacco during the Soviet era. In the 1930s, it was responsible for up to 52 per cent of the Soviet Union's tobacco exports. Other agricultural products, including tea, wine, and citrus fruits—especially tangerines—were produced in large quantities, making Abkhazia one of the most well-off regions in the entire Soviet Union, and considerably richer than Georgia. The export of these resources turned the region into "an island of prosperity in a war-ravaged Caucasus". Several factories were also built in the region as part of the overall development of the Soviet Union, though they had less impact on the overall economic strength of Abkhazia. Abkhazia was also prized as a major holiday destination for both the Soviet elite and the general population. Stalin visited annually throughout the 1920s and was joined by his associates from the Kremlin, who used this time to gain his trust. As host, Lakoba grew increasingly close to Stalin and became a confidant of his, allowing him to keep his dominant position over Abkhazia. This was most apparent when Lakoba refused to implement collectivisation, arguing that there were no kulaks (affluent peasants) in the state. Such a policy was defended by Stalin, who said the anti-kulak policy did not "take account of the specific peculiarities of Abkhaz social structure and made the mistake of mechanically transferring Russian models of social engineering to Abkhaz soil". Collectivisation was first carried out after Abkhazia was downgraded in 1931, and fully implemented in 1936 after Lakoba's death. Throughout the SSR's existence, the Soviet ruble was its official currency. Demographics ------------ Ethnicity in Abkhazia per 1926 Soviet census Abkhazs (27.82%) Georgians (33.58%) Armenians (12.77%) Caucasus Greeks (6.99%) Russians (6.25%) Other (12.59%) The SSR Abkhazia was an ethnically diverse region, whose demographics changed considerably in the decades after its annexation by Russia. Up to 100,000 Abkhaz had been deported in the late nineteenth century, mainly to the Ottoman Empire. By the time the SSR Abkhazia was formed, ethnic Abkhaz comprised less than 30 per cent of the population. The korenizatsiia (nativization) policy implemented in this era, which was to promote minority groups within the USSR, saw the numbers of Abkhaz increase: between 1922 and 1926, ethnic Abkhaz grew by roughly 8%, while the number of ethnic Georgians dropped by 6%. Thus, according to the 1926 Soviet census, the only census conducted during the SSR's existence, the number of ethnic Abkhaz reached 55,918 or around 28% of the total population (which numbered 201,016), while the number of Georgians was around 67,494 (36%). Other major ethnic groups counted in the 1926 census were Armenians (25,677, or 13%), Greeks (14,045, or 7%), and Russians (12,553, or 6%). The script used for the Abkhaz language was modified during the era of the SSR Abkhazia. Under korenizatsiia the Abkhaz were not considered one of the "advanced" peoples in the USSR, and thus saw an increased focus on their national language and cultural development. As part of these policies, Abkhaz—along with many other regional languages in the USSR—was Latinized in 1928, moving it away from the original Cyrillic-based script. Emphasis was placed on developing Abkhaz culture, which was heavily promoted and financed. To further this, an Abkhazian Scientific Society was created in 1922, while an Academy of Abkhazian Language and Literature was founded in 1925. In recognition of the multiple ethnic groups within Abkhazia, Article 8 of the 1925 Abkhaz constitution called for three official languages—Abkhaz, Georgian, and Russian—while a later amendment stated, "all nationalities populating the SSR Abkhazia are guaranteed the right of free development and use of the native language both in national-cultural and in general state agencies". Most of the population did not understand Abkhaz so Russian was the dominant language of government while local regions used the language that was most prevalent there. Legacy ------ See also: Abkhaz–Georgian conflict Park of Glory in Sukhumi, commemorating the fallen Abzhaz soldiers in the 1992–1993 war The exact status of Abkhazia as a "treaty republic" was never clarified during its existence, and historian Arsène Saparov has suggested even officials at the time did not know what the phrase meant. The status had symbolic meaning to the Abkhaz people, who never forgot they had, at least in theory, an independent state. With the advent of glasnost and perestroika in the 1980s, calls for Abkhazia to restore its status began. An assembly at Lykhny in 1989 called for the Soviet authorities to make Abkhazia a full union republic, claiming the SSR Abkhazia as a precedent for this move. When Abkhazia declared independence in 1990, it requested the restoration of the 1925 constitution, which called for Abkhazia and Georgia to unite, allowing for the possibility of a future union between the two states. The restoration of the 1925 constitution was a pretext for the 1992–1993 war and the ensuing dispute over the status of Abkhazia, which has led to Abkhazia being de facto independent of Georgia since 1992.
Contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina Vaginal contractions are contractions of the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina, especially the pubococcygeus muscle. Vaginal contractions are generally an involuntary muscular response to orgasm. Though usually an involuntary response, some women can control the muscles of the vagina to perform vaginal contractions at will. Vaginal contractions enhance the sexual experience and pleasure for both parties during sexual intercourse. In a 1982 study, pelvic contractions of 11 women who manually self-stimulated to orgasm were monitored using an anal probe and a vaginal probe simultaneously. Near the perceived start of orgasm, a series of regular contractions began in 9 of the women, with anal and vaginal contractions synchronizing with each other. Three of the women's orgasms consistently included only a series of regular contractions; for six other women, orgasms consistently continued beyond the regular series with additional irregular contractions. Two women had no regular contractions during reported orgasms. The women showed marked differences in orgasm duration and the number of contractions. A 1994 study confirmed these results but concluded that some women experience their orgasm regularly without contractions and some report having contractions during orgasm only occasionally. Vaginal contractions are caused by both the activity of certain brain regions and the release of the hormone oxytocin. It has been suggested that vaginal contractions during orgasm can increase the chances of pregnancy as they transport sperm up the reproductive tract from the vagina to the oviducts, which decreases the distance it has to travel. Additionally, when the woman is fertile, sperm is only transported to the side of the dominant ovary. Involuntary vaginal contractions may arise from non-sexual causes. Involuntary spasm of the muscles around the vagina, usually caused by anxiety, can result in vaginismus. Vaginal contractions should not be confused with uterine contractions.
English merchant Sir Anthony Bateman (died 1687) was an English merchant who was Lord Mayor of London in 1663. Bateman was the son of Robert Bateman, chamberlain of the city. He was a city of London merchant and a member of the Worshipful Company of Skinners. From 1645 to 1646 he was one of the Court Assistants to the Levant Company, and from 1645 to 1649 was a member of the committee of the East India Company. He was one of the committee of the E.I.C. from 1650 to 1658, and one of the Court Assistants to the Levant Company from 1651 to 1652 and from 1653 to 1656. In 1657 he was elected an alderman of the City of London for Farringdon Without ward. He was one of the Sheriffs of London in 1658 and was one of the Court Assistants of the Levant Company from 1658 to 1659. In 1659 he was Master of the Worshipful Company of Skinners. He was on the committee of the E.I.C. from 1659 to 1660 and colonel of Red Regiment from 1659 to 1667. He was knighted on 26 May 1660. He was a member of the committee of the E.I.C. from 1661 to 1663. In 1663, he was elected Lord Mayor of London. Bateman later failed in business and was a prisoner in the King's Bench on 2 July 1675 when he was voted a pension of 30 shillings per week. Bateman died in 1687 and was buried on 2 July 1687.
American composer, vocalist, and actor (1910-1987) Hugh Brannum (January 5, 1910 – April 19, 1987) was an American vocalist, arranger, composer, and actor known for his role as Mr. Green Jeans on the children's television show Captain Kangaroo. During his days with Fred Waring and his Pennsylvanians, Brannum used his childhood nickname "Lumpy". Early years ----------- Brannum was born in Sandwich, Illinois, in 1910 to a Methodist minister. He attended Maine Township High School in suburban Chicago, where he played sousaphone in the school's marching band, later learning the bass violin. Brannum went to college at University of Redlands, where he became interested in jazz; after graduation in 1931, he played bass in various bands. Career ------ Keeshan (left) and Brannum on set During World War II, Brannum enlisted in the US Marine Corps and joined a Marine band led by Bob Crosby. After the war, he joined the Four Squires, and later moved to Fred Waring and His Pennsylvanians; Waring's group had a regular radio show on NBC, where Brannum met fellow Marine Bob Keeshan, who was working at the network, and who later hired Brannum for Captain Kangaroo. Before his time on Captain Kangaroo, Brannum hosted a local children's TV series called Uncle Lumpy's Cabin, seen weekday afternoons at 5 on WJZ-TV, (now WABC-TV) in New York City during the 1951 season. Mr. Green Jeans earned his moniker from his distinctive apparel, a pair of farmer's overalls (later, jeans and a denim jacket) in his signature green (although, since the show was broadcast in black-and-white until 1967, this was lost on viewers during its first years). He was a talented and inquisitive handyman who provided assistance at the Treasure House. He frequently visited the Captain with the latest addition to his menagerie of zoo animals. Aside from Mr. Green Jeans, Brannum played a number of characters on Captain Kangaroo from 1955 to 1984, including the Professor, Greeno the Clown, the New Old Folk Singer, and Mr. Bainter the Painter. His role as Mr. Green Jeans was partly based on stories about a farm kid named "Little Orley" that he told with the Fred Waring orchestra, on the radio and on 78-rpm records under the pseudonym "Uncle Lumpy". According to Bob Keeshan, Mr. Green Jeans was an extension of Brannum's real personality. During one episode of Captain Kangaroo, a lion cub bit Brannum's finger and drew blood. Brannum stuck his bleeding hand into his pocket and never broke character for the remainder of the episode. Death ----- Brannum died of cancer in East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania, in 1987. In popular culture ------------------ * A long-running but incorrect rumor claims Brannum was the father of musician Frank Zappa, apparently because of a Zappa composition titled "Son of Mr. Green Genes" on his 1969 album, Hot Rats. * Along with Bob Keeshan, he is mentioned in the Jim Lehrer novel The Phony Marine. Discography ----------- Soloist and/or composer and/or arranger, as Hugh (Lumpy) Brannum, on the following Fred Waring recordings: * Get Well * Little Orley and His Coonskin Cap * Little Orley and His Fly-Frog-Fish Orchestra * Little Orley and the Cricket * Little Orley and the Happy Bird * Little Orley and the Haunted House * Little Orley and the Little Engine * Little Orley's Barn Dance * Little Orley's Big Concert * Little Orley–His Adventures as a Worm * Little Orley–His Adventures with Dr. Feather * Little Orley–His Adventures with the Cloud * Little Orley–His Adventures with the Parade * Little Rhumba Numba, The * Orley and the Bubble Gum * Orley and the Bull Fiddle * Orley and the Ivy * Orley and the Moon * Orley and the Pancake
This article is about Brazilians of American descent. For Americans of Brazilian descent, see Brazilian American. Ethnic group in Brazil An American Brazilian (Portuguese: américo-brasileiro, norte-americano-brasileiro, estadunidense-brasileiro) is a Brazilian person who is of full, partial or predominant American descent or a U.S.-born immigrant in Brazil. The Confederados is a cultural sub-group in the nation of Brazil. They are the descendants of people who emigrated from the Confederate States of America to Brazil with their families after the American Civil War. At the end of the American Civil War in the 1860s, a migration of Confederates to Brazil began, with the total number of immigrants estimated in the thousands. They settled primarily in Southern and Southeastern Brazil: in Americana, Campinas, São Paulo, Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, Juquiá, New Texas, Xiririca (now Eldorado), Rio de Janeiro and Rio Doce. A few other places also received immigrants: one colony settled in Santarém, Pará – in the north on the Amazon River – and the states of Bahia and Pernambuco also received a significant number of American immigrants. That was one of the main reasons why emperor Dom Pedro II became the first foreign chief of state and head of government to visit the U.S. capital; he also attended the Centennial Exposition in the largest city in Pennsylvania. More recently, other waves of American nationals became residents in the country. History ------- Main article: American Civil War An early American family in Americana. ### Background and beginning After the end of the American Civil War, the Confederates found themselves in a very difficult economic situation, having their states completely devastated by the war. Not only the economic issue, as well as the persecution and discrimination that followed against the Confederate population, forced them to seek better living conditions. This flight was the largest population exodus in U.S. history. They heard about Brazil and the advantages that the emperor gave to anyone who knew how to grow cotton. Before the war, the U.S. South was the world's biggest cotton exporter, exporting to the looms of England and France. The Brazilian Emperor Dom Pedro II, in his forties, saw the opportunity for Brazil to enter the market and encouraged the arrival of cotton planters from the southern U.S. states to Brazil. Embittered and wounded, the White American southerners had to draw a little heat from the ashes to keep warm. Many sold their properties, gathered their belongings and came to Brazil, to a land where there were no wars, no trampling and no confiscation of goods. The area of the city of Campinas was a popular destination of the Americans. ### Emigration companies Even before the end of the war in 1865, there was already talk of emigrating to Brazil, but very little was known about this country. After the war ended, there was such a revival of the issue that several emigration companies were formed. Representatives were sent to Brazil to check the land, climate and facilities offered by the emperor. In November 1865, the state of South Carolina formed a colonization society and sent Major Robert Meriwether and Dr. H. A. Shaw, among others, to Brazil to investigate the possibility of establishing a colony. On the way back, they published a report mentioning that two lords had already bought land and settled here. Many Southerners who accepted the Emperor's offer lost their land during the war, were unwilling to live under a conquering army, or simply did not expect an improvement in the southern economic situation. Furthermore, Brazil would not ban slavery until 1888. The Confederates were the first organized Protestant group to settle in Brazil. ### Americana and Santa Bárbara d'Oeste colonies Festa Confederada in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. On December 27, 1865, Colonel and Senator William Hutchinson Norris of Alabama landed in the port of Rio de Janeiro. In 1866, William and his son Robert Norris climbed the Serra do Mar, stopped in São Paulo and speculated on land. They were offered land for free in what is now the neighborhood of Brás, but he did not accept it because it was marsh. They were also offered the land where São Caetano do Sul is today, and they refused for the same reason. They decided to go to Campinas, but at the time, the railroad went only 10 miles beyond São Paulo, and it was no advantage to take it, as Campinas is 45 miles from São Paulo. So the Norris bought an ox cart and headed for Campinas. They took 15 days to reach the city, and there they stayed for a while looking for land, until they cast their sights on the plain that stretched from Campinas to Vila Nova da Constituição, current Piracicaba. The Norris bought land from the Domingos da Costa Machado sesmaria and established themselves on the banks of Ribeirão Quilombo, at the time belonging to the municipality of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and where today is the center of the city of Americana. Upon his arrival, Colonel Norris began to give practical courses in agriculture to farmers in the region, interested in cotton cultivation and new agricultural techniques. The plow he brought from the United States caused so much sensation and curiosity that, within a short time, they had a practical agricultural school, with many students who paid him for the privilege of learning and still cultivating their gardens. The Colonel wrote to his family that he had made US$5,000 for that alone. In mid-1867, the rest of his family arrived, accompanied by many relatives. Norris family house in Americana. Numerous farms were founded by North Americans who cultivated and processed cotton. They established an intense trade, notably from 1875 onwards, with the installation of the Santa Barbara Station by the Companhia Paulista de Estrada de Ferro. Due to the constant presence of these immigrants, the village that was formed in the vicinity of the Station became known as "Vila dos Americanos", or "Vila Americana", and gave rise to the current city of Americana. The installation of the Carioba factory by the North American engineer Clement Willmot and Brazilian associates, located one mile from the train station, also dates from this period. This industry really played a very important role in the foundation and development of Americana. The education of children was one of the priorities for American families who set up schools on the properties and hired teachers from the United States. The teaching methods developed by American teachers proved to be so efficient that they were later adopted by Brazilian official education. David Bowman Riker, from Charleston, South Carolina, United States, syringeist in Santarém, Pará, Brazil. Religious services were celebrated on the properties by pastors who moved between various properties and the various centers of American immigration. In 1895 the first Presbyterian Church was founded in the village of Estação. Due to the prohibition of burying people of other faiths in the cemeteries of cities administered by the Catholic Church, American immigrants began to bury their dead near the farmhouse. This cemetery became known as the Campo Cemetery, currently a tourist attraction in the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. Even today the descendants of American families are buried there. It is in this place that descendants gather periodically for religious cults and parties around the chapel founded in the 19th century. ### Amazonas state colony Jason Williams Stone, an American immigrant of British descent from Dana, Massachusetts, United States, moved to Brazil before the American Civil War, and ended up becoming a tobacco and rubber farmer, soon staying very rich. Jason's plantations, which had more than five thousand hectares, were called Colonia Stone, and were located near the city of Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. Many of his descendants still have the surname "Stone". They are found mainly in the cities of Manaus and Itacoatiara, in Amazonas. ### Pará state colony The city of Santarém, in the state of Pará, received a wave of refugee families from the American Civil War that took place in the South of the United States. The first to land was the Riker family. In the 1970s, David Afton Riker published a book called The Last Confederate in the Amazon, which chronicles the saga of this migration and life in the new homeland. The Confederates and their descendants became notable in the business and political life of the region. It is not known how many immigrants came to Brazil as war refugees, but unprecedented research in the records of the port of Rio de Janeiro, by Betty Antunes de Oliveira, shows that around 20,000 U.S. citizens entered Brazil between 1865 and 1885. ### Recent immigration Descendants and culture ----------------------- The official flag of the Confederate States of America in 1865, the year New Texas was established in the state of São Paulo. The first generation of Confederates remained an island community. As is typical, in the third generation, most families had already married native Brazilians or immigrants from other origins. Confederate descendants increasingly began to speak the Portuguese language and identify themselves as Brazilians. As the region around the municipalities of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and Americana became a hub for sugarcane production and society became more mobile, the confederates moved to larger cities in search of jobs urban areas. Currently, only a few families of descendants still live on land owned by their ancestors. The descendants of the confederates are more spread throughout Brazil. They maintain their organization's headquarters at the Campo Cemetery, in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where there is also a chapel and a memorial. Descendants make a connection to their history through the American Descendant Fellowship, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving immigrant culture. The descendants of the confederates also hold an annual festival in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste called "Festa Confederada", which is dedicated to funding the Campo Cemetery. During the festival, Confederate flags and uniforms are worn, while Southern American food and dances are served and performed. The descendants maintain affection for the Confederate flag, although they identify themselves as fully Brazilian. Many Confederate descendants traveled to the United States at the invitation of Sons of Confederate Veterans, an organization of American descendants, to visit civil war battlefields, participate in reenactments, or visit the places where their ancestors lived. The Confederate flag in Brazil did not acquire the same political symbolism as it has in the United States. After then-Governor Jimmy Carter's visit to the region in 1972, the government of Americana even incorporated the Confederate flag into its coat of arms (although most of the Italian-descendent population removed it a few years later from the city's official symbol, as the descendants of the Confederates now comprise about a tenth of the city's population). During his visit to Brazil, Carter also visited the city of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste and the grave of a great-uncle of his wife, Rosalynn Carter, at Cemitério do Campo. At the time, Carter noted that Confederate descendants sounded and looked exactly like their country's southerners. Today, the Campo Cemetery (and the chapel and memorial located within it) in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste is a memorial, as most of the region's original Confederate immigrants were buried there. As Protestants, they were prohibited by the Catholic Church from burying their dead in local cemeteries and had to establish their own cemetery. The community of descendants also contributed to the Museum of Immigration, also located in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, to present the history of U.S. immigration to Brazil. The American immigrants introduced into their new home many new foods, such as pecans, Georgia peanuts and watermelon; new tools such as the iron plow and kerosene lamps; innovations such as modern dentistry, modern agriculture, and the first blood transfusion; and the first non-Catholic churches (Baptist, Presbyterian, and Methodist). Some foods of the American South also crossed over and became part of general Brazilian culture such as chess pie, vinegar pie, and southern fried chicken. The immigrants also established public schools and provided education to their female children, which was unusual in Brazil at the time. ### Immigration in numbers Confederate immigrants Joseph Whitaker and Isabel Norris in Brazil. The chapel of Santa Bárbara d'Oeste. American immigration to Brazil by State up to January (1867) \| State \| Immigrants \| \| --- \| --- \| \| São Paulo \| 800 \| \| Espírito Santo \| 400 \| \| Rio de Janeiro \| 200 \| \| Paraná \| 200 \| \| Pará \| 200 \| \| Minas Gerais \| 100 \| \| Bahia \| 85 \| \| Pernambuco \| 85 \| \| Total \| 2,070 \| The Confederate emigres were some 20,000 Southerners, from 12 southern states (i.e. Arkansas, Alabama and Mississippi) who preferred the Brazilian wilderness to life under Yankee rule after the Civil War. ### Descendants of the immigrants Number of American descendants by state \| State \| Descendants \| \| --- \| --- \| \| São Paulo \| 100,490 \| \| Espírito Santo \| 50,258 \| \| Rio de Janeiro \| 25,220 \| \| Paraná \| 25,000 \| \| Pará \| 24,800 \| \| Minas Gerais \| 12,610 \| \| Bahia \| 10,686 \| \| Pernambuco \| 10,000 \| \| Total \| 260,000 \| Santa Bárbara d'Oeste received in the late 1860s Confederate refugees from the American Civil War (known as Confederados), who then settled in the region. ### Confederado phrases in Brazil Battle flag of the U.S. Confederacy. "...My father took part in the 1st Battalion that left Gonzalez. He was hurt in a battle in Virginia and sent back home, but he soon afterwards recovered and went back to the war. He was confined to prison and released. He returned home and once again returned to the battle field. "...In those days of shocking terror, both rebuilding and staying there turned impossible. Daily crimes surrounded us and there was nothing we could do..." "Our farm was beautiful, had several acres, good houses, horses and cattle. We had a corn mill, cotton-benefiting machineries (...) The Brazilian government received us very well, hosted us on the Immigrant Hotel, thus giving us shelter and food. It was my duty to explain that we were not immigrants. We were refugees. War refugees." "I have sugar cane, cotton, pumpkins, squash, five kinds of sweet potatoes, Irish potatoes, cornfield peas, snap beans, butter beans, ochre, tomatoes and fine chance at tobacco. I have a great variety of fruits on my place. I have made enough to live well on and am better pleased than other." "I remember when I was 4 years old, I was lost in a textile factory and I couldn't tell the people anything because I only spoke English", recalled an engineer and third-generation descendant. "I didn't learn Portuguese until I started school." "They came here because they felt that their 'country' had been invaded and their land confiscated," said great-granddaughter of the original McKnight family that moved to Brazil from Texas, in the Southern United States. "To them, there was nothing left there. So, they came here to try to re-create what they had before the war." "I grew up listening to the stories. They were angry and bitter. When they talked about it, moving here, the war, leaving their homes, it was always a very sore subject for them." ### Culture The center of Confederado culture is the Campo Cemetery in Santa Bárbara d'Oeste, where most of the original Confederados from the region were buried. Because of their Protestant religion, they established their own cemetery. The Confederado community has also established a Museum of Immigration at Santa Bárbara d'Oeste to present the history of Brazilian immigration and highlight its benefits to the nation. The descendants still foster a connection with their history through the Fraternity of American Descendants, a descendant organization dedicated to preserving the unique mixed culture. The Confederados also have an annual festival, called the Festa Confederada which is dedicated to fund the Campo Cemetery. The festival is marked by Confederate flags, traditional dress of Confederate uniforms and hoop skirts, food of the American south with a Brazilian flair, and dances and music popular in the American south during the antebellum period. Education --------- Graded – The American School of São Paulo. Chapel International School in São Paulo. U.S. Education Fair in Brasília. Today, Brazil is home to many American schools. * São Paulo: -Escola Graduada -Chapel International School -Pan American Christian Academy - St. Francis College -American School of Campinas * Rio de Janeiro: -American School of Rio de Janeiro -ICS – International Christian School – Rio -Our Lady of Mercy School * Federal District: -American School of Brasília -Brasília International School * Minas Gerais: -American School of Belo Horizonte * Rio Grande do Sul: -Pan American School of Porto Alegre * Paraná: -International School of Curitiba * Bahia: -Pan American School of Bahia * Pernambuco: -American School of Recife * Pará: -Amazon Valley Academy * Amazonas: -International School of Amazonas Notable people -------------- * Luís Inácio Adams * Zuzu Angel * Orville Adalbert Derby, geologist * Eduardo Dougherty * Bob Falkenburg * Charles Frederick Hartt * David Neeleman * Llewellyn Ivor Price * Júlio Ribeiro * Fabiana Semprebom, model * Tim Soares (born 1997), basketball player for Ironi Ness Ziona of the Israeli Basketball Premier League * Dorothy Stang * Larry Taylor, basketball player * Dionne Warwick * Ellen Gracie Northfleet, judge * Elsie Lessa * Ivan Lessa * José Lewgoy, actor * Rita Lee * Warwick Kerr * Kátia Lund * Lewis Joel Greene * William Hutchinson Norris * Guy Ecker, actor * Arminio Fraga Neto Further reading --------------- * Harter, Eugene C. (2000). The Lost Colony of the Confederacy. Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 1585441023. \| * v * t * e International response to the American Civil War \| \| --- \| \| * Australia * Bahamas * Brazil * Canada * France * Hawaii * Ireland * Mexico * Morocco * Prussia * Russia * San Marino * Thailand (as Siam) * United Kingdom \| \| * Foreign soldiers * Native Americans + Cherokee Nation + Choctaw Nation + Seminole Nation \| \| * v * t * e American diaspora \| \| --- \| \| Africa \| * The Gambia * Ghana * Liberia * Sierra Leone * South Africa \| \| Asia \| * China * Hong Kong * India * Israel + Black Hebrew Israelites * Japan * North Korea * Pakistan * Philippines * Qatar * Saudi Arabia * Taiwan * United Arab Emirates * Children of American service members (multiple countries) \| \| Europe \| * France + African Americans * Germany * Ireland * Netherlands * Portugal * Spain * Sweden * United Kingdom \| \| North America \| * The Bahamas * Belize * Canada + Black Nova Scotians + New England Planters + Six Nations + United Empire Loyalists * Costa Rica * Cuba * Dominican Republic (African Americans) * Guatemala * Haiti + Free Blacks * Honduras * Mexico + Kickapoo + Mascogo + Mormons + New Virginia * Trinidad and Tobago (African Americans) \| \| Oceania \| * Australia * New Zealand \| \| South America \| * Argentina * Brazil + Americana + Confederados + Santa Bárbara d'Oeste + New Texas * Chile * Ecuador * Paraguay * Uruguay * Venezuela \| \| See also \| * African-American diaspora \| \| * v * t * e Ancestry and ethnicity in Brazil \| \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Brazil \| * Brazilians * Indigenous peoples * Mixed-race or mestiços + ainokos + pardos - caboclos * mamelucos * Amazonian Jews - cafuzos - juçaras * caiçaras - mulatos + sararás \| \| Africa \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| By ethnicity \| * Black * quilombolas + Kalunga \| \| West Africa \| * Nigerian \| \| Central Africa \| * Angolan * Congolese \| \| \| Americas \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| North America \| * American (United States) + Americana + Confederados + New Texas + Santa Bárbara d'Oeste * Canadian * Mexican \| \| Caribbean \| * Barbadian * Cuban * Haitian * Jamaican \| \| Central America \| * Costa Rican * Guatemalan * Honduran * Nicaraguan * Panamanian * Salvadoran \| \| South America \| * Argentine * Bolivian * Chilean * Colombian * Ecuadorian * Guyanese * Paraguayan * Peruvian * Surinamese * Uruguayan * Venezuelan \| \| \| Asia \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| By ethnicity \| * Yellow (East Asian) \| \| By country or region \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Eastern \| * Chinese * Filipino * Indonesian * Japanese + in São Paulo * Korean * Malaysian * Thai * Vietnamese \| \| Southern \| * Bangladeshi * East Indians * Pakistani * Romani \| \| Central \| * Afghan \| \| Western \| * Armenian * Arab + Iraqi + Lebanese + Palestinian + Syrian * Iranian * Jewish * Turkish \| \| \| \| Europe \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| By ethnicity \| * White \| \| By country or region \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Central \| * Austrian * Czech * German * Hungarian * Polish * Swiss \| \| Eastern \| * Belarusian * Russian * Ukrainian \| \| Northern \| * Estonian * Latvian * Lithuanian * Scandinavian \| \| Southern \| * Bulgarian * Croatian * Greek * Italian * Macedonian * Portuguese * Romanian * Spanish \| \| Western \| * Belgian * British (English and Scottish) * Dutch * French * Irish * Luxembourgian \| \| \| \| \| Related topics \| * Demographics of Brazil * Colonization * Slave trade * Immigration + from Europe * Emigration * Racism \| \| * v * t * e Brazil articles \| \| --- \| \| History \| * Timeline * Indigenous peoples * Colonial Brazil (1500–1815) * United Kingdom (1815–1822) * Empire (1822–1889) * First (Old) Republic (1889–1930) * Vargas Era (1930–1946) * Fourth Republic (1946–1964) * Military dictatorship (1964–1985) * Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present) \| \| Geography \| \| \| \| --- \| \| * Amazon basin * Brazilian Antarctica * Climate + Climate change * Coastline * Environment + Environmental issues * Extreme points * Geology * Islands * Largest cities * Mountains * Pantanal * Protected areas * Regions * Rivers * Time Zone * Water resources * Wildlife * World Heritage Sites \| \| \| Politics \| \| \| \| --- \| \| * Administrative divisions * Constitution * Elections * Foreign relations * Government * Human rights + Freedom of speech + LGBT + Women's rights * Judiciary * Law * Law enforcement * Military * National Congress * Political parties * President of the Republic \| \| \| Economy \| \| \| \| --- \| \| * Agriculture * Animal husbandry * Automotive industry * Central Bank * Economic history * Energy * Exports * Industry * Mining * Real (currency) * Science and technology * Stock index * Taxation * Telecommunications * Tourism \| \| Transport \| * Rail transport \| \| \| Society \| \| \| \| --- \| \| * Abortion * Censorship * Corruption * Crime * Demographics * Education * Health * Immigration * Income inequality * Languages * People * Social issues * States by HDI * Unemployment * Water supply and sanitation * Welfare * Youth \| \| Culture \| * Animation * Archaeology * Arts * Carnaval * Cinema * Comics * Cuisine * Literature * Malandragem * Music * Mythology * National symbols * Newspapers * Painting * Public holidays * Sculpture * Science fiction * Sports * Television \| \| Religion \| * Freedom of religion * Baháʼí * Buddhism * Christianity + Catholicism - 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Political party in Weimar Germany The Reich Party of the German Middle Class (German: Reichspartei des deutschen Mittelstandes), known from 1920 to 1925 as the Economic Party of the German Middle Classes (German: Wirtschaftspartei des deutschen Mittelstandes), was a conservative German political party during the Weimar Republic. It was commonly known as the Wirtschaftspartei or WP. Development ----------- Following the establishment of the Weimar Republic, the German National People's Party (DNVP), which emerged as the main conservative party, hoped to include Germany's established bourgeoisie as a natural part of its own support base. This however was not to be the case, as the party quickly became associated with general rural interests as well as those of big business, and as a result the WP was formed in 1920 to be the party of these middle-class views. In order to reflect the views of this group, the WP called for a reduction in government economic involvement, a freer hand for business and lower tax. Close to the Central Association of House and Property Owners, it was particularly opposed to revaluation, which it considered an attack on the rights of property owners. The WP did not dominate as the middle class vote, as some went with either the DNVP or one of the two liberal parties, whilst others preferred more radical right alternatives, but generally the WP emerged as the main group to specifically target the middle classes for its support. Its first representation was in the Landtag of Prussia in 1921, and it appeared in the Reichstag in 1924. Its best performance in a national election came in 1930 when it won 23 seats. This total reduced to two only two years later by which time it had lost most of its support to the Nazi Party. Saxony ------ The party enjoyed its strongest following in Saxony during the 1920s and when it first contested the Landtag of Saxony elections in 1924 it received 7.9% of the vote in Chemnitz-Zwickau, the only district in which it stood. In 1926 the party co-operated with the German People's Party, DNVP and the Reich Party for Civil Rights and Deflation in a pact against "red parties" in Saxony, arguing that the left was using that state to launch its assault on the Weimar Republic in order to establish communism in Germany. The pact was not a success however as a Social Democratic Party of Germany government took office in the state and before the WP was squabbling with their Reich Party allies over the issue of property revaluation (which WP opposed and the Reich Party supported). Nonetheless, their support in Saxony was reflected in the 1928 Reichstag election, where the party's 8.5% vote share was by some distance their highest in the country. This fell to 7.3% in 1930 and to as low as 1% in July 1932 by which the WP, which had flirted with anti-parliamentary rhetoric and corporatism, saw its support transfer to the Nazi Party in Saxony as was the case elsewhere.
TechWell Corporation (formerly Software Quality Engineering, SQE), was founded in 1986 by Bill Hetzel and David Gelperin as a consulting company to help organizations improve their software testing practices and produce higher quality software. Company ------- During the late 1980s, Hetzel and Gelperin developed a software testing methodology, the Software Test and Evaluation Process (STEP) and an accompanying training course called Systematic Software Testing. During the 1990s, more than 10,000 testers from all parts of the world took this course and learned the STEP approach for testing. Notably, SQE coined the term "Test Then Code" in 1987, many years before approaches like test-driven development (TDD). SQE launched its first industry conference, Applications of Software Measurement (ASM) in 1991, followed by Software Testing, Analysis and Review (STAR) conference in 1992 and EuroSTAR in 1993. In 1998, when the STAR conference in the United States had grown to attract more than 1,000 attendees, it was split into STAREAST and STARWEST. In 1999, the company created a publishing division with the launch of *Software Testing and Quality Engineering (STQE) magazine* as well as a companion website (STQE.net). In 2001, StickyMinds.com was launched. The name "StickyMinds" was inspired by the STQE name read: Sticky. In January 2004, the magazine name was changed to Better Software magazine to reflect the broader focus on the entire software lifecycle. The company launched the Better Software conference in 2004, followed by the Agile Development Practices conference in 2007. Conferences ----------- TechWell conferences have been recognized as top conferences in the industry and cover the software lifecycle: * STAREAST Testing Conference * STARWEST Testing Conference * STARCANADA Testing Conference * Agile+DevOps East * Agile+DevOps West * Agile Testing Days USA Training -------- In addition to conferences, SQE Training (a TechWell company) provides software improvement training across the entire software cycle. SQE Training offers courses in the following topic areas: agile development, configuration management, DevOps, software testing, security, mobile development and testing, project management, software requirements, and development and testing tools. SQE Training is a registered education provider for the PMI, as well a provider for certifications and continuing education for ScrumAlliance, ICAgile, and ISTQB. Online Resources ---------------- TechWell also provides free communities for software professionals with information on emerging trends, latest ideas, and industry news. AgileConnection offers how-to advice on agile development principles, technologies and practices. Community members get access to articles, interviews, presentations, and Q&A discussions. StickyMinds is a resource for software testers, SQA professionals, and anyone interested in improving software quality and features in-depth articles, interviews, and how-to advice on the latest in software testing. TechWell Hub is a Slack community where software professionals engage in vivid conversations around agile, testing, DevOps, security, and more.
French harpist Musical artist Xavier de Maistre (born October 22, 1973) is a French harpist. Early life ---------- Maistre began studying the harp in his hometown conservatory in Toulon at the age of nine. Later he travelled to Paris to perfect his technique with Jacqueline Borot and Catherine Michel parallel to studying Political Sciences and Economics at the London School of Economics. Career ------ At the age of sixteen, Maistre won his first international competition in Paris, later winning awards at international competitions held in Cardiff, Munich, Vienna and Jerusalem. In 1998, he was awarded first prize and two interpretation prizes at the USA International Harp Competition. Later that same year, Maistre became the first French musician to join the ranks of the prestigious Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra. As a soloist, Maistre has appeared with numerous orchestras under the baton of such eminent conductors as Riccardo Muti, Daniele Gatti, Sir Simon Rattle, Sir André Prévin, Heinrich Schiff, Antoni Ros-Marbà, Bertrand de Billy, Walter Weller, Gilbert Varga, Josep Pons and Philippe Jordan, amongst others. He became the first harpist to appear as a soloist at one of the Vienna Philharmonic's subscription concerts In May 2002. Maistre has also been invited to perform at many of Europe's leading festivals, including the Schleswig-Holstein, Salzburg, Rheingau, Vienna and Verbier Festivals, the Budapest Spring Festival and the Würzburg Mozart Festival. Among the musical artists he has performed with are Kathleen Battle, Ingolf Turban, Anne Gastinel, Diana Damrau and Barbara Bonney; he has as well performed with actors such as Peter Simonischek and Andrea Jonasson [de]. Among highlights of a tour with the Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra with the conductor Daniele Gatti in 2009, Maistre appeared as a soloist at the Amsterdam Concertgebouw, the Cologne Philharmonie and the Vienna Konzerthaus. He also appeared in concerts with the Orchestre National de France under Riccardo Muti at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées; a series of recitals with Diana Damrau at the Festspielhaus in Baden-Baden, Paris Opera, La Scala, and the Musikhalle in Hamburg and recitals with Bo Skovhus at the Semperoper in Dresden, the Tonhalle in Düsseldorf and the Musikverein in Vienna. ### Teaching Maistre has taught at the Hamburg Academy of Music since 2001. He additionally gives regular masterclasses at New York's Juilliard School of Music, Tokyo's Toho University and London's Trinity College of Music. Selected discography -------------------- \| Year \| Title \| Co-artists \| Label \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2017 \| Brigitte Klassik zum Genießen: Xavier de Maistre \| \| Sony Classical \| \| 2018 \| Serenata Española \| \| Sony Classical \| \| 2018 \| Debussy: Les Trois Sonates, The Late Works \| Jean-Guihen Quayras, Alexander Melnikov, Isabelle Faust, Javier Perianes, Antoine Tamastit, Tanguy de Williencourt, Magali Mosnier \| \| \| 2019 \| Kaia Saariaho: True Fire, Ciel d’hiver & Trans \| Gerald Finley, Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, Hannu Lintu \| \| \| 2020 \| Serenata Latina \| Rolando Villazon \| Deutsche Grammophon \| \| 2021 \| Christmas Harp \| \| Sony Classical \| \| 2022 \| Gliere, Mosolov: Harp Concertos \| Nathalie Stutzmann, WDR Sinfonieorchester \| Sony Classical \| \|
American sportscaster Larry Glover is an American sportscaster, and is the former play-by-play voice of the South Atlantic League's Lexington Legends. He served as the team's Director of Broadcasting and Media Relations during his time with the team, and in addition was the team's official scorer. He is best known as the 2005 South Atlantic League Media Relations Director of the Year. A native of Hawesville, Kentucky and an alumnus of the University of Kentucky, Glover began his broadcasting career when he correctly picked Duke to defeat Kentucky in the 1992 Elite Eight, thus winning a contest on a Lexington, Kentucky sports radio program. He was permitted to host his own show as a result, and eventually came to pilot Sunday Sports Central, a post he held for more than nine years. He resides in Lexington, Kentucky with his wife, Laura. Glover currently hosts Larry Glover Live weeknights on 590, WVLK in Lexington and 1450, The Sports Buzz. The show is streamed live on www.larrygloverlive.com in addition to Sunday Sports Central on Sunday mornings on the same station.
WWE pay-per-view and livestreaming event The 2021 Money in the Bank was the 12th annual Money in the Bank professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on July 18, 2021, at Dickies Arena in Fort Worth, Texas, and was the first Money in the Bank to livestream on Peacock. It was also the first Money in the Bank event to take place in the state of Texas. During the height of the COVID-19 pandemic from March 2020 to July 2021, WWE had presented their shows behind closed doors, first from the WWE Performance Center, then moving in August 2020 to a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome (excluding WrestleMania 37 in April 2021, which was the company's first major event to have live ticketed fans since the pandemic began). With declining cases and the availability of vaccines, WWE left the ThunderDome and returned to a live touring schedule in mid-July 2021, marking Money in the Bank as the first WWE PPV with a full crowd, and the first PPV held outside of the state of Florida since Elimination Chamber in March 2020. Seven matches were contested at the event, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns defeated Edge to retain SmackDown's Universal Championship. Additionally, Big E and Nikki A.S.H. won their respective men's and women's Money in the Bank ladder matches. In other prominent matches, Bobby Lashley defeated Kofi Kingston to retain Raw's WWE Championship and Charlotte Flair defeated Rhea Ripley to win her record-tying fifth Raw Women's Championship and 13th overall singles championship in the women's division. The event also saw the surprise return of John Cena, appearing for the first time since WrestleMania 36 in April 2020. This event is also notable for marking the beginning of the Usos' fifth reign as SmackDown Tag Team Champions, which currently stands as the longest reign in the championship's history, and the longest Tag Team Championship reign of any kind in the history of WWE at 622 days, in which started on the Kickoff pre-show. Production ---------- ### Background Money in the Bank is an annual professional wrestling event produced by WWE since 2010, generally held between May and July. The concept of the event comes from WWE's established Money in the Bank ladder match, in which multiple wrestlers use ladders to retrieve a briefcase hanging above the ring. The briefcase contains a contract that guarantees the winner a match for a world championship of their choosing at any time within the next year. The 2021 event featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brand divisions; male wrestlers competed for a contract to grant them a match for either Raw's WWE Championship or SmackDown's Universal Championship, while female wrestlers competed for a Raw Women's Championship or SmackDown Women's Championship match contract. While the previous year's event had featured a "Corporate Ladder" gimmick, which took place at WWE's Titan Towers headquarters and had only six competitors in each match due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the 2021 event reverted to the standard version of the titular ladder match as well as returning to having eight competitors for both matches, evenly divided between the two brands. It was the 12th Money in the Bank and the first to be held in July since the 2013 event. The event aired on pay-per-view (PPV) worldwide and was available to livestream on the WWE Network in international markets, and was the first Money in the Bank to livestream on Peacock after the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March. The 2021 event was initially scheduled for May 16, however, it switched dates with WrestleMania Backlash and was to take place on June 20 until Hell in a Cell was announced for that date with Money in the Bank pushed back to July 18, which had originally been reported as the date for Extreme Rules. It was also reported that Money in the Bank would be held with live ticketed fans in attendance. Since August 2020, WWE had presented Raw and SmackDown's shows from a bio-secure bubble called the WWE ThunderDome due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With cases declining and vaccines available to most American citizens, the company announced that they would be leaving the ThunderDome and returning to live touring, starting with a 25-city tour beginning with the July 16, 2021, episode of SmackDown in Houston, Texas. Money in the Bank was in turn announced to take place at Dickies Arena in Fort Worth, Texas on July 18, thus it was the first WWE pay-per-view held outside of Florida since Elimination Chamber on March 8, 2020, and the first pay-per-view held following the end of the ThunderDome Era. ### Storylines The event comprised seven matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show, that resulted from scripted storylines. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, Monday Night Raw and Friday Night SmackDown. In the main event of Night 2 of WrestleMania 37, Roman Reigns defeated Edge and Daniel Bryan in a triple threat match to retain the Universal Championship. On the June 25 episode of SmackDown, Reigns and his special counsel Paul Heyman had a Universal Championship address. Heyman stated that Reigns had defeated all of SmackDown's top contenders and that there was no one left to challenge Reigns. Edge then made a surprise return after a two-month hiatus and attacked Reigns and also took out Jimmy Uso, who had come to Reigns' aid. On Talking Smack the next day, it was revealed that Edge had confronted WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville and demanded a one-on-one match against Reigns for the title at Money in the Bank, which he was originally supposed to have at WrestleMania before Bryan worked his way into the match. Pearce then granted him the match. The following week, Edge explained that the loss at WrestleMania affected him mentally, which is why he had taken the past two months off. Qualifying matches for the men's Money in the Bank ladder match began on the June 21 episode of Raw. Ricochet, John Morrison, and Riddle qualified by defeating AJ Styles, Randy Orton, and Drew McIntyre, respectively. Raw's final spot was determined in a triple threat match the following week, which was originally scheduled to be between Styles, Orton, and McIntyre; however, Orton was unable to compete for unknown reasons. A battle royal was held to fill Orton's spot in the triple threat match. Orton's RK-Bro tag team partner Riddle convinced WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville to allow him to compete in the battle royal where if he won, he would represent Orton in the triple threat match. Although Riddle won the battle royal, McIntyre won the triple threat match to earn Raw's final spot in the Money in the Bank ladder match. SmackDown's first spot was filled by Big E, who qualified by defeating Intercontinental Champion Apollo Crews on the June 25 episode of SmackDown. The following week, Kevin Owens qualified by defeating Sami Zayn in a Last Man Standing match, which was a rematch from Hell in a Cell that Zayn had won. SmackDown's last two spots were filled on the July 9 episode: Seth Rollins defeated Cesaro, which was another rematch from Hell in a Cell that Rollins had also won, and King Nakamura defeated Baron Corbin, previously King Corbin before he lost his King of the Ring crown to Shinsuke Nakamura, who took on the king moniker. Qualifying matches for the women's Money in the Bank ladder match also began on the June 21 episode of Raw. The brand's four participants were determined by two tag team matches in which the members of the winning teams qualified. Asuka and Naomi qualified by defeating the team of Eva Marie and Doudrop (formerly Piper Niven in NXT UK) and later, Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross, the latter incorporating a superhero gimmick and a new nickname of Nikki A.S.H. (short for Almost a Super Hero), qualified by defeating the team of Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler. On the June 25 episode of SmackDown, WWE official Sonya Deville named two-time Money in the Bank winner Carmella as the first of SmackDown's four participants. Liv Morgan, who had been feuding with Carmella and defeated her two weeks earlier, took issue as Carmella did not compete in a qualifier match to earn her spot. Deville then had Morgan face Carmella to prove she deserved to be in the match and Morgan subsequently defeated Carmella; however, Deville did not add her to the ladder match. The following week, Deville named Zelina Vega, who made her return to WWE after her release in November 2020, as the second SmackDown entrant in the match. Morgan again confronted Deville about Vega not having to qualify. She also pointed out the fact that she proved herself by defeating Carmella and was not added, but would prove herself again in a match against Vega. Morgan subsequently defeated Vega, but was still not added. On the July 9 episode, Carmella was removed from the match as she was named as Bayley's replacement in the SmackDown Women's Championship match against Bianca Belair due to Bayley suffering an injury. Morgan once again confronted Deville about her giving Carmella an opportunity despite not earning one; although annoyed at Morgan's interruption, Deville named Morgan as Carmella's replacement in the Money in the Bank ladder match. WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Natalya and Tamina were announced as SmackDown's last two participants on July 12 and July 15, respectively, via Twitter. On the June 21 episode of Raw, as WWE Champion Bobby Lashley and his manager MVP were celebrating Lashley's win over Drew McIntyre at Hell in a Cell the previous night, they were interrupted by The New Day (Kofi Kingston and Xavier Woods). Kingston reminded Lashley that he had defeated him in a non-title match on the May 17 episode of Raw and that he had also never received a rematch for the title after he lost the championship to Brock Lesnar at SmackDown's 20th Anniversary in October 2019. Kingston then challenged Lashley for the title. Lashley accepted and the match was scheduled for Money in the Bank. At Hell in a Cell, Charlotte Flair defeated Raw Women's Champion Rhea Ripley by disqualification after Ripley attacked Flair with the top cover of the announce table; however, since titles do not change hands via disqualification unless stipulated, Flair did not win the title. The following night on Raw, Flair claimed she was "proud" of Ripley and told Ripley that she had never seen her as a "strategic champion". WWE official Sonya Deville then scheduled a rematch between the two for the title at Money in the Bank. On the June 7 episode of Raw, The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) won a tag team battle royal to earn a match against AJ Styles and Omos for the Raw Tag Team Championship at a future date. On the July 12 episode, Ivar defeated Styles, while Omos defeated Erik in Omos' first singles match. That same day, the title match was scheduled for Money in the Bank. On the May 28 episode of SmackDown, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) teamed up for the first time in over a year and defeated The Street Profits (Angelo Dawkins and Montez Ford) to become the number one contenders for The Mysterios' (Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio) SmackDown Tag Team Championship. The following week, however, The Usos failed to win the titles not once, but twice. The first time, Dominik pinned Jimmy despite Jimmy's shoulder being off the mat. The second time, Universal Champion Roman Reigns attacked Dominik, causing a disqualification. Afterwards, Reigns continued his attack on The Mysterios. On the June 11 episode, Rey challenged Reigns for the Universal Championship. The match was later scheduled for Hell in a Cell as a Hell in a Cell match, but was later rescheduled to the June 18 episode of SmackDown, where Reigns retained. The Mysterios returned on the July 9 episode of SmackDown to assist Edge in attacking Reigns and The Usos. The following week, Reigns and The Usos defeated Edge and The Mysterios in a six-man tag team match. Earlier that night, another title match between The Usos and The Mysterios was scheduled for the Kickoff pre-show. #### Canceled match At Hell in a Cell, Bianca Belair defeated Bayley in a Hell in a Cell match to retain the SmackDown Women's Championship. On the following episode of SmackDown, both were involved in a mixed tag team match in which Bayley pinned Belair. The following week, Bayley claimed that Belair's Hell in a Cell victory was a fluke, citing her own victory over Belair in the mixed tag team match. Belair then came out and challenged Bayley to an "I Quit" match with the title on the line at Money in the Bank and Bayley accepted. On July 9, however, WWE announced that Bayley suffered a legitimate injury while training that would sideline her for up to nine months; this was followed by an announcement that a replacement for Bayley would be revealed on that night's SmackDown. Carmella was revealed as the replacement and the match was changed to a regular singles match that would instead occur on the July 16 episode of SmackDown, where Belair retained. This also resulted in WWE moving the Raw Tag Team Championship match between AJ Styles and Omos (c) and The Viking Raiders from the July 12 episode of Raw to the Money In The Bank event in order to fill the slot in the match card vacated by the cancellation of the former. Event ----- Other on-screen personnel\| Role: \| Name: \| \| --- \| --- \| \| English commentators \| Michael Cole (SmackDown) \| \| Pat McAfee (SmackDown) \| \| Jimmy Smith (Raw) \| \| Corey Graves (Raw) \| \| Byron Saxton (Raw) \| \| Spanish commentators \| Carlos Cabrera \| \| Marcelo Rodriguez \| \| Ring announcers \| Greg Hamilton (SmackDown) \| \| Mike Rome (Raw) \| \| Referees \| Danilo Anfibio \| \| Jason Ayers \| \| Jessika Carr \| \| Darrick Moore \| \| Eddie Orengo \| \| Chad Patton \| \| Charles Robinson \| \| Rod Zapata \| \| Interviewer \| Kevin Patrick \| \| Pre-show panel \| Kayla Braxton \| \| John "Bradshaw" Layfield \| \| Peter Rosenberg \| \| Booker T \| \| Jerry Lawler \| \| Sonya Deville \| ### Pre-show During the Money in the Bank Kickoff pre-show, The Mysterios (Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso). During the match, Jey caught Rey with a Superkick in mid-air and then performed the Uso Splash on Rey for a nearfall. In the end, as Rey attempted a 619 on Jey, Jimmy protected Jey with Jimmy receiving the 619 instead. Jey then performed a roll-up on Rey with an assist from Jimmy to win the titles for the fifth time, and their seventh overall tag team championship in WWE. This would mark the beginning of The Usos' record-setting title reign, which currently stands as the longest tag team title reign in WWE at 622 days. ### Preliminary matches The actual pay-per-view opened with the women's Money in the Bank ladder match, featuring Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Naomi, and Nikki A.S.H. from Raw and Liv Morgan, Zelina Vega, and WWE Women's Tag Team Champions, Natalya and Tamina, from SmackDown. During the match, Bliss used her supernatural powers to try and lower the contract into her hands only for Vega to stop her. Later atop a ladder, Bliss hypnotized Vega into climbing down the ladder and allowing Bliss an opportunity to unhook the briefcase, however, Natalya intercepted Bliss. The rest of the competitors eventually buried Bliss under a pile of ladders, taking Bliss out for the remainder of the match. With three ladders positioned under the briefcase, Asuka, Naomi, Morgan, Vega, Natalya, and Tamina all fought atop of the three ladders. Nikki, who had been down outside the ring, used the opportunity to quickly climb the middle ladder and reach over the other competitors to unhook the briefcase and win the match. Next, AJ Styles and Omos defended the Raw Tag Team Championship against The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar). In the end, Erik and Ivar performed The Viking Experience on Styles, however, Omos stood on the ring apron and shoved Erik into Ivar to void the pin attempt. Omos then delivered a Two-Handed Chokeslam on Erik to retain the titles. After that, Bobby Lashley (accompanied by MVP) defended Raw's WWE Championship against Kofi Kingston. At the start of the match, Kingston performed a Double Stomp on Lashley's chest for a nearfall. Following this, Lashley completely dominated Kingston for the remainder of the match. After Kingston refused to submit to the Hurt Lock, Lashley performed the Dominator three times on Kingston before applying the Hurt Lock again, causing Kingston to pass out and retain the title. In the fourth match, Rhea Ripley defended the Raw Women's Championship against Charlotte Flair. After a well contested match, as Ripley went for the Riptide, Flair countered into a DDT. Flair performed the Natural Selection on Ripley off the second rope for a nearfall. Ripley performed a German Suplex on Flair who rolled out of the ring. Flair rammed Ripley's head in a turnbuckle and trapped her leg in between the steel steps and the corner post, kicking it several times. Flair then got Ripley back in the ring and applied the Figure Eight Leglock on her to win the title for a record-tying fifth time, marking her 13th overall singles championship in WWE and 14th title overall. Nikki A.S.H. (shown here under her previous gimmick of Nikki Cross) and Big E were the respective winners of the men's and women's Money in the Bank ladder matches. The penultimate match was the men's Money in the Bank ladder match, featuring Drew McIntyre, John Morrison, Ricochet, and Riddle from Raw and Big E, Kevin Owens, King Nakamura, and Seth Rollins from SmackDown. During the match, as McIntyre ascended the ladder, he was attacked by Jinder Mahal with a steel chair and was carried off by Mahal's henchmen Shanky and Veer—continuing a rivalry that had recently begun on Raw. As Ricochet ascended the ladder, Riddle tipped the ladder over and Ricochet jumped onto the other competitors, who were outside the ring. Riddle and Owens performed the RKO and Stunner, respectively, on the remaining competitors. As Owens ascended the ladder, Rollins pulled Owens off, performing a Powerbomb on Owens through a ladder that was wedged between the apron and announce table. As Rollins ascended the ladder, Big E stopped him and performed the Big Ending on Rollins off the ladder. Big E then ascended the ladder and unhooked the briefcase to win the match. ### Main event In the main event, Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended SmackDown's Universal Championship against Edge. During the match, Reigns and Edge brawled at ringside. As Reigns attempted the Spear, Edge moved out of the way and Reigns went through the barricade. Edge then performed a Spear on Reigns through the remainder of the barricade. Back in the ring, as Reigns performed the Superman Punch on Edge, Edge incapacitated the referee. Reigns obtained a broken piece of a chair and attempted to apply the Crossface on Edge, however, Edge reversed and applied the Crossface on Reigns. The Usos (Jey and Jimmy) then came out and attempted to interfere in the match, however this was thwarted by Rey and Dominik Mysterio, who attacked them before they reached the ring. Seth Rollins, frustrated over losing the Money in the Bank ladder match earlier as well as for Edge receiving the championship match before him, then came out and performed a Superkick on Edge. As Reigns attempted a Spear, Edge performed a Spear of his own for a nearfall. Rollins then returned to the ring, only for Edge to knock him off the apron. This brief distraction allowed Reigns to perform a Spear on Edge and retain the title. Following the match, as Reigns and Rollins had a stare down, Edge attacked Rollins and they brawled into the crowd. As Reigns obtained a microphone and proclaimed that the whole world needed to acknowledge him, John Cena made a surprise return—in his first appearance since WrestleMania 36 in April 2020—and entered the ring where Cena had a stare down with Reigns and performed his "You Can't See Me" taunt at Reigns to end the event. Reception --------- Though the event itself was well-received, Peacock's streaming of the event in the United States was poorly received due to technical issues occurring throughout, particularly during the men's Money in the Bank ladder match. Dave Meltzer rated the men's Money in the Bank ladder match 4.75 stars, which was the highest of the night. Roman Reigns vs. Edge and Charlotte Flair vs. Rhea Ripley both received 4.25 stars. The women's Money in the Bank ladder match and Bobby Lashley vs. Kofi Kingston received 2 stars, the lowest rated matches of the night. The Raw Tag Team Championship match received 2.5 stars, and the kick-off show match received 3.5 stars. Aftermath --------- ### Raw Following his dominant victory over Kofi Kingston, Bobby Lashley (accompanied by MVP) held an open challenge for the WWE Championship on the following night's episode of Raw. The challenge was accepted by a returning Keith Lee, who had been out with health issues since February, but lost to Lashley. Following the match, Lashley and MVP were confronted by WWE Hall of Famer Goldberg, appearing for the first time since the Royal Rumble in January. Goldberg proclaimed that he would be Lashley's next challenger, which was scheduled for SummerSlam. Also on the following Raw, as Charlotte Flair boasted about winning the Raw Women's Championship for a fifth time, she was confronted by Rhea Ripley, who challenged her to a rematch that night which was granted by WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville. During the match, Flair was disqualified after striking Ripley with the championship belt, thus Ripley won the match but not the title. Following the match, the two brawled at ringside where Ripley performed the Riptide on Flair. Nikki A.S.H. then ran down to the ring and cashed in her Money in the Bank contract and defeated Flair to win the Raw Women's Championship. The following week, Nikki was scheduled to defend the title against Flair and Ripley in a triple threat match at SummerSlam. Also on Raw, Riddle teamed with The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) in a six-man tag team match against John Morrison and Raw Tag Team Champions AJ Styles and Omos in which The Viking Raiders performed The Viking Experience on Morrison to win the match. Styles and Omos were subsequently scheduled to defend the Raw Tag Team Championship in a rematch against The Viking Raiders on the following week's episode, where Styles and Omos again retained. Jinder Mahal, along with Shanky and Veer, gloated about costing Drew McIntyre the Money in the Bank ladder match. McIntyre then appeared and attacked Mahal and Veer with a steel chair. As Shanky tried to calm McIntyre down, McIntyre attacked Shanky with multiple chair shots. After a couple more weeks of feuding, a match between McIntyre and Mahal was scheduled for SummerSlam with Shanky and Veer banned from ringside. ### SmackDown After being absent from WWE programming since WrestleMania 36 in April 2020, John Cena made his return to WWE at Money in the Bank, confronting Universal Champion Roman Reigns. Instead of waiting until SmackDown, John Cena first appeared on Raw to explain his appearance at Money in the Bank. He stated that he wanted to put Reigns in his place and officially challenged Reigns for the Universal Championship at SummerSlam. On SmackDown, however, Reigns rejected Cena's challenge and instead accepted a challenge from Finn Bálor, who had returned to SmackDown the previous week. An altercation occurred during the contract signing the following week, which ultimately led to Cena signing the match contract, officially scheduling Reigns to defend the title against Cena at SummerSlam. Also on the following episode of SmackDown, Edge claimed that he would have won the Universal Championship had it not been for Seth Rollins' actions. He stated that their issues date back to December 2014 when Rollins had attempted to injure Edge's surgically repaired neck and definitively put an end to his career. Rollins then came out and said he despised older wrestlers like Edge and John Cena for coming back and taking opportunities from the current wrestlers who earned them. A brawl then ensued with Edge performing the Edgecution on Rollins. As Edge attempted a Spear, Rollins retreated. On the August 6 episode, Edge challenged Rollins to a match at SummerSlam that Rollins accepted. Big E cut a promo on winning the Money in the Bank briefcase and called it the biggest victory of his career, only for Intercontinental Champion Apollo Crews (accompanied by Commander Azeez) to interrupt and gloat about defeating Big E for the title back at WrestleMania 37. Dolph Ziggler and Robert Roode interrupted, followed by King Nakamura (accompanied by Rick Boogs) and Cesaro, all wanting to challenge Crews for the Intercontinental Championship. A brawl then ensued with Big E, Cesaro, and Nakamura taking out Crews, Azeez, Ziggler, and Roode. Big E then appeared on the September 13 episode of Raw and successfully cashed in his Money in the Bank contract on Bobby Lashley to win the WWE Championship, thus transferring to Raw in the process, and made Big E WWE's 33rd Triple Crown winner. Also on SmackDown, Jimmy Uso defeated Dominik Mysterio in a singles match, thanks to Jey assisting Jimmy during the pin, similar to the pin during Money in the Bank Kickoff that won The Usos the SmackDown Tag Team Championship from Dominik and Rey Mysterio. The following week, Rey defeated Jimmy with that same pinning combination. On August 5, a championship rematch between the two teams was scheduled for SummerSlam. Results ------- \| No. \| Results \| Stipulations \| Times \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1P \| The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defeated The Mysterios (Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio) (c) by pinfall \| Tag team match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship \| 11:25 \| \| 2 \| Nikki A.S.H. defeated Alexa Bliss, Asuka, Liv Morgan, Naomi, Natalya, Tamina, and Zelina Vega \| Money in the Bank ladder match for a women's championship match contract \| 15:45 \| \| 3 \| AJ Styles and Omos (c) defeated The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar) by pinfall \| Tag team match for the WWE Raw Tag Team Championship \| 12:55 \| \| 4 \| Bobby Lashley (c) (with MVP) defeated Kofi Kingston by technical submission \| Singles match for the WWE Championship \| 7:35 \| \| 5 \| Charlotte Flair defeated Rhea Ripley (c) by submission \| Singles match for the WWE Raw Women's Championship \| 16:50 \| \| 6 \| Big E defeated Drew McIntyre, John Morrison, Kevin Owens, King Nakamura, Ricochet, Riddle, and Seth Rollins \| Money in the Bank ladder match for a world championship match contract \| 17:40 \| \| 7 \| Roman Reigns (c) (with Paul Heyman) defeated Edge by pinfall \| Singles match for the WWE Universal Championship \| 33:10 \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| (c) \| – the champion(s) heading into the match \| \| P \| – the match was broadcast on the pre-show \| \| 1. ↑ This match was moved from the July 12 episode of Raw in order to occupy the slot vacated by the canceled SmackDown Women's Championship "I Quit" match between Bianca Belair (c) and Bayley, due to the latter's injury.
Sir Robertson Huntly Stewart CBE (21 September 1913 – 13 August 2007) was a New Zealand industrialist and exporter. He is credited with starting to manufacture plastic goods in the country. Early life ---------- Stewart was born in Christchurch in 1913. His father, Robertson McGregor Stewart, was an accountant. His mother was Ivy Emily Stewart (née Wooles). His parents separated when he was six, and Stewart and his younger brother Max remained with their mother. They lived in Sydenham and then Linwood. He attended Linwood North Primary School, Christchurch West High School, and one term at Christchurch Boys' High School until age 13, when scarlet fever caused him to leave school. He went to Bottle Lake Hospital in Burwood for treatment and recovered, but did not go back to school. Professional career ------------------- He trained to become an electrical engineer through attending night school for five years. His first employer in 1929 was Harry Urlwin, who instilled in him the sense of never to be frightened of anything or anyone. In 1935, Urlwin sent him to England for the purpose of learning about plastics. He imported a moulding machine to New Zealand and was the first to manufacture the material in the country. He started to work for Plastic & Die Casting Ltd in 1947, a company founded ten years earlier. By 1957, he had raised enough money to buy the company, which he renamed PDL. The company was listed on the New Zealand Stock Exchange in 1971 and at its height, employed 2,200 staff with an annual turnover of NZ$350 million. It exported to 50 countries across three continents. He established factories in many countries, including one in Malaysia in 1974. His favourite saying was: > My job is to make ordinary people do extraordinary things. > > Stewart retired in the mid-1990s, handing over PDL to his son, Mark Robertson. The 60% family shareholding in PDL was sold in 2001 to the French company Schneider Electric for NZ$97 million. Stewart was appointed a Companion of the Order of the British Empire in the 1970 New Year Honours and a Knight Bachelor in the 1979 New Year Honours, for services to manufacturing and the community. He was a Christchurch City Councillor from 1969 to 1972. In 1995, he was inducted into the New Zealand Business Hall of Fame. Due to his lack of formal education, the recognition that he was most proud of was his honorary doctorate of engineering from the University of Canterbury. His business relationship with Malaysia saw him become an Honorary Malaysian Consul, a role that he filled for 28 years. The King of Malaysia appointed him a Companion of the Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (JSM) for his business and cultural links. Stewart Fountain ---------------- The second Stewart Fountain just before its demolition In the 1960s, Stewart offered funding for the erection of a fountain on a small public reserve on the corner of Colombo, High, and Hereford Streets. Initially, he put up £5,000, but this was later increased to NZ$14,000. The fountain, with four stainless steel walls that had water flowing down it, was built in the early 1970s and was his first philanthropic contribution to Christchurch. In 1987, it was decided that the fountain needed to be redesigned, which was done in 1988. Ongoing maintenance issues resulted in the 1993 decision for the fountain needing to be replaced. By then, its location had become part of the City Mall. The replacement, which was known as the Stewart Fountain, was built in 1998 at a cost of NZ$700,000, with a NZ$200,000 contribution by Stewart and decorated with hundreds of tiles painted by Christchurch schoolchildren. The fountain developed into a favourite place for young people. Demolition of the fountain began on 13 August 2007 and 13 young people were arrested in a protest over the demolition; Sir Robertson Stewart had died that morning. The removal of the fountain was supported by local business owners, who had long complained about the young people being bad for their businesses. Christchurch City Council formally named the reserve Stewart Plaza in 2008. Stewart's bequest part-funded the replacement sculpture, "Flour Power", on the condition that the installation be permanent, and that the land be known as Stewart Plaza. Family and death ---------------- In 1937, Stewart married and later divorced Gladys Gunter. They had three children: * Sir Robert John Stewart (born 1940), knighted in the 2014 Queen's Birthday Honours. * Elizabeth "Lee" Stewart (born 1943) * Peter Maxwell Stewart (born 1945) married since 1968 to New Zealand Fashion Week founder Dame Pieter Stewart (who was made a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2012 Birthday Honours). Peter was jailed in 2008 for three and a half years on historic child sex charges, but had one rape charge against him dismissed in the High Court at Christchurch after serving jail time for his other offences. He was paroled after 14 months. In 1970, he married his secretary, Melbourne-born Ellen Adrienne Cansdale (who was made a Dame Companion of the New Zealand Order of Merit in the 2015 New Year Honours). There are two children from this second marriage: * Mark James Stewart * Todd Huntly Stewart Stewart died in Christchurch on 13 August 2007. He was survived by his second wife, Adrienne, and five children.
Multinational hardware wholesaler The Würth Group (German: Würth-Gruppe, pronounced [ˈvʏʁtɡʁʊpə]) is a worldwide wholesaler of fasteners, screws and screw accessories. Würth expanded its range and today offers a full range of business equipment for craft businesses in a kind of supermarket of its own. Würth offers dowels, chemicals, electronic and electromechanical components, furniture and construction fittings, tools, machines, installation material, automotive hardware, inventory management, storage and retrieval systems. The group of over 400 companies across 80+ countries has been servicing the automotive, woodworking, metalworking, industrial and construction industries. Würth was founded in 1945 by Adolf Würth in Künzelsau, Germany. The company is family owned and has been run by his son Reinhold Würth since 1954. History ------- Würth was founded by Adolf Würth (1909–1954),, for the purpose of selling screws in 1945 in Künzelsau (hence the company logo, which consists of the family name and a W of two screw heads with cylindrical and round heads). After the death of Adolf Würth, his son Reinhold Würth took over in 1954 at the age of 19 with his mother Alma Würth, making it a two-person company. Since then, the company has been active in the distribution of fasteners and tools with over 100,000 different products in these lines. Its more than 3.9 million customers include companies from the construction industry, wood and metal crafting, automotive companies, and, increasingly, industrial customers. Today[when?] the Würth Group operates worldwide and employs over 81,000 people, making it one of the largest non-listed companies in Germany. The German newspaper Die Welt listed it as 91 on its list of top 500 companies. On 1 January 1994, Reinhold Würth withdrew from management and took over as Chairman of the Würth Advisory Board. On March 1, 2006, he passed on this office to his daughter Bettina Würth and became Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Würth Group. On 27 October 2006, after five years of research, the group opened a production plant in Schwäbisch Hall for new types of solar cells using copper, indium, and selenium instead of silicon. Reinhold Würth advised his approximately 25,000 employees in Germany not to vote for the right-wing extremist AfD in 2024. In a five-page letter, the then 88-year-old noted that not everything was going well in the current Scholz government, but that the AfD wanted to abolish the party state. Unlike other trading companies, Würth spends much on research and development. It set a record in 2007 with more than 60 patents. Corporate structure ------------------- Besides the German parent company Adolf Würth GmbH & Co, Würth includes more than 400 companies in 86 countries, which are divided into two lines: * The Würth Line (die Würth-Linie), whose companies carry the Würth name; * 206 allied companies, which are usually purchased companies that operate under their original name or have been integrated into another allied company. The Würth Group specializes in sales through its representatives. It operates globally, with continuous expansions due to sales. In Germany, the number of employees amounts to 24,971. Around the world, the Würth Group employs more than 33,000 sales representatives in the field.[] Cultural ties ------------- The Würth Group supports the Würth Foundation (Stiftung Würth), established by Carmen and Reinhold Würth in 1987 to promote art and culture, science and research, education and integration. The organization gives many types of awards, including the Würth Prize for European Literature (Würth-Preis für Europäische Literatur), the Würth Prize of Jeunesses Musicales Germany (Würth-Preis der Jeunesses Musicales Deutschland). Since 1993, Würth has awarded the Robert Jacobsen Prize to contemporary visual artists. In addition, the Würth Foundation engages in school and university funding. In 2005, the Künzelsau College of Applied Sciences of the University of Heilbronn was renamed Reinhold Würth University. The Würth Collection comprises over 18,000 works from the 15th century to modern and contemporary art, primarily paintings and sculptures. It ranks among the greatest European private art collections. The works of art are regularly displayed to the public in five museums in Germany and ten associated galleries of the Würth Group across Europe, including Kunsthalle Würth and Johanniterkirche in Schwäbisch Hall in Germany, Museum Würth and Museum Würth 2 in Künzelsau in Germany, the Art Forum Würth Capena in Italy, the Musée Würth France Erstein in France and the Museo Würth La Rioja in Spain. In Switzerland, Würth maintains Forum Würth Arlesheim, Forum Würth Chur and Würth Haus Rorschach. Admission is free. Würth is the organizer of the Würth Open-Air Festival, an annual music festival in Künzelsau. The Würth Philharmoniker orchestra was founded in Künzelsau in 2017 by Reinhold Würth Musikstiftung. Würth and sports ---------------- ### NASCAR In 2023, Würth became the title sponsor of the Würth 400 (logo above) NASCAR Cup Series race at Dover Motor Speedway. Beginning in the 2012 season, Würth became a primary sponsor in seven Nationwide Series races on the #12 Team Penske Dodge/Ford. From the 2014 season to the 2022 season, Würth was a primary sponsor in four NASCAR Cup Series races of Brad Keselowski of Team Penske's #2 Ford Fusion. Beginning in the 2023 season, Würth returned to the #12 as a primary sponsor in four NASCAR Cup Series races of Ryan Blaney of Team Penske's #12 Ford Mustang. ### Football (Soccer) #### Bundesliga Würth is an official partner of the German Football Association (DFB). Since 2022, the Würth brand has been featured at the international matches of the German men's national team, the women's national team, and the U21 team. In addition, Würth cooperates with ten clubs in the German Bundesliga: FC Bayern Munich, Borussia Dortmund, VfB Stuttgart, Bayer Leverkusen, Hertha BSC Berlin, RB Leipzig, Werder Bremen, SC Freiburg, Mainz 05, and Hamburger SV. #### International Würth has been sponsor on the uniforms of referees and their assistants in La Liga, Spain's premier football league for the last several years. Würth has also been sponsor on the uniform for icelandic top division club Fylkir since 2017 and French top division club RC Strasbourg Alsace. ### Formula E For the inaugural Formula E 2014 season, a new FIA championship for electrically powered cars, Wurth Electronik became technology partner to the only German racing team, ABT Schaeffler Audi Sport. The company's logo features on the nose of the team cars, in the pit garage, on team trucks and on all official communication. After the successful start of the racing season, Würth Elektronik extended its sponsorship agreement with ABT for a further three years. ### V8 Supercars Since the start of the 2015 season, Würth have been in a long term, strategic arrangement with V8 Supercars team, Dick Johnson Racing/Team Penske. The new livery was launched at the support race to the Australian Formula One Grand Prix with Marcos Ambrose as driver and Scott Pye forthwith racing in the colours in select races for the rest of the season.
Irish former cricketer (born 1964) Charles McCrum (born 8 December 1964) is an Irish former cricketer. A right-handed batsman and right-arm medium pace bowler, he played 22 times for the Ireland cricket team between 1990 and 1994 including one first-class match against Scotland and two List A matches in the NatWest Trophy. His brother Paul has also played cricket for Ireland. Career ------ Having played once for Gloucestershire Under-25s in 1985, McCrum first played for Ireland in June 1990 against the MCC. He then spent two years out of the Ireland side before playing his only first-class match against Scotland in June 1992. This was followed by his List A debut against Durham the same month, and he rounded out 1992 with a match against the MCC, two matches against an England amateur XI and a match against Gloucestershire. In 1993, he played his final List A match against Yorkshire before seven more matches for Ireland, including games against Barbados, Wales, the MCC and the Netherlands. He represented Ireland at the 1994 ICC Trophy, winning the man of the match award against Gibraltar, which were his last matches for Ireland. Statistics ---------- In all matches for Ireland, McCrum scored 567 runs at an average of 25.77 with a top score of 70 against Scotland in 1992, also his highest first-class score. He took 25 wickets at an average of 29.24 with his best bowling performance being 4/16 against Gibraltar in 1994.
Types of swords This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources. Hand-and-a-half sword, probably German, c. 1400–1430 The English language terminology used in the classification of swords is imprecise and has varied widely over time. There is no historical dictionary for the universal names, classification, or terminology of swords; a sword was simply a single-edged or double-edged knife. Historical terms without a universal consensus of definition (i.e. "arming sword", "broadsword", "long sword", etc.) were used to label weapons of similar appearance but of different historical periods, regional cultures, and fabrication technology. These terms were often described in relation to other unrelated weapons, without regard to their intended use and fighting style. In modern history, many of these terms have been given specific, often arbitrary meanings that are unrelated to any of their historical meanings. Terminology ----------- Some of these terms originate contemporaneously with the weapons which they describe. Others are modern or early modern terms used by antiquarians, curators, and modern-day sword enthusiasts for historical swords. Terminology was further complicated by terms introduced or misinterpreted in the 19th century by antiquarians and in 20th century pop culture, and by the addition of new terms such as "great sword", "Zweihänder" (instead of Beidhänder), and "cut-and-thrust sword". Historical European Martial Arts associations have turned the term spada da lato into "side-sword". Furthermore, there is a deprecation of the term "broadsword" by these associations. All these newly introduced or redefined terms add to the confusion of the matter. The most well-known systematic typology of blade types of the European medieval sword is the Oakeshott typology, although this is also a modern classification and not a medieval one. Elizabethans used descriptive terms such as "short", "bastard", and "long" which emphasized the length of the blade, and "two-handed" for any sword that could be wielded by two hands. Classification by hilt type --------------------------- Warring States era jian (double edged sword) ### Handedness The term two-handed sword may refer to any large sword designed to be used primarily with two hands: * the European longsword, popular in the Late Middle Ages and Renaissance. + the Scottish late medieval claymore (not to be confused with the basket-hilted claymore of the 18th century) * the Bidenhänder sword favored by the Landsknechte of 16th-century Germany The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern (late 19th century). During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword, while "long sword" or "long-sword" referred to the rapier (in the context of Renaissance or Early Modern fencing). The term "single-handed sword" or "one-handed sword" was coined to distinguish from "two-handed" or "hand-and-a-half" swords. "Single-handed sword" is used by Sir Walter Scott. It is also used as a possible gloss of the obscure term tonsword by Nares (1822); "one-handed sword" is somewhat later, recorded from c. 1850. Some swords were designed for left-hand use, although left-handed swords have been described as "a rarity". #### Great sword Great swords or greatswords are related to the long swords of the Middle Ages.[dubious – discuss] The great sword was developed during the Renaissance, but its earlier cousin the Scottish Claymore was very similar in size and use, like the "outsized specimens" between 160 and 180 cm (63 and 71 in) (approx. the same height as the user) such as the Oakeshott type XIIa or Oakeshott type XIIIa. These swords were too heavy to be wielded one-handed and possessed a large grip for leverage. #### Claymore The Scottish name "claymore" (Scottish Gaelic: claidheamh mór, lit. "large/great sword") can refer to either the longsword with a distinctive two-handed grip, or the basket-hilted sword.[] The two-handed claymore is an early Scottish version of a greatsword. #### Zweihänder The Zweihänder ("two-hander") or Beidhänder ("both-hander") is a true two-handed sword, in the sense that it cannot be wielded in only one hand. It was a specialist weapon wielded by certain Landsknechte (mercenary soldiers), so-called Doppelsöldners. Classification by blade type ---------------------------- Han dynasty Jian swords (above) ### Double-edge and straight swords These are double-edged, usually straight-bladed swords, designed for optimized balance, reach and versatility. #### Jian Jian (simplified Chinese: 剑; traditional Chinese: 劍; pinyin: jiàn; Cantonese: gim) is a double-edged straight sword used during the last 2,500 years in China. The first Chinese sources that mention the jian date to the 7th century BC during the Spring and Autumn period; one of the earliest specimens being the Sword of Goujian. Historical one-handed versions have blades varying from 45 to 80 cm (18 to 31 in) in length. The weight of an average sword of 70 cm (28 in) blade-length would weigh about 700 to 900 g (1.5 to 2.0 lb). There are also larger two-handed versions used by ancient and medieval armies and for training by many styles of Chinese martial arts. Two handed jians from the time of the Chu and Han dynasty were up to 58 in (150 cm) long. #### Longsword In modern times, the term longsword most frequently refers to a late Medieval and Renaissance weapon designed for use with two hands. The German langes Schwert ("long sword") in 15th-century manuals did not necessarily denote a type of weapon, but the technique of fencing with both hands at the hilt.[] The French épée bâtarde and the English bastard sword originate in the 15th or 16th century,[] originally having the general sense of "irregular sword or sword of uncertain origin". It was "[a sword] which was neither French, nor Spanish, nor properly Landsknecht [German], but longer than any of these sturdy swords." Espée bastarde could also historically refer to a single-handed sword with a fairly long blade compared to other short swords. Joseph Swetnam states that the bastard sword is midway in length between an arming sword and a long sword, and Randall Cotgrave's definition seems to imply this, as well. The French épée de passot was also known as épée bâtarde[] (i.e. bastard sword) and also coustille à croix (literally a cross-hilted blade). The term referred to a medieval single-handed sword optimized for thrusting. The épée de passot was the sidearm of the franc-archers (French or Breton bowmen of the 15th and 16th centuries). The term passot comes from the fact that these swords passed (passaient) the length of a "normal" short sword. The "Masters of Defence" competition organised by Henry VIII in July 1540 listed "two hande sworde", "bastard sworde", and "longe sworde" as separate items (as it should in Joseph Swetnam's context).[self-published source?] Antiquarian usage in the 19th century established the use of "bastard sword" as referring unambiguously to these large swords. However, George Silver and Joseph Swetnam refer to them merely as "two hande sworde". The term "hand-and-a-half sword" is modern (late 19th century). During the first half of the 20th century, the term "bastard sword" was used regularly to refer to this type of sword. The Elizabethan long sword (cf. George Silver and Joseph Swetnam) is a single-handed "cut-and-thrust" sword with a 4 ft (1.2 m) blade similar to the long rapier. "Let thy (long) Rapier or (long) Sword be foure foote at the least, and thy dagger two foote." Historical terms (15th to 16th century) for this type of sword included the Italian spada longa (lunga) and French épée longue. The term longsword has been used to refer to different kinds of sword depending on historical context: * Zweihänder or two-hander, a late Renaissance sword of the 16th century Landsknechte, the longest sword of all; * the long "side sword" or "rapier" with a cutting edge (the Elizabethan long sword). #### Spatha The spatha was a double-edged longsword used by the Romans. The idea for the spatha came from the swords of ancient Celts in Germany and Britain. It was longer than the gladius, and had more reach, so the spatha was most popular with soldiers in the cavalry. The blade could range between 0.5 and 1 m (1 ft 8 in and 3 ft 3 in) long while the handle was usually between 18 and 20 cm (7 and 8 in). #### Broadsword * Claymore * Basket-hilted sword * Sabre The term "broadsword" was never used historically to describe the one-handed arming sword.[] The arming sword was wrongly labelled a broadsword by antiquarians as the medieval swords were similar in blade width to the military swords of the day (that were also sometimes labeled as broadswords) and broader than the dueling swords and ceremonial dress swords.[] #### Shortswords and daggers Knives such as the seax and other blades of similar length between 30 and 60 cm (1 and 2 ft), they are sometimes construed as swords because of their longer blades. This is especially the case for weapons from antiquity, made before the development of high quality steel that is necessary for longer swords, in particular: * Iron Age swords: + Seax, a tool and weapon, common in Northern Europe. + Gladius, an early ancient Roman thrusting shortsword for legionaries + Xiphos, a double-edged, single-hand blade used by the ancient Greeks; * Certain Renaissance-era sidearms: + Baselard, a late medieval heavy dagger; + Cinquedea, a civilian long dagger; + Dirk, the Scottish long dagger (biodag); + Hanger or wood-knife, a type of hunting sword or infantry sabre; * Certain fascine knives: + Model 1832 Foot Artillery Sword, is a short sword designed after the Roman gladius with a blade length around 64 cm (25 in) in length. It was also known as a coupe-chou (literally "cabbage cutter") in France. Oversized two-handers used as parade swords or ceremonial weapons often exceeded the length and weight of practical weapons of war. ### Edgeless and thrusting swords The edgeless swords category comprises weapons which are related to or labelled as "swords" but do not emphasise hacking or slashing techniques or have any cutting edges whatsoever. The majority of these elongated weapons were designed for agility, precision and rapid thrusting blows to exploit gaps in the enemy's defences; the major joints of the arms, the opening in a visor. However they mainly saw prominence outside the battlefield as a duelling weapon. #### Basket-hilted sword The basket-hilted sword is a sword type of the early modern era characterised by a basket-shaped guard that protects the hand. The basket hilt is a development of the quillons added to swords' crossguards since the Late Middle Ages. In modern times, this variety of sword is also sometimes referred to as the broadsword. #### Xiphos Main article: Xiphos The Spartiatēs were always armed with a xiphos as a secondary weapon. Among most Greek warriors, this weapon had an iron blade of about 60 cm (24 in). The Spartan version of the sword typically had a blade about 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) in length. The Spartan's shorter weapon proved deadly in the crush caused by colliding phalanx formations, as it was far more capable of being thrust through gaps in the enemy's shield wall and armour, where there was little to no room for longer edged weapons. The groin and throat were among the favourite targets. #### Rapier Main article: Rapier The term "rapier" appeared in the English lexicon via the French épée rapière which either compared the weapon to a rasp or file; it may be a corruption of "rasping sword" which referred to the sound the blade makes when it comes into contact with another blade. There is no historical Italian equivalent to the English word "rapier". Some swords categorised as rapiers are completely edgeless or have only a partially sharpened blade, however the majority have effective cutting blades. #### Panzerstecher and koncerz The Panzerstecher ("armour stabber") is a German and East European weapon with a long, edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section for penetrating armour. Early models were either two-handers or "hand-and-a-half" hilted, while later 16th and 17th century models (also known as koncerz) were one-handed and used by cavalry. #### Tuck and verdun The "tuck" (French estoc, Italian stocco)[] is an edgeless blade of square or triangular cross-section used for thrusting.[] In French, estoc also means thrust or point; and estoc et taille means cut and thrust.[] The tuck may also get its name from the verb "to tuck" which means "to shorten".[] #### Small-sword Main article: Small sword The small sword or smallsword (also court sword or dress sword, French: épée de cour)[] is a light one-handed sword designed for thrusting[] which evolved out of the longer and heavier rapier of the late Renaissance.[] The height of the small sword's popularity was between the mid-17th and late 18th century.[] It is thought to have appeared in France and spread quickly across the rest of Europe.[] The small sword was the immediate predecessor of the Épée de Combat from which the Épée developed and its method of use—as typified in the works of such authors as Sieur de Liancour, Domenico Angelo, Monsieur J. Olivier, and Monsieur L'Abbat—developed into the techniques of the French classical school of fencing.[] Small swords were also used as status symbols and fashion accessories; for most of the 18th century anyone, civilian or military, with pretensions to gentlemanly status would have worn a small sword on a daily basis.[] ### Single-edge and curved swords These are single-cutting edged, usually thick or curved construction bladed swords, typically designed for slashing, chopping, severing limbs, tripping or broad sweeping techniques; but were often very poorly designed for stabbing. Swordsmen were trained to use the dulled side for defensive and blocking techniques. #### Backsword Main article: Backsword The backsword was a single-edged, straight-bladed sword, typically for military use. This type of sword had a thickened back to the blade (opposite the cutting edge), which gave the blade strength. The backsword blade was cheaper to manufacture than a two-edged blade. This type of sword was first developed in Europe in the 15th century and reflected the emergence of asymmetric guards, which made a two-edged blade somewhat redundant. The backsword reached its greatest use in the 17th and 18th century when many cavalry swords, such as the British 1796 Heavy Cavalry Sword, were of this form. #### Dao Main article: Dao (Chinese sword) Dao are single-edged Chinese swords, primarily used for slashing and chopping. The most common form is also known as the Chinese sabre, although those with wider blades are sometimes referred to as Chinese broadswords. In China, the dao is considered one of the four traditional weapons, along with the gun (stick or staff), qiang (spear), and the jian (sword). It is considered "The General of All Weapons". #### Hook sword Main article: Hook sword The hook sword, twin hooks, *fu tao* or *shuang gou* (simplified Chinese: 钩; traditional Chinese: 鈎 or 鉤; pinyin: Gou), also known as hu tou gou (tiger head hook), is a Chinese weapon traditionally associated with northern styles of Chinese martial arts and Wushu weapons routines, but now often practiced by southern styles as well. #### Kopis Main article: kopis Unlike the xiphos, which is a thrusting weapon, the kopis was a hacking weapon in the form of a thick, curved single edged iron sword. In Athenian art, Spartan hoplites were often depicted using a kopis instead of the xiphos, as the kopis was seen as a quintessential "villain" weapon in Greek eyes. #### Khopesh Main article: Khopesh The khopesh is an ancient Egyptian curved short sword with a overall length of approx. 50 to 60 cm (20 to 24 in) and was typically made of bronze or iron. #### Katana Main article: katana Historically, katana (刀) were one of the traditionally made Japanese swords (日本刀, nihontō) that were used by the samurai of feudal Japan. Modern versions of the katana are sometimes made using non-traditional materials and methods. The katana is characterized by its distinctive appearance: a curved, slender, single-edged blade usually with a round guard and long grip to accommodate two hands. #### Hanger The hanger (obs. whinyard, whinger, cuttoe), wood-knife, or hunting sword is a long knife or short sword that hangs from the belt and was popular as both a hunting tool and weapon of war. #### Falchion and cutlass The falchion (French braquemart, Spanish bracamarte) proper is a wide straight-bladed but curved edged hanger or long knife. The term 'falchion' may also refer to the early cutlass. The cutlass or curtal-axe also known as a falchion (French badelaire, braquemart, coutelas, malchus; Italian coltellaccio, storta; German messer, dussack, malchus) is a broad-bladed curved hanger or long knife. In later usage, 'cutlass' referred to the short naval boarding sabre.[] #### Sabre Main article: Sabre The British sabre, American saber, French shable, Spanish sable, Italian sciabola, German Säbel, Russian sablya, Hungarian szablya, Polish szabla, and Ukrainian shablya is a single-edged curved bladed cavalry sword. #### Scimitar The scimitar (French cimeterre, Italian scimitarra) is a type of saber that came to refer in general to any sabre used by the Turks or Ottomans (kilic), Persians (shamshir) and more specifically the Stradioti (Albanian and Greek mercenaries who fought in the French-Italian Wars and were employed throughout Western Europe). The scimitar proper was the Stradioti saber, and the term was introduced into France by Philippe de Commines (1447 – 18 October 1511) as cimeterre, Italy (especially the Venetian Republic who hired the stradioti as mercenaries) as scimitarra, and England as cimeter or scimitar via the French and Italian terms.
Musical artist Franklin Delano Roosevelt Wakefield (born June 26, 1934) is an American mandolin player in the bluegrass music style. Wakefield is known for his collaborations with a number of well-known bands, including Red Allen, Jimmy Martin, Don Reno, Jerry Garcia, David Grisman, The Stanley Brothers, and the Greenbriar Boys. Biography --------- Born into a musical family in Emory Gap, Tennessee, Wakefield by age eight already knew how to play harmonica, guitar and bass. In 1950, his family moved to Dayton, Ohio. At the age of 16 he had switched to the mandolin and began playing music with his brother Ralph on guitar. The duo called themselves The Wakefield Brothers and in 1951, made their first radio appearance playing gospel and old-time music on WHIO in Dayton. In 1952 Wakefield began a long and productive collaboration with the bluegrass singer and guitar player, Red Allen. For the next 3 years Wakefield toured with Red Allen and the Blue Ridge Mountain Boys. Through the rest of the decade Wakefield also toured with Jimmy Martin and the Sunny Mountain Boys as well as Marvin Cobb and the Chain Mountain Boys, with whom he recorded his first 45 RPM—which included his now most famous bluegrass composition, "New Camptown Races". In 1958 Wakefield reunited with Red Allen and his band the Kentuckians. The popular Kentuckians cut many 45s in following years, had a weekly radio show, and even played at Carnegie Hall in 1963. Important CD recordings surviving from this period of Wakefield's career include Red Allen and Frank Wakefield: the Kitchen Tapes and Red Allen: the Folkway Years 1964-1983. In 1960, Wakefield moved to Washington, D.C. with Red Allen and there began giving private lessons. One of his students at this time was a young David Grisman. In the mid-1960s Wakefield began playing mandolin with the Greenbriar Boys as well as appearing with Ralph Stanley. Also in this period he began turning to new influences, composing classical mandolin sonatas and arranging classical pieces for traditional bluegrass instruments. This innovative style offered him the opportunity to play with the New York Philharmonic, led by Leonard Bernstein in 1967 and an invitation to appear as a guest with the Boston Pops in 1968. By the 1970s Wakefield launched a solo career. He released his first solo album in 1972 and his second in 1975 backed up by bluegrass heavyweights Don Reno and Chubby Wise. He toured with Jerry Garcia, and New Riders of the Purple Sage and opened for the Grateful Dead. By mid-decade Wakefield began working with his newly formed band, The Good Ol' Boys with whom he would enjoy a productive collaboration until the mid-1980s. Since 1989 he has toured with the Frank Wakefield Band. In 1999 he earned a Grammy Nomination for best bluegrass album of the year for his work on the album Bluegrass Mandolin Extravaganza on which he played with fellow mandolin greats Sam Bush, David Grisman, Ronnie McCoury, Jesse McReynolds, Bobby Osborne, Ricky Skaggs and Buck White. Mandolin player David Grisman said of Wakefield's influence, "He split the bluegrass mandolin atom. Some of us, obviously, will never be the same again." Wakefield continues to record and tour nationally.
Tajik scholar Abusaid Shokhumorov (Tajik: Абусаид Шохуморов) (1955–1999) was a famous Pamiri, Tajik scholar in the history and philosophy of Pamiri Ismailism. Life and work ------------- He was born to a sayyid family in Porshinev, not far from Khorugh, the capital of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Province, Tajikistan. From his early years, Abusaid's grandfather nurtured his interest in Islam, the teachings of Shiism and Ismailism in particular. Abusaid is the author of several articles and books published in Russian and Tajik, some of which have been translated into Persian and English. His major publications include "The Division of Badakhshan and the Fate of Ismailism" (Russian: Разделение Бадахшана и судьбы Исмаилизма), published posthumously in 2008 in Moscow. It explores the history of the division of the Pamir region into Afghan and Bukharan domains by the Russian and British empires during the "Great Game". He particularly studies the influence this division has had on the sociopolitical, religious and cultural life of the Pamiri Ismailis since 1895. and "Pamir - the Land of Aryans" (Russian: Памир - Страна Ариев, published in 1997 in Dushanbe, Tajikistan) which contains chapters in English, Persian, Russian and Tajik and examines the Zoroastrian elements in Pamiri Ismaili teachings and practices.
American politician Lucius Mendel Rivers (September 28, 1905 – December 28, 1970) was a Democratic U.S. Representative from South Carolina, representing the Charleston-based 1st congressional district for nearly 30 years. As chair of the House Armed Services Committee, Rivers developed a reputation for his unwavering support of American involvement in the Vietnam War. His reputation suffered as the American public at large turned against further escalation in the Vietnam War. In 1968, Rivers condemned American servicemen who attempted to stop the My Lai massacre, labeling them as "traitors". Rivers served in the House until his death in 1970. Early life and education ------------------------ Mendel Rivers was born in Gumville, South Carolina, to Lucius Hampton Rivers and Henrietta Marion McCay. The family moved to a farm in St. Stephen in 1907 and lived comfortably until 1915. That year the father Lucius died from pneumonia. Mendel's older brother Earle was put in charge of running the farm, but was not interested in agriculture. At the same time, agriculture suffered financial pressures and the family's assets declined. Eventually, they moved to North Charleston, where they opened a boarding house on O'Hear Avenue.[] Rivers attended local public schools. He took six years to graduate from Charleston High School in 1926. He attended the College of Charleston for three years and the University of South Carolina School of Law for two years, graduating from neither. The law school dean at the University of South Carolina advised Rivers to take up another profession because, although he knew the assignments, he suffered from stage fright.[] Rivers was determined to become a lawyer so he returned to College of Charleston, took classes to prepare himself for the bar examination.[] Career ------ After passing the bar exam in 1932, he was unable to find work in Charleston law firms during the Great Depression, so he started his own practice. Entry into politics ------------------- Rivers first became involved in politics in 1930 when he participated in Ed Pritchard's unsuccessful campaign for the state legislature against Russell McGowan. He was an active member of the Charleston Young Democrats club and shortly after passing the bar, Rivers decided to run for one of the twelve state representative spots from Charleston County. County politics in the 1930s were controlled by the political machine of Charleston mayor Burnet R. Maybank, and gaining his endorsement was crucial to winning an election. Rivers sought the mayor's blessing, but was rejected because he was an unknown candidate from North Charleston. He ran as an Independent Democrat and was defeated in his bid for election. A vacancy on the Charleston County delegation arose in 1933 when Ben Scott Whaley resigned to join the staff of Senator James Francis Byrnes. Rivers won the special election by running against Charleston and campaigning on the slogan "Give the Northern End of the County Representation." In 1934, Rivers ran for re-election and received the most votes of any state House candidate on the Charleston County ticket, making him chairman of the county delegation. As a state Representative, Rivers served on the Judiciary and Education committees. He became the state president of the Young Democrats in 1935 and was a delegate to the 1936 Democratic National Convention. The rapid ascendancy of Rivers attracted the attention of 1st district Congressman Thomas S. McMillan who became worried when Rivers requested papers from the state Democratic secretary in 1936 to run for office. McMillan arranged a meeting with Rivers and offered him a position as a Special Assistant to the Attorney General of the United States. Rivers accepted and worked throughout the South collecting unpaid criminal fines and forfeited bail bonds. ### 1940 election On September 29, 1939, McMillan died and Rivers immediately made plans to run for Congress. He quit his federal job in February 1940 and opened a law practice in Charleston to provide a base for his campaign. His opponent in the Democratic primary was Alfred von Kolnitz, who had the backing of the Charleston political establishment and Thomas McMillan's widow, Clara. Rivers knew that he was not going to win the vote in Charleston, so he tried to maximize his vote outside of Charleston by making the theme of his campaign about the chicanery of the city. Furthermore, with World War II raging in Europe, Rivers played up von Kolnitz's German name to make him appear as if a Nazi sympathizer. He was aided in this effort by the fact that von Kolnitz was outspokenly antisemitic, and was in favor of isolationism (von Kolnitz advocated that the U.S. not help the United Kingdom in the British war effort against the Nazis.) On August 27, Rivers won the Democratic primary election by running up a huge margin in the counties outside of Charleston, which offset his loss in Charleston County. In those days, victory in the Democratic primary was tantamount to election in South Carolina, and Rivers took office on January 3, 1941. Making good on his pro-British campaign rhetoric, Rivers voted in favor of the first Lend Lease Act in 1941 to lend material military aid to the British Army and Royal Navy, as well as food aid for British soldiers and civilians. He then voted to extend the lend lease act in 1944. Congressional career -------------------- ### Domestic legislation Once in Congress, Rivers sought a seat on the Agriculture committee, but it was full and he was instead placed on the Merchant Marine and Fisheries committee. In March, he was appointed to the Naval Affairs committee which was later combined with the Military Affairs committee to form the House Armed Services Committee. His first legislative success was in 1942 when he authored a bill to build an oil pipeline from Mississippi to the Southeast coast to reduce the transportation costs of the product. The bill was passed by Congress and signed by President Roosevelt, but Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes refused to construct the pipeline because of the opposition by Big Oil. Rivers's first major success was the repeal of the federal tax on colored oleomargarine. The tax was first implemented because margarine was a much cheaper substitute of butter which threatened the interests of the dairy farmers. When Rivers first introduced the bill in 1944 to repeal the tax, it was vigorously opposed by Midwestern Representatives and the bill died in the agriculture committee. Undeterred, Rivers reintroduced the bill every year and made so many speeches in favor of the repeal of the tax that he was nicknamed "Oleo" Rivers. In 1949, he circulated a petition in the House to force the bill out of the agriculture committee and to the full House for a vote. The bill passed the House and then the Senate and was signed into law by President Truman in 1950. The manufacturers of margarine were forever grateful to Rivers and sent him complimentary boxes of oleo until the day he died. ### Views regarding race Like most South Carolinian Democrats from his era, Rivers was an ardent segregationist. Rivers and the entire South Carolina delegation signed the Southern Manifesto in 1956. Rivers voted against the Civil Rights Acts of 1957, 1960, 1964, and 1968 as well as the 24th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. River attempted to have Charleston federal district court judge J. Waties Waring impeached for having ruled that blacks had to be allowed to vote in the Democratic primary and that segregated schools were unconstitutional. In South Carolina in the 1940s the Democratic Party had all-white primary elections, which was contested in the court case Elmore v. Rice where George Elmore was represented by Harold Boulware and Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP. Judge Waring ruled in favor of Elmore in 1947, but the ruling was rebuffed by South Carolina outside of Richland County. In a second case Brown v. Baskin (1948), Judge Waring once again ruled that the South Carolina Democratic Party must hold primaries that are "freely open to all parties... without discrimination of race, color or creed." Judge Waring was eventually forced to leave South Carolina after his dissenting opinion in Briggs v. Elliot (1951), which challenged segregation in public schools, eventually becoming one of five cases that was seen by the U.S. Supreme Court in Brown v. Board of Education. Despite Rivers' fundraising campaign against him, Judge Waring was not impeached, but he eventually moved to New York to continue his work as a federal judge where he died in 1968. Judge Waring was buried in Magnolia Cemetery on Meeting Street in Charleston and his funeral was attended by more than 200 blacks and less than a dozen whites. When President Truman integrated the U.S. Army in 1948, Rivers called him a "dead chicken" and a "bankrupt politician". Rivers was so incensed by Truman that he supported Strom Thurmond in the 1948 Presidential election. After Truman's victory, he lost his patronage privileges and was lucky to retain his seat on the Armed Services Committee. Rivers attended the 1952 Democratic National Convention and believed that Adlai Stevenson would reverse the policies of Truman by returning to traditional Democratic principles. However, Rivers became disillusioned with Stevenson and he openly supported Republican Dwight D. Eisenhower in the 1952 Presidential election because he said that he would be sensitive to Southern concerns. Rivers's long-held distrust of Republicans was reinforced shortly after Eisenhower became president when he ordered the desegregation of all schools on military bases and did not grant Rivers patronage privileges, despite Rivers being the only Democrat to support Eisenhower in 1952. Eisenhower's continual push for integration infuriated Rivers. When asked if he would back Eisenhower again in 1956, Rivers later claimed to have responded "Hell no! Ain't no education in the second kick of a mule." In the 1960s, Rivers softened his vocal opposition to civil rights legislation. He had risen in the ranks and his power in the House depended upon the continual support of national Democrats. Rivers shifted his approach from defending segregation to the maintenance of law and order. He found a kindred spirit in George Wallace and he attended one of Wallace's fundraising dinners in 1968. Wallace asked Rivers in July to be his running mate for the 1968 Presidential election, but Rivers dared not risk losing his chairmanship of the House Armed Services Committee and declined the offer. ### House Armed Services Chairman L. Mendel Rivers at the White House, March 7, 1968 Rivers became the chairman of the House Armed Services Committee in 1965 following the retirement of Carl Vinson. Upon moving into the Rayburn House Office Building, Rivers placed a plaque of Article 1, Section 8 of the United States Constitution that specified the role of the legislative process with the military. He felt that the Congress should not delegate its powers to the President nor the Secretary of Defense, and that a vigorous Congress would make the President perform his job better. As Rivers inspected the committee room, he became incensed when he discovered there were cloakrooms adjoining the chamber for use by Democratic and Republican Party members to discuss their strategies. Viewing national defense as a non-partisan issue, Rivers had the cloakrooms turned into offices. By the time Rivers became the chairman, he was well known for being a strong supporter of the American military in general, and of enlisted military service members in particular. In 1963 he established, through the vehicle of the House–Senate Conference Committee, the principle of linking military retired pay to increases in the Consumer Price Index (CPI), similar to the practice for retired federal civil servants. In 1964 he championed the cause of "hospital rights," guaranteeing medical care in military hospitals for military retirees and their dependents. After becoming chairman, in 1965 he helped secure the first military pay raise since 1952, despite opposition from the Secretary of Defense McNamara and President Johnson. Rivers was instrumental in establishing the additional enlisted pay grade of E-9, and he helped secure mobile home allowances and cheap air fares for soldiers returning from Vietnam. Rivers strongly supported the constant upgrading of US military preparedness, regardless of the cost. He supported making all US Navy ships nuclear powered, and he championed development of the US Air Force's C-5A Galaxy military airlift jet, despite huge cost overruns. In his last speech to his colleagues in the US House of Representatives on December 7, 1970, delivered just before he departed for Birmingham, Alabama to have heart surgery, he stated, "While we debate the question of maintaining our military capability, the Soviet Union forges ahead. We seem hell-bent on national suicide....We cannot as a nation afford to spend one penny less on national defense than that amount which is required to insure that you and I, and our children, can convince the Soviets they dare not pull the trigger when a Soviet gun is placed against our heads." In that same speech, he delivered the quote for which he is best remembered: "The final measure of our ability to survive as a nation in a hostile world will not be how well we have managed our domestic resources and domestic programs, but whether or not we have avoided and frustrated the forces of evil which would draw us into the crucible of war with the Soviet Union. If we fail in that endeavor, we will have failed in everything." ### Vietnam War, and cover-up of Mỹ Lai Massacre Rivers was initially skeptical of the administration's escalation of the Vietnam War and its decision to send combat troops to Vietnam, but later became one of the strongest Congressional supporters of the war. He enjoyed referring to himself as "The Granddaddy of the War Hawks." He urged the President to use nuclear weapons against the North Vietnamese and to invade and occupy Hanoi. During a Congressional investigation of the 1968 Mỹ Lai Massacre, Rivers criticized Army helicopter pilot CW2 (later Major) Hugh Thompson, Jr. for giving the order to his men to fire upon American soldiers at Mỹ Lai if they continued to shoot unarmed Vietnamese civilians, calling him a traitor and saying he should be prosecuted. Rivers was unable to believe that American soldiers would do such a thing and denied that any massacre ever happened. He attempted to protect Army 2nd Lt. William Calley, later convicted of 22 killings at Mỹ Lai, by quickly holding hearings of his subcommittee on Mỹ Lai. He called every major witness to the event (including Thompson) before the subcommittee, and then refused to release the transcripts of the testimony. This meant that military prosecutors would be prohibited from calling those persons as witnesses at Calley's court martial. For this, Rivers is remembered as a Congressman who tried to cover up a massacre in the Vietnam war and court-martial the man who stopped it.[] Death and burial ---------------- Mendel Rivers Monument, Charleston, South Carolina In November 1970, Rivers was elected to his 16th term in Congress. He died of heart failure in Birmingham, Alabama, on December 28, 1970. It was 17 days after he had undergone surgery to replace a leaking mitral valve at the University of Alabama Hospital. He was buried at St. Stephen Episcopal Church Cemetery in St. Stephen, South Carolina. Personal life ------------- Rivers married Margaret Middleton (called Marguerite by Mendel, but Marwee by family and friends) on September 1, 1938. They had first met in 1930 at Camp Kanuga, near Hendersonville, North Carolina. Mendel had impressed Marwee by being elected Best Boy Camper, although he was a 24-year-old law student. The couple had three children: Peggy in 1939, Marion in 1943, and Mendel Jr. in 1947. Rivers belonged to the Episcopal Church. In fraternal societies, he was a member of the Freemasons (Landmark Lodge No. 76, A.F.M.), the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks, and the Exchange Club. He was an enthusiast of boxing, and was friends with both Jack Dempsey and Gene Tunney. He enjoyed playing baseball and he batted well over .300 in the Congressional Baseball Games. According to journalists, Rivers struggled with alcoholism for much of his life. He was said to be the "binger" variety of alcoholic, one who is generally sober but relapses periodically. Washington syndicated columnist Drew Pearson called him a "security risk" because of this. He devoted eight pages to Rivers in his book The Case Against Congress (1968). Honors ------ * In 1948, a stretch of highway, from the crossing of U.S. Route 78 over Meeting Street (known as the Five-Mile Viaduct) to where U.S. Route 52 meets the Berkeley County line, was named as Rivers Avenue. Rivers had been key in getting funds from Congress to pave it as the first four-lane road in North Charleston. * In 1964 the town of St. Stephen held a day-long celebration for Rivers, naming as Mendel Rivers Road the secondary road that ran from St. Stephen's Episcopal Church to his childhood home. * In 1964 a seven-story office building, located across Meeting Street from Marion Square, was informally named the L. Mendel Rivers Federal Building. It was later adapted as a hotel. * The L. Mendel Rivers Elementary School in Altus, Oklahoma was named for Rivers because he prevented the Altus Air Force Base from being closed. * Charleston Southern University honored Rivers's support of the institution by naming its college library as the L. Mendel Rivers Library in October 1970. * US soldiers referred to a road in Cam Ranh Bay, Vietnam as called the Mendel Rivers Parkway. Soldiers gave Rivers a captured Viet Cong carbine that he prominently displayed in his office. For obtaining reduced air fares for soldiers on furlough, they gave him a cap with six stars and "The Big Boss" inscribed on it, indicating that Rivers outranked all military officials. * After his death, in 1971 the Navy honored him by naming a submarine USS L. Mendel Rivers (SSN-686). * Friends of Rivers raised funds to create a small park in downtown Charleston and commissioned a bust of him to be placed adjacent to the O.T. Wallace County Office Building. * Rivers was named as one of the "Magnificent Ten Charlestonians Who Shaped the 20th Century" by Charleston Magazine in December 1999 for his success in expanding the military in his congressional district.
The *2006 North American E. coli* outbreak** was an Escherichia coli O157:H7 outbreak from prepackaged spinach. The outbreak occurred in September 2006, and its origin was an Angus cattle ranch that had leased land to a spinach grower. At least 276 consumer illnesses and 3 deaths have been attributed as a result from the outbreak. History ------- In September 2006, there was an outbreak of foodborne illness caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli) bacteria found in prepackaged spinach in 26 U.S. states. The initial reports of the outbreak came from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).[] By October 6, 2006, 199 people had been infected, including three people who died and 31 who developed a type of kidney failure called hemolytic–uremic syndrome after eating spinach contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, a potentially deadly bacterium that causes bloody diarrhea and dehydration. This strain is more potent than in any other food poisoning scares. Federal health officials said half of those reported sick have been hospitalized, compared to 25 to 30 percent in past outbreaks. The FDA called for bagged fresh spinach to be removed from shelves and warned people not to eat any kind of fresh spinach or fresh spinach-containing products. The FDA has also speculated that washing the spinach is insufficient to sanitize it because the bacteria is systemic, meaning that it is not just on the outside of the spinach, but that it has been absorbed through the roots and is now inside the spinach. This hypothesis has since been deemed only hypothetical, as there is no evidence that this can happen in spinach. The FDA has since reduced its warning to certain brands with specific dates.[] The Canadian Food Inspection Agency advised consumers not to eat fresh spinach from the U.S. including bagged, loose in bulk or in salad blends. Cause ----- The probable origin of the first outbreak was an Angus cattle ranch that had leased land to a spinach grower. The outbreak was traced to prepackaged spinach—sold as conventional produce—grown on a 50-acre (20 ha) farm in San Benito County, California. Investigators with the CDC initially speculated that the dangerous strain of bacteria, E. coli O157:H7, originated from irrigation water contaminated with cattle feces or from grazing deer. A follow-up report by the CDC and a joint report by the California Department of Health Services (CDHS) and the U.S. FDA concluded that the probable source of the outbreak was Paicines Ranch, an Angus cattle ranch that had leased land to spinach grower Mission Organics. The report found 26 samples of E. coli "indistinguishable from the outbreak strain" in water and cattle manure on the San Benito County ranch, some within a mile from the tainted spinach fields. Although officials could not definitively say how the spinach became contaminated, both reports named the presence of wild pigs on the ranch and the proximity of surface waterways to irrigation wells as "potential environmental risk factors." The reports also noted that flaws in the spinach producer's transportation and processing systems could have further spread contamination. Paicines Ranch is not under investigation for its alleged role in the outbreak.[] Soon after the reports were released, California's farm industry announced it would adopt "good agricultural practices" to reduce the risk of E. coli contamination for leafy green vegetables. Two companies in California voluntarily recalled spinach and spinach-containing products: Natural Selection Foods LLC, based in San Juan Bautista, and River Ranch Fresh Foods. Natural Selection brands include Natural Selection Foods, Pride of San Juan, Earthbound Farm, Bellissima, Dole, Rave Spinach, Emeril, Sysco, O Organic, Fresh Point, River Ranch, Superior, Nature's Basket, Pro-Mark, Compliments, Trader Joe's, Jansal Valley, Cheney Brothers, D'Arrigo Brothers, Green Harvest, Mann, Mills Family Farm, Premium Fresh, Snoboy, The Farmer's Market, Tanimura & Antle, President's Choice, Cross Valley, and Riverside Farms. Affected brands from River Ranch include Hy-Vee, Farmer's Market, and Fresh and Easy. Later, a third company, RLB Food Distributors, issued multiple East Coast states recalls of spinach-containing salad products for possible E. coli contamination. Natural Selection Foods announced on September 18, 2006, that its organic produce had been cleared of contamination by an independent agency, but did not lift the recalls on any of its organic brands. On September 22, Earthbound Farm announced that the FDA and the CDHS confirmed that its organic spinach had not been contaminated with E. coli.[] ### Impact States and provinces affected by the E. coli outbreak are marked in red. The outbreak consisted of 26 states and provinces, with at least 200 reported cases. Three deaths were confirmed: an elderly woman in Wisconsin, a two-year-old in Idaho, and an elderly woman in Nebraska. The death of an elderly woman in Maryland was investigated, but DNA fingerprinting was not possible to confirm the death as a result of the outbreak. Spinach has also been distributed to Canada and Mexico; one case has been reported in Canada. At the time of the outbreak, there were over 400 produce-related outbreaks in North America since 1990. The areas reported to be affected are: \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| * Arizona (8 cases first outbreak, 0 second) * California (2, 0) * Colorado (1, 0) * Connecticut (3, 0) * Idaho (7, 0) * Illinois (2, 0) * Indiana (10, 0) * Kentucky (8, 0) * Maine (3, 0) * Maryland(3, 0) * Michigan (4, 0) * Minnesota (2, 0) * Nebraska (11, 0) * New Mexico (554, 0) \| * Nevada (2, 0) * New York (11, 49) * New Jersey (0, 44) * Ohio (25, 0) * Ontario (1, 0) * Oregon (6, 0) * Pennsylvania (89, 7) * Tennessee (1, 0) * Utah (19, 0) * Virginia (2,0) * Washington (3, 0) * West Virginia(1, 0) * Wisconsin (49, 0) * Wyoming (2, 0) \| ### Economic impact In California, where three-quarters of all domestically grown spinach are harvested, farmers could face up to $74 million in losses due to the E. coli outbreak. In 2005, the spinach crop in California was valued at $258.3 million, and each acre lost amounts to a roughly $3,500 loss for the farmer. ### Online help The PulseNet system, part of the Association of Public Health Laboratories and coordinated by CDC, detected clusters of infection in two states, Oregon and Wisconsin, which initiated investigations in each state. The first cluster was detected on Friday, September 8, in one state, and the second cluster emerged in the second state on Wednesday, September 13, by which time PulseNet had also identified potential associated cases in other states. The OutbreakNet, a group of state public health officers who investigate foodborne infection outbreaks, shared information with CDC that indicated that Oregon and Wisconsin were considering the same hypothesis: fresh spinach was the possible vehicle of infection. The group tracked and updated the increasing case count and exposure information. During a multistate call on Thursday, September 14, the group noted that the data strongly suggested fresh spinach was a likely source. Within 24 hours of the outbreak, the data indicated that the outbreak was probably ongoing. CDC made communication to the public a priority by developing press releases, coordinating with FDA on press documents, conducting interviews with major media, and sending out notices on September 14 to the public health community via the Health Alert Network (HAN) and the Epidemic Information Exchange (Epi-X). By the next morning, the news media warned the U.S. population not to eat bagged spinach, with remarkable coverage. Timeline -------- ### September On September 14, 2006, the FDA warned consumers about an E. coli outbreak tied to fresh spinach bags. The FDA reported that they received complaints from 19 states in the United States. The FDA advised "that consumers not eat bagged fresh spinach." Three days later, their updated warning said not to eat "fresh spinach or fresh spinach-containing products." On September 17, the United States expanded the warning to avoid all fresh spinach. The Centers for Disease Control issued an official Health Alert, the highest category of alert message, on September 14 and started to investigate the E. coli outbreak. Wisconsin Governor Jim Doyle formally requested federal aid on September 15. His office said the CDC will help assess the causes and the magnitude of the outbreak in his state. On September 17, three days after the initial warning, the FDA issued an updated warning stating that the public should "not eat fresh spinach or fresh spinach-containing products." On September 18, Illinois and Nebraska reported their first cases of E. coli infection due to spinach, bringing the total number of affected states to 21. Ohio public health officials are investigating a two-year-old's death that may also be linked. By September 18, the number of people sickened by the E. coli laced spinach reached 111. On September 19, it was reported that there may be a link to a further death in Ohio and irrigation water is being investigated as a possible source. This is the 9th outbreak traced to the Salinas Valley in California and the 25th leafy green E. coli outbreak (spinach or lettuce) in the United States since 1993. On September 20, the CDC announced that the genetic fingerprint, a PFGE pattern, of E. coli O157 isolated from an opened package of Dole baby spinach packed by Natural Selection in the refrigerator of an ill New Mexico resident matched that of the outbreak strain. On September 25, consumer advocates and lawmakers began urging tougher rules for fields and processing plants. On September 29, the FDA downgraded the warning, reducing it to a warning against specific brands packaged on specific dates instead of fresh spinach. #### October On October 5, 2006, the FBI launched a criminal investigation into the matter. On October 26, 2006, some of the largest grocery chains, including Vons, Albertsons, Ralphs, and others, sent a letter to the farmer's associations, giving them six weeks to come up with a plan to prevent problems like the E. coli outbreak from happening again.[] #### Overall toll The overall toll of the spinach incident was 199 people in 28 states infected, resulting in 141 hospitalizations, 31 people having kidney failure, and three deaths.
Technoform is a German manufacturing company headquartered in Kassel, Germany, with operations worldwide. The company specializes in the extrusion of thermoplastic profiles and employs 1,500 people worldwide. History ------- Technoform was founded in 1969 by Karl-Hans Caprano and Erwin Brunnhofer in Kassel. The family-run enterprise first began to manufacture technical extrusions from thermoplastics under the German-language tagline "Präzision in Kunststoff" (English: Precision in plastic). The first patent application for the PPZ I process developed by Technoform was filed in 1975. In its early years, the company manufactured special profiles made from polystyrene, surface profiles made from ABS for skis, and running surface profiles from polyethylene. Over time, the company successively expanded its product portfolio, and, since the 1990s, has continually enlarged its production and sales capacities across various divisions. The company is now in its second generation, managed by family members of the original founders. It has a presence in major markets with its own dedicated production facilities or regional sales offices on nearly every continent. At the end of September 2016, two companies, the Kassel-based Extrusion Tooling GmbH (TET) and the Fuldabrück-based Technoform Bautec GmbH, announced their intention to merge. This would theoretically lead to an automatic breakup of TET's existing works council following the merger. This led to accusations from multiple parties that this was the real intention behind the merger. Locations --------- The company headquarters are in Kassel in the north of the state of Hesse in Germany. Technoform is one of the major companies in the region. The German production sites are located in Kassel and Lohfelden. Technoform also has manufacturing facilities in Italy, Spain, Poland, the United States, China, Hong Kong, and Singapore. Technoform also has sales offices in 25 countries worldwide: Australia, Belgium, Brazil, China, Germany, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Great Britain, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Korea, Lithuania, New Zealand, Russia, Singapore, Spain, Taiwan, the Czech Republic, Turkey, the USA and the United Arab Emirates. Products -------- Technoform specializes in the extrusion of thermoplastic profiles. This specialization applies particularly to the manufacture and development of insulating profiles for aluminum windows, doors, and facades. Technoform is also one of the leading suppliers of plastic hybrid stainless steel spacers and other thermally optimized solutions for the edge seal of the insulating glass unit. Along with its range of standardized products, the company also offers tailor-made solutions and high-precision thermoplastics adapted to the individual needs of customers from numerous industries.
Jamaican singer-songwriter (born 1968) Musical artist Marion Hall (born 12 July 1969; formerly known by the stage name Lady Saw) is a Jamaican singer and songwriter whose career has spanned over two decades. Formerly known as the Queen of Dancehall, she is the first female deejay to be certified as a triple-platinum and Grammy Award-winning artist. Early life ---------- Hall was born in Galina, Saint Mary, Jamaica. As a child, she attended Galina Primary School. During her teen years, she had a sewing job at The Free Zone in Kingston, Jamaica. At the age of fifteen, she began performing with local sound systems. She went on to work with the Stereo One system in Kingston. Career ------ ### 1987–1995: Lover Girl In 1987, Hall took the name "Lady Saw" after the famous Jamaican singer Tenor Saw, who inspired her music. Her performances brought her to the attention of record producers and she recorded her first single for producer Piper, and "Love Me or Lef Me", produced by Olive Shaw received significant airplay. She topped the charts with her first hits "If Him Lef" and "Find a Good Man". After her music success on Jamaican radio, she began recording her first studio album. In August 1994, Saw released her first album entitled Lover Girl. The album spawned the hit "Stab Up De Meat". ### 1996–1997: Give Me the Reason and Passion In 1996, Saw released her second album Give Me the Reason. The album became known for its explicit sexual lyrics which was showcased on songs "Life Without Dick" and "Name Nuh Stand Fi Sex". The album spawned the singles "Give Me the Reason", "Good Wuk", and "Condom". In June 1997, Saw released Passion. The album charted at number 8 on Billboard's Top Reggae Albums chart, becoming her first album to chart. The album spawned the singles: "Healing" and "Sycamore Tree". ### 1998–2003: 99 Ways In February 1998, Saw released her first greatest hits album entitled Raw, the Best of Lady Saw. In December 1998, Saw released her fourth album 99 Ways, which charted at number 10 on Billboard's Top Reggae Albums chart. In 1999 she had a major hit in the United States with "Smile", recorded with Vitamin C, which peaked at number 18 on the Billboard Hot 100, also a major hit in New Zealand and Canada, and certified gold with over 500,000 sales. In 2002, her collaboration with No Doubt, "Underneath It All", which reached number three in the US and sold more than three million copies, reaching triple platinum certification. The track won a Grammy Award for 'Best Performance by a Duo or Group'. ### 2004–2007: Strip Tease and Walk Out In August 2004, Lady Saw released her fifth album Strip Tease. The album charted at number 84 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart and number 14 Billboard's Top Reggae Albums chart. The lead single "I've Got Your Man" garnered much worldwide success and charted at number 58 on Billboard's Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. The album also spawn the singles: "Man is the Least", "Move Your Body", and "Loser". In 2006, she was featured on the Steven Seagal song "Strut", which she also co-wrote. It has achieved internet fame under the incorrect name Me Want The Punani, a repeated lyric from the song. In March 2007, Saw released the single "No Less Than a Woman (Infertility)". The song addressed the many problems that women have involving infertility. In April 2007, Saw released her sixth album Walk Out, which peaked at number 8 on the Top Reggae Albums chart. Saw released two more singles: "Chat to Mi Back" and "Me and My Crew (The Rae)". Later that year, she performed on the main stage at Jamaica's annual Reggae Sumfest. ### 2009–2015: My Way and Alter Ego In 2009, Saw released her second greatest hits album entitled Extra Raw: The First Lady of Dancehall. She launched her own record label, Divas Records, in January 2010. In August 2010, Saw released the lead single "Party Till December" from her forthcoming album. In December 2010, she released My Way, which failed to chart. In the same year, Lady Saw was also featured along with Nicki Minaj on rapper Trina's song "Dang A Lang" from her album Amazin'. In May 2011, she released a single "When Mi Left a Man". In 2012, she released an extended play entitled "Two Man". In October 2012, Saw released a single "Heels On". In November 2012 she announced that she was turning her back on dancehall and would be concentrating on Gospel music in the future. In August 2013, Saw released a single "Nuh Tek Mi Man". In 2014, she released her album Alter Ego, which features guest appearances from Beres Hammond, Flo Rida, and Ali Campbell. The album charted at number 6 on the Top Reggae Albums chart. In the same year, she established The Lady Saw Foundation; which aims to help abused and needy women. In March 2015, she released a single "Scammer". In May 2015, Saw released the single "Incline Thine Ears". In June 2015, she released a two singles "Last Night" and "The Devil Have a Way". In August 2015, Saw released a single "The Day Will Never Come". In September 2015, she released the single "Likkle Bit". In November 2015, Singing Melody released the single "Beneath Your Beautiful", which featured Lady Saw. On 6 November 2015, she released her second extended play entitled, Lady Saw: Special Edition. In December 2015, she released a single "Lay On Your Body". ### 2016–present: Conversion to Christianity and retirement from dancehall music On 15 December 2015, Saw underwent a baptism. She later stated she will no longer identify herself as "Lady Saw", but instead as Minister Marion Hall or simply Marion Hall. She also stated that she will not perform dancehall music, but instead she will begin a new music career in gospel music. She released a few gospel songs: "Jesus in the End", "Cup of Blessings", "God Almighty", and "Heaven", which appear on several mixtapes. In July 2016, she released her first gospel album When God Speaks. In June 2018, Hall released the lead single, "I'm Gonna Fast", from her album His Grace. The album was released on 20 July 2018. In April 2020, Hall stated that she believed she was denied a United States O-1 visa because she no longer identified as "Lady Saw". Style ----- Lady Saw became known for slack performance style. The style also prompted her to record "What is Slackness?"; a song in which she defines 'slackness' in many ways. Slackness often refers to vulgarity in Jamaican culture, behavior and the music. It always sums up the explicit sexual lyrics used in reggae and dancehall music. Because of this, several of her performances were banned in some parts of Jamaica, though equally lewd male performances were not. The double standard inspired her to record the song "Freedom of Speech" in protest. She also became known for her "conscious" lyrics. She recorded "Condom"; warning girls of the dangers of unprotected heterosexual sex. Discography ----------- Main article: Marion Hall discography * Lover Girl (1994) * Give Me the Reason (1996) * Passion (1997) * 99 Ways (1998) * Strip Tease (2004) * Walk Out (2007) * My Way (2010) * Alter Ego (2014) * When God Speaks (2016) * His Grace (2018)
Birmingham UK vehicle charging zone Birmingham Clean Air Zone is an area of central Birmingham, England where traffic is restricted to reduce air pollution. It became the third UK Clean Air Zone, after London and Bath, when it launched on 1 June 2021. A study of the zone’s effectiveness, published in 2023, found mixed results, with "modest, but significant reductions" in nitrogen dioxide but "no detectable impact in the concentrations of fine particles... the air pollutant with greatest health effects". Implementation -------------- The Birmingham Clean Air Zone is the area inside the A4540 Middleway ring road (yellow), not including the road itself. The zone covers the urban area inside the A4540 Middleway ring road, excluding the road itself, but including the Jewellery Quarter, the Chinese Quarter, the main shopping district, the area around Birmingham New Street railway station, and the rest of Birmingham city centre. Noncompliant vehicles that enter the zone are charged £8 per day (for private cars, taxis and vans) or £50 per day (for HGVs, coaches, and buses), with no charge for other vehicles. Compliance is defined according to European emissions standards, with the Birmingham scheme adopting class D of the A–D classification system. Main article: Clean Air Zone History ------- The idea of road pricing in the United Kingdom dates back to 1964, when the Smeed Report proposed that road users should pay the costs roads impose on society. After the London Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) was introduced in 2003, around 30 other local authorities were expected to follow suit, although most, including Birmingham, failed to bring forward firm proposals at that time. In an interview with The Guardian that year, transport writer and commentator Christian Wolmar suggested this was because councils feared a backlash from motorists and lobbying groups. The scheme gained new momentum in 2017 after the European Commission warned Birmingham City Council to reduce air pollution by 2020 or face a £60 million fine. In 2018, the Council published a business case for its plan, then costed at £68.7 million. The plan was backed by the British Heart Foundation, which said "In order to protect everyone living in Birmingham, it is vital that bold action is taken on air quality. A Clean Air Zone in the city will be a crucial step forward, as this is the most cost-effective way to tackle polluted air and minimise the damaging effect that it has on people’s heart health." Opponents launched a protest group, Campaign Against Birmingham Clean Air Zone Charges, in 2018, arguing the scheme would "turn the city into a ghost town". The British government approved the plan in 2019, but the scheme was delayed the following year by the COVID-19 pandemic. An opinion survey of 8000 Birmingham residents published by the Council in June 2020 found "Nearly 80% were in favour of measures to reduce car emissions, with 63% not wanting to return to the levels of pollution we had prior to the pandemic.... [and] 71% of... respondents backing the introduction of Zero Emission Zones to discourage high-polluting cars from entering cities". Although some businesses and local councillors called for a further postponement of the scheme during the pandemic, Birmingham City Council leader Ian Ward refused, noting: "The government has made it crystal clear it will not tolerate any further delay". When the plan was put forward again, businesses still recovering from lockdowns expressed concern about its potential economic impact. According to a report in The Guardian, shortly before the scheme was implemented in 2021, opponents published Facebook advertising urging people to oppose what they described as a "war on motorists" and a "travel tax", while the Birmingham Mail noted how a local MP had branded it a "tax on the poor". The scheme was finally launched on 1 June 2021. Impact ------ In the month after the introduction of the charge, the number of the most polluting vehicles entering the zone each day dropped from 18,787 to just over 11,000, and compliance rose from 73.8% to 80.4%. Around 40,000 drivers a month were fined for non-compliance at the start of 2023 (down from approximately 50,000 a month a year earlier), though around 10,000 drivers in total have successfully appealed their fines. According to Birmingham City Council, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) levels fell by 13 percent during the first six months of the scheme's implementation, with a halving of the number of polluting vehicles driving through the city centre. However, a Birmingham University study published in August 2023 found the zone had produced more "modest, but significant reductions in NO2 of up to 7.3%", but "no detectable impact in the concentrations of fine particles, PM2.5 – the air pollutant with greatest health effects". In the first two years of the scheme's operation, Birmingham City Council raised £79 million from it in fees and penalties. Some of the revenue raised from the scheme was earmarked for green transport projects, including car-free school streets, improvements in cycle paths, and expansion of 20mph zones. In August 2023, The Telegraph reported that the scheme "is piling extra costs onto small businesses", quoting "local entrepreneurs" and residents affected by higher delivery costs and linking the issue to what it described as a wider backlash against anti-pollution policies, including London's expanded ULEZ scheme.
Medical condition A parapneumonic effusion is a type of pleural effusion that arises as a result of a pneumonia, lung abscess, or bronchiectasis. There are three types of parapneumonic effusions: uncomplicated effusions, complicated effusions, and empyema. Uncomplicated effusions generally respond well to appropriate antibiotic treatment. Diagnosis --------- The criteria for a complicated parapneumonic effusion include Gram stain–positive or culture-positive pleural fluid, pleural fluid pH <7.20, and pleural fluid LDH that is greater than three times the upper limit of normal of serum LDH. Diagnostic techniques available include plain film chest x-ray, computed tomography (CT), and ultrasound. Ultrasound can be useful in differentiating between empyema and other transudative and exudative effusions due in part to relative echogenicity of different organs such as the liver (often isoechogenic with empyema). Treatment --------- Appropriate management includes chest tube drainage (tube thoracostomy). Treatment of empyemas includes antibiotics, complete pleural fluid drainage, and reexpansion of the lung. Other treatments include the use of decortication.
Village in Punjab, India Sandwan is a village in Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar district of Punjab State, India. It is located 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) away from sub post office Pharala, 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Nawanshahr, 26 kilometres (16 mi) from district headquarter Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar and 118 kilometres (73 mi) from state capital Chandigarh. The village is administrated by Sarpanch an elected representative of the village. Demography ---------- As of 2011, Sandwan has a total number of 657 houses and population of 3181 of which 1637 include are males while 1544 are females according to the report published by Census India in 2011. The literacy rate of Sandwan is 80.74% higher than the state average of 75.84%. The population of children under the age of 6 years is 330 which is 10.37% of total population of Sandwan, and child sex ratio is approximately 953 as compared to Punjab state average of 846. Most of the people are from Schedule Caste which constitutes 56.27% of total population in Sandwan. The town does not have any Schedule Tribe population so far. As per the report published by Census India in 2011, 1034 people were engaged in work activities out of the total population of Sandwan which includes 936 males and 98 females. According to census survey report 2011, 73.60% workers describe their work as main work and 26.40% workers are involved in Marginal activity providing livelihood for less than 6 months. Education --------- The village has a Punjabi medium, co-ed primary school established in 1935. The school provide mid-day meal per Indian Midday Meal Scheme. As per Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act the school provide free education to children between the ages of 6 and 14. Amardeep Singh Shergill Memorial college Mukandpur are the nearest colleges. Industrial Training Institute for women (ITI Nawanshahr) is 31 kilometres (19 mi). The village is 99 kilometres (62 mi) away from Chandigarh University, 75 kilometres (47 mi) from Indian Institute of Technology and 25 kilometres (16 mi) away from Lovely Professional University. Transport --------- Banga train station is the nearest train station however, Phagwara Junction railway station is 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from the village. Sahnewal Airport is the nearest domestic airport which located 67 kilometres (42 mi) away in Ludhiana and the nearest international airport is located in Chandigarh also Sri Guru Ram Dass Jee International Airport is the second nearest airport which is 134 kilometres (83 mi) away in Amritsar.
Former US Navy base near Corpus Christi, Texas Naval Station Ingleside was a United States Navy base in Ingleside, Texas. It was on the northern shore of Corpus Christi Bay, 12 miles northeast of the city of Corpus Christi. The base is about 150 miles south of San Antonio and approximately 200 miles south of Houston. This region is known as the Coastal Bend. The Naval Station was situated aside the Corpus Christi ship channel, which links the Port of Corpus Christi with the Gulf of Mexico. NS Ingleside was one of three South Texas installations that comprise Naval Region South. History ------- Naval Station Ingleside was first authorized in the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1987 sponsored by Sen. Barry Goldwater. Groundbreaking took place on February 20, 1988 and on April 9, 1990, the Station and the community dedicated the main thoroughfare providing access from the community to the Station, Hayden W. Head Boulevard. In September 1990, enough construction had been completed that personnel moved from temporary office and working spaces in the community onto the station and the waterfront was dedicated. The station was completed when the Station accepted its Headquarters Building on December 14, 1990. The USS Scout became the first ship based at Ingleside on June 25, 1992, and the station was placed in an "operation" status on July 6, 1992, during the same ceremony that marked the Station's first change of command. Naval Station Ingleside was originally constructed to accommodate a battle group, with a massive 1,100 ft pier, additional berthing space provided along two quay walls, and a heavy-weather mooring system designed to withstand category 2 hurricanes. That Battle Group was initially meant to comprise the training aircraft carrier USS Lexington, the battleship USS Wisconsin, and their surface action group, however changes in the Navy's force structure caused these ships to be decommissioned. In 1991, Secretary of the Navy Henry L. Garrett III decided to make Ingleside the homeport of the Navy's Mine Warfare Force, comprised Avenger-class mine countermeasures ships, Osprey-class coastal minehunters, and the command and control ship USS Inchon. Closure ------- On August 24, 2005, the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission (BRAC Commission) voted to close Naval Station Ingleside. On September 9, 2009, USS Sentry was the last of the Minesweepers from NS Ingleside to arrive in their new homeport of Naval Base San Diego leaving no ships homeported at the base. On March 3, 2010, the last sailor deployed overseas from NS Ingleside returned from Kuwait. The base officially shut down on April 30, 2010. The Navy returned ownership of the main base property to the Port of Corpus Christi. The Port of Corpus Christi sold the pier to Flint Hills Resources for $8.5 million and the remainder of the station to a subsidiary of Occidental Petroleum in two packages for $82.1 million and $7 million.
Romanian musician (died 2023) Mariana Sîrbu (1948 or 1949 – 1 August 2023), also credited as Sârbu, was a Romanian classical violinist and academic teacher, who made an international career performing and recording. She was focused on chamber music, founding the Academica String Quartet in 1968, joining the Trio di Milano in 1985, and founding the Quartetto Stradivari in 1994. She was concertmaster of I Musici from 1993 to 2003. She became professor of violin at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig in Leipzig in 2002, gave international master classes and was juror for competitions of violin and chamber music. Biography --------- ### Origins and early life Sîrbu was born in 1948 or 1949 in the city of Iași, Romanian People's Republic. She started playing the violin under the supervision of her parents; her father, schoolteacher Gheorghe Sîrbu, reportedly taught her in the "Russian violin manner". She then went on to study professionally in her native city, at the Octav Băncilă Elementary and Medium School of Music and Arts. She took her first award locally, in 1956, and, as noted by music critic George Pascu, impressed the public with her "major qualities." In April 1962, Sîrbu performed with seven of her schoolmates at the Romanian Atheneum student gala. She won an award for her "beautiful and clean" rendition of Saint-Saëns's Introduction and Rondo Capriccioso. Her debut in concert was in 1966, at the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company: she performed Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto, with Emanuel Elenescu [ro] as the conductor. Graduating high school in summer 1967, Sîrbu initially enlisted at Iași Conservatory, and performed with her colleagues at that year's edition of the George Enescu Festival, taking third prize in the violin competition. She had also won an award presented by the Soviet Pioneer Organization; in June 1970, she took fourth prize at the Carl Flesch International Violin Competition in London. She went on to study with Ștefan Gheorghiu at the National University of Music Bucharest. During this time, Sîrbu learned to play the instrument "Western-style". Full international recognition began once she embarked on her concert career. She performed as a soloist in great concert halls such as Berliner Philharmonie, Teatro Colón in Buenos Aires, Sydney Opera House, Wiener Musikverein, Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, Carnegie Hall and Lincoln Center in New York City, Teatro alla Scala in Milan and Suntory Hall in Tokyo. Additionally, she continued to take part in various international music festivals. ### Chamber music In 1967, while still studying in Bucharest, Sîrbu was a founder of the Cvartetul Academica (Academica String Quartet), with violinist Ruxandra Colan, violist Constantin Zanidache, and cellist Mihai Dăncilă. The ensemble toured in many countries, and made recordings. With the quartet, she was a prize-winner at international competitions including Liège in 1972, Munich in 1973, Geneva in 1974 and Belgrade in 1975. From 1979, the quartet was based in Ireland, with Sîrbu also joining the similar house quartet of RTÉ Radio 1. In 1985, Sîrbu joined the Trio di Milano, along with Bruno Canino as the pianist and Rocco Filippini as the cellist. She was concertmaster of the I Musici chamber orchestra from 1993 to 2003, touring and recording. In 1994 she participated in establishing the Quartetto Stradivari, as the first violinist, with Cristina Dăncilă, Massimo Paris [de] and Mihai Dăncilă. Sîrbu played a Stradivarius violin, "Conte di Fontana". Made in 1702, it had been previously played by the Russian maestro David Oistrakh. ### Teaching After graduating from university, Sîrbu worked for several years as Gheorghiu's assistant in Bucharest. She later taught at the Scuola di Musica di Fiesole in Florence. She gave master classes in France, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, the Banff Centre in Canada, in China and Japan. In September 2001, she returned to her native Romania to perform once again at the Enescu Festival, earning praise for her since-acquired expertise in Baroque music. From 2002 she was professor of violin at the University of Music and Theatre Leipzig in Leipzig. Among her students there was Ioana Cristina Goicea, from 2012 to 2015. She was visiting professor at the Irish World Academy of Music and Dance at the University of Limerick, Ireland. She taught at the Corsi di Perfezionamento strumentale in Sermoneta from 2002 to 2018. Sîrbu was member of several international juries for competitions such as the Concorso Internazionale Triennale di Liuteria in Cremona, the Concorso Vittorio Gui in Florence, the chamber music competition Concorso Lorenzi in Trieste, the string quartet competitions in Évian-les-Bains and Bordeaux, and the violin section of the Enescu Festival (Bucharest). ### Personal life Sîrbu was married to her cellist colleague Mihai Dăncilă; they had a daughter, who performed as a violinist under her father's family name. The family moved to the West in 1977. Husband and wife played in the Quartetto Academica; and all three played in the Quartetto Stradivari. Sîrbu died on 1 August 2023. Recordings ---------- Many of Sîrbu's performances have been recorded, including Beethoven's Violin Sonatas and his Triple Concerto, Enescu's three Violin Sonatas with pianist Mihail Sârbu, and twelve of Vivaldi's Violin Concertos. An album of these, which also involved the rest of I Musici, was recorded in 1995 by Philips. According to writer Miklós Fáy, it proved disappointing: "Despite the skill of the new first violinist, Mariana Sîrbu, this style, this kind of understanding and interpretation of Vivaldi is completely out of date." Sîrbu also recorded the The Four Seasons with I Musici, as many violinists (including Federico Agostini) had done; a reviewer from Gramophone found her as incisive, and her lines in the slow movements "more finely and imaginatively nuanced". Her recording of the twelve concertos for solo violin of Locatelli's L'arte del violino, the composer's magnum opus, were regarded as the reference recording for the piece by a reviewer from Classics Today who noted her "unparalleled virtuosity and sheer sonic splendor". * Vivaldi: Violin Concertos (1995); The Four Seasons and two more violin concertos (1997)—both with I Musici * Enescu: Violin Sonatas * Franck: Chamber Works Competitions ------------ Sîrbu achieved prizes at international competitions including: * George Enescu Prize (Bucharest) * Carl Flesch International Violin Competition (London) * Maria Canals International Music Competition (Barcelona) * Vittorio Gui Prize (Florence)
Children of the Nephilim in the Apocrypha In the Book of Enoch and Book of Jubilees, copies of which were kept by groups including the religious community of Qumran that produced the Dead Sea Scrolls, the Elioud (also transliterated *Eljo) are the antediluvian children of the Nephilim, and are considered a part-angel hybrid race of their own. Like the Nephilim, the Elioud are exceptional in both ability and wickedness. Canonicity ---------- The texts that use the term "Elioud" are non-canonical in modern Rabbinic Judaism, Western Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Christianity, but are considered canonical by Ethiopian Orthodox Christians and Beta Israel Jews (i.e. certain Ethiopian Jews). The canonical Book of Genesis mentions Enoch, the putative source of this revelation about the Elioud only in passing (as a long-lived ancestor of Noah), and while it notes that Nephilim had children, it does not assign a name to them. Another canonical Bible passage concerning a giant at Gath and his children, likely the Anakim, is sometimes alleged to refer to the Elioud (who in that account have six fingers on each hand and each foot), although in context, these references to giants appear to refer instead to the Philistines. Early fathers of the Christian church of the first and second centuries, as well as the bodies that formed the modern Rabbinical Jewish canon were aware of 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees in which these accounts were contained, and accepted the former as scripture, but by the 4th Century AD, due to a view of angels that held they could not engage in sexual intercourse, chose to omit these texts from the canon of Western Christianity and Rabbinic Judaism respectively. Relevance to Christian theology ------------------------------- Less literal readings of Genesis 6:4 see the reference in that passage to the intermarriage of "sons of God", meaning the godly descendants of Seth or to people faithful to God generally, with "daughters of men", meaning the godless descendants of Cain, or to people who are not faithful to God generally. This less literal reading is the one adopted, in contrast to 1 Enoch and the Book of Jubilees, by the pseudepigraphic second part of the Book of Adam and Eve. The language of 1 Enoch that references the race of Elioud precludes less literal readings of the term "sons of God", for example, by enumerating the names of particular angels who choose to have children with human women. Discrepancies in the tradition ------------------------------ In some readings of the non-canonical texts, the Nephilim are children whose father is an angel and whose mother is a human and they are the "giants" (also known as Gibborim) referred to in the canonical Book of Numbers. In others, angels and human women produce children who are Gibborim, and the Nephilim have fathers who are Gibborim and human mothers. This ambiguity is also found in the non-canonical Book of Giants, fragments of which were found among the Dead Sea Scrolls. For example, according to one account, there is a discrepancy between Aramaic, Ge'ez (i.e. Ethiopian) and Greek translations of 1 Enoch 7:2 and 7:10–11. 2 And when the angels,\ the sons of heaven, beheld them, they became enamoured of them, saying to each other, Come, let us select for ourselves wives from the progeny of men, and let us beget children. * An Aramaic text reads "Watchers" here (J.T. Milik, Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1976], p. 167).. . . 10 Then they took wives, each choosing for himself; whom they began to approach, and with whom they cohabited; teaching them sorcery, incantations, and the dividing of roots and trees. 11 And the women conceiving brought forth giants, * The Greek texts vary considerably from the Ethiopic text here. One Greek manuscript adds to this section, "And they [the women] bore to them [the Watchers] three races–first, the great giants. The giants brought forth [some say "slew"] the Naphelim, and the Naphelim brought forth [or "slew"] the Elioud. And they existed, increasing in power according to their greatness." The 1913 translation of R.H. Charles of the Book of Jubilees 7:21–25 reads as follows (note that "Naphil" is an alternative transliteration form of "Nephilim"): 21 For owing to these three things came the flood upon the earth, namely, owing to the fornication wherein the Watchers against the law of their ordinances went a whoring after the daughters of men, and took themselves wives of all which they chose: and they made the beginning of uncleanness. 22 And they begat sons the Naphidim, and they were all unlike, and they devoured one another: and the Giants slew the Naphil, and the Naphil slew the Eljo, and the Eljo mankind, and one man another. 23 And every one sold himself to work iniquity and to shed much blood, and the earth was filled with iniquity. 24 And after this they sinned against the beasts and birds, and all that moves and walks on the earth: and much blood was shed on the earth, and every imagination and desire of men imagined vanity and evil continually. 25 And the Lord destroyed everything from off the face of the earth; because of the wickedness of their deeds, and because of the blood which they had shed in the midst of the earth He destroyed everything. There are possible references to the Elioud in the non-canonical Book of Giants, fragments of which were found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, but a definitive reading is difficult because no complete version of this text is available to modern researchers and the available fragments are in six different archaic languages.
Western North American species of grass For other uses, see Buffalo grass. *Bouteloua dactyloides, commonly known as buffalograss* or buffalo grass, is a North American prairie grass native to Canada, Mexico, and the United States. It is a short grass found mainly on the High Plains and is co-dominant with blue grama (B. gracilis) over most of the shortgrass prairie. Buffalo grass in North America is not the same species of grass commonly known as "buffalo" in Australia. Buffalograss is valued both as a forage species to feed domesticated animals and as a landscaping plant used in low water lawns and xeriscaping. Because its plants tend to have a single sex, many cultivars without pollen have been produced for use in lawns. It recovers quickly from grazing and from drought due to its ability to vegetatively reproduce itself by means of runners. Description ----------- Bouteloua dactyloides is a perennial plant that spreads by stolons (runners). A plant may extend stolons outward to reach a length of 15 to 45 centimetres (6 to 18 in) by the end of a growing season. In ideal experimental conditions stolons may grow as much as 5.71 centimetres (2.25 in) per day. When blooming or going to seed it has short, upright stalks (clums) that may be anywhere from 1–30 centimeters tall. Buffalograss is a sod forming species usually forming a solid and tight mat of plants. Roots are also numerous and thoroughly occupy the soil. The roots of buffalograss are significantly finer than those of most plains grasses, with a thickness of less than 1 mm (0.039 in) in diameter. Despite their narrow diameter they are quite tough and wire-like. Though the roots may reach depths of 1.2 to 1.8 metres (4 to 6 ft) 70% of their mass is in the top 15 centimetres (6 in) of the soil and 81% in the top 30 centimetres (12 in). The main roots grow almost directly downward with only very short side roots and very little or no branching. Plants also produce surface roots that growing horizontally to a distance of 24 to 36 centimetres (9 to 14 in) from the plant. The leaf blades of buffalograss are quite narrow, soft, somewhat curly, hairy on both sides, and usually gray-green in color. Each is 2–15 centimetres (1–6 in) long while being just 1.0–2.5 millimeters wide. Buffalograss usually produces pollen or seeds on separate plants and because it reproduces by stolons large patches of just one sex may form. The seed producing flower stalks are much shorter than the pollen producing flower stalks, with the seed heads usually at the same level as the grass blades. The seed producing inflorescences are very modified compared with other grasses including the other grasses in the Bouteloua genus, looking like a round globe topped with short spikes, appropriately called a spikelet, with three to seven spikelets per bur. When ripe the seeds are contained within a hard, round diaspore of between 3–4 millimeters in size. Unlike Kentucky blue grass, buffalograss is a warm-season grass, a group of grasses that grows better at temperatures above 15 °C (59 °F). As a warm season grass it becomes green late in the spring and dries out early in the fall. The dried leaves and inflorescence stalks persist through the dormant period, turning a light golden color. The haploid chromosome number for buffalograss is 10 and the species may be diploid (2n=20), tetraploid (4n=40), or hexaploid (6n=60). The diploid and tetraploid plants are more often found in the southern parts of its range while hexaploids are more often found in the north. Taxonomy -------- Illustration of buffalo grass Bouteloua dactyloides was first scientifically described by the early American botanist Thomas Nuttall in 1818 with the binomial name Sesleria dactyloides. Nuttall described it as growing, "On the open grassy plains of the Missouri;". His placement of the species in genus Sesleria was almost immediately disputed with Constantine Samuel Rafinesque publishing a description the next year placing it in a new genus, Bulbilis. Also significant in the taxonomic history of the species is the 1859 description by George Engelmann of it as Buchloë dactyloides the sole species in the new genus Buchloë. This genus name was a shortened form of Bubalochloe, a Latinized form of the common name buffalo grass. Until the end of the 20th-century this was the most widely used name for the species. In 1999 James Travis Columbus published a paper recommending that Buchloe and several other smalls genuses be combined with Bouteloua placing buffalograss with the grama grasses. As of 2024[update] this is the most widely used classification of this species including in Plants of the World Online (POWO), World Flora Online, and the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service PLANTS database. Fossil evidence from Kansas indicates that the species evolved more than seven million years ago. ### Names The genus name comes from the family name of the 19th-century Spanish botanists Claudio and Esteban Boutelou. The species name, dactyloides, is from Latin meaning resembling fingers. It is known both as "buffalograss" and "buffalo grass", though buffalo grass is also used as a common name for St. Augustine grass in Australia, as an alternate name of Cenchrus ciliaris and Panicum stapfianum in South Africa, and one of the names of Paspalum conjugatum in Singapore. It is also occasionally called "gama grass". Range and habitat ----------------- Buffalograss is native to the shortgrass of North America from Canada to Mexico. In Canada it is found in the provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan. In the United States it is primarily found in the great plains mostly west of the Mississippi from Minnesota and Montana in the north to New Mexico and Louisiana in the south. East of the Mississippi it is also found in Illinois, and in one county in Virginia and Georgia. Though it is found in Wisconsin, POWO lists it as an introduced species in that state. Similarly, NatureServe lists it as an introduced species in Virginia. Though the World Plants database lists it as native there. West of the Rocky Mountains it is also found in Arizona and in one county in both Utah and Nevada. It is found through much of Northern Mexico from Sonora in the west to Tamaulipas in the east and south to Morelos and Veracruz, though the species is not found on the west coast south of Sonora. Worldwide it has become establish in Spain and Greece in Europe. In Asia it is not found in south-central and southeastern China. It is also listed as growing outside cultivation in New Zealand. Along with blue grama it is the co-dominant species in most of the shortgrass prairie ecosystem in the western great plains. Buffalograss is also an important component of the mixed grass prairie in drier areas and where impervious clay soils on slopes prevents the establishment of taller grasses. It also rapidly colonizes disturbed areas due to its vegetative reproduction. In the High Plains it grows best in fine textured soils and grows sparsely on sandy soils and may be overwhelmed by shifting sands. It is a component of the Western Gulf coastal grasslands in Texas, Louisiana, and Tamaulipas. Off the plains buffalograss is associated with eastern ponderosa pine forests as an understory plant, in the Cross Timbers ecoregion, and with mesquite and oak savannas. In some locations, most often at higher elevations, in the semidesert grasslands of New Mexico and northern Mexico, buffalograss is also an important species with other grama grass species. At the extreme limits of its habitat it survives low temperatures of −34.5 °C (−30 °F) or high temperatures of 49 °C (120 °F). Its elevation range is large, from near sea level to as high as 1,925 metres (6,300 ft) in Wyoming. ### Conservation NatureServe evaluated buffalograss in 2015 with a conservation status of "Apparently Secure", G4. At the same time they found it to be "Secure" (S5) in Kansas and "Apparently Secure" (S4) in Montana and Wyoming, but did not evaluate most of its range at the state or provincial level. The province of Manitoba considers it to be a "at risk" species as it is very rare there and in neighboring Saskatchewan. NatureServe gave it a rating of "Critically Imperiled" (S1) in Manitoba and in Saskatchewan, Arizona, Iowa, and Utah. They consider it to be "Imperiled" (S2) in Illinois and "Vulnerable" (S3) in Minnesota. They list it as "Possibly Extripated" in Missouri. Though its range in the short-grass prairie covers more than 777,000 km2 half of this area has been degraded or converted to other uses. Many of the surviving areas of natural buffalograss habitat are highly fragmented. The largest areas of uninterrupted areas of native prairie are in the Central Shortgrass Prairie, in eastern Colorado and western Kansas with as much as 50% of it still in place, though used for grazing of cattle instead of the mix of native grazers. Ecology ------- Buffalograss interspersed with blue grama grass and others, Union County, New Mexico Having a single sex on a plant (dioecious plant) is a reproductive strategy to reduce inbreeding by separating the wind pollinated flowers. More plants with both sexes on one plant are found near the edges of its range where it is less dominant and where it forms a more continuous sod there tend to be more single sex populations, with more pollen producing plants with increased resources such as light or nitrogen. When rooting plants that are connected to each other avoid competition in rooting. After two months of independence from each other buffalograss plants compete for soil resources in the same way as with any other unrelated plant of the same species. Germination without damage to the seed coat is low, but continues for a long time. In addition to starting new plants, the stolon connections also communicate defense signals between connected plants about the removal of leaves by herbivores. Because of its fine and dense root network it excellent for controlling erosion. Buffalograss is eaten by all types of livestock and it increases under heavy grazing pressure. The US Department of the Interior evaluated it as good to fair forage for elk in Utah and Colorado. Though it is not their favorite plant food, buffalograss together with blue grama grass is the most commonly consumed plant for American bison grazing in the shortgrass biome. At times the combined bulk of the two plants making up 80% of their diet. In black-tailed prairie dog towns buffalograss tends to be the dominate plant species in the mixed grass prairie where western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and blue grama grass predominate in nearby areas. The seeds of buffalograss break their dormancy more readily with some damage to the outer layers of the seed. This is likely to be an adaptation to the grazing of buffalo as germination is also enhanced in experiments using cattle as substitute for buffalo. Once passed through the gut seeds showed a quicker germination than untreated counterparts. The seeds also sprout during cold stratification rather than waiting for warmer temperatures. Two species of lepidopterans feed on buffalograss during the caterpillar stage of development. The small butterfly called the green skipper (Hesperia viridis) feeds upon this and other Bouteloua species as a caterpillar. The more specialized buffalograss webworm (Prionapteryx indentella)is only known to feed upon its namesake species. It lives on the plains from Texas to Kansas. ### Diseases Buffalograss false smut is a fungal disease caused by Porocercospora seminalis (formerly placed in the genus Cercospora). Infection by the fungus prevents normal caryopsis development, resulting in loss of yield and reduced seed germination. The middle panel shows male buffalograss flowers infected with S. buchloëana. Uninfected female and male flowers (left and right, respectively) illustrate the typical characteristics of buffalograss' sexes. Buffalograss is the sole host to the sex-altering fungus, Salmacisia buchloëana (formerly a Tilletia). Infection with S. buchloëana causes male plants to develop female flowers. Salmacisia buchloëana is relatively uncommon in fields and causes minimal loss in yield. ### Wildfire Fire was an essential part of the prairie ecosystem and buffalograss has many adaptations to survive or take advantage of fires. Warm season grasses can catch fire in all seasons, including winter and early spring. Uses ---- ### Cultivation Buffalo grass is particularly noted for thriving in clay soils and full sun. It is intolerant of salt and moisture in excess of about 750 millimetres (30 in) per year. Many cultivars have been developed or collected for different purposes. Though seed is available and less expensive than sod, it is more expensive than common lawn grass species due to the difficulty in harvesting seeds which grow very low to the ground in the grass canopy. In addition the bur that contains the seed must be removed or treated to weaken it or the germination rate will be quite low and this adds to expense of establishment using seed. In addition to having more drought resistance than Kentucky blue grass or perennial ryegrass, buffalograss also has better wear resistance under drought conditions. Though it is more damaged by traffic in drought conditions than when not stressed. Very little research has been done on its resistance to wear under normal conditions, though preliminary research indicates it has moderate to good resistance to damage, though this is not as good as healthy blue grass. It is of good quality for domesticated animals including cattle, horses, sheep, domesticated goats, and rabbits with a digestible protein content of between 2.7 and 2.9%. The western chinch bug (Blissus occiduus) is a pest of buffalograss throughout its range in the western United States. To manage problems caused by them landscape managers reduce the amount of dead grass (thatch) in plantings, reduce stress with proper irrigation and fertilization, and use resistant grass cultivars. #### Forage cultivars Both "Texoka" and "Comanche" were developed to feed livestock and can reach as much as 30 centimetres (12 in) in height. #### Lawn cultivars Turf-type buffalograss in a lawn Only three North American grasses are both drought tolerant and suitable for use as a lawn. Of these, only buffalograss is commonly available and so it has become quite popular since the 1980s. Though the other two, blue grama and curly mesquite grass (Hilaria belangeri) are occasionally used. All female cultivars are preferred for their lower maintenance needs. Because of their lack of pollen production they may also be preferred by people who suffer from allergies. While all male types are planted when a more naturalistic look is desired or where the grass will be mowed regularly. "Bowie": This is a later developed seeded cultivar that was released to the public in 2001. Compared to "Cody" it has improved color and is quicker to establish. "Cody": A seeded cultivar that was released in 1995. It is widely adapted and a reliable performer. It is also resistant to damage caused by the western chinch bug. "Legacy": Also known as 'NE86-61', this cultivar was developed by the University of Nebraska. It is an all female selection that does not produce pollen. It was released in 1997, but only available from growers starting in 2000. Like other all female selections it must be established from sod, plugs, or cuttings. Compared to other cultivars it has good cold hardiness and can be planted in USDA zone 2. "Prairie": This cultivar was developed by Texas and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Stations. It was released in 1990 and has a denser foliage compared to many other selections. It is an all female cultivar and must be established from plugs or cuttings. It is not well adapted to colder conditions and can experience significant winter kill in the Front Range region of Colorado. "Prestige": This cultivar is noted for its resistance to damage by the western chinch bug. "Stampede": A very short cultivar that does not get taller than 10 centimetres (4 in). "Sundancer": A seeded cultivar that was released in 2014 which has improved color and an earlier spring green up compared to older varieties. "UC Verde": This cultivar was developed by the University of California, Riverside to have better performance in the hot summers of California. It grows 7.5–15 centimetres (3–6 in) in height and will stay partially green in the warm winters of southern California if not mowed in the fall. "609": The "609" cultivar was also developed by Texas and Nebraska Agricultural Experiment Stations and released in 1990. Compared with other cultivars it has a deeper green color. Like some other cultivars developed for warmer climates it is sensitive to cold, dry conditions and can experience significant winter kill in Colorado. ### Building Settlers used its dense sod to build sod houses. Further reading --------------- * McConnell, Primrose (1911), "Grass and Grassland", in Chisholm, Hugh (ed.), Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 367–369. * Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911), "Grasses", Encyclopædia Britannica, vol. 12 (11th ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 369–377.
Eddystone Point Lighthouse Eddystone Point lies on the north-east coast of Tasmania, Australia at 40.994 S/148.349 E. History ------- The first European to sight Eddystone Point was the Dutch navigator, Abel Tasman. In December 1642, Tasman sailed along the entire east coast of Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania). He recorded that he tried to follow the coast around this headland, but he could not penetrate the wind wall. The howling westerly gale indicated that here was a strait, not a bay, so Tasman resumed his easterly course to continue his continent-hunting. The next European visitor was Tobias Furneaux in HMS Adventure during James Cook's second Pacific voyage, which took place during the period of intense Anglo-French rivalry that filled the twelve years between the Seven Years' War and the American Revolutionary War. In March 1773, Furneaux retraced Tasman's course up the east coast of the island to discover whether or not it was joined to New Holland. At 2 a.m. on 19 March, his ship was suddenly tossed 40 miles out to sea and lost its sails. Furneaux named the headland Eddystone Point, after the notorious Eddystone Rocks in the English Channel. Seal hunting took place here from at least 1827. Six applications were made to the colonial government to lease land for whaling stations at Eddystone Point in 1841. It is uncertain how many of these leases were taken up. Eddystone Point Lighthouse -------------------------- In 1884, the adjacent colonies of Tasmania and Victoria were discussing the erection of a lighthouse at Eddystone Point, which was eventually built in 1889. The lighthouse and keepers' cottages are made of granite, quarried from nearby. Head of works and head mason was James Galloway from Glasgow, Scotland, who migrated to Tasmania to oversee the building program. His brother, Alexander Galloway, also migrated from Glasgow to work on the building of the lighthouse and cottages.[] In the early 1920s, heavy storms damaged the buildings, jetties and equipment, and flooded the tower. In 1935, wireless communication was installed. In 1960, the First Order Chance Brothers lens that had been removed from the Cape du Couedic Lighthouse on Kangaroo Island in South Australia was shipped to Melbourne for installation at Eddystone Point Lighthouse. 40°59′38″S 148°20′56″E / 40.99389°S 148.34889°E / -40.99389; 148.34889
The Olmec heartland, showing the location of El Azuzul in relation to San Lorenzo and other Olmec sites. The "twins" at El Azuzul. A photo of the sculptures in situ, as they were discovered, with the "twins" facing off against the jaguar. The sculptures have since been moved to Xalapa. El Azuzul is an Olmec archaeological site in Veracruz, Mexico, a few kilometers south of the San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán complex and generally considered contemporary with it (perhaps 1100 to 800 BCE). Named for the ranch on which it is located, El Azuzul is part of the Loma del Zapote complex. The site occupies the higher elevations north of the confluence of two ancient river courses, a part of the Coatzacoalcos River system. It is upstream of the monumental earthworks at Potrero Nuevo, which is part of the San Lorenzo complex. Monumental art -------------- El Azuzul is best known for two pairs of monumental sculptures, now on exhibit at the Museo de Antropologia, Xalapa, Mexico. These statues were found on the south side of the large pyramid/hill on the site, intact and apparently undisturbed since they were placed there in Pre-Classic times. The first pair of statues, described as "some of the greatest masterpieces of Olmec art", are nearly identical seated human figures. When discovered the two statues were facing east, one behind the other (see bottom photo). Some researchers have suggested that these "twins" are forerunners of the Maya Hero Twins from the Popul Vuh, although their headdresses have led others to describe them as priests. The twin's headdresses have been mutilated, probably to erase identifying insignia. Each twin, like the figure in San Martín Pajapan Monument 1, is grasping a ceremonial bar with his right hand under the bar and his left over, caught in the act of raising what has been described as an axis mundi or Mesoamerican world tree. Facing these two humans was a feline-like statue, generally identified as a jaguar. Slightly larger than the humans it faced, the feline is roughly 1.2 meters high. A 1.6 meter version of this feline was found a few meters away, to the northeast. The jaguars show evidence of having been recarved from earlier monuments. The humans are similar to other Olmec sculpture, in particular San Martin Pajapan Monument 1, where a young lord also attempts to lift a ceremonial bar. Despite its "tantalizing hints of [a] lost mythic cycle", it is not known with any clarity what this four statue tableau illustrates. Structures ---------- In addition to the large pyramid/hill, a long causeway or dike was constructed along the waterway, possibly functioning as a levee and/or wharf. El Azuzul also contains other possible structures, now completely overgrown.
Japanese manufacturer of writing instruments For other uses, see Zebra (disambiguation). Zebra Co. Ltd. (ゼブラ株式会社, Zebura Kabushiki gaisha) is a Japanese manufacturer of writing instruments, established in 1914 by Tokumatsu Ishikawa. The company sells a wide range of writing implements through retail stores, wholesalers and mail order. Zebra offers a line of writing instruments that include fountain, ballpoint, brush and gel pens, markers, highlighters and mechanical pencils. History ------- Tokumatsu Ishikawa had begun to produce home-made nibs in 1897, until he established its own business in 1914, registering the name "Zebra" as a trademark. Ishikawa thought Zebra was an appropriate name because his goal was to build a business culture that resembled a family and zebras have a strong herding instinct. Zebra stripes resembling calligraphic pen strokes may also have been a reason for the name. In 1945, the Zebra facilities were destroyed during a bomb attack in World War II, but those would be reconstructed during the 1950s. In 1959 Zebra launched its first ballpoint pen manufactured. Four years later, the company renamed "Zebra Co. Ltd", with Hideaki Ishikawa becoming president of the firm. During the 1970s, Zebra marketed its first lines of markers, including brush-tip models, opening a new factory in Tokyo (1979). Zebra opened a subsidiary in the United States (1982). The 1990s and 2000s decade came with new subsidiaries in Canada, Indonesia, China, Mexico, and the United Kingdom. Products -------- Zebra products exhibited on a booth in Japan, 2019 Zebra's line of pens and pencils include "The Original" F-301 and the M-301, which have stainless steel barrels and textured grips. Other product lines include Blen, Surari, Filare (emulsion ink ballpoint pens); Airfit, Z-Grip (ballpoint pen); Sarasa, Sarasa Dry (gel pens); Sharbo (multi-pens); CLiCKART (water-based coloring markers); DelGuard, Tect 2Way (mechanical pencils); Zensations (art products), Mildliner (double ended creative markers), Hi-Mckee (permanent markers), Zebrite (double ended highlighters), and Zazzle (liquid highlighters). Zebra products are available across the US, Canada, Mexico, UK, Singapore, Korea, and Japan. ### Z-Grip In 2017, the Z-Grip line of retractable gel pens was transitioned to low viscosity ink, aka advanced ink. The benefits of the new formula, in addition to a smoother writing experience, was more vibrant colors and an option to create more nuanced hues. ### Steel The Steel line of pens follows a good, better, best hierarchy; 3-series, 4-series, and 7-series respectively. The 301 series is characterized by stainless steel shafts and hardened plastic grips. The 401 has the same stainless steel shaft with a rubber grip. Finally, the flagship pen, the 701 has a knurled grip and is completely stainless steel. A cross section of these barrel styles reflect different ink types. For example, the 3-series barrel is available in ballpoint, gel, mechanical pencil, fountain pen, highlighter, and rollerball pen. All Zebra stainless steel products are refillable, including leads and mechanical pencil erasers. ### Sarasa The company transitioned all their plastic gel pens from different brands and consolidated under one name, Sarasa. #### Sarasa Clip These pens feature a binder clip which enables one to secure the pen to pockets, books and so on. The is pigment gel ink is water resistant and of archival quality. #### Sarasa Dry All the former products were reformulated to feature Zebra's award-winning Rapid Dry Ink technology, which was third party laboratory, tested and proven to be as fast or faster drying than the competition on a variety of surfaces and dries in less than a second on most surfaces. The assortment, X1, X10, X20, and X30, reflect different barrel styles to accommodate most consumer preferences. ### Surari Range of "emulsion-ink" hybrid ink oil-based ballpoint pens, similar to Uni's Jetstream, Pentel's Vicuna and Pilot's Acroball. ### Zensations Zebra entered the art and activity space with the launch of their Zensations brand of products, geared towards new and amateur artists looking for a slightly higher quality than products solely created for children. The brand encompasses technical pens and pencils, refillable colored mechanical pencils, fineliner markers, calligraphy pens, brush pens (black and colors), and more. Line extensions are developed periodically to refresh the line. ### DelGuard A mechanism employed in the DelGuard system developed by Zebra, causes the lead sleeve in a mechanical pencil to extend outward when excessive pressure is applied at an angle. When excess vertical pressure is applied on the lead, the lead is automatically retracted inwards. Thus, the lead is protected (within certain limits) in both cases. In Japan, 0.3 and 0.7 versions of the DelGuard is available alongside the 0.5 version, whereas in the US, only the 0.5 version is available. ### Sharbo Sharbo is a line of multifunction pens. A pen may contain one or more ink refills plus a mechanical pencil component. Examples are Sharbo X and SK-Sharbo+1. ### Zebra Mildliners Newly released highlighters that come in a variety of pastel colours. These highlighters have two ends, one for highlighting and the other also acts as a brush pen which could be used for calligraphy headings/topics for making notes aesthetic and neat. Zebra products* Hi-Mckee markersHi-Mckee markers * Drafix mechanical pencilDrafix mechanical pencil * G dip pens boxG dip pens box * Sagawa ballpoint penSagawa ballpoint pen * Taplí ballpoint penTaplí ballpoint pen * Hi-Mckee two-tip brushesHi-Mckee two-tip brushes
Swedish rock band For other uses, see Düngen (disambiguation). Dungen ("the grove", Swedish pronunciation: [ˈdɵ̂ŋːɛn]) is a Swedish rock band based in Stockholm. Often classified as psychedelic rock, Dungen is also influenced by Swedish (and other) folk music, classic rock, progressive rock, garage rock and alternative rock. The band is fronted by singer/composer Gustav Ejstes, who writes all music and plays the majority of instruments on the band's records. Live, Dungen plays as a four-piece. Ejstes, who in his teens started his songwriting with hip hop, is backed live by Swedish progressive rock veteran Reine Fiske on guitar, bassist Mattias Gustavsson, and drummer Johan Holmegard (who replaced Fredrik Björling), all of whom have played parts on Dungen's studio albums. History ------- Following two vinyl album releases on Swedish record label Subliminal Sounds, Dungen briefly signed to Dolores Recordings (a subset of Virgin Records) in 2002, on which they released the CD Stadsvandringar and three singles, including one for Djungelboken 2 (the Swedish version of The Jungle Book 2). Ejstes soon returned to his friend's independent record label Subliminal Sounds, stating that a major label did not feel right because Dungen is not a pop act. Although Dungen's songs are sung entirely in Swedish, 2004's Ta det lugnt received great acclaim within indie rock circles and established the band's international reputation. This resulted in the band headlining two US tours and landing distribution deals in the US and UK. Dungen also performed their song "Panda" on the television talk show Late Night with Conan O'Brien. Dungen played at the 2006 Bonnaroo Music Festival and toured with Wolfmother and the Tucker B's in Australia. Dungen released their fourth studio album, Tio bitar on 25 April 2007 but did not tour in support of it. The group's sixth studio album, entitled Skit i allt, was released in 2010. The group played the ATP New York 2010 music festival in Monticello, New York in September 2010. The group announced their seventh studio album on 23 June 2015, before releasing it on 25 September 2015. Entitled Allas Sak. the album title translates loosely into "everyone's thing" or "anyone's thing". Once again, the songs are sung largely in Swedish by Gustav Ejstes. "These songs are my everyday experiences, my thoughts and stories from the life I live," he said in a statement. "I hope people can create their own stories around the music and maybe we can make music together, the listener and I." The album was an international success, placing at no.14 on Australian publication Happy Mag's list of "The 25 best psychedelic rock albums of the 2010s" in October 2019. Around 2014, the group undertook a project to create an instrumental score for the 1926 animated film The Adventures of Prince Achmed to be performed live with the film. They did so on several occasions in Sweden in 2014 and at the first Marfa Myths Festival in Marfa, Texas, United States. Inspired by what they created, the passed recordings to their producer Mattias Glavå with instructions to 'make it into a record'. The album was released on 25 November 2016 as an official Black Friday Record Store Day release and then re-released in a limited edition by Mexican Summer with a bonus 12" live EP recorded in Sol de Sants Studios after their show at Primavera Sound Festival in Barcelona. It was released in February 2017 to coincide with Dungen's US tour of art studios and small theaters performing the full score live accompanying the film. Discography ----------- ### Albums * Dungen (2001) * Dungen 2 (2002) * Stadsvandringar (2002) * Ta det lugnt (2004) * Tio bitar (2007) * 4 (2008) * Skit i allt (2010) * Allas Sak (2015) * Häxan (2016, Smalltown Supersound) * Dungen Live (2020) * En Är För Mycket och Tusen Aldrig Nog (2022) ### EPs * Ta det lugnt / Tyst minut (2005, Subliminal Sounds) (12" vinyl, also included with 2005 re-release of Ta det lugnt) * Samtidigt (2009, Kemado) (limited-pressing (500) tour-only 12″ vinyl containing an extended 15-minute-long version of the song "Samtidigt" from 4) ### Singles * "Solen stiger upp" (2002, Dolores Recordings) (CD) * "Stadsvandringar" (2002, Dolores Recordings) (CD) * "Jag vill va' som du / Har du vart' i Stockholm?" (2003, Dolores Recordings) (CD) * "Panda" (\|2005, Memphis Industries) (CD, 7" vinyl) (#168 United Kingdom) * "Festival" (2006, Memphis Industries) (7" vinyl) * "Sätt att se" (\|2008, Mexican Summer) (12" vinyl) * Öga, näsa, mun (2011, Third Man Records) (7" vinyl) ### Compilations * Who Will Buy These Wonderful Evils (2002, Dolores Recordings) * Mojo Presents Dave Gilmour & Friends (2015, Mojo Magazine)
Italian test pilot Francesco Agello (27 December 1902 – 24 November 1942) was an Italian test pilot. Biography and flight achievements --------------------------------- Born at Casalpusterlengo, Lombardy, Italy, Agello graduated from pilot school in 1924 and soon became a test pilot. He was the fourth of four test pilots who tried to set a speed record with the Macchi M.C.72. However, one after the other, the test pilots ahead of Agello died (first Monti and then Bellini flying the M.C. 72, Neri died flying a CR-20 in 1933). Agello became famous when he succeeded in piloting the plane to a new speed record (over water) on 10 April 1933. He attained an average speed of 683 km/h (424 mph). More than a year later he flew the M.C. 72 to a new speed record of more than 700 km/h (709 km/h or 440 mph) on 23 October 1934. Both records, while obtained in a seaplane, also were absolute flight airspeed record. No one has ever flown a piston-engine seaplane faster since that date. Awards ------ Agello was awarded the De la Vaulx Medal twice for his speed records, once in 1933 and again in 1934. In 1934 he was also awarded the Medal of Aeronautic Valor. Later career ------------ In 1935 Agello joined the Italian government's airplane test center. Death ----- Agello died during World War II testing the new Macchi C.202 fighter at Bresso, near Milan, when his aircraft collided with another C.202 piloted by World War I flying ace and fellow test pilot Guido Masiero in heavy fog on 24 November 1942. Masiero also was killed. Sources ------- * De la Vaulx Medal
1940 film directed by Christy Cabanne For the episode of Mighty Max, see The Mommy's Hand. *The Mummy's Hand* is a 1940 American horror film directed by Christy Cabanne and produced by Ben Pivar for Universal Studios. Shot in black-and-white, the film is about the ancient Egyptian mummy of Kharis (Tom Tyler), who is kept alive with a brew of tana leaves by The High Priest (Eduardo Ciannelli) and his successor Andoheb (George Zucco). Meanwhile, archeologists Steve Banning (Dick Foran) and Babe Jenson (Wallace Ford) persuade magician Solvani (Cecil Kellaway) to finance an expedition in search of the tomb of Princess Ananka. They are joined by Solvani's daughter Marta (Peggy Moran), and followed by Andoheb who is also the professor of Egyptology at the Cairo Museum. Kharis is ordered to kill off expedition members Dr. Petrie (Charles Trowbridge) and Ali (Leon Belasco), while Andoheb becomes attracted to Marta who he plans to kidnap and make immortal. The Mummy's Hand was made after the financial success of two other Universal Products: Son of Frankenstein and The Invisible Man Returns which led to the studio making a follow-up to The Mummy (1932). The film had what was described as a "modest" budget and reuses footage from The Mummy as well as reusing nearly the entire score from Son of Frankenstein. However, the film has no shared plot with the original film and is not considered a sequel or a remake. The film was shot with a planned budget of $80,000 but went $4,000 over-budget as production completed. The film was released on September 20, 1940, and was followed by a sequel titled The Mummy's Tomb in 1942. Plot ---- In Egypt, Andoheb travels to the Hill of the Seven Jackals in answer to the summons of The High Priest of Karnak. The dying priest of the sect explains the story of Kharis to Andoheb: over three thousand years ago Prince Kharis had secretly loved Princess Ananka, but she died. Kharis stole sacred, life-giving tana leaves, but he was caught before he could use them to restore life to the dead Princess Ananka. Kharis's penalty upon being discovered was to be buried alive, without a tongue, and the tana leaves were buried with him. Priests recovered him and kept him alive as protector of Ananka's tomb. During the cycle of the full moon, the fluid from the brew of three tana leaves must be administered to the creature to keep him alive. Should despoilers enter the tomb of the Princess, a fluid of nine leaves will restore movement to the monster so he can protect it from defilers. Any more than nine will make him uncontrollable. In Cairo, down on his luck archaeologist Steve Banning and his buffoon sidekick, Babe Jenson, discover the remnants of a broken vase in a bazaar. Banning is convinced it is an authentic ancient Egyptian relic, and his interpretation of the hieroglyphs on the piece leads him to believe it contains clues to the location of Princess Ananka's tomb. Banning visits Andoheb, who misleads him about the importance of the vase and then drops and breaks it on purpose. With the support of the eminent Dr. Petrie of the Cairo Museum, but against the wishes of Andoheb, who is professor of Egyptology at the museum, Banning seeks funds for his expedition. Banning and Jenson meet an American stage magician, Solvani, who agrees to fund their quest in return for a share of the spoils of the tomb. They then get into a scuffle with Andoheb's henchmen. Solvani's daughter Marta is not convinced of his investment, thanks to a prior visit from Andoheb, who brands the two young archeologists as frauds. The expedition departs in search of the Hill of the Seven Jackals, with the Solvanis tagging along. In their explorations, they stumble upon the tomb of Kharis, finding the mummy and the tana leaves but nothing to indicate the existence of Ananka's tomb. Andoheb surprises Dr. Petrie in the mummy's cave and has the scientist feel the creature's living pulse. After administering the tana brew from nine leaves, the monster quickly dispatches Petrie by strangling him with one hand, and escapes with Andoheb through a secret passageway to the temple on the other side of the mountain. The creature marauds about the camp, strangling the Egyptian overseer Ali and eventually attacking Solvani and kidnapping Marta. Banning and Jenson set out to track Kharis down, with Jenson going around the mountain and Banning attempting to follow the secret passage they have discovered inside the tomb. Andoheb has plans of his own: enthralled by Marta's beauty, he plans to inject himself and his captive with tana fluid, making them both immortal. Jenson arrives in the nick of time and shoots Andoheb dead in self-defense, while Banning attempts to rescue Marta. However, Kharis appears on the scene and in the ensuing struggle, Banning's bullets have no effect on the mummy. Marta had overheard Adoheb describe the secret of the tana fluid and tells Banning and Jenson that Kharis must not be allowed to drink any more of it. When the creature raises the tana fluid to his lips, Jenson shoots the container from his grasp. Dropping to the floor, Kharis attempts to ingest the spilled life-giving liquid. Banning seizes the opportunity to overturn a brazier onto the monster, engulfing it in flames. At the end, the members of the expedition head happily back to the United States with the mummy of Ananka and the diamonds from her tomb. Cast ---- Cast is sourced from the book Universal Horrors and the end of film credits: * Dick Foran as Steve Banning * Peggy Moran as Marta Solvani * Wallace Ford as Babe Jenson * Eduardo Ciannelli as The High Priest * George Zucco as High Priest Andoheb * Cecil Kellaway as Tim Sullivan aka The Great Solvani * Charles Trowbridge as Dr. Petrie * Tom Tyler as Kharis * Sig Arno (credited as Siegfried Arno) as The Beggar * Eddie Foster as an Egyptian * Harry Stubbs as Bartender * Michael Mark as Bazaar Owner * Mara Tartar as the Girl * Leon Belasco as Ali * Murdock MacQuarrie as Priests * Jerry Frank as an Egyptian thug * Ken Terrell as an Egyptian Thug Production ---------- Following the financial success of the revival of the Frankenstein series with Son of Frankenstein and The Invisible Man series with The Invisible Man Returns, Universal Pictures decided to revive their The Mummy series with The Mummy's Hand. The film's budget was set at $80,000 and began filming towards the end of May 1940. The authors of the book Universal Horrors described the budget as "modest" and noted that cost-cutting for the film involved using stock shots taken from The Mummy, leftover sets from James Whale's film Green Hell, and musical scores almost entirely lifted from Son of Frankenstein. The producer for the film was Ben Pivar, who Reginald LeBorg described as the epitome artless, noncreative studio executive who was often crude and occasionally seemed illiterate. The Mummy's Hand's production continued into mid-June, which led director Christy Cabanne and his crew to film into overtime hours. According to Peggy Moran, she had to be on set at 6am to do hair and makeup and filming began at 8am and would occasionally work as late as 4am the next day. Moran commented that "they could do that with people like me because we were under contract. The law requires that outside talent only work for X-number of hours, but me they could work all the time!" When asked about her fellow cast, she spoke positively about Dick Foran ("very nice and friendly") and Wallace Ford ("very funny always"). On Tom Tyler who played Kharis, she never met him without his make-up on, stating that he had to be at the studio at four in the morning and he couldn't talk with his make-up on. Dick Foran, who played main character Steve Banning, was an established star when he made this, but his career prior to The Mummy's Hand consisted mostly of supporting roles in second tier Universal films and leading roles in "singing cowboy" movies. Canadian actor Wallace Ford was cast strictly for comedy relief. The film still went over-budget and slightly over-schedule costing an extra $4,000. The film was finished editing before the end of June. Release ------- The Mummy's Hand was distributed by Universal Pictures Co. on September 20, 1940. According to Variety, their screening of the film had certain scenes tinted an "eerie green". Unlike some of the other horror films produced by Universal, The Mummy's Hand was not reissued for theatrical release in the late 1940s and early 1950s. The Mummy's Hand was followed by the sequel The Mummy's Tomb, released in 1942. The Mummy's Tomb takes place 30 years after the events of The Mummy's Hand, with Foran and Zucco reprising their respective roles as Steve Banning and Andoheb; the film re-uses several minutes of footage from The Mummy's Hand in the form of flashback sequences. ### Home media In the 1990s, MCA/Universal Home Video released The Mummy's Hand on VHS as part of the "Universal Monsters Classic Collection", a series of releases of Universal Classic Monsters films. In 1994, MCA/Universal released the film on LaserDisc as part of The Mummy Collection six-disc set, which also includes The Mummy's Tomb (1942), The Mummy's Ghost, and The Mummy's Curse (both 1944). On October 19, 2004, Universal released The Mummy's Hand—along with The Mummy, The Mummy's Tomb, The Mummy's Ghost, and The Mummy's Curse—on DVD as part of the two-disc set The Mummy: The Legacy Collection. In 2014, Universal re-released the five films on DVD as a set titled The Mummy: Complete Legacy Collection. In 2017, The Mummy: Complete Legacy Collection was released on Blu-ray. The Mummy's Hand was included in the Universal Classic Monsters: Complete 30-Film Collection Blu-ray box set in August 2018. This box set was also issued in the DVD format. Critical reception ------------------ From contemporary reviews, film critic Bosley Crowther wrote for The New York Times: "It's the usual mumbo-jumbo of secret tombs in crumbling temples and salacious old high priests guarding them against the incursions of an archaeological expedition, led this time by Dick Foran, Peggy Moran and Wallace Ford. While the scientists busily explore dank passageways and decipher weird hieroglyphics on tombs and chests, jackals howl outside, the native work-gangs mutiny and the mummy is always just around the corner. Once or twice Miss Moran makes a grimace—as if she had caught an unpleasant odor—and screams. Otherwise every one seems remarkably casual. If they don't seem to worry, why should we? Frightening or funny, take your choice". The Philadelphia Record found that the film's plot was "sheer nonsense" but that the film "manages to raise a few more goose pimples than other recent horror movies". "Hobe" of Variety found the film to be "muddled in the writing and clumsy in the production. Direction and photography are bush league. Acting varies from violent mugging to smooth under-playing". Graeme Clark of The Spinning Image, comparing the film with Boris Karloff's and granting 6 out of 10 stars, writes: "This was no eerie love story across the millennia, this was straight fright fare with Universal Studios' least-loved monster, here in the form that viewers would know him best, shambling, strangling, singleminded and mute. A nice touch is that his eyes have been blacked out for his closeups, giving him an undead look. However, more than half the short movie is over before we get to the creepy chase scenes..." On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 60% approval rating based on 10 reviews, with an average score of 5.8/10.
American labor and community organizer Stephen Lerner is an American labor and community organizer. He has organized janitors, farm workers, garment workers, and other low-wage workers into unions. Lerner is a critic of Wall Street bankers and the increased financialization of the U.S. economy. He argues that the power of investments banks and other financial entities have led to income inequality and served as the driving force behind the creation of overwhelming debt obligations seen at the state and local level. The result, Lerner says, is a consolidation of economic and political power in the hands of a small number of banking and finance executives. Lerner advocates the use of non-violent civil disobedience as a tactic to challenge the influence of Wall Street and corporations. Lerner is a contributor on national television and radio programs and has published articles on the 21st-century labor movement. Early life ---------- Stephen Lerner is the son of a secretary and a psychiatrist and the grandson of Jewish immigrants who fled anti-Semitism and the pogroms of Russian and Poland in the early 20th century. Lerner’s grandfather began his career in America as a waiter in New York and later became a restaurant owner in Miami. Lerner’s father was able to afford college through his service in the ROTC program and Lerner spent part of his childhood living on a military base in Germany while his father served his country in uniform. Career ------ After high school, Lerner became an organizer with the United Farm Workers of America and worked on the grape and lettuce boycotts in New York. Following his time with the Farm Workers, Lerner worked in the housekeeping departments of Long Island Jewish Medical Center and other healthcare facilities and became an organizer for the healthcare union 1199 in Rhode Island. Lerner was fired for organizing a union while working as an extrusion machine operator for the jewelry industry. His wife was pregnant with his first child at the time. Following that, Lerner moved to North Carolina to become an organizer for the International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union (ILGWU) and he organized workers throughout the south. Lerner organized high-tech manufacturing workers and public employees in Ohio with the Communications Workers of America (CWA) before joining the staff of the Service Employees International Union (SEIU) in 1986. At SEIU, Lerner is credited with creating the Justice for Janitors campaign, a movement by janitors across the country to organize for better wages and working conditions, access to affordable healthcare, and full-time hours and sick time. Justice for Janitors improved the lives of hundreds of thousands of janitors and their families across the country. Lerner also directed the union’s private equity project, a multi-year campaign to expose the business practices of private equity firms in the lead up to the 2008 economic collapse. Following the 2008 financial crisis, Lerner became director of the union’s banking and finance project, organizing SEIU members and other community groups across the country into action to challenge the business practices of Wall Street and the big banks. Through this campaign SEIU also partnered with unions and groups in Europe, South America, and elsewhere to build a campaign to hold financial institutions accountable. He currently serves on the International Executive Board of the 2.2-million-member Service Employees International Union. Lerner has three sons and lives in Washington, D.C. with his wife, Marilyn. Bibliography ------------ * Let's Get Moving: Labor's Survival Depends on Organizing Industry-wide for Justice and Power (1991). Labor Research Review: Vol. 1: No. 18, Article 10. * Reviving Unions (1996). Boston Review. * Taking the Offensive, Turning the Tide (1998). A New Labor Movement for the New Century. Edited by Gregory Mantsios * Three Steps to Reorganizing and Rebuilding The Labor Movement: Building New Strength and Unity for all Working Families (2002). Labor Notes. * Global Unions. A Solution to Labor’s Decline (2006). New Labor Forum. * Global Corporations, Global Unions (2009 ). The Social Movements Reader: Cases and Concepts, Second Editions. Page 364. Edited by Jeff Goodwin and James M. Jasper. * An Injury to All: Going Beyond Collective Bargaining as We Have Known It (2010). New Labor Forum. * Outsourced Economy: Justice for Janitors at the University of Miami (2008). The Gloves-Off Economy: Workplace Standards at the Bottom of America’s Labor Market. With Jill Hurst and Glenn Adler. Annette D. Bernhardt, Labor and Employment Relations Association.
Historical coinage of China Various coins from the late Qing dynasty produced under the Qianlong, Guangxu and Xuantong Emperors. Qing dynasty coinage (traditional Chinese: 清朝貨幣; simplified Chinese: 清朝货币; pinyin: Qīngcháo Huòbì; Manchu: ᡩᠠᡳᠴᡳᠩ ᠵᡳᡴᠠ; Möllendorff: Daicing jiha) was based on a bimetallic standard of copper and silver coinage. The Manchu-led Qing dynasty was proclaimed in 1636 and ruled over China proper from 1644 until it was overthrown by the Xinhai Revolution in 1912. The Qing dynasty saw the transformation of a traditional cash coin based cast coinage monetary system into a modern currency system with machine-struck coins, while the old traditional silver ingots would slowly be replaced by silver coins based on those of the Mexican peso. After the Qing dynasty was abolished its currency was replaced by the Chinese yuan of the Republic of China. This article contains Manchu text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Manchu alphabet. Later Jin dynasty coinage (1616–1636) ------------------------------------- See also: Jin dynasty coinage (1115–1234) Prior to the establishment of the Qing dynasty, the Aisin Gioro clan established the Later Jin dynasty, named after the Jin dynasty of the Wanyan clan. Nurhaci had united the many tribes of the Jianzhou and Haixi Jurchens under the leadership of the Aisin Gioro clan, and later ordered the creation of Manchu script based on the Mongolian vertical script. In 1636, Hong Taiji renamed the realm to "Great Qing", and the Jurchen people into the Manchu people, while adopting policies which fostered ethnic inclusivity. In 1616, the Later Jin began producing their own cash coins, the coins issued under Nurhaci were written in an older version of Manchu script without any diacritics, and generally bigger than Later Jin coins with Chinese inscriptions. Under Hong Taiji these coins bore the legend that they had a nominal weight of 10 qián (or 1 tael) modelled after contemporary Ming dynasty coinage, but in reality weighed less. The following coins were issued by the Later Jin: \| Inscription \| Latin script \| Denominations \| Years of mintage \| Image \| Khan \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Manchu: ᠠᠪᡴᠠᡳᡶᡠᠯᡳᠩᡤᠠᡥᠠᠨᠵᡳᡴᠠ \| Abkai fulingga han jiha \| 1 wén \| 1616–1626 \| \| Abkai fulingga Khan \| \| 天命通寳 \| Tiān Mìng Tōng Bǎo \| 1 wén \| 1616–1626 \| \| Abkai fulingga Khan \| \| Manchu: ᠰᡠᡵᡝᡥᠠᠨᠨᡳᠵᡳᡴᠠ \| Sure han ni jiha \| 10 wén \| 1627–1643 \| \| Sure Khan \| History ------- See also: Paper money of the Qing dynasty § History In 1644, the Qing dynasty captured Beijing from the Shun dynasty, and then marched south capturing the forces loyal to the Ming. One of the first monetary policies they enacted was accepting Ming dynasty cash coins at only half the value of Qing dynasty cash coins, because of this Ming era coinage was removed from circulation to be melted into Qing dynasty coinage, this is why in modern times even Song dynasty coins are more common than those from the more recent Ming dynasty. ### Early history A Shùn Zhì Tōng Bǎo (順治通寶) coin, the first series of Qing dynasty coins minted outside of Manchuria. At first the Qing government set the exchange rate between bronze and silver at 1 wén of bronze per lí (釐, or 厘) of silver, and 1000 lí of silver would be 1 tael (两), thus one string of 1000 bronze cash coins equated to a single tael of silver. The Shunzhi Emperor created the Ministry of Revenue and the Ministry of Public Works in Beijing to oversee the casting of bronze cash coins, these ministries produced 400,000 strings of cash coins annually. Later the Shunzhi Emperor ordered military garrisons to start minting their own coinage, and though the official weight for cash coins was first set at 1 qián, in 1645 this increased to 1.2 qián, and by 1651 this had become 1.25 qián. In 1660 the order was given to re-open provincial mints and have them cast their mint names in Manchu script. The standard copper-alloy was 60% copper and 40% lead and/or zinc, yet diverse market conditions dictated what would be the de facto composition. This official composition was officially changed over time, initially it was at a ratio of 3:2 (3 parts copper to 2 parts lead and zinc). The coins produced under the Shunzhi Emperor were modeled after Tang dynasty Kai Yuan Tong Bao coins, as well as early Ming dynasty coins, and have a Chinese mint mark on their reverses these were produced from 1644 until 1661, though these coins had a large range of mint marks from various provinces all over China, from 1644 until 1645 there were also Shùn Zhì Tōng Bǎo (順\|治通寶) coins being cast with blank reverses. ### Kangxi era Main article: Kangxi Tongbao ### Yongzheng era Under the Yongzheng Emperor various measures were undertaken to ensure a vast supply of cash coins, though the weight was increased to 1.4 qián per wén, the copper content was lowered from 60% to 50% in 1727. In 1726 the Ministry of Revenue was split into 4 agencies each named after a wind direction, and in 1728 all provincial mints were ordered to open again as only the mint of Yunnan was operating prior to this order, and finally in 1728 the Ministry of Public Works mint was split into a "new Ministry of Public Works mint", and an "old Ministry of Public Works mint". Though by 1733 the Qing government realised that the costs of making standard cash coins at a weight of 1.4 qián was too much, so they lowered it back to 1.2 qián. In 1725 the province of Yunnan had 47 operating furnaces. In 1726 the governour of Yunnan, Ortai made the province's coin minting industry more profitable by implementing new systems for regular, and supplemental casting as well as for casting scrap metal making sure that only regular cast coins would carry full production costs, he also closed down mints in the province with a lower production efficiency and started exporting Yunnan's coins to other provinces. This system proved so successful that other provinces started to adopt these reforms. ### Qianlong era Main article: Qianlong Tongbao ### Jiaqing era Under the Jiaqing Emperor the Chinese population had reached 300,000,000 which was twice as much as just a century prior, famines had plagued the land, the government was corrupt, and hoards of secret Anti-Manchu organisations popped up everywhere, stability would not return until 1803 but this had come at tremendously high costs.[page needed] The Qing government started to increase quotas for the production of copper cash coins while constantly changing the standard content of the alloys beginning with 60% copper, and 40% zinc in 1796 to 54% copper, 43% zinc, and 3% lead not long after. Corruption plagued the provincial mints, and the exchange rate between cash and taels rose from 900 wén for 1 tael of silver to 1200 wén for a single tael, this was also due to a large outflow of silver to European and American merchants which pressured the Chinese monetary system. Under the Jiaqing Emperor an annual quota of 2,586,000 strings of cash coins for production was set, but in reality this number was rarely met. ### Daoguang era Under the Daoguang Emperor China's silver reserves were depleting due to the trade of opium with other countries, and as Chinese cash coins were based on the silver standard this eventually lead to the debasement of Qing era cash coinage under Daoguang because the costs of producing cast copper coins was higher by about one third than the face value of the cast coins themselves, by 1845 2,000 wén was needed for a single tael of silver. Coins produced under the Daoguang Emperor tend to be diminutive compared to earlier Qing dynasty coinage because of this reason. Under the Daoguang Emperor a new mint was established at Kucha in the Xinjiang province with coins cast there bearing the mark "庫" as well as coins with the reverse side inscription of "新" to circulate within the aforementioned province that was far away from China proper. Lin Zexu suggested in the year 1833 to create a series of Daoguang Tongbao (道光通寶) cash coins with a weight of 0.5 tael, and that two of these cash coins would be exchangeable for one tael of silver. But this proposal was not adopted. ### Inflation during the 19th century Main article: Daqian ### Tongzhi era For the first year of the Tongzhi Emperor he bore the reign name of "Qixiang" (祺祥), though a few coins with this inscription were cast they were never put into circulation. While the reign title "Qixiang" the 10 wén Daqian continued to be produced, for a brief period of time Daqian with the inscription Qixiang Zhongbao (祺祥重寶) were produced. Because the Qixiang era name was not used for that long, cash coins with this era date were cast for such a short time, that only a small number of the government mints produced cash coins with this inscription.These mints included the Ministry of Public Works Mint (寶源), the Ministry of Revenue Mint (寶泉), the Yunnan mint (寶雲), the Gansu mint (寶鞏), and the Suzhou mint (寶蘇). Tongzhi's mother the Empress Dowager Cixi changed his reign name to Tongzhi in 1862. Tongzhi's reign saw the end of the Taiping rebellion and the beginning of a large Muslim revolt in Xinjiang. The era also saw the rise of the Self-Strengthening Movement which wanted to adopt western ideas into practice in China including reforming the monetary system. The coins produced under the Tongzhi Emperor remained of inferior quality with the 10 wén coin being reduced from 4.4 to 3.2 qián in 1867. Copper shortages remained and illegal casting would only become a larger problem as the provincial mints remained closed or barely productive. The first machine-struck cash coins were also produced under the Tongzhi Emperor in Paris at the request of governour Zuo Zongtang in 1866, but the government of the Qing refused to introduce machine-made coinage. ### Modernisation under the Guangxu Emperor A postcard from 1900 showing the contemporary circulating Guangxu era Chinese coinage. Under the Guangxu Emperor various attempts at reforming the Qing dynasty's currency system were implemented. Machine-made copper coins without square holes were introduced in Guangdong in 1899, and by 1906 15 machine operated mints operated in 12 provinces. The introduction of these machine-struck coins marked the beginning of the end of coin casting in China. In 1895 the Guangzhou Machine Mint had 90 presses becoming the largest mint in the world followed by the British Royal Mint with only 16 presses. Many provinces were still slow to adopt machine mints, often due to the high costs associated with them, the machine mint of Tianjin cost 27,000 taels of silver but the cost of making a single string of machine-struck 1 qián cash coins more than twice as high as their face value forcing the Tianjin mint to buy more furnaces until it eventually had to close down in 1900. Guangxu's reign saw the reclamation of Xinjiang and the presuming of minting red cash there, while Japanese experts revitalised the copper mining industry in Yunnan and many new veins of copper were discovered giving the government more resources to cast (and later strike) coins again. The new coins often bore the inscription Guāng Xù Yuán Bǎo (光緒元寶) with an image of a Dragon and featured English, Chinese, and Manchu inscriptions. Further these coins tended to have their relation with China's older coinages (most often with cash coins) on the bottom, or their value in relation to silver coinage, and the Manchu words indicated the place of mintage. Meanwhile, the 10 wén "traditional" cash coins were discontinued as the production of these more modern coins began. In 1906 the General Mint of the Ministry of the Interior and Finance in Tianjin started issuing a new copper coin called the Great Qing Copper Coin (大清銅幣), which like Guāng Xù Yuán Bǎo coins featured the image of a Chinese dragon, and had English, Chinese, and Manchu inscriptions with the English inscription reading "Tai-Ching-Ti-Kuo Copper Coin" in Wade-Giles, coins minted under the Guangxu Emperor featured the inscription of the Chinese characters Guāng Xù Nián Zào (光緒年造). These coins were minted in denominations of 2 wén, 5 wén, 10 wén, and 20 wén and would soon be issued by various mints across the Chinese provinces. These coins were first issued by the Ministry of the Interior and later by the Ministry of Revenue and Expenditure. ### Coinage under the Xuantong Emperor Brass and silver coins issued under the Xuantong Emperor. Under the Xuantong Emperor both traditional copper cash coins, and modern machine-struck coins continued to be minted simultaneously, though only the Ministry of Revenue in Beijing and a few provincial mints continued to cast traditional cash coins as most mints had started to exclusively produce machined coins, and Kucha was the only mint still operating in Xinjiang casting "red cash" under the Xuantong Emperor. Under the Xuantong Emperor, two of Beijing's central-government operated mints would close. In 1910 new machine-made coins were issued. New denominations introduced in 1910 include: \| Denomination(in Traditional Chinese) \| Denomination(in English) \| Obverse image \| Reverse image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 一厘 \| 1 lí \| \| \| \| 五厘 \| 5 lí \| \| \| \| 一分 \| 1 fēn \| \| \| \| 二分 \| 2 fēn \| \| \| \| 壹圓 \| 1 yuán \| \| \| These denominations were not produced in large numbers as the Qing dynasty would be overthrown by the Xinhai revolution only a year later. By the end of the Qing dynasty the government's attempts at modernising the monetary system had failed and machined coins circulated alongside traditional coinages, this situation would continue under the Republic of China. Copper coinage -------------- See also: Zhiqian During the Qing dynasty period, the Chinese monetary system was a bimetallic system where both copper-alloy cash coins and silver circulated simultaneously. The copper-alloy currency during most of the Qing dynasty period consisted solely of cash coins with a denomination of 1 wén, which could be strung together into strings of 1,000 cash coins for larger payments. While strings officially consisted of 1,000 cash coins, normally it would contain only around 980 copper-alloy cash coins. A standard piece of copper-alloy cash coin in the 18th century weighted 0.12 tael, containing between 50%–70% of pure copper, and other metals in its alloy such as zinc and lead. The copper coinage of the Qing dynasty was officially set at an exchange rate of 1000 wén (or cash coins) for one tael of silver, however actual market rate often changed from low as 700 wén for 1 tael of silver to as high as 1200 wén for a single tael of silver during the 19th century. The actual exchange rates were dependent on a variety of factors such as the quantity of the coinage on the market and quality of individual coins. Most government cast coinage entered the market through soldiers. Because all copper-alloy cash coins of the Qing dynasty had both uniform shapes and weights, the denomination of the cash coins were not written down anywhere on the coins themselves, this was because for most of their history, a cash coin was always valued at 1 wén and payments were processed by counting the number of cash coins. The government of the Qing dynasty monopolised the production of copper-alloy cash coins, which constituted less than 20% of the total money circulating in China at the time, as well as the mining of copper, while the government allowed for the market to determine the price of silver. Because casting is a very simple process many private (illegal) mints started producing fake cash coins known as Sīzhùqián (私鑄錢) because government mints often could not meet the market's demand for money, as there barely was a difference in quality between "real" or Zhìqián (制錢) and "fake" coins, the sizhuqian were just as widely accepted by the general population as means of payment. Though barter had remained common during most of the Qing era, by the mid 19th century the Chinese market had evolved to be highly monetised. Due to the inflation caused by various military crises under the Xianfeng Emperor new larger denomination cash coins were issued, cash coins of 4 wén and higher being referred to as Dàqián (大錢). The cash coins produced by the two imperial mints located in Beijing and the provincial and regional mints usually fulfilled different functions. The local mints mostly produced cash coins for the payment of the salaries of the Bannermen and the wages of workers on government construction projects. The imperial mints (known as the Baoyuan Mint and Baoquan Mint) situated in the capital city of Beijing were the two most important ones in operation during the Qing dynasty period: their output of copper-alloy cash coins sustained the demands of the market, not only in Beijing itself, but also in the part of northern China situated near the capital city. The minting of copper-alloy cash coinage was decentralised due to the very high transaction cost of moving large amounts of metallic coins (and especially heavy copper-alloy cash coins that tended to have small values). Sometimes the production of copper coinage at provincial state mints was suspended but minting at the imperial mints in Beijing was always ensured by the Qing government. By the late Qing dynasty it had become apparent that carrying strings of cash coins was inconvenient compared to modern currencies. In 1900, 8 shillings converted into 32.6587 kilograms of copper cash coins and it was noted that if one of the straw strings holding the coins would break that it would cost more picking those coins up in time than the value retrieved from those coins. This was one of the many different factors leading Chinese people to more readily accept the modernisation of the currency. When comparing the contemporary Chinese monetary system of the Qing dynasty period with that of medieval Europe it shows that in both cases the chronic shortage of low-denomination coinages seems to be more an aspect of economic theory than actual history, as the gap that emerges between the legal tender (or nominal) value and the intrinsic metallic value will always be followed either by counterfeiting or by melting the currency down. ### Purchasing power of coins At the time Wu Jingzi's the Scholars was written in the 18th century 3 wén could buy a steamed bun, 4 wén could buy school food, 16 wén was enough for one bowl of noodles, and the annual tuition fee for school could be covered by 2,400 wén, but due to inflation the purchasing power of cash coins would decline in the next century. \| Period \| Amount of rice for 1000 wén(or 1 string of cash coins) \| \| --- \| --- \| \| 1651–1660 \| 99.6 kg \| \| 1681–1690 \| 136 kg \| \| 1721–1730 \| 116 kg \| \| 1781–1790 \| 57.3 kg \| \| 1811–1820 \| 25.2 kg \| \| 1841–1850 \| 21.6 kg \| ### Effects of the global devaluation of silver Traditionally, scholars of the monetary history of the Qing dynasty, and the Far East as a whole, have often debated whether or not the inflow or outflow of silver leads to an economic boom or an economic depression. Proponents of the classic bimetallic system would suggest that having two metals would dampen the shocks that result from a shortage of either one of the metals used in the economy for doing transactions with and would therefore stabilise the currency system. Besides the movement and flow of physical silver, the price of silver also had an effect on trade and the general economy. Theoretically, "cheap silver" (a term used to denote the relatively low price of silver in international market) can be taken in a bimetallic system or a silver standard system as a sudden and exogenous currency devaluation, and this would then indicate favourable terms of trade for silver standard countries as the devaluation of silver would encourage exports as the price of goods have been reduced, thus making it more favourable for foreign merchants to purchase these goods. The economy and monetary situation of the Qing dynasty from the 1870s onwards seem to contradict this hypothesis. During the 1870s many countries around the world replaced the silver standard with the gold standard, causing old silver coinages to be demonetised lowering the price of silver on a global scale. The demonetisation of silver in many countries not only led to a drop in the price of silver, but also increased the volatility of its price, the unstable exchange also offset some of the benefit from silver depreciation. The new silver deposits discovered in the Rocky Mountains in the United States and Canada also contributed to the price drop. Countries like Japan, Nguyễn Vietnam, and British India all benefited from this price reduction, but Qing China did not enjoy the benefits as much as other countries. In fact the Qing dynasty, while enjoying greater exports, began to import more during this period leading to a trade deficit. In Chongqing alone the value of foreign merchandise had fallen off by over Hk.Tls 1,250,000 in just a sort period of time because of the global devaluing of silver. During this period the general price of Chinese exports would increase because of the volatile silver price compared to both gold and copper, these increased prices further offset the depreciation benefit of the cheaper silver price. During this period most Chinese exports were in fact rural products whose prices were quoted in copper-alloy cash coins; the prices of these goods were then translated into silver at the point where they would be exported to other countries. A depreciation of the silver meant that the cheaper exchange rate between silver and copper-alloy cash coins would make these exports more expensive, despite the rural prices remaining relatively stable. The sudden and permanent decrease of the global price of silver had greatly destabilised the price relationship between copper and silver in China which was the basis for its bimetallic system, and therefore this depreciation challenged the entire monetary system of the Qing dynasty and would push it to be drastically changed. During this period the rural Chinese hinterland began to develop more cash crops for export as more treaty ports were forced to open, and while formerly it were the coastal regions that had a more export-oriented economy, the Chinese hinterland started to focus more on export. Traditionally, Chinese farmers sold their produce to middlemen who would then sell the products in treaty ports, but the "cheap silver" had made it more expensive for the middlemen to purchase these goods and the farmers would be less likely to accept silver for their products the further away from commercial cities or from the well-developed financial facilities they were. The higher exchange rate between silver and copper-alloy cash coins favouring the latter caused deflation and made the business of the middlemen less profitable. The government also minted less copper-alloy cash coins during this period because of the high cost of minting them, which further contributed to the shortage of copper-alloy cash coins in the Chinese economy. While the trade impact of the global "cheap silver" was largely confined to the coastal areas, the monetary impact of "cheap silver" was felt nationwide. A drop in the price of silver had further aggravated the shortage of copper-alloy cash coinage: the imperial mints in Beijing then consequently suspended the production of copper-alloy cash coinage due to the increased cost of production; and the existing cash as "undervalued money" (Gresham's law) were then melted down for their intrinsic value. Additionally, the provision of cash coinage was a centralised decision which was also implemented by regional governments throughout China. Because of these factors the Chinese were not able to seize the opportunity to increase their exports due to the "cheap silver" as Japan, India, and Vietnam had. In fact, rather than being an opportunity for China, "cheap silver" presented itself as a challenge for China, especially for the Chinese bimetallic monetary system. Despite a large silver inflow to treaty ports and urban centres throughout China, the vast Chinese rural population was now suffering from a shortage of copper-alloy cash coins. Only when the Chinese copper coinage was adequately depreciated could the trade benefits presented by "cheap silver" be realised and benefit the economy of the Qing dynasty. This could only be realised by once again devaluing the copper coinage. ### Scarcity of copper-alloy cash coins Due to the prevalence of "cheap silver" (an enormous decrease of the global price of silver) the copper-alloy cash coin-based economy of China suffered deflation which discouraged the export of Chinese products. International trade was further discouraged because of the scarcity of copper-alloy cash coins in rural China during the late 19th century. This scarcity not only discouraged international trade, but also long-distance exchanges within China because of the deflationary pressure. Furthermore, this scarcity of small denomination copper-alloy cash coins in China was having a negative impact on daily transactions, especially in the inland rural areas where absolutely no business was done in silver and the local people had an inelastic demand for these coins. The rural Chinese workers tended to only receive their salaries in copper-alloy cash coins and would pay their taxes in silver using the official government set exchange rates between the two metal currencies. When the scarcity started causing deflation the rural workers would receive lower salaries, but the government kept maintaining a relatively high exchange rate between the two currencies. According to reports published by provincial governors in the year 1896, the official exchange rate between copper-alloy cash coins and silver was 2200 wén for only 1 tael of silver; while at the time a tael of silver traded on the private market for 1600 wén to 1700 wén. > > "A real difficulty the government has to face is the scarcity of copper cash – a difficulty which is likely to increase, as the intrinsic value of the cash as metal is actually greater than that of the silver for which they at present exchange. The copper money purchasable for a tael of silver costs the Government for metal (copper and zinc) not less that Tls. 1,354, which does not include the cost of minting. This condition has not only restricted coinage but has resulted in a serious disappearance of the coins, due to melting down for the sake of the copper. The number of cash exchanged for a tael in Shanghai has fallen since 1892 from 1,400 to 1,170, and a further fall is to be feared." > > > – Imperial Customs Service (1898). This imbalance further resulted in permanent changes in the prices of goods and services relative to the other metal. The money stock was also affected as the amount of silver coinages in circulation kept increasing, while the stock of copper-alloy cash coins was surely decreasing, leading to even greater deflation in copper-based markets. As a result, the mints operated by the government of the Qing dynasty saw less motivation to produce more copper-alloy cash coins as they were now more expensive to make, as it now cost more silver to import sufficient amounts of copper for their production. The imperial government would continue to try to maintain the official exchange rate between copper-alloy cash coins and silver, but this only made copper-alloy cash coins into an "undervalued currency" and further discouraged it from circulating as people would hoard the coins driving them out of the market, further increasing their relative scarcity to silver (as is described by Gresham's law). This severely negatively affected the economy of rural areas where copper-alloy cash coins circulated as the principal (if not only) currency and was used in high frequency for the daily transactions of most (if not all) people in these regions. It has always been a challenge for the imperial Chinese government to debase the copper coinage to make its production more adorable. This was because debased coinages will be discounted on the market and always invite widespread counterfeiting. The solution to this problem was by introducing new machine-struck coinages that were produced by steam powered machines, this would make it more difficult for counterfeiters to produce fake coinages as the initial costs to purchase the machines needed for counterfeiting were very high and discouraged many would-be counterfeiters. The new technology allowed the Qing government to cast high-quality, standardised coins with machined edges. Therefore the new technology provided a for the government of the Qing dynasty a way to mint sufficient token coins at an affordable cost without inviting forgers to debase the new coinages even further. While the new technology allowed the Qing government to mint sufficient amounts of copper-alloy coins at an affordable cost, the new technology was not implemented throughout China at the same time as some provinces would adopt the technology later. Initially the new machine-struck coinages were well received where they were introduced, which helped other provincial mints adopt the new technology faster. ### Machine-struck cash coins Main article: Great Qing Copper Coin ### Counterfeit machine-struck coins Not long after these new copper coins were introduced, black market counterfeit versions of the 10 wén appeared, illegal mints opened all over China and started producing more coins than the Qing government's set quotas allowed there to be circulating on the market. Both Chinese and foreigners soon started producing struck cash coins of inferior quality often with traces of the Korean 5 fun coins they were overstruck on, or with characters and symbols not found on official government issued coins. These coins were often minted by Korean businessmen and former Japanese Samurai looking to make a profit on exchanging the low value copper coins into silver dollars as a single silver dollar had the purchasing power of 1000 Korean fun. The majority of the counterfeit coins bear the inscription that they were minted in either Zhejiang or Shandong, but they circulated all over the coastal regions of China. Cash coins made from other metals --------------------------------- ### Iron cash coins See also: Tieqian An iron Xianfeng Zhongbao (咸豐重寶) cash coin of 10 wén. During the second month of the year 1854 the government of the Qing dynasty supplemented the already debased coinage system with iron cash coins. The intrinsic value of iron cash coins was substantially lower than that of even the copper-alloy Zhiqian and Daqian. The aim the government had with the introduction of iron cash coins was to provide small change for a market that highly demanded it, as the Chinese market was already flooded with large denomination cash coinage and the Zhiqian 1 wén cash coins) by this point had become a rarity. The denominations of the newly introduced iron cash coins included 1 wén, 5 wén, and 10 wén. The intrinsic value of the 1 wén iron cash coin represented a debasement of 70% compared to the copper-alloy 1 wén Zhiqian. The market price of iron in 1854 was 40 wén (in Zhiqian) per catty. A catty of iron could be cast into 133 1 wén iron cash coins, or 66 5 wén iron cash coins (which would have a total nominal value of 330 wén), or 53 10 wén iron cash coins (which would have a total nominal value of 530 wén). Disregarding the cost of manufacturing the Chinese itself, a 1 wén iron cash coin indicated a debasement of 70%. Iron cash coins were easily produced with iron scrap, which on the market cost 15 wén per catty in 1854. While initially iron cash coins were mainly minted by the Ministry of Revenue mint and Ministry of Public Works mint in Beijing, afterwards the government of the Qing dynasty established a specific iron cash coins mint, known as the iron cash office (鐵錢局). The iron cash office also stored the iron cash coins. While the actual production numbers of iron cash coins remains unclear because of the limited entries about them in the records maintained by the Qing treasury, Peng Xinwei estimated, based on information he had gathered from Qing government memorials, that there had been an average annual production of 1,808,160 strings of iron cash coins between the year 1854 and 1855 and an annual production of 1,360,920 strings of iron cash coins during the years 1856 until 1859. In January of the year 1855 the province of Zhili started casting iron cash coins, a trial casting for a single year was to deliver 120,000 strings of standard cash coins to be brought to Beijing. This work was then carried out by one of the Chinese branch mints with 10 furnaces that was located just outside of the western suburbs of Baoding by the Lingyu Temple (靈雲宮). In May of the year 1857, the four existing copper furnaces of the main Zhili provincial mint in Baoding were altered to be iron cash coin furnaces and a new iron cash coin furnace added, while at the same time 10 new furnaces for the production of iron cash coins was added to the Zhili branch mint. The Zhili provincial mint had ceased the production of 10 wén iron cash coins in June 1857. Iron cash coin mints were also planned to be opened in the cities of Tianjin, Zhengding, and Daming for the production of 1 wén iron cash coins, but only Zhengding had established a mint for iron cash coins which had 10 furnaces in operation. In July of the year 1859 there were a total of 35 furnaces for the production of iron cash coins in the cities of Baoding and Zhengding and at that time around 1,000,000 strings of iron cash coins had been cast at both mints. Because the Chinese people were not using iron cash coins it was reported that 30 furnaces in Zhengding (which presumably also includes the furnaces of the Zhili provincial branch mint) were to be closed. In November 1859, the remaining 5 iron cash coin furnaces situated in Baoding were also closed. The function of iron cash coins was similar to that of Daqian, as it was primarily used as a way to continue paying the salaries of bannermen and other government workers. According to Qing government memorials, large amounts of iron cash coins were used as a means to pay salaries between the years 1856 and 1857 due to a noted justification that "the Chinese public was craving for small change". By the year 1856 the iron 10 wén cash coins were so much depreciated that they were dropped out of general circulation. From this point onwards only iron 1 wén cash coins would remain in general circulation, however, it was common for shops to deny them as a form of payment and there was extensive counterfeiting of iron cash coins, which further lowered the public's trust in them. Only a single entry in the Qing government archive mentions them from this point, as it is stated that in the year 1856 the government of the Qing dynasty had 431,515.849 strings of iron cash coins deposited in the imperial treasury vault. This entry may be seen as supplementary evidence to suggest that copper-alloy cash coinage had almost completely disappeared in or before this year. Iron cash coins would soon become valueless and the coinage was ultimately suspended in the year 1859. ### Lead cash coins It was reported in the records of the Qing dynasty that lead cash coins were minted for a brief period in the year 1854, although it seems that these lead cash coins were never actually introduced into the Chinese market and therefore did not circulate. ### Zinc cash coins In July 1854 a superintendent of the Ministry of Revenue mint reported that different metals like gold, silver, copper, iron, and zinc are alike when used and believed that if copper could be substituted for iron, iron could be substituted for zinc. The Ministry of Revenue mint initiated trial castings of zinc cash coins, but caused the mint staff to be anxious over the fact that zinc cash coinage is very brittle and easy to break. It was then decided to make cash coins with an alloy of 80% (brittle) zinc and 20% (soft) lead, as these zinc-alloy cash coins would then be better to circulate and would be more acceptable for the people. It was then proposed to replace the monthly production of 2 mǎo (卯) of Zhiqian with the zinc-alloy cash coins because the Ministry of Revenue mint had zinc in store, which would immediately allow the mint to save 100,000 catty of copper. List of cash coins issued by the Qing dynasty --------------------------------------------- See also: List of Chinese cash coins by inscription Silver coinage -------------- Originally imperial China was on a monometallic standard of using only bronze cash coins during most of its history, but the large influx, because of international trade, of silver during the Ming dynasty period created a bimetallic system in China. From the 3rd century B.C. copper had been the paramount currency of most of China but during the 16th and 17th centuries A.D. this had changed. Silver had long been the currency for China's overseas trade until the mid-1930s. China during most of the Qing dynasty period was not a silver producing country and its silver supply relied on imports from abroad. It was only during the 1890s that provincial Chinese mints started producing native silver coinages. ### Status of silver during the Qing dynasty During the most of the Qing dynasty period silver circulated in China in two forms, that of silver sycees and foreign silver dollars (primarily Spanish dollars from Spanish Philippines). Silver was used more in interregional trade and was more often used to pay for large transactions, furthermore it was not counted by denomination but by weight. The primary weight unit of silver was the tael. Contrary to copper, silver was not monopolised by the government but the price of silver instead was determined by the market. The tael was used both as a unit of account as well as a unit of weight, the concept is similar to "pound" and "pound sterling". There were various standards for defining the weight of a tael, this was because the weighing scales varied a lot between the different regions of China and Qing government bodies. The weight unit "tael" (兩) usually varied between 33.99 and 37.50 grams, but when used as a unit of account the "silver tael" (銀兩) had many different definitions that were based in terms of purity and fineness of the silver being weighed. For example, the Treasury tael (Kuping liang or Kuping tael) is the standard for taxation, the Maritime Customs tael (Haiguan liang or Haikwan tael) is the standard used in the Maritime Customs Service, the market tael (Shiping liang) is the standard used in the market in Beijing. Contrary to how the supply and demand of copper was regulated through government channels, supply and demand of silver was determined solely by the market. The domestic silver production in China was generally low and the silver in China came mostly from Edo Japan and later from the Americas, mainly through international trade with foreign merchants. This situation of silver in Qing China is similar to that of medieval England. The Kingdom of England did not produce significant amounts of silver by itself and therefore its coinage was closely associated with its overseas and international trade. The monarchs, both in imperial China and in the Kingdom of England, did not own the native silver supply. But unlike the English Crown, which had set up royal mints in England to strike the silver bullion into coins with a nominal (or face) value, the Chinese Emperor allowed only silver bullion itself to circulate in various forms throughout his empire. The government of the Qing dynasty provided only the standard unit (known as the Kuping tael) that a silver ingot should be melted into, which itself evolved into one of the many different "taels" that was used for silver bullion to be traded. Because the purchasing power of silver bullion was so much higher than that of copper-alloy cash coins, silver was used primarily for larger transactions and long-distance trade as well as international trade, while copper-alloy cash coinage was therefore not taken as subsidiary money: it was the currency for daily and smaller transactions and copper was the only currency in rural China during the Qing dynasty period. Silver also enjoyed a special status as it was also the major form of currency that was used for the payment taxes and government expenditures. Because of this, the government of the Qing dynasty had attempted to establish a fixed rate for the exchange of copper-alloy cash coins and silver bullion. During the majority of the Qing dynasty period, the official ratio between silver (in taels) and copper-alloy cash coins (in wén) was maintained at 1:1,000. The ratio was later revised to 1:2,000 during the 1840s, due to the rising price of silver. This theoretical official exchange rate was in practice not enforced by any government institution as because the imperial government did not coin any silver, it had no control over how silver circulated on the market. As the silver flow was primarily based on foreign trade and silver both entered and left China in large numbers, the market exchange rate between silver and copper changed drastically over time and tended to fluctuate, furthermore this exchange rate also varied from region to region. Services specialising in money exchanges, known as money-changers, developed in this currency system, and the exchange normally took place in commercial centres and trade ports where different trades were frequently carried out. The currency system in China during the Qing dynasty is sometimes called a "parallel bimetallic system", to distinguish it from the more conventional model of a bimetallic system. The term "parallel bimetallic system" is given to this system because it functioned more like a form of coexistence of "two currency systems, each using a different metal" than an actual bimetallic system. Also unlike real bimetallism in other countries, the actual exchange ratio between the two different metal currencies was not actually fixed; the exchange ratio tended to vary depending on time and place. ### Imperial government produced silver coinages Government produced silver coins during the Qianlong era During the reign of the Qianlong Emperor commemorative silver coins with the portrait of the Tibetan Panchen Lama are known to have been produced. Government produced silver coins during the Daoguang era During the reign of the Daoguang Emperor several attempts were made in China for the native production of government backed silver coinage, the first of such attempts were tried in the year 1821. Machine-struck Chinese silver coins were known to have been first produced in the year 1822, by the modern Jilin Arsenal Mint (吉林機器局). These early milled silver coins were known as the Changpingliang (廠平兩, literally "factory tael") and only had the denomination of one tael. These silver Changpingliang were not manufactured in any high numbers and are consequently very rare today. Other models of modern silver coinages, which are known as ban (板), that were known to have been produced in the cities of Guangzhou, Fuzhou, Hangzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi, and Jiangxi. The models of milled silver coins produced in Wuxi are known as xiban (錫板) and the ones produced in Jiangxi are known as tuban (土板). There were also the models known as Wuzhuang (吳莊) and Xingzhuang (行莊). Another early attempt at creating a native government-produced silver Chinese coinage was made by Lin Zexu, he created a system of silver coinages known as the Yinbing (銀餅, literally "Silver cakes") which had a standard weight of 0.72 tael, but the Yinbing was eventually rejected by the Jiangsu market. The earliest known surviving modern silver coins of the Qing dynasty period were manufactured in the city of Zhangtai, Fujian. There are two types of these modern silver Zhangtai coins, one featured an image, this image either consisted of Shouxing, the God of longevity, a pair of crossed Ruyi scepters, or a pair of crossed writing brushes, which are known as bibao (筆寶). The other known type of Zhangtai silver coins featured both ornaments and inscriptions, the first type of these inscribed silver coins featured the inscriptions Daoguang Nian Zhu (道光年鑄) and Zuwen Yinbing (足紋銀餅), and the indication of the value of the coin, namely the inscription Kuping Qi-Er (庫平柒弍, "0.72 Kuping tael"). The reverse side of these coins featured a tripod with a Manchu language inscription indicating the mint where it was produced. The coins without images were inscribed with the Chinese characters for "Junxiang" (軍餉), this inscription being a rather clear indication of the method that the government of the Qing dynasty used to throw money on the Chinese local markets. The ornaments on the second type of silver coins were mostly imitations of the decorations that are depicted on the various foreign coins that circulated in the region at the time, but sometimes these ornaments just merged Chinese characters, like jinshen (謹慎, "reverentially"). These silver coins were brought into general circulation through military salaries (Junxiang), and unlike the earlier attempts were accepted by the local Jiangsu market. The date when these modern silver coins of southeast China were exactly produced remains unclear today, but they were certainly not produced before the 19th century. Government produced silver coins during the Xianfeng era See also: Hubu Guanpiao During the Xianfeng period the government did not issue its own silver coins, but it did issue a series of banknotes that were nominally worth silver in weight (taels). Government produced silver coins during the Guangxu era Prior to 1 tael being standardised at 50 g. by the government of the People's Republic of China in 1959, the weight "tael" differed substantially from province to province, the Qing government maintained that 1 tael equals 37.5 g. and this measurement was referred to as the Kuping tael (庫平两), and by official Qing government standards 1 Kuping tael = 10 Mace = 100 Candareens. Under the Guangxu Emperor several Kuping tael coins were struck in Tianjin from 1903 until 1907, and mostly served as salary for the soldiers. Despite the central government's attempts at unifying the standards provincial coinage remained the de facto standard across China. Since the 1870s, silver was used both as an official form of currency in Qing China and a commodity in the international market, for this reason the international price of silver was considered to be indicative of the international exchange rate of the Chinese currency. When the global price of silver experienced a lot of fluctuation the unstable exchange rate of the Chinese currency made pricing on the Chinese market much less predictable and therefore the volatility in the pricing of silver at the time had discouraged trade. In the year 1903 the imperial Chinese government had issued a decree that was intended to standardise the Chinese silver coins in circulation, but in actuality the government decree was never really implemented. The highest standard of indigenous Chinese coinages produced under Qing rule was probably achieved by the gold, silver, and copper coins produced in the city of Tianjin between the years 1906 and 1907. Government produced silver coins during the Xuantong era Only as late as 1910 was it decided by the Qing government to have a unified national currency that would be produced in Wuchang and in Nanjing. The government of the Qing dynasty had issued a number of new regulations that would create a uniform national silver currency system. Under the Xuantong Emperor another attempt at standardising the Qing dynasty's silver coinage was made in 1911 (Xuantong 3) a large amount of "dragon dollars" bearing the inscription "壹圓" (yīyuán) were minted, these were the only Qing dynasty coins with that inscription and also featured the English legend "One Dollar". These coins were all cast at the Central Tianjin Mint. The coin was called yuán (圓 or 元, in this context meaning "dollar") and they had a standard weight of 0.72 tael. It was inscribed with the words Great Qing Silver Coin (大清銀幣) and was introduced into the Chinese market in October of the year 1910. After the fall of the Qing dynasty sycees were demonetised in 1933 and Qing dynasty silver coins in 1935 as they were replaced with paper money. ### Provincial and private silver coinages #### Provincial silver coins based on foreign coins Main article: Silver Dragon (coin) #### 1910 Yunnan "spring dollars" In the year 1910 the provincial government of Yunnan issued a Chinese dragon dollar coin that is commonly known as the "Yunnan Spring dollar", the coin was issued after the government of the Qing dynasty had enacted the "Currency Regulations" (traditional Chinese: 幣制則例; simplified Chinese: 币制则例; pinyin: bì zhì zé lì) on 15 April 1910. The Yunnanese government had quickly taken the coin dies that they had been using to make the silver coins they issued in 1909 and would then engrave these new coins with an additional inscription at the top stating "Made in the Yunnan Province in the spring of the year Gengxu (1910)" (traditional Chinese: 庚戌春季雲南造; simplified Chinese: 庚戌春季云南造; pinyin: gēng xū chūn jì yún nán zào).This the only coin in the numismatic history of China that features a season of the year as part of the date. This was done because according to the traditional Chinese calendar that was in use at the time, the "spring" was a time that referred to the first 3 months of the year, January, February, and March. The centre of the obverse of the Yunnan Spring dollar contains the inscription "Xuantong Yuanbao" (宣統元寶), while on the bottom it contains the denomination of the coin as "Kuping Qi Qian Er Fen" (traditional Chinese: 庫平七錢二分; simplified Chinese: 库平七钱二分; pinyin: kù píng qī qián èr fēn, "Treasury Standard 7 Mace and 2 Candareens"). The reverse side of the coin features prominent dragon. The Yunnan mint deliberately wrote down that the coin was issued in "the spring of 1910", because the new regulations set by the imperial government would not take effect until April 1910. However, the imperial Chinese government soon discovered the scheme at the Yunnan mint and quickly ordered that all these of these new "spring dollar" coins were to be withdrawn and later melted down. In 1920 during the early Republican era it was discovered that an extremely small number of these coins had escaped being destroyed and these surviving specimens that are now known are commonly referred to as the "Yunnan Spring dollars" by Chinese numismatists and coin collectors. Only two genuine specimens are known to exist making it among the very rarest of China's coins. * In April of the year 2002 the first genuine "Yunnan Spring dollar" to appear at public auction was sold in Beijing, at the Hua Chen auction. * In 2007 the same "Yunnan Spring dollar" as above was re-sold in a Cheng Xuan sale in Beijing where the coin was sold for ¥3,192,000 ($468,000). * In August of the year 2010 the same "Yunnan Spring dollar" as above was sold at a Hong Kong auction by Michael Chou, of Champion Hong Kong Auction for $1,035,000. #### Private production of silver coinage An illustration of various weights of privately produced silver sycees. Despite silver making up the other half of the bimetallic system of the Qing dynasty's coinage it was not officially produced by the government until the later period of the dynasty where the silver coins would be based on the foreign coins that already circulated in China. Government ledgers used it as a unit of account, in particular the Kuping Tael (庫平兩) was used for this. For most of its history both the production and the measurements of silver was in the hands of the private market which handled the exclusive production of silver currency, the greatest amount of silver ingots in China was produced by private silversmiths (銀樓) in professional furnaces (銀爐), only a very small amount of silver ingots was issued by government-owned banks during the late 19th century. While assayers and moneychangers had control over its exchange rates, for this reason no unified system of silver currency in place in China but a series of different types of silver ingots that were used in various markets throughout the country. The most common form of silver ingots (元寶 or 寶銀) in China were the "horse-hoof ingots" (馬蹄銀) and could weigh as much as fifty taels, there were also "middle-size ingots" (中錠) which usually weigh around 10 taels, "small-size ingots" (小錠) that weighed between one and five taels, and "silver crumbs" (碎銀 or 銀子). All freshly cast ingots were sent to official assayers (公估局) where their weight and fineness were marked with a brush. However, these determinations were only valid on the local market and nowhere else do silver ingots were constantly reassessed which was the daily business of Chinese money changers. In fact, silver ingots were weighed in each single transaction. Silver ingots were traded at different rates that were dependent on the purity of their silver content, the average ones were known as Wenyin (紋銀) or Zubao (足寶) which had (theoretical) purity of .935374, meanwhile specimens that were of higher quality and content were referred to by true surplus that was to be advanced on changing. Exempli gratia a silver ingot known as an "Er-Si Bao" (二四寶) with a weight of fifty taels was valued at 52.4 taels. Likewise other silver standards in China were all geared to the Wenyin such as the Shanghai tael that used in the foreign concession of the city, for instance, was called the Jiuba Guiyuan (九八規元) because it had 98 per cent of the purity of the Shanghai standard tael (規元). The standard tael of Tianjin was called the Xinghua (行化) and that of Hankou was known as the Yangli (洋例). During the Xianfeng period a series of "silver cakes" (銀餅) was issued in 1856 by three private banks in the city of Shanghai, namely the Wang Yong Sheng (王永盛), Jing Zheng Ji (經正記), and Yu Sen Sheng (郁森盛). Their cakes were manufactured by steel matrices and they tended to have a weight of 1 tael and 0.5 tael. ### Weights and standards The most commonly used English term to describe Chinese silver ingots is "sycee" (細絲), which comes from a Cantonese term meaning "fine weight" where the "weight" (絲, sī) represents 0.00001 tael. However a large number of regional terms and names for these silver ingots existed throughout China, these names include: \| Name \| Traditional Chinese \| Simplified Chinese \| Region \| Image of a regionally produced sycee \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Yuansi \| 元絲 \| 元丝 \| Southern Jiangsu and Zhejiang. \| \| \| Yanche \| 鹽撤 \| 盐撤 \| Jiangxi, Hubei, and Hunan. \| \| \| Xicao Shuisi \| 西鏪水絲 \| 西鏪水丝 \| Shandong. \| \| \| Tucao \| 土鏪 \| 土鏪 \| Sichuan. \| \| \| Liucao \| 柳鏪 \| 柳鏪 \| Sichuan. \| \| \| Huixiang \| 茴香 \| 茴香 \| Sichuan. \| \| \| Yuancao \| 元鏪 \| 元鏪 \| Shaanxi and Gansu. \| \| \| Beiliu \| 北流 \| 北流 \| Guangxi. \| \| \| Shicao \| 石鏪 \| 石鏪 \| Yunnan. \| \| \| Chahua \| 茶花 \| 茶花 \| Yunnan. \| \| Among the aforementioned regional names other designations for sycees were Qingsi (青絲), Baisi (白絲), Danqing (單傾), Shuangqing (雙傾), Fangcao (方鏪), and Changcao (長鏪) among many others. Aside from the large number of names for sycees that existed in China there was also a wealth of different weight standards for taels that existed that were different from market to market. One of the larger variants of the tael was the Kuping Tael (庫平兩) which was used by the Chinese Ministry of Revenue for both weight measurements as well as a unit of account used during tax collections. In 1858 a new trade tax was introduced which used the Sea Customs tael (海關兩) as a unit of account, meanwhile in Guangdong the Canton Tael (廣平兩) was used when trading with foreign merchants. Another unit of account that was used was the Grain Tribute Tael (漕平兩) which was used for measuring and accounting the tribute the imperial Chinese government received in grain. Gold coinage ------------ Main article: Great Qing Gold Coin Mint marks ---------- Golden 1 tael Great Qing Gold Coin (大清金幣) coins produced under the reign of the Guangxu Emperor. In total there had been more than 50 local mints established that each bore their own unique mint marks, however several of these mints operated only for a brief time before discontinuing their casting of cash coins, mint marks on Qing dynasty coinage can be categorised into 7 main categories based on the scripts on the reverse sides of the coins: 1) only have Manchu script mint marks; 2) Only have mint marks in Chinese script with the weight of the coin in lí; 3) have both Manchu, and Chinese script mint marks; 4) only have a single Chinese character indicating the mint on the top of the reverse side; 5) Only contain the character "一" (1) on the reserve 6) have both Manchu, and Chinese scripts together on the right and left sides of the coin, plus the denomination of the denomination on the top and bottom, and 7) have Chinese, Manchu, and Arabic script together on the reverse side of the coin. ### Chinese mint marks Mint marks on coins issued from 1644 until 1661: \| Mint mark(Traditional Chinese) \| Mint mark(Simplified Chinese) \| Issuing office \| Image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 戶 \| 户 \| The Ministry of Revenue,Beijing \| \| \| 工 \| 工 \| The Ministry of Public Works,Beijing \| \| \| 陝 \| 陕 \| Xi'an,Shaanxi \| \| \| 臨 \| 临 \| Linqing garrison,Shandong \| \| \| 宣 \| 宣 \| Xuanhua garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 延 \| 延 \| Yansui garrison,Shanxi \| \| \| 原 \| 原 \| Taiyuan,Shanxi \| \| \| 西 \| 西 \| Shanxi provincial mint \| \| \| 雲 \| 云 \| Miyun garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 同 \| 同 \| Datong garrison,Shanxi \| \| \| 荊 \| 荆 \| Jingzhou garrison,Hubei \| \| \| 河 \| 河 \| Kaifeng,Henan \| \| \| 昌 \| 昌 \| Wuchang,Hubei \| \| \| 甯 \| 宁 \| Jiangning,Jiangsu \| \| \| 江 \| 江 \| Nanchang,Jiangxi \| \| \| 浙 \| 浙 \| Hangzhou,Zhejiang \| \| \| 福 \| 福 \| Fuzhou,Fujian \| \| \| 陽 \| 阳 \| Yanghe garrison,Shaanxi \| \| \| 襄 \| 襄 \| Xiangyang,Hubei \| \| From 1653 until 1657 another type of cash coin was simultaneously cast with the above series, but these coins contained the extra inscription of "一厘" (Equals one lí of silver) on the back. They were generally minted at the same mints as the above cash coin series but were not minted at the Yansui garrison, the Shanxi province, and the Jingzhou garrison while another mint at Jinan, Shandong was opened for these coins, with coins cast there bearing the mark "東". Additionally there were also coins cast with no mint mark that only contain the character "一" (1) on their reserves indicating their value in Ií. Between 1660 and 1661 cash coins were manufactured with both a Manchu (on the left), and a Chinese (on the right) character as mint marks. The following mints produced these coins: \| Mint mark(Traditional Chinese) \| Mint mark(Simplified Chinese) \| Issuing office \| Image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 陝 \| 陕 \| Xi'an,Shaanxi \| \| \| 臨 \| 临 \| Linqing garrison,Shandong \| \| \| 宣 \| 宣 \| Xuanhua garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 薊 \| 蓟 \| Jizhou garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 原 \| 原 \| Taiyuan,Shanxi \| \| \| 同 \| 同 \| Datong garrison,Shanxi \| \| \| 河 \| 河 \| Kaifeng,Henan \| \| \| 昌 \| 昌 \| Wuchang,Hubei \| \| \| 甯 \| 宁 \| Jiangning,Jiangsu \| \| \| 寧 \| 宁 \| Ningbo, Zhejiang \| \| \| 江 \| 江 \| Nanchang,Jiangxi \| \| \| 浙 \| 浙 \| Hangzhou,Zhejiang \| \| \| 東 \| 东 \| Jinan,Shandong \| \| Under the reign of the Kangxi Emperor coins with only Manchu reverse inscriptions and both Manchu and Chinese reverse inscriptions were cast. The coins of the Kangxi Emperor were also the basis for the coins of the Yongzheng, Qianlong, and Jiaqing Emperors. Under the Kangxi Emperor coins were produced at these mints: \| Mint mark(Traditional Chinese) \| Mint mark(Simplified Chinese) \| Issuing office \| Image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 同 \| 同 \| Datong garrison,Shanxi \| \| \| 福 \| 福 \| Fuzhou,Fujian \| \| \| 臨 \| 临 \| Linqing garrison,Shandong \| \| \| 東 \| 东 \| Jinan,Shandong \| \| \| 江 \| 江 \| Nanchang,Jiangxi \| \| \| 宣 \| 宣 \| Xuanhua garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 原 \| 原 \| Taiyuan,Shanxi \| \| \| 蘇 \| 苏 \| Suzhou,Jiangsu \| \| \| 薊 \| 蓟 \| Jizhou garrison,Zhili \| \| \| 昌 \| 昌 \| Wuchang,Hubei \| \| \| 甯 \| 宁 \| Jiangning,Jiangsu \| \| \| 河 \| 河 \| Kaifeng,Henan \| \| \| 南 \| 南 \| Changsha,Hunan \| \| \| 廣 \| 广 \| Guangzhou,Guangdong \| \| \| 浙 \| 浙 \| Hangzhou,Zhejiang \| \| \| 臺 \| 台 \| Taiwan \| \| \| 桂 \| 桂 \| Guilin,Guangxi \| \| \| 陝 \| 陕 \| Xi'an,Shaanxi \| \| \| 雲 \| 云 \| Yunnan \| \| \| 漳 \| 漳 \| Zhangzhou,Fujian \| \| \| 鞏 \| 巩 \| Gongchang,Gansu \| \| \| 西 \| 西 \| Shanxi provincial mint \| \| \| 寧 \| 宁 \| Ningbo, Zhejiang \| \| ### Manchu mint marks ᠪᠣᠣ ᠶᠣᠨᠨ mint mark on a Xuān Tǒng Tōng Bǎo (宣統通寶) coin indicating that it was cast in Kunming, Yunnan. Another series of bronze cash coins was introduced with Manchu script on the reverse sides of the coin from 1657, many mints contained the Manchu word ᠪᠣᠣ (Boo) on the left, which is Manchu for "寶" (indicating "treasure" or "currency") on the obverse side of these coins. To the right of them would often appear a word indicating the issuing agency of the coin. Qing dynasty coinage with exclusive Manchu mint marks are by far the most commonly produced type. Large denomination cash coins of the Xianfeng Emperor bore Manchu mint marks on the left and right sides of the reverse sides, and the value of the coin on the top and bottom. Coins with exclusive Manchu inscriptions continued to be cast until the end of the Qing dynasty.[page needed] Manchu mint marks are: \| Mint mark \| Möllendorff \| Place of minting \| Province \| Time in operation \| Image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠴᡳᠣᠸᠠᠨ \| Boo Ciowan \| Ministry of Revenue (hùbù, 戶部), Beijing \| Zhili \| 1644–1911 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ \| Boo Yuwan \| Ministry of Public Works (gōngbù, 工部), Beijing \| Zhili \| 1644–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠰᡳᡠᠸᠠᠨ \| Siowan \| Xuanfu \| Zhili \| 1644–1671 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠰᠠᠨ \| Boo San \| Xi'an \| Shaanxi \| 1644–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠯᡳᠨ \| Lin \| Linqing \| Shandong \| 1645–1675 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡤᡳ \| Gi \| Jizhou (蓟) \| Zhili \| 1645–16711854 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡷᡳ \| Boo Zhi \| Baoding \| Zhili \| 1747–1899 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡨᡠᠩ \| Tung \| Datong \| Shanxi \| 1645–16491656–1674 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ(1645–1729)ᠪᠣᠣᠵᡳᠨ (1729–1908) \| Yuwan (1645–1729)Boo Jin (1729–1908) \| Taiyuan \| Shanxi \| 1645–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠶᡡᠨ \| Yūn \| Miyun \| Zhili \| 1645–1671 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠴᠠᠩ(1646–1729)ᠪᠣᠣᡠ (1729–1908) \| Cang (1646–1729)Boo U (1729–1908) \| Wuchang, Wuhan \| Hubei \| 1646–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡥᠣ \| Boo Ho \| Kaifeng \| Henan \| 16471729–17311854–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡶᡠᠩ \| Boo Fung \| Fengtian \| Fengtian \| 1647–16481880–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠴᠠᠩ (1647–1729)ᡤᡳᠶᠠᠩ (1729–1908) \| Boo Chang (1647–1729)Giyang (1729–1908) \| Nanchang \| Jiangxi \| 1647–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠨᡳᠩ \| Ning \| Jiangning \| Jiangsu \| 1648–1731 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡶᡠ \| Boo Fu \| Fuzhou \| Fujian \| 1649–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠵᡝ \| Boo Je \| Hangzhou \| Zhejiang \| 1649–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡩᡠᠩ (1649–1729; 1887–1908)ᠪᠣᠣᠵᡳ (1729–1887) \| Dung (1649–1729; 1887–1908)Boo Ji (1729–1887) \| Jinan \| Shandong \| 1649–17381854–18701887–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠶᠣᠨᠨ \| Boo Yonn \| Kunming \| Yunnan \| 1653–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠴᡠᠸᠠᠨ \| Boo Cuwan \| Chengdu \| Sichuan \| 1667–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡤᡠᠩ \| Gung \| Gongchang \| Gansu \| 1667–17401855–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠰᡠ \| Boo Su \| Suzhou \| Jiangsu \| 1667–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠨᠠᠨ \| Boo Nan \| Changsha \| Hunan \| 1667–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡤᡠᠸᠠᠩ \| Boo Guwang \| Guangzhou \| Guangdong \| 1668–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡤᡠᡳ \| Boo Gui \| Guilin \| Guangxi \| 1668–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡤᡳᠶᠠᠨ \| Boo Giyan \| Guiyang \| Guizhou \| 1668–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠵᠠᠩ \| Jang \| Zhangzhou \| Fujian \| 1680–1682 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡨᠠᡳ \| Boo Tai \| Taiwan-Fu \| Taiwan \| 1689–17401855–Unknown \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠠᠨ \| Boo An \| Jiangning, Jiangsu \| Anhui \| 1731–1734 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡷᡳ \| Boo Jy \| Baoding \| Zhili \| 1745–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠶᡝᡵᡴᡳᠶᠠᠩ \| Yerkiyang \| Yarkant \| Xinjiang \| 1759–1864 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡠᠰᡥᡳ \| Ushi \| Uši \| Xinjiang \| 1766–1911 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡳ \| Boo I \| Ghulja \| Xinjiang \| 1775–1866 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠶᠣᠨᠨ (1733–1799) ᠪᠣᠣᡩᠣᠩ (1799–1908) \| Boo Yonn (1733–1799) Boo Dong (1799–1908) \| Dongchuan \| Yunnan \| 1733–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡬᡳ \| Boo Gi \| Jizhou (蓟)Jilin (吉) \| Hebei (1851–1861)Jilin (1861–1912) \| 1851–1912 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡩᡝ \| Boo De \| Jehol \| Zhili \| 1854–1858 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡴᠠᠰᡥᡤᠠᡵ \| Kashgar \| Kashgar \| Xinjiang \| 1855–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡩᡳ (1855–1886; 1907–1908)ᠶᡠᠸᠠᠨ (1886–1907) \| Boo Di (1855–1886; 1907–1908)Yuwan (1886–1907) \| Ürümqi \| Xinjiang \| 1855–18641886–18901907–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡴᡠᠴᠠ \| Kuca \| Kucha \| Xinjiang \| 1857–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᠵᡳᠶᡝᠨ \| Boo Jiyen \| Tianjin \| Zhili \| 1880–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᡥᡡ \| Hu \| Dagu \| Zhili \| 1880–1908 \| \| \| Manchu: ᠪᠣᠣᡤᡠᠩ \| Boo Gung \| Kunshan \| Jiangsu \| \| \| \| Manchu: ᠠᡴᠰᡠ \| Aksu \| Aksu \| Xinjiang \| \| \| \| Manchu: ᠵᡳᠩ \| Jing \| Jingzhou-Fu \| Hubei \| 1648–1657 \| \| ### Chinese, Manchu, and Uyghur mint marks Additionally coins from the Southern Xinjiang province can also have 3 different scripts on the reverse side of the coin being Manchu, Chinese, and Arabic scripts. An example would be a coin from Aksu would have the Chinese 阿 on top, the Manchu ᠠᡴᠰᡠ on the left, and the Uyghur Perso-Arabic ئاقسۇ on the right. Another differentiating feature of Xinjiang coins is that they tend to be more red in colour reflecting on the colour of the local copper mined in the province. Tibetan coinage under the Qing ------------------------------ Main articles: Historical money of Tibet and Tibet under Qing rule Xinjiang -------- Main article: Hongqian See also: Xinjiang coins, Silk Road Numismatics, and Xinjiang under Qing rule Commemorative coins ------------------- * In 1713, a special Kāng Xī Tōng Bǎo (康熙通寶) cash coin was issued to commemorate the sixtieth birthday of the Kangxi Emperor, these bronze coins were produced with a special yellowish colour, and these cash coins believed to have "the powers of a charm" immediately when it entered circulation, this commemorative coin contains a slightly different version of the Hanzi symbol "熙", at the bottom of the cash, as this character would most commonly have a vertical line at the left part of it but did not have it, and the part of this symbol which was usually inscribed as "臣" has the middle part written as a "口" instead. Notably, the upper left area of the symbol "通" only contains a single dot as opposed of the usual two dots used during this era. Several myths were attributed to this coin over the following 300 years since it has been cast such as the myth that the coin was cast from molten down golden statues of the 18 disciples of the Buddha which earned this coin the nicknames "the Lohan coin" and "Arhat money". These commemorative kāng xī tōng bǎo cash coins were given to children as yā suì qián (壓歲錢) during Chinese new year, some women wore them akin to how an engagement ring is worn today, and in rural Shanxi young men wore this special kāng xī tōng bǎo cash coin between their teeth like men from cities had golden teeth. Despite the myths surrounding this coin it was made from a copper-alloy and did not contain any gold but it was not uncommon for people to enhance the coin with gold leaf. * Commemorative silver coins with the portrait of the Panchen Lama of Tibet are known to be produced during the Qianlong reign. * In 1905, the Qing dynasty issued special silver 1 tael Guāng Xù Yuán Bǎo (光緒元寶) coins celebrating the 70th birthday of Empress Dowager Cixi. These coins feature the Chinese character for longevity (壽) surrounded by 2 Imperial dragons reaching out to the wish-granting pearl. Vault protector coins of the Qing dynasty ----------------------------------------- Main article: Vault protector coin Foreign silver "dollars" circulating in the Qing dynasty -------------------------------------------------------- See also: Chop marks on coins A chopmarked Spanish 8 reales coin. Under the reign of the Qing dynasty foreign silver coins entered China in large numbers, these silver coins were known in China as the Yangqian (洋錢, "ocean money") or Fanqian (番錢, "barbarian money"). During the 17th and 18th centuries Chinese trade with European merchants was in a constant rise, as the Chinese were not consumers of larger contingents of commodities from Europe they largely received foreign silver currency for their exports. As the Europeans discovered a vast quantity of silver mines in the Americas the status of silver rose to be that of an international currency and silver became the most important metal used in international transactions globally, this also had a profound impact on the value of Chinese silver. Other than trade, Europeans were interested in the Chinese market due to the high interest rates on loans paid out to Chinese merchants in Guangzhou by the Europeans. Another common reason why European merchants traded with the Chinese was because as various types of precious metals had different prices around the world the price of gold was much lower in China than in Europe. Meanwhile, Chinese merchants used copper-alloy cash coins to purchase silver from the Europeans and Japanese during this period. Silver coins largely circulated in the coastal provinces of China and the most important form of silver were the foreign silver coins that circulated in China and these were known under many different names often dependent on the imagery depicted on them. According to the 1618 book Dong-Xiyang Kao (東西洋考) a chapter on the local products of the island of Luzon in the Spanish East Indies (Philippines) mentions that Chinese observers witnessed a silver coin that came from New Spain (Mexico) while other Chinese observers would claim that it came from Spain. These silver dollars came from the North American part of New Spain to the Philippines through the Manila galleons in the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade and were brought to Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Guangzhou, Macau, Xiamen, and Ningbo by Chinese merchants. Trade with the Kingdom of Portugal commenced after the Portuguese occupation of Macau in 1557 and two decades later trade with Castile was established, trade with the Dutch Republic started in 1604 with their occupation of the Penghu islands, and with the Kingdom of Great Britain in 1729. By the end of the eighteenth century China was also trading with the newly established United States of America. Despite Chinese merchants valuing both foreign silver coins (銀元) and Chinese silver ingots (銀兩) based on their silver content, the government of the Qing dynasty still enforced the opinion that the silver coins that originated in foreign countries was somehow of inferior value than the Chinese sycees. Yet the private Chinese markets did not share this opinion with the imperial Qing government as the populations of the coastal provinces (and Guangdong most in particular) held the foreign silver coins in high esteem due to various advantages such as their fixed nominal values and their consistently reliable fineness of their silver content which all made them be used for transactions without having to undergo a process of assaying or weighing as is expected of sycees. The year 1814 the market value of 1 silver foreign coin in Guangzhou was never less than 723 Chinese cash coins, while in other provinces like Jiangsu and Zhejiang they were even worth more eight hundred cash coins, or foreign silver coins could be traded for 0.73 tael of silver each. The following decades the exchange ratee would only rise and a single foreign silver coin would be worth between 1,500 and 1,900 Chinese cash coins. The Chinese authorities during this period for this reason often raised the proposition to ban the circulation of foreign silver coins within Chinese territory, on the suspicion that "good" Chinese silver went to foreign markets, while the "inferior" foreign silver coins caused the markets of southern China to inundate. There was evidence that the Qing dynasty indeed suffered a net loss of 11% when changing Chinese into foreign silver. During the initial period of the 19th century the imperial Chinese administration suspected that more silver was being exported than imported causing the Chinese to slowly develop a silver deficit as the trade balance fell on the negative side of the spectrum for the Qing. However, as the government of the Qing dynasty never collected and compiled any statistics on the private trade of silver it is very difficult to generate any accurate hard numbers on these claims. According to Hosea Ballou Morse the turning point for the Chinese trade balance was in the year 1826, during this year the trade balance allegedly fell from a positive balance of 1,300,000 pesos to a negative one of 2,100,000 pesos. According to the memorial by the governor of Fujian, L. Tsiuen-Sun published on 7 November 1855 it is noted that the governor witnessed that the foreign silver coins that had been circulating in Jiangnan were held in great esteem by the local people and that the most excellent of these coins weighed 7 Mace and 2 Candareens while their silver content was only of 6 Mace and 5 Candareens. He also noted that these coins were greatly used in Fujian and Guangdong and that even the most defaced and mutilated of these coins were valued on par with Chinese sycees, in fact he noted that everyone in possession of a sycee would exchange these for foreign silver coins known as Fanbing (番餅, "foreign cakes") due to their standard weights and sizes. Meanwhile, the governor noted that in the provinces of Zhejiang and Jiangsu these chopped dollars did not circulate as much in favour of a currency he calls "bright money". Originally a dollar was worth upwards of seven Mace; the value gradually rose over time to eight Mace, and by 1855 it exceeded nine Mace. ### Pre-Qing trade Between the 16th and 18th centuries a vast amount of foreign silver coins arrived in the Qing dynasty. During the early years of Sino-Portuguese trade at the port of Macau, the merchants from the Kingdom of Portugal purchased an annual amount of two million taels worth of Chinese commodities, additionally the Portuguese shipped about 41 million taels (or 1.65 million kilograms) of silver from Japan to China until the year 1638. A century earlier in the year 1567 the Spanish trade port in the city of Manila in the Philippines as part of the Spanish colonial empire was opened which until the fall of the Ming dynasty brought over forty million Kuping Taels of silver to China with the annual Chinese imports numbering at 53,000,000 pesos (each peso being 8 real) or 300,000 Kuping Taels. During the Ming dynasty the average Chinese junk which took the voyage from the Spanish East Indies to the city of Guangzhou took with it eighty thousand pesos, a number which increased under the Qing dynasty as until the mid-18th century the volume of imported Spanish pesos had increased to 235,370,000 (or 169 460,000 Kuping Tael). The Spanish mention that around 12,000,000 pesos were shipped from Acapulco to Manila in the year 1597 as part of the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade while in other years this usually numbered between one and four million pesos. The Japanese supplied 11,250 kilograms of silver to China by merchants in direct trade annually prior to the year 1600, after the Sakoku policy was enacted by the Tokugawa shogunate in the year 1633 only 350 Japanese trade vessels sailed for China, however each of these ships had more than one thousand tons of silver. ### Names of foreign silver coins List of names used for foreign silver coins during the reign of the Qing dynasty: \| Name \| Traditional Chinese \| Simplified Chinese \| Literal translation \| Foreign silver coin \| Image \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| MaqianMajian \| 馬錢馬劍 \| 马钱马剑 \| "Horse money""Horse-and-sword [money]" \| Dutch ducaton \| \| \| ShangqiuShuangzhuZhuyang \| 雙球雙柱柱洋 \| 双球双柱柱洋 \| "Double ball [dollar]""Double-pillar [dollar]""Pillar dollar" \| Spanish dollars issued under King Philip V and King Ferdinand VI \| \| \| BenyangFotouyang \| 本洋佛頭洋 \| 本洋佛头洋 \| "Main dollar""Buddha-head dollar" \| Spanish Carolus dollar \| \| \| Sangong \| 三工 \| 三工 \| "Three Gong's" \| Spanish dollars produced under King Charles III \| \| \| Sigong \| 四工 \| 四工 \| "Four Gong's" \| Spanish dollars produced under King Charles IV \| \| \| Huabianqian \| 花邊錢 \| 花边钱 \| "Decorated-rim money" \| Machine-struck Spanish Carolus dollars produced after 1732 \| \| \| Yingyang \| 鷹洋英洋 \| 鹰洋英洋 \| "Eagle coin""English Dollar" \| Mexican peso \| \| \| Shiziqian \| 十字錢 \| 十字钱 \| "Cross money" \| Portuguese cruzado \| \| \| DajiXiaoji \| 大髻小髻 \| 大髻小髻 \| "Large curls""Small curls" \| Spanish dollar \| \| \| Pengtou \| 蓬頭 \| 蓬头 \| "Unbound hair" \| United States dollarUnited States trade dollar \| \| \| Bianfu \| 蝙蝠 \| 蝙蝠 \| "Bat" \| Mexican peso or United States dollar \| \| \| ZhanrenyangZhangyang \| 站人洋仗洋 \| 站人洋仗洋 \| "Standing person dollar""Weapon dollar" \| British dollar \| \| \| LongyangLongfanLongyin \| 龍洋龍番龍銀 \| 龙洋龙番龙银 \| "Dragon dollar""Dragon foreign [dollar]""Dragon silver" \| Silver Dragon \| \| ### Spanish dollars and Mexican pesos from the Philippines See also: Spanish dollar § Asia, China–Mexico relations § History, and China–Philippines relations The paramount foreign silver coin in Chinese history was the Spanish piece of eight (or 8 reals and commonly called a peso or dollar) originally entering in circulation through trade with Manila in the Philippines to the cities of Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen in Fujian and Guangzhou and Macau in Guangdong. The Philippines, as part of the Spanish East Indies, exported to and was supplied through the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade with the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico), all as part of the Spanish colonial empire. It was known popularly in English as the Spanish dollar, however to the Chinese this coin was popularly known as the double ball (雙球) because its obverse depicted two different hemispheres of the globe based on the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas which divided the world between the Crown of Castile and the Kingdom of Portugal and the Algarves. The silver "double ball" coins were issued under the reigns of King Philip V and King Ferdinand VI between the years 1700 and 1759 and were minted in the Viceroyalty of New Spain (Mexico) which was signified by the mint mark "Mo" ("M[exic]o") and featured Latin texts such as "VTRAQUE VNUM" ("both [hemispheres] are one [empire]") and "HISPAN·ET·IND·REX" ("king of Spain and the Indies") preceded with the name of the reigning monarch. The globes on these early Spanish dollars were flanked by two crowned pillars (representing the Pillars of Hercules), these pillars were entwined with S-shaped banners (which is also the origin of the peso sign, $). Under the reign of King Charles III the design was changed and the pillars were moved to the reverse of the coin while of the Spanish coat-of-arms were superseded by a portrait of the reigning monarch, because of this these coins were known as "Carolus dollars" or columnarius ("with columns") in the West, while the Chinese referred to them as Zhuyan (柱洋, "pillar dollar"). Additionally on some Carolus dollars the inscription "PLVS VLTRA" was found. The Spanish Carolus dollars always had a standard weight of 27.468 grams, while their silver content was lowered from 0.93955 to a purity of only 0.902. From the year 1732 onwards these coins were manufactured in Mexico City and other parts of Spanish America. The portraits of kings Charles III and Charles IV (with the "IV" written as "IIII") were featured on these coins, the Chinese referred to the Latin numeral "I" as "工" causing the silver coins of Charles III to be known as Sangong (三工) while those produced under the reign of Charles IV were known as Sigong (四工) coins. Additionally the depiction of the reigning Spanish monarch inspired the Chinese people to refer these Carolus dollars as Fotou Yang (佛頭洋, "Buddha-head dollar"). The Carolus dollar came in the denominations of ½ real, 1 real, 2 reales, 4 reales, and 8 reales of which the highest denomination had a diameter of forty millimeters and a thickness of 2.5 millimeters. All Carolus dollars issued under the reign of Charles III to China were produced in the year 1790 while those under Charles IV all date from 1804 onwards. In daily exchange the Chinese rated the 8 reales Carolus dollars at 0.73 Kuping Tael and was one of the most important forms of exchange, the Treaty of Nanking that ended the First Opium War had its payments measured in Spanish Carolus dollars. According to estimates by the British East India Company the Qing dynasty imported 68,000,000 Taels worth of foreign silver coins between the years 1681 and 1833, this sets China's imports over 100,000,000 foreign silver coins with the bulk of these being Spanish Carolus dollars produced in Spanish America that entered China through trade. The Chinese preference of the old Spanish Carolus dollars over newer European silver coinage, Mexican real, Peruvian real (later the Peruvian sol, and the Bolivian sol (later the Bolivian boliviano) was considered to be "unjustified" by many foreign powers, it took the combined diplomatic interventions of the United Kingdom, France and the United States to lead to a proclamation by Shanghainese superintendent of customs, Chaou, to issue a decree that was dated 23 July 1855, commanding the general circulation of all foreign silver coins, whether they were new or old coinages. One of the reasons why the circulation of other silver coins other than the Spanish Carolus dollars because the Spanish government has long since stopped the production of these coins as the Spanish American wars of independence cut them off of the majority of their colonies, this had the effect that while no new Spanish Carolus dollars were being produced many Chinese merchants started demanding more money for them as these coins started slowly but gradually disappearing from the Chinese market. As many foreign nations started trading with China, the Chinese regarded these non-Spanish currencies as "new coins" and often discounted them from 20 to 30 percent due to the suspicion that they had a lower silver content than the Spanish Carolus dollars. After Mexican independence was declared, the Mexican Empire started issuing silver pesos with their coat of arms on them, these silver coins were brought to China from 1854 and were known to the Chinese as "Eagle coins" (鷹洋), though they have commonly been incorrectly called "English dollars" (英洋) because they were mostly brought to China by English merchants. The denominations of these coins remained the same as with the earlier Spanish dollars but the currency unit "real" was replaced with "peso". Initially the Chinese market did not respond positively to this change of design and accepted the Mexican pesos at a lower rate than they did the Spanish Carolus dollars due to a fear that they might have a lower silver content, but after members the customs house of Shanghai were inviter to see the manufacturing process of the Mexican peso by the foreign mercantile community they concluded that these new coins were of equal quality and purity as the old Spanish Carolus dollars and decreed that after the next Chinese new year Chinese merchants in Shanghai can not demand a premium on transactions made in Mexican pesos and that all foreign coins would have to be judged on their intrinsic value and not on the fact if it was a Spanish Carolus dollar or not, the reason why this decree was passed was due to the widespread dishonesty among the Chinese merchants overcharging transactions paid in Mexican pesos claiming that only Spanish Carolus dollars were trustworthy. This request was also forwarded to all governors of the coastal provinces, however despite the push by the Chinese authorities of the Qing to bring fiscal parity between the Spanish Carolus dollar and the Mexican peso, the Chinese people still held high esteem for the former and the prejudices favouring Spanish Carolus dollars did not cease. On the 26th day of the 1st month during the year Xianfeng 6 (2 March 1856) the Taoutae (or highest civil officer) of Luzhou-fu, Longjiang-fu, and Taichangzhou who also served as the acting Commissioner of Finance for Luzhou-fu as other places in Jiangnan issued a proclamation condemning the practice of discounting the value of good Spanish dollars and making it illegal to do so, Taoutae Yang cited that there were cunning stockjobbers who have been getting up a set of clever nicknames which they give to Spanish Carolus dollars out of self-interest to try and devalue certain coins and heavily discount them. Some time after the proclamation these dealers stopped fearing the law and continued their practice. It was notable that certain types of Spanish dollars known as the "copper-mixed-dollar", the "inlaid-with-lead-dollar", the "light-dollar", and the "Foochoow dollar" were particularly targeted this proclamation as they were perceived to be intrinsically of less value, according to Eduard Kann in his book The Currencies of China he reports in Appendix IV: "A feature of Foochow currency is the chopped, or rather the scooped, the scraped, the cut, the punched dollar. This maltreatment often obliterates all trace of the original markings, some assuming the shape and appearance of a mushroom suffering from smallpox. It is obvious that such coins must pass by weight ..." The Taoutae argued that the money-changers used absurd tricks in attempting to find a flaw in the Spanish dollar while he argued that these coins were both not lighter in weight nor did they feel inferior in quality when held. The Taoutae argued that the numerous chops on them are proof of the fact that they have been rigorously checked and verified by various Chinese authorities over an extended period of time and that the chopping of these Spanish dollars did not negatively influence them in any way. Money-changers who engaged in illegally downgrading and devaluing Spanish dollars by assigning these nicknames to them in Jiangnan were placed in a cangue. A similar law was also passed by the province of Zhejiang and government clerks aiding these dishonest shopkeepers were also subject to punishment if discovered. ### Other foreign silver coins The silver ducats of the Dutch Republic were known as the Maqian (馬錢) or Majian (馬劍) to the Chinese and it has been estimated that between the years 1725 and 1756 ships from the Netherlands bought in Canon merchandise for 3.6 million taels worth of silver, but between the years 1756 and 1794 this was only 82.697 tael. In the late 18th century the Dutch silver ducats were primarily circulating in the coastal provinces of Guangdong and Fujian. The smallest of the Dutch ducats had a weight of 0.867 Kuping Tael. The Portuguese cruzado started circulating in the southern provinces of China during the latter part of the 18th century and was dubbed the Shiqiqian (十字錢) by contemporary Chinese merchants. The denominations of the Portuguese cruzado during that time were 50 réis, 60 réis, 100 réis, 120 réis, 240 réis, and 480 réis with the largest coin weighing only 0.56 Kuping Tael. The silver coins of the Japanese yen were first introduced in the year 1870 and circulated in the eastern provinces of the Qing dynasty, they were locally known as Longyang (龍洋, "dragon dollars") or Longpan (龍番) because they featured a big dragon and bore the Kanji inscription Dai Nippon (大日本). These Japanese coins were dominated in yen (圓) and would later serve as the model for the Chinese silver coins produced at the end of the Qing period. Prior to the first opium war began, around a dozen different types of foreign silver coins were circulating in China, among these was a small amount of French silver écu coins, however Spanish Carolus dollars were by far the most numerous as various trade companies such as the British East India Company purchased Chinese products such as tea with them, as all other foreign currencies were forbidden by the Qing as a means to accept payment for tea. In the year 1866 a new mint was opened in British Hong Kong and the British government started the production of the silver Hong Kong dollar (香港銀圓) that all featured a portrait of the reigning British monarch, Queen Victoria. As these Hong Kong dollars did not have as high of a silver content as the Mexican peso these silver coins were rejected by Chinese merchants and had to be demonetised a mere seven years after they were introduced. The United States in 1873 created the American trade dollar which was known to the Chinese as the Maoyi Yinyuan (貿易銀元), this coin specially designed for use in the trade with the Qing dynasty. However, because its silver content was lower than that of the Mexican peso, it suffered the same fate as the silver Hong Kong dollar and was discontinued 14 years after its introduction. Afterwards another silver British coin was introduced inspired by the American trade dollar that became known as the British dollar or British trade dollar, these coins featured the inscription "One Dollar" (in English, Chinese, and Malay) and had the portrait of the female personification of the United Kingdom Britannia on them, these silver coins were introduced in the year 1895, and were called either Zhanrenyang (站人洋) or Zhangyang (仗洋) by the Chinese. Sources ------- * Eagleton, C.; Williams, J. Money: a history, London: British Museum Press, 2007. * Hartill, David (2005). Cast Chinese Coins: A Historical Catalogue. Trafford. ISBN 978-1-4120-5466-9. * Hartill, David, Qing cash, Royal Numismatic Society Special Publication 37, London, 2003. * Peng, Xinwei (2007) [1958)]. Zhongguo huobi shi 中國貨幤史 [The History of Chinese currency]. Revised 1970, 1988, 2007 (in Chinese). Shanghai: Shanghai renmin chubanshe. * Wu Jingzi (吳敬梓), Rulin Waishi (The Scholars). * Eduard Kann, Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins, Vol. 1: Gold, Silver, Nickel and Aluminum ISBN 0923891188 * Chen Feng, Financial History of the Qing Dynasty (1 January 1991) ISBN 710006998X (in Mandarin Chinese using Simplified Chinese characters) * Werner Burger (numismatist), Ch'ing Cash. Publisher: University Museum and Art Gallery, Hong Kong University. Publication date: 5 July 2016 ISBN 9881902339 * Kalgan Shih, Sam Sloan, and Mario L. Sacripante. Modern Coins of China. Publisher: Ishi Press. Published: 14 December 2009. ISBN 4871878708 * Shi Jun Zhi, Outline of Chinese coins legal history (Chinese Edition). Publisher: China Financial Publishing House. Published: 1 March 2015. ISBN 7504978132
Public school system of Detroit, Michigan Detroit Public Schools Community District (DPSCD) is a school district that serves Detroit, Michigan and high school students in Highland Park, Michigan. The district, which replaced the original Detroit Public Schools (DPS) in 2016, provides services to approximately 50,000 students, making it the largest school district in the state. The district has its headquarters in the Fisher Building of the New Center area of Detroit. The school district has experienced extensive financial difficulties over a series of years. From 1999 to 2005, and from 2009 to the reorganization in 2016, the district was overseen by a succession of state-appointed emergency financial managers. History ------- The district was established in 1842, and has grown with the city. Some of the schools in the district began as part of other school districts, including Greenfield Township and Springwells Township districts, as the areas these districts covered were annexed to the city of Detroit.[] The district operated schools serving Detroit's large immigrant population including Italians, Poles, and Jews as well as African Americans who fled the south. Everett and its principal M. M. Rose served a predominantly African American school population. Bishop School served many Jewish students as well as Africans Americans such as Cora Brown. In 1917, the board membership was changed from ward-based to at-large elections.[] In 1999, the Michigan Legislature removed the locally elected board of education amid allegations of mismanagement and replaced it with a 7-member reform board. Six board members were appointed by the mayor and one appointed by the state superintendent of public instruction. The elected board of education returned following a city referendum in 2005. The first election of the new eleven member board of education, with four chosen at-large and seven by district, occurred on November 8, 2005.[] At the time the district's enrollment was slowly increasing and it had a $100 million surplus . Before the district occupied the Fisher Building, its headquarters were in the Macabees Building in Midtown Detroit. The district paid the owner of the Fisher Building $24.1 million in 2002 so the district could occupy five floors in the building. This was more than the owner of the Fisher Building paid to buy the building one year earlier. The district's emergency financial manager, Robert Bobb, said in 2009 that he was investigating how the school board agreed to the lease in the Fisher Building. Reginald Turner, who served on Detroit School Board from 2000 to 2003, said that he was told that it would be less expensive to occupy the Fisher Building than it would to remodel the Maccabees Building. In November 2004 an election in Detroit was held since the state takeover was sunsetting. On a 66% margin the voters agreed to return to having an elected school board. The board was selected in November 2005 and began its term in January 2006. The final full year that the board was in full control was the 2007–2008 fiscal year. By that time DPS had a $200 million deficit. The district's deficit was $369.5 million by the end of the 2007–2008 fiscal year, and its long-term debt was $1.5 billion. In January 2009 Governor of Michigan Jennifer Granholm installed Robert Bobb as the emergency manager of DPS. She used Public Act 72 to appoint an emergency manager. In May 2011, Roy Roberts was appointed DPS's emergency manager by Governor Rick Snyder. By the time Roberts was appointed the DPS deficit was $686.5 million. In September 2011, a new statewide district, Education Achievement Authority, was to take over some of Detroit's failing schools as selected by the emergency manager with up to 16 expected. The deficit was $763.7 million by the end of the 2013–2014 fiscal year, and at that time its long-term debt was $2.1 billion. On January 13, 2015, Darnell Earley was appointed as the new emergency manager for the school district by Snyder. Highland Park Community High School of Highland Park Schools closed in 2015, and at that time DPS assumed responsibility for high school education of students in Highland Park, Michigan. From 1999 to 2016 the State of Michigan controlled DPS for all except three years, when the elected DPS board was in control. By January 2016 various DPS teachers made complaints about health and safety issues at DPS schools. DPS teachers were striking in various "sickouts" that resulted in schools closing. At that time DPS staff members were uploading images of poor conditions at DPS schools to Twitter, using the tag @teachDetroit. In 2016 a hearing was scheduled for Norman Shy of Franklin, owner of Allstate Sales, a DPS vendor of school supplies. The associated court filings reflect a total of 12 DPS principals and 1 administrator allegedly conspired with Shy in a scheme to fill their own wallets by approving invoices for supplies the schools never received. The alleged corruption started in 2002 and did not end until January 2015. For over 13 years, Shy billed DPS $5 million with $2.7 million feeding the corruption ring. The principals and administrator received kickbacks of more than $900,000. In 2016 the Michigan Legislature created the Detroit Public Schools Community District to replace the original Detroit Public Schools, which exists to repay debts. It had 45,000 students in 2017. The new district will have an elected board. Student achievement ------------------- Cass Technical High School Detroit School of Arts ### National Assessment of Education Progress (NAEP) In 2007, Education Week published study that claimed that Detroit Public School's graduation rate was 24.9%. Groups including state and local officials said that the study failed to take into account high school students who leave the district for charter schools, other school districts or who move out of the area. Detroit Public Schools claim that in 2005–2006 the graduation rate was 68 percent and expected it to hold constant in 2006–2007. On February 14, 2009, the Detroit Free Press reported that United States Secretary of Education Arne Duncan had concern over the quality of education Detroit children were receiving. A spokesman later stated that Duncan had no specific plans for Detroit. The students in Detroit's public schools perennially score at the bottom compared to other large urban school systems. Cass Technical High School, Renaissance High School, and Detroit School of Arts rank highly both statewide and nationally. However, at many schools some students still do not meet adequate yearly academic progress requirements. Students that fail to meet those requirements struggle in both language and mathematics. A team of DPS students from Western International High School and Murray-Wright High School took second place out of 552 teams from 25 countries in a robotics competition in Atlanta, Georgia. DPS students, most notably Bates Academy students, did well at the 42nd annual Academic Olympics in Eatonton, Georgia, winning many honors. The Duffield elementary and middle school chess teams both finished first in the 2007 statewide competition, and performed well in the national competition. At a previous Annual National Academic Games Olympics, DPS students won 25 individual and 20 team first place awards. ### Charter schools Detroit has a public charter school system with about 54,000 Detroit students (2009–10). When charter school and Detroit Public Schools enrollments are combined, the total number of children in public schools in Detroit has increased. If growth trends continue, Detroit's charter schools enrollment will outpace the Detroit Public Schools by 2015. Officials at the Detroit Public Schools and Detroit Federation of Teachers oppose the expansion of charter schools. The Thompson Educational Foundation financed a new University Preparatory Academy High School, and provides yearly scholarships on condition of meeting student performance goals. Follow up studies of the University Prep Academy class of 2007 shows that at least 90% went on to college, 83% of those who attended a four-year university re-enrolled for a second year, and 57% of those who attended a two-year college re-enrolled for a second year, beating national re-enrollment averages. However, these scores are below high performing DHS schools with selective enrollment such as Bates Academy, Burton International and Renaissance High School.[] There have been significant calls for the Detroit Public Schools to cooperate more with charters, including renting unused schools to charters. In May 2008, the DPS board renewed contracts with six charter schools for two years. DPS leases some closed school buildings to charter school operators. Leadership ---------- DPS is headquartered in the Fisher Building in New Center ### Superintendent In March 2007, the DPS board removed Superintendent William Coleman and replaced him with Connie Calloway. Lamont Satchel was named as Interim Superintendent. Coleman was still paid for the remainder of his contract. Connie Calloway was removed after 18 months after accusations by the school board that she was behaving unprofessionally and exercising poor judgment. She later won a lawsuit for wrongful termination, and termination without due process in retaliation for filing a whistle-blowing lawsuit when the treasurer reported ongoing misappropriation of more than 77 million dollars per year in funds intended for the children of Detroit. Past superintendents include Warren E. Bow, Kenneth S. Burnley, Charles Ernest Chadsey, Duane Doty, and John M. B. Sill. ### Emergency financial manager The District was under a state-appointed Emergency Manager from 2009 to 2017. The Emergency Manager has powers to make unilateral changes. All financial decisions have been made by the Emergency Manager. From 2009 to 2011, DPS finances were managed by Robert Bobb who was appointed by former Governor Jennifer Granholm, and from 2011 to January 2015, by Roy Roberts who was appointed by Governor Rick Snyder. In January 2015, Governor Snyder appointed Darnell Earley as Roberts' successor. Earley resigned in February 2016 in the wake of criticism of his decision, when he was Emergency Manager over Flint, Michigan, to switch that city's water supply to the Flint River, resulting in the Flint water crisis. As of March 2016, financial matters are under the control of a Transition Manager appointed by Governor Snyder, retired bankruptcy judge Steven Rhodes. Dr. Nikolai Vitti was appointed as Superintendent of Detroit Public Schools Community District on May 23, 2017, on a five-year contract. In his first year, Dr. Vitti worked closely with the Detroit Board of Education to implement a 100-day plan that culminated with the development of a new Strategic Plan that focuses on raising student achievement, transforming the district's culture, improving staffing, developing the whole child, and ensuring financial responsibility. Before arriving in Detroit, Dr. Vitti led Duval County Public Schools (DCPS), the 20th largest school district in the nation with approximately 130,000 enrolled students in 200 schools, and a fiscal budget of $1.7 billion. During his four and a half years at DCPS, the district ranked among the first to fourth highest performing urban districts in the nation on the National Assessment for Education Progress. ### Current Board of Education \| Member \| Position \| In office since \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Angelique Peterson-Mayberry \| President \| 2017 \| \| Deborah Hunter-Harvill, Ed.D. \| Vice President \| 2017 \| \| Misha Stallworth \| Secretary \| 2017 \| \| Sonya Mays \| Treasurer \| 2017 \| \| Sherry Gay-Dagnogo \| \| 2021 \| \| Georgia Lemmons \| \| 2017 \| \| Bishop Corletta J. Vaughn \| \| 2019 \| \| Departments ----------- * Office of college & Career Readiness – 3rd Floor, Albert Kahn Building 2012 changes ------------ ### Schools closing See: List of closed public schools in Detroit On February 9, 2012, Emergency Financial Manager Roy Roberts announced the following school closings: 1. Burton Elementary School: Students will be reassigned to the new $21.8-million Mackenzie PK-8 School building on the old Mackenzie High School site. 2. Detroit City High School: Students will be reassigned to schools with existing Second Chance programs. 3. Detroit Day School for the Deaf: Students will be reassigned to schools with hearing-impaired programs. 4. O.W. Holmes Elementary-Middle School: Students will be reassigned to the new $22.3-million Munger PK-8 School. The new facility includes a two-story student arcade that will function as a dining court, student center and school square. 5. Kettering High School & Kettering West Wing: Students at Kettering High School will be reassigned to Denby, Pershing, Southeastern or King high schools. Students enrolled at Kettering West Wing will be reassigned to schools with existing special education programs. 6. Mae C. Jemison Academy: Students will be reassigned to Gardner Elementary School or Henderson Academy. 7. Maybury Elementary School: Students will be reassigned to either Earhart Elementary-Middle School or Neinas Elementary School. 8. Parker Elementary-Middle School: Students will be reassigned to the new $21.8-million Mackenzie PreK-8 School, which will include a large open media center. The building design will focus on student safety and will be environmentally responsible. 9. Robeson Early Learning Center: Kindergarten classrooms at Robeson will be reassigned to the main Paul Robeson, Malcolm X Academy building. All pre-K programs will relocate to Palmer Park Preparatory Academy, which has a surplus Pre-K capacity. 10. Southwestern High School: Students will be reassigned to either Western International or Northwestern high schools. ### Schools being replaced with new buildings * Mumford High School: The new $50.3-million Mumford High School is the largest school construction project in the district's bond program. The 239,900-square-foot high school will accommodate about 1,500 students and also will have a community health clinic. * Burton International: Is replaced by the Burton Theater which reopened as Cass City Cinema the end of 2011. The building also includes a montessori nursery, artist studios and law offices. ### Schools consolidating Source: * Crockett High School and Finney High School were consolidated into a $46.5-million, 221,000-square-foot high school being constructed at the site of Finney High School. It was named East English Village Preparatory Academy and accommodates up to 1,200 students. Students in grades 10–12 from Finney and Crockett high schools attend the new school, while 9th grade are required an entrance-admissions exam. If accepted, students must maintain a GPA of 2.5. * Farwell Elementary-Middle School and Mason Elementary School will consolidated and renamed Mason Elementary-Middle School. The current Mason Elementary School building has closed, and all students currently enrolled at Mason will be offered enrollment at the new site. New students residing in the Mason Elementary School boundary will be assigned to either the new Mason Elementary-Middle School or Nolan Elementary-Middle School. * Langston Hughes Academy and Ludington Magnet Middle School will consolidate and be named Ludington Middle School but will use the Langston Hughes Academy building. Ethelene Crockett Academy was named after Dr. Crockett, the wife of the late Congressman George Crockett. Beloved historic leaders in Detroit, the name was changed by the first emergency manager ( actually by Governor Snyder) to Benjamin Carson Academy. Finney High School, named after abolitionist Jared Finney, was renamed East English Village Academy by the emergency manager. Barbara Jordan Elementary School, named after the Black congresswoman, was renamed Palmer Park Academy. Davis Aerospace, named after Tuskegee Airman Benjamin Davis, moved in 2013. Finances -------- On December 8, 2008, State Superintendent of Public Instruction Mike Flanagan determined the district's inability to manage its finances and declared a financial emergency. Michigan Governor Jennifer Granholm appointed Robert Bobb as the emergency financial manager of Detroit Public Schools in 2009. His contract dictated a one-year tenure. The school district began selling 27 previously closed school buildings. On March 3, 2009, Bobb estimated that DPS's current year deficit would be greater than $150M, and requested early payments from the state to meet payroll. He declared that additional outside auditors would be required to properly assess the district's financial situation. Twenty million dollars of the March 2009 debt was owed to the district's pension system. The DPS school board complained in 2009 that the deficit of $65 million for 2007–2008 school year was caused by accounting irregularities, including fringe benefits and paying teachers off of the books. Much of the deficit was discovered by outside auditors hired by former district Superintendent Connie Calloway in 2008. The 2008–2009 edition of the Michigan Department of Education's ranking of Michigan Public School financial data showed the mean Detroit Public School teacher's salary stood at $71,031, more than 14% higher than the state average of $62,237. During the same period, the Michigan cohort graduation rate was 80.1%, while Detroit Public Schools' cohort graduation rate was 67.39%, 16% lower than the state average. Demographics ------------ In the 1970s DPS had 270,000 students. In 2014 the 2016 projected enrollment for DPS was 40,000. As of January 2013 about 49,900 students attend Detroit Public Schools. As of that year about 9,000 of them, over 18%, have an Individualized Education Program (IEP) plan required by the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act of the federal government. At the same time, the state average is 12%. In 2012 about 17% had IEPs. As of 2014 DPS had 6,092 students classified as bilingual, speaking over 30 languages. They included 4,972 Spanish speakers, 522 Bengali speakers, 258 Arabic speakers, 34 Romanian speakers, 29 Hmong speakers, and 277 students speaking other languages. In the 2019–20 school year the racial makeup was 82% black, 14% Hispanic, 3% white and 1% Asian. Dress code ---------- Detroit Public Schools created a district-wide uniform dress code for students effective on May 11, 2006, for all students in grades Kindergarten through 12. This includes mandatory identification badges. Parents may opt their children out of the dress code for medical, religious, or financial reasons. Several schools, including Bates Academy and Malcolm X Academy, had uniform dress codes before the start of the district-wide policy. Digital programs ---------------- On February 4, 2010, the Detroit Public Schools announced that it wants to digitize all its teaching and learning as part of the comprehensive plan to accelerate student achievement, within five years. Barbara Byrd-Bennett, the district's chief academic and accountability auditor, said the district is investing in high-tech tools to equip all 6th- to 12th-graders with computers and digitize all curriculum, textbooks and lessons plans district-wide. The $15 million product is part of a $40 million contract with Boston's Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, which marks the largest single deal for the book publisher. The first step will be interactive Web-based portal called Learning Village that would be fully functioning by fall 2010. The Learning Village program will give DPS the ability to digitize its textbooks, curriculum and lesson plans. Teachers will have access to students' assessment results and prospective lesson plans to more quickly diagnosis struggling students. Parents can log into the system to track their students' progress, print additional worksheets and view cumulative test results for a teacher's entire class. The purpose of the Learning Village tool is to serve as a unified portal to connect students, teachers, parents and principals, and deliver real-time learning. DPS will also use $14.2 million in federal stimulus and Title I dollars for netbooks for all 36,000 students and 4,000 teachers in grades 6–12 for access to technology to support hands-on learning. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt is setting up a Detroit-based office with at least 13 employees for technical support, training and outreach. Detroit is the company's largest client. Schools ------- Main article: List of Detroit Public Schools schools
Monastero di Santa Lucia Monastero di Santa Lucia (Monastery of Saint Lucy) is an architectural complex in the town of Adrano, in the Province of Catania, region of Sicily, Italy. The former Benedictine monastery currently serves as an elementary school, and attached to it is the Giovanni Verga high school. In front of the facade is a polygenal public park known as either Giardino della Vittoria or Villa Comunale. The monastery of Santa Lucia was founded in 1157 by Adelasia, the granddaughter of the Norman Count Ruggero. Her endowment allowed poor young girls to enter the monastery without requiring a dowry for sustenance. The monastery owned surrounding farmlands. At the time, this was located outside the medieval city walls, near the church of the Madonna della Consolazione. The monastery was expanded in 1596, but much was rebuilt, including the central baroque church in the late 18th century. The façade has three orders. Two bell towers rise on the sides with quadrangular domes.The design of the church is attributed to Stefano Ittar. Inside, the interior was composed of a single elliptical nave with a dome. A painting depicting Saint Lucy (1843) is attributed to Giuseppe Rapisardi. The apse paintings, the decorations of the vault, and the paintings on the first altar on the left and on the second altar on the right are attributed to the school of Olivio Sozzi. The paintings in the dome, framed by elegant stuccoes, depict the Assumption of the Virgin and are attributed to Vito D'Anna. In the spandrels, are depicted the four doctors of the church. The apse depict the four evangelists and the Transfiguration of Christ. Bibliography ------------ * Autoführer-Verlag, Baedekers (1962). Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia. K. Baedeker. * Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc (1998). The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica. * Michelin (2009). Sicily. Michelin Tyre. * Scalisi, Lina, Obbedientissime ad ogni ordine. Tra disciplina e trasgressione: il monastero di Santa Lucia in Adrano secoli XVI-XVIII, Editore Sanfilippo. Catania 1998. 37°39′46″N 14°50′01″E / 37.66284°N 14.83360°E / 37.66284; 14.83360
Anine Marie Magdalene Frølich (13 March 1762 – 6 November 1784) was a Danish ballerina, one of the first professional native ballet dancers in Denmark and the first native star within the Royal Danish Ballet. Anine Frølich was perhaps the principal figure in the emergence of classical ballet as a distinct art-form in Denmark. Biography --------- Frølich was born in Copenhagen, and was accepted as a student in the ballet school of the Court-Theater Hofteatret in 1771. The Court-Theater had been founded in 1767 at the Christiansborg Palace by Pierre Laurent of the French theater troupe employed there: it was to be merged with the Royal Danish Theatre when the French troupe was fired in 1772-73. At this time, Ballet had only very recently been performed by native ballet dancers in Denmark. At the Royal Danish Theatre, native dancers had only performed since the season of 1758-59, which became the debut of Marie Barch and Carl Vilhelm Barch. Frølich debuted in 1773 and became an instant success on account of her astonishing beauty, technical accomplishment and dramatic technique, which separated her from the more formal and stiff mannerisms adopted by most of contemporaries. From 1775, Frølich came under the influence of the Italian dancer Vincenzo Galeotti. Having been made ballet-master of the Court Theater, he completely reformed the Danish ballet and stimulated a new enthusiasm for the art among the public. Until then, Danish ballet had been abstract and undramatic, formal and stilted. The idea of ballet as a dramatic art was introduced into Denmark by Galeotti, who made Frølich the star vehicle of his innovative choreography. With her expressive manner of dancing she complemented perfectly the new style of ballet under his direction. Under his leadership she became the ruling ballerina of the Danish ballet. One of her most famous roles was in the ballet Den forlodte Dido in 1777. She and Galeotti also became lovers, but the relationship ended unhappily. Exhausted by the intense physical demands of her art, Frohlich's health deteriorated quickly. In 1784, she collapsed during a performance and was carried home, but died shortly afterwards in Copenhagen.
Metropolitan Statistical Area in Texas, United States The metropolitan area is the 178th-largest United States metropolitan area and covers all of Webb county, with a population of 250,304. It is also a part of the Laredo-Nuevo Laredo Metropolitan Area with an estimate population of 689,022 in 2020. Communities ----------- ### Cities * El Cenizo * Laredo (county seat) * Rio Bravo ### Census-designated places * Aguilares * Bonanza Hills * Botines * Bruni * Colorado Acres * Four Points * Hillside Acres * La Coma * La Moca Ranch Colonia * La Presa * Laredo Ranchettes * Laredo Ranchettes West * Larga Vista * Las Haciendas * Las Pilas * Los Altos * Los Arcos * Los Centenarios * Los Corralitos * Los Fresnos * Los Huisaches * Los Minerales * Los Nopalitos * Los Veteranos I * Los Veteranos II * Mirando City * Oilton * Pueblo East * Pueblo Nuevo * Ranchitos East * Ranchitos Las Lomas * Ranchos Penitas West * San Carlos I * San Carlos II * Sunset Acres * Tanquecitos South Acres * Tanquecitos South Acres II * Valle Verde ### Additional unincorporated communities Source: Webb County Planning and Physical Development Department * Antonio Santos Colonia * Cactus * Callaghan * D-5 Acres Colonia * Darwin * Del Mar East * Fort McIntosh * Gate Acres Colonia * Islitas * Las Blancas Colonia * Las Tiendas * Los Ojuelos * Minera * Nye * Old Milwaukee East * Old Milwaukee West * One River Place Colonia * Orvil * Palafox * Pescadito * Ranchitos los Mesquites Colonia * Regency Village Colonia * Rodriguez Addition Colonia * San Pablo * San Ramon * Santo Tomás * Village East Colonia * Webb Geography --------- According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 3,376 square miles (8,740 km2), of which 3,361 square miles (8,700 km2) is land and 14 square miles (36 km2) (0.4%) is water. Major highways -------------- * Interstate 35 * Interstate 69W (Under construction) * U.S. Highway 59 * U.S. Highway 83 * State Highway 44 * State Highway 255 * State Highway 359 Demographics ------------ Historical population\| Census \| Pop. \| Note \| %± \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1860 \| 1,397 \| \| — \| \| 1870 \| 2,615 \| \| 87.2% \| \| 1880 \| 5,273 \| \| 101.6% \| \| 1890 \| 14,842 \| \| 181.5% \| \| 1900 \| 21,851 \| \| 47.2% \| \| 1910 \| 22,503 \| \| 3.0% \| \| 1920 \| 29,152 \| \| 29.5% \| \| 1930 \| 42,128 \| \| 44.5% \| \| 1940 \| 45,916 \| \| 9.0% \| \| 1950 \| 56,141 \| \| 22.3% \| \| 1960 \| 64,791 \| \| 15.4% \| \| 1970 \| 72,859 \| \| 12.5% \| \| 1980 \| 99,258 \| \| 36.2% \| \| 1990 \| 133,239 \| \| 34.2% \| \| 2000 \| 193,117 \| \| 44.9% \| \| 2010 \| 250,304 \| \| 29.6% \| \| 2014 (est.) \| 266,673 \| \| 6.5% \| \| U.S. Decennial Census1850–2010 \| As of the census of 2000, there were 193,117 people, 50,740 households, and 43,433 families residing in the county. The county gained 57,000 additional residents between 2000 and 2010. The population density was 58 people per square mile (22 people/km2). There were 55,206 housing units at an average density of 16 per square mile (6.2/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 82.16% White, 0.37% Black or African American, 0.47% Native American, 0.43% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 14.00% from other races, and 2.54% from two or more races. 94.28% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. There were 50,740 households, out of which 53.20% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 62.60% were married couples living together, 18.30% had a female householder with no husband present, and 14.40% were non-families. 12.40% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.10% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.75 and the average family size was 4.10. In the county, the age distribution of the population shows 36.20% under the age of 18, 11.40% from 18 to 24, 29.30% from 25 to 44, 15.60% from 45 to 64, and 7.60% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 26 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.90 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 87.90 males. The median income for a household in the county was $28,100, and the median income for a family was $29,394. Males had a median income of $23,618 versus $19,018 for females. The per capita income for the county was $10,759. About 26.70% of families and 31.20% of the population were below the poverty line, including 39.40% of those under age 18 and 26.90% of those age 65 or over. Laredo top employers -------------------- \| Employer \| Category \| Employees \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| United Independent School District \| Education \| 6,179 \| \| Laredo Independent School District \| Education \| 4,500 \| \| City of Laredo \| Government \| 2,371 \| \| Laredo Sector Border Patrol \| Immigration \| 2,000 \| \| H-E-B \| Grocery \| 1,626 \| \| Webb County \| Government \| 1,500 \| \| Laredo Medical Center \| Health care \| 1,300 \| \| Texas A&M International University \| Education \| 1,215 \| \| McDonald's \| Food \| 1,200 \| \| Walmart \| Retail \| 937 \| \| \| Convergys \| Call Center \| 860 \| \| Doctors Hospital \| Health Care \| 811 \| \| International Bank of Commerce \| Financial Services \| 661 \| \| Stripes Convenience Stores \| Retail/Convenience \| 337 \| \| Laredo Energy Arena \| Entertainment \| 293 \| \| Securitas Security Services USA \| Private Security \| 285 \| Colleges and universities ------------------------- Laredo is home to Laredo Community College and Texas A&M International University (TAMIU). The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio has a campus in Laredo. The Laredo Community College is a two-campus institution which offers two-year Associate's degrees. The main campus is located at the western end of downtown Laredo near the Rio Grande, on the site of the former Fort McIntosh. This fort played a major role in the development of Laredo, as it served to protect the community from Indian raids in its early history. Several of the old buildings at the fort were converted into classrooms, but after renovation programs nearly all of the campus structures are now modern. The smaller, newer second campus, Laredo Community College South Campus, is located in south Laredo along U. S. Route 83. Texas A&M International University Library The Texas A&M International University is a 4/6-year university that offers bachelor's and master's degrees. On April 22, 2004, the Texas Higher Education Coordinating Board in Austin, Texas provided its approval for Texas A&M International University to grant its first PhD in International Business Administration. TAMIU's College of Business Administration has been named an outstanding business school in The Princeton Review's "Best 282 Business Schools", 2007 Edition, and ranked third in the nation for the category: "Greatest Opportunity for Minority Students." The university's campus is located in Northeast Laredo along Loop 20. The university was once an extension of Texas A&I-Kingsville and later the former Laredo State University. Prior to its current location along Bob Bullock Loop 20, the university was housed with the Laredo Community College downtown campus. The University of Texas Health Science Center campus is located in East Laredo near U.S. Highway 59 and the Laredo Medical Center. The campus is an extension university from UTHSC in San Antonio, Texas. The university offers doctoral degrees in the medical and dental fields. Media ----- ### Newspapers \| Name \| Frequency \| Language \| City \| Website \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Laredo Morning Times \| Daily \| English \| Laredo \| lmtonline.com \| \| LareDOS \| Monthly \| English \| Laredo \| laredosnews.com \| \| El Mañana \| Daily \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo/Laredo \| elmanana.com.mx \| \| El Diario de Nuevo Laredo \| Daily \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo \| diario.net \| \| Primera Hora \| Daily \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo \| primerahora.com \| \| Última Hora \| Daily \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo \| ultimahora.com \| ### Television According to Nielsen Media Research, the Laredo region (which includes Webb and Zapata counties) is ranked 185th market by population size in the United States. The first station to broadcast in Laredo was KGNS in 1956, followed by KVTV in 1973, then KJTB (now KLDO) in 1985. Notably television networks missing from Laredo's airwaves are PBS and The CW. Laredo once had a full-power local The CW affiliate, KGNS-DT2, but on July 3, 2014, the affiliation switched to ABC. Prior to that KJTB channel 27, from January 1985 to October 1988 was Laredo's ABC affiliate. KJTB was later bought by Entravision and affiliated the station to Telemundo and changed its callsign to KLDO. Today KLDO is affiliated to Univision. Before KJTB, KGNS, an NBC affiliate had a secondary affiliation to ABC from its founding in 1956 through KJTB's founding in 1985. On November 6, 2013, KGNS reached an agreement to add the ABC affiliation. The ABC affiliate was to have been launched in February 2014 on KGNS's subchannel 8.2. But it was not until July 2014 when KGNS dropped The CW programming and added ABC programming. In December 2014, all Nuevo Laredo stations must turn off analog television broadcasting and broadcast only digitally. \| CH \| VC \| DT \| DTV \| Dish \| TWC \| Callsign \| Network \| Resolution \| City of license \| Official website \| Notes \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 2 \| 2.1 \| 17.1 \| • \| • \| 99 \| XEFE \| Televisa local \| 480i \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| Last station to broadcast in digital \| \| • \| 8.1 \| 8.1 \| 8 \| 8 \| 10 \| KGNS \| NBC \| HD 1080i \| Laredo \| pro8news.com \| • \| \| • \| 8.2 \| 8.2 \| • \| 15 \| 9 \| KGNS-DT2 \| ABC \| HD 720p \| Laredo \| kgns.tv \| • \| \| • \| 8.3 \| 8.3 \| • \| 16 \| 25 \| KGNS-DT3 \| Telemundo \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| telemundo.com \| • \| \| • \| • \| • \| • \| • \| 11 \| KLRN \| PBS \| Analog \| San Antonio \| klrn.org \| • \| \| • \| 10.1CP \| 10.1CP \| • \| • \| • \| K10QK-DCP \| CarismaTV \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| feypoder.com \| Construction permit expires 7/2014 \| \| 11 \| 11.1 \| 25.1 \| • \| • \| 14 \| XHBR \| Canal de las Estrellas \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| televisa.com \| • \| \| • \| 13.20 \| 51.2 \| • \| • \| • \| XHLAT-TDT2 \| Dark \| SD 480i \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| ID: FVDld \| \| • \| 14.3 \| 14.3 \| • \| • \| • \| KYLX-LD \| Testing \| HD 1080i \| Laredo \| • \| • \| \| • \| 15.1 \| 15.1 \| • \| • \| • \| KLMV \| BVB \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| buenav.net \| • \| \| • \| 15.2 \| 15.2 \| • \| • \| • \| KLMV-LD2 \| Infomercials \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| • \| • \| \| • \| 15.3 \| 15.3 \| • \| • \| • \| KLMV-LD3 \| Vida Vision \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| buenav.net \| • \| \| • \| 15.4 \| 15.4 \| • \| • \| • \| KLMV-LD4 \| Televida Laredo \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| buenav.net \| • \| \| • \| 19.3 \| 19.3 \| • \| • \| • \| KLDO-DT3 \| Dark \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| • \| • \| \| 21 \| 21.1 \| 50.1 \| • \| • \| 98 \| XHLNA \| Azteca 13 \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| tvazteca.com \| • \| \| • \| 21.2 \| 50.2 \| • \| • \| • \| XHLNA-TDT2 \| Proyecto 40 \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| proyecto40.com \| • \| \| • \| 27.1 \| 19.1 \| 27 \| 27 \| 78.1 \| KLDO \| Univision \| HD 1080i \| Laredo \| kldotv.com \| • \| \| • \| 27.2 \| 19.2 \| • \| • \| • \| KLDO-DT2 \| LATV \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| latv.com \| • \| \| • \| 31.1 \| 31.1 \| • \| • \| 77 \| KXOF-CD \| UniMás \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| ketftv.com \| • \| \| • \| 31.2 \| 31.2 \| 39 \| 39 \| 2.2 \| KXOF-CD2 \| Fox / MyNet \| HD 720p \| Laredo \| myfoxlaredo.com \| • \| \| 33 \| 33.1 \| 51.1 \| • \| • \| • \| XHLAT \| Azteca 7 \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| tvazteca.com \| • \| \| • \| 39.1 \| 27.3 \| 39 \| 39 \| 2.2 \| KETF-CD \| Fox \| HD 720p \| Laredo \| mylaredofox.com \| • \| \| • \| 39.2 \| 27.4 \| • \| • \| • \| KETF-CD2 \| MundoMax \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| mundofox.com \| • \| \| • \| 40.1CP \| 40.1CP \| • \| • \| • \| K40NU-D \| Maranatha Church TV \| SD 480i \| Laredo \| • \| Construction permit expires 10/2016 \| \| 45 \| 45.1 \| 32.1 \| • \| • \| 15 \| XHNAT \| Multimedios Plus \| SD 480i \| Nuevo Laredo \| multimedios.tv \| • \| \| • \| 45.2 \| 32.2 \| • \| • \| • \| XHNAT-TDT2 \| Milenio TV \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| milenio.tv \| • \| \| • \| 45.3 \| 32.3 \| • \| • \| • \| XHNAT-TDT3 \| Teleritmo \| SD 480i \| Nuevo Laredo \| multimedios.tv \| • \| \| 57 \| 57.1 \| 38.1 \| • \| • \| • \| XHLAR \| Televisa Regional \| HD 1080i \| Nuevo Laredo \| televisa.com \| • \| CP: Construction permit ### Radio According to Arbitron, the Laredo region (which includes Jim Hogg, Webb, and Zapata counties) is ranked 191st market by population size. #### AM radio \| Frequency \| Callsign \| Brand \| City of License \| Website \| Webcast \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 530 \| WPMQ285 \| TxDOT HAR \| Laredo \| • \| • \| \| 790 \| XEFE \| La Mera Ley \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| listen live \| \| 890 \| KVOZ \| Radio Cristiana \| Laredo \| lanuevaradiocristiana.com \| • \| \| 960 \| XEK \| La Grande \| Nuevo Laredo \| xek.com \| listen live \| \| 1000 \| XENLT \| Radio Formula \| Nuevo Laredo \| radioformula.com \| listen live \| \| 1090 \| XEWL \| La Romantica \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 1300 \| KLAR \| Radio Poder \| Laredo \| feypoder.com \| listen live \| \| 1340 \| XEBK \| Mega 95.7 \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 1370 \| XEGNK \| Radio Mexicana \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 1410 \| XEAS \| Ke Buena \| Nuevo Laredo \| kebuena.com \| listen live \| \| 1490 \| KLNT \| Super Tejano \| Laredo \| klnt1490.com \| listen live \| \| 1550 \| XENU \| La Rancherita \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 1610 \| WQA200 \| CBP Information \| Laredo \| • \| • \| ##### Long-range AM stations The following clear channel AM stations can be heard in Laredo: \| Frequency \| Callsign \| Brand \| City of license \| Website \| Webcast \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 680 \| KKYX \| Country Legends 680 \| San Antonio \| kkyx.com \| listen live \| \| 720 \| KSAH \| Norteño 720 \| San Antonio \| • \| • \| \| 740 \| KTRH \| Newsradio 740 KTRH \| Houston \| ktrh.com \| listen live \| \| 760 \| KTKR \| Ticket 760 AM \| San Antonio \| ticket760.com \| listen live \| \| 990 \| XET \| La T Grande \| Monterrey \| • \| listen live \| \| 1030 \| KCTA \| KCTA 1030 AM \| Corpus Christi \| kctaradio.com \| listen live \| \| 1050 \| XEG \| Ranchera de Monterrey \| Monterrey \| rancherademonterrey.com \| listen live \| \| 1140 \| XEMR \| MR Deportes \| Monterrey \| • \| • \| \| 1200 \| WOAI \| News Radio 1200 \| San Antonio \| radio.woai.com \| listen live \| \| 1210 \| KUBR \| Radio Cristiana \| San Juan \| • \| listen live[permanent dead link] \| \| 1530 \| KGBT \| La Tremenda 1530 \| Harlingen \| latremenda1530.com \| • \| #### FM radio \| Frequency \| Callsign \| Brand \| Format \| City of License \| Website \| Webcast \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 88.1 \| KHOY \| Catholic Radio \| Religious \| Laredo \| khoy.org \| listen live \| \| 88.9 \| XHLDO \| Radio Tamaulipas \| Public Radio \| Nuevo Laredo \| tamaulipas.gob \| listen live[permanent dead link] \| \| 89.9 \| KBNL \| Radio Manantial \| Spanish religious \| Laredo \| kbnl.com \| listen live \| \| 91.3 \| XHNOE \| Stereo 91 \| Spanish Contemporary \| Nuevo Laredo \| xhnoe.com \| listen live \| \| 92.7 \| KJBZ \| Z93 \| Tejano \| Laredo \| z93laredo.com \| listen live \| \| 93.7 \| "XHNLT"PR \| Radio Estereo Uncion FM \| Christian Radio \| Nuevo Laredo \| uncionfeypoder.com \| listen live \| \| 94.1 \| XHTLN \| Imagen / RMX Laredo \| Talk / Contemporary \| Nuevo Laredo \| rmx.com.mx \| listen live \| \| 94.9 \| KQUR \| Digital 94.9 \| Spanish Pop \| Laredo \| digital949.com \| listen live \| \| 95.3 \| XHLPZ \| La Traviesa \| Spanish Regional \| Lampazos \| • \| • \| \| 95.7 \| XHBK \| Mega 95.7 \| Spanish Contemporary \| Nuevo Laredo \| radioavanzado.com \| listen live \| \| 96.5 \| "XHTWO"PR \| Radio Two \| Norteño \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| listen live \| \| 97.1 \| XHNLO \| La Caliente \| Norteño \| Nuevo Laredo \| mmradio.com \| listen live \| \| 98.1 \| KRRG \| Big Buck Country \| Country \| Laredo \| bigbuck98.com \| listen live \| \| 99.3 \| XHNK \| 40 Principales \| Top 40 \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 100.5 \| KBDR \| La Ley \| Tejano \| Laredo \| laley1005.com \| listen live \| \| 101.5 \| XHAS \| Ke Buena \| Norteño \| Nuevo Laredo \| kebuena.com \| listen live \| \| 102.3 \| XHMW \| Stereo Vida \| AC/Oldies \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiorama.com \| listen live \| \| 102.9 \| nonePR \| La Guerrera de la Frontera \| International \| Nuevo Laredo \| laguerrera.mx \| listen live \| \| 103.3 \| nonePR \| XRock \| Classic rock \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| listen live \| \| 104.5 \| nonePR \| 2 Beat \| Electronica \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| • \| \| 104.9 \| XHNLR \| Radio UAT \| University Radio \| Nuevo Laredo \| uat.mx \| listen live \| \| 105.1 \| nonePR \| RN Radio \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo \| rn105.com \| listen live \| \| 105.5 \| nonePR \| Mas Musica \| Spanish \| Nuevo Laredo \| • \| • \| \| 106.1 \| KNEX \| Hot 106.1 \| Urban / Rhythmic Top 40 \| Laredo \| hot1061.com \| listen live \| \| 106.5 \| nonePR \| Radio Voz \| Norteño \| Nuevo Laredo \| radiovoz1065.net \| listen live \| \| 107.3 \| XHGTS \| 107.3 Me Gusta \| Spanish Pop \| Nuevo Laredo \| xhgts.com \| listen live \| \| 162.55 \| WXK26 \| NOAA Weather Radio \| Weather \| Laredo \| noaa.gov \| • \| PR:Suspected pirate radio stations since they are not licensed with Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States or COFETEL in Mexico. Some pirate stations are suspected, due to the fact that other licensed stations nearby share the same frequency, such as 106.5 Radio Voz and KMAE from nearby Bruni, Texas and 103.3 Radio 33 and XHAHU-FM from nearby Anáhuac, Nuevo León, each city less than 50 miles from Laredo. #### Internet radio \| Name \| Format \| Website \| Webcast \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Power Hits HD \| Classic rock \| powerhitshd.net \| listen live \| Infrastructure -------------- ### Health care Laredo Medical Center, formerly Mercy Hospital, is the largest hospital in Laredo. Doctor's Hospital in Laredo Laredo Specialty Hospital, near the Laredo Medical Center, handles certain patients requiring long-term care. In addition to the University of Texas Health Science Center branch, there are five other principal medical centers in Laredo: the Laredo Medical Center, Doctor's Hospital, Gateway Community Health Center, Providence Surgical & Medical Center, and the Laredo Specialty Hospital. Doctors Hospital is the second-largest medical center in Laredo. The hospital complex is over 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2), with 180 licensed beds on a 58-acre (23 ha) campus. Affiliated with Universal Health Services, it is located on Loop 20 in north Laredo. The Doctors Regional Cancer Treatment Center offers comprehensive cancer services. The Providence Surgical & Medical Center is an ambulatory health care center located in north-central Laredo and also owned by Universal Health Services. The Gateway Community Health Center is the third-largest medical center in Laredo. The health center's main building is 64,000 square feet (5,900 m2). The Medical center moved to its new $11,000,000 building in 2006. The main Gateway Community Health Center is located in East Laredo, close to U.S. Highway 59. It also has three branches in the Laredo area: the South Clinic, El Cenizo Community Center, and Quad City Community Center. Gateway Community Health Center services include: The Laredo Specialty Hospital is the fourth-largest medical center in Laredo. It is owned by Ernest Health Inc. and was founded by Elmo Lopez, Jr. on May 22, 2006, and admitted its first patient within hours of operation. The grand opening was held in March 2007. ### Transportation #### Air Laredo International Airport Tex-Mex Railway International Bridge view from Laredo Laredo is served by the Laredo International Airport. Daily flights are available to Houston (George Bush Intercontinental Airport) and to Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Tri-weekly flights to Las Vegas, Nevada are available. After Laredo Air Force Base closed in the mid-1970s, the federal government handed over the old air force base and property to the City of Laredo for a new municipal airport. From the mid-1970s until the mid-1990s, the airport utilized a small terminal for passenger airline service and several old hangars for air cargo and private aircraft. A new state-of-the art passenger terminal was built along the then newly constructed Loop 20 to accommodate larger jets and to increase passenger air travel through Laredo. Expansion of air cargo facilities, taxiways and aprons, air cargo carriers such as DHL, FedEx, UPS, BAX, and others have responded by adding commercial air cargo jet services. Laredo also has two medical helipads, at Laredo Medical Center and Doctor's Hospital. #### Mass transit El Metro is the public transit system that operates in the city with 21 fixed routes and Paratransit services, with approximately 4.6 million passengers per year. El Metro works with a fleet of over 47 fixed route buses, 2 trolleys and 18 Paratransit/El Lift vans. The El Metro hub is located in downtown Laredo at El Metro Transit Center. The center also houses Greyhound Bus Lines and provides fee-based daily parking for downtown shoppers and workers. #### Rural transit Rural transportation is provided by the Webb County operated "El Aguila Rural Transportation" (the Eagle) bus services. El Aguila serves fixed daily routes from rural communities (Bruni, El Cenizo, Mirando City, Oilton, and Rio Bravo) to the downtown El Metro Transit Center. Sports ------ ### Laredo Heat The Laredo Heat is a United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League team. The team's home stadium is the Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex. The team was founded in 2004. It plays in the Mid-South Division of the Southern Conference in the 2006 season the Laredo Heat finished Runner-up yet made it only to the first round of the Open Cup. In the 2007 season, the Laredo Heat were the Southern Conference champions. And in 2007 Laredo heat won its first PDL Championship. ### Laredo Honey Badgers The Laredo Honey Badgers, is professional indoor soccer team to be based in Laredo, Texas. Founded in April 2013, the team is expected to make its debut in the Professional Arena Soccer League with the 2013–14 season. The team will play its home games at the Laredo Energy Arena. The official name and colors (black and chrome) of the team were decided with fan participation. ### Laredo Lemurs The Laredo Lemurs, a professional baseball team based in Laredo, played their first season in the independent American Association in 2012. They won the South Division in their inaugural season, but were eliminated in the first playoff round. They play their home games at Uni-Trade Stadium. ### Laredo Roses The Laredo Roses are a professional women's full contact football team in the South Texas Sugar N Spice Football League that began play in the 2012 season. The Roses play their home games at the Uni-Trade Stadium. The female players use short shorts and halfcut jerseys during games. \| Club \| Sport \| League \| Venue \| Established \| Championships \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Laredo Heat \| Soccer \| USL PDL \| TAMIU Soccer Complex \| 2004 \| 1 (2006) \| \| Laredo Honey Badgers \| Indoor Soccer \| Professional Arena Soccer League \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 2013 \| \| \| Laredo Lemurs \| Baseball \| AAIPB \| Uni-Trade Stadium \| 2011 \| \| \| Laredo Roses \| Women's Football \| SNSFL \| Uni-Trade Stadium \| 2012 \| \| #### Defunct teams \| \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Club \| Sport \| League \| Venue \| Championships \| Years active \| \| Laredo Apaches \| Baseball \| TLL \| Veterans Field \| 0 \| 1995 \| \| Laredo Broncos \| Baseball \| ULB \| Veterans Field \| 0 \| 2006–10 \| \| Laredo Bucks \| Ice hockey \| CHL \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 2 \| 2002–12 \| \| Laredo Law \| Arena football \| AF2 \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 0 \| 2003–04 \| \| Laredo Lobos \| Arena football \| AF2 \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 0 \| 2005–07 \| \| Laredo Rattlesnakes \| Arena football \| LSFL \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 0 \| 2011–13 \| \| Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos \| Baseball \| MBL \| Veterans Field \| 5 \| 1985–04 \| \| Toros de Los Dos Laredos \| Basketball \| LNBP \| Laredo Energy Arena \| 2 \| 2007–13 \| ### Stadiums and arenas #### Laredo Energy Arena Laredo Energy Arena, formerly the Laredo Entertainment Center The Laredo Energy Arena, formerly Laredo Entertainment Center, is located at Loop 20 and Jacaman Road. The LEA was strongly pushed to fruition by former Laredo Mayor Betty Flores. LEA was home to the former Laredo Bucks. The 178,000-square-foot (16,500 m2), $36.5 million facility seats 8,002 people for ice hockey and arena football, and up to 10,000 for concerts. It has fourteen luxury suites, four meeting rooms and a private club for two hundred charter members. It was completed in mid-2002 through an increase in the Laredo sales tax of .25 percent. Sports that can be played at the LEA include hockey, arena football, indoor soccer, basketball, wrestling, and boxing. The arena also hosts many events such as the Laredo Hunting and Fishing Show, Miss Texas USA, Laredo Home and Garden Show, and high school graduation ceremonies. Well-known artists and bands that have performed in the arena include Lil Wayne, Rihanna, Kesha, Pitbull, Flo Rida, Shakira, Enrique Iglesias, Tool, Aerosmith, Kiss, Elton John, Styx, REO Speedwagon, ZZ Top, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Ricky Martin, George Lopez, T.I. Ludacris, Cher, Hilary Duff Monster Jam and WWE. #### Uni-Trade Stadium The Uni-Trade Stadium is Laredo's newest baseball field. The stadium is located near the Laredo Energy Arena. The project was first approved by the city council and was voted in favor of (with 61.32% of the votes in favor 38.68% against) constructing it with money collected since 2004 by a .25 percent sales tax increase. There is a surplus of about $15 million. The stadium will be home to the Laredo Lemurs. #### Student Activity Complex Entrance to the Student Activity Complex Student Activity Complex is located on State Highway 359. It is utilized for United Independent School District's students. It was opened in the summer of 2002 and it contains the city's first artificial grass stadium. The SAC was also the home of the Laredo Heat. The capacity is 8,500 spectators. Sports played at the SAC include football, soccer, and baseball. #### Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex Texas A&M International University Soccer Complex (also known as Dustdevil Field and TAMIU Soccer Complex) was built in 2006 and renovated in 2007. The soccer complex is located at the Texas A&M International University campus. The complex has two soccer stadiums with a seating capacity of four thousand each. The Dustdevil Field is the new home stadium to the 2007 champion team Laredo Heat member of the United Soccer Leagues Premier Development League (PDL) and the TAMIU Dustdevils women and men's soccer teams member of the Heartland Conference, NCAA Division II. #### Shirley Field The original Shirley Field was located next to the Civic Center and R&T Martin High School on San Bernardo Avenue. It was built in 1937, along with Martin High School. Shirley Field was the location for outdoor athletics for Laredo Independent School District and also hosts the annual Border Olympics events. It seats up to about 6,000 fans with additional seating at the 2 endzones. Professional Mexican soccer teams have played various exhibition games here, noting that the real grass allows for "better" soccer games. The various sports played on the stadium are football, soccer and track & field events. Major renovations are slated for this historic stadium. In November 2009 Shirley Field was demolished and was rebuilt by the 2011 football season. The total cost of the reconstruction was $12,000,000 and it now seats 8,000 fans and features artificial turf. #### Krueger Field Krueger Field is located in north Laredo and is owned by United independent school District. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000 and is used to play football and soccer high school games. It is home to United High School's and John B. Alexander High School's football and soccer teams. #### Veterans Field Veterans Field is a baseball park which was previously known as West Martin Field. Its capacity is about 5,000. Major renovation is happening to update the 1950 ball park. Veterans Field was also the home to the five-time champion Mexican Baseball League team Tecolotes de los Dos Laredos from 1985 to 2003. Veterans Field is also home to the Texas A&M International University's Heartland Conference NCAA Division II Dustdevils baseball team. #### Laredo Civic Center Prior to the construction of the Laredo Energy Arena most major concerts and shows were performed at the Laredo Civic Center. The Laredo Civic Center complex has an auditorium with 1,979 seats and a banquet and exhibit hall with 1,635 seats.
2005 American film *Anytown, USA* is a 2005 documentary film produced by director Kristian Fraga on the mayoral race in Bogota, New Jersey. The mayoral race was among Republican Steve Lonegan, Democrat Fred Pesce and independent Dave Musikant. The film is described as a candid documentary on a small town that "serves as a perfect backdrop which provides a compromising look at our nation's political climate and proves that all politics is truly local". It was screened at the Minneapolis-St. Paul International Film Festival on April 9, 2005, where it won the award for Best Documentary. Synopsis -------- In August 2003, cuts to funding by the Bogota Borough Council threaten the Bogota High School football team, enraging many residents. With a mayoral election ahead, the stage is set for a close election between the incumbent, Republican Steve Lonegan, and former Borough Council Democrat Fred Pesce. Then, in late September, former high school athlete Dave Musikant announces he will run for mayor as a write-in candidate. The three-way race garners national attention, particularly because both Lonegan and Musikant are legally blind. As election day draws near, Musikant scores a coup by hiring Doug Friedline, Jesse Ventura's former campaign manager. In the week before election day, a rumor develops that Pesce is ill and will drop out of the race. However, Pesce continues to the end. As election day dawns, poor weather worries Lonegan, who fears low turnout may cause him to lose. However, Lonegan wins with 1,097 votes, while Pesce has 728, and Musikant has 200. The Republicans also win the City Council. That January, Lonegan is inaugurated as Mayor for his third term. The football team goes on to the state championship, but loses in that game. Pesce also announces his retirement from politics. In September 2004, Musikant succumbs to his eight-year battle with brain cancer. Lonegan goes on to run for the Republican nomination for governor that year, after Jim McGreevey's resignation, but loses the primary. Results ------- Bogota, New Jersey 2003 mayoral election\| Party \| Candidate \| Votes \| % \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| \| \| Republican \| Steve Lonegan (incumbent) \| 1,097 \| 54.2 \| \| \| \| Democratic \| Fred Pesce \| 728 \| 36.0 \| \| \| \| Write-in \| Dave Musikant \| 200 \| 9.9 \| \| Total votes \| 2,225 \| 100 \| \| Turnout \| 2,025 \| 55.6 \| \| \| \| Republican hold \| \|
This article is about the town in Lancashire. For the similarly named river which runs through the town, see River Darwen. For other uses, see Darwen (disambiguation). Not to be confused with any of the possible meanings of Darwin. Human settlement in England Darwen is a market town and civil parish in the Blackburn with Darwen borough in Lancashire, England. The residents of the town are known as "Darreners". The A666 road passes through Darwen towards Blackburn to the north, Bolton to the south and Pendlebury where it joins the A6, about 18 miles (29 km) north-west of Manchester. The population of Darwen stood at 28,046 in the 2011 census. The town comprises four wards and has its own town council. The town stands on the River Darwen, which flows from south to north and is visible only in the outskirts of the town, as within the town centre it runs underground. Toponym ------- Darwen's name is Celtic in origin. In Sub Roman Britain it was within the Brythonic kingdom of Rheged, a successor to the Brigantes tribal territory. The Brythonic language name for oak is derw and this is etymologically linked to Derewent (1208), an ancient spelling for the River Darwen. Despite the area becoming part of the Anglo-Saxon Kingdom of Northumbria by the mid-8th century, its Brythonic name was never supplanted by an Old English place name.[] History ------- St Peter's church, the main parish church of Darwen The area around Darwen has been inhabited since the early Bronze Age, and the remains of a round barrow from approximately 2000 BCE have been partially restored at the Ashleigh Barrow in Whitehall. The barrow had ten interments, nine of which were Collared Urn burials. As well as human remains, items found at the barrow included a bronze dagger some 7.5 inches in length, a flint thumb scraper, a sub-plano-convex knife and a clay bead. Copies of the Collared Urns may be seen at the Darwen Library. The Romans once had a force in Lancashire, and a Roman road is visible on the Ordnance Survey map of the area. Medieval Darwen was tiny and little or nothing survives. One of the earliest remaining buildings is a farmhouse at Bury Fold, dated 1675. Whitehall Cottage is thought to be the oldest house in the town, and was mostly built in the 17th and 18th centuries but contains a chimney piece dated 1557. Like many towns in Lancashire, Darwen was a centre for textile manufacture during the Industrial Revolution. Samuel Crompton, inventor of the spinning mule, lived there for part of his life. Rail links and the Leeds and Liverpool Canal arrived in the mid-19th century. The most important textile building in Darwen is India Mill, built by Eccles Shorrock & Company. The company was ruined, however, by the effects of the Lancashire Cotton Famine of the 1860s. Cotton manufacture was an important industry, and by 1907, the Darwen Weavers', Winders' and Warpers' Association had more than 8,000 members in the town. Much of the town was built between about 1850 and 1900; placenames, date stones in terraces, and the vernacular architecture of cellars, local stone, locally-made brick, pipework and tiles and leaded glass, the last now mostly gone, reflect this. It was one of the first places in the world to have steam trams. Mahatma Gandhi in Darwen, 26 September 1931 with Mirabehn (Madeleine Slade). Andrew Carnegie financed a public library here; the town also had an art and technology college and a grammar school. In 1931, Darwen was visited by Mahatma Gandhi, he had accepted the invitation from Corder Catchpool, Quaker manager of the Spring Vale Garden Village Ltd, to see the effects of India's boycott of cotton goods. India Mill is now home to many companies, including Brookhouse (producers of aeroplane parts) and Capita Group, which runs TV licensing. Since the 1950s, the textile industry has strongly declined in the region, although many industrial buildings from the period survive, now used for other purposes. India Mill and its chimney have been sold in a £12 million deal. Among Darwen's other notable industries are Crown Paints, formerly Walpamur Paints, the earliest British paint manufacturer, which named one of its paints 'Darwen Satin Finish'. Crown Wallpaper manufactured wallpaper, Lincrusta and Anaglypta in the town. ICI Acrylics (now called Lucite International) was where acrylic glass (Perspex for windows and signage, and Sani-ware or Lucite used for the manufacture of baths and shower trays) was invented; it is still manufactured in two separate plants within the town. Spitfire canopies and (later) coloured polythene washing-up bowls were first made here. A Heritage Centre opened in 2016 Governance ---------- The municipal borough of Darwen existed for ninety-six years, from 1878. The borough was merged with Blackburn in 1974 under the Local Government Act 1972. The town became part of the Lancashire non-metropolitan district of Blackburn, which was renamed Blackburn with Darwen in 1997, shortly before it became a unitary authority. The population of the town declined from 40,000 in the 1911 census to 30,000 in the 1971 census. Locally, Darwen has been represented by Labour, Conservative and Liberal Democrat councillors in the main council wards for the town. In the 2008 local elections, the For Darwen Party picked up the majority of the wards in the town to put pressure on Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council for Darwen to have its own council again. In June 2009 Darwen Town Council was formed. There are five council wards within Darwen out of the 23 in the Borough of Blackburn with Darwen. These are: * Earcroft * Marsh House * Sudell * Sunnyhurst * Whitehall Darwen had its own parliamentary constituency until 1983 when it became part of the present Rossendale and Darwen constituency. This seat is currently held by Member of Parliament Jake Berry. ### Coat of arms The coat of arms for Darwen should not be confused with the coat of arms used by the unitary authority of Blackburn with Darwen, which is the coat of arms for Blackburn. Darwen coat of arms as depicted in a recovered stained glass window at Royal Blackburn Hospital Coat of arms of Darwen as depicted on the main gates of Bold Venture Park Darwen was granted its coat of arms on 7 August 1878. At the foot of the coat of arms is the town motto in Latin Absque Labore Nihil, which translates as "Nothing without labour". The arms depicts three cotton bolls and the River Darwen which runs through the town. The cotton represents the cotton industry in which the town grew and prospered during the Industrial Revolution and the three bolls to represent the three main areas of Darwen - Over Darwen, Lower Darwen and Hoddlesden. At the helm of the coat of arms is a barred helmet representing nobility, and above it the torse in the town colours of blue and gold. At the crest a man stands shouldering a pickaxe, which refers to the town's motto and also represents the mining industry that was present to the east of the town at that time.[] Education --------- See also: List of schools in Blackburn with Darwen After the passing of the Education Act 1870, many schools were established to serve the ever-growing population. Many were later demolished. Darwen Aldridge Community Academy opened in September 2008 at the premises of the former Darwen Moorland High School on the outskirts of the town, which had closed in July 2008 to reopen as the academy after the summer holidays. All pupils from Darwen Moorland transferred to the academy. Pupils have subsequently moved down to the new site, into a state-of-the-art £49m academy, with sixth form and modern facilities. Darwen Vale High School was temporarily moved to the old Moorland site whilst a new build was completed on the original site. The original school façade was incorporated into the new build, and Darwen Vale transferred back to the original site in 2012. However, the move had caused major issues with the management at the school, which led to the head leaving and a new head taking over in 2013. Later in 2013, Ofsted ruled that the school was failing and the government ordered the school's conversion to academy status, sponsored by the Aldridge Foundation , despite teaching staff and parents protesting governmental imposition on the school's management. In September 2013 Darwen Aldridge Enterprise Studio opened and in 2014 the school moved to its permanent home in the renovated former Model Lodging House on Police Street. Geography --------- \| Neighbouring towns, villages and places. \| \| --- \| \| \| \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| Feniscowles \| Blackburn \| Accrington \| \| \| \| \| \| Leyland \| Darwen \| Haslingden \| \| \| \| \| \| Chorley \| Bolton \| Edgworth \| \| NASA Landsat 7 image of Blackburn (North) and Darwen (South) ### Location Darwen is located amid the West Pennine Moors south of Blackburn, it stands within a valley with the River Darwen flowing at its base. The river passes through the town from south to north, subsequently joining the River Ribble, which flows into the Irish Sea between Lytham St Annes and Southport. The A666 road follows the valley through the town centre as part of its route from the Ribble Valley, north of Blackburn, to Bolton and the boundary between Pendlebury and Irlams o' th' Height in Salford. The town's weather conditions made it perfect for cotton weaving and as a result it became one of the largest mill towns in Lancashire. The Guinness Book of Records records that Darwen had one of the largest flash floods in the United Kingdom, in 1848; 12 people died. Landmarks --------- ### Darwen Jubilee Tower Darwen 'Jubilee' Tower In 1897 the town council met to deliberate how best to celebrate Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee. The idea of building the Jubilee Tower, in conjunction with public access to the moors, was put forward. A competition to design the tower was won by Ralph Ellison from the borough engineer's department and on 22 June 1897 work began. On 24 September 1898 the opening ceremony was held, attended by over 3,000 people. Present at the ceremony were Councillor Alexander Carus, Mayor Charles Huntington, the High Sheriff of Lancashire and Lord of the Manor Rev. W.A. Duckworth. The tower, which is open to the public, overlooks the town from the moors and stands at an altitude of 1,227 ft (374m) and has a height of 85 ft (26m). A spiral staircase leads to the top from where, on a clear day, Blackpool Tower, the Isle of Man, North Wales and the Furness Peninsula can be seen. In November 2010 the dome of the tower was blown off by strong winds. The dome was restored in January 2012. ### Darwen Library Darwen Library as seen from Railway Road Originally situated in the Peel Street, the library was transferred to the new technical school building in 1895. Today, Darwen Library stands at the corner of Knott Street and School Street to the north of the Circus. It was commissioned by Andrew Carnegie, a Scottish migrant to the USA who made his fortune as a producer of iron and steel. He donated £8,000 in response to a speculative appeal for funds by the Library Committee. The opening took place on 27 May 1908 and was attended by Mayor Councillor G.P. Holde, Councillor Ralph Yates and Carnegie himself. The library has served the town ever since, with the original lecture hall being transformed into the Library Theatre in June 1971. On 27 April 2017 the library and theatre were designated as a Grade II listed building. ### Darwen Town Hall Darwen Town Hall Darwen Town Hall was opened on 11 July 1882 and the clock tower was added in 1899 when Dr. James Ballantyne became mayor. In the 1920s part of the market ground was made into the town's bus station which still remains today. Although local government proceedings were transferred to Blackburn in the 1970s, the council chambers remained in the building, and were used by the magistrates' court from 1983 until 1992. The town hall currently houses offices of Blackburn with Darwen Borough Council and the local Neighbourhood Policing Team, and is a venue for meetings of the Darwen Town Council established in 2009. Five shop units opened in 2011. ### Parks Darwen has four parks. Three of the parks in Darwen are on the west of the main road through the town, with paths leading to countryside and to Jubilee Tower. The fourth, and newest park, is Ashton Park, which is on the east side of Bolton Road, just behind the Spinners Arms public house.[] #### Bold Venture Park Bold Venture Park from the main entrance. The picture also shows the Darwen War Memorial Bold Venture Park stands to the west of the town, at the foot of the moors and the path which leads to the Jubilee Tower. The land in which the park lies was bought by Darwen Corporation from Rev. W.A. Duckworth. It was designed by R. W. Smith-Saville, the borough engineer, and opened in 1889. Sunnyhurst Wood #### Sunnyhurst Wood Sunnyhurst Wood was originally owned by the Brock-Hollinshead family and used for hunting stag. The area was later sold to Eccles Shorrock. To commemorate the coronation of Edward VII the land was turned into a public park on 2 July 1903. #### Whitehall Park Whitehall Park is a 16-acre (6.5 ha) park in the south of the town. It was opened in 1879 on land acquired from John Adamson. Transport --------- Darwen sits in a large valley strung along the A666 road along the valley floor. It is connected to the motorway system at Junction 4 of the M65 at Earcroft, on the town's northern boundary, and considerable traffic passes through the town centre along the A666, causing high levels of air pollution. The local council has recently attempted to address the situation by adding a new road layout to the town centre, with public transport and junction improvements to reduce traffic. Darwen stands along the Ribble Valley railway line, operated by Northern. Darwen railway station has up to two trains per hour between Blackburn and Rochdale (via Bolton and Manchester); one train per hour continues beyond Blackburn to Clitheroe. Darwen's bus terminal (Darwen Circus) hosts buses up to every 12 minutes to Blackburn/Accrington on weekdays. There is also a service, every 20 minutes on weekdays and hourly on Sundays, to Bolton and Clitheroe, but the Bolton service terminates at 7:00pm. Both services are operated by Blackburn Bus Company. In 2008 the "Pennine Reach" scheme, to improve public transport between Darwen, Blackburn and Hyndburn, was proposed by Lancashire and Blackburn with Darwen councils, including plans for the addition of bus lanes to the A666. However, it has been controversial, with some residents placing "Say no to Bus Lane, we don't want it" signs in their windows, and the neighbouring district of Hyndburn pulled out of the scheme. The scheme was put on hold in 2010 as local authorities reviewed their spending after their budgets were cut, before being abandoned later in the year due to lack of government funding, and the councils are now looking at other ways to improve public transport. Aerial view with M65 motorway visible in top of the image, above Darwen In 2004 Crown Wallcoverings, previously one of the biggest businesses in the town, closed with the loss of more than 200 jobs. The Crown building was a large redbrick ten-storey building with numerous chimneys. In 2006 the empty building and the 200 foot (60 m) chimney was demolished. Culture and community --------------------- The Darwen News published a Maudley Medley on 9 March 1878: > > 'Tween two hillsides, both bleak and barren, > > Lies lovely little "Dirty Darren" > > > The locals refer to themselves as Darreners. They are generally resistant to any attempts at submerging the identity of the town within Blackburn. A motorway service area at junction 4 of the M65 motorway lies within the town, and was originally named "Blackburn Services". Following local protests it was renamed "Blackburn with Darwen Services". The town is the home of the Darwen Library Theatre (an extension to the library), and the TV show Hetty Wainthropp Investigates. Darwen has a few footnotes in entertainment history: its theatre (now demolished) had appearances by Charlie Chaplin, and it featured in the film, There Was a Crooked Man, which starred Norman Wisdom and Alfred Marks. The Beatles played in Darwen on Friday 25 January 1963, at the Co-operative Hall. They headlined "The Greatest Teenage Dance" which was commissioned by the Darwen Baptist Youth Club. Support acts included the Electones, the Mike Taylor Combo and the Mustangs with Ricky Day. ### Religion The Parish Church of Darwen is St Peter's, a large and active Anglican church consecrated in 1829. Further Anglican Churches in Darwen include St Cuthbert's (consecrated in 1878) serving the north of the town, and St Barnabas' (built 1884) serving the south. Darwen Methodist Church meets on two sites in the town, at Bright Street and Spring Vale. The Medina Mosque and Islamic Centre, Darwen's first mosque, is located on Victoria Street. Faizaan e Jamal e Mustafa , Darwen's second mosque, is located on Railway Road. It was opened in 2018. ### Music Darwen has its own music school, Darwen School of Music (formerly Elite School of Music), situated on Blackburn Road. The school has a majority focus on popular music. Darwen Live (formerly Darwen Music Live) is a free two-day music festival held each year over the second bank holiday in May. The main stage is built outside the town hall, and other smaller music stages are usually based around the town in pubs and bars. The festival has attracted artists such as Buzzcocks, China Crisis, Toyah and Paul Young, as well as being a showcase for local bands. Darwen has one of the oldest brass bands in the country. Now named Blackburn and Darwen Band, its roots can be traced back to 1840. Another brass band, Darwen Brass, was formed in 2007 and under MD Steve Hartley has enjoyed many notable competition successes, including 4th section wins throughout the North West. In 2012 Darwen Brass qualified for the National Brass Band Championships, finishing 5th. The band was promoted to the 3rd section from the start of 2013. ### Media Local news and television programmes are provided by BBC North West and ITV Granada. Television signals are received from the Winter Hill and the local relay transmitters. Local radio stations are BBC Radio Lancashire, Heart North West, Smooth North West, Capital Manchester and Lancashire, Greatest Hits Radio Lancashire, and Central Radio North West, a community based station. The Lancashire Telegraph is the local newspaper that covers the town. ### Sport The town was the home of Darwen Football Club, formed in 1870 and the world's first football club to have paid professional players. The team reached the semi-final of the FA Cup in 1880-81 and played in the Football League at the Barley Bank ground between 1891 and 1899. The club was wound up at the end of the 2008–09 season and replaced almost immediately by A.F.C. Darwen. The new club plays in the First Division North of the North West Counties Football League and is based at the Anchor Ground. The town has a strong cricketing tradition and Darwen Cricket Club was originally founded in the late 1800s as Darwen Etrurians CC playing at Barley Bank. The current club was constituted in 1911 and since 1920 has been based at Birch Hall Cricket Ground. The club was a founder member of the Northern League in 1951 winning that competition five times before successfully applying to play in the Lancashire League from the 2017 season. This change heralded a golden era for the club and within 5 seasons, it had won every club competition in the county. Twice holders of the Worsley Cup (2017 and 2019), T20 champions in 2021 and LCF Knockout Cup winners in 2018 with the set completed when crowned 2022 Lancashire League champions after defeating Greenmount by 13 runs on 4 September 2022. Past Professionals include David Wiese, George Linde (SA) Keith Semple (WI) and Scott Hookey (AUS). Following a successful debut season, Punit Bisht (IND) has been retained as the club's paid man for 2024 and 2025. To the north-west of the town lies Darwen Golf Club. The characteristics of the course have changed little since the club was established in 1893. Due to its geographical location within the moors, the course is regarded as a tough test of golfing ability. Until the sports centre was demolished, Darwen was home to the North West Open Karate tournament, which hosted many national and world champions. Tower Shukokai Karate Club was resident at the sports centre from 1988 and remains active. Tower's instructors, Andy Allwood, 5th Dan and Martyn Skipper 4th Dan, both won this tournament in their respective weight categories (Allwood, heavyweight, in the 1990s and Skipper, lightweight, in 2006 after the tournament had moved to Bury). In 2013 Martyn Skipper won the WUKF European Veterans' title when the European Championships were held in Sheffield. Notable people -------------- * Neil Arthur, lead vocalist of 1980s group Blancmange * Alan Bolton, Lancashire county cricketer (1939-2003) * Brian Booth, Lancashire and Leicestershire county cricketer (1935-2020) * Dick Burton, golf's Open champion, 1939 (who went on to hold the Claret Jug for seven years after the Championship was suspended because of the Second World War) * Ed Chapman (artist) born at Bull Hill, in Darwen, went to St. Cuthbert's Primary School 1975–81. * Margaret Chapman (née Duxbury), illustrator and painter (1940–2000) * Samuel Crompton, inventor of the Spinning Mule built and lived at Low Hill House, Bury Fold Lane in Darwen. * Alex Davies, cricketer (born 1994) * Charles Fletcher-Cooke, MP for Darwen from 1951 - 1983, was responsible for the Suicide Act (1961), which decriminalised the act of suicide in the UK. * Edward Harwood, composer (1707–1787) * Bryn Haworth, British singer-songwriter and acclaimed slide guitarist and mandolin player was brought up in Darwen (born 1948) * Alan Kendall Lead guitarist with the Bee Gees between 1971-1980 and 1987-2001(born 1944) * Timothy Marsden (1865–1932), footballer * Mark Patterson, Premiership football player for Blackburn Rovers, Bolton Wanderers. Born 1965 * Harold Readett (1910-1990), football player in the 1930s. * Fergus Suter, footballer. Joined Darwen FC in 1878 from Partick and is widely regarded as the world's first professional footballer (1857-1916) * Kimmie Taylor (born 1989), English fighter with the Kurdish Women's Protection Units * Richard Thornber (1866–1911), footballer * Sam Wadsworth, England international footballer 1922–26, was captain of the England team and a member of the Huddersfield Town team which won a hat-trick of Football League Championships in 1923–24, 1924–25 and 1925–26. * James Watson, award-winning author (born 1936) * Doreen Massey, Baroness Massey of Darwen, Peer in the House of Lords, educator, public servant, born 1938. Twin towns ---------- * The Gambia Lamin, Gambia Photo gallery ------------- * Darwen countrysideDarwen countryside * Darwen countrysideDarwen countryside * Tower view from Weasel LaneTower view from Weasel Lane
Hong Mai (Chinese: 洪邁, 1123 Poyang-1202 Hangzhou), courtesy name Jinglu (景盧), art name Yechu (野處) and Rongzhai (容齋), was a Chinese statesman, Confucian scholar and writer during the Southern Song dynasty. He was the author of Yijianzhi (夷堅志) and Rongzhai Suibi (容齋隨筆). Life ---- Hong was born in the year of 1123 in Poyang. His father Hong Hao was a Song official who participated the negotiations between Song and Jin during the wars of Jingkang era. He also had two elder brothers whose name were Hong Kuo and Hong Zun respectively. In 1145, with the favor of Emperor Gaozong of Song, Hong Mai was given a government post in the department of transportation (Zhuanyun Si). In 1162, Hong Mai was sent to Jurchen Empire; which ruled the northern half of China at the time; as a diplomat. During his stay in the north, he tried to establish a truce in Shandong but the Jurchens were not ready to accommodate. Mai did not receive any response from the north and returned south by autumn. In 1166, Hong was appointed the magistrate of Jizhou. In the following years, he also governed Ganzhou and Wuzhou in turn. In 1175, Hong became a member of the national archive and participated in the compiling of Chronicles. In 1190, Hong was appointed the magistrate of Shaoxing. In Shaoxing, he rectified the population registry and petitioned a tax cut for the people of Shaoxing. Hong died in the year of 1202, aged 80. He was posthumously given the name "Wenmin" (文敏). Works ----- The Yijianzhi, collection of the Tōyō Bunko, Tokyo Yijianzhi was one of Hong's major contribution to the Chinese Yaoguai mythology tradition that dates back to the time of Gan Bao. The record spoke widely about incidents that are mythical, fantastic, and supernatural during Song dynasty. More importantly, the record depicts the daily life of Song dynasty Chinese in detail which otherwise would remain unknown to modern time researchers. Hong Mai was an advocate of Chinese colloquial fiction writing. He elevated the writing of fiction to the same level of poetry. Especially, Hong praised the Tang dynasty fiction writers for their touching renditions of common people's day-to-day emotions. In 1180, Hong Mai initiated his project of compiling ten thousand Tang dynasty poems. The compiling was completed in the year of 1190. The publication is known as "Ten thousand quatrains of Tang".
Type of school building 1954–1977, Victoria Princes Hill Primary School, a typical school built in the Light Timber Construction style Light Timber Construction (or LTC) was the name given to a standardised architectural design used for the construction of hundreds of state school buildings in Victoria, Australia, between 1954 and 1977. LTC school buildings were designed for speed of construction, uniform appearance and low cost. In the 2000s with growing enrolments especially in Melbourne many LTC school buildings were either being demolished and replaced, or refurbished, and so intact original examples are becoming rare. In 2003 Din l-Art Helwa (National Trust of Malta) commenced restoration works on a historic timber building with the letters LTC on the main door. This single storey building which has been termed by Din l-Art Helwa the "Australian Bungalow" was sent to Malta in the late 1920's for prospective emigrants to Australia to familiarise themselves with timber structures and Australian typologies. No buildings were constructed in timber in Malta; limestone was and still is the only natural resource available in Malta.[] History ------- The Leighton School (now Croxton School) under construction, 1956 Following the end of World War II, there was a sudden increase in the natural birth rate, or "baby boom", in Victoria, as well as a massive increase in immigration. This led to a sharp rise in demand for school places, which the Department of Education in Victoria was struggling to meet. In addition the Department had lowered the age of school admission to five years in 1946, and since the War there had was a substantial increase in students continuing into high school. A report commissioned in 1949 by the new director of the Department of Education, Sir Alan Hollick Ramsay estimated that local high school enrolments would increase by 20,000 students over the next decade. Simultaneously, on account of the war, there was a shortage of building materials and labour in Victoria. In response to this crisis prefabricated buildings were seen as a solution, with ex-military huts pressed into service along with imported buildings. Several hundred aluminium classrooms manufactured by the Bristol Corporation were imported from England for use throughout the state until the program was ended in the mid-1950s. A Light Timber Construction style library in a primary school, showing typical architectural features Hollick recommended to the State Government that a standardised design for all state schools be adopted, as such a design would reduce the expense of individually designing each school, and would allow school construction to proceed more efficiently whilst using less building resources. In 1952-3 Department of Public Works chief architect Percy Everett and his Minister, Samuel Merrifeld developed the "Light Timber Construction" (or LTC) design, and by June 1953 85 of an initial 200 had already been built. By the beginning of the 1954 school term, hundreds had been added to primary schools across the state, and they were used for nine new high schools and teachers college as well. A news report noted that: > "They are not architectural gems. It is reasonable to wonder how our great-grandchildren will view them when, they are pupils (for these are permanent buildings). But It Is unreasonable to condemn them, as has been done, as unsightly sheds. They are realistic, sound, flexible answers to the desperate problem of school accommodation. They are emergency buildings, but happily not panic measures. They provide bright, healthy rooms, and they indicate a refreshing break from the obese and overstyled modernism of much recent Government building." > > A number of initial prototype schools were built in the LTC style, as it was tested and refined. An early example, still in existence, is the Croxton School in the Melbourne suburb of Northcote. Initially codenamed the "Leighton School" and classed as "prototype six", this school was built in 1956 and provides an example of the refinement of the LTC design. By the end of the 1950s the standardised design had been used for many completely new schools, as well as additions to many already existing. The schools were built by a number of contractors: a contract in 1954 for £5,984 gave Swan Hill High School two LTC classrooms, the same year Heywood Consolidated School had six LTC classrooms erected for £9,800. Electrical works were in separate contracts, the 1955 contract for the electrical installation in six LTC classrooms at Heidelberg West State School was £375. The LTC design was used for more than general classrooms: the 1957 contract for the erection of a trade annex in light timber construction and masonry veneer at Bairnsdale Technical School was for £16,478; in 1962 a modified Domestic Arts wing was built at Mortlake High School in light timber construction with a concrete veneer for £23,713. From this period until 1976, hundreds of similar LTC school buildings were constructed by the Department of Education across Victoria. Whilst small design variations existed on different sites, and between primary and secondary schools, the overall construction method and aesthetic remained the same. Eventually, the demand for school places fell and the Department of Education resumed constructing state schools with individual designs. Design features --------------- A typical Light Timber Construction style school building in Mentone, Victoria Light Timber Construction schools, as the name suggests, were constructed using wooden framing. External walls are either clad in timber, sheet metal, brick, or cement tile (the most common option). Rooftops were always clad with corrugated iron, and supported by zig-zag steel rafters. LTC schools were always built as a single storey. Where multiple school wings were required, buildings were often linked with an iron covered-way in the case of primary schools, or a link corridor in the case of high schools. LTC school buildings always consist of long central corridors, from which classrooms are constructed on either side. Typically, there will be a continuous span of classrooms on one side, whilst intervals will be left between clusters of classrooms on the alternate side, to allow for additional exits and natural light to penetrate the corridor. Occasionally, a single run of classrooms was built with an attached corridor. The corridors typically have low ceilings (approximately 3 metres), and capacity for bags (primary schools) or lockers (high schools) to be stored along the walls. A long series of windows provides visual contact with classrooms. Classrooms are typically entered through sliding doors from the corridor. The ceilings of classrooms are elevated above the corridor, and tilt away so that one row of windows connects the room with the corridor, whilst another row above provides natural light from outside. On the external side, either two or three horizontal rows of wooden-framed windows provide light from outside. LTC classrooms were typically furnished in a uniform way, with built-in blackboards and cupboards at the front of the room, fluorescent lighting from above, and venetian blinds on the windows. Most classrooms had polished wooden floorboards, which were later carpeted-over. At the secondary level additional double classrooms were equipped with the needs of specialist subjects. Science rooms had a raised demonstration table at the front, benches with Bunsen burners, sinks at the side and some were equipped with a roll down blackboard. Criticism and future -------------------- Whilst the LTC design provided government with a cheap and efficient method for rapidly constructing schools, the design meant that buildings were hot in summer and cold in winter due to poor insulation, and were often viewed as being "industrial" and "sterile" fitting a "factory model" of schooling. The term 'chicken coop' was coined, referring to both the uniformity of the design with rows of high windows, and to the noise created when the bell rang and students changed rooms: a cacophony resembling a 'million clucking hens'. The classrooms were supposed to be multipurpose but in reality they only suited a very general curriculum and did not cater well for specific subject areas requiring hands-on activities and display areas. Nevertheless, many in the community approved. Adults who had experienced pre-war education were more than happy to see both school design and teaching change. They saw new schools that looked attractive, modern, and functional, and a progressive future for education. As methods of education has changed, modern educational specialists criticise the design of long corridors and rows of classrooms as being old-fashioned and uninspiring. The low-set ceilings of LTC corridors tended to make these spaces dark, and many schools have undergone refurbishment so that the height of the corridor ceilings has been lifted, and skylights installed. Other schools opened out internal walls and added non-institutional furniture to create a more flowing and integrated environment. Owing to their cheap construction, and funding cuts that were made to education in the 1980s and 1990s, many LTC school buildings aged poorly, becoming shabby and run-down, becoming extremely expensive to maintain as they were not intended to last more than 20 years. In 2006 the Australian Education Union said that the cost simply replacing LTC schools is $1.9 billion, and would take 30 years at the then rates of Government spending. The State Government's Victorian Schools Plan released in 2006 committed to rebuild or renew all government schools by 2017, leading to many LTC school buildings being demolished or substantially renovated and modified. Consequently, intact examples of this school design in original condition are becoming very rare.
Military personnel who engage in combat "Foot soldier" redirects here. For other uses of "foot soldier", see Foot soldier (disambiguation). For the professional journal of the United States Army, see Infantry (magazine). For the 1999 video game, see Infantry (video game). 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Infantry generally consists of light infantry, irregular infantry, heavy infantry, mountain infantry, motorized infantry, mechanized infantry, airborne infantry, air assault infantry, and naval infantry. Other types of infantry, such as line infantry and mounted infantry, were once commonplace but fell out of favor in the 1800s with the invention of more accurate and powerful weapons. Etymology and terminology ------------------------- Various infantry of the 17th through 18th century (halberdier, arquebusier, pikeman, and mix of musketeers and grenadiers) of Duchy of Württemberg In English, use of the term infantry began about the 1570s, describing soldiers who march and fight on foot. The word derives from Middle French infanterie, from older Italian (also Spanish) infanteria (foot soldiers too inexperienced for cavalry), from Latin īnfāns (without speech, newborn, foolish), from which English also gets infant. The individual-soldier term infantryman was not coined until 1837. In modern usage, foot soldiers of any era are now considered infantry and infantrymen. From the mid-18th century until 1881, the British Army named its infantry as numbered regiments "of Foot" to distinguish them from cavalry and dragoon regiments (see List of Regiments of Foot).[] Infantry equipped with special weapons were often named after that weapon, such as grenadiers for their grenades, or fusiliers for their fusils. These names can persist long after the weapon speciality; examples of infantry units that retained such names are the Royal Irish Fusiliers and the Grenadier Guards.[] Dragoons were created as mounted infantry, with horses for travel between battles; they were still considered infantry since they dismounted before combat. However, if light cavalry was lacking in an army, any available dragoons might be assigned their duties; this practice increased over time, and dragoons eventually received all the weapons and training as both infantry and cavalry, and could be classified as both. Conversely, starting about the mid-19th century, regular cavalry have been forced to spend more of their time dismounted in combat due to the ever-increasing effectiveness of enemy infantry firearms. Thus most cavalry transitioned to mounted infantry. As with grenadiers, the dragoon and cavalry designations can be retained long after their horses, such as in the Royal Dragoon Guards, Royal Lancers, and King's Royal Hussars.[] Infantry of the 3rd Armored Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army boarding an M2 Bradley IFV in Iraq in 2006 Similarly, motorised infantry have trucks and other unarmed vehicles for non-combat movement, but are still infantry since they leave their vehicles for any combat. Most modern infantry have vehicle transport, to the point where infantry being motorised is generally assumed, and the few exceptions might be identified as modern light infantry. Mechanised infantry go beyond motorised, having transport vehicles with combat abilities, armoured personnel carriers (APCs), providing at least some options for combat without leaving their vehicles. In modern infantry, some APCs have evolved to be infantry fighting vehicles (IFVs), which are transport vehicles with more substantial combat abilities, approaching those of light tanks. Some well-equipped mechanised infantry can be designated as armoured infantry. Given that infantry forces typically also have some tanks, and given that most armoured forces have more mechanised infantry units than tank units in their organisation, the distinction between mechanised infantry and armour forces has blurred.[] History ------- Main article: History of infantry Ancient Greek infantry of the Greco-Persian Wars (499–449 BC): light infantry (left, slinger), and the heavy infantry (middle and right, hoplites) The first military forces in history were infantry. In antiquity, infantry were armed with early melee weapons such as a spear, axe, or sword, or an early ranged weapon like a javelin, sling, or bow, with a few infantry men being expected to use both a melee and a ranged weapon. With the development of gunpowder, infantry began converting to primarily firearms. By the time of Napoleonic warfare, infantry, cavalry and artillery formed a basic triad of ground forces, though infantry usually remained the most numerous. With armoured warfare, armoured fighting vehicles have replaced the horses of cavalry, and airpower has added a new dimension to ground combat, but infantry remains pivotal to all modern combined arms operations.[] The first warriors, adopting hunting weapons or improvised melee weapons, before the existence of any organised military, likely started essentially as loose groups without any organisation or formation. But this changed sometime before recorded history; the first ancient empires (2500–1500 BC) are shown to have some soldiers with standardised military equipment, and the training and discipline required for battlefield formations and manoeuvres: regular infantry. Though the main force of the army, these forces were usually kept small due to their cost of training and upkeep, and might be supplemented by local short-term mass-conscript forces using the older irregular infantry weapons and tactics; this remained a common practice almost up to modern times. Rocroi, el último tercio ("Roicroi, the last tercio") by Augusto Ferrer-Dalmau, portraying infantry of a battered Spanish tercio at the 1643 Battle of Rocroi Before the adoption of the chariot to create the first mobile fighting forces c. 2000 BC, all armies were pure infantry. Even after, with a few exceptions like the Mongol Empire, infantry has been the largest component of most armies in history.[] In the Western world, from Classical Antiquity through the Middle Ages (c. 8th century BC to 15th century AD), infantry are categorised as either heavy infantry or light infantry. Heavy infantry, such as Greek hoplites, Macedonian phalangites, and Roman legionaries, specialised in dense, solid formations driving into the main enemy lines, using weight of numbers to achieve a decisive victory, and were usually equipped with heavier weapons and armour to fit their role. Light infantry, such as Greek peltasts, Balearic slingers, and Roman velites, using open formations and greater manoeuvrability, took on most other combat roles: scouting, screening the army on the march, skirmishing to delay, disrupt, or weaken the enemy to prepare for the main forces' battlefield attack, protecting them from flanking manoeuvers, and then afterwards either pursuing the fleeing enemy or covering their army's retreat.[] After the fall of Rome, the quality of heavy infantry declined, and warfare was dominated by heavy cavalry, such as knights, forming small elite units for decisive shock combat, supported by peasant infantry militias and assorted light infantry from the lower classes. Towards the end of Middle Ages, this began to change, where more professional and better trained light infantry could be effective against knights, such as the English longbowmen in the Hundred Years' War. By the start of the Renaissance, the infantry began to return to a larger role, with Swiss pikemen and German Landsknechts filling the role of heavy infantry again, using dense formations of pikes to drive off any cavalry. Dense formations are vulnerable to ranged weapons. Technological developments allowed the raising of large numbers of light infantry units armed with ranged weapons, without the years of training expected for traditional high-skilled archers and slingers. This started slowly, first with crossbowmen, then hand cannoneers and arquebusiers, each with increasing effectiveness, marking the beginning of early modern warfare, when firearms rendered the use of heavy infantry obsolete. The introduction of musketeers using bayonets in the mid 17th century began replacement of the pike with the infantry square replacing the pike square. French Army infantry in a line formation performing a bayonet charge in 1913 To maximise their firepower, musketeer infantry were trained to fight in wide lines facing the enemy, creating line infantry. These fulfilled the central battlefield role of earlier heavy infantry, using ranged weapons instead of melee weapons. To support these lines, smaller infantry formations using dispersed skirmish lines were created, called light infantry, fulfilling the same multiple roles as earlier light infantry. Their arms were no lighter than line infantry; they were distinguished by their skirmish formation and flexible tactics.[] The modern rifleman infantry became the primary force for taking and holding ground on battlefields as an element of combined arms. As firepower continued to increase, use of infantry lines diminished, until all infantry became light infantry in practice. Modern classifications of infantry have since expanded to reflect modern equipment and tactics, such as motorised infantry, mechanised or armoured infantry, mountain infantry, marine infantry, and airborne infantry.[] Equipment --------- Swiss Army infantry kits arrayed in front of a field kitchen in Spitalacker, Bern during a workers' strike, c. 1918 Beyond main arms and armour, an infantryman's "military kit" generally includes combat boots, battledress or combat uniform, camping gear, heavy weather gear, survival gear, secondary weapons and ammunition, weapon service and repair kits, health and hygiene items, mess kit, rations, filled water canteen, and all other consumables each infantryman needs for the expected duration of time operating away from their unit's base, plus any special mission-specific equipment. One of the most valuable pieces of gear is the entrenching tool—basically a folding spade—which can be employed not only to dig important defences, but also in a variety of other daily tasks, and even sometimes as a weapon. Infantry typically have shared equipment on top of this, like tents or heavy weapons, where the carrying burden is spread across several infantrymen. In all, this can reach 25–45 kg (60–100 lb) for each soldier on the march. Such heavy infantry burdens have changed little over centuries of warfare; in the late Roman Republic, legionaries were nicknamed "Marius' mules" as their main activity seemed to be carrying the weight of their legion around on their backs, a practice that predates the eponymous Gaius Marius. Republic of Sierra Leone Armed Forces infantry "packing light" during a patrol in 2013 When combat is expected, infantry typically switch to "packing light", meaning reducing their equipment to weapons, ammunition, and other basic essentials, and leaving other items deemed unnecessary with their transport or baggage train, at camp or rally point, in temporary hidden caches, or even (in emergencies) simply discarding the items if the present situation. Additional specialised equipment may be required, depending on the mission or to the particular terrain or environment, including satchel charges, demolition tools, mines, or barbed wire, carried by the infantry or attached specialists. Historically, infantry have suffered high casualty rates from disease, exposure, exhaustion and privation — often in excess of the casualties suffered from enemy attacks. Better infantry equipment to support their health, energy, and protect from environmental factors greatly reduces these rates of loss, and increase their level of effective action. Health, energy, and morale are greatly influenced by how the soldier is fed, so militaries issue standardised field rations that provide palatable meals and enough calories to keep a soldier well-fed and combat-ready.[] Communications gear has become a necessity, as it allows effective command of infantry units over greater distances, and communication with artillery and other support units. Modern infantry can have GPS, encrypted individual communications equipment, surveillance and night vision equipment, advanced intelligence and other high-tech mission-unique aids.[] Armies have sought to improve and standardise infantry gear to reduce fatigue for extended carrying, increase freedom of movement, accessibility, and compatibility with other carried gear, such as the American All-purpose Lightweight Individual Carrying Equipment (ALICE).[] ### Weapons Russian weapons from the 13th to 17th centuries Infantrymen are defined by their primary arms – the personal weapons and body armour for their own individual use. The available technology, resources, history, and society can produce quite different weapons for each military and era, but common infantry weapons can be distinguished in a few basic categories. * Ranged combat weapons: javelins, slings, blowguns, bows, crossbows, hand cannons, arquebuses, muskets, grenades, flamethrowers. * Melee combat weapons: bludgeoning weapons like clubs, flails and maces; bladed weapons like swords, daggers, and axes; pole weapons like spears, halberds, naginata, and pikes. * Both ranged and close weapons: the bayonet fixed to a firearm allows infantrymen to use the same weapon for both ranged combat and close combat. This started with muskets and its use still continues with modern assault rifles. Use of the bayonet has declined with the introduction of automatic firearms, but are still generally kept as a weapon of last resort. Infantrymen often carry secondary or back-up weapons, sometimes called a sidearm or ancillary weapons. Infantry with ranged or pole weapons often carried a sword or dagger for possible hand-to-hand combat. The pilum was a javelin the Roman legionaries threw just before drawing their primary weapon, the gladius (short sword), and closing with the enemy line. Modern infantrymen now treat the bayonet as a backup weapon, but may also have handguns as sidearms. They may also deploy anti-personnel mines, booby traps, incendiary, or explosive devices defensively before combat.[] ### Protection The Roman testudo performed during a siege, as shown on Trajan's Column. Infantry have employed many different methods of protection from enemy attacks, including various kinds of armour and other gear, and tactical procedures. The most basic is personal armour. This includes shields, helmets and many types of armour – padded linen, leather, lamellar, mail, plate, and kevlar. Initially, armour was used to defend both from ranged and close combat; even a fairly light shield could help defend against most slings and javelins, though high-strength bows and crossbows might penetrate common armour at very close range. Infantry armour had to compromise between protection and coverage, as a full suit of attack-proof armour would be too heavy to wear in combat.[] Two U.S. Army soldiers presenting the Personnel Armor System for Ground Troops body armor, then regularly issued to American infantry, in 1996 As firearms improved, armour for ranged defence had to be made thicker and heavier, which hindered mobility. With the introduction of the heavy arquebus designed to pierce standard steel armour, it was proven easier to make heavier firearms than heavier armour; armour transitioned to be only for close combat purposes. Pikemen armour tended to be just steel helmets and breastplates, and gunners had very little or no armour at all. By the time of the musket, the dominance of firepower shifted militaries away from any close combat, and use of armour decreased, until infantry typically went without wearing any armour.[] Helmets were added back during World War I as artillery began to dominate the battlefield, to protect against their fragmentation and other blast effects beyond a direct hit. Modern developments in bullet-proof composite materials like kevlar have started a return to body armour for infantry, though the extra weight is a notable burden.[] In modern times, infantrymen must also often carry protective measures against chemical and biological attack, including military gas masks, counter-agents, and protective suits. All of these protective measures add to the weight an infantryman must carry, and may decrease combat efficiency.[] ### Infantry-served weapons Early crew-served weapons were siege weapons, like the ballista, trebuchet, and battering ram. Modern versions include machine guns, anti-tank missiles, and infantry mortars.[] Formations ---------- Main article: Tactical formation Ancient depiction of infantry formations, from the Stele of the Vultures, Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia), c. 2500 BC Beginning with the development the first regular military forces, close-combat regular infantry fought less as unorganised groups of individuals and more in coordinated units, maintaining a defined tactical formation during combat, for increased battlefield effectiveness; such infantry formations and the arms they used developed together, starting with the spear and the shield.[] A spear has decent attack abilities with the additional advantage keeping opponents at distance; this advantage can be increased by using longer spears, but this could allow the opponent to side-step the point of the spear and close for hand-to-hand combat where the longer spear is near useless. This can be avoided when each spearman stays side by side with the others in close formation, each covering the ones next to him, presenting a solid wall of spears to the enemy that they cannot get around.[] Similarly, a shield has decent defence abilities, but is literally hit-or-miss; an attack from an unexpected angle can bypass it completely. Larger shields can cover more, but are also heavier and less manoeuvrable, making unexpected attacks even more of a problem. This can be avoided by having shield-armed soldiers stand close together, side-by-side, each protecting both themselves and their immediate comrades, presenting a solid shield wall to the enemy. The charge of the French Cuirassiers at the Battle of Waterloo against a British infantry square The opponents for these first formations, the close-combat infantry of more tribal societies, or any military without regular infantry (so called "barbarians") used arms that focused on the individual – weapons using personal strength and force, such as larger swinging swords, axes, and clubs. These take more room and individual freedom to swing and wield, necessitating a more loose organisation. While this may allow for a fierce running attack (an initial shock advantage) the tighter formation of the heavy spear and shield infantry gave them a local manpower advantage where several might be able to fight each opponent.[] Thus tight formations heightened advantages of heavy arms, and gave greater local numbers in melee. To also increase their staying power, multiple rows of heavy infantrymen were added. This also increased their shock combat effect; individual opponents saw themselves literally lined-up against several heavy infantryman each, with seemingly no chance of defeating all of them. Heavy infantry developed into huge solid block formations, up to a hundred meters wide and a dozen rows deep.[] Maintaining the advantages of heavy infantry meant maintaining formation; this became even more important when two forces with heavy infantry met in battle; the solidity of the formation became the deciding factor. Intense discipline and training became paramount. Empires formed around their military.[] Organization ------------ Main article: Military organization Republic of Korea Army infantry of the 6th Infantry Division, Reconnaissance Battalion during an exercise in 2014 The organization of military forces into regular military units is first noted in Egyptian records of the Battle of Kadesh (c. 1274 BC). Soldiers were grouped into units of 50, which were in turn grouped into larger units of 250, then 1,000, and finally into units of up to 5,000 – the largest independent command. Several of these Egyptian "divisions" made up an army, but operated independently, both on the march and tactically, demonstrating sufficient military command and control organisation for basic battlefield manoeuvres. Similar hierarchical organizations have been noted in other ancient armies, typically with approximately 10 to 100 to 1,000 ratios (even where base 10 was not common), similar to modern sections (squads), companies, and regiments. Training -------- Canadian Army Primary Reserve infantry during urban warfare training in 2004 The training of the infantry has differed drastically over time and from place to place. The cost of maintaining an army in fighting order and the seasonal nature of warfare precluded large permanent armies.[] The antiquity saw everything from the well-trained and motivated citizen armies of Greece and Rome, the tribal host assembled from farmers and hunters with only passing acquaintance with warfare and masses of lightly armed and ill-trained militia put up as a last ditch effort. Kushite king Taharqa enjoyed military success in the Near East as a result of his efforts to strengthen the army through daily training in long-distance running. In medieval times the foot soldiers varied from peasant levies to semi-permanent companies of mercenaries, foremost among them the Swiss, English, Aragonese and German, to men-at-arms who went into battle as well-armoured as knights, the latter of which at times also fought on foot.[] The creation of standing armies—permanently assembled for war or defence—saw increase in training and experience. The increased use of firearms and the need for drill to handle them efficiently.[] The introduction of national and mass armies saw an establishment of minimum requirements and the introduction of special troops (first of them the engineers going back to medieval times, but also different kinds of infantry adopted to specific terrain, bicycle, motorcycle, motorised and mechanised troops) culminating with the introduction of highly trained special forces during the first and second World War.[] Air force and naval infantry ---------------------------- \| NATO Map Symbol \| \| --- \| \| \| \| Naval Infantry Company \| \| \| \| Air Force Infantry Company \| Naval infantry, commonly known as marines, are primarily a category of infantry that form part of the naval forces of states and perform roles on land and at sea, including amphibious operations, as well as other, naval roles. They also perform other tasks, including land warfare, separate from naval operations.[] Air force infantry and base defense forces, such as the United States Air Force Security Forces, Royal Air Force Regiment, Royal Australian Air Force Airfield Defence Guards, and Indonesian Air Force Paskhas Corps are used primarily for ground-based defense of air bases and other air force facilities. They also have a number of other, specialist roles. These include, among others, Chemical, Biological, Radiological and Nuclear (CBRN) defence and training other airmen in basic ground defense tactics.[]
Japanese art museum The Chichu Art Museum (地中美術館, Chichū Bijutsukan) (literally 'art museum in the earth') is a museum built directly into a southern portion of the island of Naoshima in Kagawa Prefecture, Japan. It was designed by architect Tadao Ando and opened to the public on July 18, 2004. Background ---------- The subterranean museum is under the administration of the Fukutake Foundation, a project of the Benesse Corporation whose president Soichiro Fukutake also acts as director of the facility. It exists as part of an ongoing initiative to "rethink the relationship between nature and people," and is one of several arts-related sites generating tourist interest in the area. Despite its position buried underground, the design of the building is such that it facilitates the exclusive use of natural light to illuminate a number of the exhibits, changing their appearance at different viewing times throughout the day and, in essence, encompassing the building itself within the same realm as the art on display. Exhibited works --------------- The site features permanent installations by Walter De Maria and James Turrell, as well as painted works in the Water Lilies series by Claude Monet. ### Walter De Maria * "Time/Timeless/No Time," 2004 – granite, mahogany, gold leaf, concrete Claude Monet's Water-Lily Pond c.1915-1926 ### Claude Monet * "Water Lilies," 1914–1917 – oil on canvas, 200×200 cm * "Water Lilies, Reflections of Weeping Willows," 1916–1919 – oil on canvas, 100×200 cm * "Water-Lily Pond," 1917–1919 – oil on canvas, 100×200 cm * "Water-Lily Pond," c.1915–1926 – oil on canvas, diptych, each part: 200×300 cm ### James Turrell * "Afrum, Pale Blue," 1968 – projector * "Open Field," 2000 – fluorescent light, neon tube * "Open Sky," 2004 – LED, xenon lamp Chichu Garden ------------- Located between the ticket center and main museum building, the Chichu Garden is an area roughly 400 m2 in size that features approximately 150 types of plants, 40 kinds of trees and almost 200 kinds of flowers that either appeared in Monet's works or were collected by the artist during his lifetime. As Monet was an avid gardener, his own designs as well as inspiration gleaned directly from some of his most famous paintings were used to design the garden and ponds that make up the area, which even feature some of the same water lilies that appear in his famous series. The rationale behind Chichu Garden is one where, through physical experience, it is believed one's understanding and appreciation of Claude Monet's work can be deepened.
British painter (1874–1922) Joseph Longhurst (3 April 1874 – 27 July 1922) was a British landscape painter. He was one of the founding members of the Brighton Arts Club and exhibited at the Royal Academy between 1902 and 1922. Joseph Longhurst self-portrait Life and career --------------- Longhurst was born in Brighton, the ninth of ten children of Henry Braddock Longhurst, the owner of Amber Ales Brewery. He was educated at St Aubyn House, Brighton. He was honorary secretary of the first exhibition held by the Brighton Arts Club in 1903. His first painting was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1902 and he exhibited there a further six times. By 1906 he had moved to St John’s Wood Studios in Chelsea and in the years following he exhibited at The Black Frame Club, the Royal Institute of Oil Painters, the Royal Society of British Artists and the Col’drum Gallery; also, further afield, in the Walker Art Gallery in Liverpool and Derby Museum and Art Gallery. He married Cicely Ermyntrude Holmes (1890 - 1955) in 1914 and moved to Cranleigh in Surrey where their son was born in 1918. Longhurst taught for a while at Cranleigh School but suffered from illness, particularly after 1917, and died in Cranleigh Village Hospital aged 48 in 1922. The artist W. Heath Robinson lived in Cranleigh at this time. In his autobiography My Line of Life he wrote: > At Cranleigh my friendship with the artist Joseph Longhurst, the landscape painter, began. It was destined to last only three or four years. When I knew him he was an invalid and unable to do much painting. But in his studio were works executed in happier days, which showed the light of genius. Some of our neighbours had beautiful paintings of his on their walls. > > There are paintings by Longhurst in the Brighton Museum & Art Gallery (The Pilgrims’ Way), The Higgins Art Gallery & Museum at Bedford (A Summer Noon; The Downs at Lewes) and the Salisbury and South Wiltshire Museum (Distant View of Salisbury). Royal Academy ------------- Longhurst exhibited ten paintings at the Royal Academy: 1902 – The Flight of a Storm; 1907 – Burlington House; Soliloquy; 1909 – A Northern Stronghold; 1911 – The Two Castles; Distant View of Bolton Castle in Wensleydale, Yorkshire; 1912 – The Raiders; Sussex from Surrey; 1920 – A Yorkshire River; 1922 – A Kentish Valley.
Species of fungus *Buchwaldoboletus duckeanus* is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae native to South America. Taxonomy and naming ------------------- Originally described by Rolf Singer in 1983 as Pulveroboletus duckeanus, it was given its current name by Ernst Both and Beatriz Ortiz-Santana in A preliminary survey of the genus Buchwaldoboletus, published in „Bulletin of the Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences" in 2011. Description ----------- The cap is convex and viscid. Its color is brown. Easily peeled off the mushroom, the skin is separated from the flesh by a thin gelatinous layer. The pores are small and angular, and the pore surface stains blue with injury. The stipe is subferruginous and tapering, and there is a yellow bluing mycelium at the stipe base. Spores are small and measure (4)5–6 by (3.3)3.5–4.2(4.5) µm. Distribution and ecology ------------------------ Buchwaldoboletus duckeanus has been recorded in Brazil, in Adolfo Ducke Forest Reserve. Like other Buchwaldoboletus species, it is not obligatorily ectomycorrhizal.
1982 Kannada film by Singeetham Srinivasa Rao *Haalu Jenu* (censor certified: Halu Jenu; transl. Milk and Honey) is a 1982 Indian Kannada-language tragicomedy film directed by Singeetham Srinivasa Rao, starring Rajkumar, Madhavi and Roopa Devi. The movie is famous for its evergreen songs, which were composed by G. K. Venkatesh. The movie was remade in Telugu in 1985 as Illale Devata. Parvathamma Rajkumar paid ₹1 lakhs for the story when a movie based on that story which was supposed to star Anant Nag failed to go on floors. Haalu Jenu was known for its 70-foot (21 m)-tall cutout poster of Rajkumar placed in the Santosh Theatre in Majestic, Bangalore. The film was a major success at the box office upon its release and had a theatrical run of 35 weeks. The movie, however, was removed from some cinemas after 22 weeks (150 days) to make room for Chalisuva Modagalu which was also directed by Singeetham Srinivasa Rao and starred Rajkumar. The tabloid Trade Guide started by Taran Adarsh's father had published a report calling Rajkumar a Junior Hitler for the alleged theatre unavailability for Amitabh Bachchan's Namak Halaal which released around the same time, enraging Kannada movie buffs. Finally, Amitabh Bachchan flew down to Bangalore and met Rajkumar to clear the air of misunderstandings. Saritha, who had earlier worked with Rajkumar on Keralida Simha and Hosa Belaku, dubbed for Madhavi in some parts in this movie. Saritha went on to dub a Telugu movie by the same director - Mayuri. Saritha was one of the lead heroines in Rajkumar - Singeetham's immediate next movie Chalisuva Modagalu which released in the same year. This was also Singeetham Srinivasa Rao's directorial debut in Kannada. He went on to work with Rajkumar in six more movies including his 200th movie, and was also the director of the debut movies of his two sons. Plot ---- Ranga (Dr. Rajkumar), a middle-class working man and is happily married to Kamala (Madhavi). Their newly wed life gets disrupted one day when Kamala falls unconscious on the floor. Ranga takes her to the hospital and doctor perform the blood test. After analyzing the reports, the doctor reveals that Kamala has blood cancer and consoles Ranga to take good care of her till her last breath. Shattered Ranga, blindly believes that he can save Kamala's life and spends most of his savings for her medical care. One afternoon, Ranga notices Meena (Roopa Devi), a young woman on the road and she is surrounded by men who are blackmailing her to pay compensation for a staged accident. With smartness, Ranga somehow manages to saves her from them instead of putting a fight. He already knew about Meena, the daughter of Shaanthamma (Dubbing Janaki), who come from a rich family. With a sense of gratitude, Meena takes Ranga to her house and introduces him to her mother. Ranga lie to convince them that he is also from a rich family. He thinks Shaanthamma could be source for money for his wife's treatment. He soon learns the weaknesses of the family members. Meanwhile, Meena develops crush on Ranga and tries many ways to express her feelings for him. But, Ranga intentionally avoids her without causing any hurt. One day at the hospital, Ranga hears of Dr. Varma, a famous oncologist. He asks his friend Dr. Subbu (Shrinagar Nagaraj) to arrange an appointment with Varma, for which he needs ₹20,000. He arranges the amount by selling Gopalayya's car, after when he cheated on him. Kamala and Ranga head to Bombay to meet Dr. Varma (R. N. Sudarshan). After conducting the check up, Varma issues a treatment instruction letter for Dr. Subbu via Ranga. Gopalayya enters Shaanthamma's house with lawyer Baratlaw (M. S. Umesh) to grab her property by holding a power of attorney letter in hand that has been signed by Prahalad. Ranga enlightens lawyer Baratlaw by exposing the cheating nature of Gopalayya. After knowing the truth, Baratlaw tears off the power of attorney letter and kicks Gopalayya out of Shanthamma's house under Ranga's direction. One day, Ranga is called for a marriage proposal with by Meena's family. With no way left, Ranga escapes by saying "According to his horoscope, the one who marries him will die sooner". After saying it, he remembers of Kamala and with fear he rushes to the hospital and tells her that he rejected the proposal. But Kamala was not happy with his action. Soon after, Meena leaves her house and decides to live in Ranga's place when her mother wants to marry her for Baratlaw. Meena's father Ugra Narasimha (Shakti Prasad) visits Ranga's house to tell his family's secret about raising a boy, the son of his expired Sita (Shanthamma's first daughter), and thus he express his inability to pay convent fees from his wife due to Baratlaw. Ranga promises him that he will take care of paying the boy's convent fees. After the fee payment, with permission Ranga takes the boy with him to his house to trick Meena into thinking that he is widower father of the boy. Meena accepts this lie, but she is still happy to be like a mother for the boy. The next day, Ranga returns the boy to the convent. After a heated argument, Ranga slaps Meena which will make her leave the house and continues to follow her mother's decision of marrying Baratlaw. Ranga tells Kamala about what happened, but she feels bad about him hurting Meena. During this conversation, a nurse in the next bed hears about Shanthamma and suddenly she starts to ask "Are you talking about the rich lady, Shanthamma". Further, the nurse explains the story of cheated and impregnated Sita who dies after delivering a baby. The child is being raised by Ugranarasimha. She gives a couple photo to Ranga which has the picture of Sita and the guy who cheated on her. On Meena's wedding day, Ranga enters to the marriage hall with the boy and reveals the boy's father is Baratlaw. He hand over the boy to Shanthamma's family and Gopalayya kicks out Baratlaw and his father from the hall. A few days later, Dr. Subbu calls Ranga saying they moved Kamala to the intensive care unit and mention an operation that is conducted under Dr. Varma's supervision. He asks Ranga to arrange money for operation quickly. After a refusal from Baddi Basappa, Ranga heads to Shaanthamma, asking for ₹10,000 as it is urgently needed. At the doorstep, Ranga's haters brainwash Shaanthamma from giving money. Shaanthamma orders Ranga to move out. At the same time, Kamala's health deteriorates. Understanding Ranga would be miserable, Meena gives him the money and asks the reason. He takes her to the hospital, where he finds doctors standing still and Kamala holding her last breath for Ranga's arrival. Her last words reflect on Ranga and Meena marrying each other and Kamala asks Ranga to sing the phrase "Dehavu Naanu Pranavu Neenu" ("I am the body, You are the life"). Kamala dies after completing the song. Cast ---- \| Actor \| Role \| \| --- \| --- \| \| Rajkumar \| Ranga \| \| Madhavi \| Kamala \| \| Roopa Devi \| Meena \| \| Dubbing Janaki \| Shaanthamma \| \| Thoogudeepa Srinivas \| Baddi Basappa \| \| Chi. Udaya Shankar \| Officer \| \| Shivaram \| \| \| Musuri Krishnamurthy \| Marriage broker \| \| Shakti Prasad \| Ugranarasimha, Meena's father \| \| M. S. Umesh \| \| Soundtrack ---------- The music and background score was composed by G. K. Venkatesh and the lyrics were penned by Chi. Udaya Shankar. One of Purandara Dasa's keerthanas was also included. \| Track # \| Song \| Singer(s) \| Lyrics \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1 \| "Aaneya Mele" \| Rajkumar, Sulochana \| Chi. Udaya Shankar \| \| 2 \| "Haayagi Kulithiru Neenu" \| Rajkumar, Saritha \| Chi. Udaya Shankar \| \| 3 \| "Baalu Belakayithu" \| Rajkumar \| Chi. Udaya Shankar \| \| 4 \| "Haalu Jenu Ondada Haage" \| Rajkumar \| Chi. Udaya Shankar \| \| 5 \| "Pogaadirelo Ranga" \| S. Janaki \| Purandara Dasa \| \| Awards ------ * Karnataka State Film Awards 1. Best Film - Parvathamma Rajkumar and Singeetam Srinivasa Rao 2. Best Actor - Rajkumar 3. Best Editing - P. Bhaktavatsalam
English footballer Geoffrey Hugh Strong (19 September 1937 – 17 June 2013) was an English professional footballer who scored 98 goals from 313 appearances in the Football League playing for Arsenal, Liverpool and Coventry City. He began his career as an inside forward, but went on to occupy every outfield position. Early life and career --------------------- Strong was born in Kirkheaton, Northumberland, in 1937. He trained as a machine-tool fitter and played amateur football for his local club, Stanley United. Strong's 14 goals from his first four appearances of the 1957–58 Northern League season did not pass unnoticed, and in November 1957, he signed amateur forms with Football League First Division club Arsenal. Arsenal ------- Strong played mainly in the Gunners youth and reserve sides and his first-team debut was delayed by his call-up for National Service in April 1960. He finally started for the first team against Newcastle United on 17 September 1960, two days before his 23rd birthday; he scored the last goal as Arsenal won 5–0. Strong played 19 league games that season, scoring ten goals, and appeared in 20 the following season, 1961–62, before finally becoming an automatic first-choice in 1962–63. Playing as an inside forward or centre forward, Strong formed a lethal attacking partnership with Joe Baker and became a regular goalscorer for the club – his record being 31 in all competitions in 1963–64; Baker and Strong together scored 62 that season. However, despite Strong and Baker's goalscoring efforts, Arsenal were going through a barren patch; the best league position they achieved during this period was seventh, and they made little impact in the FA Cup. Strong made it clear he wanted to move to a more successful club. Although he was still a regular starter at the start of the 1964–65 season, Arsenal sold him for £40,000 to Liverpool in November 1964. He had scored 77 goals from 137 matches for the Gunners. Liverpool --------- Strong was thrown straight into the Liverpool side and made his debut on 7 November 1964, in a 1–1 league draw with Fulham at Craven Cottage. His first goal came a month later on 5 December in a 5–1 defeat of Burnley at Turf Moor. After just 16 appearances in a red shirt Strong's wish for more success came to fruition, as Liverpool won the FA Cup for the first time in the club's 73-year history. Strong, who was now used as a utility man, made his first appearance in the competition for Liverpool in the final at Wembley, deputising for the injured Gordon Milne as the Reds beat Leeds United 2–1 after extra time. He played in the semi-final of the European Cup, as Liverpool lost to Inter Milan 4–3 on aggregate having led 3-1 from the first leg in Italy. Strong went on to play in almost every outfield position over the next six seasons, but he eventually settled in at left back after Gerry Byrne retired. Strong was part of the side that won the 1965–66 Football League title, six points clear of Leeds United. He, however, missed the 1966 Cup Winners' Cup final, which Liverpool lost 2–1 to Borussia Dortmund at Hampden Park, through an injury that he picked up in the semi-final second leg win over Celtic. Strong had a major influence in the Reds reaching their first European final, as it was he who scored the winner, a towering header, even though he was carrying a leg injury. Liverpool went trophyless for a few seasons after the 1966 title win, and following a 1–0 defeat at the hands of Second Division Watford in the sixth round of the 1969–70 FA Cup, Bill Shankly decided that changes had to be made. The old guard had to be replaced by a younger generation, and Strong was one of the players that was caught up in the cull. After 201 matches and 33 goals, Strong left Liverpool in July 1970 for Coventry City for a £30,000 fee. Coventry City ------------- He spent a single season at Highfield Road and his experience was helpful in Noel Cantwell's young team. He formed an excellent partnership with a young Jeff Blockley and the Sky Blues set a club record by conceding only 38 league goals. He retired from playing in 1972. Retirement ---------- After retiring, he left the game completely, and for a while ran his own hotel furnishing business; he also co-owned a pub with former Liverpool player Ian Callaghan. In the 2006 Liverpool F.C. website poll, "100 Players Who Shook The Kop", Strong was voted in at number 95. Strong, who had suffered from Alzheimer's disease for some years, died at the age of 75 in a Southport care home in the morning of 17 June 2013. Honours ------- Liverpool * Football League First Division: 1965–66 * FA Cup: 1964–65 * FA Charity Shield: 1965, 1966
Hockey club in Northern Ireland Cookstown Hockey Club is a hockey club based in Cookstown, County Tyrone, Northern Ireland. It is affiliated to the Ulster Branch of the Irish Hockey Association and was founded in 1951. The first team currently plays in the Premier League of the Ulster Senior League. In addition the club also fields five Junior League teams and two ladies' teams. The ladies' team currently play in the second tier of Ulster Hockey in senior league section one. Early years ----------- From their foundation in 1951, Cookstown gained promotion from the Junior League to Intermediate League Section A of the Ulster Senior League in season 1954–55. A period of consolidation followed before Cookstown started to progress upwards in the ranks of Ulster hockey. In 1966-67 Intermediate League Section A was finally won to gain entry to Qualifying League Section B. The following season saw their league won again and promotion to Qualifying League Section A. When the Ulster Senior League was re-organised after the 1968–69 season, Cookstown had performed well enough in their first season in Qualifying League Section A to secure a place in the new Section 2. For the next five seasons Cookstown proved to be one of the stronger teams in the Section, but always fell just short of promotion to the top flight of Ulster hockey. Season 1974-75 finally brought the long-awaited win of Section 2 and Cookstown secured their place in the top flight of the Ulster Senior League. Their position in the top Section of the League has been retained continuously from that date. 1980s ----- The 1980s was a period of success for the club and saw Cookstown experience European competition for the first time. In 1979-80 the club fought its way through to the Irish Senior Cup Final for the first time, losing to Belfast YMCA by two goals to nil. The disappointment was tempered when their opponents were unable to represent Ireland in the European Club Cup as participation would involve playing on a Sunday and Cookstown accepted an invitation to take their place. Cookstown won a qualifying tournament and went on to the main event in Rome. They won the Final on penalty-flicks. They became the first Club in Ireland to win a major European competition.[] In 1983 the club won the Ulster Senior League Section 1 for the first time in their history. They made it a double by also winning the Anderson Cup. The Irish Senior Cup came to Cookstown for the first time in 1986–87. As underdogs they beat Banbridge 4–0 at Blaris, in the last Final to be played on a real grass pitch. In 1988, as a result of their Irish Senior Cup success, Cookstown were again in European competition and finished 7th in the Premier section of the tournament held in the Netherlands. The only major trophy that had eluded Cookstown, the Kirk Cup, was finally won in 1988-89 when Mossley were beaten by one goal to nil at Blaris. The 2nd team also joined the trophy winning when they won two Irish Junior Cups in 1983 and 1985. 1990 onwards ------------ The successes of the 1980s were hard to follow and a long barren spell ensued before a return to success with the capture of the Kirk Cup in 2002-03 and 2006–07. The club attained their best league position since the eighties, when they finished second in 2006–07. A winner-takes-all game against the eventual winners Annadale in the last fixture of the season was lost. A victory would have won the league for Cookstown. In the 2007–08 season, Cookstown captured the Premier League for the second time in their history. The premier league title was retained in the 2008–09 season and the Kirk Cup was also secured. The Premier League and Kirk Cup double was repeated in 2009–10. The league title was lost in 2010–11. However, a 24-year wait came to an end when Cookstown once again won the Irish Senior Cup in 2011 by defeating Monkstown by four goals to three in the final. Honours ------- * Irish Senior Cup (2 wins) + 1986–87, 2010-11 * Irish Junior Cup (2 wins) + 1982–83, 1984–85 * Ulster Senior League (6 wins) + 1982–83, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2009-10 2011–12, 2016–17 * Kirk Cup (6 wins) + 1988–89, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2008–09, 2009–10, 2012-13 * Anderson Cup (5 wins) + 1982–83, 1992–93, 2012–13, 2013–14, 2016–17 Notable players --------------- ### Men's internationals Ireland \| \| \| \| --- \| --- \| \| * David Ames * Andy Barbour * Keith Black * Mark Burns * Colin Donaldson * Geoff Hamilton \| * Ian Hughes * David Larmour * Martin Sloan * Ian Sloan * Timmy Smyth \| Great Britain * David Ames * Martin Sloan * Ian Sloan England * David Ames * Ian Sloan Facilities ---------- * Sand Dressed Pitch * Water Based Pitch * Clubhouse Sources ------- 1. ↑ Ireland's Saturday Night. 12 April 1980. p. 3. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) 2. ↑ Belfast Newsletter. 23 April 1980. p. 10. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) 3. 1 2 Belfast Newsletter. 27 December 1988. p. 24. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) 4. 1 2 Ireland's Saturday Night. 16 April 1983. p. 2. `{{cite news}}`: Missing or empty `\|title=` (help) 5. 1 2 "Cookstown triumph in Kirk final". BBC Sport. 26 December 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2007. 6. ↑ "Belfast Newsletter – Match report for final fixture against Annadale". Retrieved 2 June 2007.[permanent dead link] 7. ↑ "Belfast Newsletter – Match preview for final fixture of 2006-07 season". Retrieved 2 June 2007.[permanent dead link] 8. 1 2 "Cookstown clinch league title after 25 year wait". Belfast Newsletter. 13 April 2008. Retrieved 15 April 2008. 9. 1 2 "Cookstown warning to hockey rivals". Belfast Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2009. 10. 1 2 "Red Army provide that little bit extra in hockey final". Belfast Telegraph. 27 December 2008. Retrieved 18 April 2011. 11. 1 2 "American Chronicle (from Belfast Telegraph) report on Cookstown 2009-10 league win". Archived from the original on 31 May 2012. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 12. 1 2 "Cookstown beat Banbridge in Kirk Cup final". BBC Sport. 26 April 2010. Retrieved 28 April 2010. 13. 1 2 "Sloan seals glory for Cookstown". The Irish Times. 19 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011. 14. 1 2 "Sloan double swings it". Irish Independent. 18 April 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2011. 15. ↑ "Comfortable win in the end for Cookstown". Belfast Newsletter. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
American computer scientist Brad Allan Myers is a professor in the Human-Computer Interaction Institute at Carnegie Mellon University and became its Director in 2023. He earned his PhD in computer science at the University of Toronto in 1987, under Bill Buxton. Education --------- Myers received his BS degree in Computer Science and MS degree in Computer Science and Engineering under MIT in 1980, whilst simultaneously interning at Xerox Parc for his Master's thesis. He then received his PhD in Computer Science from the University of Toronto in 1987. Work ---- Myers's work is focused on building computer systems, most of them have rock-themed names. His work since the 1970s at many distinguished institutes including Xerox Parc, MIT Architecture Machine Group (Now the Media Lab), and the Three Rivers Computer Corporation pioneered many systems and innovations that are still in use today. His work with window managers produced SAPPHIRE in the early 1980s, while working for PERQ Systems Corporation. It is one of the first commercial window managers with feature that became widely adopted such as progress bars. Myers's MIT Master's thesis was one of the earliest data visualization systems. While working for PERQ Systems Corporation in the early 80s, Myers created Sapphire, one of the first commercial window managers with a number of features that later became widespread. His University of Toronto dissertation described Peridot, a programming by demonstration system that specified the look and behaviors of widgets without conventional programming. He has done a number of research projects on handheld devices, such as the Pebbles, exploring the different uses of these devices and how they communicate with other systems. Another focus of Myers's work is the Natural Programming project. It focuses on programming languages and making programming easier and more correct by making it more natural. Awards ------ In 2017, Brad Myers received the Association for Computing Machinery's SIGCHI Lifetime Achievement Award in Research, for outstanding fundamental and influential research contributions to the study of human-computer interaction. Myers is the winner of nine best paper type awards and three Most Influential Paper awards and is the author or editor of 475 publications. As of 2016[update], Myers was the 28th most published author in the field of human-computer interaction. He was elected to the CHI Academy in 2004 as one of the "principal leaders of the field" of HCI and is an IEEE Fellow and an ACM Fellow. Myers is a leading researcher in the field of programming by demonstration and created the Garnet and Amulet toolkits. He is one of a select few who has attended every CHI conference. You can see documentation online of his extensive collection of CHI ribbons. Memberships ----------- Journal of Visual Languages and Sentient Systems. Journal of Visual Languages and Computing. Human-Computer Interaction Journal. Interacting with Computers.
Lilí del Mónico (1910-2002) was a Swiss artist active in Paraguay in the 1950s. Born in (Switzerland in 1910; Asuncion and he died in Asuncion on February 7, 2002) First Steps ----------- Lilí del Mónico 1948 began taking painting lessons in oil painting at Lausanne (Switzerland) with Professor David Burner and in Asuncion with Jaime Bestard . At the beginning of the decade of 1950 she held her first solo exhibition in the Paraguayan American Cultural Center (CCPA) in 1952 and participated in the Women's Hall of Fine Arts at the Union Club, both institutions of the Paraguayan capital. Trajectory ---------- The year 1954 was crucial to work out the later Paraguayan visual arts. Lilí del Mónico performed with the New Art Group the first Art Exhibition of Modern Art in Asuncion in the windows of stores and shops on the street Palma, the main avenue of the capital down town. That same year, the group formed by Josefina Plá, Jose Parodi Laterza and Olga Blinder presented an exposition in Buenos Aires in the Argentine Society of Plastic Artists. This artist had since the beginning of her career intense participation in the cultural life of Paraguay. In 1960 she took part in several group exhibitions in Asuncion. In 1967 she made her second individual sample in the Kennedy Gallery. In 1968 he won the Gold Medal at the exhibition organized by the Society of Horticulture & Garden of Asuncion. Also, in the years 1972, 1974, 1980 she organized solo exhibitions in the Paraguayan American Cultural Center. In 1975 she participated in the sample group "Women in Paraguayan plastic." In 1976 she exhibited in the Colonial Bookshop Gallery in Punta del Este, Uruguay. In 1980 she showed her oil paintings in an exhibit at the same individual Uruguayan seaside resort. In 1988 Lilí del Mónico exhibited in the Factory Gallery and made a show of paintings at the Gallery of Art-sans of Asuncion. She also could show her work in her homeland. So she took some pictures in which she focused on the female body to her country. "Consistency internal" ---------------------- In the catalog for the presentation "Art-Sans" her colleague from the movement "Arte Nuevo" and friend Olga Blinder wrote:" Lilì was looking for her way and her findings were not accidental. The force is always constant inside her and, although her production is not constant and is governed by a line or technical issue, the strength of her paintings rely on their authenticity, which makes her paint the way she speaks and acts in her daily life. Lilí is like that, weather people like her or not and, therefore, her paintings reflected the same force that always pushed her, in all her endeavors. Plastic reflections ------------------- As an exercise in reflection on her work and the path she walked by the group "New Art", Lilí del Mónico wrote the book "Between brush and reeds" this material was edited in Asuncion in 1990 and then translated into Italian. Lil's Mónico also had another little-known facet; of the industry. He was at the controls of the sugar mills "Censi and Pirota S. A. ", in Benjamin Aceval Paraguayan Chaco. She was remembered as the first industrial woman of Paraguay. The artist died in Benjamin Aceval on February 7, 2002, at age 92. Collections ----------- The works of Lilí del Mónico are in the collection of the Museum of Contemporary Paraguayan Art Asuncion and in private collections in Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay, U.S. Venezuela, Spain and Switzerland.
Marion Stoddart (born May 26, 1928) is an activist and community leader best known for her work leading up to the rescue and recovery of the Nashua River in Massachusetts and New Hampshire. Early years and education ------------------------- Marion Stoddart was born in Reno, Nevada. In 1928, her family moved to a small town called Fernley, where her father owned a General Store. The family also had an alfalfa farm. As a teenager Stoddart helped her father run his store, and she worked in a post office. After attending high school for only three years, Marion graduated, and attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where she studied anthropology and sociology. She obtained a teaching credential from the University of California at Berkeley. Stoddart met her future husband, Hugh, soon after leaving home. Hugh was a student at Caltech and later did graduate work at MIT. While at MIT Hugh invited Marion to visit him there, and they decided to marry. Saving the Nashua River ----------------------- In the early 1960s there were no laws regulating the way waste from industry was disposed of on either the state or federal level in the United States. By the mid-1960s there was some preliminary legislation to regulate the pollution of waterways, but as yet no laws on the state level. In the 1960s, when Stoddart began to organize to save the Nashua River, it was one of the ten most polluted rivers in the US. In 1962 the Stoddarts moved from Nevada to the small community of Groton Massachusetts with their three children. Their home in Groton was only three quarters of a mile from the Nashua River, which by then was already known to be highly polluted, and even dangerous. To address the problem, Stoddart enlisted the help of thousands of ordinary citizens to form a Nashua River Clean Up Committee. She also met with Massachusetts Governor John Volpe, Fitchburg Mayor William Flynn, and executives of the paper mills that were polluting the river. Through her tireless efforts Stoddart was able to get the first anti-water pollution bill enacted by any state in the US: the 1965 Massachusetts Clean Water Act. Stoddart’s work did not stop with the passage of the 1965 legislation. She also founded the Nashua River Watershed Association. This organization helped to further protect 174 miles of the river and its major tributaries. Recognition ----------- Stoddart was profiled on the "Today Show," for her work. In 1987 the United Nations honored her with their Environment Program’s Global 500 Award. In 1993 the National Geographic Society profiled her life and work. Also in 1993 her work was chronicled in a children’s book "A River Ran Wild" by Lynne Cherry, which is today standard curriculum for most fourth graders in the US. In 2010 Susan Edwards and Dorie Clark directed an award-winning, 30 minute documentary, "The Work of 1000," about the life and work of Stoddart.[better source needed] Stoddart is the focus of a civic engagement program called "The Work of 1000," which is also the name of the short documentary film made about her work. On May 2, 2012 US Representative Niki Tsongas, with Marion Stoddart standing beside her, announced legislation to designate the Nashua River as a Scenic and Wild River. That designation will continue to protect and preserve the river and allow it to receive federal monies to continue conservation efforts into the future. In honor of her 85th birthday the Nashua River Watershed Association, the organization that Stoddart founded, held a fundraising drive to support programs and activities that will expand, promote, and permanently protect the greenways along the rivers, streams, and wetlands in the Nashua River watershed. In July 2014 a pair of artists, Jon S. Allen and Sophy A. Tuttle began work on a mural in honor of Stoddart along the Nashua River in Fitchburg's Riverfront Park. Family ------ Stoddart is married to Hugh, a physicist. They have three children and five grandchildren.
Historic church in Massachusetts, United States United States historic place Church Logo and Name stamp First Baptist Church of Sutton is a Baptist church in the town of Sutton, Massachusetts and was founded on September 9, 1735, by the Reverend Benjamin Marsh one of the founding fathers of the town and Thomas Green. It is the fourth oldest Baptist church in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. The First Baptist Church of Sutton was organized, in 1735. With the exception of a ten-year period of being inactive, in the war years from 1775 to 1785, there have been almost steady services of worship and activities carried on by the men and women of this church. The first structure (1750) was located just down the road where Sutton High School is now, the second (1792) was built on where the current police and fire departments are, and third structure was built on what is now Central Turnpike in 1829 and is part of the West Sutton Historic District with the Fellowship Hall added in 1959. The sanctuary building is in the Greek Revival style of the time. The church is tied to many of the historic families that have and still call Sutton home. Among the names we read the names of Putnam, Buard, Waters, Davis, Freeland, Brigham, King, Marble, Titus, Rich, Dana, Merriam, Lamb, Sibley, Shaw, Moore, Burdon, Luther, Whittier, Plummer, Wallace, Leonard. First Baptist Church is part of the North American Missions Board Revitalize and Replant effort in New England stopping the 17 churches that close every week in America. Through the years the church has been also known through the town and region as Legacy Church, First Baptist Sutton, West Sutton Baptist Church, Sutton Baptist Church, Baptist Meetinghouse, and its original founding name by Rev. Marsh, The Frontier Church. History ------- ### 1700s Second Building from the 1780s The original Baptist Church in Sutton was organized on September 19, 1735. James Bound had begun a group of Baptists meeting in the town prior to the date, and encouraged the organization of a church in the town. In 1737, Benjamin Marsh and Thomas Green were both ordained as co-pastors of the church. Green would leave with a group to Leicester to start a Baptist church there, in the Rochdale village, today known as Greenville Baptist Church. Marsh would go on to lead the First Baptist for over 40 years (still the longest tenure), seeing the church grow in life and vigor from the events of the Great Awakening. The first building was erected in 1750, at the corner of Hutchinson and Boston Roads. The second was built on Freeland Hill, this building had no steeple or bell. It was later moved to Braman Village and is now between the West Milbury and Sutton Roads and serves as the home of the Sutton Historical Society. Shortly after Rev. Marsh's passing, the church was partially dissolved due to the wars in America, but the members reorganized the church in 1785 and elder Ebenezer Lamson was chosen as the new pastor until he was voted out following his admission in beliefs of teachings that were against orthodox theology. In 1792, Rev. William Batchellor who was the pastor of First Baptist, organized the Second Baptist Church/Manchaug Baptist Church in South Sutton (the building was the original second structure of First Baptist and moved for their use in 1842) which today is the Historical Society's. ### 1800s The church was active during the 100-year anniversary celebrations of the founding of Sutton. Under Rev. Samuel Waters the church grew to over 100 people and was no longer able to fit in the second building for one service. The congregation voted to and raised money to build their third and the current sanctuary building which would house 250 people total and included a balcony/choir loft. The present edifice was built in 1829 in a more central location in West Sutton. The property was purchased because George Whitefield is said to have spoken on the grounds during a week in Sutton in April 1745. It was dedicated on Sept. 16, 1830. Hand-hewn lumber was used for the Greek Revival temple front of the structure was a form widely employed by congregations of all denominations in the early to mid decades of the 19th century. The steeple was of the Christopher Wren type. The lovely old bell was cast in Medway, Mass. by G.H. Holbrook in 1829, one of the first church bells to be cast in the United States. The old choir loft was closed and pew doors were taken off in the 1890s, only one of these pews from the original 1829 building remains in the enclosed loft leading up to the bell tower. The 1800s would see short terms from a number of pastors, many of whom were older and near retirement, with a few dying during their term as pastor. The Civil War would also play havoc on the pastoral terms as three men would pastor the church at about the same time because of service commitments to the Union Army. The church would be closed off and on for the years of the war because of this, with the elders leading services and other functions of the church. ### 1900s The church during the 1904 Bi-centennial celebrations of Sutton's founding had Rev. Arthur Davis represent the church at all the festivities and functions. Several houses in West Sutton were used as a parsonage until, in 1915, the Church purchased a large house nearby. The one hundredth anniversary of the building of the church was celebrated, in 1929. A cellar was dug under the church, affording space for a furnace, and the two big wood stoves were removed. The interior was redecorated. Electric lights were installed in memory of Mr. C.S. Jones, who had been a member of the Men's Sunday School Class, known as the "Knights of the Wheel." A Woman's Community Organization, known as "The Hillside Club," was organized in 1906 to aid this church financially and to be of benefit to the community, and the members had always been ready and willing to raise extra funds when needed. In 1950, the club spent $100 beautifying the Community Hall and $400 towards the redecoration expenses. A Christian Endeavor Society was first formed in the 1890s, but later discontinued — until 1936 when it was revived. It has been a very vital and important part in the life of the church and the community, carrying on many worthwhile projects. Among the improvements made at this time were a new choir section made to the right of the stage area. New pews were bought for this project, but because they didn't match the interior of the church, this caused some issues with older families of the church. a maroon velveteen curtain was placed in the area to cover this up. They held religious services Sunday evenings as well as mornings at this time. The church lost several tiers of its steeple in the 1938 hurricane but otherwise looks much as it did in the engraving in the original town history. The horse sheds to the west of the building were torn down. The 1938 hurricane blew down the beautiful Christopher Wren-type steeple, damaging other parts of the building. In 1938, modern improvements were introduced. The men of the parish capped over the second section of the steeple and a fund has been started to build a new spire. In 1938, the Church felt the need for a larger place in which to hold activities of different kinds. The large two-story building next door was bought for a parish house and community hall for the use of the church and community. This building had been, for many years, a real "old time" country store and post office. It is being improved and modernized. The first well, drilled in 1949, supplied the church, parish hall and parsonage. A new organ was given to the church by the Hillside Club, in 1910, and this was electrified, in 1948, through the efforts of the Club and Choir. In 1951, The very important project of re-plastering and painting the whole interior of the Church was undertaken, in 1950. Money had been earned with auctions, suppers, movies and a Bazaar. A contractor was hired, but, in order to save money, the men and women of the Church and community cleaned and painted the pews and floor. The paint was donated by members of the Church. In removing old paint from the pews, it was found that the trim is solid mahogany. This trim restored, gives the white pews their original beauty. A beautiful maroon velveteen Choir Curtain, Dossal Curtain and draperies to match at the two south windows are now installed. In 1950, there were sixty-three members. A new hall has been added to the east side in 1959 to accommodate the growing congregation with classroom space under it with access to the 2.5 acres of land behind the structures. In the late 1990s the sanctuary was refurbished again and the balcony area was covered up as well as four pew areas reducing the capacity to about 180 to this day. ### 2000s The church had been affiliated with the Triennial Convention and American Baptist but in 2003 joined the Southern Baptist Convention, through the Baptist Convention of New England, when the Rev. Edward Pentland and church leadership voted to join a more conservative denomination. The back of the church has a baseball field and basketball court that was in use by the town for many years until the town built new town ball fields and a soccer field complex on Central Turnpike. In 2004 the church replaced their rotting wooden sign with a newer lighted one and message board. The fellowship hall also was used as a meeting space for the local gun club, police and fire unions, flower club, Alcoholics Anonymous, and other groups in Sutton. Rev. Pentland retired in June 2017, having the church in April 2017, call Rev. Donald J. McKinnon to become its new pastor. 2017 saw the church begin a web and social media presence by launching its own website, Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram pages, as well as begin the #ForSutton hashtag. The church recently rejoined Sutton's Chain of Lights Christmas celebrations. Pastors ------- * * 1. 2. \* Benjamin Marsh, 1735–1775 (40 Years) 3. \* Thomas Green, 1735–1737 (2 Years) 4. \* Ebenezer Lamson, 1785–1794 (9 Years) 5. \* William Batchellor, 1794–1799 (5 Years) 6. \* Samuel Waters, 1799–1825 (26 Years) 7. \* Moses Harrington, 1825–1831 (6 Years) 8. \* John Walker, 1831–1836 (5 years) 9. \* L. B. Cole, 1836–1837 (1 Year) 10. \* Charles H. Peabody, 1837–1840 (3 Years) 11. \* Otis Converse, 1840–1842 (2 Years) 12. \* Samuel Richards, 1842–1843 (1 Year) 13. \* George Deland, 1843–1846 (3 Years) 14. \* Job B. Boomer, 1846–1849 (3 Years) 15. \* G. W. Benton, 1849–1850 (1 Year) 16. \* J. Thayer, 1850–1852 (2 Years) 17. \* Lorenzo O. Lovell, 1852–1859 (7 Years) 18. \* O. Crane, 1859–1860 (1 Year) 19. \* J. D. Donovan, 1860–1862 (2 Years) 20. \* David Avery, 1862–1863 (1 Year) 21. \* C. L. Baker, 1863–1864 (1 Year) 22. \* J. Barber, 1864–1865 (1 Year) 23. \* Gilman Stone, 1865–1868 (3 Years) 24. \* N. Medbury, 1868–1869 (1 Year) 25. \* A. E. Battlle, 1869–1872 (4 Years) 26. \* J. H. Tilton, 1871–1873 (2 Years) 27. \* E. J. Stevens, 1872–1873 (1 Year) 28. \* Charles F. Myers, 1873–1876 (3 Years) 29. \* E. J. Stevens, 1876–1877 (1 Year) 30. \* Joel P. Chapin, 1877–1880 (3 Years) 31. \* Charles Newhall, 1880–1885 (5 Years) 32. \* Albert Green, 1885–1888 (3 Years) 33. \* Benjamin Tuck, 1888–1891 (3 Years) 34. \* William D. MacKinnon, 1892–1897 (5 Years) 35. \* Charles B. Williams, 1897–1900 (3 Years) 36. \* Fred F. Thayer, 1900–1902 (2 Years) 37. \* Leopold Sharf, 1901–1903 (2 Years) 38. \* Arthur Davis, 1903–1906 (3 Years) 39. \* Joseph Joy Theakston, 1906–1910 (4 Years) 40. \* Allan H. Bissell, 1910–1912 (2 Years) 41. \* Frederick Webb, 1912–1915 (3 Years) 42. \* O.D. Thomas, 1915–1916 (1 Year) 43. \* H.Y. Vinal, 1916–1920 (4 Years) 44. \* J.D. Matthews, 1920–1922 (2 Years) 45. \* Leonard Smith, 1922–1925 (3 Years) 46. \* Sydney Cahoon, 1925-1926 (1 Year) 47. \* A.C. Krane, 1926–1927 (1 Year) 48. \* Kenneth Hatch, 1927–1928 (1 Year) 49. \* Henry Schwab, 1928–1936 (8 Years) 50. \* Fred Bopp, 1936–1937 (1 Year) 51. \* Vernon D. Byron, 1937–1942 (5 Years) 52. \* Lee L. Burton, 1942–1944 (2 Years) 53. \* Warren C. Young, 1944–1947 (3 Years) 54. \* Lewis F. Hall, 1947–1954 (7 Years) 55. \* Arthur Darby, 1954–1962 (8 Years) 56. \* John Olson, 1962–1965 (3 Years) 57. \* Everett Nickerson, 1965–1967 (2 Years) 58. \* Willard Smith, 1968–1969 (1+ Years) 59. \* C. Vaughn Overman 1969–1972 (3 Years) 60. \* Charles Pentland, 1969–82 (13 Years) 61. \* Lloyd Yeagle, 1982–1992 (9 years) 62. \* S.H. Hartman, 1992–1997 (5 Years) 63. \* Edward J. Pentland, 1997–2017 (20 Years) 64. \* Donald J. McKinnon, 2017– 65. thumb Gallery ------- *
Type of food industry waste material Spent mushroom compost is the residual compost waste generated by the mushroom production industry. Background ---------- It is readily available (bagged, at nursery suppliers), and its formulation generally consists of a combination of wheat straw, dried blood, horse manure and ground chalk, composted together. It is an excellent source of humus, although much of its nitrogen content will have been used up by the composting and growing mushrooms. It remains, however, a good source of general nutrients (1-2% N, 0.2% P, 1.3% K plus a full range of trace elements), as well as a useful soil conditioner. However, due to its chalk content, it may be alkaline, and should not be used on acid-loving plants, nor should it be applied too frequently, as it will overly raise the soil's pH levels. Mushroom compost may also contain pesticide residues, particularly organochlorides used against the fungus gnat. If the compost pile was stored outside, it may contain grubs or other insects attracted to decaying matter. Chemicals may also have been used to treat the straw, and also to sterilize the compost. Therefore, the organic gardener must be careful regarding the sourcing of mushroom compost; if in doubt, samples can be analyzed for contamination – in the UK, the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs is able to advise regarding this issue. Commercially available 'spent' mushroom compost is not always truly spent. It is sold by mushroom farms when it is no longer producing commercially viable yields of mushrooms. It can be used to grow further smaller crops of mushrooms before final use on the garden.
American baseball player Baseball player Jeffrey Linden Dedmon (born March 4, 1960) is an American former professional baseball player, a right-handed pitcher who appeared in 250 Major League games over six seasons for the Atlanta Braves (1983–1987) and Cleveland Indians (1988). Listed at 6 feet 2 inches (1.88 m) tall and 200 pounds (91 kg), he attended Narbonne High School in Harbor City, California, and was selected by the Braves out of West Los Angeles College in the first round of the secondary phase of the 1980 June draft. A starting pitcher for his first two years in minor league baseball, he converted to a reliever during his third professional campaign, and when he reached the Major Leagues in September 1983 he continued in that role, making only three starts in his big-league career. Dedmon worked in over 50 games for four consecutive seasons (1984–1987) with the Braves (although the first two of those seasons included time spent with the Triple-A Richmond Braves). His most effective MLB season was 1986, in which he equaled his career high in games won (6) and set personal-bests in innings pitched (992⁄3), earned run average (2.98), and walks plus hits per inning pitched (WHIP) (1.29). He was traded to the Indians on the eve of the 1988 season and split that year between Cleveland and the Triple-A Colorado Springs Sky Sox. In 394 big-league innings pitched, Dedmon allowed 387 hits and 186 bases on balls. He struck out 210 and recorded 12 saves. Dedmon retired after the 1989 season, his tenth in organized baseball.
Founder of Life University Dr. Sidney E. Williams (March 18, 1928 – December 27, 2012), known primarily as Dr. Sid, was a chiropractor most well known for establishing the largest single-campus chiropractic school, Life University. Williams was also president of the International Chiropractors Association, serving as its seventh president from 1982 to 1985, and was an instrumental figure in the creation of Life Chiropractic College West. Williams is also well known for being a star football player during his college career at Georgia Tech, where he started as a defensive left end from 1950 to 1952. Highlights of his football career include winning the 1952 Orange Bowl, and his subsequent election to the Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets Hall of Fame. Early life ---------- Sid Williams was born on March 18, 1928, in Rome, Georgia. He attended Tech High School in Atlanta, Georgia and while there earned the rank of Eagle Scout, and joined the Reserve Officers' Training Corps where he served as a Lieutenant Colonel and captain of the drill and rifle team. During his sophomore year at high school, Williams also joined the football team as a quarterback, and was starting for the team after only three weeks of fall practice. In 1946, Williams graduated from high school and by 1947 joined the 179th Field Artillery unit, 22nd Infantry Division, in the Georgia Army National Guard. He served for a period of one year, and advanced to the rank of second lieutenant. Following his military service, in 1948, Williams fielded scholarships from over ten different colleges before settling on his parents' Alma mater, Georgia Tech. While at Georgia Tech, Williams began as a 4th string left back before being promoted to the varsity squad in his second year of school. For the 1950 and 1952 seasons, Williams started as defensive left end, and he played in the 1952 Orange Bowl where Georgia Tech beat Baylor University with a fourth quarter field goal. His coach, Bobby Dodd, at one time explained Williams by stating, "For his size, Sid Williams is the best end in America. Sid is very clever, can move well and hits as hard as any defensive end I have ever seen ... There is no way to overestimate his defensive value to our team." During Williams' last year of college football he sustained many injuries, and was amazed at the care he received from a local chiropractor in Atlanta. Following his chiropractic experience, Williams decided to quit the pursuit of his master's degree in Labor Relations and attend Palmer College of Chiropractic in Davenport, Iowa. He and his newly-wedded wife, Nell Kimbrough, decided to both attend Palmer for the four years following their education at Georgia Tech. Chiropractic ------------ Upon graduating from Palmer College of Chiropractic, in 1956 Drs. Sid and Nell Williams moved to Austell, Georgia where they set up their first chiropractic office. Within a few years the pair had opened up and were running more than 18 clinics in the Atlanta metro area. On Tuesday nights, Williams would invite individuals from the community to attend what he called "Dynamic Essentials" (DE) meetings. These meetings would cover the philosophy and use of chiropractic care in day-to-day life, and would be a staple of the chiropractic profession for the rest of Williams' life. Williams, by then a member of the International Chiropractors Association (ICA), and wanting to do more for the profession, began a 501(c)(3) organization called the Life Foundation International. Around the same time, he began publishing a chiropractic magazine named Today's Chiropractic which became an international publication and the platform Williams used to voice his beliefs and philosophy about chiropractic. In 1982, Williams was elected as the president of the ICA, and served in this position until 1985. Following his service as president he resided as ICA Chairman of the Board, and as Chair of ICA’s Legislative Committee. Due to his contributions to chiropractic and the ICA, Williams was awarded with the Chiropractor of the Year award from the ICA in 1985. ### Life University In 1974, Sid and Nell Williams founded Life Chiropractic College in Marietta, Georgia. During one of their summer Life DE meetings, the Williams' raised over 500 thousand dollars (equivalent to $2,168,000 in 2021 dollars) to fund the program. The campus was originally leased from the Lockheed Corporation, and on January 20, 1975, Life Chiropractic College opened with a pioneer class of 22 students. During his tenure, Williams grew the school's total enrollment to over 3,500 students, making it the largest chiropractic college in the world at the time. Much of this increase was due to William's aggressive advertising campaign in the Atlanta area, which included running commercials for the school on television while the Atlanta Braves were being broadcast. Williams also was determined to field a nationally winning basketball team and hired Roger Kaiser to coach at Life. The team, a member of the NAIA, went on to win three national championships while Williams was president — one in 1997, 1999, and 2000. Williams was also a key figure in the creation of Life Chiropractic College West, in Hayward, California. This college, founded as Pacific States Chiropractic College in 1976, quickly was faced with multiple malfeasance cases and as a result went through a turnover of presidents at a quick rate. In 1981, Williams, along with two other doctors, agreed to merge Pacific States with Life Chiropractic College to create what is now colloquially known as Life West. In 2002, due to issues surrounding Life's accreditation with the Council on Chiropractic Education, Williams was forced to retire. Over fifty areas for improvement were cited for the loss of accreditation, most of them stemming from differences between the agency and Williams' own philosophy. One year after his retirement the school regained its accreditation status. Personal life ------------- Williams married Nell Kimbrough (now Nell K. Williams) on March 21, 1953. Together they had two children, Kim and John. In 1995, the Georgia Council of Chiropractic awarded Williams with the distinction of "Chiropractor of the Century" for all his positive work towards the profession. On December 24, 2011, Williams suffered from a stroke in middle cerebral artery which took him out of the public spotlight. He battled with recovery for one year before dying due to complications of pneumonia on December 27, 2012, in Powder Springs, Georgia. Publications ------------ * Looking Back To See Ahead: Editorials On Chiropractic Science, Philosophy And Principles, With Essays On Leadership And Motivation (1994) ISBN 978-1886011014 * Lasting Purpose: Mindset for Success (1996) ISBN 978-1558744325 * The Road to Success Starts in the Heart: An Anthology of Lyceums (2009) ISBN 978-1934216712
British rock band Musical artist Sniff 'n' the Tears is a British rock band best known for their 1978 song "Driver's Seat", a moderate hit in many countries (including No. 15 on the American Billboard Hot 100) (in September 1979). The band is led by singer/songwriter Paul Roberts, the band's sole constant member. Formation and initial success (1973–1979) ----------------------------------------- An early version of Sniff 'n' the Tears had been gigging in England as early as 1974. They were unable to land a record deal and the band's singer/songwriter Paul Roberts decided to dissolve the group and move to France. A few years later, Luigi Salvoni, the drummer from a band called Moon, listened to some demos that he and Roberts had cut in about 1975 for a French record label. Hearing some potential in them, he contacted Roberts about approaching Chiswick Records for a deal. Sniff 'n' the Tears subsequently debuted in 1977 as a six-piece band, consisting of Paul Roberts (vocals, acoustic guitar), Loz Netto (guitars), Mick Dyche (guitars), Chris Birkin (bass), Alan Fealdman (keyboards), and Luigi Salvoni (drums & percussion). Both Salvoni and Netto had been in the band Moon, which issued two albums in the UK in 1975/76. This line-up recorded the band's first album, Fickle Heart, which was produced by Salvoni. Guesting on the album as a backing vocalist was Noel McCalla, who had been Moon's lead singer. Though recorded in 1978, the album sat unreleased for over a year because Chiswick were in the process of changing their distribution. The band then had a substantial international hit with Fickle Heart's lead single "Driver's Seat" in 1979, aided by its driving rhythm, catchy lyrics and a Moog solo contributed by guest musician Keith Miller. However, the band fractured almost immediately after the album's release; in a matter of months, Birkin, Fealdman, and Salvoni all left the group to pursue other interests. Nick South took over on bass and would become a permanent member of the band. On tour, Sniff 'n' the Tears were augmented by drummer Paul Robinson and keyboardist Keith Miller. When naming the band, Roberts suggested "The Tears", but their manager suggested "Sniff 'n' the Tears" because Roberts had hay fever and sniffed a lot. The 1980s --------- For the group's second album, 1980's The Game's Up, the band's line-up consisted of Roberts, Netto, Dyche, South, and new keyboard player Keith Miller. At this point the group had no permanent drummer, and a variety of session drummers were used. The Game's Up yielded no hits, and Netto left the group to establish a solo career, taking Dyche with him. This left Roberts as the sole remaining original member of Sniff 'n' The Tears. He decided to press on, and recruited Les Davidson as the group's new guitarist and added Jamie Lane as the permanent drummer. This five piece line-up (Roberts, Davidson, Lane, South and Taylor) recorded two albums: Love/Action (1981), and Ride Blue Divide (1982). Again no hits were spun off from these albums, and after the contract ended with Chiswick Records, the group broke up in 1983. Singer and songwriter Paul Roberts went on to make two solo albums for Sonet Records: City Without Walls (1985) and Kettle Drum Blues (1987), while Loz Netto issued singles like "Fade Away" and "We Touch" (the latter song turning up in an episode of the Miami Vice television show). Reformation (1992–present) -------------------------- After a decade of inactivity, Sniff 'n' The Tears were unexpectedly revived in 1992, after the use of "Driver's Seat" in a European advertising campaign pushed the 13-year-old recording to the very top of the Dutch chart in mid-1991. Roberts took the opportunity to assemble a new version of Sniff 'n' the Tears, and took them out on the road in the Netherlands and Germany. This version of the band consisted of Roberts and Davidson, with new recruits Jeremy Meek (bass) (Ex Live Wire), Steve Jackson (drums) and Andy Giddings (keyboards). This line-up also cut a new studio album in 1992, No Damage Done, which was the first new Sniff 'n' the Tears release in a decade. "Driver's Seat" was prominently featured on the soundtrack of the 1997 film Boogie Nights and had another popular resurgence as a result. The song also appeared in episode 10 of the second season of The Walking Dead, "18 Miles Out". The band's next release, 2001's Underground, featured Roberts singing and playing almost everything. He was credited with vocals, guitars, mandolin, harmonica, keyboards, bass and drum programming. However, longtime group member Les Davidson also played guitar on the album, and new member Robin Langridge handled the bulk of keyboard parts. After another long hiatus, the band released their seventh album, Downstream, in February 2011. The Sniff 'n' the Tears line-up for this album consisted of Paul Roberts (vocals, guitars, bass, keyboard), Les Davidson (guitars), Robin Langridge (keyboards), returning member Nick South (bass) and new member Richard Marcangelo (drums). Marcangelo had previously been a session player on The Game's Up. Jennifer Maidman, who had played bass on Paul Roberts' two solo albums, also played bass on several tracks. A line-up of Roberts, Davidson, South, Langridge and new drummer Paul Robinson issued the album Random Elements in 2017. While Roberts remained the band's primary songwriter, for this album Davidson and Langridge also received co-writing credits on a number of tracks. Robinson had not only played on 'The Game's Up' but had toured with the group as their drummer in the late 1970s; this marked his official entry into the group 37 years later. In 2020, Sniff 'n' the Tears (now consisting only of Roberts and Davidson) issued the album Jump, which consisted of new acoustic versions of a number of songs in the band's catalogue (including "Driver's Seat"). Discography ----------- ### Studio albums \| Year \| Album \| AUS \| CAN \| US \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1979 \| Fickle Heart \| 72 \| 43 \| 35 \| \| 1980 \| The Game's Up \| - \| 77 \| - \| \| 1981 \| Love/Action \| - \| - \| 192 \| \| 1982 \| Ride Blue Divide \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1992 \| No Damage Done \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2002 \| Underground \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2011 \| Downstream \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2017 \| Random Elements \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2020 \| Jump \| - \| - \| - \| ### Compilations \| Year \| Album \| \| --- \| --- \| \| 1991 \| A Best of Sniff 'n' the Tears \| ### Singles \| Year \| Song \| UK \| CAN \| NED \| US \| AUS \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 1978 \| "New Lines on Love" \| - \| - \| - \| 108 \| - \| \| 1979 \| "Driver's Seat" \| 42 \| 17 \| 8 \| 15 \| 13 \| \| 1980 \| "Poison Pen Mail" \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1980 \| "Rodeo Drive" \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1980 \| "One Love" \| - \| - \| 38 \| - \| - \| \| 1981 \| "That Final Love" \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1981 \| "The Driving Beat" \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1982 \| "Hungry Eyes" \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1982 \| "Como el fuego salvaje (Like Wildfire)" (Spain release) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1982 \| "Ojos hambrientos" (Spain release) \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 1991 \| "Driver's Seat" \| - \| - \| 1 \| - \| - \| Musicians --------- * Paul Roberts (vocals, acoustic guitar) (in 2001 played bass guitar, mandolin and additional keyboards) 1978–present * Les Davidson (guitars, background vocals) 1981–1992, 2001–present * Loz Netto (guitars) 1978–81 * Chris Birkin (bass) 1978–79 * Mick Dyche (guitars) 1978–81 * Rick Fenn (guitars) 1980–81 * Nick South (bass) 1980–81, 2011–present * Jeremy Meek (bass) 1992 * Jennifer Maidman (bass) 2011 * Luigi Salvoni (drums) 1978, rejoined the band briefly in 1992 * Paul Robinson (drums) 1979, 2017–present * Jamie Lane (drums) 1981–82 * Steve Jackson (drums) 1992 * Richard Marcangelo (drums) 2011–2017 * Alan Fealdman (keyboards) 1978 * Keith Miller (synthesizer) 1978 * Andy Giddings (keyboards) 1992 * Robin Langridge (keyboards) 2001–present * Noel McCalla (backing vocals) 1978–80 ### Timeline
Turkish flutist Bülent Evcil (born 1968) is a Turkish solo flutist and is the winner of the Royal Belgium Encouragement Medal of Art. He received the second place award in the Best Overall Performer Award at the 4th James Galway International Flute Seminar in Dublin. James Galway, the famous flute virtuoso, introduced him as being one of the best flutists of his respective generation. Education --------- Born in Istanbul, Evcil started his flute training under the tutelage of Prof. Mükerrem Berk at the State Conservatoire of Mimar Sinan University and graduated there from with the highest distinction in 1988. In the same year, he studied at the Royal Brussels Conservatoire under the tutelage of Marc Grauwels by scholarship of Istanbul Philharmonic Foundation. He graduated in 1992 with the "Diplome Superieur avec Grand Distinction" by winning the "Premiere Prix" in chamber music. He continued his education at the Heidelberg-Mannheim Music Academy under the tutelage of Jean-Michel Tanguy and obtained the "Qualification of Art" (Künstlerische Ausbildung) degree with the highest distinction (mit der Note eins) in 1996. Musical career -------------- Evcil won many prizes and awards in various competitions, among which were: * the second prize in the Turkey National Wind Instruments Competition * the second prize in the Wolfgang Hoffmann Wind Instruments Competition * the second place award in the Best Overall Performer Award at the 4th James Galway International Flute Seminar in Dublin. These awards provided him the opportunity of becoming the student of James Galway, the famous flute virtuoso, who introduced him as being one of the best flutists of his respective generation. Evcil taught at the Istanbul Technical University (MIAM) in 2003. He was appointed the principal flutist to the Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra, and was invited to give "Master Classes", not only in Turkey, but also at the Texas Tech University at Lubbock, and University of Texas at El Paso in the United States. In May 2004, he was appointed to play the solo flute at the Arturo Toscanini Philharmonic Orchestra in Italy, under the world-famous conductor, Lorin Maazel. He subsequently made a European tour with the same orchestra. These successes brought him to play the solo flute at other international orchestras. He had three recordings and concerts with the São Paulo State Symphony Orchestra (Brazil), and an Asian tour with the Italian International Symphonic Orchestra. Evcil also completed a CD with Camerata Leonis in Switzerland, and he is also the winner of the Royal Belgium Encouragement Medal of Art. Concerts -------- Evcil performed in many concerts, together with various groups, that includes: * Kurpfälzische Chamber Orchestra * Istanbul State Symphony Orchestra * Borusan Istanbul Philharmonic Orchestra * Antalya State Symphony Orchestra * Philharmonic Lemberg Chamber Orchestra * Çukurova State Symphony Orchestra * Istanbul CRR Symphony Orchestra * Toulon Symphony Orchestra * Camerata Leonis Chamber Orchestra * Carmina Quartett * Frankfurt Quartett He performed in such diverse countries as Belgium, Germany, Austria, United States of America, Italy, Hungary, Poland, Ukraine, Switzerland, Brazil, Turkey and took part in the music festivals of Kraków, Bayreuth, Lemberg and Istanbul. Evcil also played in Vienna with the Imperial Concerts Soloist Kapelle from 1996 to 1998, and was appointed in 1998 to the Istanbul State Opera and Ballet Orchestra, as well as the Istanbul Borusan Philharmonic Orchestra as a solo flutist, with which he still carries on his career as soloist. Official Web Page -----------------
Dutch admiral (1642–1722) Gerard Callenburgh (6 December 1642 – 8 October 1722) was a Dutch admiral. Gerard was born in Willemstad, the son of a wood-trader, but chose to enter the Dutch navy in 1661 as a cadet, serving the Admiralty of the Maze. He was made second lieutenant in May 1666 during the Second Anglo-Dutch War. On 10 February 1671 he was promoted lieutenant. During the Third Anglo-Dutch War he served on Michiel de Ruyter's flagship, De Zeven Provinciën, in the Battle of Solebay. He was promoted to extraordinary captain on 15 March 1673, serving as second flagcaptain of De Zeven Provinciën in the Battle of Texel, below captain Pieter de Liefde. On 13 February 1674 he was made a full captain. In 1676 he commanded the Eendragt, the flagship of De Ruyter in the Mediterranean. When De Ruyter was killed, he became acting Vice-Admiral as squadron leader of the van, bringing home the body of the Admiral. In 1688 he was captain of the Maagd van Dordrecht in the invasion fleet of William III of Orange during the Glorious Revolution. Having excellent relations with the stadtholder he became Vice-Admiral of the Admiralty of the Northern Quarter on 16 April 1689. In 1690 he fought in the Battle of Beachy Head on the West-Friesland. On 18 April 1692 he returned to the Admiralty of de Maze in Rotterdam, using the new and fourth De Zeven Provinciën as flagship. However, on 20 November 1697 he again was relocated to the Admiralty of the Northern Quarter to be its Lieutenant-Admiral. He achieved his greatest fame during the War of Spanish Succession. In 1702, the Beschermer (90 cannon) was his flagship in the Battle of Vigo Bay. In 1704 he participated in the Anglo-Dutch invasion of Gibraltar, and helped in its defense in the Battle of Vélez-Málaga as commander of the Rear Division, when his flagship was the Graaf van Albemarle (64). On 14 February 1709 he was relocated to the Admiralty of Amsterdam; on 19 February 1711 his last assignment was with his old Admiralty of the Maas, making him supreme operational commander of the Dutch fleet, though he never fought in that capacity. Such changes, very rare in the earlier 17th century, now became common as centralisation grew and provincial loyalty and strife diminished. From 1678 to 1711 Callenburgh was a member of the vroedschap (town council) of Vlaardingen and often was chosen to be one of the burgomasters for a period of time. He died in Vlaardingen. Legacy ------ A Dutch type of destroyers was named after him: the Gerard Callenburgh class. Literature ---------- * T. van Gent (2000), 17 Zeventiende eeuwse admiralen en hun zeeslagen, Plantijn Casparie Hilversum/Koninklijke Vereniging van Marineofficieren \| Authority control databases Edit this at Wikidata \| \| --- \| \| International \| * ISNI * VIAF \| \| National \| * Germany * United States * Netherlands \| \| People \| * Netherlands * Deutsche Biographie \|
Scottish painter Francis Dennis Ramsay (15 March 1925 – 8 February 2009), known as Dennis Ramsay, was a Scottish portrait painter, trained in London and Paris, who worked mainly in Australia in the classical tradition. Background and training ----------------------- A painter in the classical tradition, Ramsay was born in London of Scottish descent. He was related to the Scottish artists Allan Ramsay (1713–1784) and James Ramsay (1759–1854). Towards the end of World War II, he served in the RAF, and in 1952 he made a model of the State Coach which was, exceptionally, accepted by HM Queen Elizabeth II. This model coach was built as part of an exhibition undertaken in collaboration with Clothilde Highton GMC (Guild of Memorial Craftsmen), an Australian painter and sculptor living in Arundel, Sussex between 1946 and 1952, whose husband, an officer of the Royal Navy, had been killed in WWII. (The late) Lavinia, Duchess of Norfolk gave Clothilde and Dennis the use of a room in Arundel Castle in which to carry out their work. His formal training included reading Architecture at University College London and three years’ study in Florence (1953–1955) as a pupil of Pietro Annigoni (1910–1988), the internationally renowned grande maestro portrait painter of the 20th century (Annigoni subsequently became a godfather to Ramsay's younger son, Justin). Media and technique ------------------- Ramsay's training included drawing, both in pencil and in china ink, as well as water colour. However, much of his time as a pupil of Annigoni involved oil tempera (or tempera grassa, i.e. egg-oil) – originally a 16th-century technique which entails meticulous time-consuming work and which was revived in Italy during the 1930s by Dr Nikolai Lokoff (Николай Николаевич Лохов 1872–1948 ), an exiled Russian industrial chemist and amateur painter. With the egg acting as an emulsifier, the technique allows water to be mixed with the paint thereby enabling the production of ultra-fine subtle glazes. However, as the paint is not commercially available, the artist must mix his own colours using pigment powders, oil, varnish, egg yolk and a preservative; uniquely, Ramsay discovered that Scotch whisky is an excellent preservative for the egg in the oil tempera mix! The result is work of permanence and colours that seem to glow with clarity and vitality. For all but the largest pictures his oil tempera works are painted on wooden panels, usually prepared with a heavy-duty paper lining glued to the panel. The survival after 500 years of early Flemish paintings with all their glorious luminous quality bears testament to the permanence of oil tempera as a medium. The process also involves the production of a ‘cartoon’ in pencil which is then transferred to the panel. Range of work ------------- Of his first one-man show in London in 1955, The art critic of The Times described Ramsay's work as "beyond reproach". During the intervening years he has covered a vast field of subjects ranging from a 9 x 6 ft painting of The Resurrection to a 3 x 2in study of a leaf described by one critic as "easily mistaken for a Ruskin" - it has long been acknowledged that his still life paintings bear comparison with the Dutch and Flemish masters of the 15-17 th centuries. Though his still life and religious work is highly figurative, he does not treat that as an end in itself, but rather as a means of expressing more clearly a wide range of subjects and emotions – from the simple faith of a peasant's humble shrine to a piece of fruit, or the innocence of a child in his drawings. In 1965 the Church Times described his treatment of the great religious themes as being "painted with extraordinary technical accomplishment in terms relevant to the present age, but of deep spirituality". More recently he was described by the prominent Australian art dealer, Tom Silver, as being "… the best living still life artist in Australia in old master technique. In fact, there are only a few living artists worldwide who are capable to produce this class." In 2004 Martin Gallon, the British fine art expert, commented "His close attention to detail is reminiscent of the work of the Pre-Raphaelites whose principal aim was to paint from nature as closely as possible; in Ramsay's work, one can see resonances of this aim, yet its simplistic beauty and close observation challenges our senses. These are restful images and their quality demands respect: the message is one of enjoyment. To convey an enjoyment of our natural surroundings and the delicacies of nature is very much Ramsay's mantra …" He has painted three Royal portraits: HRH Princess Alexandra (1955), HM King Faisal of Iraq (1957) and HRH Prince Philip (2001), commissioned to celebrate his 80th birthday. Portraits of other notable personalities include Sir Winston Churchill, Sir Robert Menzies and Dame Flora MacLeod of MacLeod (the late 28th Chief of that clan). Today Ramsay combines his still life work with that of his portraiture; the latter still ranges from formal portraits to classical drawings of adults and children. His works are now found in many public and private collections throughout Europe, USA, Canada and Australia, including those of several churches, universities, schools and even banks. Exhibitions ----------- * 2005 Delshan Gallery, Melbourne * 2004 Cotham Gallery 101, Melbourne * 2001 Adam Galleries, Melbourne: Dennis Ramsay "Classical Light" * 1994-2000 Tom Silver Fine Art, Melbourne & Sydney - annual exhibitor * 1999 The Hawksburn Gallery, Melbourne * 1995 & 1996 Duke Gallery, Melbourne * 1980-1994 Balmoral Galleries, Geelong - annual exhibitor * 1964-1985 Old Maine Gallery, Seattle - annual exhibitor * 1975 & 1976 Van der Straeten Galleries, New York * 1974 Pieter Wenning Gallery, Johannesburg * 1961 Galleries of the Federation of British Artists, London: Paintings and Drawings by Pietro Annigoni (with 3 other past pupils) * 1956-60's Royal Academy London - frequent exhibitor * 1956-60's Royal Portrait Society London - frequent exhibitor * 1955 & 1956 Arthur Jeffress Gallery, London Passing on the tradition ------------------------ On a rather smaller scale than Annigoni, Ramsay has sought to pass on his skills and expertise, especially at his London studio during the 1960s and 70's. Of the small band of pupils who have studied with him, most notable may be Helen de Borchgrave who went on to train with Professor Ruhemann, Chief Restorer of the National Gallery, London; since 1968 she has cleaned and restored oil paintings for museums, churches, institutions and private owners. Helen is a member of the Association of International Art Critics and has contributed articles to many prominent publications; her first book A Journey into Christian Art was published in 1999. However, Ramsay considers that his greatest triumph was the complete conversion of one Henry Campbell. Henry was a "qualified Art master" of fourteen years’ standing, teaching and practising abstract art; under Ramsay's guidance he became devoted to the unpretentious, but rewarding path of honest painting and drawing.
Painting by Albrecht Altdorfer *The Martyrdom of Saint Florian* is an oil-on-panel painting executed c.1518–1520 by the German artist Albrecht Altdorfer, signed with his "A in A" monogram on a post of the bridge on the right. It and the artist's Saint Florian Taking Leave of the Monastery were in the Spannocchi collection of the Pinacoteca nazionale di Siena until 1914, when they were both transferred to their present home in the Uffizi in Florence to strengthen the latter's holdings on the Northern Renaissance. History ------- They originally formed part of a series of works by him on the life of the Austrian saint Florian, perhaps originally housed in a revolving frame – three others are now in the Germanisches Nationalmuseum in Nuremberg (Saint Florian Captured on the Bridge over the Enns, Saint Florian Before the Governor and The Recovery of Saint Florian's Body) along with one each in the National Gallery Prague (The Beating) and a private collection in Berlin. Together they probably resembled the Saint Sebastian and his Martyrdom Altarpiece painted by Altdorfer in Regensburg for Linz Collegiate Church around 1518 and may have hung in another church in Linz, perhaps that dedicated to Saint John. Description ----------- Saint Florian was a Roman soldier from Enns, who, having defended the Christians of Upper Austria, in 304, was martyred by means of a grindstone tied around his neck and thrown with him into the river Inn. Behind Florian, young, naked and kneeling, is the group of torturers and simple onlookers, and the large grindstone tied to his neck is in front of him. His serene acceptance of martyrdom contrasts with the excited and distorted faces of the other characters, which effectively bring out his sanctity. Below the bridge, a beautiful river landscape is depicted.
Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway No. 6 was the only locomotive in Class A-2. Purchased from the Northern Pacific Railway for A. B. Hammond's Astoria and Columbia River Railway, number 6 came to the SP&S secondhand. It was used as a switch locomotive until 1931 when it was sold to the St Helens Terminal and Dock Co. at St. Helens Oregon. Background ---------- The Astoria and Columbia River (A&CR) ran from Astoria to Goble, Oregon, where the A&CR met the Northern Pacific. In 1907 the NP purchased the A&CR to be a feeder line for the new Spokane, Portland and Seattle Railway. To help the new feeder line handle increasing freight traffic, an NP Switcher was sold to the A&CR on August 7, 1907. The SP&S took over the A&CR and on February 24, 1911, obtained all A&CR locomotives. The former A&CR switch locomotive number 1 became SP&S number 6. Construction history -------------------- Number 6 was built for the Northern Pacific by Baldwin Locomotive Works in 1887. Its builder's number was 8617. Operational history ------------------- SP&S Number 6 continued with switching duties at Astoria, Oregon. On June 30, 1931 SP&S Number 6 was sold to the St. Helens Terminal and Dock Company. Numbering --------- Originally numbered NP 386, and then NP 988, the A&CR numbered NP 988 as A&CR Number 1. The SP&S renumbered A&CR 1 to SP&S Number 6. Disposal -------- SP&S Number 6 was sold to St. Helens Terminal & Dock Co (StHT&D Co). Grande Claims that Number 6 then "blew up and was scrapped." However he gives no dates for this. Gartner only states that when the SP&S bought the St.HT&D Co in 1933 that an SP&S locomotive (SP&S 201) had to be brought in. Discrepancies ------------- Gartner and Grande differ on several dates. Grande gives a build date of 1897. He also states that the date SP&S No. 6 was sold to the StHT&D Co was 1921. Gartner gives dates of 1887 and 1931.
Grand touring coupe and convertible Motor vehicle The Aston Martin DB9 is a two-door grand touring car produced by the British automaker Aston Martin. The car was produced from 2004 until it was discontinued in 2016. The DB9 was available as a the coupe and the Volante convertible. The designers Ian Callum and Henrik Fisker styled the DB9, both of whom also worked on its descendant, the V8 and V12 Vantage. The DB9 serves as the successor to the DB7, which Aston Martin produced from 1994 until it was discontinued in 2004. The DB9 made its public debut at the Frankfurt Motor Show in 2003, and its convertible counterpart, the Volante, made its public debut at the same motor show in the subsequent year. It was produced in Gaydon, a Warwickshire village where Aston Martin's main production facility lies. The company built the DB9's chassis upon the vertical/horizontal platform, which employed extensive use of aluminium throughout the body; it also resulted in a significant weight loss compared to its predecessor. Aston Martin implemented several incremental updates to the DB9, usually known as facelifts. The first two updates, in 2008 and 2010, involved minor changes to the headlights, taillights, engine and body. But the most noteworthy update occurred in 2013 when Aston Martin introduced a completely redesigned front fascia for the DB9. The designer Marek Reichman, who conceived this update, primarily refreshed the headlights and grille, giving the DB9 a design reminiscent of the 2011–2012 Virage. The company's racing division, Aston Martin Racing, adapted the DB9 for sports car racing in the form of the DBR9 and the DBRS9 for the FIA GT1 and the FIA GT3, respectively. These cars are extensively modified DB9 models adapted for motorsport; the interior features were removed, and the aluminium body panels were replaced by carbon fibre panels. The engine was modified in both cars to produce more horsepower and torque. Name ---- The letters "DB" are the initials of David Brown, the owner of Aston Martin for a significant part of its history. Although it succeeded the DB7, Aston Martin did not name the car DB8 due to fears that the name would suggest that it featured a V8 engine—the DB9 has a V12. Reports indicated that Aston Martin held the belief that naming the car "DB8" would suggest a progressive evolution, given that the DB9 marked the introduction of an entirely new vehicle. Background ---------- Front three-quarters view of a silvery-blue DB7 parked on grass.The DB7, which preceded the DB9 In 1994, Aston Martin began producing the DB7, a grand tourer positioned as an "entry-level" vehicle. It was the only Aston Martin that incorporated a steel monocoque construction, a design by Jaguar. Conceived by the designer Ian Callum, it was available as a coupe and convertible, the latter known as the Volante. In 1999, Aston Martin began manufacturing the DB7 Vantage, which featured a V12 engine developed by Ford Motor Company in the United States. It became so popular that it had started diverting sales from the six-cylinder model, leading to the latter's discontinuation later that year. The DB7 remained in production until 2004, when Aston Martin had produced 7,000 examples. It was the best-selling Aston Martin of its time, but subsequent models overtook it. Ford invested heavily in producing an improved engine and structural technology to create an improved platform; this helped reintroduce Aston Martin's status as a more desirable automaker. The first of this new era of cars was the Vanquish, introduced in 2001, replacing the Virage. Following the rejection of previous product proposals, the replacement for the DB7 was announced as the "DB9". This platform, namely the "vertical/horizontal", would underpin every Aston Martin produced between 2003 and 2016. Development ----------- Picture of Callum wearing wearing a suit with a blue suit.Picture of Fisker wearing a blue suit with a white undershirt, also wearing a watch.Callum (left) conceived the overall design of the Aston Martin DB9, while Fisker (right) finalised it. In July 2000, when Ford appointed Dr Ulrich Bez as chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of Aston Martin, the model plan was the one established in the late 1990s. At the forefront of this plan was the V12 Vanquish, intended to be the first of the technologically advanced Aston Martins and was on the verge of its introduction in 2001. The entry-level DB7 was due to be replaced by a car with the project code name "AM802", slated to be a 2+2 grand touring car. During this time, a third project was in development, code named the "AM305". It was to be a smaller, two-seater car intended to compete with the Porsche 911 and the Ferrari 360. > > We started working on this after we did a V8 mid-engined car, which was the AM305 concept – I worked on that car at TWR with a small V8 in the back. Then Ulrich Bez took over the company at this point, and he didn’t want a mid-engined car; he said Astons have to be front-engined. He obviously had an engineering strategy as well, where he could use the front end of the big car on the smaller one, but I disagreed with him and said that it could be a mid-engined car […] and he had the view that British cars should never be mid-engined. > > > Ian Callum When Aston Martin initiated the design development of the DB9, the company had no design department of its own. So, again, Aston Martin commissioned a design from Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR) at Kidlington. With the abrupt death of the designer Geoff Lawson, Callum had to alternate between designing at Jaguar and Aston Martin. Between 2000 and 2001, Aston Martin requested that he work on two cars, the DB9 and what would become the V8 Vantage in 2005. Much of this was at the Jaguar design centre in Whitley. But when Aston Martin appointed Henrik Fisker as the lead designer in 2001, it allowed Callum to focus principally on Jaguar while the Aston Martin designs were well underway. Although the DB9 was completed by Fisker, the basic shape was done by Callum. When asked by the magazine Car and Driver how much he had contributed to the DB9, he stated, "I would say pretty much 100 per cent. Maybe not the colour and trim and wood finishes, but certainly the surfaces of the car". From the outset, Aston Martin intended for the DB9 to incorporate a spacious, comfortable two-seater design, but conversely, the rear passenger cabin was not, which would be used more commonly as stowage space. The DB9's interior design was inspired by the Vanquish's, but there were many alterations to differentiate the cars. The air vents were mounted lower, leaving space for the pop-up satellite navigation positioned above. The switchgear layout differed, except for a row of five round controls positioned approximately level with the steering wheel. Unlike the Vanquish's red starter button which was often described as "vulgar", Aston Martin opted for a clear glass button engraved with the brand's name, which illuminated blue when the ignition was on and red during engine operation. Numerous DB9 pre-production prototypes and concepts were extensively tested over various locations globally, amassing over 1,000,000 miles (1,600,000 km) collectively. Aston Martin conducted testing at the Ford Lommel Proving Grounds in Belgium, alongside high-speed testing at the Nardò Ring in Italy, the Nürburgring in Germany, the MIRA test track and the Millbrook Proving Ground, the latter two in the United Kingdom. Aston Martin subjected vehicles to hot-weather trials in Death Valley, the world's hottest location, and cold-weather evaluations within Sweden's Arctic Circle. Further tests occurred in New Zealand, encompassing both summer and winter conditions. Aston Martin deliberately destroyed most of the cars, but three were retained and appeared in the 2006 film, Casino Royale. Following their cinematic appearances, all three vehicles were rendered undriveable. The car debuted in September 2003 at the Frankfurt Motor Show. The official series manufacture of the DB9 coupe began in January 2004 at the Gaydon facility in Warwickshire, England, marking the first model built there. In a 2007 interview, Bez stated that, though Aston Martin was traditionally a maker of more exclusive automobiles, he believed Aston Martin needed to be more visible and build more cars. At launch, Aston Martin planned to produce between 1,400 and 1,500 examples annually. Design and technology --------------------- Rear three-quarters view of a bronze-coloured DB9 with its front wheel turned. There is a leafy bush in the background.A 2005 model, rear 3/4 view The DB9's "vertical/horizontal" platform, in contrast to its predecessor that featured a steel monocoque construction, employs extensive use of aluminium. The body structure comprises aluminium and composite materials melded together by mechanically fixed self-piercing rivets and robotic-assisted adhesive bonding techniques. The bonded aluminium structure possesses more than double the torsional rigidity of its predecessor despite being 25 per cent lighter. The DB9 also has anti-roll bars and double wishbone suspension supported by coil springs. The rear suspension incorporates additional anti-squat and anti-lift technology to control heavy acceleration or braking. The DB9's exterior skin mostly consists of aluminium, though the front bumpers and bonnet are made of composite materials. Cockpit of the right-hand drive Aston Martin DB9, featuring pastel yellow seats and upholstery, while the rest is a dark gray.Interior The DB9's interior is upholstered in leather and has a walnut wood trim. Satnav and Bluetooth were initially optional but became standard in later models. Later models also offered a Dolby Prologic sound system connectable to satellite radio, a six-CD changer, an iPod connector, a USB connector, or an auxiliary input jack. The coupe comes standard with two front seats and rear seats. A seating package, which removes the back seats and replaces the front seats with lighter seats made of Kevlar and carbon fibre, was available, deducting 17 kilograms (37 lb). The boot capacity is 187 L (6.6 cu ft) in the coupe or 136 L (4.8 cu ft) in the Volante. The DB9 launched with 483 mm (19 in) wheels, with the front ones measuring 216 mm (8.5 in) in width and the rear ones at 241 mm (9.5 in). Featuring Bridgestone Potenza 235/40ZR19 tyres in the front and 275/35ZR19 in the rear, its braking system relied on Brembo four-piston callipers at the front and rear. Powertrain ---------- The Aston Martin DB9 debuted a 5.9-litre V12 engine. This generates 570 N⋅m (420 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,000 rpm and a maximum power output of 456 PS (335 kW; 450 hp) at 6,000 rpm. The DB9 can accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 4.7 seconds and has a top speed of 299 km/h (186 mph). Its engine largely sits behind the front-axle line to improve weight distribution. The DB9 could be equipped with either a six-speed conventional manual gearbox manufactured by Graziano Trasmissioni or a six-speed ZF Friedrichshafen 'Touchtronic' automatic gearbox featuring paddle-operated semi-automatic mode. The automatic gearbox increases the 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time to 4.9 seconds, though the top speed remains the same. The gearbox is rear-mounted and is driven by a carbon-fibre tail shaft inside a cast aluminium torque tube. Updates ------- In 2008, Aston Martin implemented a facelift for the DB9. Although primarily unchanged, the updates included stylistic tweaks such as door mirrors resembling those of the DBS model, revised wheels and a grille with new elements integrated into its traditional design. The DB9's 5.9-litre V12 receives an increase of 20 horsepower (15 kW) and 31 newton-metres (23 lbf⋅ft), achieved by increased compression and a deeper sump, reducing friction as the crankshaft moves through its oil bath. The car's maximum speed has been raised to 306 km/h (190 mph), achieving a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration in 4.6 seconds. The 2008 facelift received a revised "Touchtronic 2" gearbox with an electronic shift-by-wire control system. Rear three-quarters view of a white DB9 parked. It features clear white glass taillights.In 2010, the DB9 received clear glass taillights. In June 2010, Aston Martin implemented another facelift for the DB9. Adjusted by British designer Marek Reichman, including a refreshed front bumper, clear taillights and more defined wings. A smoother body contour decorates the door sills, extending from the updated front fascia to the rear fenders. Aston Martin updated the DB9's Bluetooth system, implemented a tyre-pressure monitoring system, and included a new "Double Apex" aluminium trim finish. Buyers could upgrade to a Bang & Olufsen stereo sound system. About revising the styling of the DB9, Reichman characterised the revised styling of the DB9 as: "The beauty of an Aston Martin comes from harmonious proportions, a ground-hugging stance, taut surfacing, and a complete and thorough attention to detail ... The DB9 epitomizes these qualities; it is beautiful but subtle—not attention seeking". A vibrant front three-quarters view of a white 2013 facelift DB9 with a Singaporean vehicle registration plate.Rear three-quarters view of a very dark purple 2013 facelift DB9 with bushes in the background.Front and rear of the 2013 DB9 In October 2012, Aston Martin unveiled the most substantial facelift of the DB9, marking the conclusion of the brief tenure of the second-generation Virage. Designed by Reichman, its most prominent changes lie in its exterior. Aston Martin made significant changes to the bodywork by adapting design cues from the Virage, such as enlarging the recessed headlight clusters with bi-xenon lights and LED daytime running strips, implementing a new five-bar grille and integrating a new rear spoiler with the boot lid. The upgraded V12 increased its power output to 517 hp (386 kW) and torque to 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft). The car's 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time decreased to 4.5 seconds, and the top speed stood at 295 km/h (183 mph). Aston Martin also introduced three tuning modes: normal, suitable for daily driving; sport, offering enhanced precision at the expense of comfort; and track, intensifying the characteristics of the sport mode. The car's final update, the DB9 GT, increased its power output to 540 hp (403 kW). Variants -------- ### DB9 Volante Front three-quarters view of a red DB9 Volante convertibleRear three-quarters view of a red DB9 Volante convertibleAston Martin DB9 Volante (2005) At the Detroit Auto Show in January 2004, Aston Martin unveiled the DB9 Volante convertible; manufacture began in February 2005. In the case of a rollover incidents, the Volante features reinforced windshield pillars and two deployable hoops behind the rear seats. These hoops remain active at all times and, if triggered, will shatter the car's rear window. Aston Martin has adjusted the Volante's suspension system for smoother cruising by softening the springs and reducing the weight of the anti-roll bars, resulting in a more gentle suspension. The convertible top of the Volante is crafted from folding fabric and operates in seventeen seconds. Despite its chassis modifications aimed at enhancing rigidity, the Volante weighs 1,882 kg (4,150 lb), slightly heavier than its coupe counterpart. The coupe and Volante variants share the semi-automatic and automatic gearboxes along with the engine. Initially, the car's speed was limited to 266 km/h (165 mph) to retain the roof's integrity, but Aston Martin removed this limitation, starting with the upgraded 2007 model. Like the coupe, the original Volante has 570 N⋅m (420 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,000 rpm and a maximum power of 450 hp (336 kW) at 6,000 rpm. The 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) takes 4.9 seconds due to the additional weight. In 2008, the Volante's output increased to 470 hp (350 kW) and 600 N⋅m (443 lb⋅ft), and in 2012, outputs increased to 510 hp (380 kW) and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft), and its kerb weight reduced to 1,815 kg (4,001 lb). ### DB9 GT A dark grey DB9 GT on a racing track2015 Aston Martin DB9 GT In 2015, Aston Martin unveiled the final iteration of the DB9, named the DB9 GT. The engine possesses a power output of 547 PS (402 kW; 540 hp) at 6,750 rpm and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft) of torque at 5,500 rpm. It accelerates from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 4.4 seconds, from 0 to 161 km/h (100 mph) in 10.2 seconds, and can run the quarter mile in 12.8 seconds. Its top speed remains unchanged at 295 km/h (183 mph). ### DB9 LM To commemorate Aston Martin's triumph in the GT1 category at the 2007 24 Hours of Le Mans, Aston Martin launched the DB9 LM (Le Mans) in early 2008. This special edition includes the DB9's optional sports pack as standard and is exclusively available in coupe body style with automatic transmission. It was only available in the "Sarthe Silver" exterior colour, named after the Circuit de la Sarthe, where the Le Mans takes place. It features red brake callipers, a chrome mesh grille, and a bespoke black leather interior with red stitching, featuring the Le Mans track intricately stitched onto the central console. The car has clear glass rear lights borrowed from its descendant, the DBS. Initially intended for a production run of 124 units, each allocated to a different dealer, some dealers opted out of their allocations, leading to 69 cars produced. Discontinuation --------------- In 2015, Aston Martin disclosed that the name of the DB9's successor would be "DB11". The upcoming model range was believed to introduce a refreshed design approach directed by Aston Martin's longstanding design chief, Marek Reichman. Insider reports indicated that this model range aimed to address critiques of the existing lineup by emphasising distinctive differences among the models, aligning them more closely with the well-defined Italian automaker Ferrari. On 22 July 2016, Aston Martin, on Twitter, posted a picture of the final nine DB9s—dubbed the "Last of 9"—ever made, all of which were painted dark grey. On 27 July 2016, these last nine units had their final inspection before rolling off the production line later that day, marking the end of a twelve-year lifespan during which about 16,500 units were manufactured. Motorsport ---------- ### DBR9 Main article: Aston Martin DBR9 A dark green racing car, the DBR9, with much livery. It is shown drifting in action.Aston Martin DBR9 The DB9 has been adapted for use in sports car racing by Aston Martin Racing (AMR), a collaboration between Aston Martin and Prodrive. The DBR9 debuted in 2005. AMR replaced most of the car's aluminium body panels with carbon fibre panels, and several external features, like a front splitter and a rear wing, have been added to increase the car's downforce. AMR upgraded the brakes to lightweight Brembo discs and six-piston callipers. The transmission in the DBR9 is an Xtrac six-speed sequential manual mounted at the rear axle. The engine modifications allow it to have a power output of 634 PS (466 kW; 625 hp). The increase in engine power and weight reduction allowed the DBR9 to accelerate from 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) in 3.4 seconds and 0 to 161 km/h (100 mph) in 6.4 seconds. The DBR9 won in its debut at the 2005 12 Hours of Sebring and has since secured victories in various other events, including the 24 Hours of Le Mans. ### DBRS9 Main article: Aston Martin DBRS9 DBRS9 in white with a large, black spoiler, covered with livery, on the track.Aston Martin DBRS9 AMR developed a variant of the DBR9 to follow FIA GT3 regulations. The DBRS9 shares its carbon-fibre bodywork, chassis and suspension layout with the DBR9. While the engine is shared with the DBR9, it has been detuned and has a power output of 558 PS (410 kW; 550 hp) and 620 N⋅m (457 lb⋅ft) of torque. The DBRS9 featured a six-speed gearbox or a six-speed sequential gearbox and has a 0 to 97 km/h (60 mph) acceleration time of 3.4 seconds and a top speed of 314 km/h (195 mph). The DBRS9 competed in several endurance races, and additionally raced in the FIA GT3 European Championship for which it was designed before being replaced by a GT3 version of the V12 Vantage in 2011. Reception --------- Car critics have generally lauded the DB9 coupe and Volante, commending their opulent interior and exterior designs. The automotive show Top Gear held the DB9 in high regard, even giving it a special mention in its "Cool Wall" segment. But the presenters called the DB9 "too cool" for the wall and earned its own category dubbed "The DB9 Fridge", likened to a mini-refrigerator containing the car's card. While reviewing the Volante, Richard Hammond called the interior of the DB9 "one of the best known to man", although he found the car to be less rigid than the coupe, leading to a somewhat "wobbly" experience. The car reviewers Edmunds and the magazine Road & Track criticised the DB9 for having poorer handling than its competitors, noting that the car is not firm enough. Nonetheless, Edmunds acknowledged that while the Mercedes-Benz SL600 and SL55 AMG were objectively better cars, the DB9 was more desirable. In direct comparisons with faster cars like the Porsche 911 Turbo S Cabriolet and the Ford GT, the DB9 was ranked poorly; the Car and Driver reviewer noted that comparing it against faster cars "highlighted its shortcomings". Similarly, compared to the Bentley Continental GT, Mercedes-Benz CL600, and the Ferrari 612 Scaglietti F1, the DB9 ranked poorly again, though reviewers said that "despite its problems, the DB9 would be their personal choice". The stiffness issues were largely rectified in later iterations of the DB9, as observed by the magazine Autoweek. The DB9's interior has been called "dazzling", with Edmunds saying, "[w]ords like 'rich' and 'crafted' just don't cut it, though 'decadent' and 'sculpted by the Almighty himself' get close". Reviewers complained about the back seats, with the magazine Forbes stating, "Think of it more as a padded parcel shelf". Likewise, reviewers complained that the space for cargo was limited, though many quipped the small back seats could help hold luggage. Another common complaint was the car's poor satellite navigation system, which the magazine Automobile described as the "Achilles' heel", noting that "selecting a route is painful at best". Newer models contain a revised satellite navigation system sourced from Garmin.
A Bachelor of Applied Technology or BAT is a four-year degree granted by Canadian colleges and universities. (This is not to be confused with 2-year associate degree offered by US schools which is equivalent to a diploma program in Canada.) In the United States, The University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Penn State University and others offer similar bachelor's degree in engineering technology that has similar goals. Several United States community colleges and universities, such as Brazosport College in Texas, also offer a BAT with several different concentrations; business management, environment, health and safety, process operations management and general technology management for example. Also in Australia and New Zealand, it is normal for a university to grant a bachelor's degree in engineering technology. Entrance requirement -------------------- The entrance requirement is usually a high school diploma. Graduates of two-year diploma programs (In US, associate degree program graduates) in a closely related field may be admitted directly into the 3rd year of the degree program and can graduate at the end of the fourth year. Sometimes the program consists of last two years only, in which case it is mandatory to have a two-year diploma in a related field. Some colleges allow students to exit the degree program after successful completion of first two years with diploma credential as well. Graduates of this type of degree program are expected to fulfil a role that is somewhere between a technician and an engineer. History ------- Canadian colleges started granting applied degrees in the mid-1990s and all major colleges offer Applied bachelor's degree programs in variety of fields ranging from accounting, human resources, marketing, international business, finance, engineering, criminology, film productions, radio broadcasting and hospitality and tourism management. Recognition ----------- ### By professional licensing bodies Certified General Accountants Association of Canada accepts Applied bachelor's degree as meeting exit requirements for CGA credential. Professional engineering associations usually accept membership applications from such graduates, but will sometimes assign supplemental courses before professional designation is given if all other criteria are met. ### By industry "Society of Petroleum Engineers" accepts a graduate of Bachelor of Applied Petroleum Engineering Technology program as a member. ### By government Applied degrees are considered a qualified academic credential for the purpose of applying to government-run student loan programs.
Pigment, aluminum salt of carminic acid This article is about the pigment. For other uses, see Carmine (color) and Carmine (disambiguation).Carmine (/ˈkɑːrmən, ˈkɑːrmaɪn/) – also called cochineal (when it is extracted from the cochineal insect), cochineal extract, crimson lake, or carmine lake – is a pigment of a bright-red color obtained from the aluminium complex derived from carminic acid. Specific code names for the pigment include natural red 4, C.I. 75470, or E120. Carmine is also a general term for a particularly deep-red color. Etymology --------- A cluster of Dactylopius coccus (cochineal scale) females growing in Barlovento, Canary Islands The English word "carmine" is derived from the French word carmin (12th century), from Medieval Latin carminium, from Persian قرمز qirmiz ("crimson"), which itself derives from Middle Persian carmir ("red, crimson"). The Persian term carmir is likely cognate with Sanskrit krimiga ("insect-produced"), from krmi ("worm, insect"). The Persian word for "worm, insect" is kirm, and in Iran (Persia) the red colorant carmine was extracted from the bodies of dead female insects such as Kermes vermilio and cochineal. The form of the term may also have been influenced in Latin by minium ("red lead, cinnabar"), said to be of Iberian origin. The word "carmine" has been used as a color name as early as 1799. It is a popular food color, used in yogurt, candy, gelatin, meat, and beverages including fruit juices. History ------- Female Dactylopius coccus (cochineal) insects were used for their red coloring power as early as 700 BC. South African civilizations crushed the bugs present on cacti to extract the carmine they contain. Carmine pigment was extensively used by the Aztec civilization to dye textiles. It was imported later to Europe during the 16th century. Red is a color often associated with power and social status. Through the centuries, red has been worn by tribal chiefs, kings and queens, and military officers. Cochineal was a major source of income for the Spanish Crown. By weight, it was a far more valuable commodity than sugar, making it especially lucrative for overseas trade. As part of the triangular trade, its production and consumption were intertwined with slavery. In European markets, the Spanish Crown had a monopoly on cochineal until 1820 when the French learned to cultivate them. Later, German and British scientists created a chemical red dye that competed with carmine. The combination of these factors contributed to the end of the Spanish monopoly and considerably lowered the price of carmine, making it accessible to a wider audience.[] Production ---------- The pigment is produced from carminic acid, which is extracted from some scale insects such as the cochineal scale (Prima), and certain Porphyrophora species (Armenian cochineal and Polish cochineal). Attempts have been made to farm cochineal. Carmine is a colorant used in the manufacture of artificial flowers, paints, crimson ink, rouge and other cosmetics, and some medications. Synthetic carminic acid is complex and expensive to produce. Therefore, natural cochineal carmine is predominant on the market. Its instability presents challenges for use in art and textiles, but this is less of a hindrance in the context of cosmetics. ### Preparation To prepare carmine, the powdered scale insect bodies are boiled in an ammonia or sodium carbonate solution. After separating the insoluble matter, the extract is treated with alum to precipitate the red solid. This precipitate is called "carmine lake" or "crimson lake". Purity of color is ensured by the absence of iron. Stannous chloride, citric acid, borax, or gelatin may be added to modify the precipitation. The traditional crimson color is affected not only by carminic acid but also by choice of its chelating metal salt ion. For shades of purple, lime is added to the alum. To obtain 1 pound of red dye, 70,000 cochineal insects are required. * Zapotec cochineal nests on Opuntia ficus-indica host cactiZapotec cochineal nests on Opuntia ficus-indica host cacti * Use of carmine as a staining agent in histology (here on a flatworm)Use of carmine as a staining agent in histology (here on a flatworm) Identification and characteristics ---------------------------------- Carminic acid structure Structure proposed for carmine. Scientists can detect the presence of carminic acid through liquid chromatography and a diode array detector combined with a mass spectrometer with a quadruple-time-of-flight analyzer (LC-DAD-QTOF). The process is used for identifying carmine in works of art. Scientific methods can also distinguish among the different species of cochineal used in artworks.[] ### Wavelength As confirmed by reflectance spectroscopy, carmine reflects mostly red light. Its hue ranges from 497 nm for a dark purplish red and 612 nm for a vibrant red. ### Hue Carmine's hue is dependent on the metallic ions present in the pigment. For instance, carmine combined with zinc or aluminum yields a crimson hue. ### Translucence The translucence of carmine depends on its binding medium. Mixed with oil, carmine remains translucent and adequate for glazes. Combined with tempera or glue, carmine turns opaque. ### Value On the Munsell color scale, carmine's value can range between 3.32 and 6.35. Permanence ---------- Carmine is a fugitive color, whose fading is influenced by different factors such as light, humidity, or even the color of the glass of a frame. It is highly sensitive to light and tends to fade into brownish tones. In painting, its durability depends on the type of binding. For instance, pigments are more stable if mixed with linseed oil rather than with gum arabic. It is especially sensitive to light in watercolor. Carmine can be stabilized when precipitated with alum and when combined with tin salt mordants. Notable occurrences in art -------------------------- Carmine was used in dyeing textiles and in painting since antiquity. Numerous examples are found among Inca remains such as textile artifacts. The Aztecs also used carmine. In Europe, the 16th century Italian painter Jacopo Tintoretto used carmine in several of his paintings, the most notable being Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini (1575-80) and Christ Washing the Feet of the Disciples(1575-80). Carmine was also used by nineteenth-century artists such as Vincent van Gogh in Bedroom in Arles (1889). The floor of the bedroom is painted with carmine cochineal lake, geranium lake and indigo. This produced a reddish color, which over time changed to blueish. Analysis of J. M. W. Turner's palettes found that he used cochineal carmine. The fading of this pigment affected the appearance of the sky in The Fighting Temeraire (1839). * Tapestry shirt fragment, Peru, Chancay, c. 1000-1470 ADTapestry shirt fragment, Peru, Chancay, c. 1000-1470 AD * Jacopo Tintoretto, Christ Washing the Feet of The Disciples (1575-80)Jacopo Tintoretto, Christ Washing the Feet of The Disciples (1575-80) * Jacopo Tintoretto, Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini (1575-80)Jacopo Tintoretto, Portrait of Vincenzo Morosini (1575-80) * Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom at Arles (1889)Vincent Van Gogh, Bedroom at Arles (1889) * JMW Turner, The Fighting Temeraire (1839)JMW Turner, The Fighting Temeraire (1839) Other uses ---------- ### Architecture Sebastien Le Prestre de Vauban, Plan of Lille's Citadelle and harbour Carmine red has been used in military cartography at least since the 17th century. Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, General Engineer of France, recommended the use of this red pigment to represent fortifications (ramparts, wood timbers, and brick buildings being reddish). This made buildings more distinct on maps ### Cosmetics Carmine is present in numerous cosmetics because of its red color. This use has continued from antiquity to the present. It can be found in lipstick, eye shadow, nail polish. It may cause allergies. ### Histology Carmine can be used in histology, as Best's carmine to stain glycogen, mucicarmine to stain acidic mucopolysaccharides, and carmalum to stain cell nuclei. In these applications, it is applied together with a mordant, usually an Al(III) salt.[] ### Medicine Cochineal, the insect used to make carmine, also has medical properties that were exploited by the Aztecs. It is said to help cure wounds when mixed with vinegar and applied to lesions. Aztecs used it to clean teeth.[] ### Regulations for use in foods Extract of carmine was used from the Middle Ages until the 19th century to make crimson dye. Now it is used as a coloring for yogurt and other food products. #### United States In January 2006, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) evaluated a proposal that would require food products containing carmine to list it by name on the ingredient label. It was also announced that the FDA will separately review the ingredient labels of prescription drugs that contain colorings derived from carmine. A request from the Center for Science in the Public Interest urging the FDA to require ingredient labels to explicitly state that carmine is derived from insects and may cause severe allergic reactions and anaphylactic shock was declined by the FDA. Food industries were aggressively opposed to the idea of writing "insect-based" on the label, and the FDA agreed to allow "cochineal extract" or "carmine". #### European Union In the European Union (EU), the use of carmine in foods is regulated under the European Commission's directives governing food additives in general and food dyes in particular and listed under the names Cochineal, Carminic acid, Carmines and Natural Red 4 as additive E 120 in the list of EU-approved food additives. The directive governing food dyes approves the use of carmine for certain groups of foods only and specifies a maximum amount which is permitted or restricts it to the quantum satis.[] The EU-Directive 2000/13/EC on food labeling mandates that carmines (like all food additives) must be included in the list of ingredients of a food product with its additive category and listed name or additive number, that is either as Food colour carmines or as Food colour E 120 in the local language(s) of the market(s) the product is sold in.[] As of January 2012[update], EFSA has changed the way they allow use of Carmine E120 for pharmaceutical products. The EFSA had raised concerns over the increasing number of allergic reactions to carmine derived from insects (E120.360), when used within the British Pharmacopoeia. Pharmaceutical products which had previously contained insect-derived carmine, have been replaced with a synthesized version of the food colorant. Internal studies have shown that the new formulations of popular anti-nausea and weight-gain liquid medication had a significantly lower risk in terms of allergic reactions.[] The new formulation is known to be of plant origin, using calcium oxide to gauge color depth.[further explanation needed] Further reading --------------- * Dutton, LaVerne M. Cochineal: A Bright Red Animal Dye (Master's degree). Baylor University. Retrieved November 13, 2010. * Greenfield, Amy Butler (2005). A Perfect Red: Empire, Espionage, and the Quest for the Color of Desire. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-052275-9.
Swedish rock band Easy Action is a Swedish band from Stockholm that was first formed in 1981 by Pelle Almgren (ex-Warhead), Henrik "2 meter" Jermsten (ex-Stoodes), Bosse Belsen (aka Zinny J. Zan of Shotgun Messiah/Kingpin/Zan Clan – drums) and Björne Fröberg (bass, ex-Warhead). Bosse and Björne quit and were replaced by Ola "Skox" Andersson and drummer Urban "Ubbe" Sundbaum (ex-Lustans Lakejer). Stranded Records became interested and released the single "Honcho Bongo". It did not sell well and when the second single, "Om jag vore kung", also failed the band split up. Skox and 2 meter formed Psyhedelic Mongo and Pelle Almgren started writing songs instead. Easy Action was reformed as a glam metal band in 1982 by Kee Marcello and Alex Tyrone (aka Peo Thyrén). The two played together in the Swedish glam act Noice when they decided to start the ultimate glam rock band, mixing their influences of 1970s glam with a punk/metal attitude. They met the original singer Bosse Belsen, now named Zinny J. Zan, at the Stockholm rock club Ritz and recorded his vocals on the first demos the same night. Later the Noice drummer Fredrik Von Gerber and the guitar player Danny Wilde joined the band, followed by bassist, Per-Olof Thyrén. In 1983, they got signed to the US major label Sire and became the first Swedish band ever to sign a worldwide record deal. After releasing two albums; Easy Action in 1983, and That Makes One in 1986, the band split up when their guitarist and band leader Kee Marcello quit the band to join Europe, and went on to worldwide success with the band, selling over 30 million albums. Zinny J. Zan went on to join the Skövde glam metal band Kingpin, later renamed Shotgun Messiah. Poison used a similar chorus to Easy Action's 1983 single "We Go Rocking" in their hit single "I Want Action", which led to the members of Easy Action suing the American band's record label and accepting a financial settlement in the case. Easy Action reunited for a gig at the Sweden Rock Festival in 2006. This was followed by several shows in late 2007, including opening for Twisted Sister. In April 2008, the band went in the studio with producer Chris Laney to record a new studio album. In 2011, bassist Micael Grimm died. On 18 December 2018, Easy Action was confirmed to play at the Sweden Rock Festival in 2019. The concert included a live performance of the album That Makes One in its entirety, performed by the line-up that recorded it, including vocalist Tommy Nilsson and guitarists Kee Marcello and Chris Lind. Personnel --------- ### Current line-up * Kee Marcello – guitar (1981–1986, 2006–2011, 2019-present) * Chris Lind – guitar (1984–1988, 2019-present) * Tommy Nilsson – vocals (1985–1988, 2019-present) * Björn Påhlsson – bass (1985–1988, 2019-present) * "Grizzly" Höglund – drums (2006–2011, 2019-present) * Jöregen Ingeström – keyboards (live only) (1985–1988, 2019-present) ### Former members * Björne Fröberg – guitar (1981–1982) * Pelle Almgren – vocals(1981–1982) * Henrik "2 meter" Jermsten – guitar (1981–1982) * Ola "Skox" Andersson – bass (1981–1982) * Urban "Ubbe" Sundbaum – drums (1981–1982) * Zinny J. Zan – vocals (1981–1985, 2006–2011) * Danny Wilde – guitar (1982–1984) * Alex Tyrone – bass (1982–1985) * Freddie Von Gerber – drums (1982–1988) * Gunnar Hallin – guitar (1987–1988) * Micael Grimm – bass (2006–2011) * Simon Roxx – guitar (2006–2011) Discography ----------- ### Studio albums * Easy Action (1983) * That Makes One (1986) ### Singles * "Honcho Bongo" (1982) * "Om jag vore kung" (1982) * "We Go Rocking" (1983) * "The End of the Line" (1983) * "Round Round Round" (1984)
26-gun French frigate For other ships with the same name, see French ship Médée. *Médée* was a French frégate du deuxième ordre, or 26-gun frigate, built in 1740. She is widely considered to be the inspiration for a long line of similar sailing frigates, and was the first ship captured by the British Royal Navy in the War of the Austrian Succession. She became a privateer and was wrecked at St Ives, Cornwall, following a succession of gales in November 1745. Construction ------------ Médée was designed by Blaise Ollivier, with twenty-six 8-pounder guns, and was launched in February 1741 at Brest. She was regarded as the first of the 'true' frigate designs: she was built with two decks, but only the upper deck mounted guns. These guns were relatively heavy, and the higher mounting meant that they could be used in rough seas. Capture and final voyage ------------------------ Médée was captured in the English Channel by HMS Dreadnought on 4 April 1744 (Julian calendar date) and briefly served as HMS Medea in the British Royal Navy. She was sold in March 1745, becoming the privateer Boscawen; named after Edward Boscawen, the captain of Dreadnought. Although the Navy Board had the opportunity to purchase her, they decided not to retain her, in spite of her innovative design qualities; many French ships of the time were not designed for durability and she was not as strongly built as British frigates of that time. Commodore Walker's Action- the Privateer Boscawen engaging a Fleet of French Ships, 23 May 1745Despite this the number of guns she carried was increased, and when Boscawen encountered a series of gales after leaving the Azores on 5 October 1745, she sprung several leaks. She was further weakened when, through negligence, the mainyard parted and dropped onto the ship, straining the already weakened hull. In response to a near-mutinous crew, Commodore George Walker set a course for the Lizard and having been swept northwards she was a floating wreck when Land's End was sighted on 24 November. The ship finally hove to in St Ives Bay on the north Cornish coast. Her anchors had been ditched days before and she broke in two on rocks at St Ives with the townsfolk wading into the sea to save the crew. Only four crew were lost, Commodore Walker being the last man to leave the wreck. Her speed and size provided the Bedford Board of Admiralty with the arguments needed to change British frigate design. Citations --------- 1. ↑ Demerliac, Alain, 1995; Nomenclature des navires français de 1715 a 1774 (Editions Omega, Paris). Note the dimensions provided are in French feet and inches (pieds et pouces) which are 6.575% longer than British measurements, so they are here converted to Britain equivalents 2. ↑ Phillips, Michael. "Ships of the Old Navy". Retrieved 13 October 2012. 3. ↑ Winfield &Roberts p.204 4. 1 2 3 4 5 Nicholas, Rodger (2004). The Command of the Ocean: A Naval History of Britain, 1649-1815. London: Penguin. pp. 415–416. ISBN 0-713-99411-8. 5. 1 2 Laughton, John Knox. Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900, Volume 5. Vol. 5. p. 416. 6. ↑ Carter, Clive (1978). Cornish Ship Wrecks. The North Coast. London and Sydney: Pan Books. p. 190. ISBN 0-330-25369-7.
2001 film by Nick Love *Goodbye Charlie Bright* is a 2001 comedy-drama film directed by Nick Love and starring Paul Nicholls, Roland Manookian and Danny Dyer. The film is also known by the U.S. title *Strong Boys. Plot ---- Charlie drifts through life as he and his friends enjoy a lifestyle of house parties, casual sex and drugs. However, after breaking into a house to rob it, Charlie finds a gun (they found the keys and address in a handbag they had recently stolen). During the robbery, three of the friends (Charlie, Justin and Damien) accidentally awaken the owner, a hefty Jamaican man who promptly chases them into the street with a golf club. The trio escape, much to the amusement of Justin and Damien. However, despite Charlie promising to tell Justin everything, he decides to keep the gun a secret. Sometime later the story picks up Charlie and Justin as they walk through a disused car park. After looking in the window of a BMW it becomes clear that Julie, the girlfriend of Francis (Dyer), another member of 'The Firm', is having sex with 'local nutter' Eddie (Phil Daniels), who is some 20 years older. By this time in the story it has become clear that Charlie is dissatisfied with his lifestyle and would prefer to try to make something of his life, unlike Justin, who would clearly prefer things to remain the same. This point is highlighted when the two attend a party being thrown by Charlie's cousin Hector Moriati (Richard Driscoll), with Charlie being offered a job as an estate agent. Hector eventually throws Justin out, and Hector in turn asks Charlie to stay (which he does not). On the way back home from the party, the pair begin to fight, Charlie clearly furious that Justin has ruined an opportunity for him to turn his life around. Charlie, as the narrator, informs the audience that from that point on 'Things could never be the same'. The following day Charlie approaches Francis in the street and the pair head off to a boxing gym where Francis announces his intention to propose to Julie. Charlie tells Francis about Julie's affair with Eddie. Francis, in a tearful rage, walks out of the room and goes on the hunt for Eddie, baseball bat in hand. When Francis eventually finds Eddie he smashes the window of his BMW, provoking Eddie to run him down. Charlie then arrives as Francis lies unconscious in the road. As Charlie waits in hospital he is visibly moved by an upset woman, presumably Francis's mother, and decides to take revenge on Eddie with the stolen pistol. After finding Eddie he loses his nerve, prompting Eddie to tell him to 'Fuck off out my house before you and I fall out'. After leaving, Charlie eventually shows the gun to Justin, who becomes very attached to it and suggests that they should kill Eddie. Justin is later insulted by a child in the park and threatens him with the gun, going as far as pushing the barrel into the frightened boy's mouth. Horrified, Charlie snatches the gun from Justin and tells him he no longer wishes to be associated with him. A distressed Justin tries to make amends but Charlie refuses, instead giving him the gun as a farewell gift. Instantly Justin runs off, pursued by Charlie who has realised that Justin intends to use the weapon. Charlie catches up to Justin but only watches as Justin shoots Eddie in the leg (he survives the shot and is heard shouting afterwards) and the pair make their way to the top of a high rise building. The police arrive and Justin tells Charlie to leave or risk being arrested. Charlie seemingly forgives Justin and the two hug. The final scene shows the pair going down different paths: Justin turning himself in to the police with a smile on his face and with a crowd cheering for him, and Charlie as he packs his bags and leaves. A child (who makes several appearances throughout the film) asks Charlie where he's going as he leaves; he simply replies "Somewhere". Cast ---- Paul Nicholls as Charlie Bright * Roland Manookian as Justin * Phil Daniels as Eddie * Jamie Foreman as Tony Immaculate * Danny Dyer as Francis * David Thewlis as Charlie's dad * Dani Behr as Blondie * Richard Driscoll as Hector * Sid Mitchell as Tommy Mitchell * Nicola Stapleton as Julie * Brian Jordan as Duke * Frank Harper as Tommy's dad * Lucy Bowen as Duke's girlfriend * Sian Welsh as Janet * Brinsley Forde as Floyd * Sally Bretton as Susan * Alexis Rodney as Damien * Tameka Empson as Kay * Rajeev Ahya as Gang Youth 1 Filming locations ----------------- Much of the film was filmed on the Cambridge Road Estate, Kingston Upon Thames. Critical reaction ----------------- The Sun labelled the film 'Hilarious, terrifying, tender, an awesome rollercoaster ride you won't want to get off.'[]
Fundamental analysis Price optimization is the use of mathematical analysis by a company to determine how customers will respond to different prices for its products and services through different channels. It is also used to determine the prices that the company determines will best meet its objectives such as maximizing operating profit. The data used in price optimization can include survey data, operating costs, inventories, and historic prices & sales. Price optimization practice has been implemented in industries including retail, banking, airlines, casinos, hotels, car rental, cruise lines and insurance industries. Overview -------- Price optimization utilizes data analysis to predict the behavior of potential buyers to different prices of a product or service. Depending on the type of methodology being implemented, the analysis may leverage survey data (e.g. such as in a conjoint pricing analysis) or raw data (e.g. such as in a behavioral analysis leveraging 'big data' ). Companies use price optimization models to determine pricing structures for initial pricing, promotional pricing and discount pricing. Market simulators are often used to simulate the choices people make to predict how demand varies at different price points. This data can be combined with cost and inventory levels to develop a profitable price point for that product or service. This model is also used to evaluate pricing for different customer segments by simulating how targeted customers will respond to price changes with data-driven scenarios. Price optimization starts with a segmentation of customers. A seller then estimates how customers in different segments will respond to different prices offered through different channels. Given this information, determining the prices that best meet corporate goals can be formulated and solved as a constrained optimization process. The form of the optimization is determined by the underlying structure of the pricing problem. If capacity is constrained and perishable and customer willingness-to-pay increases over time, then the underlying problem is classified as a yield management or revenue management problem. If capacity is constrained and perishable and customer willingness-to-pay decreases over time, then the underlying problem is one of markdown management. If capacity is not constrained and prices cannot be tailored to the characteristics of a particular customer, then the problem is one of list-pricing. If prices can be tailored to the characteristics of an arriving customer then the underlying problem is sometimes called customized pricing.
American football player (born 1986) For the American basketball player, see Stevie Johnson (basketball). For other people with similar names, see Steve Johnson. American football player Steven John Johnson Jr. (born July 22, 1986) is an American former professional football player who was a wide receiver in the National Football League (NFL). Johnson was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the seventh round of the 2008 NFL Draft and has also played for the San Francisco 49ers and San Diego Chargers. He played college football at Kentucky. Despite never making the Pro Bowl, Johnson was the first Bills receiver to post back-to-back seasons with over 1,000 yards receiving, and has been considered one of the best draft steals in franchise history. High school career ------------------ Johnson was homeschooled. He was only able to play football two years there as the public school in his area, Angelo Rodriguez High School, did not add a football program until his junior year. After his senior season, he earned All-State and first-team All-Conference honors. He also played two years of basketball and was a second-team All-Conference selection. College career -------------- Johnson attended Chabot College in California from 2004 to 2005 before transferring to Kentucky. In his first season with the program, he recorded 12 catches for 159 yards (13.3 avg) and 1 touchdown. Against Clemson in the Music City Bowl, Johnson had three receptions for 67 yards. The 2007 season was a historic one for Johnson as he compiled 61 receptions for 1,052 yards (17.2 avg) and 13 touchdowns. He became the fourth player in school history to gain over 1,000 yards receiving and his thirteen touchdowns in a season rank second on the school's season-record list. During the season, he caught three game-winning touchdowns, including one against Florida State in the Music City Bowl. After the season, Johnson was selected to the College Football News' All-Southeastern Conference first-team. Professional career ------------------- ### Pre-draft Pre-draft measurables\| Height \| Weight \| Arm length \| Hand span \| 40-yard dash \| 10-yard split \| 20-yard split \| 20-yard shuttle \| Three-cone drill \| Vertical jump \| Broad jump \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| 6 ft 1+7⁄8 in(1.88 m) \| 210 lb(95 kg) \| 32+3⁄4 in(0.83 m) \| 9+5⁄8 in(0.24 m) \| 4.46 s \| 1.49 s \| 2.56 s \| 4.26 s \| 7.07 s \| 32.5 in(0.83 m) \| 10 ft 1 in(3.07 m) \| \| Source: \| ### Buffalo Bills Johnson was drafted by the Buffalo Bills in the seventh round (224th overall) of the 2008 NFL Draft. #### 2008 season His first reception came in Week 5 against the Arizona Cardinals, and went for 8 yards. In Week 15, against the New York Jets, Johnson caught his first touchdown reception, a two-yard pass from J. P. Losman. He caught his second touchdown a week later against the Denver Broncos on a three-yard pass from Trent Edwards. Johnson finished his rookie season with 10 receptions for 102 yards and 2 touchdowns. #### 2009 season Battling a severe rib injury, Johnson only managed 2 catches for 10 yards in the 2009 season. #### 2010 season Johnson in the 2011 preseason, while with the Bills. After good off-season practices Johnson was able to win the starting receiver position before 2010 season. After losing his starting position early in the season, he regained it with a string of good performances, becoming quarterback Ryan Fitzpatrick's favorite target. In a Week 7 loss to the Baltimore Ravens, Johnson had a career-game, catching 8 passes for 158 yards and a touchdown. Two weeks later, he set a career-high in catches with 11 for 145 yards against the Chicago Bears. During Week 3 of the 2010 season in a game against the New England Patriots at Gillette Stadium, Johnson scored a fourth-quarter touchdown. After the score, he imitated a minuteman firing a rifle and fell to the ground backward pretending to be shot. Johnson was fined $10,000 for the celebration. In a Week 11 win over the Cincinnati Bengals, he caught 8 passes for 137 yards and a career-milestone 3 touchdowns. After his first touchdown, Johnson lifted his jersey to reveal the question "Why so serious?" written on his T-shirt. The quote, made famous by The Joker in the Batman movie sequel The Dark Knight, was directed at Bengals wide receivers Terrell Owens and Chad Ochocinco, who referred to themselves as Batman and Robin. Johnson was fined $5,000 by the league office for the celebration. After dropping what could have been a game winning pass that led to an overtime loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in November, Johnson lamented on Twitter to God, "I PRAISE YOU 24/7!!!!!! AND IS THIS HOW YOU DO ME!!!!! YOU EXPECT ME TO LEARN FROM THIS??? HOW???!!! ILL NEVER FORGET THIS!! EVER!!! THX THO. . ." He had a breakout campaign in 2010 with 82 receptions, 1073 yards and 10 touchdowns. Following the season, Johnson was named the 2010 Vizio Top Value Performer for being the NFL player who outplayed his salary by the widest margin. #### 2011 season In 2011, Johnson's numbers fell a bit, posting 76 receptions for 1,004 yards and 7 touchdown receptions. According to Steve, he played the year with a torn groin and a broken hand. During the 2011 season, Johnson was fined twice for excessive celebrations. The first was Week 12 against the New York Jets. Johnson pretended to shoot his leg and then fly like a Jet and pretended to crash, mocking Jets receiver Plaxico Burress. The second was during Week 17 against the New England Patriots, after scoring a touchdown, he lifted his jersey to reveal "Happy New Year!" written on his under-shirt. He was given a 15-yard unsportsmanlike penalty, and head coach Chan Gailey subsequently benched Johnson for the rest of the game, ending his season. #### 2012 season On March 5, 2012, Johnson signed a new 5-year contract with the Buffalo Bills worth $36.25 million with a signing bonus of $8.5 million. In the 2012 season, staying consistent with his statistics, he recorded 79 receptions for 1,046 yards and 6 touchdowns. He became the only receiver in Buffalo Bills history at the time to record three consecutive 1,000 yard receiving seasons. #### 2013 season After the release of Ryan Fitzpatrick prior to the season, Johnson worked with new Bills quarterback EJ Manuel. He caught the game-winning touchdown from Manuel in the closing seconds of a week 2 matchup against the Carolina Panthers. Johnson failed to record a fourth consecutive 1,000-yard season, finishing with 52 receptions for 597 receiving yards and 3 touchdowns. ### San Francisco 49ers On May 9, 2014, after the Buffalo Bills acquired Sammy Watkins in the 2014 NFL Draft, the Bills traded Johnson to his hometown team San Francisco 49ers for a conditional fourth round pick in 2015 Draft that could become a third round selection. In the 2014 season Johnson posted the lowest numbers since his sophomore season, totaling 35 receptions for 435 yards and 3 touchdowns. On March 15, 2015, Johnson was released by the 49ers. ### San Diego Chargers On March 17, 2015, Johnson signed a three-year, $12 million contract with the San Diego Chargers. Johnson had a fast start to 2015, but was hampered by recurring injuries later through the season. He finished the season with 45 receptions for 497 yards and 3 touchdowns. On August 10, 2016, it was reported that Johnson would be out for the entirety of the 2016 season after having surgery to repair his meniscus. On March 7, 2017, Johnson was released by the Chargers. ### Career statistics \| Season \| Team \| Games \| Receiving \| Rushing \| Fumbles \| \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| --- \| \| GP \| Rec \| Yds \| Avg \| Lng \| TD \| Att \| Yds \| Avg \| Lng \| TD \| FUM \| Lost \| \| Regular Season \| \| 2008 \| BUF \| 11 \| 10 \| 102 \| 10.2 \| 21 \| 2 \| 1 \| 6 \| 6 \| 6 \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2009 \| BUF \| 5 \| 2 \| 10 \| 5 \| 5 \| 0 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2010 \| BUF \| 16 \| 82 \| 1,074 \| 13.1 \| 45 \| 10 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 1 \| 1 \| \| 2011 \| BUF \| 16 \| 76 \| 1,004 \| 13.2 \| 55 \| 7 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2012 \| BUF \| 16 \| 79 \| 1,046 \| 13.2 \| 63 \| 6 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| \| 2013 \| BUF \| 12 \| 52 \| 597 \| 11.5 \| 45 \| 3 \| 1 \| 10 \| 10 \| 10 \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| \| 2014 \| SF \| 13 \| 35 \| 435 \| 12.4 \| 32 \| 3 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| \| 2015 \| SD \| 10 \| 45 \| 497 \| 11.0 \| 34 \| 3 \| - \| - \| - \| - \| - \| 1 \| 0 \| \| Total \| 99 \| 381 \| 4,764 \| 12.5 \| 63 \| 34 \| 2 \| 16 \| 8 \| 10 \| 0 \| 4 \| 1 \| \| Postseason \| \| No playoff appearances \| References: ### Playing style During his prime, Johnson was known for his unorthodox route-running skills and footwork, which he attributes to playing basketball. Johnson used his shiftiness to confuse defensive backs and get open, making up for his average size and speed. Personal life ------------- Johnson is the cousin of bay-area rapper Ya Boy and Kawhi Leonard, forward for the Los Angeles Clippers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In 2014, he showed off his multiple tattoos for PETA's "Ink not Mink" anti-fur campaign. Since retiring from the NFL, Johnson has taken a head coaching job for his former high school football team. After leaving the NFL, Johnson remains focused on the Buffalo community. In 2023, Johnson helped launch a flag football product called Redzone Football.
Species of flowering plant *Myosotis glabrescens* is a species of flowering plant in the family Boraginaceae, endemic to the South Island of New Zealand. Lucy Moore described the species in 1961. Plants of this species of forget-me-not are tightly compacted, perennial mats with bracteate inflorescences and white corollas. Taxonomy and etymology ---------------------- Myosotis glabrescens L.B.Moore is in the plant family Boraginaceae and was originally described in 1961 by Lucy Moore. M. glabrescens is morphologically most similar to the common cushion species, M. pulvinaris, but can be distinguished from it (and indeed many other bracteate-prostrate species) by numerous floral characters, including its long, exserted filaments (> 0.5 mm long) which are attached at the faucal scales, its long anthers (0.9–1.1 mm long) which are completely exserted past the faucal scales, and its long calyx lobes which are longer than half the length of the calyx. The type specimen of Myosotis glabrescens is lodged at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, Wellington (herbarium WELT). The specific epithet, glabrescens, is derived from the Latin words glaber, meaning hairless or smooth, and the suffix -escens, meaning becoming or resembling. The leaf hairs of M. glabrescens are ‘early deciduous’ and ‘soon falling so that most of plant is glab[rous]’. Phylogeny --------- Myosotis glabrescens was shown to be a part of the monophyletic southern hemisphere lineage of Myosotis in phylogenetic analyses of standard DNA sequencing markers (nuclear ribosomal DNA and chloroplast DNA regions). Within the southern hemisphere lineage, species relationships were not well resolved. Description ----------- Myosotis glabrescens plants are rosettes tightly compacted into mats that may reach 1m in diameter. The rosette leaves have petioles 1–2 mm long. The rosette leaf blades are 2–3 mm long by 2–5 mm wide (length: width ratio 0.6–1.3: 1), broadly ovate, very broadly ovate, rotund or circular, widest at or below the middle, with an obtuse apex. Both surfaces of the leaf are sparsely to densely covered in straight (mostly) or flexuous, appressed (mostly) or patent, antrorse (forward-facing) hairs that are parallel to the mid vein, whereas the petiole is glabrous on the upper surface. Each rosette has a few prostrate to ascending, once-branched, bracteate, single-flowered inflorescences that are 29–46 mm long. The cauline leaves are very similar to the rosette leaves. The solitary flowers are borne on a short pedicel with a bract. The calyx is 3–4 mm long at flowering and c. 4 mm long at fruiting, lobed to about two-thirds of its length, and densely covered in straight (rarely flexuous), appressed to patent, antrorse hairs. The corolla is white and 4–6 mm in diameter, with a cylindrical tube, petals that are obovate to ovate and flat, and small yellow scales alternating with the petals. The anthers are fully exserted. The four smooth, shiny, medium brown nutlets are 1.6–1.8 mm long by c. 0.9 mm wide and narrowly ovoid to ovoid in shape. Myosotis glabrescens has M. angustata type pollen. The chromosome number of M. glabrescens is unknown. Myosotis glabrescens flowers and fruits from January–February. Distribution and habitat ------------------------ Myosotis glabrescens is endemic to the South Island of New Zealand in Otago, from 1400 to 1830 m ASL. M. glabrescens is found in wet areas including stream headwaters in high-elevation, subalpine shingle banks. Conservation status ------------------- The species is listed as Data Deficient in the most recent assessment (2017-2018) of the New Zealand Threatened Classification for plants. At least one new population has been found since that listing.
\| Part of a series on the \| \| --- \| \| History of Ecuador \| \| Coat of Arms of Ecuador \| \| Pre-Columbian * Pre-Columbian Ecuador * Las Vegas Culture * Valdivia culture * Inca Empire * Spanish conquest * Spanish colonization of the Americas \| \| Colonial Ecuador * Viceroyalty of Peru * Viceroyalty of New Granada \| \| War of Independence * Revolution of October 9 * Free Province of Guayaquil * Luz de América * Battle of Pichincha * Guayaquil Conference \| \| Ecuador as part of Gran Colombia * 1827 Guayaquil uprising \| \| Republic of Ecuador * 1830–1860 * Marcist (March) Revolution * 1860–1895 * Battle of Guayaquil * 1895–1925 * 1925–1944 * 1944–1960 * 1960–1990 * 1990–present \| \| Topics * Ecuador–Peru conflicts * Military history * Demographic history * Economic history \| \| flag Ecuador portal \| \| * v * t * e \| The 1827 Guayaquil uprising, also known as the Guayaquil Department rebellion, was a rejection of the centralist policies of Gran Colombia. This was one of the first separatist rebellions in the country of Gran Colombia before it dissolved in 1829. The Free Province of Guayaquil, an unrecognized state that emerged after it declared its independence on October 9, 1820, was militarily annexed by Gran Colombia in 1822. As a result of the promulgation of the Territorial Division Law of 1824, it became one of the three departments of the Southern District. Colombian policies strengthened New Granadan centralism, imposed various taxes, and divided the departments into several provinces and cantons with their own municipalities. This all undermined the power of the authorities in the departmental capitals and caused unrest in various parts of the country. In addition, the drafting of the Life Constitution for Peru and the similar project in Bolivia by Simón Bolívar generated much controversy, and a mutiny in the Colombian military. The Cabildo of Guayaquil endorsed the Bolivian constitution, ignored the Constitution of Cúcuta, and appointed José de la Mar as its new mayor. In addition, it proclaimed total autonomy from the Republic. The departure of La Mar and sending of Colombian troops from Quito and Bogotá to the borders of the department made the Cabildo of Guayaquil state that it supported a federalist constitutional reform, and temporarily suspended its autonomy, until the formation of a new constituent congress. However, its political autonomy lasted until October 1827, when General Juan José Flores entered the city of Guayaquil with the Colombian army to restore constitutional order. Background ---------- ### Free Province of Guayaquil The Spanish-American wars of independence that began around 1810 permeated emancipatory ideas in Guayaquil society, which developed an independence movement that concluded with the taking of power in the city on October 9, 1820. A provisional civil and military government was formed, as well as an army to ensure and preserve the independent status against the troops loyal to the Spanish Crown. The Free Province of Guayaquil emerged after the proclamation of the Reglamento Provisorio de Gobierno (provisional constitution) on November 11 of that year as an independent state, which was not recognized during the war period. The Guayaquil army, known as the Protective Division of Quito, began a military campaign to achieve the independence of the other territories of the former Presidency of Quito. Following a victory in the battle of Camino Real, the Protective Division advanced rapidly through the inter-Andean alley towards the north but defeat in the first battle of Huachi [es] forced a withdrawal back to the coast. Simón Bolívar wanted to ensure the independence of the newly created Republic of Colombia (known as Gran Colombia) by sending a division of his army from New Granada to Guayaquil to renew the attack on the royalists entrenched in the Quito mountains. The Colombian army, commanded by Antonio José de Sucre, merged with the Guayaquil troops, with certain Peruvian and River Plate elements, initiated the so-called Campaign of the South that concluded with the independence victory at the battle of Pichincha on May 24, 1822. ### Manu militari annexation The intention of the Guayaquil government board was to form a new state from the former Presidency of Quito. However, the city of Cuenca decided to annex itself to Gran Colombia on April 11, 1822; and the Quito authorities, after the battle of Pichincha, also made the decision to join the Colombian nation on Sucre's suggestion on May 29. The Free Province of Guayaquil, which had suffered many casualties in its army due to the help given in the Southern Campaigns [es], decided to remain autonomous from any other state. In the city of Guayaquil, there were three factions within the population and its authorities; there were those who preferred an annexation to Colombia, while others saw it more favorably for the territory to be part of Peru, and lastly, those who wanted the province to remain independent and autonomous, among whom were José Joaquín de Olmedo and other members of the Government Board. Its status as the main port on the Pacific coast and its rapid commercial growth made Peruvian claims manifest through General José de San Martín. Simón Bolívar, aware of the Peruvian advance, intended to meet in Guayaquil with San Martín to determine his situation. However, Bolívar went ahead and entered Guayaquil on July 11 with an army of three thousand soldiers, forcing the resignation of the Governing Board and proclaiming himself dictator. The interview between Bolívar and San Martín took place on July 26, and dealt with other issues with Peruvian disadvantage in claiming Guayaquil territory. Finally, on July 31, 1822, Bolívar formally decreed the annexation of the occupied Free Province of Guayaquil into Gran Colombia. ### Territorial division of 1824 and taxes The Republic of Colombia (historically known as Gran Colombia to differentiate it from the current republic of the same name) was formally established with the merger of Venezuela and the United Provinces of New Granada in the Congress of Angostura in 1819, which drafted the Fundamental Law of the Republic, ratified by the Congress of Cúcuta on July 12, 1821, under the official name of the Constitution of the Republic of Colombia. Initially, the Gran Colombian territory included only Venezuela and New Granada, but Panama was incorporated in 1821, while Cuenca, Quito and Guayaquil were incorporated in 1822. On June 25, 1824, the Senate and the House of Representatives promulgated the Law of Territorial Division of the Republic which divided the Colombian territory into twelve departments grouped into three districts. Each department was subdivided into several provinces, and these in turn into several cantons. With the law of 1824, the department of Guayaquil was divided into two provinces: Guayaquil and Manabí. The province of Guayaquil was divided into the cantons of Guayaquil, Daule, Babahoyo, Baba, Punta de Santa Elena and Machala, and the province of Manabí was divided into the cantons of Portoviejo, Jipijapa, and Montecristi. The cities aspired to regain some control over the rural territory, they had held for much of the Colony and lost during the Cadiz regime; however, the creation of the 1824 law established a municipality in each canton head. Several parts of the country were dissatisfied with this provision. The wars of the Colombian State were supported financially by various taxes and forced contributions. In the municipalities, they opposed the figure of the intendente, who was subject to the central executive power and regulated fiscal resources. The population was opposed to direct contributions falling on owners and professionals. The protests raised in various parts of Colombia caused the rate to be replaced in 1826 by the poll tax, a tax levied on all men between 14 and 60 years of age; This tax was only in force for two years due to the refusal of the general population to pay it. ### La Cosiata La Cosiata, also known as the "Morrocoyes revolution", broke out in the city of Valencia in Venezuela, led by General José Antonio Páez on April 30, 1826. Several Venezuelan municipalities rebelled in favor of autonomy from the Colombian government, and proclaimed Páez as civil and military chief. This event laid the foundations for the later separation of Venezuela from Gran Colombia. ### Boliviarian Constitution By the beginning of 1825, Peru had not consolidated its independence and there were still redoubts loyal to the Spanish Crown. Simón Bolívar was dictator of Peru, a position that was estimated to be close to being replaced by the election of a purely Peruvian government and that would lead to the restoration of the Peruvian constitution of 1823; however, the Peruvian Congress decided to extend the Bolivarian dictatorship on February 10, and a month later, on March 10, it ceased its functions by its own decision. 1827 Rebellion -------------- In Guayaquil, the Departmental Rebellion of April 16, 1827, led by Vicente Rocafuerte and José Joaquín de Olmedo, with the support of the Guayaquil people, expressed a desire to rebel against the centralist government of Colombia. The protagonists of this feat were the brothers Juan Francisco and Antonio Elizalde, and also Marshal José Domingo de La Mar y Cortázar, who was appointed civil and military chief. After the decision by the revolutionaries, the authorities representing the Colombian government, including General Tomás Cipriano de Mosquera and Colonel Rafael Urdaneta, who later became president of Gran Colombia, hastily left the city. New annexation to Gran Colombia ------------------------------- Several times that year the Colombian government tried to retake Guayaquil, even sending troops under Generals José Gabriel Pérez and Juan José Flores, but no attempt was successful. Guayaquil became autonomous again and remained so for three months, until mid-July, 1827, when Marshal José de la Mar had to leave the city for having been appointed President of Peru. Simón Bolívar took advantage of this situation to get the separatist forces to give up their attitude, offering total amnesty to the city and the entire province. Finally, in September the revolution had been completely quelled, things returned to normal and the province returned to the centralist subjection where it had been before April 16. Bibliography ------------ * Ayala Mora, Enrique (2008). Ayala Mora, Enrique, ed. Manual de Historia del Ecuador (Primera edición). Quito: Corporación Editora Nacional. ISBN 978-9978-84-355-0. * Hoyos Galarza, Melvin; Avilés Pino, Efrén (2009). Historia de Guayaquil. Guayaquil: M.I. Municipalidad de Guayaquil. ISBN 978-9978-92-614-7. * Morelli, Federica (1 de julio de 2018). «"Una gran asociación de pueblos". La rebelión en Guayaquil y su percepción de la Gran Colombia (1827)». Anuario Colombiano de Historia Social y de la Cultura 45 (2): 149-174. doi:10.15446/achsc.v45n2.71030. * Suárez Fernández, Luis; Hernández Sánchez-Barba, Mario (1992). Historia general de España y América. (Segunda edición). Madrid: Ed. Rialp. ISBN 8432121126. * Pollack, Aaron (18 de julio de 2016). «De la contribución directa proporcional a la capitación en la Hispanoamérica republicana: Los límites impuestos por la constitución fiscal». Araucaria (Sureste, Chiapas: Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social) (36): 59-86. doi:10.12795/araucaria.2016.i36.04. * Vela Witt, María Susana (1999). El Departamento del Sur en la Gran Colombia, 1822-1830 (Primera edición). Quito: Ediciones Abya-Yala. ISBN 9978044973.
The 9th Army was a field army of the Red Army during the Russian Civil War which existed from October 3, 1918 until June 22, 1921. History ------- Position of the 9th Army in summer 1919 The Ninth Army was created on October 3, 1918, from the Povorinsky and Balashovo-Kamyshin sectors of the Southern Front. It was part of: the Southern Front until October 1, 1919, South-Eastern Front until January 16, 1920, the Caucasian Front until May 29, 1921 and then the North Caucasian Military District. On May 4, 1920, the 9th Army was renamed the 9th Kuban Army. In October-December 1918, the 9th Army fought the Don Army of General Krasnov in the districts of Povorino, Elan and Balashov. In January - March 1919 it participated in the Offensive of the Southern Front and occupied Borisoglebsk and Novokhopersk. From March, it suppressed the Vyoshenskaya Uprising in its rear and conducted defensive battles against Denikin's troops in the Donbas. The 9th Army was part of the Special Group of Vasilii Shorin (July 23 - September 30, 1919) and participated in the August Counteroffensive of Southern Front, then held the defense on the Khopyor River against the advancing Don Army. In November-December 1919 she participated in the offensive of the Southeastern Front, crossed the Don and Northern Donets and took Millerovo and Lihuyu. In January 1920, the army led an offensive in the Rostov-Novocherkassk Operation. In January-April she fought in the Northern Caucasus Operation to complete the defeat of the Denikin's armies, the Dono-Manych operation (January 17-February 6, 1920), the Tikhoretsky Operation (February-March 1920), and the Kuban-Novorossiysk Operation (March 3-March 27, 1920) in which Yekaterinodar and Novorossiysk were taken. Then the 9th Army pursued the remains of Denikin's troops in the area of Tuapse and Sochi. In August-September 1920, it fought to liquidate the Ulagay's Landing force in the Kuban and the Taman Peninsula, against the "Army of the Renaissance of Russia" under General Fostikov and other White Guard formations in the western part of the Northern Caucasus. In February - March 1921 the Army fought on the Black Sea coast against the armed forces of the Georgian Democratic Republic. Commanders ---------- ### Commanders * Alexander Yegorov (September 28 - November 25, 1918) * Pavel Knyagnitsky (November 25, 1918 - June 6, 1919), * Nikolai Vsevolodov (June 6 - 16, 1919), defected to the Whites, * Aleksander Stepin (June 16, 1919 - February 9, 1920), * A. A. Dushkevich (February 9 - March 1, 1920), * Ieronim Uborevich (March 1 - April 5, 1920), * Matvei Vasilenko (April 5 - July 19, 1920), * Mikhail Lewandowski (July 19 - October 5, 1920), * V.N. Chernyshev (October 5 - November 21, 1920) * Mikhail Lewandowski (November 21, 1920 - January 26, 1921) * V.N. Chernyshev (January 26 - April 22, 1921), * Mikhail Lewandowski (April 22 - June 13, 1921), * I. F. Sharskov (June 13 -June 22, 1921). ### Chief of Staff * Ilya Garkavyi (April 20 - May 8, 1919) ### Members of the Revolutionary Military Council include * Grigori Sokolnikov * Alexander Beloborodov

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