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Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress was a regional political party in the Indian state of Uttar Pradesh. It was founded in October 1997 by Naresh Agarwal along with Jagdambika Pal, Atul Kumar Singh, Bacha Pathak, Rajeev Shukla, Hari Shankar Tiwari, Suresh Chand Bhardwaj, Shripati Singh and Shyam Sunder Sharma. The party was formed when these leaders broke away from the Indian National Congress to join the All India Indira Congress (Tiwari), led by N. D. Tiwari which led another switched to form Loktantrik Congress.
Jagdambika Pal served as the Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh for 3 days from 21 February 1998 to 23 February 1998 when Governor of Uttar Pradesh Romesh Bhandari dismissed Kalyan Singh government. Kalyan Singh moved Allahabad High Court which termed the dismissal of government unconstitutional on 23 February 1998, thereby reinstating the Kalyan Singh government. Naresh Agarwal was name the Deputy Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh.
The party became partners in (Atul Kumar Singh) & Kalyan Singh, Ram Prakash Gupta and Rajnath Singh.
Electoral history
State
State
References
Political parties established in 1997
1997 establishments in Uttar Pradesh
Regionalist parties in India
Defunct political parties in Uttar Pradesh | {'title': 'Akhil Bharatiya Loktantrik Congress', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil%20Bharatiya%20Loktantrik%20Congress', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Nancy Cappello ( Marcucci; October 30, 1952 – November 15, 2018) was an American breast cancer activist who was known for her campaign to improve disclosure on the limitations of mammography and the difficulty in identifying cancer for those with dense breast tissue. She worked as a special education teacher in her hometown of Waterbury, Connecticut, and later as an educational administrator in the Connecticut state department.
After being diagnosed with breast cancer in 2003, Cappello started an organization called Are You Dense? in order to improve notification laws for women with dense breasts, as it was due to not being informed that her cancer had not been identified sooner through non-mammogram methods. By 2019, 37 U.S. states had passed a breast density inform law as she had advocated, along with a federal law being passed to update the notification rules in February 2019.
Early life and education
Cappello was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on October 30, 1952, to Stephen A. Marcucci, a plumbing business owner, and Antoinette Llorens. She attended Watertown High School and went on to earn a Master's degree in education and special education from the Central Connecticut State University. Then, she earned a PhD at the University of Connecticut with a focus on educational administration.
Career
Starting in 1974, Cappello worked as a special education teacher at her former high school and eventually became the city's director of special education. This resulted in her becoming a consultant on such subjects with the Connecticut state education department and she eventually became interim bureau chief for the department in 2007. She retired in 2009 from state work to focus on her advocacy outreach.
Advocacy
Breast cancer diagnosis
The beginning to Cappello's activism regarding mammography was in 2003 after her doctor physically identified a lump on her breast, despite nothing of the sort having been identified in a mammogram weeks earlier and still not being detected in a follow-up mammogram after noticing the lump. An ultrasound was able to properly identify the mass, however, as a tumor that had already spread to become a stage 3 lymph node cancer that could only be treated with chemotherapy and a mastectomy of the affected breast.
The reason why the mammograms had been unsuccessful in identifying the tumor was due to her having dense breast tissue with low amounts of fat that prevented X-ray scans from penetrating into the tissue and separating darker fat pockets from the bright white tumor tissue. She was also informed that this type of breast tissue increases the risk of cancer forming, despite cancer being difficult to diagnose at the same time for such tissue.
Having been unaware of the existence of dense breast tissue or the frequency of it occurring in women, Cappello was "outraged" at not having been informed earlier, as she would have been undergoing ultrasounds rather than mammograms for the prior 10 years if she had known she had the condition. She estimated that due to the growth and extent of the cancer once it was finally detected, it had been growing for several years and had not been identified by any of her scans during that time period. Her doctors also said that informing female patients about the possibility of dense breast tissue was not a part of the "standard protocol" and so she and her husband decided to start advocating for changes to the protocol.
Creation of advocacy group
The couple interacted with medical experts and state politicians over the following years, resulting in a law and protocol change in Connecticut in 2009 requiring doctors to inform patients about dense breast tissue and to require that medical insurance would cover the alternative ultrasounds such patients would need. Receiving messages from women across the US wanting such laws passed in their states, Cappello and her husband created the non-profit Are You Dense? in 2008 to advocate for such legal changes. She would go on to speak on the subject internationally at various medical conventions, including in countries such as Japan, France, Italy and Canada.
As of 2019, 37 states had passed a version of the breast density inform law that she had advocated for. A federal notification bill was signed into law in February 2019. Cappello was described by Imaging Technology News as the "founder of the breast density education movement".
Personal life
Cappello was married to her husband, Joseph J. Cappello, in 1974. She was diagnosed with myelodysplastic syndrome in September 2018 that was identified as having formed during the treatment for her cancer in 2004. A bone marrow transplant was scheduled for December of that year to cure the syndrome, but a series of transfusions and antibiotics were required as treatment and multiple infections occurred in the following months. She died on November 15, 2018, due to a Clostridium difficile infection.
References
Further reading
1952 births
2018 deaths
People from Waterbury, Connecticut
Breast cancer
Central Connecticut State University alumni
University of Connecticut alumni
Activists from Connecticut
Educators from Connecticut
21st-century American women | {'title': 'Nancy Cappello', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nancy%20Cappello', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Ashland School District (#5) is a public school district that serves the city of Ashland, Oregon, United States. As of 2009, there were approximately 3,000 students and 300 employees in the district.
Administration
Superintendent: Samuel Bogdanove
Primary schools
Bellview Elementary School
Helman Elementary School
Walker Elementary School
Secondary schools
Ashland's secondary schools include grades 6 through 8.
Ashland Middle School
Ashland Middle School is the only public middle school located in Ashland, and has 623 students and 81 staff members. The school includes grades 6-8. The 2012 Oregon Report Card from the Oregon Department of Education rated Ashland Middle School as "outstanding".
In 2013, at 11:06 am, May 14, a fire broke out in the south wing of the school. Smoke was reported to be coming from the boys' bathroom. Investigators said an arsonist had started the fire. The school was cleared by 12:45, and students were let back into the north building. The student who started the fire was identified, and the Jackson County District Attorney's Office Juvenile Department handled the case.
In November 2014, an epidemic of chickenpox broke out at Ashland Middle School. 20 students were reported to have chickenpox, including two cases of pertussis. Only about 70% of students attending Ashland Middle School were vaccinated as of 2013.
High schools
Ashland High School
Alternative schools
John Muir School (K-8)
Wilderness Charter School
Willow Wind Community Learning Center
Demographics
In the 2009 school year, the district had 62 students classified as homeless by the Department of Education, which was 2.1% of students in the district.
Teacher and student numbers
Total students: 3,040
Classroom teachers: 150.8 (FTE)
Student/teacher ratio: 20.2
Drug testing controversy
In late 2001, Ashland School Board enacted a controversial drug and alcohol policy for leadership students. The local Oregon chapter of the American Civil Liberties Union had advocated on behalf of various students expelled by the Ashland School District for drug use in May 2001 at a national forensics tournament, and rallied again to protect the students from an unconstitutional invasion of their privacy. This landmark battle for students' rights was the first of many similar incidents across the country.
Students at Ashland High School argued that their off-campus behavior after school hours should have no effect on their academic standing. In a statement to the local press, Ashland High School Student Body Co-President Brady Brim-DeForest said, "Teaching kids not to use and abuse drugs and alcohol is a family thing. Ultimately, it's a student's own personal choice."
Eventually, the code of conduct was rewritten and the controversy led to a full-scale re-evaluation of the school district's drug and alcohol policy. In order to reach consensus, a community committee was formed, which met consecutively for five months.
Drug policy references
Daily Tidings (February 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Daily Tidings (January 2002 coverage)
Mail Tribune (January 2002 coverage)
Mail Tribune (October 2001 coverage) article 1
Mail Tribune (October 2001 coverage) article 2
Daily Tidings (September 2001 coverage)
Mail Tribune (September 2001 coverage)
Mail Tribune (July 2001 coverage) article 1
Mail Tribune (July 2001 coverage) article 2
See also
List of school districts in Oregon
References
External links
Ashland School District (official website)
Ashland, Oregon
School districts in Oregon
Education in Jackson County, Oregon | {'title': 'Ashland School District (Oregon)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashland%20School%20District%20%28Oregon%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 74th Punjabis were an infantry regiment of the British Indian Army. They could trace their origins to 1776, when they were raised as the 14th Carnatic Battalion.
The regiment first saw action during the Carnatic Wars. This was followed by the Battle of Sholinghur in the Second Anglo-Mysore War and the Battle of Mahidpur in the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Their next active service was in China for the First and Second Opium Wars. In 1885 they took part in the Third Burmese War.
In 1914 the class composition of the 74th Punjabis consisted of 4 companies of Punjabi Muslims, 2 of Sikhs and 2 of Punjabi Hindus. This diversity was in accordance with the enlistment system of the period; under which about three-quarters of the Indian regiments were each recruited from more than one religious or racial groups. The 74th Punjabis had historically been a Madrasi regiment (see below) but as part of a general policy the area of recruitment had changed to the Punjab after 1889.
During World War I the regiment was part of the 8th Lucknow Division which initially remained in India on internal security and training duties. They were posted to the 10th (Irish) Division in 1918, and took part in the Sinai and Palestine Campaign.
After World War I the Indian government reformed the army moving from single battalion regiments to multi battalion regiments. In 1922, the 74th Punjabis became the 4th Battalion, 2nd Punjab Regiment. This new regiment was disbanded in 1947.
Predecessor names
14th Carnatic Battalion - 1776
14th Madras Battalion - 1784
2nd Battalion, 6th Madras Native Infantry - 1796
14th Madras Native Infantry - 1824
14th Madras Infantry - 1885
74th Punjabis - 1903
References
Bibliography
Moberly, F.J. (1923). Official History of the War: Mesopotamia Campaign, Imperial War Museum.
British Indian Army infantry regiments
Military history of the Madras Presidency
Military units and formations established in 1776
Military units and formations disestablished in 1922 | {'title': '74th Punjabis', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/74th%20Punjabis', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon KG (1547 – 9 September 1603) was the eldest son of Henry Carey, 1st Baron Hunsdon and Anne Morgan. His father was first cousin to Elizabeth I of England. In 1560, at the age of 13, George matriculated at Trinity College, Cambridge.
Military and political career
In December 1566 he accompanied the Earl of Bedford on an official mission to Scotland, to attend the baptism of the future King James. Mary, Queen of Scots gave him a ring and a chain with her miniature portrait.
During the Northern Rebellion of 1569, George was knighted in the field by Thomas Radcliffe 3rd Earl of Sussex for bravery. George had challenged Lord Fleming, the commander of Dunbar Castle, to single combat.
George served as a member of Parliament in the Commons for several terms (for Hertfordshire in 1571, for Hampshire in 1584, 1586, 1589, and 1593).
He was created Knight Marshal in 1578. He was given the tenure of the lands of the Cornish recusant Francis Tregian when the latter was convicted of praemunire in 1577 for aiding and abetting the missionary priest Cuthbert Mayne.
George was sent to Carisbrooke Castle on the Isle of Wight and later assumed command of the Isle's defenses during the Spanish Armada threat.
In July 1596, when his father died, George became the second Baron Hunsdon, and the following year he was appointed Lord Chamberlain of the Royal Household, a position which had been held by his father.
Theatre
Both Henry and George Carey were patrons of the professional theatre company in London known as "the Lord Chamberlain's Men". Talents such as William Shakespeare and Richard Burbage were among the writers and performers of the company. In 1597 George was invested as a Knight of the Garter, and it is sometimes proposed that the first performance of William Shakespeare's Merry Wives of Windsor was held to commemorate the occasion.
Family
George married Elizabeth Spencer (related to poet/author Edmund Spenser), who like her husband was a patron of the arts. They had one daughter, Elizabeth.
Death
He died on 9 September 1603 (from venereal disease and mercury poisoning), and his brother John (the next eldest) became the third Lord Hunsdon.
References
1547 births
1603 deaths
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
Georger
Knights of the Garter
Lord-Lieutenants of Hampshire
Carey, George
Carey, George
16th-century English nobility
17th-century English nobility
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Carey, George
Barons Hunsdon | {'title': 'George Carey, 2nd Baron Hunsdon', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Carey%2C%202nd%20Baron%20Hunsdon', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Al Ghariyah () is a village on the northeast coast of Qatar located in the municipality of Ash Shamal. It was founded in 1885 by settlers from the town of Al Wakrah. It was a site of contention between Qatari tribes allied with the Ottomans and Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani.
A number of ancient cup-marks and rock engravings were discovered in Al Ghariyah.
Etymology
The name "Ghariyah" is derived from the Arabic word for cave, "ghar". It was so named because the area contains many mountains with small caves.
Geography
Because of Al Ghariyah's precise location on the coast, in the past its inhabitants lacked direct access to the groundwater. Moreover, the water that could be obtained was saline. Therefore, the village formed a trade relationship with the nearby settlements of Al `Adhbah, Filiha, and Ain Sinan in which it would receive water in exchange for sea goods such as fish and pearls.
Al Ghariyah's landscape is influenced by a series of wind-blown ridges believed to date back to the end of the Late Pleistocene period. These ridges start in and enclose Fuwayrit, approximately 6.5 km to the south. In Al Ghariyah, these ridges, which form Jebel Ghariyah, are noticeably lower and shorter than in Fuwayrit; their length being and their height being high.
Al Ghariyah Beach is a popular spot for tourists to encamp, and has traditionally played host to the desert camp of The Scout and Guide Association of Qatar. A small number of sea turtles nest near the town's coastline during breeding season (late spring to early summer). The area is regularly patrolled by the Ministry of Municipality and Environment (MME) to ensure the conservation of these nests.
History
19th century
Al Ghariyah was first settled in 1885 by a group of 100 members of the Al-Buainain and Al-Jehran tribes who had left the town of Al-Wakrah after a dispute with Sheikh Jassim bin Mohammed Al Thani. Al Ghariyah was almost immediately attacked by Jassim's troops. This, however, did not deter the town's growth. Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab (not to be confused with the Wahhabi founder), a brother in-law of Jassim, soon emerged the sheikh of the town. He came to lead the coalition formed to resist Jassim's rule, with the ultimate goal achieving independence for Al Ghariyah.
A meeting was soon summoned between Sheikh Jassim and Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab and the discussion was mediated by an Ottoman commander of an Al Bidda–situated gun boat. The Ottoman commander's proposal that the coalition be left alone infuriated Sheikh Jassim. This incited tribesmen loyal to Sheikh Jassim to attack Al Ghariyah, but they were defeated, with the Bani Hajr tribe suffering a few casualties.
In an attempt to earn favor with the Ottomans stationed in Qatar while simultaneously undermining Jassim's authority, Abdel Wahab suggested the establishment of an Ottoman customs in Doha. Although the inhabitants of Doha protested against it, the Ottomans favored his suggestion. In May 1885, out of a coalition of 50 Ottoman troops who arrived that month, 20 had been sent to protect Al Ghariyah. It was also reported that the Mutasarrıf of al-Hasa proclaimed Al Ghariyah to be Ottoman territory.
Some time after its settlement, Al Ghariyah was mostly abandoned by its original settlers after the town founder, Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab, had a meeting with 250 members of the Al-Jehran tribe who by then had migrated to Al Ghariyah. The meeting, held in Bahrain, concluded that the founding tribes would leave Al Ghariyah and settle an area in Qatif with Mohammed bin Abdul Wahab as their leader.
20th century
In 1908, Al Ghariyah was described as a deserted village with the remains of a ruined fort in its confines.
The village was later repopulated and its first formal school was opened in 1957.
Like many other coastal towns in the north, Al Ghariyah was abandoned sometime in the mid-20th century after its aquifer was exhausted by the excessive use of diesel-powered water pumps.
21st century
In the 21st century, the Qatari government has been active in implementing projects in Al Ghariyah in an attempt to develop it as a tourist destination. One such project is the Al Ghariyah Resorts, which features many high-end villas overlooking the coast.
Archaeology
A number of structures dating to as early as the 17th century and as late as the mid-19th century have been discovered. To the east of these structures and the proceeding village that was formed in 1885 are various petroglyphs carved on the sides of the low rock outcrops on the southern flank of Jebel Ghariyah. Consistent with what has been observed elsewhere in the country, cup-marks are the most common form of rock carving. Here they appear in various forms, such as single cup-marks measuring 0.15 in diameter, in daisy-like patterns known as rosettes, and in aligned rows of three to six cup-marks. Furthermore, similar to what was observed in Fuwayrit 6 km to the south, there are also rock carvings at the highest point of the jebel at its northern extremity, a spot that would have offered the best vantage point of returning pearling vessels.
The motifs of Jebel Ghariyah's petroglyphs bear much resemblance to those found at nearby Jebel Fuwayrit and Jebel Jassassiyeh, and even to rock carvings found in the east in Freiha. It is speculated that aside from aesthetic purposes, these rock carvings also served functional purposes such as facilitating board games like mancala.
References
Populated places in Al Shamal | {'title': 'Al Ghariyah', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Ghariyah', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Sassafras is a locality and township within Greater Melbourne, beyond the Melbourne metropolitan area Urban Growth Boundary, 43 km east of Melbourne's Central Business District, located within the City of Knox and Shire of Yarra Ranges local government areas. Sassafras recorded a population of 970 at the 2021 census.
Location
The Sassafras village is located at an altitude of approximately 500 metres, in a saddle on the top of the ridgeline of the Dandenong Ranges, a few kilometres south of the highest peak of Mount Dandenong.
The locality of Sassafras extends from Hilton Road in the south, to just north of the village. In the east, it extends down the Sassafras Gully, whilst to the West much of the locality is within the Dandenong Ranges National Park.
History
The area was named Sassafras Gully, after the sassafras trees which grow in gully along Sassafras Creek. The land was opened to small scale farming in 1893 and a small township developed. The Post Office opened on 1 June 1901 and has always been known as Sassafras Gully. The Sassafras Primary School was established in 1894, originally meeting in a bark slab hut, before relocating to the Sassafras Mechanics Institute hall in 1895. The school moved to its present site in 1915. In the early 1900s tourism began to increase and the township consequently grew. Artist Henrietta Maria Gulliver established a garden estate called Panteg there in 1915. Today Sassafras is a tourist destination with several boutique stores including Devonshire tea outlets, cafés, toy shops, antique shops and nurseries.
The area has had a history of bushfires, and areas near the town are known to have burnt since the 1850s, most recently in 1962.
Waterways
Sassafras village is on the watershed between the Yarra River Catchment and the Dandenong Creek. Sassafras Creek is located to the east of the township while tributaries of the Dandenong Creek are west and north of the township. Both creeks provide important corridors for native flora and fauna, and are both largely protect by parklands.
Sassafras Creek flows generally east until it meets Ti-Tree Creek, where they joint to form the Woori Yallock Creek. Woori-Yallock Creek then flows northward to eventually join the Yarra River next to the Warramate Nature Conservation Reserve. Sassafras Creek's Riparian Zone is almost entirely protected by public land, which in this case is Dandenong Ranges National Park.
Tributaries of the Dandenong Creek rise on the western face of the Dandenong Ranges and flow west to Dandenong Creek, where it flows southward into the Patterson River and then into Port Phillip Bay at Patterson Lakes.
Natural environment
Sassafras Creek is protected by the Sassafras Creek Nature Conservation Reserve, which is nowadays incorporated into the Dandenong Ranges National Park.
Sassafras has many exotic flora largely due to the fertile volcanic soils. Most private land contains exotic flora.
The Dandenong Ranges tourist Track, a walking trail, runs for 15km alongside the Sassafras Creek, past Kallista and Monbulk to Emerald.
See also
Shire of Sherbrooke – Sassafras was previously within this former local government area.
Geography of the Yarra River
Dandenong Creek Trail
References
External links
Melbourne's Dandenong Ranges - Sassafras
City of Knox
Yarra Ranges | {'title': 'Sassafras, Victoria', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sassafras%2C%20Victoria', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
WSG Wannabe () is a seasonal South Korean supergroup formed on the MBC variety show Hangout with Yoo, and was a female counterpart of MSG Wannabe which formed in the previous year. The group, which officially formed on May 26, 2022, consists of twelve members (ranging from actresses to singers to K-pop idols): Yoon Eun-hye, Navi, Lee Bo-ram, Kota (Sunny Hill), Park Jin-joo, Jo Hyun-ah (Urban Zakapa), Sole, Soyeon (Laboum), Eom Ji-yoon, Kwon Jin-ah, Hynn and Jung Ji-so. The group released their debut album and tracks on July 9, 2022.
Members
Gaya-G
Lee Bo-ram
Soyeon (Laboum)
Hynn
Jung Ji-so
Sa-Fire
Navi
Sole
Eom Ji-yoon
Kwon Jin-ah
Oasiso
Yoon Eun-hye
Kota (Sunny Hill)
Park Jin-joo
Jo Hyun-ah (Urban Zakapa)
Discography
Singles
Awards and nominations
See also
Hangout with Yoo
MSG Wannabe
Notes
References
External links
Official website
Official YouTube Channel
2022 establishments in South Korea
K-pop music groups
Musical groups established in 2022
Musical groups from Seoul
Supergroups (music)
South Korean contemporary R&B musical groups | {'title': 'WSG Wannabe', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WSG%20Wannabe', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Distorsio perdistorta, common name the bristly distorsio, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.
Distribution
This marine species has a wide distribution and occurs in the Indo-West Pacific; the Atlantic Ocean and in the Caribbean Sea.
Description
The maximum recorded shell length is 82 mm.
Shell up to 80 mm, with a moderately high spire and a strongly distorted profile. The protoconch is large (2 mm), globose, distinctly cyrtoconoid with three smooth whorls. The teleoconch consists of 7-8 whorls. The body whorlis compressed on the side of the aperture and increasingly inflated opposite to it. The sculpture shows low spiral cords, and of narrow axial ribs which form indistinct nodes where crossing the spirals. The interspaces between the cords are furnished with a small intervening cordlet. Varixes are situated at about each 3/4 of a whorl over the last whorls. The aperture is subtriangular, considerably constricted by outgrowths of the outer lip and of the columellar edge. The outer lip is provided with 6-7 elongate denticles of which the third (from adapical side) is markedly larger. The parietal edge has a broad, thin and shiny callus, continued to form a broad shield also bordering the columella; provided with small blunt tubercles and molded over the varix of the preceding whorl but never bearing a distinct plait or denticle on the adapical side. The columellar edge forms a thick outgrowth which extends over the aperture, provided with denticles which increase in size towards the adapical side. The siphonal canal is short. The periostracum is hairy, rather short over most of the surface, with longer bristles over the varices. The colour of the shell is whitish to tan, the aperture tinged with brown on the edge of the outer lip and on the parietal/columellar shield.
This species is distinguished from the West African Distorsio smithi (von Maltzan, 1887) in being smaller, with a more attenuated sculpture.
Habitat
Minimum recorded depth is . Maximum recorded depth is .
References
Fulton, H. C. 1938. Descriptions and figures of new Japanese marine shells. Proceedings of the Malacological Society of London 23(1):55-56, pl. 3.
External links
Personidae
Gastropods described in 1938 | {'title': 'Distorsio perdistorta', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distorsio%20perdistorta', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Maryland Route 579 (MD 579) is a state highway in the U.S. state of Maryland. Known as Bozman Neavitt Road, the state highway runs from the beginning of state maintenance in Neavitt north to MD 33 near St. Michaels. MD 579 provides access to the peninsula containing Neavitt and Bozman, which lies between Harris Creek and Broad Creek in western Talbot County. The state highway was constructed from MD 33 to Bozman in the mid-1930s and extended to Neavitt in the late 1950s.
Route description
MD 579 begins at the beginning of state maintenance at the southern end of the village of Neavitt. Long Point Road continues south to its southern terminus, and another road continues south a short distance further to Long Point. MD 579 heads northwest as a two-lane undivided road through Neavitt, which sits on Balls Creek to the northeast. The state highway curves north after leaving Neavitt and passes Wells Point Lane, which leads to the Jean Ellen duPont Shehan Audubon Sanctuary. MD 579 continues north through a mix of farms and residences on large, waterfront lots, curving northeast around the head of Leadenham Creek and into the village of Bozman. Within Bozman, the state highway intersects Bush Neck Road, which leads to Bush Neck and the Cooper Point peninsula, which flank Grace Creek. MD 579 heads north out of Bozman, passing through the narrow neck of land between Harris Creek and Broad Creek before reaching the highway's northern terminus at MD 33 (St. Michaels Road) northwest of the town of St. Michaels.
History
MD 579 was constructed as a modern road from MD 33 south to just north of Bozman in 1935. The state highway was extended to its present terminus in Neavitt in 1957.
Junction list
See also
References
External links
MDRoads: MD 579
579
Maryland Route 579 | {'title': 'Maryland Route 579', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland%20Route%20579', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Moisés Rojas-Alou Beltré (; ; born July 3, 1966) is a Dominican-American former outfielder in Major League Baseball who played for 17 seasons in the National League. In 1,942 career games, Alou had a batting average of .303 with 2,134 hits, 421 doubles, 332 home runs, and 1,287 runs batted in.
Alou is one of the few modern baseball players who batted without the use of batting gloves. Instead, Moisés Alou revealed that during the baseball season, he'd urinate on his hands to toughen them up.
Baseball career
Alou was more interested in playing basketball during his youth and did not play organized baseball until he attended Cañada College in Redwood City, California, at the age of 18. It was there that baseball scouts noticed his bat speed and speed on the base paths. In , Alou was the second overall pick in the MLB January Draft, chosen by the Pittsburgh Pirates.
Montreal Expos
In , he was traded to the Montreal Expos where he would later play under his father while he managed the Expos.
Alou suffered a severe ankle injury in that would rob him of his speed and force him to become strictly a corner outfielder. He recovered in , hitting .339 and had the game-winning hit in that year's All-Star Game. For the next two seasons, he would enjoy success at the plate in Montreal, although surgery to both shoulders prematurely ended his season.
Florida Marlins
Prior to the season, Alou signed as a free agent with the Florida Marlins, where he led the team with 23 home runs and 115 RBIs. The Marlins made the playoffs as a wild card team and defeated the San Francisco Giants in the National League Divisional Series. The Marlins then defeated the Atlanta Braves in the National League Championship Series before going to the World Series, which Florida won in seven games. Alou led the team by hitting .321 with 3 home runs and 9 RBI in the World Series (although, pitcher Liván Hernández, by virtue of his wins in Games 1 and 5, was named the Series Most Valuable Player instead).
Houston Astros
Before the season, the Marlins traded Alou to the Houston Astros. In his first season with the team, Alou hit a career-high 38 home runs and drove in 124 runs while leading the Astros to a (then) franchise-record 102 wins. However, he tore his ACL in a treadmill accident in the offseason and missed the entire season. Once recovered, he returned to the Astros lineup to hit .355 in and .331 in , while driving in at least 108 runs in each season. After the 2001 season, the Astros did not offer Alou a new contract due to budget restraints, making him a free agent.
Chicago Cubs
In December 2001, he signed a three-year, $27 million contract with the Chicago Cubs.
At the start of the 2002 season Alou again ended up on the disabled list, and once healthy, he hit .275 and 15 home runs. After the 2002 season, Alou hired a personal trainer and dedicated himself to returning to his old form. In the season, Alou batted over .300 for most of the season before a late-season slump dropped his season batting average to .280, with 22 home runs and 91 RBI. Alou went on to lead the team in batting average in its two series against the Atlanta Braves and Florida Marlins.
In Game 6 of the National League Championship Series against the Florida Marlins that year, Alou was involved in the Steve Bartman incident, in which Cubs fan Steve Bartman deflected a foul ball landing one row into the stands. Bartman's deflection prevented Alou, who reached into the stands, from attempting to catch the ball for an out that could have been the second out of the 8th Inning. However, the Marlins went on to score eight runs in the inning, in which the Cubs had been ahead 3–0. The Cubs, who had led the series 3–2, lost the game 8–3 and eventually lost the series in 7 games. Alou openly admitted later in interviews that while he was frustrated at the moment, he could not have made the catch anyway. Later, Alou denied making such a statement and said if he had, it was only to make Bartman feel better.
In , Alou set new career highs in home runs (39) and doubles (36), while driving in 106 runs. However, the Cubs missed the playoffs after losing seven of their last nine games. The Cubs refused to offer arbitration and let him go, citing numerous fights with umpires who, he claimed, had a vendetta against him.
San Francisco Giants and New York Mets
In October 2004, Alou announced that he had talked to his father, Felipe, about possibly playing for him and the Giants next season. In December 2004, he signed a one-year deal with the Giants worth $13.5 million, with a player option for a second year. Alou was expected to regularly play in right field for the first time since 2001, but because of injuries to left fielder Barry Bonds, he started most games in left field. Alou had stated that he would retire if the Giants won the World Series in . They did not, and Alou exercised his option to stay with San Francisco in the season, hitting 22 home runs and 74 RBI.
On November 20, 2006, the New York Mets signed Alou to a one-year contract worth $7.5 million with a club option for . After hitting .318 in his first month as the regular left fielder, Alou suffered a torn quadriceps muscle and was forced out until August. Upon his return, Alou led the Mets with a .345 batting average and had a 30-game hitting streak. The streak was the longest streak of the season, was the longest hitting streak by a player over age 40, and broke the Mets' overall and single-season hitting streak records. On October 31, 2007, the Mets exercised their option on Alou's contract for the 2008 season.
On March 5, 2008, Alou underwent hernia surgery and missed the start of the 2008 season. On July 9, Alou suffered a torn right hamstring playing in the outfield for AA Binghamton in Norwich, Connecticut. Mets general manager Omar Minaya stated in a press conference the following day that Alou would likely need surgery and miss the remainder of the 2008 season, which ended his career.
On March 5, 2009, Alou announced that he would retire after the World Baseball Classic.
Post playing career
In 2014, in his first year of Hall of Fame eligibility, Alou received six votes (1.1%) and was dropped from subsequent ballots.
Personal life
He is the youngest of three sons born to Felipe and his first wife Maria Beltre, who raised him in the Dominican Republic after his parents divorced when he was two.
His father Felipe, who managed Moises with the Expos from 1992 to 1996 and the Giants from 2005 to 2006, as well as uncles Matty and Jesús, and cousin Mel Rojas, all had long careers in Major League Baseball. In 2008, he was one of four active major leaguers (along with Prince Fielder, Ken Griffey Jr., and Daryle Ward) to hit 20 home runs in a season whose fathers had also hit 20 home runs in an MLB season.
His half-brother, Luis Rojas, was the manager of the New York Mets in 2020 and 2021.
See also
Alou family
Houston Astros award winners and league leaders
List of Dominican Americans
List of Houston Astros team records
List of Major League Baseball career doubles leaders
List of Major League Baseball career games played as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career hits leaders
List of Major League Baseball career home run leaders
List of Major League Baseball career putouts as a left fielder leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs scored leaders
List of Major League Baseball career runs batted in leaders
List of Major League Baseball career slugging percentage leaders
List of Major League Baseball players from the Dominican Republic
List of second-generation Major League Baseball players
References
External links
, or Retrosheet
1966 births
Living people
Águilas Cibaeñas players
Moises
American expatriate baseball players in Canada
American sportspeople of Dominican Republic descent
Augusta Pirates players
Baseball players from Atlanta
Binghamton Mets players
Brooklyn Cyclones players
Buffalo Bisons (minor league) players
Cañada Colts baseball players
Chicago Cubs players
Daytona Cubs players
Florida Marlins players
Gulf Coast Mets players
Harrisburg Senators players
Houston Astros players
Indianapolis Indians players
Macon Pirates players
Major League Baseball left fielders
Montreal Expos players
National League All-Stars
New York Mets players
Pittsburgh Pirates players
St. Lucie Mets players
Salem Buccaneers players
San Francisco Giants players
Silver Slugger Award winners
Watertown Pirates players
World Baseball Classic players of the Dominican Republic
2006 World Baseball Classic players
2009 World Baseball Classic players | {'title': 'Moisés Alou', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mois%C3%A9s%20Alou', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
This article contains information about the literary events and publications of 1774.
Events
February 22 – The English legal case of Donaldson v Beckett is decided in the House of Lords, denying the continued existence of a perpetual common law copyright and holding that copyright is a creation of statute and can be limited in its duration. This does permit authors to claim copyright on their own works.
September 14 – A new Stadsschouwburg (municipal theatre) in Amsterdam opens with the première of Lucretia Wilhelmina van Merken's tragedy Jacob Simonszoon de Ryk.
September 29 – Johann Wolfgang von Goethe's semi-autobiographical epistolary novel The Sorrows of Young Werther (Die Leiden des jungen Werthers) (written January – March) is published anonymously in Leipzig, Germany; it is influential in the Sturm und Drang movement and Romanticism.
unknown dates
After the destruction of the Schloss Weimar by fire, Karl August, Grand Duke of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, forms a commission for its reconstruction directed by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe.
James Lackington begins in the London bookselling business.
Johann Gottlob Theaenus Schneider becomes secretary to Richard François Philippe Brunck.
The National and University Library of Slovenia in Ljubljana is established as the Lyceum Library, from the remains of the dissolved Jesuit library and several monastery libraries.
Alberto Fortis publishes Viaggio in Dalmazia ("Journey to Dalmatia") and starts Morlachism.
New books
Fiction
Jeremy Bentham – The White Bull
Henry Brooke – Juliet Grenville
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – The Sorrows of Young Werther
Charles Johnstone – The History of Arsaces
The Newgate Calendar
Christoph Martin Wieland – Die Abderiten, eine sehr wahrscheinliche Geschichte (The Abderites: A Very Probable Story)
Children
Johann Bernhard Basedow – Elementarwerk (first of four volumes)
Drama
Miles Peter Andrews – The Election
John Burgoyne – The Maid of the Oaks
George Colman the Elder – The Man of Business
Richard Cumberland – The Note of Hand
Charles Dibdin – The Waterman
Alexander Dow – Sethona
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe – Clavigo
Hugh Kelly – The Romance of an Hour
Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz – The Tutor (Der Hofmeister)
Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos – El delincuente honrado
Poetry
James Beattie – The Minstrel, volume 2
William Dunkin – Poetical Works
Oliver Goldsmith – Retaliation
Richard Graves – The Progress of Gallantry
William Mason – An Heroic Postscript to the Public
Hannah More – The Inflexible Captive
Samuel Jackson Pratt (as Courtney Melmoth) – The Tears of A Genius, occasioned by the Death of Dr. Goldsmith
Henry James Pye – Farringdon Hill
Mary Scott – The Female Advocate
Candido Maria Trigueros – El poeta filósofo o Poesías filosóficas en verso pentámetro
William Whitehead – Plays and Poems, by William Whitehead, Esq. Poet Laureat
Non-fiction
Giacomo Casanova – Istoria delle turbolenze della Polonia
Mary Deverell – Sermons
Alberto Fortis – Viaggio in Dalmazia
Martin Gerbert – De cantu et musica sacra
Oliver Goldsmith
The Grecian History
An History of the Earth and Animated Nature
Henry Home – Sketches of the History of Man
John Hutchins (died 1773) – The History and Antiquities of Dorset
Thomas Jefferson – A Summary View of the Rights of British America
Samuel Johnson – The Patriot
Antoine-Simon Le Page du Pratz – The History of Louisiana, or of the Western Parts of Virginia and Carolina (English translation of Histoire de la Louisiane (1758) in 1 vol.)
Joseph Priestley – Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
William Richardson – A Philosophical Analysis and Illustration of Some of Shakespeare's Remarkable Characters
Pedro Rodríguez, Count of Campomanes – Discurso sobre el fomento de la industria popular
Philip Stanhope, 4th Earl of Chesterfield – Letters to his Son
Sugita Genpaku – Kaitai Shinsho (解体新書, "New Text on Anatomy", Japanese translation of Ontleedkundige Tafelen)
Horace Walpole – A Description of Strawberry-Hill
Thomas Warton – The History of English Poetry, volume 1
John Wesley – Thoughts upon Slavery
Births
January 1 – Pietro Giordani, Italian translator, scholar and writer (died 1848)
February 24 – Archibald Constable, Scottish publisher (died 1827)
July 14 – Francis Lathom, Dutch-born English Gothic novelist and dramatist (died 1832)
August 12 – Robert Southey, English poet and Poet Laureate (died 1843)
Deaths
April 4 – Oliver Goldsmith, Irish dramatist (born 1728/1730)
April 28 – Gottfried Lengnich, German/Polish historian (born 1689)
September 17 – Abraham Langford, English auctioneer and playwright (born 1711)
October 16 – Robert Fergusson, Scottish poet (head injury, born 1750)
unknown date – Catherine Michelle de Maisonneuve, French editor and writer
References
Years of the 18th century in literature | {'title': '1774 in literature', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1774%20in%20literature', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Richard Piakura (born 1 July 1976) is a Cook Island former high jumper, professional rugby league and rugby union footballer who played in the 1990s and 2000s. He played representative level rugby league (RL) for the Cook Islands, and at club level for Ngatangiia/Matavera Sea Eagles, and representative level rugby union (RU) for the Cook Islands at rugby sevens.
Athletics career
Piakura represented the Cook Islands in the high jump, setting his personal best of 1.83m in Tereora in 1998. This is the Cook Islands record in high jump.
Rugby league career
Piakura played in the domestic Cook Islands rugby league competition in 2001.
Piakura played for the Eastern Tornadoes in the 2004 Bartercard Cup.
Representative career
Piakura made his début for the Cook Islands at the Pacific Challenge. He later played at the 1997 World Nines tournament.
Piakura won caps for Cook Islands in the 2000 Rugby League World Cup.
He later represented the Cook Islands in test series against New Zealand Māori in 2003.
Rugby union career
Piakura represented the Cook Islands in rugby sevens at the 2002 Commonwealth Games in Manchester and the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne.
References
External links
1976 births
Commonwealth Games rugby sevens players of the Cook Islands
Cook Island high jumpers
Cook Island male athletes
Cook Island rugby league players
Cook Island rugby union players
Cook Islands international rugby union players
Cook Islands national rugby league team players
Eastern Tornadoes players
Living people
Male high jumpers
Rugby league fullbacks
Rugby sevens players at the 2002 Commonwealth Games
Rugby sevens players at the 2006 Commonwealth Games | {'title': 'Richard Piakura', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Piakura', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Daria Pavlovna Sergaeva (, born December 11, 2004, in Nizhny Novgorod, Russia) is a Russian individual rhythmic gymnast. She is the Junior Rhythmic Gymnastics World champion of the ribbon apparatus (2019), and a three-time Russian Junior all-around medalist.
Personal life
She is the daughter of Tatiana Sergaeva, honored coach for Russia and coach of the Senior Group Team.
Career
Junior
Sergaeva began training rhythmic gymnastics at the Nizhny Novgorod Regional Olympic Reserve, she is coached by her grandmother Natalia Borisovna Tishina, who is an honored rhythmic gymnastics coach for the Russian federation.
Sergaeva is a fan favorite along with Lala Kramarenko for fans of Russian Rhythmic Gymnastics . Sergaeva is known by fans for her groovy style of dancing, upbeat choice of music, her charismatic personality and facial expressions that show in her performances. She is famous for her Ghost Busters 2018-19 ribbon routine that impressed fans over social media with her fluidity and personality in the routine.
In 2017 season, Sergaeva won bronze in the all-around (tied with Anna Sokolova) at the 2017 Russian Junior Championships. At the Junior Grand Prix Marbella, Sergaeva finished 5th in the all-around and won silver in Team (RUS Team 2). She then competed at the Junior Grand Prix Brno finishing 4th in the all-around. In October 12–14, Sergaeva won silver in the all-around at the "2017 Hope of Russia". On November 4–6, Sergaeva competed at the annual "Russian-Chinese Youth Games" where she won silver in all-around behind Lala Kramarenko.
In both 2018 & 2019, Sergaeva improved on her 2017 result by winning silver at the Russian Junior Championships behind Lala Kramarenko in the All-around
In July 2019, Sergaeva won the ribbon event gold medal for the 1st Junior World Championships in Moscow, Russia. Her iconic “Ghost Busters” routine put her in first place despite rolling her ankle during the routine.
Senior
In February 2020, Sergaeva debuted as a Senior at the International Tournament in Moscow, Russia and took part in the All Around scoring a total of (Hoop: 22.500, Ball: 20.300, Clubs: 21.350, Ribbon: 19.700) 83.850. In March, Sergaeva took part in the All Around Russian Championships (Nationals).
In 2021, Sergaeva won gold in the All Around for the International Rhythmic Gymnastics Tournament (IRGT) in Moscow, Russia (Hoop: 26.100, Ball: 25.300, Clubs: 25.250, Ribbon: 20.850) with a total of 97.500, she has improved significantly since last year. In March, Sergaeva took part in the All Around Russian Championships and scored 95.850, placing 8th.
Routine music information
Sergaeva is known for her upbeat choice of music. Most famously her 2018-19 ribbon routine- Ghost Busters.
Competitive highlights
References
External links
Dariia Sergaeva profile
Dariia Sergaeva vk fanpage
Russian rhythmic gymnasts
2004 births
Living people
Sportspeople from Nizhny Novgorod
Medalists at the Junior World Rhythmic Gymnastics Championships | {'title': 'Dariia Sergaeva', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dariia%20Sergaeva', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Mark Greenstreet (born 19 April 1960) is a British actor who first came to prominence in the 1985 BBC television serial Brat Farrar. First and foremost a stage actor, Greenstreet played many of the great leading roles from the works of Shakespeare, Chekhov, and Ibsen to Orton, Wilde, and Coward in the UK and around the world in the 1980s and 1990s.
His most high-profile screen role is probably the part of Mike Hardy in the BBC horseracing drama Trainer, which was shown from 1991 to 1992. In 1986, he auditioned for the part of James Bond in The Living Daylights. Fans of the science-fiction series Doctor Who may remember Greenstreet's performance as Ikona in the 1987 serial Time and the Rani.
He directed and co-wrote his first feature film Caught in the Act in 1995, wrote and directed the highly acclaimed short film The 13th Protocol in 2005, and wrote and directed the psychological thriller Silent Hours starring James Weber Brown, Dervla Kirwan, Indira Varma, and Hugh Bonneville through UK production company Gallery Pictures in 2018. Prior to its release, however, with the burgeoning worldwide audience demand for high-quality TV drama and on-demand box sets, the film's producers were approached to recut and release Silent Hours not as a film, but as a TV miniseries. Set in the naval city of Portsmouth in the run-up to Easter 2002, the gripping and darkly disturbing three 1-hour miniseries Silent Hours (Ep1: "The Silent Service", Ep2: "The Midnight Tide", Ep3: "Towards The Sea") is currently ready for worldwide release through French international distributor Fizz-e-Motion.
Personal life
Mark is the great-nephew of Hollywood actor Sydney Greenstreet.
External links
British male television actors
Living people
1960 births
British male stage actors | {'title': 'Mark Greenstreet', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Greenstreet', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Kjetil André Aamodt (born 2 September 1971) is a former World Cup alpine ski racer from Norway, a champion in the Olympics, World Championships, and World Cup. He is one of the most successful alpine ski racers from Norway.
Biography
Born in Oslo, Aamodt is the only alpine skier to win 8 Olympic medals, and has won 5 World Championship gold medals as well as 21 individual World Cup events. Described as an all-round alpine skier, Aamodt participated in all alpine skiing disciplines in the World Cup and World Championships, and is one of only five male alpine skiers to have won a World Cup race in all five disciplines.
Aamodt's combined career total of twenty World Championship and Olympic medals is an all-time best. He is the second-youngest male alpine skier to win an Olympic gold medal (age 20 in 1992; Toni Sailer was two months younger in 1956). Until 2014, he was also the oldest alpine skier to win an Olympic gold medal. For almost six years, Aamodt led the all-time Marathon World Cup ranking, with a total of 13,252 points earned from 1989 to 2006 – until 14 March 2012, when Austrian Benjamin Raich overtook him with a fifth place in the downhill at the 2012 World Cup final in Schladming to total 13,281 points, earned from 1998.
Another all-time best is his 231 World Cup top-ten results, 9 ahead of Benjamin Raich.
By winning the super-G race at the 2006 Olympics, Aamodt became the first male alpine skier to win four gold medals in the Olympics. (Toni Sailer and Jean-Claude Killy both swept the three alpine events at a single Olympics, and Alberto Tomba won three gold medals over two Olympics.)
Aamodt had 19 Olympic and World Championship medals stolen from him. The medals were taken in August 2003 by burglars who broke into a safe in his father's home. The five-time world champion and winner of four Olympic gold medals later revealed they were recovered by an anonymous helper over the internet.
Aamodt announced the conclusion of his career on live television on 6 January 2007, with hundreds of fellow athletes in attendance, at the Norwegian Sports Gala (Idrettsgallaen) where he had been selected as awardee of the year for 2006.
Aamodt now runs a ski race camp in Gaustablikk, Norway, and does public speaking.
Legacy
In February 2015 Aamodt (and Lasse Kjus) were selected as recipients of the Legends of Honor by the Vail Valley Foundation, and inducted into the International Ski Racing Hall of Fame.
World Cup results
Season standings
Season titles
1 overall, 1 super-G, 1 giant slalom, 1 slalom
^official season title in the combined disciplinewas not awarded until the 2007 season
Race victories
21 wins (1 downhill, 5 super-G, 6 giant slalom, 1 slalom, 8 combined)
64 podiums, 231 top tens (first skier of all-time in this ranking).
World Championships results
Olympic results
See also
List of multiple Olympic gold medalists
References
External links
1971 births
Norwegian male alpine skiers
Alpine skiers at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 1998 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Alpine skiers at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic alpine skiers of Norway
Medalists at the 1992 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 1994 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2002 Winter Olympics
Medalists at the 2006 Winter Olympics
Olympic medalists in alpine skiing
Olympic gold medalists for Norway
Olympic silver medalists for Norway
Olympic bronze medalists for Norway
FIS Alpine Ski World Cup champions
Alpine skiers from Oslo
Living people | {'title': 'Kjetil André Aamodt', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjetil%20Andr%C3%A9%20Aamodt', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Jac Haudenschild (born April 7, 1958) is an American racing driver. Nicknamed "The Wild Child" for his daring driving style, he is most famous for driving winged sprint cars with the World of Outlaws.
Early life
Jac was born in Wooster, Ohio in 1958. He grew up watching his father John (and later his brother Ed) race modifieds and sprint cars.
Racing career
Haudenschild has accumulated over 300 wins in more than 40 years behind the wheel, including 72 with the World of Outlaws (11th all-time in that series) and six with the USAC Sprint Car series. His best points finish with the World of Outlaws was 2nd in 1995, finishing only 142 points behind Dave Blaney. He is one of only four drivers to have won both World of Outlaws and USAC races at Eldora Speedway.
1970s
He began racing sprint cars at the age of 15 in 1974 at tracks near his hometown of Wooster, Ohio. His first sprint car win came in his sophomore season in 1975 at Lakeville Speedway.
1980s
His first ever non-wing sprint car win came in 1981 at Lawrenceburg Speedway, driving for car owner Bob Hampshire. That same year, Haudenschild won the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic, the largest sprint car race in Australia.
In 1982, Haudenschild won 30 A-main features with Bob Hampshire, and got his first opportunity to drive for a major, sponsored team in the Gambler house car owned by C. K. Spurlock and sponsored by Kenny Rogers. He went on to repeat as winner of the Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic that year.
Haudenschild nabbed his first major win in the United States in 1987 at the Kings Royal at Eldora Speedway.
1990s
Haudenschild spent much of the '90s driving for car owner Jack Elden, with whom he would achieve some of his biggest wins. In 1993, he joined Elden to drive the famous Pennzoil #22. That year, Haudenschild captured the inaugural $100,000-to-win Historical Big One race at Eldora Speedway. He would go on to win the Kings Royal two more times in the Elden #22 in 1994 and 1998, and followed that up with Gold Cup wins at Silver Dollar Speedway in 1998 and 1999, as well as the $50,000-to-win Front Row Challenge as Oskaloosa Speedway in 1999.
2000s
Haudenschild's richest win came in 2003 at the Mopar Million at Eldora Speedway. Driving for car owner Larry Woodward, Haudenschild beat 138 other non-wing sprint car drivers to take the $200,000-to-win payout. The race featured a million dollar purse and included ten heats and six features, beginning with an F-main.
2008 brought a third $50,000 Gold Cup win in a season where Haudenschild claimed his 50th World of Outlaws win as well as his first win in Canada at Castrol Raceway.
Since 2008, Haudenschild has driven for a number of car owners including Lon Carnahan, Dennis Roth, Paul Silva, Jamie Miller, Pete Grove, Gus Wasson, Richard Hoffman, and Tom and Sherry Leidig.
Awards & Accomplishments
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame, 2009 inductee
Kings Royal: 1987, 1994, 1998
Grand Annual Sprintcar Classic: 1981, 1982
Historical Big One: 1993
Gold Cup Race of Champions: 1998, 1999, 2008
Mopar Million: 2003
Personal life
Jac Haudenschild married Patty Sweeney, daughter of Max Sweeney, step-daughter of Bob Hogle, and granddaughter of Tommy Driscoll, in 1992. His son Sheldon is following the family tradition in racing sprint cars, and joined the World of Outlaws series full-time in 2017.
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
National Sprint Car Hall of Fame inductees
Racing drivers from Ohio
USAC Silver Crown Series drivers
World of Outlaws drivers | {'title': 'Jac Haudenschild', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jac%20Haudenschild', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
, refers to a type of rain that falls hard, then gently, in fits and starts. In Japanese poetic tradition, it is particularly associated with the cold rains of autumn.
Murasame may refer to:
Fiction
MVF-M11C Murasame, a combat vehicle from Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny
Nazo no Murasame Jō, a 1986 video game for Nintendo's Famicom Disk System
tsure Murasame, one of two sisters in the Noh drama Matsukaze
Murasame Liger, a mecha from Zoids: Genesis
One Slice Kill: Murasame, a long katana from the Akame ga Kill! manga and anime
A demon known to turn into a deity-slaying katana in Hakkenden: Touhou Hakken Ibun
A cursed broom that brings upon a bad luck to the user, later turned into a shikigami by Machi in Nagasarete Airantou
Ships
, two classes of destroyers of the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
, four destroyers of the Imperial Japanese Navy and the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force
Other
Murasame, a dōjin soft hobbyist group
See also
Masamune
Muramasa | {'title': 'Murasame', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murasame', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Arvind Bellad (born 3 August 1969) is an Indian politician, who is a Member of Legislative Assembly of Karnataka, representing Hubli-Dharwad West constituency since May 2013. Bellad is a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party.
Early life and education
Born on 3 August 1969, Bellad is the son of veteran RSS leader and former MLA Chandrakant Bellad and Leelavathi Bellad. He is the youngest among five children, he graduated from KE Boards High School and Karnataka Science College Dharwad completed his engineering from SDM College of Engineering, Dharwad. He pursued his PGDM in business management from INSEAD in France.
He is married to Smriti Bellad and has two children, Agastya and Pracchi.
Political career
Arvind Bellad entered politics in the year 2013. He contested from Hubli-Dharwad West constituency of Karnataka State Legislative Assembly from Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and won. He represented BJP in the state assembly twice from Dharwad district.
Some important activities of Bellad-
Started LKG and UKG in government schools. He noticed the dip in school attendance of Govt run schools. After discussing with parents of the children he started preschool as a pilot project in one school. This experiment was successful which led him to extend this idea to 62 govt schools. There was a rise in the student intake due to this.
Campaigned for setting up of an Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) at Dharwad along with some others. IIT has been set up at Dharwad due to these efforts.
Worked for developing and implementing clean energy in rural areas. Conducted the study, prepared a report and started implementing it.
Created a mobile phone app to listen to grievance of the people of his constituency.
References
External links
Karnataka Legislative Assembly
1969 births
Living people
Bharatiya Janata Party politicians from Karnataka
Karnataka MLAs 2013–2018
Karnataka MLAs 2018–2023
INSEAD alumni | {'title': 'Aravind Bellad', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aravind%20Bellad', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Millennium Cross (, Mileniumski krst) is a 66-metre (217 ft) tall cross situated on the top of Vodno Mountain in the Republic of North Macedonia above the capital city of Skopje. Built in 2002, it is one of the tallest crosses worldwide. It was constructed to serve as a memorial for 2,000 years of Christianity in Macedonia and to honour biblical passages citing the evangelisation activities of St. Paul within the region. The monument has become a symbol associated with or representing Skopje. As a landmark, the cross has turned into a tourist destination with the best observation point to see the panorama of the capital city.
Design structure
The monument is based on a grid design, similar to the French Eiffel Tower and has the traditional shape of a Christian cross without other additions or elements. It is constructed on a twelve column platform symbolically representing the twelve apostles. Inside the cross there is an elevator to the top level for views of Skopje. From the south side of the city the towering Millennium Cross atop Vodno mountain dominates the panorama of Skopje. The monument is visible from almost all areas of the capital and its presence is felt by strolling urban residents or people entering the city as it draws focal attention. At night the cross can be seen as its covered in thousands of lights.
History
Planning and construction of Millennium Cross
Following the breakup of Yugoslavia and independence of Macedonia, different ethno-religious groups in the country competed with each other to leave their mark upon the urban landscape of Skopje, especially after the inter-ethnic conflict of 2001 As elections approached, Prime Minister Ljubčo Georgievski and his VMRO-DPMNE government raised the idea of constructing the Millennium Cross in his efforts to gain support. The Macedonian Orthodox Church (MOC) endorsed the proposal and initiated the project. Construction of the cross in 2002 was an enterprise stemming from the pro-Orthodox policies of the MOC that had the backing of Prime Minister Georgievski. The Millennium Cross project was named by government officials as the Symbol of Christianity. The top part of a hill on Vodno Mountain was publicly owned land and selected as the site for the monument in an area of Skopje populated mainly by ethnic Macedonians and half a mile distance from a military base. In August 2002 a dedication ceremony was held for the Millennium Cross and 70,000 people were in attendance. Construction of the monument was completed in 2019.
The construction of the Millennium Cross was funded by the Macedonian Orthodox Church, the Macedonian government and donations from Macedonians from all over the world. The cross was built on the highest point of the Vodno mountain on a place known since the time of the Ottoman Empire as "Krstovar", meaning "Place of the cross", as there was a smaller cross situated there. On 8 September 2018, the Independence Day of the Republic of North Macedonia, an elevator was installed inside the cross. In 2019, a restaurant and a souvenir shop were opened next to the cross. In 2011 the Millennium Cross ropeway was opened, and is three and a half kilometres long.
Millennium Cross Cable Car
The Millennium Cross Cable Car (, in Latin alphabet: Žičnica "Mileniumski krst") is a cableway constructed in 2011 that runs to the 66 metre-high Millennium Cross situated on the top of the Vodno Mountain in Skopje, Republic of North Macedonia.
The cable car does not run on Mondays and the last Tuesday of the month.
Construction
The ropeway includes 28 regular gondolas for eight persons and two VIP gondolas for four people. The route is 1,750m long, with the ride lasting 6–8 minutes.
The ropeway construction was launched in May 2010 and cost 6.7 million euros, built by Austrian company Doppelmayr.
Public opinion and controversy
Following the 2001 conflict, the Millennium Cross for the VMRO-DPMNE government served as a political claim on Skopje in the form of a territorial marker "to serve as a reminder to whom the city belongs". The Millennium Cross has become a symbol highlighting the Macedonian presence in Skopje through differentiation along with political and religious distinction. For Macedonian nationalists of any political affiliation, the Millennium Cross is an important political and national symbol. The construction of the cross was also an assertion of a 1000-year Macedonian autocephaly aimed against the Serbian Orthodox Church that does not recognise an independent Macedonian Orthodox Church. The monument was constructed without any public consultation or taking into account sensitivities and differences, as the Millennium Cross promoted one religion. It was a prominent act of de-secularisation by the government as it placed itself in a role of promoting religion by installing a faith based symbol in an important public location.
The cross has come under criticism from non-governmental organisations regarding actions taken by the government that increased tensions among various religions in North Macedonia. Separate to the Macedonians, all other ethnic groups in North Macedonia view the cross as an impediment toward managing cultural diversity and as a monument of fundamentalism that is provocative to non-Christians. Albanians and other Muslim groups of North Macedonia mostly resent the monument and view it as a political declaration by Macedonians that the capital city only belongs to them. In North Macedonia, Catholics and Muslims perceive the monument as aimed against their communities. Debates over the monument in the context of multiculturalism and Muslim equality have deepened divisions among members of various faiths in North Macedonia.
See also
List of towers
References
Buildings and structures in Skopje
Mountain monuments and memorials
Monumental crosses
Monuments and memorials in North Macedonia
2000s establishments in the Republic of Macedonia | {'title': 'Millennium Cross', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Cross', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Abortion in Venezuela is currently illegal except in some specific cases outlined in the Venezuelan Constitution, and the country has one of Latin America's most restrictive laws.
The punishment for a woman who has an abortion for any other reason is a prison sentence lasting anywhere between six months and two years. While the punishment for a doctor or any person who performs the procedure is between one and three years, harsher penalties may apply if the pregnant woman dies as a result of the procedure. There has been debate over this topic for several years.
The Latin American and the Caribbean region holds one of the highest rates of induced abortion in the world; it is calculated that for every 1,000 live births, there are just over 300 abortions, many of which are illegal and/or clandestine abortions. There is not a clear statistic for Venezuela-specific abortion rates, possibly due to a great majority of the abortions that occur going undocumented.
Terminology
Any surgical or medicinal method of termination of a pregnancy can be classified as an induced abortion.
A clandestine abortion is one that is not performed under proper medical care or safe conditions. Since abortion is illegal in Venezuela, a clandestine procedure is often the only choice that a woman has in terminating an unwanted pregnancy, unless she is faced with certain conditions.
Venezuela's policy on abortion follows the "indications model", meaning that it is permissible only when the pregnancy is a threat to the health of the pregnant woman, it is a result of rape, or the fetus cannot live outside of the womb.
Legislation
Venezuela approved a law in 1926 banning abortion that was left unmodified up to 2000, when a reform allowed the procedure if the woman's life was in danger. A clause of the Venezuelan Penal Code reduces the sentence "if the author of the abortion commits it to save his or his mother, wife or children's honour".
Article 340 of the Penal Code states that "a women who intentionally aborts, using means employed by herself or by a third party with their consent, shall be punished with prison for six months to two years. Article 433 offers an exception: "a person carrying out an abortion will not incur any penalty if it is an indispensable measure to save the life of the mother." Article 434 states that "the sentences established in the preceding articles shall be reduced in the proportion of one to two thirds and the imprisonment shall be converted into imprisonment, in the event that the perpetrator of the abortion has committed it to save his own honor or the honor of his wife, his mother, his descendant, his sister or his adopted daughter".
History
The economic crisis in Venezuela has served as another influence on policy Some groups are combating policies to fight for abortion rights. The crisis has also led to a decrease in access to contraceptives, and has caused many women to resort to sterilization and abortion as a family planning method.
Many anti-abortion non-governmental organizations in the country stopped offering support or disappeared after the detention in October 2020, Vannesa Rosales, an activist from Mérida state, after helping an underage rape victim to abort. Another four feminist organizations unrelated to reproductive rights stopped working after receiving threats.
Access to contraceptives
Along with healthcare, particularly affected are Venezuelans' access to contraceptives. According to a 2019 estimate, around 90% of Venezuelans did not have access to birth control methods. Since contraceptives are not considered an "essential medicine", they are at an even greater shortage than non-contraceptive medications. The few contraceptives available are subject to high inflation rates. For instance, a three-pack of condoms can cost several weeks' worth of minimum wage pay, and a box of birth control pills can cost almost a year's worth of pay at the same rate, making them virtually unaffordable for citizens.
As of 2021, informal vendors often have offered birth control pills and misoprostol (a drug that can be used to induce labor and cause a medical abortion) in online platforms such as Facebook Marketplace and MercadoLibre, Latin America's most popular online marketplace, as well as advertised in social media sites like Instagram and Twitter.
Misoprostol
Misoprostol is a drug that can be used to induce labor and cause a medical abortion, which is any abortion done via drug. Due to abortion's legal status, Venezuelans often obtain misoprostol through the black market, which is expensive and puts the mother at risk.
Misoprostol, though it is among the safer forms of clandestine abortion, can be dangerous if not taken under medical supervision. It may cause hemorrhaging and other adverse effects such as infection. If left untreated, it could lead to death. It is estimated that around 6,000 women die every year in Latin America alone because of unsafe abortions. Unsafe abortions, including those done via misoprostol, contribute significantly to maternal and overall female mortality in Venezuela.
Sterilization and abortion
For most, the high prices of contraceptives force them to resort to abstinence or sterilization. Though the sterilization procedure is expensive, some would rather pay over caring for children they cannot afford. This is done in lieu of later clandestine abortions. The Intercept reports that some of the women who opt for sterilization are as young as 14 years old.
Social activism
During Hugo Chávez's presidency, groups such as the Feminists in Free and Direct Action for Safe Abortions in Revolution were formed to advocate to end dangerous clandestine abortions. After Venezuela's National Constituent Assembly was formed in July 2017 and Argentina's Congress held a vote to legalise abortion, women's and LGBTI rights activists presented the Assembly with a series of proposals to legalise abortion and expand sexual and reproductive rights on 20 June 2018."
Other efforts to support the movement include the efforts of one group to use a telephone hotline to inform women on how to safely have an abortion. This hotline provides women with the ability to make an informed decision about proceeding with an abortion. It does not, however, change the legal status of abortion in Venezuela, nor does it provide women access to medical care.
Catholic Church
Abortion laws are debated by those with Catholic beliefs, as some Catholics hold that ‘artificial' forms of birth control (abortion, condoms, or birth control pills) do not align with the Catholic moral code, and "that abortion is a result of widespread immorality and ignorance." Protests against abortion-restrictive laws have raised concern for the Catholic community; in May 2006, Pope Benedict XVI held a meeting with President Hugo Chávez and raised concerns he may loosen abortion laws in Venezuela.
See also
Abortion by country
Abortion law
Crisis in Venezuela
References
Venezuela
Venezuela
Sexuality in Venezuela
Law of Venezuela
Healthcare in Venezuela
Politics of Venezuela
Women's rights in Venezuela | {'title': 'Abortion in Venezuela', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abortion%20in%20Venezuela', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
4th Republic is a 2019 Nigerian political drama film directed by Ishaya Bako and written by Ishaya Bako, Emil Garuba and Zainab Omaki. It stars Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Enyinna Nwigwe, Sani Muazu, Ihuoma Linda Ejiofor, Bimbo Manuel, Yakubu Muhammed, Sifon Oko, Jide Attah, and Preach Bassey Produced by Amateur Heads and Griot Studios, 4th Republic was funded by grants from the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation and the Open Society Initiative for West Africa (OSIWA) centered around a governorship aspirant, Mabel King (Kate Henshaw) in the aftermath of a violent and fraudulent election that results in the death of her campaign manager, Sikiru (Jide Attah). The film was screened in seven universities in Nigeria in collaboration with the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) and Enough is Enough (EiE Nigeria) to curb electoral violence. It was also endorsed by the National Orientation Agency (NOA).
The movie made its debut on Netflix on June 13, 2020.
Cast
Kate Henshaw-Nuttal as Mabel King
Enyinna Nwigwe as ike
Sani Muazu as Governor Idris Sanni
Linda Ejiofor as Bukky Ajala
Bimbo Manuel as St. James
Yakubu Muhammed as Danladi
Sifon Oko as Lucky Ameh
Preach Bassey
Rekiya Ibrahim Atta
Emil Hirai-Garuba
Alfred Atungu
Production
4th Republic is a joint production between Amateur Heads and Griot Studios Ltd with Bem Pever, Ishaya Bako, Kemi ‘Lala’ Akindoju, and Ummi A. Yakubu serving as producers. It was written by Ishaya Bako, Emil Garuba and Zainab Omaki. The film explores the themes of Nigerian political system that chronicles the political and electoral system in the last two decades.
Release
4th Republic premiered at the IMAX, Filmhouse Cinemas in Lekki, Nigeria on April 7, 2019. It was released across cinemas in Nigeria on April 9, guests who attended the premiere include Sola Sobowale, Tope Oshin, Kehinde Bankole, Chigul, Waje, Lilian Afegbai, Denrele Edun, Japheth Omojuwa and Linda Osifo, among others.
External links
References
Nigerian comedy-drama films
2019 comedy-drama films
2019 films
2010s English-language films
English-language Nigerian films
Films about political movements | {'title': '4th Republic', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th%20Republic', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Cloud Communications Alliance (CCA) comprises eight hosted IP voice and data communications companies. Launched in April 2010 and creating some stir in the industry, the CCA’s mission is to promote awareness of the new standard called cloud communications and drive its development through the pursuit of new technical standards, capabilities and applications. The CCA also delivers services as a group.
Founding members of the Cloud Communications Alliance are:
Alteva
Broadcore
Callis Communications
Consolidated Technologies Inc.
IPFone
SimpleSignal
Stage 2 Networks
Telesphere
Clark Peterson, CEO of Telesphere, is the first and current chairman of the CCA. Together, the regionally owned and operated companies represent more than $100 million in combined annual revenue and collectively serve more than 110,000 business customers in the United States.
Each member of the CCA owns and operates facilities-based, dedicated Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS) IP infrastructure that jointly create a cloud-based nationwide, end-to-end high-definition voice/video network to deliver higher voice quality and more user features at a lower cost. This network routes calls from one user to another without touching the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The CCA has a code of ethics to assure high standards in all dealings with CCA members. Code enforcement is handled by an ethics committee which can render sanctions, including suspension or expulsion from the CCA.
References
External links
Telecommunications companies of the United States | {'title': 'Cloud Communications Alliance', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud%20Communications%20Alliance', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Keith Porteous Wood (born November 1947) is the president of the National Secular Society in the United Kingdom. From 1996 until November 2017 he held the paid position of general secretary which was later re-titled executive director.
In 2007, he received the Distinguished Service to Humanism Award from the International Humanist and Ethical Union for his work in building up the National Secular Society and campaigning for secularism both nationally and internationally.
Biography
Before his appointment as National Secular Society general secretary in 1996, Wood had been director of finance for companies in the wholesale and retail food distribution, financial services and insurance sectors.
On his retirement in 2017, he stepped down from his position as the executive director and was elected president, replacing his life partner Terry Sanderson, who was president for eleven years before stepping down and being elected a vice president. They had been together for over two decades before the recognition of same-sex relationships by the state, and they entered into a civil partnership in 2006 although Sanderson hinted they were about to marry in his 2015 autobiography. They remained together until Sanderson's death in 2022.
Secularist and humanist activities
In 1996, Wood was appointed general secretary of the National Secular Society, following the retirement of Terry Mullins (who had held the post since 1979). Describing him as a "radical campaigner in a business suit", Peter Brearey, then editor of The Freethinker, welcomed Wood's appointment, noting his campaigning track record and background of "25 years in senior managerial and professional roles covering administration, accounting, legal and company secretarial issues."
In 2013, following criticisms from Lord Carey, that David Cameron was "feeding anxieties" about Christian persecution and "that the government seemed to be "aiding and abetting" aggressive secularisation," Wood declared that Carey had "no right to insist that his discriminatory and intolerant views should prevail over those of the public and Parliament".
As an international representative of the International Humanist and Ethical Union, he has criticised the activities of the Holy See within the United Nations system and accused the Vatican of not fulfilling its political obligations under the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child. Wood is strongly critical of the Vatican and the Roman Catholic Church over Catholic sex abuse cases, worldwide and corruption in the Vatican. He stated, "Child abuse is a major issue, along with corruption, that he [Pope Francis] needs to sort out. His legacy will be judged, I think, on his ability to deal with these immensely difficult problems."
See also
Atheism
Secularism
Freethought
References
Bibliography
Brearey, Peter (1996). "Radical campaigner in a business suit." The Freethinker, Vol. 116 (6), June, p. 7.
Writings by Keith Porteous Wood
Secularism at the end of the 20th century (1997). Leicester: Leicester Secular Society.
External links
National Secular Society
International Humanist and Ethical Union
Keith Porteous Wood's articles for New Humanist
English activists
British atheism activists
English humanists
Rationalists
English atheists
English LGBT people
Living people
1947 births
20th-century atheists
21st-century atheists | {'title': 'Keith Porteous Wood', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Porteous%20Wood', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The proposed Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line, on paper for almost three decades, once completed, would connect Dalli Rajhara to Jagdalpur, both towns being in Chhattisgarh state in India. It would also connect Raipur, the capital city of Chhattisgarh, to Jagdalpur by rail via Durg. Jagdalpur, which is about 300 km from Raipur, is currently meaningfully connected to it only by road. There is though a roundabout rail route to reach Raipur from Jagdalpur via Koraput and Rayagada in Orissa; it is much longer (622 km compared to 300 km by road) and takes much longer time (about 16 hours as compared to 5–6 hr by road) to be of any utility. In view of this, almost all the transport, in relation to both people and goods, between Raipur and Jagdalpur, happens only by road.
There have been a series of efforts in the past three decades to have meaningful rail connectivity between Jagdalpur and Raipur, but none have succeeded so far. It would be evident from a cursory glance at the railway map of India that east central India, i.e., Jagdalpur and its surrounding areas, has only one railway line i.e. the Kothavalasa–Kirandul line but not any meaningful passenger connectivity through railways and certainly no usable rail connectivity with Raipur.
Project rationale
The proposed Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur rail line has several objectives: to haul iron ore from the proposed Rowghat mines needed for Bhilai Steel Plant of Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) located in Bhilai city of Chhattisgarh state, provide efficient and economical means of transporting iron ore mined from NMDC's Bailadilla mines in Chhattisgarh, supporting the NMDC's upcoming Nagarnar Steel Plant near Jagdalpur for inward and outward traffic and finally to cater to the passenger and goods transport needs of those residing along and in the influence zone of the rail line till Jagdalpur, another city in Chhattisgarh state.
At present, Bhilai Steel Plant is getting iron ore from Dalli Rajhara where the reserve is reported to be fast depleting. The remaining reserve is estimated to last for not more than a few years. Further, Bhilai Steel Plant is in the process of expanding its crude steel capacity to 7 Mn tonnes per annum from the current 3.925 Mn tonnes per annum.
SAIL has engaged a Mines Developer and Operator (MDO) M/s ACB Mining Private Limited (Delhi) in September 2017 for development and operation of Rowghat mines on its behalf. ACB Mining, the MDO, shall develop Rowghat iron ore mines on behalf of SAIL/Bhilai Steel Plant for a period of 30 years and commercial production from mines shall begin from the year 2022.
The Rowghat mining project, therefore, is expected to substitute Dalli Rajhara mines as well as support the ongoing plant expansion project in so far as supply of iron ore to the plant is concerned.
In view of this, the proposed rail line has become critical for supporting the iron ore needs of Bhilai Steel Plant, NDMC's iron ore supply in Chhattisgarh and to support the Nagarnar Steel Plant.
History
The development of this rail line earlier was integral to and was linked to the development of the Rowghat Mines. Hence issues and hurdles affecting the Rowghat Mines have been directly impacting the fate of this rail line as well. More recently, other factors such as Nagarnar Steel Plant and NMDC's iron ore supply to Raipur and other parts of Chhattisgarh have also acted as catalysts for the project.
SAIL made its first application in 1983 for Rowghat mines and after 13 years in 1996, the Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) granted in principle environmental clearance.
A Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) among Railway, Madhya Pradesh State Government (from which Chhattisgarh state was later formed on 1 November 2000), National Mineral Development Corporation (NMDC) and Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL) was signed on 02.04.1998.
In 2004 the MoEF asked SAIL to submit fresh application for forestry and environment clearance. SAIL, after conducting studies by IBM, Central Mines and Research Institute, Zoological Survey of India, National Environmental Engineering Research Institute and others, submitted the application in 2006. After the government of Chhattisgarh forwarded SAIL's proposal for forestry clearance in May 2007 to the MoEF, the ministry referred it to the empowered committee of the Supreme Court in around June 2007.
A revised Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between the Ministry of Railways and Government of Chhattisgarh, SAIL, NMDC on 11.12.2007 to implement the construction of Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat–Jagdalpur (235 km) broad gauge rail link project on cost-sharing basis.
The Supreme Court Committee gave its final consent for forestry clearance of Rowghat Mines during October 2008 for its F block. The Supreme Court ruling was forwarded to the MoEF for the final clearance.
The Mineral Resources Department of Chhattisgarh government finally in October 2009 granted mining lease for F Block of Rowghat Mines to SAIL for a period of 20 years after getting the due Environmental Clearance and Forestry Clearance from the MoEF.
Project phases
Currently a long Single track electrified Railway line exists from Marauda(Durg) to Dalli-Rajhara railway station. The proposed long rail line is planned to be implemented in two phases. In Phase 1, the line is proposed to link Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat Mines located in south about . In Phase 2, the line would be extended till Jagdalpur which is located south of Rowghat. The Total Distance from Durg to Jagdalpur will become . The proposed Dalli-Rajhara railway station - Jagdalpur railway line will make distance between Jagdalpur & Raipur to & just 6 hrs 30 mins travel time.
Stations in Phase 1
Starting from Dalli-Rajhara railway station, from Durg, the following completed & proposed stations are:-
Dalli Rajhara Existing railway station.
Salhaitola Completed.
Gudum (near Dondi) Completed.
Bhanupratappur Completed.
Keoti Completed.
Antagarh Completed.
Taroki In progress.
Rowghat In progress.
Stations in Phase 2
Starting from Jagdalpur, following are the proposed stations.
Jagdalpur - Existing railway station.
Kudkanar - Survey completed.
Bastar - Survey completed.
Sonarpal - Survey completed.
Bhanpuri - Survey completed.
Dhikonga - Survey completed.
Baniyagaon - Survey completed.
Kondagaon - Survey completed.
Jugani - Survey completed.
Chandganv - Survey completed.
Narayanpur - Survey completed.
Barnda - Survey completed.
Rowghat - In progress (part of Phase 1).
Project cost and its sharing
The Phase 1 cost of Rs 1,141 crore would be entirely financed by SAIL, while Rs 2,512 crore price tag of Phase 2 will be shared between Railways, SAIL, NMDC and Chhattisgarh government.
Challenges for the project
Opposition from Naxalites
Project, after facing many years of procedural and clearance related hurdles, is currently facing stiff resistance and opposition from Naxalites.
The Rowghat iron ore mining project had been facing resistance right from inception following threats from the Naxalites. The left extremist group have a strong influence in the Rowghat mines area and their opposition delayed start of the work.
Union Home minister of Government of India, during February 2015, had assured that centre would provide all necessary assistance and would deploy adequate security personnel following Naxalites open threat. Earlier, the rebels had set equipment on fire when the authorities tried to start the work on Rowghat project.
In February 2016, two troopers of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) were injured after an improvised explosive device (IED) planted by Maoists went off in the project area. Notably, the passenger train from Dallirajhara to Gudma under the project was also flagged off by Railway Minister via video conferencing on the same day.
In May 2017, a Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) jawan was injured in an IED blast triggered by Maoists.
In November 2017, one of the project contractor's son was kidnapped and later shot dead by Naxals. According to police, the Maoists have been opposing the project since its inception, fearing that the construction of the rail route will speed up the development work in Bastar thereby uprooting them from the region.
Environment clearance
The environment and forestry clearance for undertaking mining in F Block of the Rowghat Mines took SAIL nearly 26 years to obtain as detailed in History section above. This has led to delay in launch of the rail line project as well.
Security cover for project
For the purpose of security cover to railway tracks, 2 Battalions (28th & 33rd) of Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB) have been deployed in the Balod and Kanker district of Chhattisgarh since May and October 2014, respectively. The purpose of deployment is to guard and give protection for construction of Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat railway lines of 95 km. Since their deployment from May 2014 the 17-km long stretch of railway line has been laid from Dalli Rajhara to Gudum and has been successfully operationalised w.e.f 01/02/2016.
Current status
The 235-km-long railway line will be constructed in two phases. Work on the first phase of 95 km-long track from Dallirajhara to Rowghat is in progress, while for the construction of 140 km long second phase from Rowghat to Jagdalpur, survey work is currently being carried out and construction is slated to commence shortly.
At present, two of Indian Railways' subsidiaries—RVNL (Rail Vikas Nigam Ltd) and IRCON (Indian Railway Construction Organisation)—are engaged in implementing the project. The work on Phase 1 of 95 km from Dalli Rajhara to Rowghat is being executed by RVNL, while IRCON is working on Phase 2 from Rowghat to Jagdalpur.
Dalli Rajhara–Rowghat section
The 17 km line between Dalli Rajhara and Gudum under the Phase 1 has been completed and passenger trains are being operated between these two stations. Railways have recently extended the tracks to 17 kilometres up to Bhanupratappur from Gudum. A trial run was conducted by an engine on 31 December 2017. Statutory inspection of Gudum–Bhanupratapur section of the railway line was carried out on 15 March 2018 by the Indian Railways. On 14 April 2018, Prime Minister of India inaugurated the railway line between Gudum and Bhanupratapur along with flagging off a passenger train, bringing north Bastar region on India's railway map.
A trial run was conducted between Bhanupratappur and Keoti on 27 Mar 2019.
Laying of new railway tracks between Bhanupratappur and Keoti under Durg–Dallirajhara section of the Raipur division of South East Central Railway has been completed.
On 30 May 2019, the passenger trains from Raipur and Dalli Rajhara have been extended to Keoti railway station.
A trial run was conducted between Keoti and Antagarh railway station on August 2020.
As a part of the 235 km Dallirajhara-Rowghat-Jagdalpur railway project, Antagarh, which has a Nagar Panchayat, is now connected to state capital Raipur by a train service on 13th Aug 2022.
Jagdalpur–Rowghat
As a follow-up to the agreement amongst NMDC, IRCON, SAIL and CMDC signed on 20 January 2016, an SPV named Bastar Railway Private Limited (BRPL) was formed on 5 May 2016 for undertaking implementation of the railway line from Jagdalpur to Rowghat.
NDMC has the biggest shareholding in BRPL at 43 percent while SAIL, IRCON & Govt. of Chhattisgarh have shareholding of 21 percent, 26 percent and 10 percent respectively.
BRPL and IRCON have signed a project execution agreement in July 2017, under which IRCON will construct the railway line between Jagdalpur to Rawghat in Chhattisgarh. The railway line will have 13 new Railway stations and the estimated project cost of this Rail corridor is Rs 2,538 crore approximately.
Presently, Detailed Project Report (DPR) for this section of the rail line has already been sanctioned by the Railways Board.
Survey work is currently underway and the target was earlier set to complete survey work of Jagdalpur–Kondagaon–Narayanpur by the month of March 2016 and of Narayanpur–Rowghat section by the month of May 2016, but there have been delays reported. In a government review carried out in February 2018, it was reported that the survey work for Jagdalpur to Kondagaon railway track laying comprising length of 91.76 km had been completed for Jagdalpur–Rowghat Railway project. It was also reported that the survey work for Kondagaon to Rowghat for the 91.6 km to 140 km distance in under progress. The project team was directed by government to complete all the survey work for the project by March 15, 2018.
References
Rail transport in Chhattisgarh
Steel Authority of India
Proposed railway lines in India | {'title': 'Dalli Rajhara–Jagdalpur line', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalli%20Rajhara%E2%80%93Jagdalpur%20line', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The New Russia Party (), or Novorossiya Party, is a political party operating in Ukraine, and in particular regions of Ukraine annexed by Russia The organization was founded by pro-Russian separatists, under the leadership of Pavel Gubarev, on 14 May 2014. The party is formally known as the Social-Political Movement "New Russia Party" (). It is not registered with the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine.
The party was banned from participating in the 2014 Donbas general elections because they "were not able to hold a founding conference". Members of the party took part in the election on the election lists of Free Donbas.
Objectives
According to the party, their aim is "the withdrawal of all south-eastern Ukrainian lands from the jurisdiction of the Kyiv authorities ... based on the principle of direct democracy ... creating a new, truly fair, scientifically and technologically advanced state."
History
Founding
The New Russia Party was founded on 13 May 2014 in Donetsk, Ukraine. Its creation was announced by Pavel Gubarev, then acting as "People's Governor" of Donetsk, who stated, "The new party will be led only by those people who in this difficult time showed themselves as true patriots of their Motherland and proved themselves as true fighters and defenders of their Fatherland."
The first congress was attended by pro-Russian separatist officials of the Donetsk People's Republic, Donbas Militia. Notable figures were involved, including: Donetsk People's Republic leader Pavel Gubarev (former member of the Neo-Nazi Russian National Unity and Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine), writer Alexander Prokhanov, fascist political scientist and Eurasia Party leader Aleksandr Dugin, and Valery Korovin. The congress announced the creation of a new self-declared confederate state called 'New Russia'. The state would, according to Dugin, have its capital city in Donetsk, Russian Orthodox Christianity as the state religion, and would nationalize major industries. According to Gubarev the state would also include (the major cities currently not under control of separatists) Kharkiv, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Mykolaiv and Zaporizhzhia.
Donbas elections
On 2 November 2014, internationally unrecognized elections were held in the Donetsk and Lugansk People's Republics. The New Russia Party was refused registration in the DPR because it had not held a founding conference. It subsequently stood candidates under the Free Donbas grouping, which received 31.6% of the vote.
Ekaterina Gubareva was set to head the election list of Free Donbas party for the People's Soviet of the Donetsk People's Republic of 11 November 2018 but on 29 September 2018 she was excluded from this list after she was hold in custody by unknown people. After this incident she left for Rostov-on-Don (in Russia).
Sanctions
As part of the sanctions imposed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, the party was placed on US sanctions lists on 19 December 2014. The United States Department of the Treasury stated that the party, which had been "created to unite all supporters for the establishment of an independent federal state of Novorossiya and to withdraw all southeastern lands in Ukraine from the authority of Kyiv", was "designated because it has engaged in actions or policies that threaten the peace, security, stability, sovereignty, or territorial integrity of Ukraine".
References
2014 establishments in Ukraine
Banned political parties in Ukraine
Banned secessionist parties
Novorossiya
Political parties established in 2014
Political parties in the Donetsk People's Republic
Russian nationalist parties
War in Donbas | {'title': 'New Russia Party', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20Russia%20Party', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Lieutenant-Colonel Guy Sutton Bocquet CIE VD FRSA (14 May 1882 – 18 January 1961) was Deputy Director of Railways in Mesopotamia during World War I, a senior officer in the East Bengal Railway Company between 1925 and 1936, and in command of the East Bengal Railway Battalion Auxiliary Force in India between 1925 and 1932. He was aide-de-camp to the Viceroy of India between 1928 and 1932.
Biography
Guy Sutton Bocquet was born on 14 May 1882, the third son of William Bocquet of Liverpool and his wife, Baroness Van Zuylen van Neveldt de Gaesbeck of Brussels. His brother was the composer, Roland Bocquet, and both boys were educated at Bedford Modern School.
Bocquet was apprenticed for two years with the London and North Western Railway before joining the Indian State Railways in 1901 as a Transport Officer. In 1912 he was recorded as being a Captain in the Eastern Bengal State Railway Volunteer Rifles having volunteered on 17 December 1907.
Bocquet served in World War I with the East Bengal Railway Battalion, was mentioned in despatches, attained the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel and was made Deputy Director of Railways in Mesopotamia. In recognition of his war service, he was made a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire in 1918.
After World War I Bocquet became a senior officer in the Eastern Bengal Railway and attained the rank of colonel commanding the East Bengal Railway Battalion Auxiliary Force between 1925 and 1932. He served as ADC to the Viceroy of India between 1928 and 1932 and was awarded the King George V Silver Jubilee Medal in 1935. He retired from the Indian Railways in 1936.
In 1910 Bocquet married Gwynneth (née Macredie), an American citizen from Slayton, Minnesota. He was fond of golf, tennis, and the fine arts, a member of the Bengal Club and a Fellow of the Royal Society of Arts.
Bocquet died in Crowborough, England on 18 January 1961.
References
1882 births
1961 deaths
Companions of the Order of the Indian Empire
Railway officers in British India
People educated at Bedford Modern School
British people in colonial India | {'title': 'Guy Sutton Bocquet', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Sutton%20Bocquet', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
DCD2 Records, formerly known as Decaydance Records, is an independent record label owned by Patrick Stump and Pete Wentz of Fall Out Boy and partners, based in New York City. It was founded as an imprint of Fueled by Ramen. The first band Wentz signed to the label was Panic! at the Disco. In 2014, the label relaunched as DCD2 Records, keeping the acts that were still signed to Decaydance before the relaunch. New Politics and Lolo were the first acts signed under the new name.
Artists
Current artists
Fall Out Boy
nothing,nowhere.
The Academy Is...
Games We Play
Former artists
Black Cards (Disbanded)
The Cab (On hiatus, with Republic Records)
Cassadee Pope (Active with Awake Music)
Charley Marley (Active without a record label)
Cobra Starship (Disbanded)
Cute Is What We Aim For (Unsigned)
Destroy Rebuild Until God Shows (Active, Velocity Records)
Doug
Gym Class Heroes (On hiatus)
Four Year Strong (Active with Pure Noise Records)
Hey Monday (Disbanded)
The Hush Sound (Active without a record label)
Lifetime (Active with No Idea Records)
L.I.F.T (Indefinite hiatus)
LOLO (Active with Crush/Atlantic Records)
MAX (Active with RED Music)
Millionaires (On indefinite hiatus)
New Politics (Active with RCA records)
October Fall (Disbanded)
Panic! at the Disco (Disbanded)
Travie McCoy (Active with Hopeless Records)
Tyga (Active with Last Kings/EMPIRE)
The Ready Set (Active with Hopeless Records)
Discography
See also
List of record labels
Fueled by Ramen
References
External links
American independent record labels
Record labels established in 2005
Alternative rock record labels
2005 establishments in the United States | {'title': 'DCD2 Records', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DCD2%20Records', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 2011 Foxtel Cup was the inaugural season of the Australian rules football club knockout cup competition involving clubs from the various state league competitions from around Australia. The first year of the competition also included the AFL's newest expansion side Greater Western Sydney Giants.
Its purpose was to support and promote the second-tier Australian rules football competitions and to provide another way of developing the lower-tier AFL players. It was originally designed to be a one-off, but due to a significant amount of public interest the AFL said the competition would continue for at least the next five years.
The competition began on 26 March 2011 and ran through to August. Matches were played as curtain-raisers to AFL Saturday night games and were screened on Fox Sports in a late-afternoon slot between afternoon and night AFL matches. $40,000 of prize money was awarded to eventual winners, Williamstown Football Club.
The AFL originally invited the three highest ranked teams from the South Australian National Football League, the Victorian Football League and the West Australian Football League; the top two teams from the Queensland Australian Football League; and the top team from AFL Sydney and the Tasmanian Football League. The Northern Territory Football Club and Greater Western Sydney Giants received special invitations.
However, despite the SANFL on 9 December 2010 signing on to be part of the Cup competition, opposition to the proposal came from its top three clubs Central District, Norwood and Woodville-West Torrens. The three clubs were given until 14 December 2010 to reconsider with the SANFL willing to extend invitations to its next best teams from 2010 if its top three clubs refused to participate. After the top five SANFL clubs released a joint statement on 15 December 2010 declining the invitation to participate in the Cup competition, citing lack of prize money, sponsorship conflicts, salary cap implications, schedule concerns and removing the focus from their SANFL premiership ambitions, their places were taken up by fellow SANFL clubs West Adelaide, North Adelaide and Port Adelaide Magpies.
The AFL gave the Cup competition the go ahead on 17 December 2010 with the fixture released publicly. The official name of the tournament (Foxtel Cup), finalised fixture and participating teams were formalised on 9 February 2011 by the AFL.
Williamstown became the inaugural Foxtel Cup champions when they defeated Claremont by 21 points in the Grand Final at Patersons Stadium on 6 August 2011. Williamstown midfielder Ben Jolley won the Coles Medal as best afield for his game-high 30 possessions and eight clearances.
2011 season
Participating clubs
NEAFL Eastern Conference (2)
Ainslie
Greater Western Sydney
NEAFL Eastern Conference (3)
Labrador
Morningside
Northern Territory
SANFL (3)
North Adelaide
Port Adelaide Magpies
West Adelaide
Sydney AFL (1)
East Coast Eagles
TFL (1)
Clarence
VFL (3)
North Ballarat
Northern Bullants
Williamstown
WAFL (3)
Claremont
East Perth
Swan Districts
Club details
Stadiums
Fixtures
Bracket
Round of 16
Quarter-finals
Semi-finals
Grand final
References
External links
Official Foxtel Cup website
Official AFL Canberra website
AFL Northern Territory
AFL Queensland State Site
Official Sydney AFL Site
Tasmanian Football League Website
Foxtel Cup
Foxtel | {'title': '2011 Foxtel Cup', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011%20Foxtel%20Cup', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The United States House of Representatives elections in California, 1990 was an election for California's delegation to the United States House of Representatives, which occurred as part of the general election of the House of Representatives on November 6, 1990. Democrats won one Republican-held seat while Republicans won two Democratic-held seats.
Overview
Results
Final results from the Secretary of State of California:
District 1
District 2
District 3
District 4
District 5
District 6
District 7
District 8
District 9
District 10
District 11
District 12
District 13
District 14
District 15
District 16
District 17
District 18
District 19
District 20
District 21
District 22
District 23
District 24
District 25
District 26
District 27
District 28
District 29
District 30
District 31
District 32
District 33
District 34
District 35
District 36
District 37
District 38
District 39
District 40
District 41
District 42
District 43
District 44
District 45
See also
102nd United States Congress
Political party strength in California
Political party strength in U.S. states
1990 United States House of Representatives elections
References
California Elections Page
External links
California Legislative District Maps (1911-Present)
RAND California Election Returns: District Definitions
California
1990
1990 California elections | {'title': '1990 United States House of Representatives elections in California', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1990%20United%20States%20House%20of%20Representatives%20elections%20in%20California', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Arce v. García, 434 F.3d 1254 (11th Cir. 2006), is a landmark Eleventh Circuit case brought by three Salvadoran plaintiffs under the Alien Tort Claims Act (ATCA) and the Torture Victim Protection Act (TVPA). These claims were brought under the doctrine of command responsibility against two high-ranking Salvadoran military personnel who ordered and carried out grave human rights abuses over the course of the country’s twelve year civil war.
Facts
The plaintiffs in this case are Juan Romagoza Arce, Neris Amanda Gonzalez, and Carlos Mauricio, all of whom are Salvadoran citizens and victims of human rights violations at the beginning of El Salvador’s civil war. The defendants are José Guillermo García and Carlos Eugenio Vides Casanova—El Salvador’s former Minister of Defense and Director General of the National Guard, respectively.
The facts of the case are as follows. Between 1979 and 1980, Arce, Gonzalez, and Mauricio were abducted, detained, and tortured by members of the National Guard of El Salvador for a period of ten to twenty-two days. At the time, Arce was a physician; Gonzalez was a lay worker with the Catholic church; Mauricio was a college professor. Following the civil war, García and Vides Casanova settled in Miami where they became U.S. permanent residents in 1989.
Gonzalez and Arce filed their complaint in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida on May 11, 1999. They filed an amended complaint on February 17, 2000, which also included Mauricio. The amended complaint consisted of nine counts seeking both compensatory and punitive damages for the torture that the plaintiffs suffered as a result of the defendants’ military commands. More specifically, they invoked the federal court’s jurisdiction under the ATCA and TVPA. Following four weeks of trial, the jury found in favor of the plaintiffs on July 23, 2002, holding that the defendants were responsible for the plaintiffs’ torture under a theory of command responsibility. The plaintiffs were awarded a $54,600,000 verdict.
The defendants appealed a denied motion that they had filed after the jury returned its verdict. The defendants argued that the district court had abused its discretion in equitably tolling the statute of limitations. However, the appellate court found no error in the lower court’s denial of the defendants’ motion and upheld the jury’s verdict.
Subsequent immigration proceedings
Following the 2006 verdict against Vides Casanova and García, human rights organizations, victims, and other stakeholders advocated for the removal of both generals. Following a set of congressional hearings, the U.S. Department of Homeland Security initiated deportation proceedings against Vides Casanova in April 2011. Less than a year later on February 23, 2012, an immigration court ruled against Vides Casanova and ordered his removal from the United States given his involvement in various human rights abuses during the Salvadoran civil war. The decision was particularly noteworthy because it marked the first time that a high-ranking foreign military officer was deported from the United States for human rights violations.
In February 2013, immigration removal proceedings were initiated against García. A year later, an immigration judge held that García had actively, directly, and integrally participated in extrajudicial killings and torture throughout his tenure as El Salvador’s Minister of Defense. Relying on the immigration court’s prior ruling against Vides Casanova, García was ordered to be removed. In 2015 and 2016, both generals were deported to El Salvador.
Significance
The Arce v. García case is significant for several reasons. First, it represents the first case in which “civil plaintiffs proved liability under the doctrine of command responsibility in an adversarial setting under the federal rules of evidence and procedure.” In fact, only a few months prior to the jury verdict, a similar case had been brought in the same courtroom against the same two generals; however, the jury did not find the defendants liable under the same doctrine of command responsibility. The Arce v. García case demonstrated that challenges posed by the high standard for demonstrating command responsibility are not insurmountable.
Second, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals resolved two important questions regarding the issue of equitable tolling in claims brought under the Alien Tort Claims Act—a doctrine that permits the extension of statutes of limitations when extraordinary circumstances preclude a plaintiff from bringing suit during the applicable period.
Third, the plaintiffs were successful in collecting $300,000 from Vides Casanova, which marks one of the first times in U.S. history that a plaintiff in a human rights case has recovered any money from their abusers as ordered by the court.
References
External links
2006 in United States case law
Alien Tort Statute case law
United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit cases | {'title': 'Arce v. García', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arce%20v.%20Garc%C3%ADa', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Dreamland Margate is an amusement park and entertainment centre based on a traditional English seaside funfair located in Margate, Kent, England. The site of the park was first used for amusement rides in 1880, although the Dreamland name was not used until 1920 when the park's Grade II* listed Scenic Railway wooden rollercoaster was opened.
The number of amusements at the park increased during the 1960s and 1970s, and in 1981 the site was sold to the Dutch Bembom brothers, who renamed it "Bembom Brothers White Knuckle Theme Park". The name remained until it reverted to Dreamland in 1990.
In the early 2000s, the park began to enter into decline, and a number of rides were sold to other theme parks. The park's owner announced in 2003 that Dreamland would be closed and the site redeveloped, although the listing of the Scenic Railway meant it could not be moved. The site was sold to Margate Town Centre Regeneration Company in 2005, and this company proposed a residential redevelopment. A number of local residents then launched a campaign to restore and reopen Dreamland instead, although final closure was later in the same year. The site then fell into a state of disrepair as objections were raised to redevelopment plans, and was subject to a series of arson attacks including one which significantly damaged the Scenic Railway.
The public campaign to restore the park continued, and in September 2013, ownership passed to Thanet District Council after a compulsory purchase order was approved by a High Court judge. In 2014 it was confirmed that the park would be redeveloped. It re-opened in June 2015 as a "Re-imagined Dreamland". The operating company became insolvent in December 2015, but continued to operate under administration. A second refurbishment and relaunch took place in 2017, funded by the major creditor.
History
Origins
The Dreamland site was a salt marsh known as the Mere that was inundated at high tide until 1809 when a causeway and seawall were built. In 1846 a railway terminus was built on the present Arlington site for the South Eastern Railway, followed in 1864 by a further terminus, for the rival London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LCDR) on the site of what is now Dreamland Cinema. The LCDR (under its subsidiary the Kent Coast Railway) completed this terminus in 1866, but no public service was ever offered. The junction faced Ramsgate, so a local Margate-Broadstairs-Ramsgate train service was envisaged.
Dreamland's remote origins as an entertainment venue date from the same year, when London restaurateurs Spiers and Pond opened a restaurant and dance hall in the unused railway terminus on the Mere causeway. Not being very successful, this 'Hall by the Sea' was bought by the Reeve family of Margate in 1870 for £3,750, who also gradually acquired the low-lying land at the rear of the Hall.
In 1870, circus entrepreneur George Sanger went into partnership to run the 'Hall by the Sea' with Thomas Dalby Reeve, the then Mayor of Margate. After Reeve's death in 1875, Sanger became the sole proprietor of the Hall and the land behind it. This land behind the Hall, the former 'Mere', was turned into pleasure gardens with a mock ruined abbey, lake, statues and a menagerie – as well as sideshows and roundabouts. Animal cages and Gothic walls on the present Dreamland western and southern boundaries (now listed Grade II) date from this time. The main purpose of the menagerie was to act as a breeding and training centre for animals used in Sanger's travelling circus.
The first amusement rides were installed as early as 1880 when 'Sea on Land' machines were installed. Passengers sat in ‘boats’ that were made by a system of levers to pitch and roll as though at sea – a direct antecedent of the contemporary ‘flight simulator’ rides. In 1893 a large skating rink was built. Shortly after this, the park gained some notoriety as the venue for the murder of a sex-worker by the local circus strong man.
Sanger died in 1911 during a scuffle arising from the attempted murder of a friend (although Sanger himself may have been the intended target), and the park entered an uncertain period as part of the attraction was the charisma of the man himself. In the end, the site was purchased from his estate in 1919 for £40,000 by John Henry Iles, who had already set up theme parks all over the world, including at Cairo, Berlin, Petrograd (now St Petersburg) and Pittsburgh.
Inspired by Coney Island, which he had visited in 1906, Iles renamed the site 'Dreamland' and initiated work on the construction of the Scenic Railway rollercoaster in 1919, having purchased the European rights to the Scenic Railway design from inventor and patent holder LaMarcus Adna Thompson. The ride opened to the public in 1920 with great success, carrying half a million passengers in its first year. Iles also brought to the park other rides common to the time including a smaller roller coaster, the Joy Wheel, Miniature Railway, The Whip, and the River Caves.
Expansion
A ballroom was constructed on the site of the skating rink in 1920, and in 1923 Iles built his variety cinema on the site. (In 1926, he was also responsible for the building of Margate's lido on the seafront.) Between 1920 and 1935 he invested over £500,000 in the site, constantly adding new rides and facilities and culminating in the construction of the Dreamland cinema complex in 1934. Iles ceased to be a director in 1938 and the business was taken over by his son Eric.
Most of the Dreamland site was requisitioned by the Government during World War II, with the park reopening in June 1946. Eric Iles was manager. From 1947, it received investment from Butlins.
Three generations of the Iles family – John Henry, Eric, and John – controlled Dreamland from 1919 until its sale in 1968. The new owners, Associated Leisure, introduced many innovations to Dreamland, including squash courts and, in an echo of the Sanger era, an ice rink and zoo. Much of the planting of the pleasure gardens dating from the 1870s survived until the 1970s when the gardens were removed and the rides expanded. 1976 saw the debut of a revolutionary new ride, the 'Orbiter', unveiled by travelling showman and Dreamland lessee Henry Smith, a ride which went on to become highly successful in other amusement parks and travelling fairs around the world. Smith, himself a descendant of George Sanger, also had a Skid, Waltzer, Speedway, Tip Top, and another Orbiter up until the park's change of ownership in 1981. 1980 saw the opening of a 240-seater 148 ft high Big wheel.
Dreamland was purchased by the Dutch Bembom Brothers in 1981. They owned several other amusement parks in continental Europe and renamed the site Bembom Brothers White Knuckle Theme Park, bringing in a new headline attraction in the form of the Anton Schwarzkopf-designed 'Looping Star' roller coaster. The name change lasted until 1990, when it reverted to Dreamland. Other changes they made included ceasing evening hours and charging for admission, rather than per ride. They also introduced many new ‘high-tech’ rides that updated the park and made it, by the late 1980s, one of the top ten most visited tourist attractions in the United Kingdom.
Decline
In common with other traditional British seaside resorts, Margate's economic base depended on residential holidaymakers staying for several days, usually families holidaying for a week or more. This was supplemented by day-trippers on weekends and public holidays, when the resort could become very busy. With the rise of cheap package holidays abroad from the 1960s, however, the residential holiday trade progressively collapsed in the 1970s. This meant that footfall at entertainment venues in these resorts, such as Dreamland, declined sharply on summer weekdays while remaining relatively buoyant at weekends.
Day-tripper trade at Margate remained substantial, but the loss of holiday revenue meant that the town began to struggle to maintain its infrastructure. This, in turn, started to affect its attractiveness as a day destination. However, the investment by Bembom Brothers indicates that this was not regarded as an appreciable threat to Dreamland at the beginning of the 1980s.
More immediately serious was the opening of much larger amusement parks closer to London, on expansive sites and with ample vehicle parking. Thorpe Park opened in 1979, and Chessington World of Adventures in 1987. At this time, the fastest train journey from London to Margate was just under two hours, and Dreamland has never had any public on-site parking.
In 1996 the Bembom family sold the site to local entrepreneur Jimmy Godden, who had previously operated the Rotunda Amusement Park at Folkestone and Ramsgate Pleasure Park at Ramsgate. At this time, most of the rides they owned were relocated. The 'Looping Star (Great America)' went to an amusement park in Budapest together with the looping boat ride The Mary Rose. The Looping Star's sister ride made a brief appearance for two seasons at Margate (previously at Camelot Theme park) before leaving again for its current home, Loudon Castle theme park, where it is called the Twist 'n' Shout.
After his purchase of the park, Godden was able to secure European and regional grant aid to assist in an initial £3m redevelopment. However, during Godden's tenure many of the rides were sold off, including the big wheel which had dominated the Margate skyline for two decades but was dismantled and sold to a park in Mexico.
Closure
In 2003, Godden announced that Dreamland would close down and the land would be redeveloped. A vocal section of public opinion supported continued use of the Dreamland site as an amusement park, along with a government report in 2004.
After the closure announcement, Dreamland was sold to Margate Town Centre Regeneration Company (MTCR) in 2005 for £20m. A number of local residents then formed the 'Save Dreamland Campaign'. The campaign proposed to turn Dreamland into a heritage amusement park, consisting of a number of vintage rides and attractions from other British amusement parks. Some rides were obtained by Save Dreamland and placed in storage.
Although it was initially announced that Dreamland would close in November 2003, it operated during 2004 and 2005. Definitive closure to the public was in 2005 and all of the rides apart from the Scenic Railway were then removed from the site. The Scenic Railway had been granted Grade-II listed status in 2002, and so could not be moved or dismantled.
Part of the Scenic Railway was damaged by fire after an arson attack on 7 April 2008. About 25% of the structure, boarding station, storage sheds, and trains were destroyed and had to be removed as irreparable. The physical security of the site was upgraded, and the surviving structure surveyed. Some of the surviving machinery and chassis from the cars were salvaged and stored on site. Another suspected arson attack was carried out on the site on 28 May 2014, but this was confined to a disused building near the Scenic Railway.
On 25 April 2008 the Dreamland cinema's Listed building status increased from Grade II (buildings of special architectural or historic interest) to Grade II* (particularly significant buildings of more than local interest). The cinema, which featured a Compton theatre organ, was closed in 2007 following the opening of a new multiplex cinema at Westwood Cross. The buildings were placed under renovation and the Dreamland sign on the front tower has been refurbished with LED lighting and shines brightly at night.
The defunct cinema was sold by MTCR, by then renamed DreamlandLive Ltd. This was before the result of a court appeal by this company to stop Thanet District Council taking possession of the theme park under a compulsory purchase order, served in June 2011. The CPO was approved in August 2012.
Re-opening project
The success of the Save Dreamland Campaign in attracting public awareness led to the establishment of the Dreamland Trust, a registered charity, in 2007 to co-ordinate a re-opening project.
A total of £18m in public funding was subsequently awarded to the project, to restore, preserve and maintain the listed structures, which included the Scenic Railway, menagerie cages and some of the internal building spaces. This money was also used to purchase five heritage rides.
On 16 November 2009, the Dreamland Trust was awarded a grant of £3m by the Heritage Lottery Fund with further funding of £3.7m and £4m coming from the UK Department for Culture, Media and Sport and Thanet District Council respectively, to restore the Scenic Railway and to develop the former Dreamland site as necessary for rejuvenation.
The Scenic Railway was regarded as being the focus of the rejuvenation of Dreamland as a heritage amusement park. Work began in September 2014, with a complete refurbishment of the track and new trains being built.
Some historic rides from other parks were donated to the Dreamland Trust and put in storage for restoration at a later date. The majority of unique old rides at Pleasureland Southport were donated, which included the 1940s Caterpillar ride, King Solomon's Mines wooden roller-coaster (formerly of Frontierland, Morecambe and later moved to Pleasureland Southport), workings from the Ghost Train and River Caves, the Hall of Mirrors, Mistral, Haunted swing and the Skyride (Chairlift ride). The Junior Whip which stood at Blackpool Pleasure Beach was also donated.
Wayne Hemingway, his wife Gerardine, and the 'HemingwayDesign' team were appointed as designers of the envisaged new Dreamland in 2012. This includes the creative vision for re-imagination and branding.
An additional £10m in private funding was invested in the re-opening of Dreamland by the commercial operators chosen to run it, Sands Heritage Ltd. These funds were used to introduce a collection of 17 additional rides to create the amusement park, as well as a Roller Disco & Diner, Amusement Arcade, Vintage Pin Ball Arcade, Dreamland Emporium and The Octopus's Garden. The running agreement between Sands Heritage and Thanet District Council involved the former taking out a 99-year lease of the freehold property owned by the council as a result of the CPO, while the council remained responsible for certain aspects of repair and maintenance including as regards the Scenic Railway. Part of the capital raised by Sands Heritage was a £600 000 short-term secured loan from Arrowgrass Master Fund, an investment company based in the Cayman Islands. This company also held 31% of the share capital of Sands Heritage.
Opening of Re-imagined Dreamland
The park re-opened on 19 June 2015, garnering much media coverage. BBC Radio Kent spent the opening day broadcasting live from Dreamland. Additional rides opened in July.
The entry fee to the park was £14.95.
The park's centrepiece, the Scenic Railway, was still in the process of being rebuilt by Thanet District Council. It opened to the public only on 17 October 2015, owing to delays in rebuilding the train carriages. Member and press previews took place on 16 October 2015. Sands Heritage put in a claim for lost revenue as a result of the delay, which was settled in November with a compensation payment by TDC to Sands Heritage after the delay to opening the Scenic Railway forced the company into administration.
Administration
On 8 December 2015, Sands Heritage were forced to apply to the High Court for a company voluntary arrangement (CVA) in relation to a debt of £2.9m owed to Arrowgrass. This amounted to the original £600 000 owed as a secured loan, plus unpaid compound interest and charges. At a meeting on 23 December 2015 the company's creditors agreed to accept the CVA, allowing the company more time to pay off its existing debts. Sands Heritage representatives at the meeting promised that the debt to Arrowgrass would be repaid over five years - as a secured debt, this took priority over other debts. The insolvency administrators appointed in the CVA were Duff & Phelps.
The financial failure was attributed primarily to the number of visitors in the summer season of 2015 being half of what was predicted for the capital structuring of the project. Media reports estimated the cash loss suffered by the company as being on the order of £5 million. The major contributing factor for visitor shortfall was the delay of the Scenic Railway project and lack of communication from the management team of Thanet District Council to Sands Heritage, leading to a premature opening when preparatory works were incomplete. This led to an almost immediate closure of seventeen days to complete these, and the Scenic Railway was to take longer. Also, there were problems with running repairs to rides, leading to breakdowns. Despite popular belief, the admission price cited as discouraging visitors was not the reason for Sand Heritage's cash flow problems; however, the management team and the administrators, Duff & Phelps, abolished it to drive footfall when it became apparent the Scenic Railway would not work for a second summer season.
In August 2016, the CEO of Dreamland, Eddie Kemsley, resigned. A creditors' meeting held in August 2016 revealed that creditors were owed £8.34m, with Sands Heritage having an overall balance sheet shortfall of £14m (£10m of which reflected the investment made by Sands Heritage themselves). An auditors' report to Thanet District Council in December that year revealed that several of these creditors were small local businesses with little hope of any repayment.
The administrators initially expressed their hope that Dreamland as a business could be sold as a going concern in March 2017, after the 2016 summer season. However, this was rendered improbable by their half-yearly report to creditors (December 2015 to June 2016) when they revealed that operating losses during the period were over £1m or about £41 000 per week. They warned that losses were continuing, factors cited being bad weather in early summer and the failure of the Scenic Railway in mid-June.
The Scenic Railway had been restored by Thanet District Council following the arson attack. Unfortunately the right knowledge and expertise had not been available when it was rebuilt, and so it failed a safety test in June 2017. The ride is powered by cable haulage, nowadays a rare form of traction worldwide, and the wrong sort of cables was specified. When TDC tried to rectify the matter after the failure, it found that the skills concerned were so specialist that they were rare worldwide and sourcing them was only successful after the summer season was over. The administrators indicated their intention to seek compensation for the failure.
Second relaunch
Arrowgrass covered the operating losses for the summer season of 2016 with a further loan of £1m, secured on the premises of 49–51 Marine Terrace. This was a former pub owned freehold by Sands Leisure (not part of the TDC lease), which had been called the Cinque Ports Arms before the later 20th century. An extension of the administration period was sought, and granted.
Then it was announced that the investment company had increased its lending to just under £10m, to allow for a re-vamp of the business. In February 2017 it was reported that a £25m private investment from Arrowgrass had been obtained.
The new loan was used to re-landscape the site and to add some new rides, with refurbishment of the Cinque Ports pub. The premises had been used as the ticket office for Dreamland and the administrative centre of Sands Leisure, but a bar was opened in it by the administrators in the 2016 season and it was due to be restored to a complete pub for the 2017 re-launch.
The improved park was announced as reopening on 28 April 2017; however this was later delayed to 26 May. The event attracted national media attention. The major new feature which was mentioned as adding to the viability of the business was a new music venue with a capacity of 15 000.
Private investigation by a Thanet District councillor revealed that all the fixed assets of Sands Leisure had loans secured on them for repayment to Arrowgrass. These included the fairground rides owned by the company, as well as the 99-year lease from TDC and other properties owned freehold by the company. If the figure of indebtedness of £25m quoted by the national media was correct, in May 2017 Arrowgrass had almost complete control of the value of the assets of Dreamland. According to the terms of the security given for the loans, if repayment conditions were breached then Arrowgrass could apply for Sands Leisure to be liquidated and could then claim the equity of the lease of the property in lieu.
In 2017, the park hosted 15,000 people at the Demon Dayz festival with Gorillaz. In October 2017 the park exited administration.
In 2019 the park reported experiencing its most successful year since reopening, with more than 700,000 visitors across the year, and announced a new programme of events for its 100th anniversary in 2020. In August 2019, the park unveiled a seven metre inflatable sculpture of Tina Turner's head, created by Cool Shit, in celebration of the 2019 Turner Prize exhibition being hosted in Margate.
Festivals
On 6 March 2017 Gorillaz announced the Demon Dayz festival to be held at Dreamland on 10 June 2017. Tickets sold out in 32 minutes, at about 15,000 tickets in an hour.
On 14 September 2018 the National Citizen Service hosted their graduation ceremony at Dreamland, at which 700 Kent and Sussex teens graduated from the employability programme. Each received a signed certificate from the Prime Minister.
In popular culture
Dreamland was the subject of a 1953 documentary film, O Dreamland. It was also visited by characters in the 1989 Christmas special of the BBC Television sitcom Only Fools and Horses titled "The Jolly Boys' Outing". Some of the rides seen in the sitcom were renamed and repainted at Loudoun Castle Theme Park in Scotland (now closed). The Mary Rose was renamed the Black Pearl and is now at Lightwater Valley in North Yorkshire. In an episode of British sitcom One Foot in the Grave titled "Dreamland", during a conversation with Victor, Margaret recalls the couple visiting Margate and Dreamland on their third anniversary.
The park was also the filming location for the 2007 film Exodus and featured prominently in the 2000 film Last Resort, about a young Russian immigrant seeking asylum in England.
Dreamland is frequently alluded to in Graham Swift's 1996 novel Last Orders, as well as the 2001 film adaptation.
The Romford-based band Five Star shot the majority of the video for their 1984 single "Crazy" at Dreamland.
On 29 June 2015, the music video for the song 'Blue' by Marina and the Diamonds was shot at Dreamland.
On 26 September 2017, the Sky Mobile iPhone 8 commercial with actor Tom Hardy was shot at Dreamland.
In February 2022, the Dreamland Cinema signage was changed while the building was used as a set in Sam Mendes 1980s period film Empire of Light.
In June 2022, Noel Gallagher's High Flying Birds performed at Dreamland.
References
External links
Campaign to save Dreamland
Amusement parks in England
Tourist attractions in Kent
1880 establishments in England
Margate
2003 disestablishments in England
Grade II listed buildings in Kent
Grade II* listed buildings in Kent
Amusement parks opened in 1880
Amusement parks closed in 2003 | {'title': 'Dreamland Margate', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamland%20Margate', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation is a laboratory technique in prokaryotic (bacterial) cell biology. The addition of calcium chloride to a cell suspension promotes the binding of plasmid DNA to lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Positively charged calcium ions attract both the negatively charged DNA backbone and the negatively charged groups in the LPS inner core. The plasmid DNA can then pass into the cell upon heat shock, where chilled cells (+4 degrees Celsius) are heated to a higher temperature (+42 degrees Celsius) for a short time.
History of bacterial transformation
Frederick Griffith published the first report of bacteria's potential for transformation in 1928. Griffith observed that mice did not succumb to the "rough" type of pneumococcus (Streptococcus pneumoniae), referred to as nonvirulent, but did succumb to the "smooth" strain, which is referred to as virulent. The smooth strain's virulence could be suppressed with heat-killing. However, when the nonvirulent rough strain was combined with the heat-killed smooth strain, the rough strain managed to pick up the smooth phenotype and thus become virulent. Griffith's research indicated that the change was brought on by a nonliving, heat-stable substance generated from the smooth strain. Later on, Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty identified this transformational substance as DNA in 1944.
Principle of calcium chloride transformation
Since DNA is a very hydrophilic molecule, it often cannot penetrate through the bacterial cell membrane. Therefore, it is necessary to make bacteria competent in order to internalize DNA. This may be accomplished by suspending bacteria in a solution with a high calcium concentration, which creates tiny holes in the bacterium's cells. Calcium suspension, along with the incubation of DNA together with competent cells on ice, followed by a brief heat shock, will directly lead extra-chromosomal DNA to forcedly enter the cell.
According to previous research, the LPS receptor molecules on the competent cell surface bind to a bare DNA molecule. This binding occurs in view of the fact that the negatively charged DNA molecules and LPS form coordination complexes with the divalent cations. Due to its size, DNA cannot pass through the cell membrane on its own to reach the cytoplasm. The cell membrane of CaCl2-treated cells is severely depolarized during the heat shock stage, and as a result, the drop in membrane potential reduces the negative nature of the cell's internal potential, allowing negatively charged DNA to flow into the interior of the cell. Afterwards, the membrane potential can be raised back to its initial value by subsequent cold shock.
Competent cells
Competent cells are bacterial cells with re-designed cell walls that make it easier for foreign DNA to get through. Without particular chemical or electrical treatments to make them capable, the majority of cell types cannot successfully take up DNA, for that reason, treatment with calcium ions is the typical procedure for modifying bacteria to be permeable to DNA. In bacteria, competence is closely regulated, and different bacterial species have different competence-related characteristics. Although they share some similarity, the competence proteins generated by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are different.
Natural Competence
Natural competence sums up in three methods where bacteria can acquire DNA from their surroundings: conjugation, transformation, and transduction. As DNA is inserted into the cell during transformation, the recipient cells must be at certain physiological condition known as the competent state in order to take up transforming DNA. Once the DNA has entered the cell's cytoplasm, enzymes such as nuclease can break it down. In cases where the DNA is extremely similar to the cell's own genetic material, DNA-repairing-enzymes recombine it with the chromosome instead.
Artificial Competence
Evidently, a cell's genes do not include any information on artificial competence. This type of competence requires a laboratory process that creates conditions that do not often exist in nature so that cells can become permeable to DNA. Although the efficiency of transformation is often poor, this process is relatively simple and quick to be applied in bacterial genetic engineering. Mandel and Higa, who created an easy procedure based on soaking the cells in cold CaCl2, provided the basis for obtaining synthetic competent cells. Chemical transformation, such as calcium chloride transformation and electroporation are the most commonly used methods to transform bacterial cells, like E.coli cells, with plasmid DNA.
Method for calcium chloride transformation
Calcium chloride treatment is generally used for the transformation of E. coli and other bacteria. It enhances plasmid DNA incorporation by the bacterial cell, promoting genetic transformation. Plasmid DNA can attach to LPS by being added to the cell solution together with CaCl2. Thus, when heat shock is applied, the negatively charged DNA backbone and LPS combine, allowing plasmid DNA to enter the bacterial cell.
The process is summarized in the following steps according to The Undergraduate Journal of Experimental Microbiology and Immunology (UJEMI) protocol:
Prepare a bacterial culture in LB broth
Before starting the main procedure, use the required volume of the previously made culture to inoculate the required volume of fresh LB broth
Pellet the cells by centrifuging at 4°C at 4000 rpm for 10 minutes
Pour off the supernatant and resuspend cells in 20 mL ice-cold 0.1 M CaCl2, then leave immediately on ice for 20 minutes
Centrifuge as in step 3, a more diffused pellet will be obtained as an indication of competent cells
Resuspend in cold CaCl2 as in step 4
Pour off supernatant and resuspend cells in 5 mL ice-cold 0.1 M CaCl2 along with 15% glycerol to combine pellets
Transfer the suspensions to sterile thin glass tubes for effective heat shocks
Add the required mg amount of DNA in the suspension tubes, and immediately leave on ice
Place the tubes on a 42°C water bath for a 30 seconds and return immediately to ice for 2 minutes
Add 1 mL of LB or SOC medium
Transfer each tube to the required mL LB broth amount in a new flask
Incubate accordingly with shaking at 37°C at 200 rpm for 60 min, however, it is adviced to leave it for 90 minutes in order to allow bacteria to recover
Plate 1:10 and 1:100 dilutions of the incubated cultures on selective/ screening plates (e.g. Ampicillin and/or X-gal) onto LB plates to which the antibiotics to be used for selection have been added
Incubate overnight at 37°C
Finally, observe isolated colonies on the plates
References
External links
Animation of Calcium chloride (CaCl2) transformation
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7Ul9RVYG5CM&ab_channel=NewEnglandBiolabs
Cell biology
Molecular biology techniques | {'title': 'Calcium chloride transformation', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium%20chloride%20transformation', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Maximilienne Chantal Ngo Mbe is a Cameroonian human-rights campaigner. She leads the Réseau des Défenseurs des Droits Humains en Afrique Centrale (REDHAC). She was given the International Women of Courage Award in 2021.
Life
She has led the Cameroon-based Network of Human Rights Defenders of Central Africa (Réseau de Défenseurs des Droits Humains de l’Afrique Centrale) (REDHAC) since 2010. She and her organisation are based in Douala in Cameroon. REDHAC covers eight countries of Central Africa namely the Democratic Republic of Congo, Cameroon, Chad, Gabon, Central African Republic, the Republic of Congo, Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Príncipe.
She is the treasurer of the African Democracy Network and she is on the board of the Pan African Human Rights Defenders Network. This network champions the protection of other Human Right Defenders.
She has worked as an Elections Observer and a Consultant to the African Union.
In 2013 she moved her children to live in France to protect them. She faces criticism for having "sold out to Westerners" and since 2017 she has been harassed on social media.
In February 2020 she called out the government's version of events following the Ngarbuh massacre when 22 civilians were killed by soldiers.
In 2021 she was one of fourteen women chosen to receive an International Women of Courage Award. The ceremony was virtual due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and it included an address by First Lady, Dr. Jill Biden. After the award ceremony all of the fourteen awardees would be able to take part in a virtual exchange as part an International Visitor Leadership Program.
Unusually another seven women were included in the awards who had died in Afghanistan.
References
Living people
Cameroonian activists
Recipients of the International Women of Courage Award
Year of birth missing (living people) | {'title': 'Maximilienne Ngo Mbe', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximilienne%20Ngo%20Mbe', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Jordon Thompson (born 8 April 1999) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for National League North club Hereford.
Career
In March 2017, Thompson was rewarded with a professional contract at Coventry City. During the second year of his scholarship Thompson was part of the team that won the U18 PL2 South keeping 12 clean sheets in a row. As a reward for his fine form, Thompson broke into the first team squad for the League Two Playoff Final at Wembley Stadium.
He joined National League side Barrow in September 2017 on a one-month loan deal.
Thompson was recalled from Barrow and soon after made his professional debut in the EFL Trophy 2–1 win over West Bromwich Albion U21s on 7 November 2017.
On 31 January 2020, Thompson signed with Wrexham, on an initial 28-day loan from Coventry City. Thompson enjoyed a consistent run of games at the Racecourse which saw the club stay clear of the relegation spots before the season was curtailed.
In April 2021, Jordon joined National League side Solihull Moors on loan until 31 May 2021. Thompson was part of a defence which kept five clean sheets in eight games which saw the Moors narrowly miss out on the playoffs.
On 12 May 2021 it was announced that he would leave Coventry at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract.
On 11 September 2021, Thompson signed a one year deal with Gloucester City. On the 11 March 2022, after a prolonged spell of good form at both centre back and right back, Thompson was awarded the club's player of the month award. He went on to make 28 league appearances for Gloucester City, scoring four goals.
After leaving Gloucester City, Thompson signed with National League North side Hereford on 24 September 2022 and made his debut that same day in a 3-0 league win at home to Blyth Spartans.
Career statistics
Honours
Coventry City
EFL League Two play-offs: 2018
References
1999 births
Living people
Footballers from Islington (district)
English footballers
Coventry City F.C. players
Barrow A.F.C. players
Boreham Wood F.C. players
Wrexham A.F.C. players
Solihull Moors F.C. players
Gloucester City A.F.C. players
National League (English football) players
Association football defenders | {'title': 'Jordon Thompson', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordon%20Thompson', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Rafael Edgardo Burgos (born June 3, 1988 in La Paz, El Salvador) is a Salvadoran professional footballer who plays as a forward for Independiente.
Club career
Burgos started his career at Alianza F.C., but moved to Segunda División club Santa Tecla F.C. to get some more playing time. In 2010, he returned to the highest level to play with UES. In 2011, he rejoined his old club Alianza F.C..
In 2012, he transferred to Deportivo Petapa scoring his first goal in a victory against Municipal on February 12, 2012. He scored another goal on March 3, 2012 against C.D. Suchitepéquez, and his last goal for the end of his 2011–12 season on May 4, 2012 against Juventud Retalteca. Even though he started late in Petapa's season he maed to score five goals in nine games.
On August 8, 2012, Burgos signed a loan deal with Baník Ostrava on loan from Austrian Bundesliga club SV Ried. On the 31st, he moved on loan to Kecskemét of Hungary after Baník did not reach an economic agreement with the player.
After spending a season with Kecskemét, he went on a second loan to Hungarian champions Győri ETO, where he appeared in nine league games, scoring one goal
In February 2015, he cancelled his contract with SV Ried, becoming a free agent
On March 17, 2015, Rafael "Tatarata" Burgos signed with Fredrikstad Fotballklubb (also known as Fredrikstad FK or FFK) which is a Norwegian football club from the town of Fredrikstad.
International career
Burgos received his first appearance with the El Salvador national football team in a game versus Panama, with the game ending in a loss of 1–0.
In his second cap with the El Salvador national football team, Burgos scored his first goal, on Costa Rican soil. A feat that did not happen since 1991 when Raúl Díaz Arce, in the first edition the UNCAF tournament, scored on Costa Rican soil.
Burgos was called up by José Luis Rugamas to train with the senior team in preparation for the 2011 Central American Cup in January 2010. Burgos scored the first goal for El Salvador for the year on January 14, 2011 in a 2–0 victory against Nicaragua.
On January 16, 2011, he scored two goals against Belize helping his team out with a 5–2 victory. On February 11, 2011, he scored another goal in a 2–3 loss in a friendly against Jamaica.
Burgos scored his first goals in the World Cup Qualifications on November 15, 2011 against Suriname. His two goals in that game and the two goals of Osael Romero scored lead to a 4–0 victory.
Burgos scored two goals against the "Oceania leader" New Zealand in a 2–2 draw.
International goals
Honours
Club
Champion
Primera División (1): Clausura 2011
Minnesota United
Champion
North American Supporters' Trophy (1): 2014
Individual
Copa Centroamericana Golden Boot (1): 2011
References
External links
Rafael Burgos at Soccerway
1988 births
Living people
People from La Paz Department (El Salvador)
Salvadoran footballers
Association football forwards
El Salvador international footballers
2011 Copa Centroamericana players
2013 Copa Centroamericana players
2013 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
2014 Copa Centroamericana players
2015 CONCACAF Gold Cup players
Alianza F.C. footballers
Santa Tecla F.C. footballers
SV Ried players
FC Baník Ostrava players
Kecskeméti TE players
Győri ETO FC players
Fredrikstad FK players
C.D. FAS footballers
C.D. Sonsonate footballers
Deportivo Petapa players
Universidad de San Carlos players
Minnesota United FC (2010–2016) players
C.D. Luis Ángel Firpo footballers
Liga Nacional de Fútbol de Guatemala players
Nemzeti Bajnokság I players
Norwegian First Division players
North American Soccer League players
Salvadoran expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Austria
Expatriate footballers in Hungary
Expatriate footballers in Norway
Expatriate footballers in Guatemala
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Austria
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Hungary
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Norway
Salvadoran expatriate sportspeople in Guatemala | {'title': 'Rafael Burgos', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Burgos', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Sead Gorani (born 17 January 1977) is a Kosovar footballer who played in clubs from FR Yugoslavia, Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Kosovo. After retiring, he became in charge, along his father, of a football school Winner in his hometown Prizren.
Club career
Born in Prizren, Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo, SR Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia (modern Kosovo), Gorani started playing in local club Liria Prizren at age of 9, and he spent his entire youth career there. He then moved abroad and played one season as left-winger with Zeytinburnuspor, playing at time in the Turkish Süper Lig. At age of 18 he, returned to FR Yugoslavia, and signed with Montenegrin side FK Ibar Rožaje playing back then in the Second League of FR Yugoslavia.
In summer 1998, coming from FK Ibar, he moved to Serbian and Yugoslav capital Belgrade and joined FK Železnik. He played with Železnik in the 1999–2000 First League of FR Yugoslavia making four appearances and in the 2000–01 First League of FR Yugoslavia making one appearance.
After a spell with Bulgarian side PFC Naftex Burgas, he played with FK Pobeda in the 2003–04 Macedonian First Football League becoming Macedonian champion, and later, with Kosovar side KF Liria in the season 2005–06.
Personal life
Sead Gorani is son of former football player and coach Šukrija Gorani, and along his father, Sead has been in charge of football school Winner in Prizren since 2006. By 2011, Sead had been retired from his playing career three years earlier as result of a cirgury he had to be submitted to, and has been coaching the youth teams at Winner five years already. On 21 June 2013, representatives of KF Liria and three local football schools, one of them being Sead Gorani representing Winner, met with representatives of the Commission for Culture, Youth and Sports in order to improve the investments in football in the city of Prizren.
Honours
Pobeda
Macedonian First League: 2003–04
Liria
Kosovo Cup: 2007
References
1977 births
Living people
People from Prizren
Kosovan footballers
Association football midfielders
KF Liria players
Zeytinburnuspor footballers
FK Ibar Rožaje players
FK Železnik players
PFC Naftex Burgas players
FK Pobeda players
First League of Serbia and Montenegro players
Kosovan expatriate footballers
Expatriate footballers in Turkey
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Turkey
Expatriate footballers in Bulgaria
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in Bulgaria
Expatriate footballers in North Macedonia
Kosovan expatriate sportspeople in North Macedonia | {'title': 'Sead Gorani', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sead%20Gorani', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Víctor José Solarte (born 6 January 1986) is a Venezuelan track and field hurdler who competed in the 400 metres hurdles. His personal best was 50.53 seconds, set in 2009. He was a twenty four-time national champion.
Solarte competed at the 2003 World Youth Championships in Athletics and 2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics, but has never represented his country at the senior World Championships in Athletics. His highest level global honour was a silver behind Raphael Fernandes at the 2011 Military World Games (his time there was 50.60 seconds, among his career best).
At the South American Championships in Athletics he was the hurdles runner-up to Tiago Bueno in 2005, and won further individual bronze medals at the 2011 and 2015 editions. He also won a 4 × 400 metres relay bronze with Venezuela in 2006. He was the 2005 hurdles champion at the South American Junior Championships in Athletics, having won the youth silver behind Diego Venâncio in 2002.
In other regional competitions, he has won minor medals at the ALBA Games and Bolivarian Games. He is a four-time participant (2008, 2010, 2012, 2016) and has been a finalist at the Central American and Caribbean Games and Championships. He represented Venezuela at the 2011 Pan American Games, failing to reach the final.
International competitions
References
External links
Living people
1986 births
Venezuelan male hurdlers
Athletes (track and field) at the 2011 Pan American Games
Pan American Games competitors for Venezuela | {'title': 'Víctor Solarte', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor%20Solarte', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Barney is a city in Richland County, North Dakota, United States. The population was 40 at the 2020 census. Barney was founded in 1899. It is part of the Wahpeton, ND–MN Micropolitan Statistical Area.
Geography
Barney is located at (46.267428, -97.000220).
According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all land.
Demographics
2010 census
As of the census of 2010, there were 52 people, 24 households, and 14 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 28 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 98.1% White and 1.9% from two or more races.
There were 24 households, of which 20.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.2% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41.7% were non-families. 37.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 25% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.17 and the average family size was 2.71.
The median age in the city was 49 years. 15.4% of residents were under the age of 18; 11.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 17.2% were from 25 to 44; 40.5% were from 45 to 64; and 15.4% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.1% male and 51.9% female.
2000 census
As of the census of 2000, there were 69 people, 25 households, and 17 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 28 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 100.00% White.
There were 25 households, out of which 36.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.0% were married couples living together, 8.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.0% were non-families. 16.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.76 and the average family size was 3.35.
In the city, the population was spread out, with 33.3% under the age of 18, 7.2% from 18 to 24, 21.7% from 25 to 44, 26.1% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 76.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.7 males.
As of 2000 the median income for a household was $36,875, and the median income for a family was $46,667. Males had a median income of $34,375 versus $19,375 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,079. There were no families and 7.6% of the population living below the poverty line, including no under eighteens and 20.0% of those over 64.
References
Cities in North Dakota
Cities in Richland County, North Dakota
Populated places established in 1899
1899 establishments in North Dakota
Wahpeton micropolitan area | {'title': 'Barney, North Dakota', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barney%2C%20North%20Dakota', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Agathaumas (; "great wonder") is a dubious genus of a large ceratopsid dinosaur that lived in Wyoming during the Late Cretaceous (late Maastrichtian stage, 66 million years ago). The name comes from - 'much' and - 'wonder'. It is estimated to have been long and weighed , and was seen as the largest land animal known at the time of its discovery.
It was the first ceratopsian known to science from more than teeth, though relatively little is known about it. The original specimen consisted only of the animal's hip bones, hip vertebrae and ribs, and because these bones vary little between ceratopsid species, it is usually considered a nomen dubium. It is provisionally considered a synonym of Triceratops, but is difficult to compare to that genus because it is only known from postcranial remains.
History
The holotype remains of Agathaumas were first found in 1872 in southwestern Wyoming. They were discovered by Fielding Bradford Meek and Henry Martyn Bannister while they were looking for fossil shells in the Lance Formation near the Black Butte and Bitter Creek. Meek and Bannister were employed by Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden's Geological Survey of the Territories and notified paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope of the find. Cope himself searched the ridge near Black Butte and re-discovered Meek's site, finding huge bones protruding from the rocks near a coal vein. The bones were preserved in sand and clay sediments, packed with fossil sticks and leaves, indicating a heavily forested habitat. Cope later (in 1873) described the skeleton as "the wreck of one of the princes among giants." Cope and his team eventually recovered complete hip bones, sacral vertebrae, and several ribs from the animal. Later in 1872, Cope published a description and name for the animal, Agathaumas sylvestris, or "marvelous forest-dweller," in reference to its great size and the environment revealed in the same rocks as its bones. The name Agathaumas has been cited as an example of Cope's excitement with this discovery, which he considered, at the time, as the largest known land animal that had ever lived. Several years later, with the discovery of the giant sauropod dinosaurs of the Morrison Formation, it became clear to him that British forms such as Cetiosaurus and Pelorosaurus were land animals.
Classification history
Cope originally did not know to what group Agathaumas belonged, though he noted that some of the remains were similar to the British reptile Cetiosaurus and very different from the corresponding elements of Hadrosaurus and Dryptosaurus (Laelaps). In 1882, Othniel Charles Marsh, Cope's rival in the Bone Wars, suggested that Agathaumas, along with Cionodon, another Cope taxon, was a Hadrosaurid. In 1883, with his description of the skull of Edmontosaurus (Diclonius), Cope also suggested that his taxa Agathaumas, Monoclonius, and Dysganus could be Hadrosaurids. Cope did not assign Agathaumas into the group now recognized as Ceratopsia until later in 1889, when Cope recognized that his genera Monoclonius and Polyonax were related due to Marsh's description of Triceratops fossils. Marsh had already named a group for the horned dinosaurs, Ceratopsidae, but Cope did not recognize this family name as he believed Ceratops could not be distinguished from other taxa; Cope erected a new name, Agathaumidae. Cope later named 2 more "Agathaumids", Manospondylus gigas and Claorhynchus trihedrus, based on fragmentary fossils in 1892, expanding his group to 5 genera.
After reassessment by John Bell Hatcher, Richard Swann Lull, and Nelda Wright in the 1900s and 1930s, all of the members of Agathaumidae were found to be dubious, and the family name Ceratopsidae was preferred over Agathaumidae. Agathaumas itself was found to be a dubious Ceratopsid by Hatcher and Lull, as well as by John Ostrom and Peter Wellnhofer who placed it as Triceratops sp.
Species
Type:
Agathaumas sylvestris Cope, 1872; 16 vertebrae from the tail, sacrum and back, a partial pelvis and several ribs
Species previously referred to Agathaumas:
A. flabellatus (Marsh, 1889) Burkhardt, 1892; alternative combination for Triceratops flabellatus; synonymous with Triceratops horridus.
A. milo Cope, 1874; included with Thespesius occidentalis by Cope, dubious at Hadrosauridae family level.
A. monoclonius (Breithaupt, 1994); nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus
A. mortuarius (Cope, 1874) Hay, 1901; nomen dubium, alternative combination for Polyonax mortuarius; possible synonym of Triceratops horridus
A. prorsus (Marsh, 1890) Lydekker, 1893; alternative combination of Triceratops prorsus, unused since
A. sphenocerus (Cope, 1890) Ballou, 1897; nomen dubium included with Monoclonius sphenocerus
Unfortunately, due to the fragmentary nature of Agathaumas sylvestris’ holotype specimen, Agathaumas is a dubious taxon and cannot be referred beyond Ceratopsidae. based on stratigraphy it is likely a member of Triceratopsini.
Knight's restoration
In 1897, artist Charles R. Knight painted Agathaumas for Cope. Knight based the painting on the partial skull of the species Agathaumas sphenocerus, which preserved a large nasal horn, and Monoclonius recurvicornis, which preserved small horns over the eyes. A. sphenoceros was originally referred to the genus Monoclonius and later to Styracosaurus, while M. recurvicornis is a possibly a valid species but has yet to receive a new genus. The body was based on a more complete skeleton of the species Triceratops prorsus that had been described by O.C. Marsh. The body armor depicted in the illustration was likely based on the squamosals of Pachycephalosaurus for the larger spikes, and the smaller armor on the dermal scutes of Denversaurus collected in Lance, Wyoming by Marsh's crews in the 1890s. At the time, Monoclonius, Agathaumas, and Triceratops were all thought to be close relatives that differed mainly in the arrangement of the horns and the presence of openings in the frill. This painting was later used as basis for a model Agathaumas in the 1925 film The Lost World.
See also
Timeline of ceratopsian research
References
Chasmosaurines
Cretaceous dinosaurs
Dinosaurs of North America
Fossil taxa described in 1872
Nomina dubia
Ornithischian genera
Taxa named by Edward Drinker Cope | {'title': 'Agathaumas', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agathaumas', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
A factorial prime is a prime number that is one less or one more than a factorial (all factorials greater than 1 are even).
The first 10 factorial primes (for n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 11, 12, 14) are :
2 (0! + 1 or 1! + 1), 3 (2! + 1), 5 (3! − 1), 7 (3! + 1), 23 (4! − 1), 719 (6! − 1), 5039 (7! − 1), 39916801 (11! + 1), 479001599 (12! − 1), 87178291199 (14! − 1), ...
n! − 1 is prime for :
n = 3, 4, 6, 7, 12, 14, 30, 32, 33, 38, 94, 166, 324, 379, 469, 546, 974, 1963, 3507, 3610, 6917, 21480, 34790, 94550, 103040, 147855, 208003, ... (resulting in 27 factorial primes)
n! + 1 is prime for :
n = 0, 1, 2, 3, 11, 27, 37, 41, 73, 77, 116, 154, 320, 340, 399, 427, 872, 1477, 6380, 26951, 110059, 150209, 288465, 308084, 422429, ... (resulting in 24 factorial primes - the prime 2 is repeated)
No other factorial primes are known .
When both n! + 1 and n! − 1 are composite, there must be at least 2n + 1 consecutive composite numbers around n!, since besides n! ± 1 and n! itself, also, each number of form n! ± k is divisible by k for 2 ≤ k ≤ n. However, the necessary length of this gap is asymptotically smaller than the average composite run for integers of similar size (see prime gap).
See also
Primorial prime
External links
The Top Twenty: Factorial primes from the Prime Pages
Factorial Prime Search from PrimeGrid
References
Integer sequences
Classes of prime numbers
Factorial and binomial topics | {'title': 'Factorial prime', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factorial%20prime', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Royal Marines recruit training is the longest basic modern infantry training programme of any Commonwealth, or North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) combat troops. The Royal Marines are the only part of the British Armed Forces where officers and other ranks are trained at the same location, the Commando Training Centre Royal Marines (CTCRM) at Lympstone, Devon. Much of the basic training is carried out on the rugged terrain of Dartmoor and Woodbury Common with a significant proportion taking place at night.
Selection
All potential recruits take a psychometric test and are interviewed at the Armed Forces Careers Office (AFCO) to assess their suitability. A series of physical assessments are conducted including a sight test and medical examination. Then the Pre Joining Fitness Test: two 1.5-mile runs (2.4 km) on a treadmill, the first to be completed within 12 minutes 30 seconds, the second within 10 minutes and 30 seconds, with 1 minute of rest in between.
Royal Marines recruits must be aged 16 to 32 (they must be in Recruit Training before their 33rd birthday). Due to the July 2016 lifting on the ban on women in Ground Close Combat roles, females are now permitted to join all British military infantry units, including the Royal Marines Commandos.
The final selection assessment for potential recruits is either the Potential Royal Marine Course (PRMC) for ratings candidates, or the Potential Officer Course (POC) and Admiralty Interview Board for officer candidates. PRMC and POC last three days and assess physical ability and intellectual capacity to undertake the recruit training. Potential Officers must be aged 18 to 25.
Training
Basic training
The first weeks of training are spent learning basic skills that will be used later. This includes much time spent on the parade ground and on the rifle ranges. The long history of the Royal Marines is also highlighted through a visit to the Royal Marines Museum in Southsea, Hampshire.
Physical training at this stage emphasizes all-round physical strength, endurance and flexibility in order to develop the muscles necessary to carry the heavy equipment a marine will use in an operational unit. Key milestones include a gym passout at week 9 (not carried out with fighting order), a battle swimming test, and learning to do a "regain" (i.e. climb back onto a rope suspended over a water tank). Most of these tests are completed wearing fighting order of 31 lb (14 kg) of Personal Load Carrying Equipment. Individual fieldcraft skills are also taught at this basic stage.
Young officer (YO) training begins with Phase 1 which teaches the officers how to be Royal Marines.
Training modules
Foundation – 3 weeks
Individual Skills – 7 weeks
Advanced Skills – 5 weeks
Operations Of War – 10 weeks
Commando Phase – 6 weeks
Kings Squad – 1 week
YO Training Modules
Phase 1: Initial Training
This 16-week training course will introduce the YO's to the core skills they need to be a Royal Marine, and assess their abilities in an intensive and progressive environment.
Phase 2: Tactics and Doctrine Training
For the next 12 weeks the training will switch focus to Section and Troop level tactical development. Using what the YO's have already learnt, they will spend time preparing, delivering and receiving orders. This phase will incorporate a mixture of academic study and advanced physical training.
Phase 3 – Defensive, Fibua, Special to Arms, and Commando Course Phase
This six-week phase will hone the YO's defensive skills, teaching the principles of transitional operations, and introduce the YO's to the tactics of Fighting In Built Up Areas (FIBUA).
Phase 4 – Advanced Military Management Training
This phase is designed to broaden the YO's experience and military knowledge. They will complete a two-week range qualification course, before further academic study at BRNC Dartmouth. Additional exercises will take place during a deployment to the United States.
Phase 5 – Unit Management, Exercise Planning and Final Exercise.
This phase will provide the YO's with the essential ability to administrate and manage their men. Topics that they will cover, include:
Military law
Report writing
Unit documentation
Strategic studies
A planning exercise in Normandy
Training exercises
Throughout basic training, recruits must undergo many exercises testing what they have learnt up to that point.
Early Knight – week 2
First Step – week 4
Quick Cover – week 5
Marshal Star – week 7
Hunters Moon – week 10
Baptist Walk – week 13
Baptist Run – week 14
First Base – week 16
Second Empire – week 18
Holdfast – week 20
Urban Warrior – week 21
Violent Entry – week 22
Field Firing exercise – weeks 26 & 27
Final exercise – weeks 29 & 30
Commando tests – week 31
YO Training exercises
Throughout YO training, Young Officers must undergo many exercises testing what they have learnt up to that point.
Phase 1
First Stop – This is designed to introduce them to life in the field, teaching them how to look after themselves and navigate by day and night
Tenderfoot – Here they will put the skills they have developed into practice, progressing to basic fieldcraft
Lost Tribe – This is a day and night navigation exercise on Dartmoor. They'll need to be able to cope with unfamiliar terrain and remain calm under pressure
Eye Opener – Another navigation exercise, this will also test their day and night navigation skills. It takes place over a longer period of time, so they will need stamina to be successful
Quickdraw I – This is a firing range exercise, which is designed to bring their marksmanship skills up to standard. At the end of the exercise, they will take the Annual Combat Marksmanship Test (ACMT)
Softly Softly – Here they will be introduced to low-level soldiering skills and basic operating procedures, at the same time as developing an understanding of the Estimate and Orders process
Phase 2
Quickdraw II – They will make the transition from the firing range to live field firing, starting with Close Quarter Battle (CQB), before progressing to team firing and manoeuvres
Long Night – Over the course of a week they will develop your tactical knowledge, and the ability to take the lead in different scenarios
Eagle Eye – they will be taught to establish and run surface and sub-surface observation points
Jagged Edge – This will teach them all about Troop level battle procedures and offensive operations
Dragon Storm – Drawing on everything they've learned about offensive operations, they will complete a test exercise
Quickdraw III – Tactical live firing training
Phase 3
Open Door – This exercise will focus on conducting FIBUA operations up to Troop level
Special To Arms Week – Here they will have an introduction to the specialist weapons and equipment that they'll use throughout their career
Endurance Course – they will need to complete this in less than 71 minutes
A 9-mile Speed March – they will need to complete this uphill route in less than 90 minutes
Tarzan Assault Course – This ropes and ladders course will need to be completed in less than 12 minutes
The 30 Miler – they will have 7 hours to complete this cross-terrain challenge, unlike recruits they must navigate it themselves
Phase 4
Stone Post – they will conduct a number of visits that focus on the Army's land capabilities. This will broaden their Service knowledge
Special To Arms Week – Here they will have an introduction to the specialist weapons and equipment that they'll use throughout their career
Deep Blue – Similar to Stone Post, this exercise will provide them with an insight into the capabilities of the Royal Navy
Virginia Tempest – This is a three-week deployment to the US, where they will forge closer links with the United States Marine Corps, and complete a number field exercises
Phase 5
Final Exercise consists of:
Wet Raider – Taking place on the West Coast of Scotland, this is where their amphibious training will conclude
Counter Insurgency – This is one of the most realistic experiences in training, replicating a full-scale riot
Final Nail – they will be integrated with trained marines and use VIKING vehicles
Otter's Run – Use of a series of hypothetical scenarios to hone their decision-making skills
The Commando course
The culmination of training is the Commando course. Following the Royal Marines taking on responsibility for the Commando role with the disbandment of the Army Commandos at the end of World War II, all Royal Marines, except those in the Royal Marines Band Service, complete the Commando course as part of their training (see below). Key aspects of the course include climbing and ropework techniques, patrolling and amphibious warfare operations.
This intense phase ends with a series of tests which have remained virtually unchanged since World War II. Again, these tests are done in full fighting order of 32 lb (14.5 kg) of equipment.
The Commando tests are taken on consecutive days and all four tests must be successfully completed within a seven-day period; they include;
A nine mile (14.5 km) speed march, carrying full fighting order, to be completed in 90 minutes; the pace is thus 10 minutes per mile (9.6 km/h or 6 mph).
The Endurance course is a six-mile (9.65 km) course which begins with a two-mile (3.22 km) run across rough moorland and woodland terrain at Woodbury Common near Lympstone, which includes tunnels, pipes, wading pools, and an underwater culvert. The course ends with a four-mile (6 km) run back to CTCRM. Followed by a marksmanship test, where the recruit must hit 6 out of 10 shots at a 25m target simulating 200 m. To be completed in 73 minutes (71 minutes for Royal Marine officers). Originally 72 minutes, these times were recently increased by one minute as the route of the course was altered.
The Tarzan Assault Course. This is an assault course combined with an aerial confidence test. It starts with a death slide (now known as the Commando Slide) and ends with a rope climb up a thirty-foot near-vertical wall. It must be completed with full fighting order in 13 minutes, 12 minutes for officers. The Potential Officers Course also includes confidence tests from the Tarzan Assault Course, although not with equipment.
The 30 miler. This is a 30-mile (48-km) march across upland Dartmoor, wearing full fighting order, and additional safety equipment carried by the recruit in a daysack. It must be completed in eight hours for recruits and seven hours for Royal Marine officers, who must also navigate the route themselves, rather than following a DS (a trained Royal Marine) with the rest of a syndicate and carry their own equipment.
After the march, any who failed any of the tests may attempt to retake them up until the seven-day window expires. If a recruit fails two or more of the tests, however, it is unlikely that a chance to re-attempt them will be offered.
Normally the seven- to eight-day schedule for the Commando Tests is as follows:
Saturday – Endurance Course
Sunday – Rest
Monday – Nine Mile Speed March
Tuesday – Tarzan Assault Course
Wednesday – 30 Miler
Thursday – Failed test re-runs
Friday – Failed test re-runs
Saturday – 30 Miler re-run if required
Completing the Commando course successfully entitles the recruit or officer to wear the green beret but does not mean that the Royal Marine has finished his training. That decision will be made by the troop or batch training team and will depend on the recruit's or young officer's overall performance. Furthermore, officer training consists of many more months. Training to be a Royal Marine takes 32 weeks. The last week is spent mainly on administration and preparing for the pass out parade. Recruits in their final week of training are known as the King's Squad and have their own section of the recruits' galley at Lympstone. After basic and commando training, a Royal Marine Commando will normally join a unit of 3 Commando Brigade. There are four Royal Marines Commando infantry units in the Brigade: 40 Commando located at Norton Manor Camp near Taunton in Somerset; 42 Commando at Bickleigh Barracks, near Plymouth, Devon; 43 Commando FPGRM at HMNB Clyde near Glasgow; and 45 Commando at RM Condor, Arbroath on the coast of Angus.
Non-Royal Marine volunteers for Commando training undertake the All Arms Commando Course. There is also a Reserve Commando Course run for members of the Royal Marines Reserve and Commando units of the Army Reserve.
YO Exams/Qualifications
Map reading exam
Signals exam
Military Law exam
Operations other than war exam
Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Defence exam
Strategic studies exam
Part 1, Part 2 and end of course final exams
The Commando tests
Infantry range supervisor's qualification
Helicopter Underwater Escape Training
One-day Sea Survival Course
Information Technology Level 2
Defence Instructional Technique
Specialist training
Upon completion of training, Royal Marine recruits spend a period of time as a General Duties Rifleman. They are assigned to one of the three Commando battalions or a Fleet Standby Rifle Troop on board a Royal Navy ship for up to two years before being sent for specialist training.
Commandos may then go on to undertake specialist training in a variety of skills:
Recruit Specialisations
Aircrewman
Assault Engineer
Armoured Support Group (Viking)
Armourer
Clerk
Combat Intelligence
Communications Technician
Drill Instructor
Driver
Heavy Weapons – Air Defence
Heavy Weapons – Anti-Tank
Heavy Weapons – Mortars
Information Systems
Landing Craft Coxswain
Medical Assistant
Metalsmith
Military Police
Mountain Leader
Platoon Weapons Instructor
Physical Training Instructor (PTI)
Reconnaissance Operator
Signaller
Special Forces Communicator
Swimmer Canoeist
Stores Accountant
Telecommunications Technician (Tels Tech)
Vehicle Mechanic (VM)
Yeoman of Signals
Officer specialisations (recently decreased from 7 to 3)
Landing Craft Officer
Mountain Leader
Signals Officer
Training for these specialisations may be undertaken at CTCRM or in a tri-service training centre such as the Defence School of Transport at Leconfield, the Defence School of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering (DSEME) at MOD Lyneham, Wiltshire, Defence Helicopter Flying School (pilots/aircrew) or the Defence School of Policing and Guarding.
Some marines are trained in military parachuting to allow flexibility of insertion methods for all force elements. Marines complete this training at RAF Brize Norton but are not required to undergo Pre-Parachute Selection Course (P-Company) training due to the arduous nature of the commando course they have already completed.
See also
Royal Marines
P company
Special Boat Service#Recruitment, selection and training
References
Selection
Royal Marines training
Military selection in the United Kingdom | {'title': 'Royal Marines selection and training', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal%20Marines%20selection%20and%20training', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Richard Garriott's Tabula Rasa is a defunct MMORPG developed by Destination Games and published by NCsoft, designed in part by Richard Garriott. The game is a role-playing video game that blends certain shooter aspects into the combat system. It was officially released to retail on November 2, 2007, with customers that pre-ordered the game allowed access to the live servers from October 30, 2007. The development team released updates, called "Deployments," nearly every month following launch. The game required a monthly subscription.
Tabula Rasa is about humanity's last stand against a group of aliens called the Bane. The story takes place in the near future on two planets, Arieki and Foreas, which were in a state of constant conflict between the AFS (Allied Free Sentients) and the Bane. The term tabula rasa means "clean slate" in Latin, which refers to a fresh start, or starting over.
According to the developers, the game included the ability for players to influence the outcome of a war between the player characters and the NPCs.
Tabula Rasa became free to play on January 10, 2009, and closed on February 28, 2009.
Background
According to the fictional background story in Tabula Rasa, there once was an advanced alien species known as the Eloh. They freely shared their knowledge of how to convert between matter and energy with just the mind, called Logos, to other less advanced races. One of these less advanced races, the Thrax, used this power to wage war against the Eloh, a war which the Eloh won but at a great cost. This led to a great divide in the Eloh. One faction wanted to keep on spreading the knowledge as they had before. The other, called the Neph, sought to control the development of "lesser races" to ensure they, the Neph, would always be the superior species. This inner conflict led the Neph faction to leave the Eloh and seek other allies, among them the defeated Thrax; this species along with others joined to form the Bane, which is controlled by the Neph.
As one of their first acts, they attacked the Eloh world; the surviving Eloh fled and were scattered among the worlds they had previously visited. The Bane attacked Earth sometime in our near future. Humanity was hopelessly outmatched and the majority was completely wiped out. Luckily, the Eloh had left behind some of their technology that had the ability to make wormholes to other worlds. There, humans found other species doing the same thing they had, fighting against the Bane to survive. They banded together to form the Army of the Allied Free Sentients to fight against the Bane.
According to information from the game's manual, it's been roughly 5 years since Earth was attacked. It was eventually discovered that Earth had not been destroyed as once thought, but had instead become a massive staging ground for the Bane. From there they strengthened their forces and increased attacks upon the AFS.
Gameplay
Combat
The combat mixed in some aspects from shooters to add some real time action elements to the game. It still was not an outright shooter and featured sticky targeting and dice rolling based on character stats underneath. Stickiness could be adjusted to fit the preference of the player. Some weapons like the shotgun did not use the sticky targeting. In addition to a hit-miss system, Tabula Rasa adjusted the damage based on the situation. Real-time factors like weapon type, ammo type, stance, cover, and movement were taken into account. The enemies were reported to have AI that would try to take advantage of the terrain, their numbers, and would try to flank the players. The mix of system based combat and real-time movement and physics systems created a gameplay meant to encourage the player to think tactically}; e.g. to take cover behind a pillar to get some time to reload the weapon while the enemies were getting into position again.
Missions and storytelling
Missions will be given out by NPCs but will not be static. What missions are available and even the access to the NPCs themselves are subject to how the battlefield is going. Some may be specific to control points that the player will need to reclaim from the Bane to gain access again.
Missions are also to have multiple options to take. One example is destroying a dam to stop Bane forces that will also demolish a local village. A player can choose to just destroy or try to warn the village beforehand risking further advances by the Bane. Referred to as "ethical parables" they are to make up about 20% of all missions. The missions the player chooses to do and the choices made during them will change the way certain NPCs treat the player's character.
Some missions will deliver the player's character to private instanced spaces. One design goal of the game is to use instanced spaces to create in-depth storytelling, with puzzles, traps, and NPCs, that would be more difficult in shared spaces.
Some missions will be ethically challenging. The players will have to choose from different points of view and it can alter their future progress. "Ethical and moral dilemmas are something we definitely wanted to incorporate into the design of Tabula Rasa from the very start. The entire goal is to give you pause and allow you to think about the choices that they make in order to accomplish a mission."
Logos
Logos is a pictographic language left behind by the Eloh to be understood by other races. As players go through the game, they will gain Logos symbols to add to their Logos tablet, a blank slate, and begin to learn the language found throughout the game and gain special powers. Logos can be considered the equivalent of magic for Tabula Rasa, inasmuch as magic allows for incredible, otherwise unexplained acts; however, the logos are shown to be an extension of a scientific process developed by the Eloh. Players can improve these abilities and the upgraded versions can add new tactical uses. Some are universal while others are class specific. Some examples range from lightning bolt attacks, sprinting, reinforcements, and poison type powers. These are very hard to find, being hidden throughout Tabula Rasa.
Character creation
Tabula Rasa had a tree character class system. Everyone started out as first "tier" (branch) Recruit and as they progress they were able to branch out. The second "tier" included the Soldier and Specialist, which in turn had two subclasses of their own each. There were a total of 4 tiers.
Tabula Rasa also had a cloning function at each tier. It worked like a save function for characters at the branching point and allowed the player to try out the other branch without having to repeat the first several levels.
Introduced in patch 1.4.6 were the hybrid characters. These were humans who have had their DNA blended with either Thrax, Forean or Brann DNA to produce different stats and bonuses to the character. Only full humans were available at the beginning, with the hybrid DNA becoming available via quest chains during play which in turn unlocked the ability to create hybrids on that server at the creation screen, or via cloning.
Dynamic battlefield
AFS and Bane forces are in constant battle with NPC forces warring over control points and bases. Which side controls these areas greatly impacts the players. Losing one of these to the Bane means that the respawn hospital, waypoints, shops, NPCs access, and base defenses are lost and turned to the Bane's advantage. Players were able to help NPC assaults to take over bases or defend ones under attack. Control of these points was meant to change back and forth commonly even without player involvement, although the current implementation rarely let the Bane muster enough forces to invade a control point during peak player times. The Control Point System was one of the main gameplay features. Players that are fighting to defend or capture a CP (control point) got Prestige points which they could trade in for item-upgrades, experience boosters, a reset of either their attributes or their learned abilities or the purchase of superior or rare equipment at grey market vendors. Prestige could also be earned by defeating bosses, looting rare items, getting the max XP multiplier and by completing special missions. Later in the game, Control points became more and more important to the players, as they were necessary to be either in Bane or AFS hands to accept or complete certain missions and they become the centerpoint of most of the later maps.
Wargames (PvP)
PvP (Player versus player) in Tabula Rasa was voluntary. As it stands, there were two main modes of PvP combat.
Wargame duels, commonly known as duels. These were initiated by challenging a player by targeting and using the radial menu. The challenged player must then consent. The wargame is over when one player dies, or when the two players are too far from each other, or one leaves the zone. These impromptu duels could be held between two players, two squads (groups), or a player against a squad.
Wargame feuds, commonly known as clan wars. These could only be fought by clans who have chosen to be a PvP clan (done during clan creation). Only a clan's leader could initiate or cancel a clan feud, and the request must be accepted by the challenged clan's leader. A clan war lasts 7 real-time days, during which players can fight each other without requesting consent first. During the war, kills are tallied and displayed in the players' wargame trackers. The clan with the most kills at the end of the war wins the feud. Kills are only counted if the players are within 5 levels of each other, though players of any level can fight each other.
Wargame maps, Edmund Range was the only implemented map that featured large scale team PvP. Using two sets of local teleporters, players could choose between the blue team or the red team. The map could be accessed via the cellar area and was only accessible to players level 45 and above. The map consisted of several Control Points which each team had to capture. At the beginning of each match there were Epic Bane inside of the Control Points to prevent rushers capturing them all, giving a team an unfair advantage at the beginning. In later patches, "Personal Armour Units" were introduced which allowed players to fight in giant robots exclusively in Edmund Range. At the end of each match the losing team were teleported back to the main entrance and the winning team were teleported to the upper floor of the staging area. On the upper floor were unique armour sets vendors that were available to buy using prestige. Portable way points were disabled in the staging area to prevent players from cheating to the upper floor.
History
Development
In the works since May 2001, the game underwent a major revamp two years into the project. Conflicts between developers and the vague direction of the game were said to be the causes of this dramatic change. Twenty percent of the original team was replaced, and 75% of the code had to be redone. Some staff working on other NCsoft projects were transferred to the Tabula Rasa development team, including City of Heroes''' Community Coordinator April "CuppaJo" Burba. First re-shown at E3 2005, the game then transformed into the current science fiction setting and look. The game's budget was $25 million. Nearly 150 people worked on the game.
Beta test
NCsoft began offering invitations to sign up for a limited beta test of Tabula Rasa on January 5, 2007 which began running on May 2, 2007. Invitations were initially given out only as contest prizes, but beginning on August 8 several thousand additional invitations were distributed via the websites FilePlanet and Eurogamer. The non-disclosure agreement for the beta test was lifted on September 5, 2007 and the test ended on October 26, 2007 with a themed event in which players were invited to attempt to kill the character General British, played by game creator Richard Garriott.
Bonus items
Two pre-order bonus packs were available on NCsoft's PlayNC website, one for Europe and one for the United States. The European pack is sold for EUR4.99, the US pack for USD4.99 in addition to buying the full retail version of the game for $49.99. Other than currency and which pack goes with which retail version (the European preorder will only be valid with the European release of the game, similarly for the US version), the packs are functionally identical, containing:
A serial code for unlocking bonus in-game content and beta access (once pre-order customers are able to enter into the beta)
Exclusive Shell Bot or Pine-Ock non-combat pets, one per character
Two exclusive character emotes
Three day head-start on the live servers
For the retail release, a standard version and a collector's edition were released. Both contain the client and an account key with 30 days of included playtime, however the Collector's edition shipped with a number of bonus items including:
A full colour game manual containing concept art
A letter briefing from General British
A map pack displaying the various game regions
An AFS Challenge Coin and set of Tabula Rasa Dog Tags
Fold out "Black Ops" poster
"Making of" Tabula Rasa DVD
3 exclusive in-game items granted by the Collector's edition key only: The Boo Bot, a summonable non-combat pet; a set of 4 unique amour paints; and a unique character emote.
Release
Tabula Rasa was officially released to retail on November 2, 2007, with customers that pre-ordered the game allowed access to the live servers from October 30, 2007. The development team released updates, called "Deployments," nearly every month following launch.
Closing
On Nov 11th 2008, an open letter to the players of Tabula Rasa stated that Richard Garriott had left NCsoft to pursue other ventures.
The announcement that he was leaving NCAustin and Tabula Rasa was done in an open letter to the community, though he later claimed this letter was in fact written by NCsoft as a means of forcing him out. The announcement was made while Garriott was in quarantine after returning from his spaceflight in October, and the announcement claimed he was inspired by the space travel experience to pursue other interests.
On 21 November 2008, weeks after Richard's announcement, Tabula Rasa'''s development team also released an open letter indicating that the game would end public service on 28 February 2009, citing a lower than expected in-game population as the major factor for the decision. Developers also announced that any active paying player as of 10:00 AM Pacific Time on November 21, 2008 will be eligible for some rewards, including paid time on other NCsoft titles (any paying subscribers joining after that point are ineligible). On Dec 9th 2008, a letter was sent by NCsoft stating that all Tabula Rasa servers would be shut down on February 28, 2009, and that Tabula Rasa would be discontinued. The servers became free to play on January 10, 2009. On February 27, 2009, a message posted on the official website requested that players participate in a final assault, culminating with mutual destruction of AFS and Bane forces.
Litigation
Richard Garriott sued NCsoft for $24 million for damages relative to his termination from the parent company NCsoft. Garriott's allegation states that NC Soft terminated his employment, then fraudulently reported his termination as willful resignation in order to preserve the right to terminate Garriot's stock options unless he exercised them himself within 90 days of termination, forcing Garriott into a decision to purchase stock with which a loss was incurred worth dozens of millions in profit for Garriott. Additionally, the news of the termination was issued while Garriott was confined to quarantine from the space flight, which was originally intended to be a publicity move to further promote the game and increase revenue. In July 2010, an Austin District Court awarded Garriott US$28 million in his lawsuit against NCsoft, finding that the company did not appropriately handle his departure in 2008. NCsoft stated that it intended to appeal the decision. In October 2011, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit affirmed the judgment.
Reception
Publications started to release reviews mainly after 15 November 2007, 2 weeks after the game's launch, although over a dozen wrote previews based on betas and the 3-day head start for those who pre-ordered.
GameSpy gave the game 4 stars out of 5, outlining that the game's innovative combat system succeeded in redefining MMO combat, and regarded it as one of the most appealing features. Negatives were the obscure and often counterproductive crafting system, a lack of a central trading hub at the initial release and bugs involving general gameplay and reports of memory leaks.
Eurogamer gave the game 8 out of 10, praising the daring-to-be-different approach to combat and to the class/cloning system, allowing players the opportunity for experimenting easily with which career path they choose. On the negative side, the crafting system and lack of an auction house were singled out. Though technical problems were also mentioned, the review notes that a recent patch corrected many of the problems they experienced with the game in that regards.
References
External links
Tabula Rasa at NCsoft's main website
2007 video games
Inactive massively multiplayer online games
Massively multiplayer online role-playing games
NCSoft games
Persistent worlds
Role-playing video games
Science fiction video games
Video games developed in the United States
Windows games
Windows-only games
Products and services discontinued in 2009 | {'title': 'Tabula Rasa (video game)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabula%20Rasa%20%28video%20game%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Fabriciana elisa, the Corsican fritillary, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae. It is found in Corsica and Sardinia. This is a mountain butterfly, found on grassy vegetation in clearings in deciduous woods.
Description in Seitz
The wingspan is 45–60 mm. A. elisa Godt. (= cyrene Bon., eliza Lang) (69b). The same size as clara, but distinctly a transition to aglaja. Rather variable, above fiery brown-red to light orange-yellow, the black markings rather small and at the distal margin almost obsolete. The hindwing beneath entirely dusted over with green, sometimes a small patch before the distal margin excepted; the silver-spots numerous but small, angular, sometimes reduced to heavy dots or comma-spots, the central ones having usually a dark edge. — The species is restricted to the mountains of Corsica and Sardinia, where it is locally abundant in June and July, for instance on the Monte Gennargentu near Lanusei.
Biology
Adults are on wing from July to August. The larvae feed on Viola species, including Viola tricolor, Viola biflora, Viola reichenbachiana and Viola corsica. They prefer plants growing under juniper bushes.
References
Butterflies described in 1823
Fabriciana | {'title': 'Fabriciana elisa', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabriciana%20elisa', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ted Adel is a Canadian politician, who was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in the 2016 election. He represented the electoral district of Copperbelt North as a member of the Yukon Liberal Party untl his defeat in the 2021 Yukon general election.
Adel worked for Canada Post and held executive positions within the Canadian Union of Postal Workers before retiring in 2007. He worked as a real estate agent and for the Yukon Liquor Corporation before entering territorial politics.
He has a bachelor of arts from Wilfrid Laurier University.
Adel first ran unsuccessfully in the rural riding of Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes for the Yukon Liberal Party in the 2011 Yukon election, losing to New Democrat Kevin Barr. Adel was elected on November 7, 2016 as MLA for the Whitehorse riding of Copperbelt North as part of the Liberal majority government, narrowly defeating Yukon Party president Pat McInroy. He served as a member of the Standing Committee on Public Accounts, the Standing Committee on Rules, Elections and Privileges, the Standing Committee on Statutory Instruments and the Standing Committee on Appointments to Major Government Boards and Committees.
Electoral record
2016 general election
|-
| Liberal
| Ted Adel
| align="right"| 566
| align="right"| 45.1%
| align="right"| +10.8%
| NDP
| André Bourcier
| align="right"| 161
| align="right"| 12.8%
| align="right"| -0.6%
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 1256
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}
2011 general election
|-
| NDP
| Kevin Barr
| align="right"| 488
| align="right"| 46.8%
| align="right"| –
| Liberal
| Ted Adel
| align="right"| 111
| align="right"| 10.6%
| align="right"| –
|-
| First Nations Party
| Stanley James
| align="right"| 49
| align="right"| 4.7%
| align="right"| –
|-
! align=left colspan=3|Total
! align=right| 1043
! align=right| 100.0%
! align=right| –
|}
References
Yukon Liberal Party MLAs
Living people
Politicians from Whitehorse
21st-century Canadian politicians
Year of birth missing (living people)
Canadian Union of Postal Workers | {'title': 'Ted Adel', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Adel', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Murder Most Fab (2007) is the debut novel of comedian Julian Clary.
Synopsis
Still haunted by memories of his mentally ill mother and a doomed romance with a man called Timothy, rent boy Johnny Debonair moves on in the world when he breaks into the entertainment industry, eventually becoming 'Mr. Friday Night'. However, his path to fame is littered with corpses.
Told in the style of a final confession, the story follows Debonair as he finds himself drawn towards serial murder so he can maintain his hold on the spotlight.
Reviewed by Penguin Australia as "A darkly hilarious debut novel from one of Britain's best-loved entertainers" the tale is told through the protagonist's interactions with his mother, an eccentric country girl his best friend and business partner and a past lover.
Author
Julian Clary is a comedian, entertainer and novelist, who has toured across the world with his one-man shows. He became a household name in the late 1980s, and remains one of the country’s most popular (and least predictable) entertainers. Julian has appeared on numerous popular TV shows including Celebrity Big Brother (which he won), Strictly Come Dancing, This Morning, QI, Have I Got News For You and is a regular panellist on BBC Radio 4’s Just a Minute. He has starred in West End productions of Taboo and Cabaret, and appears in panto most years – he loves wearing silly clothes and lots of make up! Julian also narrates the Little Princess children’s television series. He lives in London with his husband.
Bibliographic Information
References
British crime novels
2007 British novels
2007 debut novels
Ebury Publishing books | {'title': 'Murder Most Fab', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder%20Most%20Fab', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Arturo Montiel Rojas (born October 15, 1943) is a Mexican politician affiliated with the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI). He was a governor of the State of México and a federal deputy.
Early life and education
Montiel is the son of Gregorio Montiel Monroy and Delia Rojas García. He received bachelor's degrees in public administration and accountancy from the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in 1970. He married Maude Versini Lancry in 2002, a French journalist 31 years younger than he was. They divorced in September 2007.
Political career
As a politician, he was the mayor of Naucalpan and director of civil protection at the federal Ministry of the Interior. At the state level he was secretary of economic development and presided twice over the local branch of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI).
In 1999, during his gubernatorial campaign for the State of Mexico, he portrayed himself as a tough-on-crime candidate, using a series of radio spots in which he implied that criminals did not deserve human rights protection, saying "human rights are for humans, not for rats" ("rat" being common slang for "thief"). He won the election by simple majority and served from 1999 until 2005.
On August 4, 2005, he was elected as candidate of Unidad Democrática, a political group challenging former PRI leader Roberto Madrazo for the party's candidacy for the 2006 presidential election. However, in a press conference held on October 20, he announced that he would no longer seek his party's nomination because of accusations leveled against his family in the media, including his ownership of several luxury apartments and mansions in Mexico and France.
Among other businesses he granted construction of more than 5,000 homes in an ecologically preserved community in the municipality of Atizapán de Zaragoza, the Zona Esmeralda. These new communities, shopping malls and schools were constructed on what used to be green areas and forests.
In 2013, Forbes magazine named Montiel as one of the 10 most corrupt Mexican politicians.
Family
Enrique Peña Nieto, the 57th president of Mexico, is Montiel's nephew.
References
External links
Official site of Arturo Montiel (unavailable)
México State Government: Arturo Montiel (unavailable)
Website created by ex-wife Maude Versini detailing Montiel's kidnapping of her three children
1943 births
Living people
Governors of the State of Mexico
Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Mexico)
Institutional Revolutionary Party politicians
National Autonomous University of Mexico alumni
People from Atlacomulco
Politicians from the State of Mexico
20th-century Mexican politicians
21st-century Mexican politicians | {'title': 'Arturo Montiel', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo%20Montiel', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (English translation: On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres) is the seminal work on the heliocentric theory of the astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus (1473–1543) of the Polish Renaissance. The book, first printed in 1543 in Nuremberg, Holy Roman Empire, offered an alternative model of the universe to Ptolemy's geocentric system, which had been widely accepted since ancient times.
History
Copernicus initially outlined his system in a short, untitled, anonymous manuscript that he distributed to several friends, referred to as the Commentariolus. A physician's library list dating to 1514 includes a manuscript whose description matches the Commentariolus, so Copernicus must have begun work on his new system by that time. Most historians believe that he wrote the Commentariolus after his return from Italy, possibly only after 1510. At this time, Copernicus anticipated that he could reconcile the motion of the Earth with the perceived motions of the planets easily, with fewer motions than were necessary in the Alfonsine Tables, the version of the Ptolemaic system current at the time. In particular, the heliocentric Copernican model made use of the Urdi Lemma developed in the 13th century by Mu'ayyad al-Din al-'Urdi, the first of the Maragha astronomers to develop a non-Ptolemaic model of planetary motion.
Observations of Mercury by Bernhard Walther (1430–1504) of Nuremberg, a pupil of Regiomontanus, were made available to Copernicus by Johannes Schöner, 45 observations in total, 14 of them with longitude and latitude. Copernicus used three of them in De revolutionibus, giving only longitudes, and erroneously attributing them to Schöner. Copernicus' values differed slightly from the ones published by Schöner in 1544 in Observationes XXX annorum a I. Regiomontano et B. Walthero Norimbergae habitae, [4°, Norimb. 1544].
A manuscript of De revolutionibus in Copernicus' own hand has survived. After his death, it was given to his pupil, Rheticus, who for publication had only been given a copy without annotations. Via Heidelberg, it ended up in Prague, where it was rediscovered and studied in the 19th century. Close examination of the manuscript, including the different types of paper used, helped scholars construct an approximate timetable for its composition. Apparently Copernicus began by making a few astronomical observations to provide new data to perfect his models. He may have begun writing the book while still engaged in observations. By the 1530s a substantial part of the book was complete, but Copernicus hesitated to publish. In 1536, Cardinal Nikolaus von Schönberg wrote to Copernicus and urged him to publish his manuscript.
In 1539, Georg Joachim Rheticus, a young mathematician from Wittenberg, arrived in Frauenburg (Frombork) to study with him. Rheticus read Copernicus' manuscript and immediately wrote a non-technical summary of its main theories in the form of an open letter addressed to Schöner, his astrology teacher in Nürnberg; he published this letter as the Narratio Prima in Danzig in 1540. Rheticus' friend and mentor Achilles Gasser published a second edition of the Narratio in Basel in 1541. Due to its friendly reception, Copernicus finally agreed to publication of more of his main work—in 1542, a treatise on trigonometry, which was taken from the second book of the still unpublished De revolutionibus. Rheticus published it in Copernicus' name.
Under strong pressure from Rheticus, and having seen that the first general reception of his work had not been unfavorable, Copernicus finally agreed to give the book to his close friend, Bishop Tiedemann Giese, to be delivered to Rheticus in Wittenberg for printing by Johannes Petreius at Nürnberg (Nuremberg). It was published just before Copernicus' death, in 1543.
Copernicus kept a copy of his manuscript which, sometime after his death, was sent to Rheticus in the attempt to produce an authentic, unaltered version of the book. The plan failed but the copy was found during the 18th century and was published later. It is kept at the Jagiellonian University Library in Kraków, where it remains bearing the library number BJ 10 000.
Contents
From the first edition, Copernicus' book was prefixed with an anonymous preface which argues that the following is a calculus consistent with the observations, and cannot resolve philosophical truths. Only later was this revealed to be the unauthorized interjection by Lutheran preacher Andreas Osiander, who lived in Nuremberg when the first edition was printed there. This is followed by Copernicus' own preface, where he dedicates his work to Pope Paul III and appeals to the latter's skill as a mathematician to recognize the truth of Copernicus' hypothesis.
De revolutionibus is divided into six "books" (sections or parts), following closely the layout of Ptolemy's Almagest which it updated and replaced:
Book I chapters 1–11 are a general vision of the heliocentric theory, and a summarized exposition of his cosmology. The world (heavens) is spherical, as is the Earth, and the land and water make a single globe. The celestial bodies, including the Earth, have regular circular and everlasting movements. The Earth rotates on its axis and around the Sun. Answers to why the ancients thought the Earth was central. The order of the planets around the Sun and their periodicity. Chapters 12–14 give theorems for chord geometry as well as a table of chords.
Book II describes the principles of spherical astronomy as a basis for the arguments developed in the following books and gives a comprehensive catalogue of the fixed stars.
Book III describes his work on the precession of the equinoxes and treats the apparent movements of the Sun and related phenomena.
Book IV is a similar description of the Moon and its orbital movements.
Book V explains how to calculate the positions of the wandering stars based on the heliocentric model and gives tables for the five planets.
Book VI deals with the digression in latitude from the ecliptic of the five planets.
Copernicus argued that the universe comprised eight spheres. The outermost consisted of motionless, fixed stars, with the Sun motionless at the center. The known planets revolved about the Sun, each in its own sphere, in the order: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn. The Moon, however, revolved in its sphere around the Earth. What appeared to be the daily revolution of the Sun and fixed stars around the Earth was actually the Earth's daily rotation on its own axis.
Copernicus adhered to one of the standard beliefs of his time, namely that the motions of celestial bodies must be composed of uniform circular motions. For this reason, he was unable to account for the observed apparent motion of the planets without retaining a complex system of epicycles similar to those of the Ptolemaic system.
Despite Copernicus' adherence to this aspect of ancient astronomy, his radical shift from a geocentric to a heliocentric cosmology was a serious blow to Aristotle's science—and helped usher in the Scientific Revolution.
Ad lectorem
Rheticus left Nürnberg to take up his post as professor in Leipzig. Andreas Osiander had taken over the task of supervising the printing and publication. In an effort to reduce the controversial impact of the book Osiander added his own unsigned letter Ad lectorem de hypothesibus huius operis (To the reader concerning the hypotheses of this work) printed in front of Copernicus' preface which was a dedicatory letter to Pope Paul III and which kept the title "Praefatio authoris" (to acknowledge that the unsigned letter was not by the book's author).
Osiander's letter stated that Copernicus' system was mathematics intended to aid computation and not an attempt to declare literal truth:
As even Osiander's defenders point out, the Ad lectorem "expresses views on the aim and nature of scientific theories at variance with Copernicus' claims for his own theory".
Many view Osiander's letter as a betrayal of science and Copernicus, and an attempt to pass his own thoughts off as those of the book's author. An example of this type of claim can be seen in the Catholic Encyclopedia, which states "Fortunately for him [the dying Copernicus], he could not see what Osiander had done. This reformer, knowing the attitude of Luther and Melanchthon against the heliocentric system ... without adding his own name, replaced the preface of Copernicus by another strongly contrasting in spirit with that of Copernicus."
While Osiander's motives behind the letter have been questioned by many, he has been defended by historian Bruce Wrightsman, who points out he was not an enemy of science. Osiander had many scientific connections including "Johannes Schoner, Rheticus's teacher, whom Osiander recommended for his post at the Nurnberg Gymnasium; Peter Apian of Ingolstadt University; Hieronymous Schreiber...Joachim Camerarius...Erasmus Reinhold...Joachim Rheticus...and finally, Hieronymous Cardan."
The historian Wrightsman put forward that Osiander did not sign the letter because he "was such a notorious [Protestant] reformer whose name was well-known and infamous among Catholics", so that signing would have likely caused negative scrutiny of the work of Copernicus (a loyal Catholic canon and scholar). Copernicus himself had communicated to Osiander his "own fears that his work would be scrutinized and criticized by the 'peripatetics and theologians'," and he had already been in trouble with his bishop, Johannes Dantiscus, on account of his former relationship with his mistress and friendship with Dantiscus's enemy and suspected heretic, Alexander Scultetus. It was also possible that Protestant Nurnberg could fall to the forces of the Holy Roman Emperor and since "the books of hostile theologians could be burned...why not scientific works with the names of hated theologians affixed to them?" Wrightsman also holds that this is why Copernicus did not mention his top student, Rheticus (a Lutheran) in the book's dedication to the Pope.
Osiander's interest in astronomy was theological, hoping for "improving the chronology of historical events and thus providing more accurate apocalyptic interpretations of the Bible... [he shared in] the general awareness that the calendar was not in agreement with astronomical movement and therefore, needed to be corrected by devising better models on which to base calculations." In an era before the telescope, Osiander (like most of the era's mathematical astronomers) attempted to bridge the "fundamental incompatibility between Ptolemaic astronomy and Aristotlian physics, and the need to preserve both", by taking an 'instrumentalist' position. Only the handful of "Philosophical purists like the Averroists... demanded physical consistency and thus sought for realist models."
Copernicus was hampered by his insistence on preserving the idea that celestial bodies had to travel in perfect circles — he "was still attached to classical ideas of circular motion around deferents and epicycles, and spheres." This was particularly troubling concerning the Earth because he "attached the Earth's axis rigidly to a Sun-centered sphere. The unfortunate consequence was that the terrestrial rotation axis then maintained the same inclination with respect to the Sun as the sphere turned, eliminating the seasons." To explain the seasons, he had to propose a third motion, "an annual contrary conical sweep of the terrestrial axis". It was not until the Great Comet of 1577, which moved as if there were no spheres to crash through, that the idea was challenged. In 1609, Kepler fixed Copernicus' theory by stating that the planets orbit the sun not in circles, but ellipses. Only after Kepler's refinement of Copernicus' theory was the need for deferents and epicycles abolished.
In his work, Copernicus "used conventional, hypothetical devices like epicycles...as all astronomers had done since antiquity. ...hypothetical constructs solely designed to 'save the phenomena' and aid computation". Ptolemy's theory contained a hypothesis about the epicycle of Venus that was viewed as absurd if seen as anything other than a geometrical device (its brightness and distance should have varied greatly, but they don't). "In spite of this defect in Ptolemy's theory, Copernicus' hypothesis predicts approximately the same variations." Because of the use of similar terms and similar deficiencies, Osiander could see "little technical or physical truth-gain" between one system and the other. It was this attitude towards technical astronomy that had allowed it to "function since antiquity, despite its inconsistencies with the principles of physics and the philosophical objections of Averroists."
Writing Ad lectorem, Osiander was influenced by Pico della Mirandola's idea that humanity "orders [an intellectual] cosmos out of the chaos of opinions." From Pico's writings, Osiander "learned to extract and synthesize insights from many sources without becoming the slavish follower of any of them." The effect of Pico on Osiander was tempered by the influence of Nicholas of Cusa's and his idea of coincidentia oppositorum. Rather than having Pico's focus on human effort, Osiander followed Cusa's idea that understanding the Universe and its Creator only came from divine inspiration rather than intellectual organization. From these influences, Osiander held that in the area of philosophical speculation and scientific hypothesis there are "no heretics of the intellect", but when one gets past speculation into truth-claims the Bible is the ultimate measure. By holding Copernicianism was mathematical speculation, Osiander held that it would be silly to hold it up against the accounts of the Bible.
Pico's influence on Osiander did not escape Rheticus, who reacted strongly against the Ad lectorem. As historian Robert S. Westman puts it, "The more profound source of Rheticus's ire however, was Osiander's view of astronomy as a disciple fundamentally incapable of knowing anything with certainty. For Rheticus, this extreme position surely must have resonated uncomfortably with Pico della Mirandola's attack on the foundations of divinatory astrology."
In his Disputations, Pico had made a devastating attack on astrology. Because those who were making astrological predictions relied on astronomers to tell them where the planets were, they also became a target. Pico held that since astronomers who calculate planetary positions could not agree among themselves, how were they to be held as reliable? While Pico could bring into concordance writers like Aristotle, Plato, Plotinus, Averroes, Avicenna, and Aquinas, the lack of consensus he saw in astronomy was a proof to him of its fallibility alongside astrology. Pico pointed out that the astronomers' instruments were imprecise and any imperfection of even a degree made them worthless for astrology, people should not trust astrologists because they should not trust the numbers from astronomers. Pico pointed out that astronomers couldn't even tell where the Sun appeared in the order of the planets as they orbited the Earth (some put it close to the Moon, others among the planets). How, Pico asked, could astrologists possibly claim they could read what was going on when the astronomers they relied on could offer no precision on even basic questions?
As Westman points out, to Rheticus "it would seem that Osiander now offered new grounds for endorsing Pico's conclusions: not merely was the disagreement among astronomers grounds for mistrusting the sort of knowledge that they produced, but now Osiander proclaimed that astronomers might construct a world deduced from (possibly) false premises. Thus the conflict between Piconian skepticism and secure principles for the science of the stars was built right into the complex dedicatory apparatus of De Revolutionibus itself." According to the notes of Michael Maestlin, "Rheticus...became embroiled in a very bitter wrangle with the printer [over the Ad lectorem]. Rheticus...suspected Osiander had prefaced the work; if he knew this for certain, he declared, he would rough up the fellow so violently that in future he would mind his own business."
Objecting to the Ad lectorem, Tiedemann Giese urged the Nuremberg city council to issue a correction, but this was not done, and the matter was forgotten. Jan Broscius, a supporter of Copernicus, also despaired of the Ad lectorem, writing "Ptolemy's hypothesis is the earth rests. Copernicus' hypothesis is that the earth is in motion. Can either, therefore, be true? ... Indeed, Osiander deceives much with that preface of his ... Hence, someone may well ask: How is one to know which hypothesis is truer, the Ptolemaic or the Copernican?"
Petreius had sent a copy to Hieronymus Schreiber, an astronomer from Nürnberg who had substituted for Rheticus as professor of mathematics in Wittenberg while Rheticus was in Nürnberg supervising the printing. Schreiber, who died in 1547, left in his copy of the book a note about Osiander's authorship. Via Michael Mästlin, this copy came to Johannes Kepler, who discovered what Osiander had done and methodically demonstrated that Osiander had indeed added the foreword. The most knowledgeable astronomers of the time had realized that the foreword was Osiander's doing.
Owen Gingerich gives a slightly different version: Kepler knew of Osiander's authorship since he had read about it in one of Schreiber's annotations in his copy of De Revolutionibus; Maestlin learned of the fact from Kepler. Indeed, Maestlin perused Kepler's book, up to the point of leaving a few annotations in it. However, Maestlin already suspected Osiander, because he had bought his De revolutionibus from the widow of Philipp Apian; examining his books, he had found a note attributing the introduction to Osiander.
Johannes Praetorius (1537–1616), who learned of Osiander's authorship from Rheticus during a visit to him in Kraków, wrote Osiander's name in the margin of the foreword in his copy of De revolutionibus.
All three early editions of De revolutionibus included Osiander's foreword.
Reception
Even before the 1543 publication of De revolutionibus, rumors circulated
about its central theses. Martin Luther is quoted as saying in 1539:
People gave ear to an upstart astrologer who strove to show that the earth revolves, not the heavens or the firmament, the sun and the moon ... This fool wishes to reverse the entire science of astronomy; but sacred Scripture tells us [Joshua 10:13] that Joshua commanded the sun to stand still, and not the earth.
When the book was finally published, demand was low, with an initial print run of 400 failing to sell out. Copernicus had made the book extremely technical, unreadable to all but the most advanced astronomers of the day, allowing it to disseminate into their ranks before stirring great controversy. And, like Osiander, contemporary mathematicians and astronomers encouraged its audience to view it as a useful mathematical model without necessarily being true about causes, thereby somewhat shielding it from accusations of blasphemy.
Among some astronomers, the book "at once took its place as a worthy successor to the Almagest of Ptolemy, which had hitherto been the Alpha and Omega of astronomers". Erasmus Reinhold hailed the work in 1542 and by 1551 had developed the Prutenic Tables ("Prussian Tables"; ; ) using Copernicus' methods. The Prutenic Tables, published in 1551, were used as a basis for the calendar reform instituted in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII. They were also used by sailors and maritime explorers, whose 15th-century predecessors had used Regiomontanus' Table of the Stars. In England, Robert Recorde, John Dee, Thomas Digges and William Gilbert were among those who adopted his position; in Germany, Christian Wurstisen, Christoph Rothmann and Michael Mästlin, the teacher of Johannes Kepler; in Italy, Giambattista Benedetti and Giordano Bruno whilst Franciscus Patricius accepted the rotation of the Earth. In Spain, rules published in 1561 for the curriculum of the University of Salamanca gave students the choice between studying Ptolemy or Copernicus. One of those students, Diego de Zúñiga, published an acceptance of Copernican theory in 1584.
Very soon, nevertheless, Copernicus' theory was attacked with Scripture and with the common Aristotelian proofs. In 1549, Melanchthon, Luther's principal lieutenant, wrote against Copernicus, pointing to the theory's apparent conflict with Scripture and advocating that "severe measures" be taken to restrain the impiety of Copernicans.
The works of Copernicus and Zúñiga—the latter for asserting that De revolutionibus was compatible with Catholic faith—were placed on the Index of Forbidden Books by a decree of the Sacred Congregation of March 5, 1616 (more than 70 years after Copernicus' publication):
This Holy Congregation has also learned about the spreading and acceptance by many of the false Pythagorean doctrine, altogether contrary to the Holy Scripture, that the earth moves and the sun is motionless, which is also taught by Nicholaus Copernicus' De revolutionibus orbium coelestium and by Diego de Zúñiga's In Job ... Therefore, in order that this opinion may not creep any further to the prejudice of Catholic truth, the Congregation has decided that the books by Nicolaus Copernicus [De revolutionibus] and Diego de Zúñiga [In Job] be suspended until corrected.
De revolutionibus was not formally banned but merely withdrawn from circulation, pending "corrections" that would clarify the theory's status as hypothesis. Nine sentences that represented the heliocentric system as certain were to be omitted or changed. After these corrections were prepared and formally approved in 1620 the reading of the book was permitted. But the book was never reprinted with the changes and was available in Catholic jurisdictions only to suitably qualified scholars, by special request. It remained on the Index until 1758, when Pope Benedict XIV (1740–58) removed the uncorrected book from his revised Index.
Census of copies
Arthur Koestler described De revolutionibus as "The Book That Nobody Read" saying the book "was and is an all-time worst seller", despite the fact that it was reprinted four times. Owen Gingerich, a writer on both Nicolaus Copernicus and Johannes Kepler, disproved this after a 35-year project to examine every surviving copy of the first two editions. Gingerich showed that nearly all the leading mathematicians and astronomers of the time owned and read the book; however, his analysis of the marginalia shows that they almost all ignored the cosmology at the beginning of the book and were only interested in Copernicus' new equant-free models of planetary motion in the later chapters. Also, Nicolaus Reimers in 1587 translated the book into German.
Gingerich's efforts and conclusions are recounted in The Book Nobody Read, published in 2004 by Walker & Co. His census included 276 copies of the first edition (by comparison, there are 228 extant copies of the First Folio of Shakespeare) and 325 copies of the second. The research behind this book earned its author the Polish government's Order of Merit in 1981. Due largely to Gingerich's scholarship, De revolutionibus has been researched and catalogued better than any other first-edition historic text except for the original Gutenberg Bible.
One of the copies now resides at the Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in the Miguel de Benavides Library. In January 2017, a second-edition copy was stolen as part of a heist of rare books from Heathrow Airport and remains unrecovered.
Editions
1543, Nuremberg, by Johannes Petreius a copy of this is held at University of Edinburgh, owned by an astronomer, who filled the pages with scholarly annotations, and subsequently owned by the Scottish economist Adam Smith.
1566, Basel, by Henricus Petrus
1617, Amsterdam, by Nicolaus Mulerius
1854, Warsaw, with Polish translation and the authentic preface by Copernicus.
1873, Thorn, German translation sponsored by the local Coppernicus Society, with all Copernicus' textual corrections given as footnotes.
Translations
English translations of De revolutionibus have included:
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated by C. G. Wallis, Annapolis, St John's College Bookstore, 1939. Republished in volume 16 of the Great Books of the Western World, Chicago, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1952; in the series of the same name, published by the Franklin Library, Franklin Center, Philadelphia, 1985; in volume 15 of the second edition of the Great Books, Encyclopædia Britannica, 1990; and Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1995, Great Minds Series – Science, .
On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, translated with an introduction and notes by A. M. Duncan, Newton Abbot, David & Charles, ; New York: Barnes and Noble, 1976, .
On the Revolutions; translation and commentary by Edward Rosen, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1992, . (Foundations of Natural History. Originally published in Warsaw, Poland, 1978.)
See also
List of most expensive books and manuscripts
Wittenberg interpretation of Copernicus
Notes
References
Gassendi, Pierre: The Life of Copernicus, biography (1654), with notes by Olivier Thill (2002), ()
Analyses the varieties of argument used by Copernicus.
Heilbron, J.L.: The Sun in the Church: Cathedrals as Solar Observatories. Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1999
Sobel, D, A More Perfect Heaven - How Copernicus Revolutionised the Cosmos, Bloomsbury 2011.
Swerdlow, N.M., O. Neugebauer: Mathematical astronomy in Copernicus' De revolutionibus. New York : Springer, 1984 (Studies in the history of mathematics and physical sciences ; 10)
Vermij, R.H.: The Calvinist Copernicans: The Reception of the New Astronomy in the Dutch Republic, 1575–1750 . Amsterdam : Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen, 2002
Westman, R.S., ed.: The Copernican achievement. Berkeley : University of California Press, 1975
Zinner, E.: Entstehung und Ausbreitung der coppernicanischen Lehre. 2. Aufl. durchgesehen und erg. von Heribert M. Nobis und Felix Schmeidler. München : C.H. Beck, 1988
External links
Manuscript of De Revolutionibus by Nicolaus Copernicus, from Jagiellonian Library, Poland.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Harvard University.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, from Jagiellon University, Poland.
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, from Rare Book Room.
On the Revolutions, from WebExhibits. English translation of part of Book I.
On the Revolutions, Warsaw-Cracow 1978. Full English translation.
River Campus Libraries, Book of the Month December 2005: De revolutionibus orbium coelestium
A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) from the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1566) From the Rare Book and Special Collection Division at the Library of Congress
A facsimile of De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium (1543) with annotations by Michael Maestlin from Stadtbibliothek Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen City Library)
1543 books
1543 in science
History of astronomy
Astronomy books
16th-century Latin books
Memory of the World Register
Works by Nicolaus Copernicus
Copernican Revolution | {'title': 'De revolutionibus orbium coelestium', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20revolutionibus%20orbium%20coelestium', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Titusville Historic District is a national historic district in Titusville, Crawford County, Pennsylvania.
The district includes 472 contributing buildings in the central business district and surrounding residential areas. It includes a mix of residential, commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings with the majority built after the Drake Well was established in 1859. They are in a variety of popular architectural styles including Greek Revival, Italianate, Queen Anne, and Colonial Revival.
Notable buildings include the William Barnsdell House (c. 1855), First National Bank, R.D. Fletcher's Store, Universalist Church (1865), The Corinthian Hall, Chase and Stewart Block, Kernochan and Company Building (c. 1900), Penn Movie Theater (1939), Pennsylvania Bank & Trust Co., Swedish Congregationalist Church, and the Emerson House. Located in the district and separately listed is the Titusville City Hall.
The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1985.
References
Historic districts on the National Register of Historic Places in Pennsylvania
Greek Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Italianate architecture in Pennsylvania
Queen Anne architecture in Pennsylvania
Colonial Revival architecture in Pennsylvania
Buildings and structures in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
Titusville, Pennsylvania
National Register of Historic Places in Crawford County, Pennsylvania
1985 establishments in Pennsylvania | {'title': 'Titusville Historic District (Titusville, Pennsylvania)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titusville%20Historic%20District%20%28Titusville%2C%20Pennsylvania%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Major-General Sir Percival Spearman Wilkinson (5 July 1865 – 4 November 1953) was a British Army officer who served as colonel of the Northumberland Fusiliers.
Military career
Wilkinson was commissioned into the 5th Regiment of Foot on 10 November 1883. He became Inspector General of the Royal West African Frontier Force in 1909. Promoted to major-general on 8 August 1912, he served as Commander of the 1st Secunderabad Infantry Brigade, part of the 9th (Secunderabad) Division, on internal security duties in India and then served as General Officer Commanding 50th (Northumbrian) Division on the Western Front from August 1915 until February 1918 during the First World War. He returned to command 50th (Northumbrian) Division as a peacetime formation in the UK in July 1919 before he retired on 4 July 1923. In retirement he was Chief Commissioner of St. John Ambulance.
He was colonel of the Northumberland Fusiliers from January 1915 to July 1935.
References
Sources
|-
|-
1865 births
1953 deaths
British Army major generals
British Army generals of World War I
Royal Northumberland Fusiliers officers
Royal West African Frontier Force officers
Knights Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George
Companions of the Order of the Bath
Military personnel from County Durham | {'title': 'Percival Spearman Wilkinson', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percival%20Spearman%20Wilkinson', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Frecce Tricolori (; literally "Tricolour Arrows"), officially known as the 313° Gruppo Addestramento Acrobatico, Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale (PAN) Frecce Tricolori ("313th Acrobatic Training Group, National Aerobatic Team (PAN) Frecce Tricolori"), is the aerobatic demonstration team of the Italian Air Force. Based at Rivolto Air Base, province of Udine, it was created on 1 March 1961 as a permanent group for the training of Air Force pilots in air acrobatics.
The Tricolour Arrows replaced unofficial teams that had been sponsored by various commands starting in the early 1930s. The team flies the Aermacchi MB-339-A/PAN, a two-seat fighter-trainer craft capable of 898 km/h at sea level. With ten aircraft, nine in close formation and a soloist, they are the world's largest acrobatics patrol, and their flight schedule, comprising about twenty acrobatics and about half an hour, made them the most famous in the world. It is one of national symbols of Italy.
History
Previous patrols
In Italy the first acrobatic flight school was founded in 1930 at the Udine-Campoformido Airport on the initiative of Colonel Rino Corso Fougier, commander of the 1st Fighter Wing: the first formation consisted of five Fiat C.R.20 and already on 8 June 1930 at first air show, called "Wing Day", these planes performed in a "bomb", a figure similar to the current bomb.
In the years before the World War II the patrol of the Regia Aeronautica participated in various events (to note is that in 1932 Breda Ba.19 was used, in 1934 Fiat CR.30 and from 1936 Fiat CR.32), among which in 1938 the inauguration of the Milan-Linate Airport during which the Chief Patrol was Bruno Sartori, Silver Medal of Military Valor.
After the inevitable parenthesis of the 1939-1945 period the acrobatic patrol was dissolved and reformed after the war, even if not officially classified as an acrobatic patrol. It was in fact the 51st Fighter Wing, equipped with US P-51D Mustang and British Spitfire Mk.IX aircraft, the first to perform with three Spitfires at Padua Airport in September 1947. The enthusiasm of these pilots was soon followed by some of their colleagues of the 5th Wing, which formed another aerobatic team based on Spitfire aircraft.
In 1950 a patrol called Cavallino Rampante (Prancing Horse) formed, consisting of four pilots of the 4th Wing equipped with D.H.100 Vampire aircraft. In parallel with this department, in 1953 the Guizzo (Wriggle) was established, coming from the 5th Wing and operating on F-84G Thunderjet aircraft. This unit participated by gaining considerable success at various shows throughout Europe, thanks also to the return of the acrobatic maneuver called "bomb": the four pilots at the top of a looping in formation swooped down in opposite directions, calling the plane only near the ground. The notoriety of Guizzo grew to such an extent that in 1955 he was given a film called The four of the thundering jet (in honor of the Thunderjet), and it was thanks to this film that the department officially changed its name to Getti Tonanti (Thundering Jets), continuing to perform until 1956, when they were replaced by the Tigri Bianche (White Tigers) of the 51st Fighter Wing, always mounted on F-84G.
After a successful year, this new acrobatic team gave way to the reborn Cavallino Rampante and its new F-86E Saber, which will begin operations on May 19, 1957 at the Turin Airport, reaching its peak with the exhibition at the international exhibition of aeronautics and space in Paris Air Show. Many artistic victories also derived from the fact that, for the first time in Italy, a white smoke generator was used, with which the acrobatic figures were particularly highlighted. 1957 also saw the entry into the scene of two new acrobatic departments: the Diavoli Rossi (Red Devils) and the Lanceri Neri (Black Lancers). The former were on staff at the 6th Fighter Wing, and with their F-84F Thunderstreak they achieved a great consensus among the population, as shown by their tour in the United States of America; the latter instead came from the 2nd Aerobrigata, demonstrating, with the help of the F-86E, great operational ability, which led them to fly also in Iran in 1959 in the presence of the Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
In 1959 the Getti Tonanti line-up equipped with F-84F was also reconstituted, whose livery will be modified in 1960 with the five circles of the Olympic flag on the occasion of the 1960 Summer Olympics held in Rome.
Birth of the Frecce Tricolori
Towards the end of 1960 it was decided to end this shifting between the various flocks and to found a department whose specific purpose was to form the national aerobatic team, selecting the best pilots of the various departments.
Major Mario Squarcina, leader of the Diavoli Rossi was thus commissioned by the General Staff of the Italian Air Force to establish the Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale (National Aerobatic Patrol) composed of pilots from all the Air Force departments. The 313th Aerobatic Training Group was founded on 1 March 1961 at the Rivolto Air Base. On the same day, 6 North American F-86 Sabers of the 4th Air Brigade took off from Grosseto to Rivolto. On 1 May 1961 the first official release of the Pattuglia Acrobatica Nazionale (P.A.N.) with the high program of 4 + 1 F86 Saber on the airport of Trento - Gardolo, on the occasion of the Air Show of the local Aero Club. Unfortunately, three days later, on May 3, there was an incident in flight, during which a pilot died.
The Frecce Tricolori flew on North American F-86 Sabre until 1963. The staff, initially not as numerous as today, was enlarged in 1963 to nine elements plus the soloist, adding the possibility of using colored fumes. The following year the Fiat G.91PAN fighter-bombers arrived, then moved to the current Aermacchi MB-339 A/PAN MLU in 1982.
On 28 August 1988 the PAN was the protagonist of the Ramstein accident, in which three pilots and 67 spectators lost their lives. Two of the three dead pilots, Mario Naldini and Ivo Nutarelli, were supposed to testify at the trial for the Itavia Flight 870 a few days later. This was the cause of various suspicions and conspiracy theories about what happened that day
In 2000 they reached 50,000 flying hours on the Aermacchi MB-339.
In 2005 they won the award for best exhibition at the Royal International Air Tattoo at Fairford, England. They were the first non-Russian unit to receive the Russian Silver Medal for Aeronautical Merit. On 8 September 2007 the Frecce Tricolori took part at the funeral of Luciano Pavarotti in Modena and honoured him with a fly-past leaving green-white-red smoke trails.
The replacement (scheduled for 2017) of the MB-339PAN with Alenia Aermacchi M.345 HET (High Efficiency Trainer), announced in 2013, was blocked in 2014, reconfirmed in 2016 with entry into service scheduled for 2020.
Description
Aircraft features
The livery of the Aermacchi MB-339 used by the Group is given by the characteristic tricolor band that crosses the side of the plane against a savoy blue background. The airplane's abdomen is light gray while the formation numbers are yellow stickers. For the classic Aermacchi MB-339 A under the Italian Air Force the wingtip tanks were removed for two reasons:
penalize the acrobatic performance of the aircraft, in particular the fast tonneaux due to a considerable mass placed far from the axis of rotation;
would make it more difficult to maintain tight formation during acrobatic maneuvers, partially inhibiting the view of the aircraft next to which one is flying and thus depriving the "gregari" of precise reference points for maintaining the position.
Mixed subalary tanks are thus created, containing both vaseline oil for fumes and a certain amount of fuel to partially compensate for the reduction in autonomy caused by the removal of wingtip tanks. Larger subalar fuel tanks (pylon tank), already provided for at the origin, can be installed on the external subaltern pylons for long-range transfer flights. On the occasion of the first cruise in USA-Canada (1986), special cylindrical tip tanks were set up, with a capacity much higher than that of the original elliptical tip-tank. These cylindrical tip tanks, added to the nylon tanks, provide adequate autonomy for large stops in the north Atlantic, allowing even a digression on a possible diversion airport.
The colored smoke is generated by dispersion, and is composed of vaseline oil to which non-polluting pigments are added. The escape of this compound occurs through a small tube placed in the rear exhaust of the airplane.
Formation
During the performances the formation of the acrobatic patrol is usually composed of 9 aircraft, called "Pony", each labeled with a number ranging from 1 to 10. The name "Pony" was coined by the then Captain Zeno Tascio to remember the horse of Francesco Baracca which is the sign of the 4th Wing, at the time 4th Airbase who was already preparing to take over the task PAN for the 1961. Depending on the needs of the Department, aircraft can also be 11 in total, thus including the figure of the acrobatic training manager.
Pony 0 - Commander
Pony 1 - Head of Formation
Pony 2 - 1° Left Domestique
Pony 3 - 1° Right Domestique
Pony 4 - 2° Left Domestique
Pony 5 - 2° Right Domestique
Pony 6 - 1° Tail light
Pony 7 - 3° Left Domestique
Pony 8 - 3° Right Domestique
Pony 9 - 2° Tail light
Pony 10 - Soloist
Pony 11 - Acrobatic Training Supervisor
Pony 12 - Pilot in Training
Pony 13 - Pilot in Training
Pony 14 - Pilot in Training
Pony 15 - Pilot in Training
Pony 16 - Pilot in Training
Flight programs and pilot selection
The Frecce Tricolori have three programs for performing acrobatics: high, low, and flat, depending on the weather conditions and the characteristics of the exhibition area. The high program is chosen when the cloud base is above 1,000 m and is characterized by the execution of the acrobatic figures entirely on the vertical plane; the low program is preferred instead when the clouds do not exceed 500 – 600 m and vertical maneuvers are not carried out (such as looping or the bomb); finally, the flat variant includes low-level formation maneuvers.
For several years, when possible, the PAN performances have ended with the complete line-up drawing a five km long flag of Italy in the sky while from the floor speakers the voice of Luciano Pavarotti intones the finale of Nessun dorma for the entire duration of the passage . The first realization of this maneuver took place in Pratica di Mare (frazione of Pomezia) during the farewell ceremony at the F-104 Starfighter and this earned the Frecce Tricolori the world record for the longest national flag ever made. Also for this reason, on September 8, 2007, hurtling through the Modena sky, the Frecce Tricolori paid tribute to Pavarotti whose funeral he had just held.
Only the best pilots have access to the Frecce Tricolori: each year one or two of them are chosen strictly among those who have more than 1,000 flight hours, and once they have entered they must follow a gradual insertion training program.
Incidents
Below is a list of the accidents that occurred to the pilots of the Frecce Tricolori:
See also
List of aerobatic teams
References
Sources
External links
Aermacchi MB-339 PAN for Digital Combat Simulator
Aermacchi MB-339 PAN for FlightGear
Frecce Tricolori on Airliners.net
Air14 Payerne
Italian Air Force
Italian aerobatic teams
National symbols of Italy | {'title': 'Frecce Tricolori', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecce%20Tricolori', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ferme-Neuve (French for "New Farm") is a municipality part of the Antoine-Labelle Regional County Municipality, in the Laurentides region of Quebec, Canada. It is the largest incorporated municipality of the Laurentides region.
The village is located on the shores of the Du Lièvre River and Journalists Lake, and along Quebec Route 309, about north of Mont-Laurier.
History
In the 19th century, the area began attracting loggers because of its rich red and white pine stands. In 1850, the James MacLaren logging company built a large tree farm called "La Ferme de la Montagne" that was used as a supply camp for loggers. It was sold in 1888 to Cyrille Lafontaine and inhabited by his son Léonard who became the first settler and farmer of Ferme-Neuve. In 1898, the Ferme-Neuve Post Office opened.
In 1902, a group of 8 Montreal journalists, under direction from Lomer Gouin, Minister of Colonization, built a model farm in order to attract more settlers. They also launched a public subscription to build a school. In recognition, the lake adjacent to the settlement was called Lac des Journalistes ("Lake of Journalists").
Also in 1902, the United Township Municipality of Würtele-Moreau-et-Gravel was formed, with Toussaint Cloutier as first mayor. In 1917, the Ferme-Neuve settlement separated from the united township and became an incorporated village, with Henri Berthiaume as its first mayor. In 1930, the United Township Municipality of Würtele-Moreau-et-Gravel changed statutes and was renamed to the Parish Municipality of Ferme-Neuve.
On December 24, 1997, both entities were merged again into the new Municipality of Ferme-Neuve.
Demographics
Population trend (prior to amalgamation):
Population in 1996:
Parish of Ferme-Neuve: 913
Village of Ferme-Neuve: 2178
Population in 1991:
Parish of Ferme-Neuve: 907
Village of Ferme-Neuve: 2267
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents: 1,276 (total dwellings: 1,453)
Mother tongue:
English as first language: 0.8%
French as first language: 98.8%
English and French as first language: 0%
Other as first language: 0.4%
Local government
List of former mayors:
Sylvain Leduc (...–2005)
Claude Dufour (2005–2009)
Gilbert Pilote (2009–2021)
Diane Sirard (2021–present)
See also
List of municipalities in Quebec
References
External links
Incorporated places in Laurentides
Municipalities in Quebec | {'title': 'Ferme-Neuve', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferme-Neuve', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Joe Rosen (December 25, 1920 – October 12, 2009) was an American comic book artist, primarily known for his work as a letterer. Over the course of his career with Marvel Comics and DC Comics, Rosen lettered such titles as The Fantastic Four, Captain America, Daredevil, Spider-Man, G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, The Incredible Hulk, The Further Adventures of Indiana Jones, and X-Factor. He also lettered the DC/Marvel intercompany crossover book Superman and Spider-Man.
Biography
Rosen started his career in the production department of Fawcett Comics, where he worked from 1940 to 1943. He then joined DC Comics' production department, lettering at that publisher until the mid-1950s. By then he had established a prolific freelance career, including with Harvey Comics, where he was known as speedy, professional, and a "quiet fellow." Rosen lettered almost exclusively for Harvey throughout the rest of the 1950s.
In the 1960s and early 1970s, Rosen created pencil artwork for the DC Comics romance title Girls' Love Stories. From 1969 to 1971 he also drew stories for DC's Secret Hearts. In the 1960s, while continuing to letter for DC and Harvey, Rosen also lettered for Marvel Comics, occasionally in 1968–69, and regularly from 1974 onward. Beginning in the 1980s, and throughout the rest of his career, Rosen worked almost exclusively for Marvel.
In 1975 he began lettering Daredevil. Rosen would work on 127 issues of the comic over 16 years.
His brother was Sam Rosen, also a long-time Marvel Comics letterer. Joe Rosen died October 12, 2009.
Tributes
Tom Spurgeon, the Comics Reporter:
Rick Parker, long-time letterer:
Notes
References
Kraft, David Anthony. Comics Interview #7 (Jan. 1984).
Golden Age comics creators
Silver Age comics creators
1920 births
2009 deaths
Comic book letterers
Marvel Comics people | {'title': 'Joe Rosen', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe%20Rosen', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The first series of British reality television series The Apprentice (UK) was broadcast in the UK on BBC Two, from 16 February to 4 May 2005. After securing the rights to creating a British version of American original, the BBC commissioned a total of twelve episodes, a standard that would be used for consecutive series. It is the only series not to feature a boardroom scene after a candidate quit the programme following a task. Alongside the twelve episodes that were produced, two specials were also created and aired alongside this series – "The Story so Far" on 2 April, aimed at bringing viewers up to speed on the series; and "You're Hired!" on 7 May, aired after the series finale, with a format that would be later adapted for use in The Apprentice: You're Fired when it began the following year.
Fourteen candidates took part in this programme's first series, with Tim Campbell becoming the overall winner of the series. Excluding specials, the series averaged roughly around 2.5 million viewers during its broadcast.
Series overview
Work on the series began in Autumn 2004, after the BBC successfully secured the rights to creating a British version of the American original, followed by the broadcaster receiving an agreement of acceptance from Alan Sugar to be at the head of the new programme. Involved in development of the format, Sugar worked with the production staff to determine what tasks would be faced by those participating in the series, and how he would be given feedback on these. Amongst the discussions undertaken with him, it was decided that two of Sugar's close business associates, Nick Hewer and Margaret Mountford, would star alongside him in the role of his aides, and that one of the tasks would focus on interviewing candidates who reached the penultimate stage of the process, with both Hewer and Mountford overseeing this, alongside other business associates of Sugar – Paul Kemsley, Claude Littner, and Bordan Tkachuk.
Applicants for the show were whittled down by the production staff and researchers until around fourteen candidates, consisting of a balanced mix of male and female participants, were chosen to appear in the series. As part of their first task, the candidates formed teams consisting of their respective genders – the women named their team First Forte, while the men named their team Impact. This series is unique for being the only series to date in the show's history, not to feature an extensive boardroom scene after a candidate chose to leave the programme following the fourth task, and to feature a charity-based challenge with no proper reward for the winning team. In addition, the Final of the series only allowed six "fired" candidates to return and provide assistance to the series' two finalists. The schedule for episodes was fixed towards Wednesday evenings, after the watershed period, as final edits of episodes maintained a level of content that included swearing more suitable for mature viewers than young family audiences.
Of those who took part, Tim Campbell would become the eventual winner of the series, and go on to become Project Director of Amstrad's new Health and Beauty division at the time, with his time there documented in a special episode prior to the second series, entitled "Tim in the Firing Line". In 2006, Campbell would leave the company to pursue other interests, and would go on to found the Bright Ideas Trust in 2008, offering funding and support for young people wishing to start their own business.
Candidates
Performance chart
Key:
The candidate won this series of The Apprentice.
The candidate was the runner-up.
The candidate won as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
The candidate lost as project manager on his/her team, for this task.
The candidate was on the winning team for this task / they passed the Interviews stage.
The candidate was on the losing team for this task.
The candidate was brought to the final boardroom for this task.
The candidate was fired in this task.
The candidate lost as project manager for this task and was fired.
The candidate left the competition on this task.
Episodes
References
External links
Amstrad
Saira Khan
James Max
Paul Torrisi
Rachel Groves
2005 British television seasons
01 | {'title': 'The Apprentice (British series 1)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Apprentice%20%28British%20series%201%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
is a progressive and left-wing populist political party in Japan founded by actor-turned-politician Taro Yamamoto in April 2019. The party was formed by left-wing members of the Liberal Party who opposed its merger with the Democratic Party for the People. The party won more than 4% of the vote after contesting the House of Councilors election in July 2019, gaining two seats only about three and a half months after the formation of the party.
The party is variously described as being anti-austerity, anti-establishment, and anti-nuclear power as well as supporting animal welfare, minority rights, and economic interventionism.
History
Founding
Taro Yamamoto, a member of the House of Councillors for Tokyo, founded the party on 1 April 2019. This was with the intent of standing multiple candidates, including himself, in the upcoming House of Councillors election later in the year. On 10 April, Yamamoto held a press conference and announced the party's platform.
2019 House of Councillors election
The party stood multiple candidates in the 2019 House of Councillors election. The party won 2.2 million votes in the national PR block, exceeding the 2% threshold needed to be recognised as a political party, and securing two seats. Nearly one million votes were cast for Yamamoto personally; however, because the party had nominated Yasuhiko Funago and Eiko Kimura, both of whom have disabilities, ahead of him in the party list, Yamamoto did not win a seat. The National Diet Building was adapted to allow barrier-free access for wheelchair users.
Notable party members include university professor Ayumi Yasutomi and former deputy representative of the North Korean abduction liaison Toru Hasuike.
2020 Tokyo gubernatorial election
Yamamoto was one of the 22 candidates participating in the 2020 Tokyo gubernatorial election, coming in third place with 10.72% of the votes. The party promises included a direct cash handout programme due to the COVID-19 pandemic.
2021 Japanese general election
Yamamoto joined with the leaders of the Constitutional Democratic Party, Japanese Communist Party, and Social Democratic Party in running a joint opposition coalition based on common policy goals. Yamamoto, who had been formerly running in Tokyo's 8th district, withdrew to run in the Tokyo PR block to avoid vote splitting against the CDP's Harumi Yoshida. The withdrawal came following pushback from local residents, who were hesitant to vote for Yamamoto, a "parachute candidate," over Yoshida, who had been active within the community for many years prior. The party further withdrew 7 candidates as part of the joint platform to avoid vote splitting between the opposition parties, accounting for 40% of Reiwa Shinsengumi's planned slate of candidates.
There are 20 other candidates besides Yamamoto, running under the Reiwa Shinsengumi banner. One of them is Takashi Takai, who was expelled from the Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan after ignoring COVID-19 state of emergency laws. Takai is Reiwa Shinsengumi's only sitting legislator, formerly elected on the CDP list for the Chūgoku proportional representation block. Takai will be running at Shiga Prefecture's 3rd District.
2022 House of Councillors election
Yamamoto announced his resignation from the House of Representatives he was elected to in 2021 general election, and contested in Tokyo metropolitan constituency. Reiwa gained three seats in the election: Yamamoto winning a seat in Tokyo, along with two other candidates who took up seats in the nationwide proportional representation block.
Policies
In a press conference held shortly after the founding of the party, Yamamoto announced that his party would push for the abolition of the consumption tax and instead, make the corporation tax a progressive tax and increase government bonds. In addition, he said that the party is against the construction of the Henoko base. They would also ban nuclear power entirely, raise the minimum wage to per hour with public guarantee, implement laws protecting free education, disability rights, LGBT rights, animal rights, institute a basic income of ¥30,000 (circa $283 as of September 2020) per person per month whenever inflation is below 2% (benefits would end whenever inflation is not below the threshold and resume if it goes below again), and reinforce social services.
The party has announced that it would reverse/abolish many of the laws that were revised or passed by Prime Minister Shinzō Abe if elected, including the pre-emptive anti-terrorism law such as martial law State Secrecy Law and the 2015 Japanese military legislation.
Leader
Election results
House of Representatives
House of Councillors
Tokyo gubernatorial
Tokyo prefectural
See also
Modern Monetary Theory
New Deal (France)
Notes
References
2019 establishments in Japan
Political parties established in 2019
Political parties in Japan
Animal welfare organizations based in Japan
Anti-nuclear organizations
Disability organizations based in Japan
Disability rights organizations
Economic progressivism
Left-wing parties in Asia
Left-wing populism
LGBT political advocacy groups in Japan
Liberal parties in Japan
Progressive parties
Progressive parties in Japan
Populism in Japan
Social liberal parties
Political parties supporting universal basic income | {'title': 'Reiwa Shinsengumi', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiwa%20Shinsengumi', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
En (Borger 2003 nr. 164 ; U+12097 𒂗, see also Ensí) is the Sumerian cuneiform for "lord" or "priest". Originally, it seems to have been used to designate a high priest or priestess of a Sumerian city-state's patron-deity – a position that entailed political power as well. It may also have been the original title of the ruler of Uruk. See Lugal, ensi and en for more details.
Deities including En as part of their name include DEnlil, DEnki, DEngurun, and DEnzu.
Enheduanna, Akkadian 2285 BC – 2250 BC was the first known holder of the title, "En Priestess."
Archaic forms
The corresponding Emesal dialect word was UMUN, which may preserve an archaic form of the word. Earlier Emeg̃ir (the standard dialect of Sumerian) forms can be postulated as *ewen or *emen, eventually dropping the middle consonant and becoming the familiar EN.
Amarna letters: bêlu
The 1350 BC Amarna letters use EN for bêlu, though not exclusively. The more common spelling is mostly 'be' + 'li', to make "bêlí", or its equivalent. Some example letters using cuneiform 'EN' are letters EA (for 'El Amarna') 252, EA 254, and EA 282, titled: "A demand for recognition", by Abimilku; "Neither rebel or delinquent (2)", by Labayu; and "Alone", by Shuwardata.
Most of the uses are in the letter introduction, formulaic addresses to the pharaoh, stating typically to effect:
"To the King (pharaoh), Lord-mine, (speaking) thus...." EA 254
Bodies of the letters also repeat the phraseology of "King, my Lord", sometimes doubly as in letter EA 34, (using be-li, as bêlu), "The pharaoh's reproach answered", by the King of Alashiya.
See also
LUGAL "King" or "ruler"
NIN - "Queen" or "priestess"
Bêlu - "lord" or "master"
References
Sources
Moran, William L. The Amarna Letters. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1987, 1992. (softcover, )
Sumerian titles
Men's social titles | {'title': 'EN (cuneiform)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EN%20%28cuneiform%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
in mass spectrometry, an ion funnel is a device used to focus a beam of ions using a series of stacked ring electrodes with decreasing inner diameter. A combined radio frequency and fixed electrical potential is applied to the grids. In electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), ions are created at atmospheric pressure, but are analyzed at subsequently lower pressures. Ions can be lost while they are shuttled from areas of higher to lower pressure due to the transmission process caused by a phenomenon called joule expansion or “free-jet expansion.” These ion clouds expand outward, which limits the amount of ions that reach the detector, so fewer ions are analyzed. The ion funnel refocuses and transmits ions efficiently from those areas of high to low pressure.
History
The first ion funnel was created in 1997 in the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory Pacific Northwest National Laboratory by the researchers in Richard D. Smith's lab. The ion funnel was implemented to replace the ion transmission-limited skimmer for more efficient ion capture in an ESI source. Many characteristics of the ion funnel are attributed to the stacked ring ion guide, however, the disks of an ion funnel vary in diameter down its long axis. There is a portion at the base of the ion funnel in which a series of cylindrical ring electrodes have decreasing diameters, which enables the ion cloud entering the ion funnel to be spatially dispersed. This allows for efficient transfer of the ion cloud through the conductance limiting orifice at the exit as the ion cloud becomes focused to a much smaller radial size. The DC electric field serves to push ions through the funnel. For positive ions, the front plate of the funnel has the most positive DC voltage, and subsequent plates have gradually decreasing DC components, providing added control. RF and DC electric fields are co-applied with a pseudopotential created with alternating RF polarities on adjacent electrodes. This “pseudo-potential” radially confines ions and causes instability in ions with a lower m/z (mass to charge ratio) while ions with a higher m/z are focused to the center of the funnel. The initial ion funnel design used in the Smith research lab proved inefficient for collecting ions with low m/z. Simulations suggest that decreasing the spacing between the lenses so that they are less than the diameter of the smallest ring electrode could be a plausible solution to this problem. Another issue with the design is that the funnel is susceptible to noise with fast neutrals and charged droplets at many atmospheric interfaces during the initial vacuum phase. Modifications increase the efficiency and signal to noise ratio of the ion funnel.
Some of the earliest ion funnels struggled to control gas flow as the pressure in the ion vacuum chamber was not uniform due to gas dynamic effects. The pressure at the funnel's exit was estimated to be 2 to 3 times higher than the pressure from the pressure gauge. The higher pressure required greater pumping in downstream vacuum chambers to compensate for the larger injection of gas. The discrepancy between the measured pressure and the pressure at the exit of the funnel was caused by the a sizable portion of the supersonic gas jet from the injector continuing beyond the Mach disk or shock diamond at the beginning of the funnel and continuing through until the end. The most effective resolution is the us of a jet disrupter that consists of a 9 mm diameter brass disk suspended perpendicular to the gas flow in the center of the ion funnel.
Applications
Mass spectrometry
Ion funnels are frequently used in mass spectroscopy devices to collect ions from an ionization source. Previous devices lacking an ion funnel often lost ions during the transition from ionization source to the detector of the mass spectrometer. This loss was due to the increasing number of collisions undergone by ions with other gas molecules present in the atmosphere. The introduction of the ion funnel greatly reduced the amount of ions lost during experiments by guiding ions towards a desired destination, and through modification of the number of inlets is also able to increases sensitivity of measurements taken by the mass spectrometer. Multiple inlets allow multiple electrospray emitters, reducing the flow through each individual emitter. This creates many highly efficient electrosprays at low flow rates. Multiple inlets also improve sensitivity, with a linearly arranged 19 electrospray emitter coupled to 19 inlets operating at 18 Torr giving a nine-fold increase compared to a single inlet.
Proton transfer reaction chamber
Proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry has traditionally used drift tubes as ion traps. However, radio frequency ion funnels offer an attractive alternative, as they improve compound specific sensitivity significantly. This is due to increasing the effective reaction time and focusing the ions. The same pressure ranges are required for ion funnels and drift tubes, so the technology is not difficult to implement. Ion funnels have been shown to favor transmission of ions with high m/z.
Breath analysis
Breath analysis is a convenient and non-invasive way to detect chemicals in a bodily system such as alcohol content to determine intoxication, monitor the levels of anesthetics in the body during surgical procedures, and identify performance-enhancing substances in the system of athletes. However, conventional techniques are ineffective at low concentrations. An electrospray ionization interface assisted by an ion funnel used in a linear trap quadrupole Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer was shown to greatly increase sensitivity with high resolution.
See also
Electrostatic lens
Reflectron
References
Mass spectrometry
Ions | {'title': 'Ion funnel', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20funnel', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Mitchell's embedding theorem, also known as the Freyd–Mitchell theorem or the full embedding theorem, is a result about abelian categories; it essentially states that these categories, while rather abstractly defined, are in fact concrete categories of modules. This allows one to use element-wise diagram chasing proofs in these categories. The theorem is named after Barry Mitchell and Peter Freyd.
Details
The precise statement is as follows: if A is a small abelian category, then there exists a ring R (with 1, not necessarily commutative) and a full, faithful and exact functor F: A → R-Mod (where the latter denotes the category of all left R-modules).
The functor F yields an equivalence between A and a full subcategory of R-Mod in such a way that kernels and cokernels computed in A correspond to the ordinary kernels and cokernels computed in R-Mod. Such an equivalence is necessarily additive.
The theorem thus essentially says that the objects of A can be thought of as R-modules, and the morphisms as R-linear maps, with kernels, cokernels, exact sequences and sums of morphisms being determined as in the case of modules. However, projective and injective objects in A do not necessarily correspond to projective and injective R-modules.
Sketch of the proof
Let be the category of left exact functors from the abelian category to the category of abelian groups . First we construct a contravariant embedding by for all , where is the covariant hom-functor, . The Yoneda Lemma states that is fully faithful and we also get the left exactness of very easily because is already left exact. The proof of the right exactness of is harder and can be read in Swan, Lecture Notes in Mathematics 76.
After that we prove that is an abelian category by using localization theory (also Swan). This is the hard part of the proof.
It is easy to check that the abelian category is an AB5 category with a generator
.
In other words it is a Grothendieck category and therefore has an injective cogenerator .
The endomorphism ring is the ring we need for the category of R-modules.
By we get another contravariant, exact and fully faithful embedding The composition is the desired covariant exact and fully faithful embedding.
Note that the proof of the Gabriel–Quillen embedding theorem for exact categories is almost identical.
References
reprinted with a forward as
Module theory
Additive categories
Theorems in algebra | {'title': "Mitchell's embedding theorem", 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitchell%27s%20embedding%20theorem', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Alexander Cameron (January 4, 1834 – January 14, 1917) was a physician and political figure in Quebec. He represented Huntingdon in the Legislative Assembly of Quebec from 1874 to 1892 as a Conservative and then Liberal member.
He was born in Pictou, Nova Scotia and educated at the Pictou Academy and the University of Glasgow. In 1866, he married Elizabeth McKenzie Wallace. He qualified to practise medicine in 1875 and set up practice in Huntingdon. Cameron served as a surgeon in the militia. He served as mayor of Huntingdon from 1870 to 1887 and was warden for Huntingdon County in 1882. He also served as a member of the Council of Public Instruction for Quebec. Cameron was first elected to the Quebec assembly as a Conservative in an 1874 by-election held after the death of Thomas Sanders. He was reelected in 1875 as a Liberal; that election was appealed but he won the by-election that followed in 1876. Cameron was defeated when he ran for reelection in 1892 and 1897. He died in Montreal at the age of 83.
References
1834 births
1917 deaths
Conservative Party of Quebec MNAs
Quebec Liberal Party MNAs
Mayors of places in Quebec | {'title': 'Alexander Cameron (politician)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Cameron%20%28politician%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Sean McLaughlin (pronounced Seen) is an anchor of the 10pm newscast and formerly the Chief Meteorologist at KPHO CBS 5 in Phoenix Arizona.
Career
Prior to this stint in Phoenix, McLaughlin was chief meteorologist for MSNBC, joining the United States-based 24-hour cable news television network in July 2004. He was also the meteorologist on the Sunday editions of NBC's The Today Show. He contributed to NBC Weather Plus+, NBC Nightly News, and other NBC News/MSNBC/CNBC programs. McLaughlin's prior stint in Phoenix was as the longtime Chief Meteorologist, as well as anchor and general assignment reporter at NBC affiliate KPNX Channel 12. Currently he is a meteorologist, news anchor and reporter for KPHO CBS 5 in Phoenix. McLaughlin has won several Emmys.
His hometown is Belmond, Iowa.
Education
McLaughlin graduated from Iowa State University with a bachelor's degree in broadcast journalism where he was a member of the Fraternity Tau Kappa Epsilon. He holds a certificate in meteorology from Mississippi State University.
External links
AZ Central Article on MSNBC job
MSNBC Bio
NBC Weather Plus bio
Sean McLaughlin bio
Journalism graduate is weathercaster for NBC
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
Mississippi State University alumni
American male journalists
Iowa State University alumni
NBC News people
People from Wright County, Iowa | {'title': 'Sean McLaughlin (meteorologist)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean%20McLaughlin%20%28meteorologist%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Old Northamptonians Rugby Football Club is a rugby union club located in Northampton, Northamptonshire. The first XV played in Regional 2 East Midlands in 2022-23, a sixth tier league in the English rugby union system, which replaced the previous Midlands 1 East in September 2022 as part of the RFU's league restructuring.
In its centenary season, the club won the league with three matches remaining - at that time, the playing record was Played 19, Won 18, Lost 1, Points for 691, Points against 284, Try bonuses 14, League points 86. Lutterworth and Market Harborough in second and third league placings could no longer secure enough points to take the title.
History
Old Northamptonians Rugby Football Club was founded in 1922/23 by W.C.C. Cooke, who was the headmaster of Northampton Grammar School. The Old Northamptonians played a fixture on Boxing Day 1922 on Northampton Racecourse against a Northampton Alliance team; the fixture was advertised in the local newspaper, but the result is not recorded. The fixture will be replayed during the club's centenary season, on Boxing Day 2022, this time at the home ground at Billing Road.
In the early years, ONRFC did not have their own home ground and played their fixtures at Northampton Racecourse. However in November 1936 the Old Northamptonians Association secured the lease of 17½ acres of previously agricultural land adjoining Billing Road and Park Avenue South, to provide two rugby pitches and one cricket pitch. At the time the club had rugby two teams, and with the establishment of a home ground, aspired to running four rugby teams. By the end of the 1949/50 season, the club was indeed running four teams, and the Town Planning Committee had approved plans for a clubhouse to be built.
The club has played an important role in developing players who have gone on to play for Northampton Saints, including Tom Collins and James Grayson. One of the club's most famous former players is Bob Taylor who gained 16 caps for England and 2 caps for the British Lions, as well as becoming President of the RFU in 2007.
Club honours
Regional 2 East Midlands champions: 2022-23
Midlands 3 East (South) champions: 2008-09
East Midlands/Leicestershire 3 champions: 1992–93
East Midlands/Leicestershire 2 champions: 1993–94
East Midlands/Leicestershire 1 champions: 1994–95
Midlands 1 (east v west) winners (2): 2009–10, 2014–15
Old Northamptonians have won the Northampton & District Alliance Cup 22 times, including a run of 14 consecutive titles from 2004-2017. The club regained the title in 2022, and also won the Lewis Shield and Oceanic Trophy competitions, the first time this "treble" has been achieved.
References
External links
Official club site
English rugby union teams
Rugby clubs established in 1922
Rugby union in Northamptonshire
1922 establishments in England | {'title': 'Old Northamptonians RFC', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old%20Northamptonians%20RFC', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Elburton Villa Football Club is a football club based in Elburton Village, Plymouth, England. They are currently members of the and play at Haye Road.
History
The club was established in 1982 as a successor to Elburton Red Triangle FC. They joined the Plymouth & District League and went on to win the Division One title in 1990–91. In 1992 the club were founder members of the Devon County League. The 1994–95 season saw the club win the league's Throgmorton Cup, beating Weston Mill Oak Villa in the final.
In 2007 the Devon County League merged with the South Western League to form the South West Peninsula League, with Elburton becoming members of the Premier Division. The club were relegated to Division One West after finishing bottom of the Premier Division in 2015–16. They were Division One West runners-up the following season. In 2017–18 the club finished third in Division One West and were promoted to the Premier Division in place of Stoke Gabriel, who had requested to be relegated. Following league reorganisation at the end of the 2018–19 season, they were placed in the Premier Division East.
Ground
The club play at Haye Road, opposite the King George V Playing Fields which had been home to Elburton Red Triangle. Floodlights and a 50-seat stand were installed during the 2012–13 season. The ground hosts a canteen hut, limited bar, changing rooms and toilet facilities.
Honours
Plymouth & District League
Division One champions 1990–91
Devon County League
Throgmorton Cup winners 1994–95
Records
Best FA Vase performance: Second round 2022–23
References
Football clubs in England
Football clubs in Devon
Association football clubs established in 1982
1982 establishments in England
Sport in Plymouth, Devon
Devon County League
South West Peninsula League | {'title': 'Elburton Villa F.C.', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elburton%20Villa%20F.C.', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Victorian State Football League is a former Australian rules football governing body.
The VSFL was established at the end of 1991 to take over administration of football in Victoria from the Australian Football League, which was now becoming pre-occupied with administration of the game nationally.
The VSFL ran a competition among Australian Football League teams' reserve teams from 1992 until 1999, which was also known as the VSFL from 1992 until 1994, then as the AFL Reserves from 1995 until 1999. The body also ran the Under-18s competition now known as the TAC Cup. At the end of 1994, the VSFL took over administration of the Victorian Football Association competition (which it renamed the Victorian Football League in 1996).
The VSFL was succeeded in an administrative capacity by Football Victoria (later AFL Victoria) at the end of 1999.
VSFL Premiers
The premiers and Grand Final results of the Victorian State Football League, in its capacity as the reserves competition for the Victorian clubs in the AFL were:
1992: Essendon Bombers 18.19 (127) d. Melbourne Demons 14.10 (94)
1993: Melbourne Demons 13.12 (90) d. North Melbourne Kangaroos 7.14 (56)
1994: Footscray Bulldogs 16.16 (112) d. 13.14 (92)
1995: North Melbourne Kangaroos 13.16 (94) d. Sydney Swans 11.14 (80)
1996: North Melbourne Kangaroos 23.18 (156) d. Essendon Bombers 7.10 (52)
1997: Richmond Tigers 17.12 (114) d. Hawthorn Hawks 10.10 (70)
1998: Western Bulldogs 20.16 (136) d. Essendon Bombers 12.8 (80)
1999: Essendon Bombers 20.13 (133) d. St Kilda Saints 11.10 (76)
All Grand Finals were played as curtain-raisers to the AFL Grand Final.
References
Australian rules football governing bodies
Australian rules football in Victoria (Australia)
Sports leagues established in 1991
1991 establishments in Australia | {'title': 'Victorian State Football League', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victorian%20State%20Football%20League', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Guy Tirolien (; February 13, 1917 – March 8, 1988) was a Guadeloupean poet. He was born in Point-à-Pitre and died at the age of 71 in Marie-Galante.
Biography
Guy Tirolien was born in Point-à-Pitre, Guadelope to Furcie Tirolen and Léontine Alméda Colonneau. He was a part of the Négritude ideological movement. He was also a colonial administrator in Cameroon and Mali, where he met several figures of the Harlem Renaissance. However, he was taken prisoner during World War II. Afterwards, he worked as an international civil servant, representing the UN, notably in Mali and Gabon. He is the grandfather of singer-songwriter Malika Tirolien.
Work
Tirolen is known as the author of "Prière d'un petit enfant nègre" (1943), a poem included in his book "Balles d'or" published by Présence Africaine. The poem is about a black child who does not want to go to the white school. He also wrote "Feuilles vivantes au matin" under the same publisher.
Selected works
Balles d'or, published by Présence Africaine in 1961 and 1995
Feuilles vivantes au matin, published by Présence Africaine in 1977
De Marie-Galante à une poétique afro-antillaise, published by L'Harmattan, collected by Monde Caraïbe
1917 births
1988 deaths
Guadeloupean poets
20th-century French poets
French male poets
20th-century French male writers | {'title': 'Guy Tirolien', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%20Tirolien', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Al Khor Towers are three historical watchtowers found on Qatar's eastern coast, in the city of Al Khor. Having been built overlooking the Al Khor Harbour, their purpose was defensive; not only keeping watch over incoming ships, but also positioned to observe the Ain Hleetan Well. This particular well, believed to confer magical properties unto those who nourished themselves with its water, was the primary lifeline for settlement at Al Khor.
History
The towers are thought to date to c. 1900.
Architecture
Their walls are roughly -thick. Barrel-like in shape, the materials used to construct them was a mixture of mud and locally derived stone. They are each approximately -tall, allowing the guards stationed atop them with an ideal vantage point. Arrow-shaped designs were carved into the parapets. Tiny openings near the tower roofs were created with the intent of offering protection to defenders who would lob projectiles in cases of invasion. Ropes were required to reach the top of the towers.
References
Al Khor
Forts in Qatar | {'title': 'Al Khor Towers', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%20Khor%20Towers', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Iowa–South Dakota League was a minor league baseball circuit that operated from 1902 to 1903 in the states of Iowa and South Dakota. The league was a Class D level league in both seasons. The Sioux Falls Canaries (1902) and Le Mars Blackbirds (1903) won the league championships.
History
The Iowa–South Dakota League contained six teams in its inaugural season, before being reduced to three in the final season. The Flandreau Indians, Le Mars Blackbirds, Rock Rapids Browns, Sheldon, Sioux City Cornhuskers and Sioux Falls Canaries were the charter members in 1902.
The Sioux Falls Canaries won the championship in 1902, with the Le Mars Blackbirds capturing the 1903 Iowa–South Dakota League final championship.
The 1903 president of the Iowa-South Dakota League was J. U. Sammism, a Le Mars, Iowa attorney.
Cities represented
Council Bluffs, Iowa: Council Bluffs Bluffers (1903)
Flandreau, South Dakota: Flandreau Indians (1902)
Le Mars, Iowa: Le Mars Blackbirds (1902–1903)
Rock Rapids, Iowa: Rock Rapids Browns (1902)
Sheldon, Iowa: Sheldon (1902)
Sheldon, Iowa and Primghar, Iowa: Sheldon-Primghar Hyphens (1903)
Sioux City, Iowa: Sioux City Cornhuskers 1902; Sioux City Soos (1903)
Sioux Falls, South Dakota: Sioux Falls Canaries (1902–1903)
Standings & statistics
1902 Iowa-South Dakota League
schedule
Flandreau joined on June 20, and was awarded a record of (9–9), which made its overall first-half record 31–22.Flandreau won the second half and folded before the playoff against Sioux Falls.
1903 Iowa-South Dakota League
Council Bluffs folded on June 20 with a record of 1–22. On June 25, Council Bluffs transferred to Sheldon–Primghar, which was awarded a record of 14–11.
MLB alumni
Bob Black (Cornhuskers/Sioux)
George Bristow (Blackbirds)
Jim Buchanan (Blackbirds)
Fred Carisch (Canaries)
Bill Carney (Indians)
Homer Hillebrand (Indians)
Pete Lister (Blackbirds)
Bill Moriarty (Cornhuskers)
Peaches O'Neill (Blackbirds)
Branch Rickey (Blackbirds)
Shag Shaughnessy (Soos)
Dan Stearns (Indians)
Babe Towne (Browns)
References/Sources
Johnson, Lloyd; Wolff, Miles (2007). The Encyclopedia of Minor League Baseball. Baseball America (Third edition).
Baseball Reference – Iowa-South Dakota League (D) Encyclopedia and History
1902 establishments in South Dakota
1902 establishments in Iowa
1903 disestablishments in Iowa
1903 disestablishments in South Dakota
Baseball leagues in Iowa
Baseball leagues in South Dakota
Defunct minor baseball leagues in the United States
Sports leagues established in 1902
Sports leagues disestablished in 1903 | {'title': 'Iowa–South Dakota League', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa%E2%80%93South%20Dakota%20League', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
This is a list of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands
First millennium
Although there are indications that missionary efforts created small places of Christian worship in various places in the islands before 450 A.D. the first proper evidence of Christianity is recorded as coming to the Islands around 520 A.D. when Samson of Dol visited Guernsey and in
540 A.D. when Helier arrived in Jersey, living as a hermit until he was killed by pirates.
The "pirates" grew in strength. In 911 A.D., a group of "pirates", or Vikings led by Rollo besieged Paris and Chartres. After a victory near Chartres on 26 August, Charles the Simple decided to negotiate with Rollo, resulting in the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte. For the Vikings' loyalty, they were granted all the land between the river Epte and the sea, as well as Brittany, which at the time was an independent country which France had unsuccessfully tried to conquer. Rollo also agreed to be baptised and to marry Charles' daughter, Gisela. The land would become known as "Normandy", the land of the North Men and included "Les Îles d'la Manche" or the Channel Islands. Religion was strengthened with the arrival and conversion of the Normans to Christianity, in the 10th century.
Second millennium
There were many churches built by the Normans in the 11th and 12th centuries, many on top of previous chapels which were themselves alongside pagan places of worship, the islands being divided up into parishes in the 11th century and land areas granted by endowment to French-based religious centres, Mont Saint Michel Abbey received four and Marmoutier Abbey, Tours six from Guernsey, Cerisy-la-Forêt acquired two in Jersey, but most other Jersey parishes were scattered amongst other people and institutions.
The Islands embraced the French Calvinist form of Protestantism during the Reformation Roman Catholicism continued until orders were received to remove all signs of Catholicism in 1547. A brief return to Catholicism saw the three women turned into martyrs before another turn, back to the Protestant faith and a fear of France and Catholics. Methodism took a stronghold at the end of the 18th century.
The Little Chapel in Guernsey has been said that it "is the smallest functioning chapel in Europe, if not the world", and it is "believed to be the world’s smallest consecrated church."
At least three churches in Guernsey have pre-history carved stones, the most famous being La Gran'mère du Chimquière. In Jersey, at La Hougue Bie a 12th-century chapel was built on a Neolithic ritual site which was in use around 3500 BC. In Western Europe, it is one of the largest and best preserved passage graves. Several churches, including Castel Church, Guernsey, have been built using materials dating back to the Roman Empire. St Saviour Church in Guernsey has a number of tunnels running underneath, built by the Organisation Todt for Nazi Germany in the 1940s.
The historic toleration of religious minorities has led to many persecuted minorities seeking refuge in the Islands, such as Huguenots from 1548. The influx of the Protestant refugees led to Calvinism becoming the main religion, forcing a break from the Roman Catholic Diocese of Coutances in 1568 to the Bishop of Winchester. Religion became strictly enforced with physical punishments (whippings, stocks, imprisonment) and torture to get confessions for Channel Islands Witch Trials for 100 years, ending only with the Act of Uniformity 1662 of Charles II of England. In the English Civil War Guernsey, with stronger puritanical sympathies supported Parliament whereas Jersey was happy to restore episcopalian constitutions, siding with the Royalists.
A famous refugee Guernsey in 1855 was Victor Hugo who increasingly expressed anti-Catholic and anti-clerical views. Hugo counted 740 attacks on a book he wrote whilst in Guernsey, Les Misérables in the Catholic press. The last major act of non-toleration goes back to 1556, with the Guernsey Martyrs who died for their Protestant faith. The Island's toleration has left a rich legacy of churches, chapels and places of worship.
The maintenance of parish churches was, before the Reformation, the responsibility of the Catholic Church. To avoid the English Crown taking over responsibility as successor, Charles II in 1677 instructed the Guernsey churchwardens to raise monies from the parishioners.
In 1893 a religious census was undertaken in Guernsey showing around 50% of the population attended:
Anglican – 17 places – 5,998 attendants
French Wesleyan – 17 places – 2,989 attendants
Salvation Army – 4 places – 1,941 attendants
English Wesleyan – 6 places – 1,783 attendants
English R.C. – 2 places – 1,021 attendants
Baptist – 6 places – 663 attendants
French R.C. – 2 places – 588 attendants
Independent – 5 places – 533 attendants
Brethren – 6 places – 507 attendants
New Connexion – 1 place – 452 attendants
Primitive Methodist – 2 places – 315 attendants
Other – 7 places – 800 attendants
Third millennium
The 2010 breakdown of followers in the Channel Islands:
Christians 84%
Agnostics 14%
Atheists 1%
Other religions 1%
In 2022 the Anglican churches moved from under Winchester, where they had been for 500 years, to the Diocese of Salisbury.
Religions
Anglicanism – The Deanery of Guernsey of the Church of England comes under the Diocese of Salisbury, but until 2015 was under the Diocese of Winchester.
Baptists – The Baptist Christian faith has been practised in Guernsey for over 200 years.
Church of Scotland – The Church has very few churches outside Scotland, but both Guernsey and Jersey have kirks. They were established, partly to cater for the Scottish soldiers who regularly provided garrison duties.
Elim Pentecostal Church – For over 100 years there has been a Pentecostal Church in the Islands, with Elim expanding in the 1930s.
Evangelicalism – Auxiliary Associations existed in Gernsey and Jersey in 1814
Greater World Christian Spiritualism – held its first service in Jersey in 1935.
Islam – There are no mosques or meeting places in Guernsey, Jersey has a meeting house.
Judaism – Jews first established a synagogue in Saint Helier in 1843.
Jehovah's Witnesses – Two English congregations and one Portuguese group in Guernsey. Three English congregations and one Portuguese congregation in Jersey.
Methodism – Methodism reached Jersey in 1774. The first Methodist minister in Jersey was appointed in 1783, and John Wesley preached in Guernsey in 1787 and in Jersey in August 1789. The first Wesleyan chapel was built in Guernsey in 1788 opposite the Royal Court. Channel Islands District of the Methodist Church
Newfrontiers – A network of evangelical charismatic churches. Represented in Guernsey.
Portuguese Christian Mission – Established in Jersey in 2009 to cater for the Portuguese Protestant community.
Quakers – The Religious Society of Friends believed to have been active in Jersey around 1660. Recognised in the Island in 1742. In Guernsey they formed a society in 1782.
Roman Catholic – The Catholic parishes in the Channel Islands, along with the Isle of Wight, are part of the English Diocese of Portsmouth.
Salvation Army – Founded in Jersey in 1879 and in Guernsey in 1881 and in Alderney in 1882. The Army's founders, Catherine and William Booth, had visited Guernsey in 1855 shortly after their marriage and preached. Marie Ozanne died for her beliefs in Guernsey in 1943.
United Reformed Church was formed in 1972 when the Presbyterian Church of England and the Congregational Church of England came together. Presbyterian churches have served the Islands for over 100 years.
Zion Christian Fellowship – Founded in Guernsey in 1988.
List of buildings
This list is incomplete. Please feel free to expand it.
See also
Religion in Jersey
History of the Jews in Jersey
History of the Jews in Guernsey
Channel Islands
References
Religion in Guernsey
Religious buildings and structures in Guernsey
Religion in Jersey
C | {'title': 'List of churches, chapels and meeting halls in the Channel Islands', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20churches%2C%20chapels%20and%20meeting%20halls%20in%20the%20Channel%20Islands', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Lans-Naik Tejbir Bura was a Nepalese army officer, mountaineer and a gold medalist in mixed alpinism, as he was recognized during the 1924 Winter Olympics for his participation in the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition. He worked as a NCO of the Nepalese Army, which was called the Gurkha Army at that time. Tejbir was promoted to become an officer in the British India Army, a position in which he achieved the military rank of Naik, which in India is equal to the rank of Corporal.
Tejbir Bura was part of the 1922 British Mount Everest expedition, an attempt to climb Mount Everest, which was led by Charles Granville Bruce. The father of the Modern Olympics, Pierre de Coubertin stated that an Olympic medal should be awarded to the Mount Everest climbers who were part of the 1922 Mount Everest expedition. The athletes who were part of that expedition received gold medals at the 1924 Winter Olympics, although they are not considered in the medal tallies of the International Olympic Committee. Tejbir Bura was the first Nepalese to win an Olympic medal, and he is still regarded as the only gold medalist for Nepal in its Olympic history, despite that his medal isn't recognised as official according to the rules of the IOC.
See also
Nepal at the Olympics
References
External links
Profile at Sports-Reference.com
Gurkhas
Nepalese mountain climbers | {'title': 'Tejbir Bura', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tejbir%20Bura', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
WebYeshiva.org is a pioneering
online yeshiva and midrasha.
It is unique in that its classes are presented live, and are fully interactive, replicating the structure of a traditional shiur.
Its offering extends through Semicha (Rabbinic ordination).
It was founded in November 2007 by Rabbi Chaim Brovender
and is directed by Rabbi Jeffrey Saks.
WebYeshiva is a project of the Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions (ATID).
It is headquartered on HaNassi St., in Jerusalem, near the President's House.
Structure and approach
The Yeshiva's goal is to offer Torah classes to students around the world via the internet;
it draws on the large resource of quality teachers with high levels of study and knowledge in and around Jerusalem.
WebYeshiva offers advanced course-based Torah study for men and women,
including classes in Talmud (4 levels offered), Tanach (Bible), Halacha (Jewish law), Chassidut, and Machshava (Jewish philosophy);
some are offered in various languages (Hungarian, Spanish, Russian, Hebrew, Yiddish).
Its offering thus replicates that of a traditional Yeshiva; see .
Students may learn live, fully interacting with the teacher and other students.
For students who cannot attend live, all classes are recorded in several formats (mp3, mp4, WebEx) and archived within 24 hours. This gives students the option of downloading the classes and learning on their own time.
Programs
In 2010, WebYeshiva launched TorahTutors.org, which aimed to create programs fitted to the needs of the user, including professionals looking for chavruta (learning partner) study, Jewish day school students requiring a tutor for Torah subjects, or Jewish homeschooling.
In 2013, WebYeshiva launched an advanced track, the "Halacha Mastery Program",
focused on in-depth study of the major practical halachic topics - Shabbat, Kashrut, Niddah, Avelut - with their sources.
The program is offered to men and women with a sufficient background, and spans three-years (it is tuition-based; courses may be taken either synchronously over three years or via self-paced archive study).
It comprises six courses (~22 weeks each), three mandatory and three elective, where each requires sitting a midterm and then final examination.
Students who complete all courses and pass the tests, receive a certificate.
From 2016, male students who complete the Halacha Mastery Program may proceed to an intensive Semicha (ordination) track.
In 2017 WebYeshiva first gave rabbinical ordination to students completing the track and its requirements; the Semicha certificate is signed by Rabbi Brovender and Rabbi David Fink (see faculty listing below).
The ordination requires students to complete three further examined courses, two Intensive and one Survey:
An intensive course covering the principles underpinning Rabbinic decision making;
Shabbat observance in further, intensive, detail, applying these principles (content mirroring the semicha test of the late Rabbi Zalman Nechemia Goldberg);
Other topics re Shabbat, in survey.
In 2015, WebYeshiva launched an online sofer stam certification program for men. The (discontinued) course was ten weeks, with each session lasting 90 minutes and upon completion of all course materials and passing the exam students may be certified as a Sofer Stam, a Jewish ritual scribe.
Notable partnerships
Webyeshiva partners with the S.Y. Agnon House in Jerusalem by offering courses on the writer's works that are broadcast directly from his residence.
Notable educators
Founders
Rabbi Chaim Brovender is the Rosh Yeshiva of WebYeshiva.org and President of ATID. He is the founding Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Hamivtar and Michlelet Bruria (today, Midreshet Lindenbaum). Rabbi Brovender was one of the first Orthodox Jewish rabbis to teach Talmud to women, and most WebYeshiva classes have both male and female students.
Rabbi Jeffrey Saks is the founding Director of ATID, and as of February 2019 is editor of the journal “Tradition.” He received his bachelor's degree, master's degree, and rabbinical ordination from Yeshiva University.
Other notable faculty
Rabbi David Fink, a well-known and an authoritative posek in Jerusalem. He received his Rabbinic ordination from Yeshivas Itri and the Mir Yeshiva in Jerusalem, and was awarded his Ph.D in Semitic languages and Linguistics from Yale University. He has been actively teaching for more than three decades.
Rabbi Yitzchak Blau, Rosh Yeshiva of Yeshivat Orayta. He was Rosh Kollel at Yeshivat Shvilei Hatorah, and previously taught at Yeshivat Hamivtar and at the Yeshivah of Flatbush High School. He holds a BA, MA and Semicha from YU / RIETS.
Rabbi Dr. Gidon Rothstein a Rosh Kollel, published author, and Community Rabbi; he holds rabbinical ordination from Yeshiva University and a Ph.D. in Midrash from Harvard University.
Rabbi Shlomo Katz, a well known singer, former chaplain (of Cedars Sinai Hospital), and currently Rabbi of the Shirat David synagogue and learning center in Efrat, Israel. He received his rabbinical ordination from Rabbi Zalman Nechemia Goldberg and from Rabbi Chaim Brovender.
References
External links
WebYeshiva.org Website (English)
WebYeshiva.ru Website (Russian)
WebYeshiva Blog
TorahTutors.org
The Academy for Torah Initiatives and Directions
Halacha Mastery Program website
Semicha site
Educational institutions established in 2007
Orthodox yeshivas in Israel
Israeli educational websites
Judaism websites
2007 establishments in Israel | {'title': 'WebYeshiva', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WebYeshiva', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Charles John Klosterman (; born 1972) is an American author and essayist whose work focuses on American popular culture. He has been a columnist for Esquire and ESPN.com and wrote "The Ethicist" column for The New York Times Magazine. Klosterman is the author of twelve books, including two novels and the essay collection Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto. He was awarded the ASCAP Deems Taylor award for music criticism in 2002.
Early life
Klosterman was born in Breckenridge, Minnesota, the youngest of seven children of Florence and William Klosterman. He is of German and Polish descent. He grew up on a farm in nearby Wyndmere, North Dakota, and was raised Roman Catholic. He graduated from Wyndmere High School in 1990 and from the University of North Dakota in 1994.
Career
After college, Klosterman was a journalist in Fargo, North Dakota, and later a reporter and arts critic for the Akron Beacon Journal in Akron, Ohio, before moving to New York City in 2002. From 2002 to 2006, Klosterman was a senior writer and columnist for Spin. He has written for GQ, Esquire, The New York Times Magazine, The Believer, The Guardian, and The Washington Post.
His magazine work has been anthologized in Da Capo Press's Best Music Writing, Best American Travel Writing, and The Best American Nonrequired Reading.
Though initially recognized for his rock writing, Klosterman has written extensively about sports and began contributing articles to ESPN's Page 2 on November 8, 2005.
In 2008, Klosterman spent the summer as the Picador Guest Professor for Literature at the Leipzig University's Institute for American Studies in Germany.
Klosterman was an original member of Grantland, a now-defunct sports and pop culture web site owned by ESPN and founded by Bill Simmons. Klosterman was a consulting editor. In 2020, he co-hosted a podcast titled "Music Exists" with Chris Ryan as part of The Ringer podcast network.
He also appeared in three episodes of the Adult Swim web feature Carl's Stone Cold Lock of the Century of the Week, discussing the year's football games as an animated version of himself and trying (unsuccessfully) to plug his book as Carl cuts him off each time. He quickly vanished after, with Carl giving the explanation of "He had to go do a book tour and also he didn't like how I kept calling him 'pencilneck'".
In 2012, Klosterman appeared in the documentary Shut Up and Play the Hits about musical group LCD Soundsystem; Klosterman's extended interview with the group's frontman James Murphy is woven throughout the film.
His eighth book, titled I Wear the Black Hat, was published in 2013. It focuses on the paradox of villainy within a heavily mediated culture.
In 2015, Klosterman appeared on episodes 6 and 7 of the first season of IFC show Documentary Now! as a music critic for the fictional band "The Blue Jean Committee".
His best-selling ninth book, But What If We're Wrong? Thinking About the Present As If It Were the Past, was published June 7, 2016. It visualizes the contemporary world as it will appear in the future to those who will perceive it as the distant past.
In 2021, Klosterman appeared on the podcast Storybound, backed by an original Storybound remix with Portico Quartet.
His 12th book, The Nineties, debuted at No. 2 on The New York Times nonfiction bestseller list on February 27, 2022.
Personal life
In 2009, Klosterman married journalist Melissa Maerz. They have two children.
Books
Klosterman is the author of 12 books and two sets of cards.
Non-fiction
Fargo Rock City: A Heavy Metal Odyssey in Rural Nörth Daköta (2001), a humorous memoir/history on the phenomenon of glam metal
Killing Yourself to Live: 85% of a True Story (2005), a road narrative focused on the relationship between rock music, mortality, and romantic love
I Wear the Black Hat: Grappling with Villains (Real and Imagined) (2013)
But What If We're Wrong? Thinking About the Present As If It Were the Past (2016)
The Nineties (2022)
Essay collections
Sex, Drugs, and Cocoa Puffs: A Low Culture Manifesto (2003), a best-selling collection of original pop culture essays
Chuck Klosterman IV: A Decade of Curious People and Dangerous Ideas (2006), a collection of articles, previously published columns, and a semi-autobiographical novella
Eating the Dinosaur (2009), an original collection of essays on media, technology, celebrity, and perception
Chuck Klosterman X: A Highly Specific, Defiantly Incomplete History of the Early 21st Century (2017), a collection of previously published essays and features
Fiction
Downtown Owl: A Novel (2008), a novel describing life in the fictional town of Owl, North Dakota
The Visible Man: A Novel (2011), a novel about a man who uses invisibility to observe others
Raised in Captivity (2019), a collection of 34 essayistic short stories, described as "fictional nonfiction"
Card sets
HYPERtheticals: 50 Questions for Insane Conversations (2010), a set of 50 cards featuring hypothetical questions
SUPERtheticals: 50 Questions for Strange Conversations (2020), another set of 50 cards featuring hypothetical questions
References
External links
Chuck Klosterman at Simon & Schuster
1972 births
20th-century American journalists
20th-century American male writers
20th-century American non-fiction writers
21st-century American journalists
21st-century American male writers
21st-century American non-fiction writers
American essayists
American humorists
American male non-fiction writers
American music critics
American music journalists
American people of German descent
American people of Polish descent
ESPN.com
Esquire (magazine) people
Former Roman Catholics
Living people
People from Breckenridge, Minnesota
People from Richland County, North Dakota
Sportswriters from New York (state)
The New York Times Magazine
University of North Dakota alumni
Writers from Minnesota
Writers from New York City
Writers from North Dakota
Writers from Ohio | {'title': 'Chuck Klosterman', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck%20Klosterman', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Charles Edward Kelly (born November 25, 1963) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the UCLA Bruins. He came to prominence as the head coach of the Oregon Ducks from 2009 to 2012, whom he led to four consecutive BCS bowl game appearances, including the 2011 BCS National Championship Game. This success led to him serving as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for four seasons, three with the Philadelphia Eagles (2013–2015) and one with the San Francisco 49ers (2016). Kelly only made the playoffs in his first season with Philadelphia, and he was fired from both teams. After leaving the NFL, Kelly returned to college football in 2018 to coach UCLA.
Early life and education
Kelly was born in Dover, New Hampshire. He attended Manchester Central High School and earned his Bachelor of Science in physical education from the University of New Hampshire in 1990. He played quarterback at Manchester Central and defensive back at the University of New Hampshire. Additionally, he played ice hockey and basketball during his high school years.
Coaching career
Early coaching years
Kelly broke into the coaching ranks in 1990 at Columbia University, where he served as secondary and special teams coach for the freshman team. The next year, he was outside linebackers and strong safeties coach for the varsity team. In 1992, he went to the University of New Hampshire as the running backs coach. He left to become the defensive coordinator at the Johns Hopkins University for one season. He returned to his alma mater as the running backs coach for the next three seasons (1994–96). He was just in time to devise a zone-blocking scheme for star Jerry Azumah. From 1995 through 1998, the speedy back raised the profile of UNH football as he rushed for what was then an FCS record 6,193 yards. He changed to the offensive line coach for two seasons (1997–98).
Kelly was promoted to offensive coordinator at New Hampshire (1999–2006). The Wildcats' offenses averaged better than 400 yards per game of total offense in seven of his eight seasons
In 2004, the school broke 29 offensive school records; compiling 5,446 yards of total offense and scoring 40 or more points in seven games. Their best offensive output was in 2005 when the Wildcats finished second nationally in total offense (493.5 ypg), third in scoring (41.7 ppg) and fifth in passing (300.1 ypg). They completed the season with an 11–2 record.
He was named the College Assistant Coach of the Year by the Gridiron Club of Greater Boston following the 2005 season in addition to being selected as "one of college football's hottest coaches" by American Football Monthly. In 2006, quarterback Ricky Santos won the Walter Payton Award under Kelly's guidance, after Santos finished second in balloting for the award in 2005.
Kelly, along with Florida Gators former head coach Dan Mullen, former Winnipeg Blue Bombers offensive coordinator Gary Crowton, and Ohio State head coach Ryan Day, are part of the so-called "New Hampshire mafia" as they all have strong connections to New Hampshire.
Oregon Ducks (2007–2012)
Kelly coached the Oregon Ducks to BCS games in each of his four seasons as head coach; the 2010 Rose Bowl, 2011 BCS National Championship Game, 2012 Rose Bowl, and 2013 Fiesta Bowl. He coached Oregon to three consecutive outright conference championships from 2009 to 2011 and a conference division title in 2012. Oregon won its second consecutive BCS bowl game after they defeated #5 Kansas State in the 2013 Fiesta Bowl. What may be considered the most important part of Kelly's résumé at Oregon, however, is that he posted undefeated records against the Ducks most hated rivals, the Oregon State Beavers and the Washington Huskies, something never before achieved by an Oregon coach.
He was named the 2009 and 2010 Pac-10 Coach of the Year, 2010 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year, 2010 Walter Camp Coach of the Year, 2010 Sporting News Coach of the Year, 2010 AFCA Coach of the Year Award, and 2010 Associated Press Coach of the Year.
Offensive coordinator
Kelly was hired as offensive coordinator at Oregon in February 2007. His potent spread offense attack was an instant success at Oregon.
In his first season as offensive coordinator at Oregon, the Ducks led the Pac-10 in scoring (38.15 ppg) and total offense (467.54 ypg), and also became the highest scoring team while amassing the most yards in the history of Oregon football. Prior to Kelly's arrival at Oregon, Dennis Dixon struggled in his first three seasons at quarterback. Under Kelly's guidance, Dixon was the Pac-10 Offensive Player of the Year and emerged as a Heisman Trophy candidate.
In 2008, the Ducks once again led the Pac-10 in scoring (41.9 ppg) and total offense (484.8 ypg), while breaking the school record marks set the previous season.
Head coach
On March 31, 2009, Oregon announced head coach Mike Bellotti would be promoted to athletic director; consequently, Kelly would be promoted to head coach.
2009 season
Kelly helped the Ducks gain national attention in 2009 after an upset of the then #5 USC Trojans on October 31. Kelly became the first Pac-10 coach to win an outright conference championship in his first season, sending the Ducks to the Rose Bowl for the first time since 1995. The Ducks hoped to win their first Rose Bowl since 1917, but lost a close game to Ohio State University. On December 7, 2009, Kelly was named Pac-10 Coach of the year. He was the second Ducks coach to earn the honor, the other being Rich Brooks (two times).
2010 season
Prior to the 2010 season, Kelly suspended Jeremiah Masoli for the season after the quarterback pleaded guilty to second-degree burglary charges, marking the second year in a row that a key player was suspended. Masoli was later dismissed from the team following an arrest for marijuana possession and several driving infractions.
In early October, Kelly led the team to a #1 spot on the AP, Harris, and USA Today Coaches Poll, followed a few weeks later by a #1 BCS ranking. With a 37–20 win over the Oregon State Beavers on December 4, 2010, Kelly led the Ducks to a 9–0 finish in conference play, winning their second consecutive outright Pac-10 title. With Darron Thomas at quarterback and Doak Walker Award winner LaMichael James at running back, the Ducks averaged 49.3 points and 537.5 yards per game in the regular season.
In December, following an undefeated 12–0 season and an end-of-season #2 BCS ranking, Oregon was selected to play the #1 Auburn Tigers in the BCS national championship game on January 10, 2011. The Tigers, out of the Southeastern Conference, were coached by Gene Chizik, and had the Heisman Trophy winner at quarterback in Cam Newton. The Ducks lost, 22–19, on a last-second, 19-yard field goal by Wes Byrum. It was the closest that a team from the Pacific Northwest has come to winning a share of the national championship since 1991.
In recognition of his coaching achievements, Kelly received the Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year award, the Walter Camp Coach of the Year award and was named Pac-10 Coach of the Year for the second year running. Kelly also won the AP Coach of the Year.
2011 season
The 2011 season began with the #3 Ducks facing the #4 LSU Tigers in the Cowboys Classic where they were defeated 40–27. Oregon won their next nine games, including a 53–30 blowout victory at #3 Stanford.
A consecutive trip back to the BCS Championship appeared to be a strong possibility, but they were defeated 38–35 by #18 USC when an Oregon field goal attempt failed as time expired.
The Ducks won their third straight Pac-12 championship title after defeating UCLA in the inaugural Pac-12 Football Championship Game. They represented the Pac-12 in the Rose Bowl and defeated #10 Wisconsin 45–38. It was their second Rose Bowl appearance in three years and their sixth overall. This was Oregon's third consecutive year in a BCS bowl game.
The Ducks finished the season 12–2 (8–1 Pac-12) with a #4 final season ranking.
2012 season
Oregon's all-time leading rusher LaMichael James decided to forgo his senior season in 2012 for the NFL and starting quarterback Darron Thomas, with a career starting record of 23–3, surprisingly also decided to leave early for the NFL.
Led by redshirt freshman Marcus Mariota at quarterback and senior tailback Kenjon Barner, Oregon rolled to ten straight victories before finally falling to #14 Stanford in overtime 17–14 on November 17. Oregon had two opportunities to beat Stanford with a field goal but both attempts failed. Kelly's Ducks would rebound to beat #16 Oregon State in the Civil War for the fifth straight year and play #5 Kansas State in the 2013 Fiesta Bowl. The Ducks proved to be too much for Kansas State as they prevailed to a 35–17 victory in Oregon's fourth consecutive year in a BCS bowl game.
The Ducks finished the season 12–1 (8–1 Pac-12) with a #2 ranking, putting them in the top five of the final season rankings for the third straight season.
NCAA sanctions
On April 16, 2013, The Oregonian reported that the University of Oregon has offered to put its football program on two years' probation in response to NCAA violations that allegedly took place during Kelly's tenure as head coach. On June 26, 2013, the NCAA Committee on Infractions issued its report concluding the investigation into Oregon's use of football scouting services. Oregon received 3 years of probation, reduction of scholarships, but no bowl ban. Kelly received an 18-month show-cause penalty, which would have made an immediate hiring by another NCAA institution difficult. This obstacle became moot, however, after Kelly spent the next four years coaching in the NFL.
NFL interest
New York Giants coach Tom Coughlin tried to hire Kelly as a quality control coach in 2006 when Kelly was still the offensive coordinator at the University of New Hampshire. Kelly turned down the offer and shortly after became the offensive coordinator at the University of Oregon.
In the spring of 2009, Jon Gruden and Kelly spent several days in Tampa, Florida, discussing theories, progressions, and offensive strategies. In November 2010, Kelly visited Pete Carroll at the Seattle Seahawks practice facility during an Oregon bye week.
In January 2012, the Tampa Bay Buccaneers interviewed Kelly for the head coach position but he declined to take the job because he had "unfinished business to complete" with the Ducks.
During the 2012 offseason, Kelly met with New England Patriots head coach Bill Belichick to discuss how he operated the "blur" offense that he ran at Oregon. New England had implemented the hurry up offense as early as 2007. Oregonian columnist John Canzano speculated that Kelly was waiting for the New England Patriots head coaching position to become available.
In early January 2013, numerous NFL teams expressed interest and Kelly was interviewed by the Buffalo Bills, the Cleveland Browns and Philadelphia Eagles. After a seven-hour meeting with the Browns followed by a nine-hour meeting with the Eagles, ESPN's Adam Schefter reported that Kelly initially decided to remain at Oregon. A week later, Kelly accepted the offer from Philadelphia and became the head coach of the Eagles.
Philadelphia Eagles (2013–2015)
Kelly agreed to terms with the Philadelphia Eagles to become the team's head coach on January 16, 2013. Although general manager Howie Roseman ran the team's drafts and free agency signings in his first two seasons with the team, Kelly had the final say over the 53-man roster. His predecessor, Andy Reid, also had the title and/or powers of general manager for most of his tenure.
In his first season, Kelly reversed the Eagles' fortunes of the previous year. Taking over a team that went 4–12 in 2012, Reid's last year, Kelly led the Eagles to a 10–6 record and the NFC Eastern Division Championship, becoming just the second head coach in league history to win a division title in his first season in the NFL. They lost in the first round of the playoffs at home to the New Orleans Saints 26–24, on a last-second field goal.
In his second season in Philadelphia, Kelly finished with an identical 10–6 record, despite key injuries to players like quarterback Nick Foles and linebacker DeMeco Ryans. However, unlike the previous season, the Eagles failed to make the playoffs in 2014.
On January 2, 2015, Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie announced that Kelly would assume control of the 90-man roster (including authority over the draft and free agency), while Roseman would be "elevated" to the role of Executive Vice President of Football Operations, remaining in control of the salary cap and contracts. Soon afterward, the Eagles traded All-Pro running back LeSean McCoy to the Buffalo Bills for linebacker Kiko Alonso (who was a former Oregon Duck under Kelly) and Pro Bowl quarterback Nick Foles to the St. Louis Rams for quarterback Sam Bradford on March 10, 2015, under Kelly's request. Both trades were met with overwhelmingly negative reception from Eagles fans. He also signed former Cowboys running back and reigning rushing champion DeMarco Murray.
On December 29, 2015, with the Eagles at 6–9, Kelly was fired before the final regular season game, in a statement made by Lurie. It was quickly speculated that he would be a candidate for several NFL head coach openings; on January 7, it was reported that Kelly had met with the San Francisco 49ers about their head coaching position.
San Francisco 49ers (2016)
On January 14, 2016, Kelly was hired by the San Francisco 49ers as head coach. He entered the 2016 season as the 49ers' third coach in three seasons, following Jim Harbaugh and Jim Tomsula. In his first game with the 49ers, they defeated the Los Angeles Rams at Levi's Stadium in a 28–0 romp. It was the first Week 1 shutout since 2009, when the Seattle Seahawks coincidentally shutout the Rams. However, the 49ers went on a 13-game losing streak, with many speculations opening up that Kelly and general manager Trent Baalke may be fired at the end of the season. In late November, there were also many rumors that Kelly would return to coach the Oregon Ducks after the Ducks finished the season with a 4–8 record, the team's first losing season since 2004, resulting in the firing of Ducks football coach Mark Helfrich. Those rumors ceased after the Ducks hired former South Florida Bulls coach Willie Taggart on December 7.
The 49ers finally got their second win of the season on December 24 in a road game against the Rams, then lost their final game of the season on January 1, 2017, at home against the Seahawks. Following the loss to the Seahawks, and having posted a 2–14 record for the season, Kelly was fired by the 49ers, and Baalke was also relieved of his duties after six seasons as the team's general manager.
ESPN (2017)
On May 26, 2017, Kelly was hired by ESPN as a studio analyst for college football.
UCLA Bruins (2018–present)
On November 25, 2017, Kelly was hired as the head football coach at UCLA. He had also interviewed for the Florida head coach position. In his first season in 2018, the Bruins began the year 0–5 for the first time since 1943. However, they later defeated USC to snap a three-game losing streak against their crosstown rivals. UCLA finished the season with a 3–9 record, their worst since going 2–7–1 in 1971.
The next season, the Bruins started 0–3, with losses to Cincinnati, San Diego State, and No. 5 Oklahoma, all by multiple scores. Under Kelly, the Bruins started 0–3 in back-to-back seasons for the first time since 1920–1921. The 0–3 start to the 2019 season gave Kelly the worst 15-game start as a UCLA football coach since Harry Trotter. However, when the Bruins played No. 19 Washington State the following week, they erased a 49–17 deficit and won, 67–63. The 32-point comeback was the third-largest in FBS history.
Two weeks after the win over Washington State, the Bruins lost at home to Oregon State by a score of 48–31. This was only the Beavers' third road win over a Pac-12 opponent since 2014, and their largest road win over a Pac-12 opponent since their 49–17 win at California in 2013. The loss dropped the Bruins to a 1–5 record for the second consecutive year.
After an open date, the Bruins traveled to Stanford and defeated the Cardinal, 34–16. UCLA got its first win over Stanford since 2008, snapping an 11-game losing streak against the Cardinal. The Bruins held the Cardinal to 198 total yards and just 55 rushing yards in the victory.
Following the Stanford victory, the 2019 Bruins defeated Arizona State 42–32 at the Rose Bowl. The Bruins led 42–10 heading into the fourth quarter. The Sun Devils were ranked No. 24 in the AP Poll at the time, and they were favored over the Bruins by three points at kickoff. UCLA then defeated Colorado 31–14 the next week, also at the Rose Bowl. The wins over Stanford, Arizona State, and Colorado gave the Bruins their first three-game winning streak since 2015.
In 2022, UCLA began the season 5–0 for the first time since 2013, and finished 9–4 (6–3 in the Pac-12) with a 37–35 loss to Pittburgh in the Sun Bowl on a last-second field goal by the Panthers. The Bruins were ranked No. 21 in the final polls. After the season, Kelly signed a two-year contract extension that runs through 2027.
Personal life
Kelly is reluctant to discuss his life outside of football. He lives in Los Angeles, California but has a small, tight-knit group of friends in Manchester, New Hampshire, who never speak about him to reporters. ESPN blogger Ted Miller describes Kelly as being "funny, biting, pithy, strange, fiery and surprising when talking to reporters."
Kelly was married to Jennifer Jenkins from 1992 to 1999.
In 2009, Kelly responded to a season ticket holder's letter demanding a refund for his expenses after traveling to see Oregon's 19–8 loss to Boise State. That loss ended with Ducks running back LeGarrette Blount responding to a Bronco player's taunts by punching him in the face. Kelly replied to the man with a personal check written out for his travel costs (exactly $439); in response, the fan wrote him a thank you note enclosing the original check, which he did not cash, but made copies of to frame.
Awards
2009 Pac-10 Coach of the Year
2010 Pac-10 Coach of the Year
2010 Associated Press Coach of the Year
2010 Eddie Robinson Coach of the Year
2010 Walter Camp Coach of the Year
2010 Sporting News Coach of the Year
2010 AFCA Coach of the Year
2013 Maxwell Club Coach of the Year
Books about Kelly
Books written on Kelly's coaching philosophy and unorthodox strategies:
Saltvelt, Mark (2013) The Tao of Chip Kelly: Lessons from America's Most Innovative Coach. Diversion Publishing.
Saltvelt, Mark (2015) Controlled Chaos: Chip Kelly's Football Revolution. Diversion Publishing.
Head coaching record
College
NFL
References
External links
UCLA profile
Oregon profile
1963 births
Living people
Columbia Lions football coaches
Johns Hopkins Blue Jays football coaches
New Hampshire Wildcats football coaches
New Hampshire Wildcats football players
Oregon Ducks football coaches
Philadelphia Eagles head coaches
San Francisco 49ers head coaches
UCLA Bruins football coaches
NCAA sanctions
Manchester Central High School alumni
People from Dover, New Hampshire
People from Rye, New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Manchester, New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Rockingham County, New Hampshire
Sportspeople from Strafford County, New Hampshire
Coaches of American football from New Hampshire
Players of American football from New Hampshire | {'title': 'Chip Kelly', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chip%20Kelly', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Joyabaj () is a town and municipality in the Guatemalan department of El Quiché. It is located about 50 kilometers from Santa Cruz del Quiché, in the Sierra de Chuacús mountains.
Joyabaj was an important part of the royal route to Mexico during the Spanish time. On February 4, 1976, the town was almost destroyed by an earthquake. Most of its beautiful colonial houses and buildings were lost and hundreds of people died. Joyabaj was also hit hard by the civil war that lasted about 30 years in Guatemala. The majority of the ladinos (people with mixed Spanish and Indian heritage) fled to Guatemala City.
The town's fiesta is celebrated from August 8–15. Many activities take place every day. One of the most important and fantastic celebrations is El Palo Volador. This is a traditional dance in which flying angels (ángeles) spin to the ground from a huge wooden pole. The Palo Volador reenacts the descend of the angels into the underworld to battle the forces of darkness. This a pre-conquest ritual that has survived many centuries.
The people from Joyabaj are called Xoyes or Joyabatecos.
References
Municipalities of the Quiché Department | {'title': 'Joyabaj', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyabaj', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Ancient aesthetics refers to the perception of beauty and form in the ancient world and the importance it was given in many ancient cultures.
Aesthetics Definition and History
Aesthetics is defined as the perception of art, design or beauty. Aesthetics is derived from the Greek word "aisthetikos" defined as a perception of the senses. In aesthetics, there is a process of individual analysis, perception and imagination. Perception is defined as an individual's neurophysiological process of awareness and interpreting external stimuli. Therefore, aesthetics is highly subjective and differs by individual.
Aesthetics can also be used as a synonym to define taste or style encapsulating artistic expression and activities such as rhetoric, tone, harmony, painting, composition art and music. Aesthetics also encapsulates the look, feel, or sound of natural forms. Aesthetics also encompasses the science of how an individual or a society perceives, feels, senses or knows an external stimuli.
As a philosophy, aesthetics was developed in 18th century Germany by Emmanuel Kant. However, Greek and Roman philosophers such as Aristotle and Plato engaged in the rhetorical debate of aesthetic perception and properties as a separate branch of philosophy in defining the parameters of art and beauty. Ancient aesthetics shows the origin of aesthetic debate and influences modern aesthetic definitions.
Ancient civilization
Ancient is defined as an early historical period that is identified by the oldest known civilizations. Ancient history is the study of life and events during this period.
Civilizations that fall under classification of ancient are: Ancient Greece (800 B.C. and 500 B.C.), the Incas (1438 A.D – 1532 A.D.), the Aztecs (1345 A.D – 1521 A.D), the Romans (550 B.C. – 465 B.C.), the Persians (550 B.C. – 465 B.C.), Chinese civilization (1600 B.C.E. – 1046 B.C.E.), Mayan civilization (2600 B.C. – 900 A.D.), Ancient Egypt (3100 B.C.E. – 2686 B.C.E.), Indus Valley civilization (3300 B.C. – 1900 B.C.) and Mesopotamia (3500 B.C. – 500 B.C.)
Ancient Greek aesthetics
Ancient or archaic Greece is the time period between 800 B.C. and 500 B.C.
Beauty
Beauty in ancient Greece (800 – 300 B.C.E.) was referred to as κάλλος. The history of ancient Greek aesthetics spans centuries. Philosophical theories of beauty through this era are proportion, functionality and form.
Greeks Gods
Influence of beauty was derived from the gods. who took a divine human form and inspired their perception of beauty. Temples were created to worship gods contained their lifelike images.
Form
Ancient Greeks focused on the aesthetic form of the ideal human body. captured through the art. Sculptures were initially inspired by the monumental art of the Ancient Egyptians. Sculptures were considered at their peak of aesthetics when the human form was captured in a unique way and emphasized a divine or godlike quality. Proportion, poise and perfection of the human form were the artistic and aesthetic ideals. Stone and bronze monuments are iconic of this civilization.
Ancient Egyptian aesthetics
Beauty
Ancient Egyptians regarded physical beauty of the utmost importance and performed rituals to enhance their appearance. Recovered artifacts support ancient Egyptian beauty ideals including makeup, copper and silver handheld mirrors, and combs. Makeup was created using siltstones palettes to grind minerals such as green malachite or kohl. Human hair was used to create extensions and wigs. Jewelry enhanced beauty such as a string of beads and carnelian pendants in the shape of poppy heads.
The afterlife and tombs
The Ancient Egyptians believed in an afterlife. Tombs were created for the dead and decorated with the highest form of their aesthetic principles. Mummy masks and coffins emphasized painted eyes lined with dramatic black outlines.
References
Aesthetics
Ancient culture
Cultural history | {'title': 'Ancient aesthetics', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient%20aesthetics', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Concordia University Irvine is a private Lutheran university in Irvine, California, United States. It was established in 1976 to provide a Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod college to serve the Pacific Southwest and provide training for pastors, religious education teachers, and Christian school administrators. Concordia University Irvine has a total undergraduate enrollment of 1,592 and its campus size is . It is one of nine colleges and universities in the Concordia University System.
History
In 1955, Dr. Victor Behnken, then president of the Pacific Southwest District of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod (LCMS), proposed the creation of a preparatory college for the Pacific Southwest. In 1962, the LCMS agreed to build the school. A search committee commissioned by the district considered 87 sites before commercial and residential real estate developer The Irvine Company offered the present location in Irvine. In 1973, Rev. Dr. Charles Manske accepted the call from the district to be the founding president of the school, which was originally named Christ College Irvine.
In February 1993, the Board of Regents of Christ College Irvine voted to change the school's name to Concordia University Irvine. At that time, the university became the tenth campus in the national Concordia University System (CUS). In addition to the Concordia University System, the LCMS and its congregations also operate two seminaries, 130 high schools, and more than 900 elementary schools, making it the second largest church-operated school system in the United States.
Academics
The university currently includes five schools: Christ College (School of Theology), School of Arts and Sciences, School of Business, School of Education, and School of Professional Studies; and offers 20 undergraduate majors and 50 specializations, nine graduate programs, four adult bachelor's degree completion programs, and three nursing programs. In 2014, Concordia University Irvine added its first doctoral program, Educational Leadership.
Campus
The campus is located south of Los Angeles, north of San Diego, and inland from the Pacific Ocean in the city of Irvine. Irvine is a planned community which is rated one of the safest cities of its size in the United States. The campus rests on a plateau overlooking Orange County in a private residential community surrounded by wildlife and hiking trails. The offices of the School of Professional Studies - Adult Degree Programs, M.A. International Studies, and the Masters in Coaching and Athletic Administration (MCAA) teams moved to an offsite location in Irvine.
Athletics
The Concordia–Irvine (CUI) athletic teams are called the Golden Eagles. The university is a member of the Division II level of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), primarily competing in the Pacific West Conference (PacWest) for most of its sports since the 2015–16 academic year; while its men's volleyball team competes in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation (MPSF); and its men's water polo team competes in the Western Water Polo Association (WWPA). CUI previously competed in the Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC) of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA) from 1987–88 to 2014–15; and as an NAIA Independent from 1981–82 to 1986–87. The CUI women's water polo team competed in the Golden Coast Conference (GCC) until the 2022 spring season.
CUI competes in 21 intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, lacrosse, soccer, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field, volleyball and water polo; while women's sports include softball, basketball, beach volleyball, cheerleading, cross country, soccer, softball, stunt, swimming & diving, tennis, track & field and volleyball. Former sports included women's lacrosse and women's water polo.
Accomplishments
The university was previously a member of the NAIA from 1981 to 2015. During that time, Concordia–Irvine earned 7 NAIA Team National Championships and 25 NAIA Individual National Championships. In addition to the NAIA championships, Concordia–Irvine won 26 GSAC Regular-Season Championships and 13 GSAC Tournament Championships.
LGBT prohibition
Concordia University Irvine's code of conduct for students prohibits sexual intimacy for unmarried people, and defines marriage as heterosexual only.
Concordia hosts conversion therapy and anti-same-sex-marriage events and speakers, such as a debate featuring gay marriage opponent Ryan T. Anderson. Concordia hosted the annual conference of Exodus International until the organization was disbanded in 2013 because of the failure of conversion therapy to make people straight.
Rankings
In U.S. News & World Reports 2013 rankings of the best colleges in America, Concordia University Irvine is listed as 63rd in the Western region. In 2016, the university earned a ranking of 55 among regional universities in the Western U.S.
In 2015, The Chronicle of Higher Education ranked Concordia University Irvine as one of the fastest-growing private nonprofit master's universities in its 2015-2016 edition of Almanac of Higher Education, noting that the university grew over a 10-year period (2003–2013).
Also in 2015, Money magazine included Concordia University Irvine in a list of schools "that provide the best value for your tuition dollar."
Notable alumni and faculty
Tayshia Adams – phlebotomist, replacement lead in The Bachelorette (16th season)
Amanda Fama - member of Italy women's national softball team
Cameron Gliddon – professional basketball player in Australia
Misty May-Treanor – three-time Olympic gold medalist; beach volleyball champion
J. A. O. Preus III – former president of Concordia
Christian Ramirez – professional soccer player
Rod Rosenbladt – professor of theology
Larry Tieu (2007) – ASEAN Basketball League player for the Saigon Heat
See also
List of colleges and universities in California
References
External links
CUI athletics website
1976 establishments in California
Council for Christian Colleges and Universities
Education in Irvine, California
Educational institutions established in 1976
Schools accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges
Universities and colleges affiliated with the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod
Universities and colleges in Orange County, California
Private universities and colleges in California | {'title': 'Concordia University Irvine', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia%20University%20Irvine', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Blue Hen Mall (now the Blue Hen Corporate Center) is a defunct shopping mall on Bay Road in Dover, Delaware. The mall opened in August 1968, and was the main mall in the Dover area until the Dover Mall opened in 1982, leading to its decline. In the 1990s, the mall was converted into a corporate center. The mall has now been converted into a combination of medical care and state office facility. Tenants include DE Department of Labor, VA Outpatient Offices, and Bayhealth Medical Center.
History
The Blue Hen Mall opened in the late 1960s, at which time it was the only enclosed mall in Delaware. The opening of the retail hub shifted several businesses away from downtown Dover. JCPenney relocated from Loockerman Street in downtown Dover to an anchor space at the mall in 1968. Woolco also anchored the shopping center. This store was shuttered in early 1983. It soon reopened as a Roses variety store. At its height, Blue Hen Mall housed over 50 shops.
Sears was interested in relocating to the Blue Hen Mall from downtown Dover, but could not agree with management as to where to place the store in the shopping center. As a result, Sears decided to relocate, along with other department stores, to the new Dover Mall which opened in 1982. Following the opening of the Dover Mall, many stores relocated from the Blue Hen Mall, turning it into a dead mall. It was also called by some of the local people as the "Blue Hen Chicken Mall." It was mainly used in the late 1980s when the mall was not popular anymore. At this time, the Blue Hen Mall was owned by Jardel Company, Inc. and Penn Mutual. Roses closed its Blue Hen Mall location in 1991. JCPenney relocated from the Blue Hen Mall to the Dover Mall in August 1993.
In the 1990s, the Blue Hen Mall was converted into the Blue Hen Corporate Center, with the retail space becoming office space. A Bank of America call center and an Aetna office facility served as the anchors of the corporate center. The Bank of America call center eventually closed and Aetna left the Blue Hen Corporate Center in 2009. In 2008, the property was sold by Blue Hen Venture LLC to Pettinaro Enterprises LLC for $17.4 million. Currently, the Blue Hen Corporate Center has several office vacancies.
In September 2013 Bayhealth rented the space and relocated all of its information services resources from Kent General Hospital and Milford Memorial Hospital to the former Aetna space. Bayhealth did a complete renovation of the space, including new office furniture, computers and phone systems for its employees and contracting staff. 24x7 helpdesk for the entire hospital system is operated out of this new space as well.
In January 2022 Bayhealth announced that is had completed acquisition of the 2 original anchor store spaces (JCPenney & Woolco/Roses) and plans to renovate and create a "Dover Medical Neighborhood with specialty clinical services and administration space.”. The former Bank of America call center was recently used for the Governor's Central Delaware Career Expo in 2022. The building showed signs that a renovation was going to begin soon.
List of anchor stores
References
Shopping malls in Delaware
Defunct shopping malls in the United States
Buildings and structures in Dover, Delaware
Shopping malls established in 1968
Office buildings in Delaware
1968 establishments in Delaware | {'title': 'Blue Hen Mall', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue%20Hen%20Mall', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Brian Russell Lee MBE (28 February 1936 – 12 February 2023) was a British football manager, coach, and administrator, most notable for his associations with Wycombe Wanderers and Bisham Abbey. He was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to football, and a Services to Football Award by the League Managers Association (LMA) in 2016.
Early life and education
Born in Sale, Cheshire, Brian Lee was a successful sportsman at Sale Grammar School, captaining the school rugby team and representing the county. After leaving school he joined Altrincham and later Port Vale, but decided not to pursue a career as a professional footballer following a serious toe injury.
Coaching and managerial career
Lee took up coaching instead, and at the age of 18 became the youngest F.A. Staff Coach in England. At 24 he became Assistant Warden at Lilleshall, and was later involved with the England Youth Team. In 1967 he was appointed Director of Bisham Abbey and also coach to Oxford University.
In December 1968 he was appointed manager of Wycombe Wanderers following the resignation of Barry Darvill, and remained there until 1976. During his tenure, Wycombe won the Isthmian League Championship four times, and were runners up twice. They were Amateur Cup semi-finalists in 1972, and won the Anglo-Italian Semi-Professional Trophy against A.C. Monza. He also managed the first England semi-professional team against Italy.
Post-coaching career
After retiring from Wycombe Wanderers in 1976, Lee worked on the development of Bisham Abbey as a Centre of Excellence. He was appointed Vice-Chairman of Wycombe Wanderers and then founder Chairman of the Company in 1980. He was instrumental in forming the club into a Limited Company by Guarantee and was overseer of the move from Loakes Park to Adams Park. After the move he reverted to Board Director.
Lee was also on the committees of the Norfolk F.A, Shropshire F.A, a founder member of the Isthmian League Management Committee, Vice-Chairman of the GM Vauxhall Conference and a magistrate in High Wycombe.
Death
Lee died in hospital in the early hours of 12 February 2023, at the age of 86. His son, Bryn confirmed his death, saying that his father had suffered a heart attack whilst sleeping and doctors were unable to resuscitate him.
Lee had been due to attend Wycombe Wanderers' home game versus Derby County the previous day, but was instead admitted to Wexham Park Hospital, feeling unwell.
References
1936 births
2023 deaths
English football managers
People from Sale, Greater Manchester
Wycombe Wanderers F.C. managers
Members of the Order of the British Empire | {'title': 'Brian Lee (football manager)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Lee%20%28football%20manager%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
HMCS Charlottetown was a that served with the Royal Canadian Navy (RCN) during the Second World War. She was the second vessel of the name, having been a that had been sunk earlier in the war. They are unique for being the only two ships to have shared the same pennant number, K 244. She was named for Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.
Charlottetown was ordered in June 1942 as part of the 1942-1943 River-class building program. She was laid down on 26 January 1943 by G T Davie Shipbuilding Ltd. at Lauzon and launched on 16 September of that year. She was commissioned into the RCN at Quebec City on 28 April 1944. She visited her namesake city of Charlottetown on 22 May en route to Halifax.
Background
The River-class frigate was designed by William Reed of Smith's Dock Company of South Bank-on-Tees. Originally called a "twin-screw corvette", its purpose was to improve on the convoy escort classes in service with the Royal Navy at the time, including the Flower-class corvette. The first orders were placed by the Royal Navy in 1940 and the vessels were named for rivers in the United Kingdom, giving name to the class. In Canada they were named for towns and cities though they kept the same designation. The name "frigate" was suggested by Vice-Admiral Percy Nelles of the Royal Canadian Navy and was adopted later that year.
Improvements over the corvette design included improved accommodation which was markedly better. The twin engines gave only three more knots of speed but extended the range of the ship to nearly double that of a corvette at at . Among other lessons applied to the design was an armament package better designed to combat U-boats including a twin mount forward and a 12-pounder gun aft. 15 Canadian frigates were initially fitted with a single 4-inch gun forward but with the exception of , they were all eventually upgraded to the double mount. For underwater targets, the River-class frigate was equipped with a Hedgehog anti-submarine mortar and depth charge rails aft and four side-mounted throwers.
River-class frigates were the first Royal Canadian Navy warships to carry the 147B Sword horizontal fan echo sonar transmitter in addition to the irregular ASDIC. This allowed the ship to maintain contact with targets even while firing unless a target was struck. Improved radar and direction-finding equipment improved the RCN's ability to find and track enemy submarines over the previous classes.
Canada originally ordered the construction of 33 frigates in October 1941. The design was too big for the shipyards on the Great Lakes so all the frigates built in Canada were built in dockyards along the west coast or along the St. Lawrence River. In all Canada ordered the construction of 60 frigates including ten for the Royal Navy that transferred two to the United States Navy.
Service history
Charlottetown proceeded to Bermuda on 18 June for a 1-month work-up period for her new crew. She returned to Halifax and was assigned to convoy escort group EG 16. EG 16 moved from Halifax to Derry, Northern Ireland on 7 March 1945 and later Portsmouth, England. Charlottetown escorted two convoys to and from Gibraltar and left Derry in mid-June for in Sydney where she completed a tropicalization refit in preparation for service with Operation Downfall in the Pacific War. She completed the refit in Halifax on 28 February 1946 after the Surrender of Japan and left on 3 March for new duties at Esquimalt. She spent the rest of 1946 training crew with the University Naval Training Divisions at the Royal Canadian Naval College in Royal Roads.
She was paid off from the RCN on 25 March 1947 at Esquimalt. She was sold the same year and scuttled for use as a breakwater at Oyster Bay, British Columbia.
References
Notes
Sources
Department of National Defence: Official Lineages - HMCS Charlottetown
Macpherson, Ken; Burgess, John. The ships of Canada's naval forces 1910-1981 : a complete pictorial history of Canadian warships. Collins: Toronto, 1981.
External links
HMCS Charlottetown on the Arnold Hague database at convoyweb.org.uk.
HMCS Charlottetown (River-class) at readyayeready.com
River-class frigates of the Royal Canadian Navy
Shipwrecks of the British Columbia coast
1943 ships | {'title': 'HMCS Charlottetown (1943)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMCS%20Charlottetown%20%281943%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Diana Carolina Corcho Mejía (born April 13, 1983) is a Colombian doctor, psychiatrist and political scientist. She is the Minister of Health and Social Protection since August 7, 2022.
Early life
Corcho is the daughter of professor and engineer Freddy Hernán Corcho of the National University and deputy to the Antioquia Assembly and of the engineer and former mayor of Zaragoza (Antioquia), Amparo Mejía.
Corcho studied medicine at the University of Antioquia and psychiatry at the National University of Colombia. She completed a master's degree in political studies at the Pontifical Bolivarian University.
Career
Corcho was president of the South Latin American Corporation, a Civil Society organization that deals with various public policy matters, on agrarian, economic, social, health, and human rights issues, (2018 - 2022). Vice President of the Colombian Medical Federation (2018 - 2022), instance of the medical union, permanent adviser to the National Government on public health and education policies in the sector. Co-founder and member of the Network of Progressive Women of Latin America, scenario of political parties and civil society organizations of the PAOLA group of Latin America, Olof Palme International Center, (2022).
Member of the Follow-up Commission of Judgment T-760 for a Structural Reform of the Health System. Consultant civil society body of the Constitutional Court on Public Health Policy, 2022.
She was part of the coordination of the promotion committee of the Social and Political Summit for the Structural Reform of the Health System, convergence between various academic, scientific, civil society and political sectors for the debate and discussion of a proposal for structural reform of the health system that develops the statutory law 1751 of 2015, (2021-2022)
Member of the Great National Medical Board. Body in which the Presidents of medical unions at the national level, co-authors of Statutory Law 1751 of 2015, converge.
Member of the National Mental Health Council, Advisory body of the National Government in matters of Mental Health public policy, on behalf of medical unions and scientific societies, 2017.
PAHO Consultant - Ministry of Health and Social Protection in piloting for the implementation of a syringe exchange model in the heroin consuming population in Colombia (2014).
Through her work at the ANIR, where she served as president, she fought to save the San Juan de Dios Hospital and call for the statutory health law. After these events, she gained notoriety and caught the attention of the then mayor of Bogotá Gustavo Petro who appointed her as director of Social Participation in the Bogotá Ministry of Health between 2014 and 2016.
Notes
References
External links
|-
{{s-ttl|rows=2|title=Order of precedence of Colombia|years=since August 7, 2022}}
1983 births
Living people
Cabinet of Gustavo Petro
Government ministers of Colombia
Women government ministers of Colombia
21st-century Colombian politicians
21st-century Colombian women politicians
Pontifical Xavierian University alumni
Universidad Externado de Colombia alumni | {'title': 'Carolina Corcho', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Corcho', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Institute of Technology, Rayagada or "UGMIT" is a state government polytechnic diploma engineering institution for boys and girls located at Rayagada, Odisha, India.
History
The Institute was established in the year of 1979 with a single 3 year Diploma course in Leather Technology with intake capacity of 15 students. It is affiliated to All India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi and State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training recognized under state government of Odisha. Since last two years semester pattern has been introduced with internal examination for 30 marks and main examination for 70 marks.
Courses offered
Presently the institute offers courses under Civil, Electrical, Mechanical as well as Electronics and Telecommunication engineering. The admission to Leather Technology has been kept in abeyance since 1991. Two hostels for boys are available which can accommodate about 100 students.
References
External links
official website of UGMIT, Rayagada
State Council for Technical Education & Vocational Training
All India Council for Technical Education
Engineering colleges in Odisha
Education in Rayagada district
Educational institutions established in 1979
1979 establishments in Orissa | {'title': 'Utkal Gourav Madhusudan Institute of Technology, Rayagada', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utkal%20Gourav%20Madhusudan%20Institute%20of%20Technology%2C%20Rayagada', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Minister of Food Control (1916–1921) and the Minister of Food (1939–1958) were British government ministerial posts separated from that of the Minister of Agriculture. In the Great War the Ministry sponsored a network of canteens known as National Kitchens. In the Second World War a major task of the Ministry was to oversee rationing in the United Kingdom arising out of World War II. The Minister was assisted by a Parliamentary Secretary. The Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Food and Animal Welfare (2018–present) was appointed at the Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs to ensure the continued supply of sufficient food during the Brexit process.
The ministry's work was transferred in 1921 to the Board of Trade which had a small Food Department between the wars. This became its Food (Defence Plans) Department in 1937 and was then constituted as the Ministry of Food on the outbreak of war in 1939.
Jamie's Ministry of Food was a 2008 UK TV programme featuring celebrity chef Jamie Oliver that aimed to recreate the successes of the Ministry of Food in encouraging healthy eating.
Second World War
In April 1940 Lord Woolton, a prominent businessman, was appointed Minister of Food by Neville Chamberlain, one of a number of ministerial appointments from outside politics. Woolton retained this position until 1943. He supervised 50,000 employees and over a thousand local offices where people could obtain ration cards. His ministry had a virtual monopoly of all food sold in Britain, whether imported or local. His mission was to guarantee adequate nutrition for everyone. With food supplies cut sharply because of enemy action and the needs of the services, rationing was essential. Woolton and his advisors had one scheme in mind but economists convinced them to try point rationing. Everyone would have a certain number of points a month that they could allocate any way they wanted. They tried an experiment and it worked very well. Indeed, food rationing was a major success story in Britain's war.
In the dark days of late June 1940, with a German invasion threatened, Woolton reassured the public that emergency food stocks were in place that would last "for weeks and weeks" even if the shipping could not get through. He said "iron rations" were stored for use only in great emergency. Other rations were stored in the outskirts of cities liable to German bombing. When the Blitz began in late summer 1940 he was ready with more than 200 feeding stations in London and other cities under attack.
Woolton was faced with the task of overseeing rationing due to wartime shortages. He took the view that it was insufficient to merely impose restrictions but that a programme of advertising to support it was also required. He warned that meat and cheese, as well as bacon and eggs, were in very short supply and would remain that way. Calling for a simpler diet, he noted that there was plenty of bread, potatoes, vegetable oils, fats and milk. He asked the mathematician Martin Roseveare to design the ration books.
In 1940 Woolton set up Advice Centres throughout the country, with cookery demonstrations and recipe leaflets showing how to make the best use of rations. As imported wheat became scarce, the cartoon character 'Potato Pete' encouraged people to eat more potatoes.
By January 1941 the usual overseas food supply had fallen to half what it had been. However, by 1942 ample food supplies were arriving through Lend Lease from the U.S. and a similar Canadian programme. Lend Lease was a gift and there was no charge. Most food was now rationed. Worried about children, Lord Woolton made sure that by 1942 Britain was providing 650,000 children with free meals at schools; about 3,500,000 children received milk at school, in addition to priority supplies at home. The bad news was that his "national loaf" of mushy grey wholemeal bread replaced the ordinary white variety, to the distaste of most housewives. Children were sad to learn that supplies of sweets were reduced to save shipping space on sugar and chocolate.
Woolton kept food prices down; eggs and other items were subsidised. He promoted recipes that worked well with the rationing system, most famously the meatless "Woolton pie" which consisted of carrots, parsnips, potatoes and turnips in oatmeal, with a pastry or potato crust and served with brown gravy. Woolton's business skills made the Ministry of Food's difficult job a success and he earned a strong personal popularity despite the shortages.
List of Ministers of Food
Ministers of Food Control (1916–1921)
Responsibilities transferred to the Board of Trade 1921–1939.
Ministers of Food (1939–1958)
Heathcoat-Amory jointly held the separate posts of Minister of Agriculture & Fisheries and Minister of Food 1954–55, pending their merger in 1955 when he assumed the post of Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food.
Parliamentary Under Secretary of State for Food and Animal Welfare (2018–present)
References
Further reading
Hammond, R. J. Food, Volume 1: The Growth of Policy (London: HMSO, 1951); Food, Volume 2: Studies in Administration and Control (1956); Food, Volume 3: Studies in Administration and Control (1962) official war history
Hammond, R. J. Food and Agriculture in Britain, 1939-45: Aspects of wartime control (Food, agriculture, and World War II) (1954)
Rankin, H. F. (1922) Imbucase: the Story of the B. C. I. C. of the Ministry of Food. Edinburgh: Edinburgh Press (B.C.I.C.=Butter and Cheese Imports Committee)
Zweiniger-Bargielowska, Ina. Austerity in Britain: Rationing, Controls & Consumption, 1939-1955 (2000) 286 p. online
Food
Defunct ministerial offices in the United Kingdom
United Kingdom home front during World War II | {'title': 'Minister of Food', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister%20of%20Food', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Markos Vellidis (, born 4 April 1987) is a Greek professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Super League 2 club Iraklis.
Club career
Panathinaikos
Vellidis began his career by signing with Panathinaikos in August 2005. In 2006–07 season, he went on loan to Koropi, with playing in 17 matches. The next season, he went on loan to Diagoras, and played in 36 matches.
Diagoras
In 2008, Diagoras bought Vellidis from Panathinaikos. He made 62 league appearances for the club. He was a good penalty-stopper and was popular with fans. There was minor interest from some teams, but the biggest was by Aris. Diagoras' fans were very proud for their goalkeeper, because they wanted Markos to show his talent and value in a big team. And this team, was Aris. Vellidis made his dream fact, and signed with a team with many success in Greece and Europe.
Aris
His very good appearances for Diagoras were rewarded by a signing with Aris on 15 June 2010, getting the number 1.
2010–11 season
In the 2010–2011 season, Vellidis played 4 matches for Aris, bringing good performances. These performances were the reason for that Vellidis was recommended as a great talent and also was known that behind Sifakis was another very good goalkeeper.
2011–12 season
In the 2011–2012 season, first choice goalkeeper of Aris, Michalis Sifakis, had medical problems, which sidelined him for 5–8 months. Vellidis played his first of the season on 2 October 2011 against Skoda Xanthi in Kleanthis Vikelidis, giving a fine performance, with having a clean sheet. Since then, Vellidis is the first goalkeeper in the team. This season was the best of Vellidis's career so far.
2012–13 season
Aris was in difficult times, but Vellidis was one of those who stayed loyal to Aris. He was the first choice goalkeeper and the fans wanted he to stay for a lot years. He is the young star of Aris, along with Giannis Gianniotas. He had an argue with coach Makis Katsavakis just before the match against Panionios in Kleanthis Vikelidis Stadium. However, it was decided that Vellidis will stay in team.
PAS Giannina
Vellidis signed for PAS Giannina on 13 June 2013 on a 2-year contract. His first appearance with the club was on 18 August 2013 in an away 3–3 draw against Asteras Tripoli. Being active for almost five years in the Superleague Greece, Vellidis could be a valuable asset for any club, therefore as Balazs Megyeri's contract expires in summer and it probably will not be renewed, Olympiacos are already looking for his replacement and the Greek player is one of the candidates.
According to various sources Vellidis is in Olympiacos transfer shortlist and the Greek champions are watching him closely. Balazs Megyeri's contract expires in summer and it probably will not be renewed. Therefore, Olympiacos are already looking for his replacement and the Greek player is one of the candidates. Being one of the most stable and most valuable players of PAS Giannina F.C. during the last seasons, and in any case, the 28-year-old keeper cashed his offer with a new three-year contract for an undisclosed fee which will tie him with the club till 2018.
He started the 2015–16 season being the MVP of the 2nd day of the Superleague Greece in a victorious 3–1 home win against PAOK, as the keeper of PAS Giannina kept upright team with fantastic chips after the first half-hour, when his opponent pushed too much and lost significant opportunities for the equalizer. From the 30th minute until the end of the half the Greek international showed superb reactions to shots from Róbert Mak, Erik Sabo and Marin Leovac.
PAOK
On 19 January 2016, Vellidis signed a half-year contract with PAOK with a possible extension for two more years, for an undisclosed fee. On 24 January 2016, he made his debut with the club in a derby match against rivals AEK Athens. In summer 2016, the coming of Serbian international Željko Brkić and the fact that Panagiotis Glykos seemed to be the first goalie for PAOK coach Vladimir Ivić created an extra pressure to Vellidis for the first goalie of the new season. As a result, he played only one game for the 2016–17 season in a 7–0 away Greek Cup win against Panelefsiniakos F.C. On 31 January 2017, Vellidis solved his contract with the club.
On 2 March 2017, English Championship club Nottingham Forest have taken Vellidis on trial. The 29-year-old left Greek side PAOK at the end of the January transfer window, enabling him to sign for another club before the end of the campaign. From the beginning of 2017, he started training as a free agent with ex-club PAS Giannina.
PAS Giannina
On 28 June 2017, he officially included in the roster of his ex-club PAS Giannina, but he was never the same, and after some poor appearances, he was replaced by second choice goalie, Neofytos Michael. On 7 May 2019 after the relegation, Vellidis mutually solved his contract with the club.
Lamia
On 19 June 2019, he officially included in the roster of Superleague Greece club Lamia signing a two years' contract for an undisclosed fee. On 6 November 2019,
the serial of the international goalie with Lamia came to an end in a joint consent, on the occasion of the away game against champions PAOK.
Olympiakos Nicosia
On 8 January 2020 he signed for Cypriot First Division club Olympiakos Nicosia.
Veria
On 22 August 2020 he signed for Super League 2 club Veria F.C.
International career
On 10 August 2012 Greece head coach Fernando Santos announced the first call up of Vellidis for the friendly match against Norway. He made his international debut on 16 June 2015 in a friendly away match against Poland, replacing Stefanos Kapino at the end of the match.
Career statistics
Honours
Super League Greece Goalkeeper of the Year: 2014–15 with PAS Giannina
Super League Greece Team of the Year: 2014–15
References
External links
1987 births
Living people
Greek footballers
Greek expatriate footballers
Association football goalkeepers
Panathinaikos F.C. players
Aris Thessaloniki F.C. players
PAS Giannina F.C. players
PAOK FC players
Koropi F.C. players
Diagoras F.C. players
PAS Lamia 1964 players
Olympiakos Nicosia players
Veria NFC players
Iraklis Thessaloniki F.C. players
Super League Greece players
Gamma Ethniki players
Football League (Greece) players
Cypriot First Division players
Super League Greece 2 players
Greek expatriate sportspeople in Cyprus
Expatriate footballers in Cyprus
Greece international footballers
Footballers from Kastoria | {'title': 'Markos Vellidis', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markos%20Vellidis', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Frutiger (pronounced ) is a series of typefaces named after its Swiss designer, Adrian Frutiger. Frutiger is a humanist sans-serif typeface, intended to be clear and highly legible at a distance or at small text sizes. A very popular design worldwide, type designer Steve Matteson described its structure as "the best choice for legibility in pretty much any situation" at small text sizes, while Erik Spiekermann named it as "the best general typeface ever".
Distinctive characteristics
Characteristics of this typeface are:
Lowercase square dot over the letters i and j; double-storey a, single-storey g. Wide, open apertures on letters such as a, e and s. Very high x-height, increasing its clarity.
Uppercase Wide A with a very low centre bar, though less obvious in bold weight. Q with a stroke below the circle only. Univers-like M, square and with centre strokes descending to the base of the letter.
Figures diagonal serif on the 1; closed 4.
Oblique The slanted version is an oblique in which the letterforms are slanted, rather than a true italic. Some versions not drawn by Frutiger do add a true italic (see Frutiger Next below).
The typeface in its original incarnation uses the Frutiger numbering system.
History
Frutiger is a sans-serif typeface by the Swiss type designer Adrian Frutiger. It is the text version of Frutiger's earlier typeface Roissy, commissioned in 1970/71 by the newly built Charles de Gaulle Airport at Roissy, France, which needed a new directional sign system, which itself was based on Concorde, a font Frutiger had created in the early 1960s.
The beginning of Frutiger starts from Concorde, a sans-serif font Frutiger was commissioned to design in 1961-4 by the minor metal type company Sofratype. Frutiger was asked to create a design that would not be too similar to his previous Univers, a reinvention of classic 19th-century typefaces. In practice the design was drawn by his colleague (and fellow Swiss in Paris) André Gürtler as Frutiger was busy. Frutiger wrote of it: "I felt I was on the right track with this grotesque; it was a truly novel typeface." Gürtler too wrote of feeling that the design was innovative: "this style didn't exist in grotesques at the time, except for Gill Sans." Despite Frutiger and Gürtler's enthusiasm, the design failed to sell well and was discontinued with the end of the metal type period: Frutiger wrote that Linotype, who bought Sofratype, "weren't aware of the fact that with Concorde they had a totally up-to-date typeface."
Some years later, Frutiger was commissioned to develop a typeface for Roissy Airport. Frutiger had earlier created an alphabet inspired by Univers and Peignot for Paris Orly Airport, but found the experience a failure due to lack of control and the insistence that all text be in capitals only. As a result, he proposed a modified version of Concorde, refining it following research into legibility. The Roissy typeface was completed in 1972. Impressed by the quality of the Roissy airport signage, the typographical director of the Mergenthaler Linotype Company approached Frutiger in 1974 to turn it into a typeface for print.
In designing the typeface's predecessors Concorde and Roissy, Frutiger's goal had been to create a sans-serif typeface with the rationality and cleanliness of Univers but the organic and proportional aspects of Gill Sans. According to Frutiger, "What was important, was total clarity – I would even call it nudity – an absence of any kind of artistic addition." Designing Frutiger as a print version of Roissy, this principle resulted in a distinctive and legible typeface. The letter properties originally suited to the needs of Charles de Gaulle: a modern appearance and legibility at various angles, sizes, and distances. Ascenders and descenders are very prominent, and apertures are wide to easily distinguish letters from one another. Improvements on Roissy included better spacing.
The Frutiger family was released publicly in 1976 by the Stempel type foundry in conjunction with Linotype. Frutiger became extremely popular for uses such as corporate and transportation branding. In 2008 it was the fifth best-selling typeface of the Linotype foundry.
Frutiger Linotype
This is a version of the original Frutiger font family licensed to Microsoft. This family consists of Frutiger 55, 56, 65, and 66. It does not include OpenType features or kerning, but it adds support to Latin Extended-B and Greek characters, with Frutiger 55 supporting extra IPA characters and spacing modifier letters. Unlike most Frutiger variants, Frutiger Linotype features old-style figures as the default numeral style.
Frutiger Linotype can be found in Microsoft products featuring Microsoft Reader and in the standalone Microsoft Reader package.
ASTRA-Frutiger
This is a variant of Frutiger used by ASTRA (acronym of the , the Swiss Federal Road Office) as the new font for traffic signs, replacing VSS in 2003. It is based on Frutiger 57 Condensed, but with widening ascenders and descenders, which are intended to give the eye a better hold than the earlier version did.
A family of two fonts were made, called ASTRA-Frutiger-Standard/standard and ASTRA-Frutiger-Autobahn/autoroute.
Frutiger Next
The Frutiger family was updated in 1997 for signage at the Alte Pinakothek in Munich. The new version, Frutiger Next, changed a number of details and added a true italic style in place of the oblique roman of the original.
Frutiger Next was commercially available in 2000 under Linotype. The family include six font weights, with a bonus Ultra Light weight in the OpenType version. It supports ISO Adobe 2, Adobe CE, and Latin Extended characters. OpenType features include small caps, old style figures, superscript and subscript, ordinals, proportional lining figures, and case forms. Font names are no longer numbered with the Frutiger system. Frutiger Black was renamed to Frutiger Next Heavy, and Frutiger Ultra Black was changed to Frutiger Next Black. Condensed fonts no longer include italic variants. In addition to italic type, characters such as the cent sign (¢), the copyright symbol (©), the ampersand (&), the at sign (@), the sharp S (ß), Omega (Ω), and the integral symbol (∫) were redesigned. Cyrillic letters had not been produced until Frutiger Next W1G.
While Frutiger Next added considerably to Frutiger's feature set, it added a modish 1990s true italic (not drawn by Frutiger) instead of the sharper oblique Frutiger preferred for sans-serif typefaces throughout his career, over Frutiger's objections. In his autobiography, Frutiger commented that in resigning himself to it "Maybe I was too soft to say what I really felt...I didn't have the strength and patience anymore."
Frutiger Next Greek (2005)
This is a variant of Frutiger Next designed with Eva Masoura for Linotype, originally published as a TDC2 2006 entry.
Frutiger Next W1G (2009)
This is an expanded version of Frutiger Next W1G. It added Greek (from Frutiger Next Greek) and Cyrillic character sets, but advertised OpenType features were reduced to superscript and subscript. Only an OpenType version has been produced.
Frutiger Arabic (2007)
This is a font family designed by Lebanese designer Nadine Chahine as a companion to Frutiger in consultation with Adrian Frutiger. It is based on the Kufic style, but incorporates aspects of Ruqʿah script and Naskh in the letter form designs, resulting in what Linotype called "humanist Kufi". The fonts consist of Basic Latin and ISO-Latin characters derived from the original Frutiger family, with Arabic characters supporting presentation forms A and B. Four font weights were produced.
Frutiger Serif (2008)
This is a serif font family designed by Adrian Frutiger and Akira Kobayashi. It is a re-envisioning of the metal type version of Meridien, a typeface first released by Deberny & Peignot during the 1950s.
The family consists of roman and italic fonts in five weights and two widths each.
Neue Frutiger (2009)
This is an expanded version of the original Frutiger family designed by Adrian Frutiger and Akira Kobayashi. Unlike the original family, the Frutiger numbering scheme is not used.
Initial release of the family has twenty fonts in ten weights and one width, returning to complementary obliques. It supports ISO Adobe, Adobe CE, and Latin Extended characters. OpenType features include subscript and superscript.
Neue Frutiger Condensed (2010)
On April 7, 2010, Monotype Imaging Holdings announced condensed versions of the Neue Frutiger fonts. Designed by Akira Kobayashi, the expansion of the family includes twenty fonts in the same weight and style combination as the original release, in OpenType Pro font format.
Neue Frutiger W1G (2011)
This version supports Greek and Cyrillic characters.
The family includes forty fonts in ten weights and two widths, with a complementary oblique.
Neue Frutiger 1450 (2013)
It is a version of Neue Frutiger compliant with the German standard DIN 1450, designed by Akira Kobayashi.
The family includes eight fonts, in four weights (book, regular, medium, bold) and one width, with a complementary oblique.
OpenType features include denominator/numerator, fractions, ligatures, localized forms, ordinals, proportional figures, subscript/superscript, scientific inferiors, stylistic alternates (two sets), ornaments, kerning.
Neue Frutiger World (2018)
In 2018, Monotype introduces Neue Frutiger World with several characters more than 150 languages, in Latin, Greek, Cyrillic, Georgian, Armenian, Hebrew, Arabic, Thai and Vietnamese. Additionally, in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean characters.
Similar types
Adobe's Myriad and Microsoft's Segoe UI are two prominent typefaces whose similarities to Frutiger have aroused controversy. Frutiger described Myriad as 'not badly done' but said that the similarities had gone 'a little too far'. However, in an interview, Adrian Frutiger commended the work of Myriad's co-designer, Robert Slimbach: "except the unnecessary doubt concerning Myriad, his work is also very good." Additionally, the italic style of Myriad is cursive, while the original version of Frutiger uses a slanted Roman style rather than a true italic.
In the 1970s, Frutiger designed Icone, a wedge-serif design with mild stroke modulation, which has many similarities in basic letter structure to Frutiger, and in overall effect to Albertus.
In 2017, Italian type designer, Danilo de Marco designed Agané typeface, inspired from Frutiger typeface.
Awards
Frutiger Next won the bukva:raz! competition in the Latin category.
Frutiger Next Greek won the TDC2 2006 award under the Type System / Superfamily category.
Use in branding
The Frutiger font is used as an official typeface by many institutions around the world. A number of these are listed here.
Universities and colleges
Cornell University uses Frutiger as its secondary typeface, along with Palatino.
The German Karlsruhe Institute of Technology uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
The London School of Economics service uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
Ohio University uses Frutiger as its official typeface, along with Galliard.
The University of Iceland uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
The University of Lausanne uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
Heriot-Watt University uses Frutiger as one of its official typefaces, along with Garamond.
The University of Miami uses Frutiger (Linotype) as its primary sans-serif typeface.
The University of Southern California uses Frutiger as its official typeface, along with Caslon 540.
National University of Singapore uses Frutiger as its primary typeface, with Times New Roman as its secondary.
California Institute of Technology uses Frutiger as one of its two "primary fonts," along with Adobe Garamond.
The University of Southern Denmark uses Frutiger as its secondary typeface, with Trajan as its primary.
Utrecht University uses this font in official communication, along with Bembo.
De La Salle University uses Frutiger as its official sans serif typeface, along with Garamond.
Companies and organizations
Alcatel-Lucent used Frutiger in its logo.
Amtrak uses Frutiger for signage and as a display type in printed documents, as well as for numbering on some of its fleet.
The Citizens Advice service uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
Connexions in the UK uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
The Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants in Hong Kong uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
Kieser Training AG and Kieser Training Australia use Frutiger as their official typeface.
England and Wales's National Health Service uses Frutiger as its standard typeface.
Polaroid used a slightly modified Frutiger in its logo.
RadioShack uses the font for its logo wordmark since 1995.
Rotary International uses Frutiger as its official primary font.
Swedish truck and bus manufacturer Scania AB previously used Frutiger typeface until replaced by the Scania Sans typeface in 2016
UBS, a Swiss financial services company.
Since 2006, the World Health Organization uses the font in its logotype.
Other uses
Bay Area Rapid Transit, a rapid transit system serving the San Francisco Bay Area, uses Frutiger for all signage.
The Port Authority of New York and New Jersey uses Frutiger 65 for signage and wayfinding at its airports. This font is also used for signage at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol and Port Columbus International Airport.
The Dutch emergency services use Frutiger for their vehicle striping.
The Finnish Defence Forces uses Frutiger as its official typeface.
The US National Park Service uses Frutiger as one of two fonts across the entire agency.
Zarząd Transportu Miejskiego, the transport authority in Warsaw, Poland uses Frutiger since the 2014 information system change caused by launching the second metro line
Schindler Elevator Corporation uses a former Sans Serif font that is unknown, until in 2000s they replaced by Frutiger Next font in along with Arial and Roboto.
Michael Bierut commented on its common use in wayfinding systems: "Frutiger has been used so much for signage programs in hospitals and airports that seeing it now makes me feel that I'm about to get diagnosed with a brain tumor or miss the 7:00 to O'Hare."
Other 'Frutiger' fonts
A number of other designs by Frutiger carry his name without having any connection to the Frutiger typeface itself. They are listed here for reference.
Frutiger Stones (1998)
This is a family of casual fonts inspired by natural elements. Using polished pebbles as the boundary, the family consists of regular, positive, and negative fonts. Frutiger Stones Positive is Regular without the stone outline, while Negative is a reverse fill of the Regular.
Frutiger Symbols (1998)
This is a family of symbol fonts. The fonts contain plants, animals, and stars, as well as religious and mythological symbols. The naming convention follows Frutiger Stones.
Frutiger Capitalis (2005)
This is a family of casual fonts that consists of regular, outline, and signs fonts. Frutiger Capitalis Outline is the outline version of Frutiger Capitalis Regular. Frutiger Capitalis contains ornamental glyphs of religions, hand signs, and astrological signs.
See also
Typography
Public signage typefaces
Segoe UI Licensing Controversy
References
Bibliography
Meggs, Philip, and Rob Carter. Typographic Specimens: The Great Typefaces. Van Nostrand Reinhold: 1993, p. 163. .
Gibson, Jennifer. "Univers and Frutiger." Revival of the Fittest: Digital Versions of Classical Typefaces, Ed. Philip Meggs and Roy McKelvey. RC Publications: 2000, pp. 176–177. .
External links
ASTRA Frutiger Schrift
Stempel typefaces
Linotype typefaces
Humanist sans-serif typefaces
Typefaces and fonts introduced in 1976
Typefaces designed by Adrian Frutiger
Unified serif and sans-serif typeface families | {'title': 'Frutiger (typeface)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frutiger%20%28typeface%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
I Wish You Love is Gloria Gaynor's seventeenth album and her first international release in 18 years. It is a return to her roots in Club/Dance music, along with Urban contemporary and Contemporary R&B. The album includes two recent hit singles—2001's "Just Keep Thinking About You" (#1 on Billboard's Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart) and 2002's "I Never Knew" (also #1 Club Play, #30 Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks). First released in the United States in September 2002, the album followed in Europe in April 2003.
American Track listing
"Gotta Be Forever" – 3:33 (Linda Clifford, Kathy Brown, Pelle Ankarberg, Niclas Molinder, Joachim Persson)
"Stronger" – 3:20 (Mary Brown, Fusari, Karl Kimmel)
"I Wish You Love" – 3:43 (Bill Lee, Balewa Muhammed, Calvin Gaines, Rob Fusari, Eritza Laues)
"Let It Rain" – 5:13 (Andy Goldmark, Jason Hess, Mark Mueller)
"Gone Too Long" – 3:02 (Lamont Dozier, Jorgen Elofsson)
"Just No Other Way" – 4:00 (D. Deviller, S. Hossein, J. Kugell)
"I Never Knew" (LP version) – 4:26 (Kasia Livingston)
"Just Keep Thinking About You" – 3:06 (G. Catchey, H. Johnson)
"No One Can Love You More" – 4:11 (Kevin Clark, Berny Cosgrove, Tim Hegarty)
"You Keep Running" – 3:03 (M. Brown, Fusari)
"I'm Here for You" – 5:12 (Gloria Gaynor, Garianno Lorenzo)
"All The Man That I Need" – 3:42 (Ankarberg, Persson, Molinder, Dennis)
"I Never Knew" (Hex Hector, HQ2 remix) – 4:16 (Livingston)
"Pena" (Duet with Alexandre Pires) - 4:13 (Claudia Brant)
European Track listing
"Gotta Be Forever" – 3:33 (Linda Clifford, Kathy Brown, Pelle Ankarberg, Niclas Molinder, Joacim Persson)
"Gone Too Long" – 3:02 (Lamont Dozier, Jörgen Elofsson)
"Just No Other Way" – 4:00 (D. Deviller, S. Hossein, J. Kugell)
"I Never Knew" (LP version) – 4:26 (Kasia Livingston)
"All The Man That I Need" – 3:42 (Ankarberg, Persson, Molinder, Dennis)
"Just Keep Thinking About You" – 3:06 (G. Catchey, H. Johnson)
"I Wish You Love" – 3:43 (Bill Lee, Balewa Muhammed, Calvin Gaines, Rob Fusari, Eritza Laues)
"Stronger" – 3:20 (Mary Brown, Fusari, Karl Kimmel)
"Let It Rain" – 5:13 (Andy Goldmark, Jason Hess, Mark Mueller)
"No One Can Love You More" – 4:11 (Kevin Clark, Berny Cosgrove, Tim Hegarty)
"You Keep Running" – 3:03 (M. Brown, Fusari)
"I'm Here for You" – 5:12 (Gloria Gaynor, Garianno Lorenzo)
"I Will Survive" (English version) – 6:46 (Dino Fekaris, Freddie Perren)
"I Never Knew" (Hex Hector, HQ2 remix) – 4:16 (Livingston)
"I Will Survive (Spanglish version) – 4:42 (Fekaris, Perren)
References
[ Chart history]
[ Billboard entry]
External links
I Wish You Love at Discogs
Gloria Gaynor albums
2003 albums | {'title': 'I Wish You Love (Gloria Gaynor album)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Wish%20You%20Love%20%28Gloria%20Gaynor%20album%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Fire and Fury is a miniatures wargame about the American Civil War.
Publication history
Fire and Fury, a miniatures wargame that simulates battles of the American Civil War, was designed by Richard W. Hasenauer and published as a 96-page hardcover book in 1990 by Dave Waxtel and Quantum Publishing. Over 10,000 copies of the book were sold. Two years later, a book of western battle scenarios was published.
In 2010, a second edition of the game, also written by Hasenauer, was published by Fire and Fury Games.
Description
First edition
The first edition of Fire and Fury describes rules for miniatures wargames that simulates battles of the American Civil War at the tactical (brigade) level. The rules are designed for 15 mm figures, which represent brigades — 4–6 single battalion regiments, or a brigade of cavalry, or 6–8 artillery pieces. Casualty losses are calculated per 150 or 200 soldiers. The game uses a map scale of one inch to 45 or 60 yards, and a time scale of 20–30 minutes of real time per complete turn. Ten-sided dice are used to introduce randomness to the battlefield to simulate the fog of war at the brigade level. The movement and morale system also introduces random elements to movement and morale, based on a unit's experience and casualty-induced battle fatigue. This game was also the first to introduce modelled status markers to mark units that are disordered, low on ammunition, etc.
The 34-page Great Western Battles Scenario Book (1992) contains simulations of the Battles of Shiloh, Corinth, Stones River, Champion Hill, Chickamauga, and Atlanta.
Second edition
The second edition, published in 2010, is titled Brigade Fire and Fury. It updates the original edition, keeping the fog of war and movement/morale rules, but adding new rules for Double Quick movement, Cavalry Countercharge, and rules for garrisoning a town. It also adds a Fictional Army Generator for pickup games, rated for early, middle and late in the war. Included in the book are three scenarios: "First Battle of Bull Run", "First Day Battle of Gettysburg", and "Battle of Reams Station".
A second book of rules, Regimental Fire and Fury, was also published in 2010, and focusses on only portions of larger battles, using smaller units.
Reception
In August 2017, Bill Gray reviewed the second edition for Wargamer, and stated that "Rich Hasenauer started a revolution of sorts in the tabletop (historical miniature) wargaming world" with the first edition of Fire and Fury. Gray pointed out that the original edition was one of the first games to have the full color, filled with photographs style rule-book that has dominated the market since then, and that it has "spawned dozens of duplications." In reviewing the second edition, Gray found much to like, including the replacement of the original black and white diagrams with full-color illustrations. He felt that the second edition had retained all of the important elements of the first edition that had been so ground-breaking — "game processes that made F&F so unique and so popular remain solidly intact" — while adding several significant improvements. Gray did disagree with the addition of more complex firing tables that broke down weapons into breechloaders, rifled muskets, etc. As Gray pointed out, historically "though the warring parties used a variety of weapons [...] it was the same general mixture on both sides [giving] an advantage to nobody." Despite this, Gray concluded that the second edition of Fire and Fury was "a top notch game in every respect and mandates a place on every [American Civil War] gamer's shelf [...] Overall I predict strong success."
Fire and Fury was chosen for inclusion in the 2007 book Hobby Games: The 100 Best. In the book, Phil Yates states that "Fire and Fury is one of the best miniature wargames to appear in the last 20 years. It has all of the elements that make a great tabletop game: flavor, simplicity, speed of play, and, most important of all, it feels right for its subject matter — in this case, the American Civil War."
References
American Civil War miniature wargames
Board games introduced in 1992 | {'title': 'Fire and Fury (game)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire%20and%20Fury%20%28game%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Jean-Marie Lehn (born 30 September 1939) is a French chemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry together with Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen in 1987 for his synthesis of cryptands. Lehn was an early innovator in the field of supramolecular chemistry, i.e., the chemistry of host–guest molecular assemblies created by intermolecular interactions, and continues to innovate in this field. his group has published 790 peer-reviewed articles in chemistry literature.
Biography
Early years
Lehn was born in Rosheim, Alsace, France to Pierre and Marie Lehn. He is of Alsatian German descent. His father was a baker, but because of his interest in music, he later became the city organist. Lehn also studied music, saying that it became his major interest after science. He has continued to play the organ throughout his professional career as a scientist. His high school studies in Obernai, from 1950 to 1957, included Latin, Greek, German, and English languages, French literature, and he later became very keen of both philosophy and science, particularly chemistry. In July 1957, he obtained the baccalauréat in philosophy, and in September of the same year, the baccalauréat in Natural Sciences.
At the University of Strasbourg, although he considered studying philosophy, he ended up taking courses in physical, chemical and natural sciences, attending the lectures of Guy Ourisson, and realizing that he wanted to pursue a research career in organic chemistry. He joined Ourisson's lab, working his way to the Ph.D. There, he was in charge of the lab's first NMR spectrometer, and published his first scientific paper, which pointed out an additivity rule for substituent induced shifts of proton NMR signals in steroid derivatives. He obtained his Ph.D., and went to work for a year at Robert Burns Woodward's laboratory at Harvard University, working among other things on the synthesis of vitamin B12.
Career
In 1966, he was appointed a position as maître de conférences (assistant professor) at the Chemistry Department of the University of Strasbourg. His research focused on the physical properties of molecules, synthesizing compounds specifically designed for exhibiting a given property, in order to better understand how that property was related to structure.
In 1968, he achieved the synthesis of cage-like molecules, comprising a cavity inside which another molecule could be lodged. Organic chemistry enabled him to engineer cages with the desired shape, thus only allowing a certain type of molecule to lodge itself in the cage. This was the premise for an entire new field in chemistry, sensors. Such mechanisms also play a great role in molecular biology.
These cryptands, as Lehn dubbed them, became his main center of interest, and led to his definition of a new type of chemistry, "supramolecular chemistry", which instead of studying the bonds inside one molecule, looks at intermolecular attractions, and what would be later called "fragile objects", such as micelles, polymers, or clays.
In 1980, he was elected to become a teacher at the prestigious Collège de France, and in 1987 was awarded the Nobel Prize, alongside Donald Cram and Charles Pedersen for his works on cryptands.
He is currently a member of the Reliance Innovation Council which was formed by Reliance Industries Limited, India.
, Lehn has an h-index of 154 according to Google Scholar and of 137 (946 documents) according to Scopus.
Legacy
In 1987, Pierre Boulez dedicated a very short piano work Fragment d‘une ébauche to Lehn on the occasion of his Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Personal life
Lehn was married in 1965 to Sylvie Lederer, and together they had two sons, David and Mathias.
Lehn is an atheist.
Honors and awards
Lehn has won numerous awards and honors including:
French awards and decorations
CNRS Gold medal (1981; Silver Medal: 1972; Bronze Medal: 1963)
Knight of the Ordre des Palmes académiques (1989)
Officer of the Ordre national du Mérite (1993; Knight: 1976)
Grand Officer of the Légion d'Honneur (2014; Commander: 1996; Officer: 1988; Knight: 1983)
Other international and national awards
Elected an International Member of the United States National Academy of Sciences (1980)
Elected a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1980)
Humboldt Prize (1983)
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (1983)
Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1987)
Elected a Member of the American Philosophical Society (1987)
Pour le Mérite (1990)
Elected a Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1993
The Davy Medal of the Royal Society (1997)
Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class (2001)
Grand Officer of the Order of Cultural Merit of Romania (2004)
Gutenberg Lecture Award (2006)
ISA Medal for Science (2006)
Knight Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany (2009)
Order of the Rising Sun (Gold and Silver Star) of Japan (2019)
Honorary degrees
Lehn received numerous Honorary Doctorates (25, ), from:
Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 1984
Autonomous University of Madrid, 1985
Georg-August University of Göttingen, 1987
Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1987
University of Crete (Iraklion University), 1989
Università degli Studi di Bologna, 1989
Charles University of Prague, 1990
University of Sheffield, 1991
University of Twente, 1991
University of Athens, 1992
National Technical University of Athens (Polytechnical University of Athens), 1992
Illinois Wesleyan University, 1995
Université de Montréal, 1995
University of Bielefeld, 1998
Honorary Professor, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 1998
Honorary Professor, Southeast University, Nanjing, 1998
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 1998
Faculté des Sciences Appliquées, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1999
Nagoya University, 2000
Université de Sherbrooke, 2000
Università di Trieste, 2001
Honorary Professor, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 2003
Honorary Professor, Nanjing University, 2003
Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, 2003
University of St. Andrews, 2004
Heriot Watt University, Edinburgh, 2005
Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University (Technical University, St Petersburg), 2005
Masaryk University, Brno, 2005
Honorary Professor, Beijing University, 2005
Kyushu University, 2005
Moscow State University, 2006
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 2006
Kazan Federal University, 2006
Novosibirsk State University, 2006
Honorary Professor, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 2007
Honorary Professor, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi’an, 2007
Special Honorary Professorship, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai, 2008
University of Patras, 2008
Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, 2008
University of Basilicata, Potenza, 2008
Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, 2009
Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 2009
University of Ljubljana, 2009
City University of Hong Kong, 2010
Queen's University Belfast, 2012
Honorary Professor, Novosibirsk State University, 2012
Honorary Professor, Xiamen University, 2012
Honorary Professor, Jilin University, 2013
Honorary Professor, Shanxi University, 2013
University of Oxford, 2014
Macau University of Science and Technology (MUST), 2015
University of Málaga, 2015
Honorary Professor, Kyushu University, 2016
Honorary Professor, China Pharmaceutical University, 2016
Honorary Professor, Wuhan University of Technology, 2016
Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, 2017
University of Cambridge, 2017
New York University, 2017
University of Bucharest, 2018
University of Vienna, 2019
University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, 2019
Books
References
Further reading
continued on page 56
External links
including the Nobel lecture, 8 December 1987 Supramolecular Chemistry – Scope and Perspectives Molecules – Supermolecules – Molecular Devices
1939 births
Living people
People from Rosheim
French people of German descent
Academic staff of the Collège de France
French atheists
20th-century French chemists
21st-century French chemists
French Nobel laureates
Harvard University staff
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
Members of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences
Foreign Members of the Royal Society
Foreign Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Foreign members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences
Nobel laureates in Chemistry
Academic staff of the University of Strasbourg
Grand Officiers of the Légion d'honneur
Chevaliers of the Ordre des Palmes Académiques
Officers of the Ordre national du Mérite
Recipients of the Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class
Knights Commander of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany
Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
Articles containing video clips
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Members of the Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities | {'title': 'Jean-Marie Lehn', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Marie%20Lehn', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Day () is an Israeli day of remembrance observed annually on the twelfth of the Hebrew month of Cheshvan, to commemorate the life of Zionist leader and Israeli Prime Minister and Defense Minister, Yitzhak Rabin, and his assassination.
History
Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Day was created by the Israeli Knesset as part of the Yitzhak Rabin Memorial Law, passed in 1997, two years after his assassination. According to the law, Rabin Memorial Day shall be held annually on the twelfth day of Cheshvan, the day of Yitzhak Rabin's assassination, according to the Hebrew calendar (November 4, 1995, according to Gregorian calendar).
Observance
This national day of remembrance is marked by all state institutions, on Israel Defense Forces army bases and in schools. The national flag is lowered to half mast, and a memorial service is held at his grave on Mount Herzl.
By law, schools shall observe this day by commemorating Yitzhak Rabin's work and by activities highlighting the importance of democracy in Israel and the danger that violence poses to society and country.
If the date falls either on Friday or Saturday, the memorial day will be held on the preceding Thursday.
See also
Public holidays in Israel
Culture of Israel
Jewish holidays
References
Cheshvan observances
National holidays
Public holidays in Israel
Zionism
Yitzhak Rabin | {'title': 'Rabin Day', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabin%20Day', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Christopher Golden (born July 15, 1967) is an American author of horror, fantasy, and suspense novels for adults and teens.
Early life
Golden was born and raised in Massachusetts, where he still lives with his family. He graduated from Tufts University.
Career
As well as novels, Golden has written comic books and video games, and co-written the online animated series Ghosts of Albion with actress/writer/director Amber Benson. He co-created and co-writes the Dark Horse Comics series Baltimore with Mike Mignola and wrote the introduction to the now collectible, 200-only copies, slipcased edition of Joe Hill's book of short stories titled 20th Century Ghosts. He has also edited numerous horror and dark fantasy fiction anthologies.
Golden worked on the script for Hellboy, a reboot film based on Mignola's comic series Hellboy, though he ultimately was uncredited.
Bibliography
Novels
Strangewood (Signet, 1999)
Straight On 'Til Morning (Signet, 2001)
The Ferryman (Signet, 2002)
The Boys Are Back in Town (Bantam, 2004)
Wildwood Road (Bantam, 2005)
Bloodstained Oz - co-authored with James A. Moore (Earthling Publications 2006)
Seven Whistlers (Subterranean, 2006; co-authored with Amber Benson)
Baltimore, or The Steadfast Tin Soldier and the Vampire (co-authored with Mike Mignola)
Poison Ink (Delacorte, 2008)
Soulless (MTV Books, 2008)
When Rose Wakes (2010)
Joe Golem and the Drowning City (2012)
Father Gaetano's Puppet Catechism (2013)
Snowblind (2014)
Tin Men (2015)
Dead Ringers (2015)
Indigo (2017; co-authored with Charlaine Harris)
Blood of the Four (2018; co-authored with Tim Lebbon)
Road of Bones (2022)
All Hallows (2023)
The Hidden Cities
The Hidden Cities series, all co-authored with Tim Lebbon
Mind the Gap (Spectra, 2008)
Map of Moments (Spectra, 2009)
The Chamber of Ten (Spectra, 2010)
The Shadow Men (Spectra, 2011)
The Veil
The Myth Hunters (Bantam, 2006)
The Borderkind (Bantam, 2007)
The Lost Ones (Bantam, 2008)
The Shadow Saga
Of Saints and Shadows (Berkley, 1994)
Angel Souls and Devil Hearts (Berkley, 1995)
Of Masques and Martyrs (Ace, 1998)
The Gathering Dark (Berkley, 2003)
Waking Nightmares (Berkley, 2011)
The Graves Of Saints (Simon & Schuster UK, 2013)
King of Hell (Simon & Schuster UK, 2014)
The Menagerie
The Menagerie series all co-authored with Tom Sniegoski
The Nimble Man (Ace, 2004)
Tears of the Furies (Ace, 2005)
Stones Unturned (Ace, 2006)
Crashing Paradise (Ace, 2007)
Ghosts of Albion
Ghosts of Albion related books are co-authored with Amber Benson.
Accursed (Del Rey, 2005)
Astray (Subterranean, 2005)
Initiation (Subterranean, 2006)
Witchery (Del Rey, 2006)
Hellboy
Hellboy related books with cover and other illustrations by Mike Mignola
Hellboy: The Lost Army (Dark Horse, 1997)
Hellboy: The Bones of Giants (Dark Horse, 2001)
Hellboy: The Dragon Pool (Pocket Books, 2007)
Body of Evidence
Body Bags (Pocket, 1999)
Thief of Hearts (Pocket, 1999)
Soul Survivor (Pocket, 1999)
Meets the Eye (Pocket, 2000)
Head Games (Pocket, 2000)
Skin Deep - co-authoered with Rick Hautala (Pocket, 2000)
Burning Bones - co-authoered with Rick Hautala (Pocket, 2001)
Brain Trust - co-authoered with Rick Hautala (Pocket, 2001)
Last Breath - co-authoered with Rick Hautala (Pocket, 2004)
Throat Culture - co-authoered with Rick Hautala (Pocket, 2005)
OutCast
All co-authored with Tom Sniegoski
OutCast: The Un-Magician (Pocket, 2004)
OutCast: Dragon Secrets (Pocket, 2004)
OutCast: Ghostfire (Pocket, 2005)
OutCast: Wurm War (Pocket, 2005)
Prowlers
Prowlers (Pocket, 2001)
Laws of Nature (Pocket, 2001)
Predator and Prey (Pocket, 2001)
Wild Things (Pocket, 2002)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer
Buffy the Vampire Slayer related books.
Halloween Rain - Co-authored with Nancy Holder (Pocket, 1997)
Blooded - Co-authored with Nancy Holder (Pocket 1998)
Child of the Hunt - Co-authored with Nancy Holder (Pocket 1998)
The Gatekeeper series - all co-authored with Nancy Holder
The Gatekeeper, Book One: Out of the Madhouse (Pocket 1999)
The Gatekeeper, Book Two: Ghost Roads (Pocket 1999)
The Gatekeeper, Book Three: Sons of Entropy (Pocket 1999)
Immortal - co-authored with Nancy Holder (hardcover, Pocket, 1999)
Sins of the Father (Pocket, 1999)
Spike & Dru: Pretty Maids All in a Row (hardcover, Pocket, 2000)
The Lost Slayer a 4-part series(Pocket 2001)
The Lost Slayer I: Prophecies
The Lost Slayer II: Dark Times
The Lost Slayer III: King of the Dead
The Lost Slayer IV: Original Sins
Oz: Into the Wild (Pocket, 2002)
The Wisdom of War (Pocket, 2002)
Monster Island co-authored with Tom Sniegoski (hardcover, Pocket, 2003)
Dark Congress (Simon Spotlight, 2007)
Ben Walker
Ararat (2017)
The Pandora Room (2019)
Red Hands (2020)
Young adult novels
Beach Blanket Psycho (Bantam YA, 1995)
Bikini (Bantam YA, 1995)
Force Majeure co-authored with Tom Sniegoski (Pocket, 2002)
Poison Ink (Delacrote YA, 2008)
The Hollow series
Young adult series co-authored with Ford Lytle Gilmore. The series is based on Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.
Horseman (Pocket, 2005)
Drowned (Pocket, 2005)
Mischief (Pocket, 2006)
Enemies (Pocket, 2006)
The Waking
Young adult series written under the pseudonym Thomas Randall
Dreams of the Dead (Bloomsbury, 2009)
Spirits of the Noh (Bloomsbury, 2011)
A Winter of Ghosts (Daring Greatly Corporation, 2013)
The Secret Journeys of Jack London
Young adult series co-authored with Tim Lebbon and with illustrations by Greg Ruth
The Wild (HarperCollins, 2011)
The Sea Wolves (HarperCollins, 2012)
White Fangs (Daring Greatly Corporation, 2013)
Other media tie-ins
Battlestar Galactica
Battlestar Galactica: Armageddon
Battlestar Galactica: Warhawk
Daredevil
Daredevil: Predator's Smile
Gen¹³
Gen¹³: Netherwar - co-authored with Jeff Mariotte
Justice League
Justice League: Exterminators
King Kong
King Kong - official novelization of the 2005 film
X-Men
X-Men: Mutant Empire-Siege
X-Men: Mutant Empire-Sanctuary
X-Men: Mutant Empire-Salvation
X-Men: Codename Wolverine
Uncharted
Uncharted: The Fourth Labyrinth
Sons of Anarchy
Sons of Anarchy: Bratva (2014), the first in a planned series of SOA novels
Alien
Alien: River of Pain
The Predator
The Predator
Comics
Punisher (Marvel Edge, 1998-1999)
Talent (with Thomas E. Sniegoski, Boom! Studios, 2006)
The Sisterhood (with Tom Sniegoski, Archaia, 2008)
Baltimore: The Plague Ships (with Mike Mignola, Dark Horse Comics, 2010)
Baltimore: The Curse Bells (with Mike Mignola, Dark Horse Comics, 2011)
Baltimore: A Passing Stranger and Other Stories (with Mike Mignola, Dark Horse Comics, 2012)
Baltimore: Chapel of Bones (with Mike Mignola, Dark Horse Comics, 2013)
Baltimore: The Apostle and the Witch of Harju (with Mike Mignola, Dark Horse Comics, 2014)
Anthologies Contributed
Thin Walls (Aug 2010) in Death's Excellent Vacation
Anthologies Edited
The New Dead: A Zombie Anthology, 2010
The Monster's Corner: Stories Through Inhuman Eyes, 2011
21st Century Dead: A Zombie Anthology, 2012
Dark Duets, 2014
Seize the Night, 2015
Hex Life, 2019 (co-edited with Rachel Autumn Deering)
See also
Angel comics
Angel novels
Buffy comics
Buffy novels
Ghosts of Albion
Tales of the Slayer
References
External links
Official Web Site
1967 births
Living people
Choose Your Own Adventure writers
20th-century American novelists
21st-century American novelists
American male novelists
20th-century American male writers
21st-century American male writers | {'title': 'Christopher Golden', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Golden', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
{{DISPLAYTITLE:Pneumocandin B0}}
Pneumocandin B0, also known as pneumocandin B0, pneumocandin B(0), and hydroxy echinocandin, is an organic chemical compound with the formula C50H80N8O17, produced by the fungus Glarea lozoyensis.
It is a strong antifungal and inhibits the synthesis of β-(1→3)-D-glucan, which is a fundamental component in most cell walls, like the Candida albicans membrane. This is a very important activity since there is an increase in the frequency of fungal infections, accompanied by an increase in the variety of opportunistic and pathogenic fungi such as Candida.
This compound is used to synthesize caspofungin.
Pneumocandin B0 can be easily confused with pneumocandin B, although they have different side chains and residues.
Production
Pneumocandin B0 is the starting molecule for the first semisynthetic echinocandin antifungal drug, caspofungin acetate.
In the wild-type strain, pneumocandin B0 is a minor fermentation product, and its industrial production was achieved by a combination of extensive mutation and medium optimization.
The pneumocandin biosynthetic gene cluster was previously elucidated by a whole genome sequencing approach. Knowledge of the biosynthetic cluster suggested an alternative way to exclusively produce pneumocandin B0.
Disruption of GLOXY4, encoding a nonheme, α-ketoglutarate-dependent oxygenase, confirmed its involvement in L-leucine cyclization to form (4S)-methyl-L-proline. The absence of (4S)-methyl-L-proline abolishes pneumocandin A0 production, and (3S)-hydroxyl-L-proline occupies the hexapeptide core's position 6, resulting in exclusive production of pneumocandin B0.
Retrospective analysis of the GLOXY4 gene in a previously isolated pneumocandin B0-exclusive mutant (ATCC 74030) indicated that chemical mutagenesis disrupted the GLOXY4 gene function by introducing two amino acid mutations in GLOXY4.
This one-step genetic manipulation can rationally engineer a high-yield production strain.
Special features
The echinocandins and pneumocandins are lipopeptides antifungal agents that inhibit the synthesis of β-(1→3)-D-glucan, an essential cell wall homopolysaccharide found in many pathogenic fungi.
Compounds with this fungal-specific target have several attractive features:
Lack of mechanism-based toxicity
Potential for fungicidal activity
Activity against strains with intrinsic or acquired resistance mechanisms for existing antimycotics.
Caspofungin
Caspofungin, a semisynthetic derivate of the pneumocandin B0, is the first licensed compound of a new class of antifungal agent, that are called the echinocandins. This antifungal agent attacks the fungal cell by selective inhibition of β-(1→3)-D-glucan synthase, which is not present in mammalian cells. Caspofungin represents an interesting and clinically valuable new antifungal drug that broadens the available therapeutic armamentarium for the treatment of invasive fungal infections.
Semisynthetic derivatives
The antipneumocystis activities of the pneumocandins can be significantly improved through synthetic modification.
There are new semisynthetic pneumocandin B0 derivatives that have been found:
By the addition of an aminoethyl ether at the R3 position of pneumocandin B0 resulted water-soluble and nonprodrug compounds, substantially more efficacious
By the modification of pneumocandin B0 at the R2 position by the conversion of the hydroxyglutamine to a hydroxyornithine increases the antipneumocystis activities of the compounds by 4-fold.
These two modifications combined were synergistic, resulting in a 10-fold improvement in potency against Pneumocystis jirovecii (formerly known as Pneumocystis carinii) pneumonia.
References
External links
Chemical Book listing
Antifungals
Heterocyclic compounds with 3 rings
Nitrogen heterocycles | {'title': 'Pneumocandin B0', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumocandin%20B0', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Maped (an acronym for Manufacture d'Articles de Précision Et de Dessin) is an independent, French, and family-owned brand, and world leader in school supplies and accessories. Founded in 1947 in Annecy, Haute-Savoie, France, Maped is now present in 125 countries with 20 affiliates in the scissors, pencil and eraser markets. Its capital is €5,155,000 and 50% of the company's turnover is generated outside Europe. Maped creates and manufactures school, writing and office supplies as well as fun and playful activity kits and nomad food containers. Present in various sectors Maped owns 8 different brands: Maped, Maped Office, Maped Picnik, Maped Creativ, Maped Color’Peps, Joustra, Helit and Helix. The French brand is committed to the causes of education and the environment.
History
Maped was founded in 1947 in Annecy, with its first products being traditional brass compasses. Until 1985, the compass remained the only production activity. For almost 40 years, Maped has specialised in the manufacture of geometry sets intended for design offices, Designers, and Architects.
In 1980, Maped joined the GFP (a group of stationery manufacturers) and the GIE (an economic interest grouping), whose aim was to pool together distribution resources. 1985 was the year of Maped's first new range, with the arrival of scissors. That same year, Jacques Lacroix took over the family company. In 1992 the company continued to diversify its activity by acquiring Mallat, French leader in erasers (including the iconic pink and blue Duo Eraser) and started manufacturing erasing and marking products.
In 1993, Maped launched a production site and opened a subsidiary, Maped Stationery LTD, in China. That same year, the company started selling office supplies, Hole punchers and staplers. In 1996, the company launched the marketing of pencil sharpeners, followed by school accessories in 1997. At the same moment, Maped became commercially independent in France after the CFP dissolved (a group of stationery manufacturers). The next year, in 1999, a subsidiary in Argentina was created and that same year the company entered the creative leisure sector. In 2002, a factory was acquired in Mexico. The following year, the brand's first television Advertising in France was broadcast and Maped continued to expand with the opening of its subsidiary in Brazil. Also in 2003, Maped started manufacturing Pencil sharpeners. In 2004, Maped adopted a new corporate identity and launched a specialist storage range.
In 2005, affiliates in Canada and in the US were created. The company started to manufacture coloured pencils.
In 2006, Maped acquired the German group Helit (office supplies) and its Diplomat writing range, as well as the French company JFP Graphos (storage products) which was merged in 2007.
The company also created a subsidiary in Greece and launched a range of felt-tip pens. In 2007, Maped started selling shears and cutting machines. The following year, a subsidiary in Turkey was created and a school writing range was launched with the famous Twin Tip 4 ball point pen, the 4-colour twin tip ball point pen.
Maped started building a new factory in China, which became operational in 2010. That same year, affiliates in Romania, the Netherlands, and Britain were created. In 2011 the Indian and Peruvian offices opened.
In 2012 Maped acquired and integrated the English family-run business of Helix, the UK's leading school accessory manufacturer, which is now called Maped Helix and created another subsidiary in Russia.
On 21 March 2016, Maped acquired French plastic toy manufacturer Heller Joustra (Heller SA) for 1.5 million euros. Maped announced that it was taking over the Joustra factory, which employed 30 people, and invested 2 million euros with the aim of doubling Heller Joustra's sales in 4 years.
In 2017 Jacques-Antoine Lacroix took over from his father as CEO of Maped.
The company launched Maped Picnik, a new collection of 100% reusable nomad food range (water bottles, lunchboxes, bags) in 2018. The next year, in 2019, Maped Creativ was launched, fun and innovative creative activities for children.
2020, is the release date of Mapiwee, a blog that brings together children and parents around fun and creative activities but also by sharing tips and tricks.
At the beginning of 2021, Maped has completely rework its brand image, with a new visual identity and strong commitments to education and the environment.
Products
Maped manufactures school supplies (compasses, scissors, erasers, pencil sharpeners, colouring, marking, writing) and office supplies (staplers, hole punches, storage items, etc.) as well as food containers.
The current range of Maped's school and office products include:
References
External links
Printing companies of France
French brands
Design companies established in 1947
French companies established in 1947 | {'title': 'Maped', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maped', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Battery L, 2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment was an artillery battery that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War and Plains Indian Wars.
Service
Organized at St. Louis, Mo., January, 1862. Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., Dept. of Missouri, to September, 1862. District of Rolla, Dept. of Missouri, to February, 1863. District of St. Louis, Mo., Dept. of Missouri, to September, 1863. Attached to District of St. Louis, Mo., and Central District of Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to April, 1865. District of North Missouri, Dept. of Missouri, to June, 1865. District of the Plains, Dept. of Missouri, to November, 1865.
Detailed service
Duty in District of St. Louis till September, 1862. At Houston July, 1862. Action at Mountain Store, Big Piney, July 25, 1862. At Hartsville, District of Rolla, Mo., till July, 1863, and at St. Louis, Mo., till September, 1863. Scout in Wayne, Stoddard and Dunklin Counties August 20–27, 1862. Little River Bridge August 31, 1862 (Detachment). Hartsville, Wood's Fork, January 11, 1863. Transferred to new Battery "E" September 29, 1863. Reorganized at Sedalia, Mo., January 20, 1864. Duty at St. Louis and Warrenton, Mo., District of Central Missouri. Action at Moreau Bottom October 7. Defence of Jefferson City against Price's attack October 7–8. California October 9. Battle of Westport October 23. Engagement at the Marmiton or Battle of Charlot October 25. Mine Creek, Little Osage River, Marias des Cygnes, October 25. Duty in District of Central Missouri till April, 1865, and in North Missouri till June. Ordered to St. Louis, Mo. Moved to Omaha, Neb., June 11–20. Powder River Expedition. March to Powder River and Fort Connor July 1-September 20. Actions on Powder River September 2–8. Mustered out November 25, 1865.
Commanders
Captain Charles H. Thurber
See also
2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment
Missouri Civil War Union units
Missouri in the Civil War
References
Dyer, Frederick H. A Compendium of the War of the Rebellion (Des Moines, IA: Dyer Pub. Co.), 1908.
Attribution
Military units and formations established in 1862
Military units and formations disestablished in 1865
Units and formations of the Union Army from Missouri
1862 establishments in Missouri
Artillery units and formations of the American Civil War | {'title': 'Battery L, 2nd Missouri Light Artillery Regiment', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battery%20L%2C%202nd%20Missouri%20Light%20Artillery%20Regiment', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
SJK(C) Taman Connaught is a government primary school situated in Taman Connaught, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 'SJK(C)' is an acronym of 'Sekolah Jenis Kebangsaan (Cina)' in the Malay language which roughly means 'Government Chinese Primary School'.
Events
1985: Minister of Education (Malaysia), Abdullah Badawi (former Prime Minister of Malaysia) approved a construction of a Chinese primary school in Cheras, codenamed 'SJK(C) Taman Connaught'.
1988: The construction of SJK(C) Taman Connaught which had sixteen class rooms began on a plot in Cheras.
1989: The school officially opened in December. There are 683 students and twenty teachers. The first headperson of the school is '张世禄'(pinyin(romanized Chinese): Zhang Shi Lu, Teoh Su Lock), the CEO is '拿督刘钦团'(pinyin: Dato' Liu Qin Tuan PJK), and the head of 'teachers and parents association' is '翁权波'(pinyin:Weng Quan Bo)
1992: The former canteen was reconstructed into four classrooms, and new canteen, basketball court, reading corner and car parking place were constructed. The school roll had increased to 1700 students and there were thirty six classrooms.
1994: The school was officially specified as class 'A' school. The headteacher, Zhang Shi Lu (Teoh Su Lock) retired, and Guan Hui Min (关惠民) became the next headteacher.
1995: The Ministry of Education of Malaysia, JPM(Malay: Jabatan Pendidikan Malaysia), allocated funds for the construction of a new science laboratory and a new workshop.
1996: The community donated RM 400 000 (RM: Malaysian Ringgit(currency)) to the school to build a new big hall.
1997: The new big hall was completed. The headteacher Guan Hui Min was transferred to SJK(C) Lai Meng, and replaced by Lai Mu Lan(赖慕兰).
1999: A new four story, fifteen classroom new building was constructed. The school now had 2300 students in forty seven classroom. The school was being renovated. The teachers' office, science laboratory, music room, computer room, auditorium, counselling room, dental room, library and the administration office were expanded.
2012:It has 54 classes and over 50 classrooms.
Schools in Kuala Lumpur
Educational institutions established in 1989
1989 establishments in Malaysia | {'title': 'SJK(C) Taman Connaught', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SJK%28C%29%20Taman%20Connaught', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Nightsongs is the first album by Canadian indie rock band Stars, released in 2001 on Le Grand Magistery. At this time, Stars consisted only of Torquil Campbell and Chris Seligman, although both Amy Millan and Emily Haines of Metric make appearances. There is also a very rare vinyl pressing of the record on the Japanese label Syft, which has since gone out of business. The vinyl pressing also has 2 additional tracks ("Friend's Father's Mother" and "Angeline") not featured on the CD version.
Track listing
All songs by Stars, except "This Charming Man" by Morrissey and Johnny Marr.
In other media
"International Rock Star" features dialogue from the film adaptation of The Collector. The Smiths, whose single "This Charming Man" is covered on this album, also feature material from the film using a production still of Terence Stamp as the cover art for their 1985 single "What Difference Does It Make?"
Going, Going, Gone" was featured in season 1 episode 6 ("Reckoning," 2001) of the television series Alias.
"Tonight" was used in a 2006 Canadian short film of the same name.
"Going, Going, Gone" was featured in season 1 episode 6 ("Powerless", 2007) of the television series Life.
References
2001 debut albums
Stars (Canadian band) albums | {'title': 'Nightsongs (Stars album)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightsongs%20%28Stars%20album%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The 1955 French Makalu expedition was the first to successfully climb Makalu, the Himalayan mountain to the southeast of Mount Everest, on the border between Nepal and Tibet. At Makalu is the fifth-highest mountain in the world and an eight-thousander.
The expedition, led by , approached the mountain from the south through Nepal and then wound around into Tibet, in China, to reach the summit from the north face. Thanks to good snow conditions and weather, as well as good leadership, the entire team of mountaineers and one of the Sherpas reached the summit – Jean Couzy and Lionel Terray on 15 May 1955, followed next day by Jean Franco, Guido Magnone and Gyalzen Norbu; and then Jean Bouvier, Serge Coupé, Pierre Leroux and André Vialatte on 17 May.
Background
Topography
Makalu is, after Mount Everest and Lhotse, the highest mountain on a ridge running east from Everest itself. The east-west Kangshung Glacier and the Kama valley in Tibet lie to the north of the ridge and the Barun Glacier and Barun River in Nepal flow along the southern flank. The high mountains Pethangse, Chago and Kangchungtse (also known as Makalu II) are also on the ridge between Everest and Makalu. At Makalu is the fifth-highest mountain in the world and an eight-thousander. Chomo Lonzo (), is on a ridge northeast of Kangchungtse and due north of Makalu.
Makalu is generally in the shape of a four-sided pyramid with its faces scooped out in vast cirques. Of its four ridges, two – the southeast and northwest – form the Tibet–Nepal border and a third ridge, the southwest, slopes down to the Barun Glacier. The west cirque forms the face between the southwest and northwest ridges down which flows the Makalu Glacier and high up beside this glacier lies the smaller northwest cirque.
Exploration and climbing history
When the 1921 British Mount Everest reconnaissance expedition was exploring the Kama valley to discover whether it afforded a route to Everest from the east, Makalu dominated the southern view. A party led by Charles Howard-Bury on a side excursion
reached a peak on the ridge between Makalu and Pethangtse and photographed the scene. Local inhabitants thought Makalu was higher than Everest because it is much more visible than Everest which is obscured by the surrounding high peaks. In 1933 after two aircraft had flown over Mount Everest and aerial photographs had been taken of the region, The Times published a special supplement with a full-page photograph on the first page entitled "the awe-inspiring summit of Everest as seen slightly from the north-west" – in fact the photograph was of the northwest ridge of Makalu. In 1951 and 1952 two British reconnaissance expeditions in Nepal assessed the west face of Makalu from a climbing perspective.
In 1954 the first American party to Himalaya, led by William Siri and with Ang Tharkay as sirdar, attempted the mountain from the Barun Glacier via the northwest and southeast ridges. On the latter route they reached . At very much the same time a party led by Edmund Hillary also examined the northwest ridge.
Following the French triumph on Annapurna in 1950, Nepal had granted France an opportunity for climbing Everest in 1954 but this became a less prestigious prospect after the British success in 1953. French mountaineers' ideas turned to Makalu because it was an attractive and challenging peak which had not been attempted previously. Exploration as well as mountaineering would be required. They were granted slots for autumn 1954 and spring 1955. So, the same French party that was to reach Makalu's summit in 1955 carried out a reconnaissance expedition in 1954 that reached Makalu Col, just below Kangchungtse on Makalu's northwest ridge. From there they reached the summits of Kangchungtse () and Chomo Lonzo and ascended to about on the northwest ridge towards the top of Makalu itself.
Preparations
Expedition members
In 1954 the climbers were: Jean Franco, leader; Jean Bouvier (supplies); Jean Couzy (specialised equipment including oxygen); Pierre Leroux; Guido Magnone (technical repairs and development) and Lionel Terray (filming) together with Jean Rivolier (doctor) and Pierre Bordet (geologist). In 1955 Serge Coupé and André Vialatte (transport and liaison with Gyalzen Norbu) also took part as climbers and Michel Latreille was a second geologist. André Lapras replaced Rivolier as doctor.
Gyalzen Norbu was the chief Sherpa (sirdar) and Pasang Phutar the head porter (replaced in 1955 by Kindjock Tsering, on leave from the Brigade of Gurkhas). The nine Sherpas in 1954 were Ang Tsering; Da Norbu; Eila Namgyal; Gyalzen II; Mingma Tsering; Pa Norbu; Pemba Norbu; Pemba Tenzing and Tashi. In 1955 there were 23 Sherpas: Aila; Ang Bao; Ang Phutar; Ang Tsering (cook, known as Panzy); Ang Tsering IV; Chotaree; Chumbee; Da Norbu; Dagang Norjee; Eila Namgyal; Gunden; Gyalzen II; Mingma Tsering I; Mingma Tsering II; Mingma Tenzing; Nim Temba; Nim Tenzing; Pa Norbu; Pasang Dawa; Pemba Norbu; Pemba Tenzing; Tashi and Wongdi.
In 1954 there were 180 porters, mostly men but some women, taking 6.5 tons of baggage to Base Camp and in 1955 this was increased to 315 porters and 11 tons of baggage.
Techniques and equipment
Franco, the team leader, liaised with Maurice Herzog, leader of the 1950 Annapurna expedition. Acclimatisation issues were discussed with Griffith Pugh of the 1953 Everest expedition and Couzy developed acclimatisation and supplementary oxygen procedures. Magnone dealt with procuring suitable oxygen equipment. The 1952 Swiss Everest team, based on their own experience, advised using the autumn 1954 opportunity to mount a reconnaissance effort, followed in 1955 by a full-scale attempt on the summit.
Open-circuit oxygen equipment was to be used by the climbers above Camp IV and Sherpas above Camp V. An improved type, using a lighter metal alloy and able to hold a higher pressure of oxygen, was shipped out separately once the equipment was ready in January 1955. Unfortunately the new oxygen regulators were often faulty but Magnone was able to improve them and he also enabled an increase in maximum flow by adding a second valve. They took French radio sets for receiving weather forecasts from Calcutta and for communications between camps. These they found light, simple to use and reliable.
1954 reconnaissance
The reconnaissance in 1954 involved finding a suitable approach route up the line of the Arun River and, as well as appointing Sherpas from Sola Khumbu and Darjeeling, they hired local porters in Biratnagar and Sedoa. This approach was successful and was also used in 1955. Equipment was tested and, in particular, lightweight crampons with long spikes were found to be a good innovation. The Sherpas' feet were found far to short and wide for their boots to fit satisfactorily so they took templates for boots to be specially made for the following year. Unfortunately, the French manufacturers could not believe feet could be this shape and so made them the same as before.
They investigated the two most likely routes to the summit – the southeast and northwest ridges – and climbed the neighbouring peaks of Chago, Pethangtse, Kangchungtse and Chomo Lonzo both for acclimatisation and to get a good view of Makalu's topography. This decided an approach up the Makalu Glacier in the west cirque leading to the upper northwest cirque and then a traverse beneath Kangchungtse leading to a steep climb up to the Makalu Col. They made an attempt for the summit along the northwest ridge but did not reach above about . To avoid the difficult northwest ridge in 1955 they planned to cross the Col and move onto the north face for the topmost .
It was shown from experience that it was seriously counterproductive to spend more than ten days at Camp III or above.
1955 expedition
Departure from France and march-in
The expedition flew from Orly Airport and arrived in Calcutta on 12 March. Most of the equipment had been sent on ahead. However their oxygen sets were mistakenly transported to Rangoon rather than Calcutta so Couzy had to fly out there to sort things out while Coupé waited behind for him in Dharan with a contingent of porters to catch up the main expedition. From Calcutta the party flew to Biratnagar in Nepal where they met their Sherpas from Darjeeling. They had to deal with custom officers when entering Nepal – the previous year there had been no customs formalities. Gyalzen Norbu could not speak French and had difficulty with English but in Nepalese he was very effective in dealing with matters and organising the Sherpas and porters. A very bumpy road led them by lorry to Dharan – in the 1954 monsoon they had taken three days to cover the thirty miles but this time the journey only took a few hours. Here they met the Sherpas hired from Sola Khumbu together with over a hundred porters from there who had trekked for 15 days across Nepal in the hope of being employed.
The student geologists Bordet and Latreille departed on their separate expedition. On 20 March the trek towards Makalu began from Dharan where the Ganges plain starts to rise to become the Himalayan foothills. On the approach march the climbers did not carry loads and Sherpas only started carrying at Base Camp so the porters were left to labour under loads of . The porters from Sola Khumbu had plaits and wore long coats and multi-coloured boots whereas those from Darjeeling, with greater contact with Western culture, were more smartly dressed but looked less picturesque. The local porters wore loincloths and went barefoot. Panzy, the cook, had been on the French Annapurna expedition but since then he had been cook on several British expeditions and had developed a cuisine that did not suit the French palette.
The route passed through a tropical afforested region to Dhankuta then went via Legua Ghat and on north beside the Arun river. Approaching the village of Num the Arun gorge was so deep the track had to leave the line of the river. At Num their trail had to cross the river on a rope bridge above the water – the bridge had been repaired specially for them. Now able to see Makalu, they passed through the last inhabited places of Etane and Sedoa. The little village of Sedoa, set on the side of a mountain at and far from the road north to Tibet, was where the Biratnagar porters were paid off after nine days' march. In turn 100 men from Sedoa were hired for the onward carry. It was here that mountaineering equipment was issued to replace lightweight clothing.
On 30 March the party left Sedoa with additional auxiliary porters to support the Sherpas, chosen from among the most capable of the Sola Khumbu and Darjeeling porters. The trail rose to and, in the wind and snow and with the temperature falling to at night, the porters had hardly any clothes and only emergency tarpaulins to cover them at night when they resorted to huddling together in groups of 10 to 15. Two sheep they had been taking with them for food died of cold and fatigue. The previous autumn leeches had been a big difficulty but this year, in colder, dryer conditions, they were much less of a problem.
A runner brought news that Couzy had successfully retrieved the oxygen sets from Rangoon and was following five or six days behind Franco's party. In the event he arrived at base camp only two days after Franco.
Base camp
On 4 April Franco and Magnone reached the snout of the Barun glacier where base camp was to be. At the previous year's site, somewhat higher, the water supply had vanished along with the vegetation. The equipment cached last year was still secure. Base Camp was well appointed. Sleeping tents were two-man with triple roofing, and there were communal tents and two very large mess-tents. In all there were thirty separate tents. They constructed a stone shack, which they called the "Makalu Hotel" with fireplace, chimney and a canvas roof. About mid April the geologists rejoined the main party.
Back towards Sedoa there had been deep snow, which had not fallen at base camp and until this cleared they were not able to get additional supplies or post – mail runners took ten days to get from Jogbani to Base Camp, a distance of about .
Packs of food and climbing gear were prepared for going up the mountain. These weighed for taking to Camp III, for Camp IV and for above that. Transporting these supplies involved 20 to 30 people setting off for Camp I each day. On 23 April the expedition as a whole occupied Camp I with only a small group staying at base to return again to Sedoa and make a last carry to Camp I. No one returned to Base Camp until after Makalu had been climbed.
Locations of camps
Northwest cirque
On 23 April Camp I was established in a small dip on a rocky spur at and Camp II, established 29 April, was above a rocky hummock at the entry to the northwest cirque. Acclimatisation training continued during this time and Franco identified Terray and Couzy as likely lead candidates for the summit but he felt happy to have a very strong team around him. The weather was good – sunny and calm in the mornings but windy and cloudy with snow showers in the afternoons. Only once was there a violent storm. They had arranged for radio broadcasts of weather forecasts from Radio Calcutta but nothing materialised until one day they received a forecast along with ones for the Germans concurrently on Dhaulagiri, where the forecast was for severe storms, and for the British Kangchenjunga expedition. Franco's party could see poor weather around them on Everest, Lhotse and Chamlang which encouraged them to hasten their preparations. Latreille and Vialatte took the opportunity of climbing Pethangtse prior to Latreille and Bourdet embarking on further geologising around Sola Khumbu and Namche Bazaar. Supplies were continually being carried by the Sherpas as high as Camp III which was stocked to become Advanced Base Camp. There the tents were set in deep platforms dug into the glacier and by 10 May the camp held sufficient supplies and equipment for a summit attempt. Cooking could not be done on paraffin stoves at such an altitude and so gas cylinders needed to be used.
The plan from Camp III to Camp V at Makalu Col was as follows. The route upward would be made suitable for Sherpas with heavy loads and eventually over of fixed rope were set in place. Pairs of climbers each accompanied by a few Sherpas would carry loads up each day and would immediately drop down to Camp III or below to make way for a subsequent team. To be successful this would require reliable radio communications and good weather. Above Camp III the Sherpas were to be given the same high-altitude rations as the French climbers. A single "heavy carry" would be done to establish Camp V on the Col in one large effort with at least 20 Sherpas becoming involved. An immediate descent to as low a camp as possible would be necessary because acclimatisation was impossible at the height of the Col. Bouvier and Leroux had found that on the traverse beyond Camp III what had been an easy snowy terrace in 1954 was now very slippery bare ice.
Camp IV was at a place they called the balcony, high on the back wall of the northwest cirque and between two couloirs, and to reach there high-altitude clothes were used by climbers and Sherpas alike. Fixed ropes were installed for the traverse and steps were cut up the wall sloping at about 45° and crossing the bergschrund at about . Eventually, after much rope-setting and relaying of stores, Camp V, on Makalu Col, was reached on 8 May and the "heavy carry" to establish this camp took place the next day, all in favourable weather. Camp V now held supplies enough for several teams to spend a few days if they were stormbound.
Summit attempts
From the large and desolate Makalu Col the attempts on the summit were to be across the north face of Makalu because it seemed more straightforward than the direct line up the northwest ridge. They had not ventured on the north face in 1954 but had been able to observe it from Chomo Lonzo and Kangchungtse. It was hoped that only one camp would be needed for the last of the mountain. On the north side of the mountain a wide glacier slopes gradually down into Tibet from between Kangchungtse, Makalu and Chomo Lonzo before it becomes a series of huge icefalls plunging down to the Kama valley and Kangshung glacier. After a gradual ascent to about the slope gets a lot steeper when a spur leads towards the summit.
From 9 May, Camp V on the Col could be accessed safely by Sherpas in fine weather, even when unaccompanied by climbers. Equipment, including three tents, left behind from 1954 was still available. Given the considerable supplies at Camp III and above, the plan was for separate groups of climbers each to attempt the summit at 24-hour intervals. The first party of Couzy and Terray with five Sherpas in support would pitch Camp VI, send the Sherpas down, and attempt the summit next day. The second party of Franco and Magnone would use Camp VI overnight before trying for the summit or, if the first party had turned back, would pitch a higher Camp VII at and attempt the summit the day after. If these attempts failed, a team of Bouvier, Coupé, Leroux and Vialatte would try, succeeded a day later by a second attempt by the first four climbers. The twelve strongest Sherpas would provide support, using oxygen above Camp V whereas the French climbers would use it above Camp IV. Lapras, the doctor, ascended to Camp III and Vialatte was to be temporarily in charge of the expedition until Franco himself returned safely.
Over the next few days progress went very much according to plan. On 11 May, as Franco and his team started their ascent from Camp I, he was surprised to find Gyalzen Norbu going down. He was in Franco's own summit team and yet was descending from Camp II. It turned out Gyalzen Norbu was just going down to Camp I to say goodbye to his wife and would be back up at Camp II by first thing next morning. He was wearing his high-altitude clothes – a padded suit trimmed with fur – so Franco guessed this was to impress his wife.
On 13 May Couzy and Terray reached the Col while Franco and his team gained Camp IV where, unusually, the wind had dropped completely and overnight the temperature had fallen to . On 14 May two of the five Sherpas on the Col, who were scheduled to help establish Camp VI, were unfit to go on so the lead climbers went ahead with only three very heavily laden Sherpas in gales that had helped to blow clear loose snow. They successfully pitched a tent at and the Sherpas set off down. The wind had dropped and the snow underfoot was in good condition. When Franco reached Camp V on 14 May he sent the two ill Sherpas down with one of his own Sherpas but soon the three Sherpas descending from Camp VI turned up in an exhausted and distressed state. After they had recovered somewhat it emerged that all three had taken a fall of over but the details never became clear. They could not stay at Camp V and Franco felt forced to send them on down to Camp IV for the night. At the end of the day the weather forecast came through predicting fine weather over the whole chain of mountains.
On 15 May 1955, after a night when the temperature had reached , the weather was indeed fine and clear as Couzy and Terray reached the summit. It was the most pointed snow summit Couzy had ever seen, "just like a pencil point" and with a knife-edged ridge leading there. When descending they crossed with Franco's team at Camp VI in "a moment of supreme joy". A second tent was pitched at Camp VI and Franco invited Gyalzen Norbu to join with him and Magnone in trying for the summit next day and for Da Norbu to stay at Camp VI to support their return. To help the others next day, that night Da Norbu voluntarily slept without using his oxygen.
For Franco, his summit day went perfectly and on the summit the weather was so calm that he, Magnone and Gyalzen Norbu stayed for a long time. The summit was so sharp all three could only stand on it together when belayed with their ice axes. Only the highest peaks could be seen above a layer of cloud but they could see Chamlang, Kangchenjunga (over away) and Everest. Franco accidentally let his camera slip and it fell down the south face beyond a line of rocks about below. The loss of the camera was not so important but all thirty-five photographs taken on the ascent were gone. To Gyalzen Norbu's horror Franco was let down on a rope held by Magnone to where he managed to retrieve the camera. They had planted French and Nepalese flags on the summit but they took them back down with them to leave the mountain without festoons. Between Camps V and VI they met the third, reserve, party who had climbed all the way up from Camp III in one day using oxygen continuously. They also were to experience the finest climb of their lives when they reached the summit next day.
They all celebrated back at Base Camp by firing their unused distress flares into the air as a violent wind blew monsoon clouds across the sky.
Assessment
The expedition marked the first time on an eight-thousand foot mountain that the entire team of climbers had reached the summit. The American Alpine Journal thought Franco deserved high praise for his excellent organisation supported by splendid equipment. R.R.E. Chorley, writing in the Alpine Journal, considered that the reason the expedition had no adventures was because it had been so well conducted. Their luck with the weather was to disguise the importance of good leadership and careful planning. Franco unobtrusively managed seven very individualistic climbers in a way that led to them following a coherent plan and to do so happily. Chorley thought that without supplementary oxygen perhaps only one pair would have reached the summit and so oxygen was a positive asset to the enjoyment of the expedition. Writing presciently in 1956 he continued "It is an irony of history to think that in fifty years' time the Makalu expedition will have sunk into almost complete oblivion when contrasted with Annapurna".
Notes
References
Short citations
Works cited
Web references
Further reading
1954 American expedition:
1954 New Zealand expedition:
1954–1955 French expedition:
General:
Makalu, 1955 French expedition
Makalu, 1955 expedition
Makalu expedition
French Makalu expedition
French Makalu expedition | {'title': '1955 French Makalu expedition', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1955%20French%20Makalu%20expedition', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Ambassador Cinema was Dublin's longest-running cinema and was operational on and off until 1999. It operated as a music venue between 2001 and 2008. The Ambassador's current use is as an exhibition hall and event centre.
The building was constructed as part of the Rotunda Hospital in 1764 as an assembly hall and social rooms on what is now called Parnell Street.
From 1897 onwards, the venue was given the name Rotund Room and hosted a number of "moving picture" screenings which were a great novelty at the time. From about 1908 onwards, it was used more regularly to show film presentations and in 1910 it became a full-time cinema, with 736 seats, a basic layout at the time.
Again known as the Rotunda (its nickname being the 'Roto' or the 'Roxy'), the cinema-going public thronged to the venue. Over the years, the cinema changed hands until the 1940s when it was run by Capitol and Allied Theatres Ltd.
In the 1950s, the cinema was redesigned, increasing the capacity to 1,200. Added to the main hall was a balcony (containing 500 seats) with private boxes. A new entrance area was also constructed. The cinema was reopened on 23 September 1954 as the Ambassador. It became a gala event venue, holding screenings of many films for the first time. Of note was the screening of The Blue Max in 1966, which was shot in Ireland. For the screening, a World War I plane adorned the roof of the cinema above the entrance.
In 1977, the cinema was forced to close briefly, but it reopened that summer under new ownership. The Green Group ran the cinema until 1988, and the cinema mainly played children's films such as The Care Bears Movie and its sequels. In 1988, with single-screen cinemas on the wane, it closed.
However, in 1994 it was given a new lease of life when it reopened under the ownership of Ward Anderson. Notable screenings upon reopening included Titanic, however, attendances were poor, most notably when a reissue of the 1935 film The Informer was screened to as few as two people per show. On 27 September 1999, after 45 years, the cinema closed.
This however was not the end of the venue. Entertainment promoters MCD Productions leased the building and for a number of years ran The Ambassador as a live music venue, until 2008. The Ambassador now hosts a variety of events including exhibitions, one-off concerts and corporate events.
Recent events include Bodies exhibition, CSI: The Experience, Dinosaur Encounters, Princess Exhibition, Game On, Santa's Playland, Xbox launch, Jameson Live presents White Lies, and running from Spring to Summer 2014, Lego exhibition The Art Of The Brick.
External links
Guide to venue on Ticketmaster
Reviews of various concerts in Ambassador Theatre, Dublin
Former cinemas in Dublin (city)
Parnell Square
1897 establishments in Ireland | {'title': 'Ambassador Cinema', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambassador%20Cinema', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Geoffrey Brennan (September 15, 1944 – July 29, 2022) was an Australian philosopher. He was professor of philosophy at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, professor of political science at Duke University, and faculty member in the Research School of Social Sciences (RSSS) at the Australian National University. He was the Director of the Research School from 1991-1996.
Trained as an economist, Brennan collaborated extensively with Nobel Prize winner James M. Buchanan and became the first non-American president of the Public Choice Society in 2002.
Brennan published widely on rational actor theory, philosophy, and economics, and sat on the editorial board of the academic journal Representation. He held academic positions in several related departments at Australia National University and Virginia Tech. With Loren Lomasky he won the American Philosophical Association's Gregory Kavka Prize in Political Philosophy for the paper "Is There a Duty to Vote?"
He was also awarded an honorary doctorate in Economics (Dr. oec. h. c.) from the University of St. Gallen in 2002, the Distinguished Fellow Award of the Economic Society of Australia in 2013, and the Gutenberg Teaching Award of Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz (Germany) in 2018.
Brennan was a golfer, and a semi-professional singer (for some years a national recitalist with the ABC).
In 2022 Brennan died in Canberra of complications from acute leukemia.
Bibliography
The Power to Tax (1980) (with James M. Buchanan)
The Reason of Rules (1985) (with James M. Buchanan)
Democracy and Decision: The Pure Theory of Electoral Preference (Cambridge University Press, 1993) (with Loren Lomasky).
Politics and Process: New Essays in Democratic Theory (Cambridge University Press 1989) (ed., with Loren Lomasky).
Democratic Devices and Desires (2000) (with Alan Hamlin)
The Economy of Esteem (2004) (with Philip Pettit)
Collected Works of James Buchanan (ed., with Hartmut Kliemt and Robert Tollison)
References
External links
Geoffrey Brennan's profile at ANU
Geoffrey Brennan's profile at UNC/Chapel Hill
University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill faculty
Duke University faculty
20th-century Australian philosophers
21st-century Australian philosophers
1944 births
Living people | {'title': 'Geoffrey Brennan', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Brennan', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Paola Ramos (born 1987) is an American journalist. Ramos is a correspondent for Vice and is a contributor to Telemundo and MSNBC. Ramos' work focuses primarily around Latino issues. Ramos has been featured, and has served as a subject matter expert, in Latina, Popsugar, Bustle, Vice, Los Angeles Blade, South Kern Sol, HIV Plus Magazine, and on KCRW.
Early life and education
Paola Ramos was born in 1987 in Miami, Florida. She grew up in Spain. Her mother, Gina Montaner, was born in Cuba and her father is Mexican journalist Jorge Ramos. Ramos graduated from Barnard College with a BA in Political Science and Government in 2009 and earned her Master in Public Policy from the Harvard Kennedy School in 2015.
Career
Ramos served in the Obama administration, including working for both President Barack Obama and Vice President Joe Biden, and served as Deputy Director of Hispanic Media for the Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign. In 2019, Ramos became a correspondent for Vice's documentary series, Vice, and Vice News Tonight. She is the prior host to Vice'''s docuseries Latin-X. For her work at Vice, she was nominated for a GLAAD Media Award for her piece "The Latinx Drag Queens Spearheading HIV Activism on the Border". That same year, Ramos keynoted George Washington University's LatinX Heritage Celebration. She currently serves as an on-air contributor to Telemundo and MSNBC and also serves as speaker for Lesbians Who Tech + Allies.
References
Further reading
Lavariega Monforti, Jessica L. Latinos in the American Political System: An Encyclopedia of Latinos as Voters, Candidates, and Office Holders.'' Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO (2019). pp. 424
External links
1987 births
Living people
21st-century American journalists
Vice Media
MSNBC people
Telemundo
American women journalists
People from Miami
American people of Cuban descent
American people of Mexican descent
Barnard College alumni
Harvard University alumni
Obama administration personnel
Hillary Clinton 2016 presidential campaign
American LGBT journalists
American LGBT broadcasters
LGBT people from Florida
LGBT Hispanic and Latino American people
Journalists from Florida
Hispanic and Latino American people in television | {'title': 'Paola Ramos (journalist)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paola%20Ramos%20%28journalist%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
The Grande Torino was the historic Italian football team of Torino Football Club in the 1940s, five-time champions of Italy, whose players were the backbone of the Italy national team and died on 4 May 1949 in the plane crash known as the Superga air disaster.
With this name, although it is commonly used to identify the team that died in the disaster, it defines the entire sports cycle which lasted eight years and led to the conquest of five consecutive championships, equaling the record previously set by Juventus of the Quinquennio d'oro; Grande Torino also won a Coppa Italia.
Ferruccio Novo, or how to build the myth
In the summer of 1939, the industrialist Ferruccio Novo, at age 42, assumed the presidency of Torino, succeeding Giovanni Battista Cuniberti.
Novo was not a patron, but a careful administrator: he had entered Torino at a young age, even donning the jersey as a player, in 1913: a subpar player ("I was a duffer," he said smiling), he continued to follow the team as an enthusiastic fan first, then with the tasks socio-financier and advisor. He also once started a factory of leather accessories with his brother.
His first moves as Torino president were therefore ones to reorganize the club, and following the suggestions of Vittorio Pozzo, make management more similar to the models of the English teams, then at the forefront: he surrounded himself with competent employees, such former players Antonio Janni and Mario Sperone (Italian Champions 1928), and Giacinto Ellena; Rinaldo Agnisetta was given the role of managing director; Roberto Copernicus, who owned a clothing store, was named the role of counsellor; Englishman Leslie Lievesley was given the role of youth coach; while the technical direction of the team was given to Ernest Egri Erbstein, who, of Jewish origin, worked incognito because of the racial laws.
The first "hit" of Novo was to purchase a talented 18-year-old Franco Ossola from Varese that, with hindsight, would be first piece of the squad: Ossola cost 55 thousand Italian lire, a small amount at the time, under the suggestion Janni (who had managed Varese) and Ellena. He made his debut on 4 February 1940 in 1–0 win against Novara. That year, Ossola played two more matches, against Bologna and Napoli.
Italy enters the war, football goes on
Italy, which until then had remained neutral, on 10 June 1940 entered World War II on the side of the Axis powers. Benito Mussolini was so sure the war would be a "lightning war" that he announced the players would remain at home, claiming: "We need them more on the fields than the army."
The following year, Ossola showed his value as top scorer for the Granata, scoring 14 goals from 22 appearances, but the team as a whole did not change form. Torino ended the season in seventh position with 30 points, nine less than champions Bologna. Two players retired that year: Oberdan Ussello, who in turn took over the youth team; and Raf Vallone, who devoted himself to a career in cinema and theatre.
The foresight to Novo allowed him to take advantage of the climate of stagnation and lack of investment. There was little money in football, which Novo anticipated. In view of the 1941–42 Serie A season, Torino brought in five new players: Ferraris II, who played on the left wing for 1938 FIFA World Cup champions Italy, was signed from Ambrosiana for 250,000 lire; Romeo Menti, a winger with good technique and a powerful shot who was signed from Fiorentina at the recommendation of Ellena; and Alfredo Bodoira, Felice Borel and Guglielmo Gabetto, all from Turin city rivals Juventus.
The arrival of Gabetto at Torino was due in part to Borel, who, perhaps to reward Novo for his faith after acquiring him from Juventus after years of misunderstanding techniques, revealed Gabetto, which Juventus considered was "finished" as a player, would be sold to the Genoa for 300,000 lire. Borel suggested to raise the bid and Novo purchased the striker for 330,000 lire.
From the "metodo" to the "sistema"
The turning point came when Felice Borel (who in the future would hold the role of manager), Ellena and Copernicus suggested to Novo that Torino should be set up with the sistema tactic, a new form of the game in those years.
Until then, the most popular tactic was the metodo, a more defensive arrangement whose strength was mainly the counterattack, which had allowed the Italy national team of Vittorio Pozzo to win the 1934 and 1938 World Cups. In defence, there were only two fullbacks and a defensive midfielder which shuttled forward on the offence. In midfield, the offence was set by the centre midfielders, while the wingers were designed to serve the ball for the striker. The attacking phase was not easy, as the offside rule stipulated there must be three players between the striker and the goal, therefore only one defender had to advance to trigger the offside trap.
In 1926, the offside rule was changed: two players needed to advance to trigger offside. This created many immediate difficulties for the teams of the time and greatly increased the number of goals in the league.
In the 1930s, Englishman Herbert Chapman, manager of Arsenal, developed a new tactic called the sistema or "WM" which in practice was a type of 3–2–2–3 formation, with three defenders, four midfielders (two half-backs and two inside-forwards) and three forwards positioned at the points of a "W" and "M". Chapman, reorganizing the defence, chose to move back a holding midfielder, creating a de facto "stopper", while the full-backs were tasked with marking the wingers. The tasks of marking were simpler, and being a mirrored array man marking was born. The system was also more dynamic, more balanced and, if played with the right players, was a tactic that for the first time guaranteed control of the "hotspot", the midfield. This was set to four players arranged in a square (as placed precisely at the top of "W" and "M") and involved the use of two midfielders and two mezzepunte. Novo approved the suggestion and based Torino on this tactic.
Novo hired Hungarian manager András Kuttik to replace Tony Cargnelli. Ellena was given a position in centre midfield, a role he previously held at Fiorentina, until then the only Italian club to experiment with the tactic, albeit with little success. The change of tactic also interested Italy manager Vittorio Pozzo, who had already begun to shape his own national side on his "block", Torino.
The 1941–42 season was the prerogative of Roma. That year, two losses proved to be Torino's undoing: a first round exit in the Coppa Italia and a Serie A loss with three matches remaining against Venezia, which was led by Ezio Loik and Valentino Mazzola.
The work is complete, the big team arrives
The Torino squad of 1941–42 was a team then very competitive and tested but, as mentioned, the two capitulations that cost participation in the Coppa Italia and the league title ambitions happen all against the same team, the Valentino Mazzola- and Ezio Loik-led Venezia.
The first is an excellent playmaker, the second a fast winger; both are already staples of the Italy of Vittorio Pozzo. Novo senses they are the cherries that are missing from the cake to make the team unbeatable. At the end of a Venezia-Torino, third last of the championship, which in practice puts an end to the dreams of the tricolor granata, Novo went to the locker room and directly purchased the two, that will end up costing 1,400,000 liras together, along with two other players (Petron and Mezzadra).
A curious detail: on the trail of the two was also Juventus, who were followed by Virginio Rosetta, and deal with the Bianconeri seemed almost on the verge of being concluded. The dynamism of Novo thwarted the plan of the cousins and acquired the two cherries that were missing. Thus was born the eleven destined to be remembered as the Grande Torino.
At the start of the 1942–43 season, available to Hungarian Kuttik, there's a squad that includes top players: experts goalkeepers Bodoira and Cavalli; defenders of expertise such as Ferrini, Ellena and quality like Piacentini and Cassano; in midfield the veterans Baldi and Gallea, with the new Ezio Loik and Mazzola; forward Menti and Ferraris, without forgetting Gabetto and Ossola.
On paper Torino is the team to beat, but the departure is not the best: the Bull is to compete with surprise Livorno. This duel creates a thrilling championship, solved only on the final day when Torino, with a goal of Mazzola, sunk Bari.
Torino also managed to win the Coppa Italia against their "terrible" Venezia of the year before and became the first team to hit the "double". The game is played in Milan and the Granata, thanks to a brace from Gabetto and goals from Mazzola and Ferraris II, get the win with a resounding 4–0.
The championship of war 1944
In 1944 Italy, now devastated by war, is broken in two by the Gothic Line. The fascist regime fell, the US military advanced in the south of the peninsula. Yet the league goes ahead and, at the decision of the Federation, was organised into a group stage. Transfers are however difficult since the bombing of the Allies, often interrupting rail links, forcing travelers to face long walking.
To prevent the risk of call to arms, many teams are ingenious: with clever diplomacy, they ensure their players are part of the most important industries in the country, by passing them as indispensable to the national production of the defence industry, managing effectively to exempt them from use on the front. The Torino of Novo found such a collaboration with FIAT, creating the FIAT Torino, a name similar to that of a corporate structure: in fact, Mazzola and the other, for the sake of appearances, are in fact classified as workers in the automobile of the Agnelli; some photos of that portray them on the lathe and machine tools. The cousins of Juventus, moreover, similarly had emigrated in turn to Alba to the Cisitalia, a car factory belonging to the then Juventus president Piero Dusio.
In Torino play the goalkeeper Luigi Griffanti, from the national team, taken from Fiorentina, and the Vercellese Silvio Piola, a striker coming from Lazio, who came to the North to take his family to the Capital, and instead remained stuck in Upper Italy due to the armistice.
In the championship of war played to the north, in the first group stage, Torino was inserted in the group Ligure-Piemontese. The team beat 7-1 Genoa and Biella, 7-0 Alexandria, for the 8-2 Novara and Juventus 5-0. In the semifinal round Torino faced Ambrosiana-Inter, Varese and Juventus; the derby concluded in a 1-3 defeat and a 3-3 draw, then comes the victory against Inter, thus giving way to the final round of three - along with Spezia Calcio (playing as VV.FF. Spezia for the reasons explained above similarly to Torino FIAT) and Venezia - which is played at Arena Civica in Milan.
Torino would eventually lose tournament, due in part to an unofficial match of the national team, organised for propaganda purposes, held in Trieste two days before the game against Spezia Calcio. Despite the trip made difficult by the operations of war, the president Novo, underestimating their opponents, rejects the proposal of the Federation to postpone the match against Spezia Calcio who, fresher, leave Milan. The "Fire Brigade", which came from the 1-1 draw against Venice, in the decisive match prevail 2-1, thus making unnecessary the subsequent victory of the Granata at Venezia 5-2.
The Spezia Calcio title was officially recognised by FIGC in 2002 as decoration.
Following the decision of FIGC in 2002, Spezia is authorized by the Italian Federation to exhibit a tricolour badge on the official jerseys which is unique, being the only example of a permanent one in Italy. The badge has a different shape and size compared to the ordinary Scudetto.
1945: After the war, football returns
After the end of the Second World War Italy was found in rubble and broken in two. The fierce fighting along the Gothic Line of winter 1944 had severely undermined, if not destroyed, the lines of communication from the Apennine Mountains, making it very difficult to travel between the Po Valley and the Italian Peninsula.
Under these conditions, the Federation decided to restart the championship of football with a one-off formula. For the first time since 1929, the tournament was not played in a single round.
In the North of the country was organised a Championship of Northern Italy (officially the Divisione Nazionale) which was placed in continuity with the pre-war Serie A, there being open to all club that would have been entitled to participate in the top flight of the suppressed 1943–44 season. In southern Italy the situation was even more complex, since there were insufficient clubs in the top flight. The solution was found by organising a mixed tournament between the teams of Serie A and those of Serie B.
At the conclusion of the two groups, the top four teams in each league would qualify to the final round which would determine the winner of the championship, with a structure that remembered that of championships prior to 1926, with the only difference that in those tournaments only two teams qualified. Because of this complex mechanism, the 1945–46 championship, while appearing regularly in the record books, is not assimilated to those of Serie A and does not appear in the statistics.
On 14 October 1945 the championship began with the Scudetto on the shirts of Torino. Ferruccio Novo gave the team the final arrangement with the arrival of goalkeeper Valerio Bacigalupo from Savona, the defender Aldo Ballarin from Triestina, from which he had already "fished" Giuseppe Grezar, the return of Virgilio Maroso from Alessandria, central midfielder Mario Rigamonti from Brescia, and winger Eusebio Castigliano and forward Pietro Ferraris both from Spezia.
Virtually revolutionised in defence and an attack identical to the past, Novo relied on the Torinese Luigi Ferrero, a former Torino winger of the pre-war period, that as a coach had been successful at A.S. Bari.
The derby opened the championship and Torino immediately suffered their first defeat: Silvio Piola decided the match—who had moved to Juventus after the parenthesis at Torino in 1944—with a penalty. In the following two rounds, Torino scored eleven goals without conceding against Genoa and Sampierdarenese, beginning a rousing march in the group, which led to Torino breaking all records. The Granata defeated Juventus in the return derby, scheduled in January, but recovered in mid-March, with a goal of Eusebio Castigliano. The round ended with a three-point advantage on Inter Milan, followed by Juventus and A.C. Milan. The final round gave access to the southern teams, Napoli, A.S. Bari, A.S. Roma and Pro Livorno.
The beginning was overwhelming: Torino played in Rome and scored six goals in 30 minutes in the first half, followed by a seventh goal in the second half. Among the other high-scoring matches, Torino defeated Napoli 7–1 and on the final day Pro Livorno 9–1. Juventus beat Torino in the second match (by a penalty of Silvio Piola) and on the penultimate day held a two-point lead. In the return derby, with a goal from Guglielmo Gabetto, Torino drew level with the Bianconeri at the top.
On the last day, Torino scored nine goals at the Filadefia against Pro Livorno, while Juventus were held to a 1–1 draw in Naples. The Scudetto was won by Torino, the third in its history, the second triumph of the team of Ferruccio Novo.
1946–47 season
The wounds of war were healing and football returned to a single-round system. The league, due to the immediate difficulties to find the sixteen best teams, was played with a huge tournament of twenty teams, then occupying 38 days, from September to July 1947. Torino did not make substantial changes to its team, but had strengthened the park of players. Along with the return of Romeo Menti, came the midfielder Danilo Martelli from Brescia, the back-stopper Francesco Rosetta of Novara, the goalkeeper Dante Piani, the Vercellese Guido Tieghi.
Still under coach Luigi Ferrero, Torino began the season with a home draw with Triestina, and, after the narrow victory away to Lazio, another draw with Sampdoria and a defeat to Venezia, who was relegated in that season.
On the fifth day there was the derby with Juventus, which finished 0-0. After five days, Torino managed to collect five points. From the sixth day, Torino collected six successive victories with the thirteenth day ahead. On the eighth day, 10 November 1946, Bologna arrived at the Filadelfia, unbeaten in seven games, with the keeper Glauco Vanz keeping a clean sheet since the beginning of the tournament. After a few minutes Giuseppe Grezar failed to convert a penalty, and around the 20th minute the ball reached Eusebio Castigliano, who scored from the edge of the area. Torino went on to win 4-0. In the locker room the president of Bologna was heard shouting to his team: "Are you crazy, don't you know that we also need to mark the midfielder in Turin? And you let one free! Do you know at least who is Castilian?"
An even more resounding success of this phase came with a 7-2 win over Fiorentina, however, Torino lost the championship lead when they were defeated by Alessandria. Along with the home draw with Modena two weeks after, it would be the last time that Torino would drop points before the end of the tournament.
From the 21st round the Granata returned to the lead, gradually strengthening their position and subsequently winning the tournament, with a ten-point lead over Juventus. Torino, after a last misstep with Sampdoria (the only team in the tournament to take away three points out of four from Torino) put together a sixteen match unbeaten run, of which fourteen were victories, beginning with the derby won by Guglielmo Gabetto, to go to other successes such as the five goals against Inter and Atalanta, the six against Vicenza, Genoa and Milan. That attack ended with 104 goals scored, an average of nearly three per game, and with Valentino Mazzola Serie A top-scorer.
1947–48 season
The Torino of 1947–48 Torino set many records throughout the season: top score in the standings, with 65 points in 40 games; the maximum advantage over 2nd place: 16 points over A.C. Milan, Juventus and Triestina; biggest home win, 10–0 against Alessandria; a total of 29 wins out of 40 games; the longest unbeaten run, 21, with 17 wins and 4 draws; the most points at home, having won 19 games out of 20 at Stadio Filadelfia; the highest number of goals scored, 125; and fewest conceded, 33.
1948–49 season
After a short summer interval from the end of previous season, competition officially resumed in Italy after the 1948 Summer Olympics. Prematurely eliminated, Vittorio Pozzo lost his position as sole commissioner of the Italy national team and Ferruccio Novo took his place.
After some friendly matches, the season began in mid-September with a Torino almost identical to that of the previous championships; there was only Franco Ossola permanently in place of Pietro Ferraris, who, at age 36, had moved to Novara. The midfielder Rubens Fadini arrived from Gallarate, Dino Ballarin, brother of the goalkeeper Aldo was signed from Chioggia; the Hungarian-Czechoslovakian Július Schubert, a left-sided midfielder; and strikers Émile Bongiorni and Ruggero Grava arrived from Racing Parigi and Roubaix-Tourcoing respectively.
Torino began the season after a long tour in Brazil where the team met Palmeiras, Corinthians, São Paulo and Portuguesa, losing only once. During the season, reduced to 24 teams after three promotions and relegations, Ernest Erbstein was appointed as the team's technical director and the Englishman Leslie Lievesley became the coach.
The season also saw injuries to Virgilio Maroso, Eusebio Castigliano, Romeo Menti and Sauro Tomà, plus the long suspension for Aldo Ballarin. The Granata, which debuted with a victory against Pro Patria, suffered a defeat in the second round to Atalanta; the team recovered with five straight wins, including that of the derby, but lost again, in Milan, against the Rossoneri.
Torino would relinquish the lead in the standings, then recapture it, finishing midway through the season on par with Genoa, from which a third defeat was suffered, losing 3–0. In the return leg of the derby Torino would defeat Juventus 3–0.
Torino's advantage increased in the standings, gaining a maximum of six point on Inter in second place. However, a pair of draws (in Trieste and Bari) allowed Inter to close the gap within four points from Torino. On 30 April 1949, the two clubs met in Milan, ending 0–0, with Torino approaching their fifth consecutive title (the record would be equaled).
The team travelled to Portugal to play in a friendly against Benfica. However, upon return Torino perished in the Superga air disaster.
The Superga air disaster
On 4 May 1949 the three-engined Fiat G.212. of Aviolinee Italiane found a thick fog that enveloped Turin and the surrounding hills. At 17:05, off course due to the lack of visibility, the aircraft crashed into the supporting wall of the Basilica of Superga. The impact caused the instantaneous death of all the 31 people on board, including players, coaching staff, journalists and crew. Because of the great reputation of the team, the tragedy was well covered in the world press, as well as in Italy. On the day of the funeral almost a million people took to the streets of Turin.
Statistics
The Grande Torino and the national team
Many players of the Grande Torino played in national team, forming the backbone of the team.
Genoa, 5 April 1942: Italy - Croatia 4-0
2 players: Ferraris II (1 goal) and Gabetto (1 goal)
Milan, 19 April 1942: Italy - Spain 4-0
1 player: Ferraris II (1 goal)
Zürich, 11 November 1945: Switzerland - Italy 4-4
7 players: Ballarin, Maroso, Mazzola, Grezar, Castigliano, Ferraris II, Loik (1 goal)
Milan, 1 December 1946: Italy - Austria 3-2
5 players: Maroso, Grezar, Ferraris II, Mazzola 1 goal), Castigliano (1 goal).
Florence, 27 April 1947: Italy- Switzerland 5-2
9 players: Castigliano, Ballarin, Gabetto, Maroso, Grezar, Ferraris II, Loik (1 goal), Mazzola (1 goal), Menti (3 goals)
Turin, 11 May 1947: Italy- Hungary 3-2
10 players: Ballarin, Maroso, Rigamonti, Grezar, Castigliano, Menti, Mazzola, Ferraris II, Loik (1 goal), Gabetto (2 goals).
Vienna, 9 November 1947: Austria - Italy 5-1
4 players: Ballarin, Maroso, Castigliano, Mazzola.
Bari, 14 December 1947: Italy - Czechoslovakia 3-1
8 players: Bacigalupo, Ballarin, Grezar, Maroso, Loik, Mazzola, Menti (1 goal), Gabetto (1 goal).
Paris, 4 April 1948: France - Italy 1-3
8 players: Bacigalupo, Ballarin, Loik, Grezar, Rigamonti, Menti, Mazzola, Gabetto (1 goal).
Torino, 16 May 1948: Italy - England 0-4
7 players: Bacigalupo, Ballarin, Grezar, Menti, Loik, Gabetto, Mazzola.
Genoa, 27 February 1949: Italy - Portugal 4-1
7 players: Bacigalupo, Ballarin, Loik, Castigliano, Maroso (1 goal), Menti (1 goal), Mazzola (1 goal).
Madrid, 27 March 1949: Spain - Italy 1-3
6 players: Bacigalupo, Ballarin, Rigamonti, Castigliano, Menti, Mazzola.
League statistics
References
Bibliography
AA.VV, "Speciale Grande Torino", Q&P, Torino, 1999
AA.VV, "La concertina del Grande Torino", Agami, Cuneo, 1999
AA.VV, "Mitissimo: Grande Torino mezzo secolo dopo Superga", Toro club Melfi, Melfi, 1999
Campanella-Ormezzano-Tosatti, "Il Grande Torino", Reverdito edizioni, Lavis (TN), 1999
Cudiona Giuseppina, "Valentino racconta", Torino, 1950
Ossola-Tavella, "Il romanzo del Grande Torino", Newton & Compton, 1993
Tavella Renato, "Capitan Valentino", Graphot, Torino, 1983
Tomà Sauro, Me Grand Turin", Graphot, Torino, 1999
Ossola Franco, "Grande Torino per sempre", Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 1998
Ossola-Muliari, "Un secolo di Toro. Tra leggenda e storia cento anni di vita granata", Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2005
Ossola Franco, "365 volte Toro" Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2006
Beccaria Domenico, "Come nuvole nel vento - Il Grande Torino di Julius Schubert" Editrice Il Punto - Piemonte in Bancarella, Torino, 2014
External links
Il Grande Torino, site by Nicoletta Perini (nephew of the Ballarin brothers)
Aldo e Dino Ballarin, (also by Nicoletta Perini)
The song "Filadelfia" dedicated to the stadium of the Grande Torino Ermanno Eandi
The song "Superga" by Fabrizio Gatti dedicated to the Grande Torino
Site dedicated to the 50th anniversary of Superga
The complete history of the Grande Torino
The site of the Basilica of Superga
Article on Oreste Bolmida, il tifoso trombettiere, La Stampa, 29 July 2003
Torino F.C.
Sport in Turin | {'title': 'Grande Torino', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grande%20Torino', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Imperator Nikolai I () was a Russian battleship built for the Baltic Fleet in the late 1880s. She participated in the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America in New York City in 1892. She was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and visited Toulon in October 1893. She sailed for the Pacific Ocean during the First Sino-Japanese War and remained in the Pacific until late 1896, when she returned to the Mediterranean Squadron and supported Russian interests during the Cretan Revolt. She returned to the Baltic in April 1898 and had a lengthy refit, which replaced all of her machinery, before returning to the Mediterranean in 1901.
Returning to the Baltic during the Russo-Japanese War Imperator Nikolai I was refitted in late 1904 to serve as the flagship of the Third Pacific Squadron under Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov. She was slightly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima and was surrendered, along with most of the Third Pacific Squadron, by Admiral Nebogatov to the Japanese the following day. She was taken into the Imperial Japanese Navy under the new name of and she served as a gunnery training ship until 1910 and then became a first-class coast defense ship and training vessel. She was sunk as a target ship in October 1915.
Development
Imperator Nikolai I was originally intended as a smaller ship than her half-sister along the lines of the Brazilian battleship , but armed with guns. A contract was signed on 6 November 1885 with the Baltic Works for a ship armed with two 12-inch guns in a forward barbette. However, this was quickly cancelled and a contract was quickly let with the Franco-Russian Works for a repeat of Imperator Aleksandr II even though the earlier ship had been built by the Baltic Works. The Franco-Russian Works had difficulties getting the drawings and was forced to redraft some of them. They took the opportunity to change the design in a number of relatively minor ways while doing so. However, the substitution of a gun turret for Imperator Aleksandr IIs barbette mount was made in 1887, well after the start of construction and proved problematic. The design of the turret was not finalized until April 1889 and work on the forward part of the hull had to cease for more than six months because the dimensions of the turret were not yet known. The turret proved to be heavier than the older ship's barbette and made Imperator Nikolai I slightly bow-heavy despite a reduction in the height of the belt armor in compensation.
Description
Imperator Nikolai I was long at the waterline and long overall. She had a beam of and a draft of , more than designed. She displaced at load, over more than her designed displacement of .
Imperator Nikolai I had two triple-cylinder vertical compound steam engines, each driving a single propeller. Twelve cylindrical boilers provided non-superheated steam to the engines. They were built by Baltic Works and had a total designed output of . On trials, the powerplant produced a total of , and a top speed of . She carried of coal that gave her a range of at a speed of .
The main armament of the Imperator Aleksandr II-class ships was a pair of Obukhov Model 1877 30-caliber guns. Imperator Nikolai I carried hers in a twin-gun turret forward. The four Obukhov Model 1877 35-caliber guns were on center-pivot mounts in casemates at the corners of the citadel, the hull given a pronounced tumblehome to increase their arcs of fire ahead and behind. The eight Model 1877 35-caliber guns were mounted on broadside pivot mounts. Four were fitted between the 9-inch guns and could traverse a total of 100°. The others were mounted at each end of the ship where they could fire directly ahead or astern. The ten Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in hull embrasures of the ship, between the nine and six-inch guns to defend against torpedo boats. Four Hotchkiss revolving cannon were mounted in each fighting top. Imperator Nikolai I carried six above-water torpedo tubes. One was in the bow, two tubes were on each broadside and a tube was in the stern.
Most of Imperator Nikolai Is armor was imported from the United Kingdom and some deliveries were delayed which caused problems during construction. The height of the waterline armor belt was reduced in comparison to that of her half-sister, being tall, of which was above the designed waterline and below. Most of the rest of the protection matched that of Imperator Aleksandr II other than the waterline belt forward which only reduced to a minimum of six inches rather than the of the older ship and the walls of the conning tower were only six inches thick, less than her half-sister.
History
Imperator Nikolai I was named after the Emperor Nicholas I of Russia. She was built by the Franco-Russian Works at Saint Petersburg. She was laid down on 4 August 1886, launched on 1 June 1889, and completed in July 1891, although her trials lasted until the spring of 1892. She sailed in June 1892 for New York City to participate in the celebration honoring the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. Upon her departure she was assigned to the Mediterranean Squadron and visited Toulon in October 1893 with the Russian Squadron to reinforce the Franco-Russian Alliance. She was then commanded by Captain Richard Dicker. She sailed for the Pacific Ocean during the First Sino-Japanese War and arrived at Nagasaki, Japan on 28 April 1895, before sailing for Chefoo in China. She remained in the Pacific until late 1896, when she returned to the Mediterranean Squadron. While there, she operated as part of the International Squadron, a multinational force made up of ships of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, French Navy, Imperial German Navy, Italian Royal Navy (Regia Marina), Imperial Russian Navy, and British Royal Navy that intervened in the 1897–1898 Greek Christian uprising against the Ottoman Empire′s rule in Crete, and on 14 February 1897 she evacuated the island′s Ottoman vali (governor), George Berovich (also known as Berovich Pasha); she transported him to Trieste. She returned to the Baltic in April 1898 for an extensive, multi-year, refit. Her machinery was replaced with Belleville water-tube boilers and vertical triple expansion steam engines. Her after superstructure was cut down one deck abaft the mainmast and most of her 47 mm and 37 mm revolving cannon were removed. Only two 37 mm revolvers were retained and she received sixteen 47 mm and two 37 mm single-barreled guns in their place.
Imperator Nikolai I returned to the Mediterranean in September 1901 and remained there until the Russo-Japanese War when she was transferred to the Baltic to be refitted in late 1904 to serve as the flagship of the Third Pacific Squadron under Rear Admiral Nikolai Nebogatov. The squadron departed Liepāja on 15 January 1905 for the Pacific. She was slightly damaged during the Battle of Tsushima, receiving one hit from a twelve-inch gun, two from eight-inch guns and two from six-inch guns, and suffered only 5 killed and 35 men wounded. She was surrendered, along with most of the Third Pacific Squadron, by Admiral Nebogatov the following day.
Japanese service
On 6 June 1905, she was taken into the Imperial Japanese Navy and renamed Iki, after Iki Island in the Sea of Japan, near the site of the Battle of Tsushima. She served as a gunnery training ship until 12 December 1910 when she was redesignated as a first-class coast defense ship and a training vessel. As Iki she was armed with her original 12-inch/30 caliber guns in a forward twin turret, six 6-inch/40 caliber Armstrong Pattern Z guns in single mounts, six 4.7-inch/40 caliber Armstrong Pattern T guns in single mounts, six 3-inch/40 caliber Armstrong N guns in single mounts and six 18-inch torpedoes. She was stricken 1 May 1915 and sunk as a target by the battlecruisers and , although Watts and Gordon say that she was scrapped in 1922.
See also
List of battleships of Japan
Notes
References
Bibliography
McTiernan, Mick, A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897 – 1898, King's College, London, September 2014.
External links
Imperator Aleksandr II-class battleships
Ships built at Admiralty Shipyard
1889 ships
Russo-Japanese War battleships of Russia
Captured ships
Maritime incidents in 1915
Ships sunk as targets
Ships with Belleville boilers
Naval ships captured by Japan during the Russo-Japanese War | {'title': 'Russian battleship Imperator Nikolai I (1889)', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian%20battleship%20Imperator%20Nikolai%20I%20%281889%29', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Rev. John Wightman House is a historic American colonial house at 1024 Mount Vernon Road in Southington, Connecticut. It was built about 1770 for the town's second Baptist minister, and is a good local example of Georgian architecture. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1989.
Description and history
The Rev. John Wightman House is located in western Southington, on the west side of Mount Vernon Road north of its junction with West Center Street. It is a -story wood-frame structure, with a gabled roof, central chimney, and clapboarded exterior. Its front facade is five bays wide, with a symmetrical arrangement of windows around a center entry. Upper floor windows are butted against the eave, with a narrow band of dentil moulding, while ground floor windows and the entrance are topped by slightly projecting and splayed lintels. The entrance flanked by narrow moulding and has a transom window with five panes in the shape of a tombstone. Above the entrance is a three-part window with narrow side windows. The interior is architecturally distinguished, and there is a later ell extending to the rear.
John Wightman was an itinerant Baptist minister who purchased this parcel of land in 1770, and is presumed to have the house built soon afterward. He became the second settled minister for a small congregation of Baptist families. He is buried in a small cemetery nearby, and was succeeded by his son Valentine, whose house stood further north on Mount Vernon Road.
See also
National Register of Historic Places listings in Southington, Connecticut
References
Houses on the National Register of Historic Places in Connecticut
Colonial architecture in the United States
Houses completed in 1770
Houses in Southington, Connecticut
National Register of Historic Places in Hartford County, Connecticut
1770 establishments in Connecticut | {'title': 'Rev. John Wightman House', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev.%20John%20Wightman%20House', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Cop Hater (1956) is the first 87th Precinct police procedural novel by Ed McBain. The murder of three detectives in quick succession in the 87th Precinct leads Detective Steve Carella on a search that takes him into the city's underworld and ultimately to a .45 automatic aimed straight at his head.
Written by Evan Hunter using the name Ed McBain, the book was inspired by a television show he greatly admired, Dragnet. McBain chose to set his 87th Precinct series in the fictional city of Isola, based on New York City. In 1958 it was made into a film of the same name. In 1961, NBC developed an hour-long TV series 87th Precinct. McBain's work inspired many other writers and television producers to further develop the police procedural genre. Most notably, in 1981 Steven Bochco produced the award-winning Hill Street Blues for NBC. Bochco set his gritty police drama in a precinct house in a fictional city much as McBain did in Cop Hater. Apparently, Evan Hunter was unhappy with the similarity but he was reminded of his own borrowing of his predecessor's ideas.
Plot summary
The city has surrendered to a heat wave in July 1956. When detective Mike Reardon is on the way to work on the nightshift, he is murdered from behind with a .45 caliber handgun. As Steve Carella and his colleagues from the 87th Precinct are looking for their friend's killer, they have no idea that this is just the beginning of a series of police murders.
David Foster is the next victim, at the entrance of his apartment, where the killer has left behind a footprint at the crime scene. Steve Carella and Hank Bush question the family and wives of the deceased, as well as some suspects, but to no avail. A few nights later the unknown killer ambushes and murders Det. Hank Bush. Bush fought back however and shot and wounded the murderer. Steve Carella fears he will be the next target if he fails to stop him.
When Carella is leaving the precinct, he finds a reporter, Savage, waiting for him. He asks Carella his thoughts on who the killer might be, stating that everything is off the record. Carella reveals that - due to the evidence collected from Bush's murder - the police now knows certain attributes of the killer, i.e. weight, profession, and build. Carella leaves telling Savage that he is going on a date with his girlfriend, Teddy. The next day we find out that Savage has published the conversation between him and Carella, including Teddy's name and address.
When Carella finds this out he rushes to Teddy's apartment, hoping the killer is not already there. When Carella arrives at Teddy's apartment he hears shouting and cursing coming from inside. With his .38 in hand, Carella enters Teddy's room and is immediately faced with a man aiming a .45 right at him. Carella drops to the floor the instant he enters the room and shoots the man holding the .45 twice in the thigh. After making sure Teddy is okay, Carella interrogates the man, finding out that his name is Paul Mercer and that he was the murderer of all three cops.
After further interrogation it is discovered that Alice Bush was behind the whole plot; she had convinced a previously unknown man named Paul Mercer to commit the murders. Apparently she had promised him her affections once he had killed off her husband. In the end, both are sentenced to death for their crimes and Det. Carella marries his girlfriend, Teddy Franklin.
Character list
In order of appearance
Det. Mike Reardon, first victim, shot twice in the back of the head
Det. Stephen Louis Carella, protagonist
Det. Hank Bush, third detective to be murdered
Det. David Foster, only black detective, Mike's partner, second victim,
Lieutenant Byrnes, in charge of 87th detective squad
Frank Clarke, first suspect of shootings
Thomas Perillo
Alice Bush, wife of Det. Bush
Teddy Franklin, girlfriend of Det. Carella, deaf
Danny Gimp, police informant
Harry, bartender at The Shamrock
Cliff Savage, a newspaper reporter
Bert Kling, patrolman who was shot at a bar on Culver by a member of The Grovers
David Brockin, suspect of detective shootings
Captain Frick, commanding officer of the 87th precinct
Det. Roger Havilland
Oretha Bailey, woman who told Carella the cockroach-men were responsible for the murders
Det. Hal Willis, relatively small detective, Judo expert
Paul Mercer, murderer
Critical reception
The New York Times called the book "a tough, sexy novel with inherent honesty and decency."
References
External links
IMDb page for movie version of Cop Hater (1958)
Obituary for Evan Hunter New York Times July 9, 2005
1956 American novels
American crime novels
Novels by Evan Hunter
Police procedurals
Novels set in New York City
American novels adapted into films | {'title': 'Cop Hater', 'url': 'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cop%20Hater', 'language': 'en', 'timestamp': '20230320'} | Wikipedia | en |
Subsets and Splits