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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cholistan_Desert&diff=154828962&oldid=154794783 | The word Cholistan is derived from ''Cholna'' which means "moving". The people of Cholistan lead a semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals. The dry bed of the [[Hakra River]] runs through the area, along which many settlements of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] have been found. <!--Dubitable: The Hakra River is believed to be the remnant of ancient Sarasvati River.-->
==History==
Nearly 300 Harappan sites (cf. [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]) have been found in the Hakra valley <ref>cf. Ancient Cholistan</ref>, mostly by M. R. Mughal, which account for 20% of all Harappan sites now . Cholistan has changed amazingly over the history. The desert was under perennial regular irrigated cultivation till 1200 BCE and under seasonal regular irrigated cultivation till about 600 BCE {{facts}}. The area turned into arid and desolate desert with drying up of River Hakra. These days again, the desert is undergoing a process of profound change because of canal system originating from the River Sutlaj. But one can still find people living in houses made of mud and straw almost as they might have been living 200 years ago.
==References==
*Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Feroz and Sons.
* [http://www.pakbanners.com/pakistan/Cholistan.html About Cholistan, Pakistan]
{{PunjabGeography}}
{{PunjabPK-geo-stub}}
[[Category:Deserts of Pakistan]]
[[de:Thar]]
[[fr:Désert du Cholistan]]
To exactly know the History and details on "Cholistan" watch first and authentic "Visual Document (documentary)" on district Tharparkar watch geo television travel adventure show, 'Tharparkar Say Rohi Tak' .... (from Tharparka to Cholistan).
to view the concept and details click:
http://www.geo.tv/geotv/program.asp?pid=209 - 16k
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFNI_4jegB4&mode=related&search= | 12:21, 31 August 2007 | The word Cholistan is derived from ''Cholna'' which means "moving". The people of Cholistan lead a semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals. The dry bed of the [[Hakra River]] runs through the area, along which many settlements of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] have been found. <!--Dubitable: The Hakra River is believed to be the remnant of ancient Sarasvati River.-->
==History==
Nearly 300 Harappan sites (cf. [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]) have been found in the Hakra valley <ref>cf. Ancient Cholistan</ref>, mostly by M. R. Mughal, which account for 20% of all Harappan sites now . Cholistan has changed amazingly over the history. The desert was under perennial regular irrigated cultivation till 1200 BCE and under seasonal regular irrigated cultivation till about 600 BCE {{Facts|date=August 2007}}. The area turned into arid and desolate desert with drying up of River Hakra. These days again, the desert is undergoing a process of profound change because of canal system originating from the River Sutlaj. But one can still find people living in houses made of mud and straw almost as they might have been living 200 years ago.
==References==
*Mughal, M.R. 1997. Ancient Cholistan. Lahore: Feroz and Sons.
* [http://www.pakbanners.com/pakistan/Cholistan.html About Cholistan, Pakistan]
{{PunjabGeography}}
To exactly know the History and details on "Cholistan" watch first and authentic "Visual Document (documentary)" on district Tharparkar watch geo television travel adventure show, 'Tharparkar Say Rohi Tak' .... (from Tharparka to Cholistan).
to view the concept and details click:
* http://www.geo.tv/geotv/program.asp?pid=209 - 16k
* http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tFNI_4jegB4&mode=related&search=
[[Category:Deserts of Pakistan]]
{{PunjabPK-geo-stub}}
[[de:Thar]]
[[fr:Désert du Cholistan]] | 15:52, 31 August 2007 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cholistan_Desert&diff=200257951&oldid=200188263 | The word Cholistan is derived from ''Cholna'' which means "moving". The people of Cholistan lead a semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals. The dry bed of the [[Hakra River]] runs through the area, along which many settlements of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] have been found. <!--Dubitable: The Hakra River is believed to be the remnant of ancient Sarasvati River.-->
==History==
Nearly 300 Harappan sites (cf. [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]) have been found in the Hakra valley <ref>cf. Ancient Cholistan</ref>, mostly by M. R. Mughal, which account for 20% of all Harappan sites now . Cholistan has changed amazingly over the history. The desert was under perennial regular irrigated cultivation till 1200 BCE and under seasonal regular irrigated cultivation till about 600 BCE {{Facts|date=August 2007}}. The area turned into arid and desolate desert with drying up of River Hakra. These days again, the desert is undergoing a process of profound change because of canal system originating from the River Sutlaj. But one can still find people living in houses made of mud and straw almost as they might have been living 200 years ago. The book Shubanu takes place in the Cholistan desert
==References==
{{Reflist}}
| 00:15, 23 March 2008 | The word Cholistan is derived from ''Cholna'' which means "moving". The people of Cholistan lead a semi-nomadic life, moving from one place to another in search of water and fodder for their animals. The dry bed of the [[Hakra River]] runs through the area, along which many settlements of the [[Indus Valley Civilisation]] have been found. <!--Dubitable: The Hakra River is believed to be the remnant of ancient Sarasvati River.-->
==History==
Nearly 300 Harappan sites (cf. [[Indus Valley Civilisation]]) have been found in the Hakra valley <ref>cf. Ancient Cholistan</ref>, mostly by M. R. Mughal, which account for 20% of all Harappan sites now . Cholistan has changed amazingly over the history. The desert was under perennial regular irrigated cultivation till 1200 BCE and under seasonal regular irrigated cultivation till about 600 BCE {{Facts|date=August 2007}}. The area turned into arid and desolate desert with drying up of River Hakra. These days again, the desert is undergoing a process of profound change because of canal system originating from the River Sutlaj. But one can still find people living in houses made of mud and straw almost as they might have been living 200 years ago.
==Literary reference==
[[Suzanne Fisher Staples]]'s children's novel ''[[Shabanu|Shabanu: Daughter of the Wind]]'' (1989) is set in the Cholistan desert.
==References==
{{Reflist}}
| 07:48, 23 March 2008 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=244776&oldid=244775 |
He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]]. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian the Apostate]].
| 00:07, 26 November 2001 |
He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]]. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian the Apostate]].
| 00:08, 26 November 2001 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=326222&oldid=166022 |
Constantine's adoption of Christianity seems to have stemmed from both his family (Helena was probably born a Christian) and from a major battle he won in 312 near Rome, the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]]. Constantine credited his victory to the Christian God and converted not long afterwards. That victory made him Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. In [[324]], he became sole emperor after winning a power struggle with the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]].
Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine also won major victories over the Marcomanni and [[Alamanni]] (306-08), the [[Vandals]] and Marcomanni (314-15), the [[Visigoths]] in [[332]] and the Sarmatians two years later. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of [[Dacia]], which [[Aurelian]] had been forced to abandon in [[273]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from [[Persia]] by conquering that nation--something no Emperor since [[Trajan]] had contemplated.
He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]]. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.
See also [[Roman Empire]], [[Roman Emperors]], [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Byzantine Emperors]].
| 15:21, 13 July 2002 |
Constantine's adoption of Christianity seems to have stemmed from both his family (Helena was probably born a Christian) and from a major battle he won in 312 near Rome, the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]]. Constantine credited his victory to the Christian God and converted not long afterwards. That victory made him Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. In [[324]], he became sole emperor after winning a power struggle with the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]].
Although he earned his honorific of "The Great" from Christian historians long after he had died, he could have claimed the title on his military achievements alone. In addition to reuniting the empire under one emperor, Constantine also won major victories over the Marcomanni and [[Alamanni]] (306-08), the [[Vandals]] and Marcomanni (314-15), the [[Visigoths]] in [[332]] and the Sarmatians two years later. In fact, by [[336]], Constantine had actually reoccupied most of the long-lost province of [[Dacia]], which [[Aurelian]] had been forced to abandon in [[271]]. At the time of his death, he was planning a great expedition to put an end to raids on the eastern provinces from [[Persia]] by conquering that nation--something no Emperor since [[Trajan]] had contemplated.
He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]]. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.
See also [[Roman Empire]], [[Roman Emperors]], [[Byzantine Empire]] and [[Byzantine Emperors]]. | 04:05, 21 August 2002 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=1276121&oldid=1195849 | [[de:Konstantin I.]][[nl:Constantijn de Grote]][[pl:Konstantyn I Wielki]] [[sv:Konstantin den store]]
'''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''' ('''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''') ([[272]] - [[May 22]], [[337]]), proclaimed [[Augustus]] by his troops in [[306]]; and ruled an ever-growing portion of the [[Roman Empire]] to his death.
He was born at [[Naissus]] in Upper Dacia to [[Constantius I Chlorus]] and an innkeeper's daughter, [[Helena, mother of Constantine the Great|Helena]]. Constantine was well educated and served at the court of [[Diocletian]] after the appointment of his father as one of the two [[Caesar|Caesari]], at that time a junior emperor, in the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. On the death of his father Constantius in 306, he managed to be at his deathbed in Eburacum ([[York, England|York]]), where troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him Emperor. For the next 18 years he fought a series of battles and wars that left him as supreme ruler of the Roman Empire.
| 04:13, 4 July 2003 | [[de:Konstantin I.]][[nl:Constantijn de Grote]][[pl:Konstantyn I Wielki]] [[sv:Konstantin den store]]
'''Flavius Valerius Constantinus''' ('''Constantine I''' or '''Constantine the Great''') ([[272]] - [[May 22]], [[337]]), proclaimed [[Augustus]] by his troops on [[July 25]], [[306]]; and ruled an ever-growing portion of the [[Roman Empire]] to his death.
He was born at [[Naissus]] in Upper Dacia to [[Constantius I Chlorus]] and an innkeeper's daughter, [[Helena, mother of Constantine the Great|Helena]]. Constantine was well educated and served at the court of [[Diocletian]] after the appointment of his father as one of the two [[Caesar|Caesari]], at that time a junior emperor, in the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. On the death of his father Constantius in 306, he managed to be at his deathbed in Eburacum ([[York, England|York]]), where troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him Emperor. For the next 18 years he fought a series of battles and wars that left him as supreme ruler of the Roman Empire.
| 07:27, 26 July 2003 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=1642957&oldid=1384516 |
He was born at [[Naissus]] in Upper Dacia to [[Constantius I Chlorus]] and an innkeeper's daughter, [[Helena, mother of Constantine the Great|Helena]]. Constantine was well educated and served at the court of [[Diocletian]] after the appointment of his father as one of the two [[Caesar|Caesari]], at that time a junior emperor, in the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. On the death of his father Constantius in 306, he managed to be at his deathbed in Eburacum ([[York, England|York]]), where troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him Emperor. For the next 18 years he fought a series of battles and wars that left him as supreme ruler of the Roman Empire.
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Roman Emperor to endorse [[Christianity]], as a result of his victory in the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], which he credited to the Christian God. His adoption of Christianity may also be due to family influence: Helena was probably born a Christian, and demonstrated extreme piety in her later life. He legalized and strongly supported [[Christianity]] beginning around the time he became emperor, but he neither made paganism illegal nor made Christianity the state religion. Though the church prospered under Constantine's patronage, it also fell into the first of many public schisms. He himself called the [[First Council of Nicaea]] to settle the problem of [[Arianism]], a dispute about the personhood and godhood of [[Jesus]]. He himself was not baptized and chrismated until close to his death. Ironically, Constantine may have favored the losing side of the Arian controversy, as he was baptized by an Arian bishop, [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]].
His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the Battle of Milvian Bridge resulted with him becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling [[Tetrarchy]] until [[324]], when he defeated the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]], and became sole emperor.
| 16:48, 2 September 2003 |
He was born at [[Naissus]] in Upper Dacia to [[Constantius I Chlorus]] and an innkeeper's daughter, [[Helena, mother of Constantine the Great|Helena]]. Constantine was well educated and served at the court of [[Diocletian]] after the appointment of his father as one of the two [[Caesar|Caesari]], at that time a junior emperor, in the [[Tetrarchy]] in [[293]]. On the death of his father Constantius in 306, he managed to be at his deathbed in Eburacum ([[York, England|York]]), where troops loyal to his father's memory proclaimed him Emperor. For the next 18 years he fought a series of battles and wars that left him as supreme ruler of the Roman Empire.
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Roman Emperor to endorse [[Christianity]], as a result of his victory in the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]], which he credited to the Christian God. His adoption of Christianity may also be due to family influence: Helena was probably born a Christian, and demonstrated extreme piety in her later life. He legalized and strongly supported [[Christianity]] beginning around the time he became emperor, with the [[Edict of Milan]], but he neither made paganism illegal nor made Christianity the state religion. Though the church prospered under Constantine's patronage, it also fell into the first of many public schisms. He himself called the [[First Council of Nicaea]] to settle the problem of [[Arianism]], a dispute about the personhood and godhood of [[Jesus]]. He himself was not baptized and chrismated until close to his death. Ironically, Constantine may have favored the losing side of the Arian controversy, as he was baptized by an Arian bishop, [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]].
His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the Battle of Milvian Bridge resulted with him becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling [[Tetrarchy]] until [[324]], when he defeated the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]], and became sole emperor.
| 03:41, 3 September 2003 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=5212644&oldid=5212629 | [[Image:yorkconstantine.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Bronze statue of Constantine I outside [[York Minster]], near where he was acclaimed Emperor in 306]]
==Constantine and Christianity==
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Roman Emperor to endorse [[Christianity]], traditionally presented as a result of an omen - a fiery cross in the sky, with the inscription "''By this sign shalt thou conquer''" - before his victory in the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] in 312, when Constantine is said to have instituted the new standard to be carried into battle, called the [[labarum]]. The deity of the dream-omen reported in the Christian biographies was not publicly identified at the time. Bronze coins struck for emperors often reveal details of their personal iconography. During the early part of Constantine's rule, representations first of Mars and then, from AD 310, Apollo as Sun God consistently appear on the reverse of his coinage. Mars had been associated with the [[Tetrarchy]], and Constantine’s use of this symbolism served to emphasise the legitimacy of his rule. After his breach with his father’s old colleague Maximian in 309-10, Constantine began to claim legitimate descent from the 3rd century emperor Claudius Gothicus, the hero of the [[Battle of Naissus]]. Gothicus had claimed the divine protection of Apollo-Sol. In AD 310 Constantine experienced a vision in which Apollo-Sol appeared to him with omens of success. Thereafter the reverses of his coinage were dominated for several years by his "companion the unconquered Sol", <small>SOLI INVICTO COMITI</small> read the inscriptions. The depiction of his personal tutelary god represents Apollo with a solar halo, Helios-like, and the world-globe in his hands. According to a number of historians and researchers, this is the god Constantine embraced with the omen at the Milvian Bridge: a syncretic Sun God, (''[[Helios|Sol Invictus]]''), with relations to [[Mithraism]], which had many common points with Christianity.
Another aspect of Constantine that might indicate an incomplete acceptance of Christianity to a modern view was his willingness to wage wars in the name of a religion that preached peace and his notorious cruelty: he executed his own wife and eldest son in [[326]] for unknown reasons. He also had [[Licinius]] strangled after his defeat, something he had publicly promised not to do.
Christian historians, ever since Lactantius have adhered to the view that Constantine "adopted" Christianity as a kind of replacement for the official Roman [[paganism]]. Though the document called the "[[Donation of Constantine]]" was proved a forgery (though not until the 15th century, when the stories of Constantine's conversion were long-established "facts") it was attributed as documenting the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity for centuries. Even Christian skeptics have accepted this formulation, though seeing Constantine's policy as a political rather than spiritual move.
Whether or not Constantine's personal deity was Sol Invictus or Christ Crucified, by the end of the 3rd century, Christian communities and their bishops had become a force to contend with, in urban centers especially. Christians were preferred for high government positions; the Church was granted various special privileges; and churches like the [[Church of the Nativity]] in [[Bethlehem]] and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]] were constructed. Christian bishops took aggressive public stances that were unknown among other cult leaders, even among the Jews. Proselytism had had to be publicly outlawed, simply to maintain public decorum. In the essential legions, however, Christianity was despised as womanish, and the soldiers followed [[Mithras]] and [[Isis]]. Since the Roman Emperors ruled by "divine right" and stayed in power through the support of the legions, it was important for them to be seen to support a strong state religion. The contumely of the Christians consisted in their public refusal to participate in official rites that no one deeply believed in, but which were an equivalent of an [[oath of allegiance]]. Refusal might easily bring upon all the Roman people the loss of the gods' support; such were the usual justifications for occasional lynchings of Christians by Roman soldiers, the fare of many [[martyrology|martyrologies]].
Family influence is sometimes adduced to account for a personal adoption of Christianity: Helena in this agenda is said to be "probably born a Christian" though virtually nothing is known of her background, save that her mother was the daughter of an innkeeper and her father a sucessful soldier, a career that excluded overt Christians. Certainly Helena demonstrated extreme piety in her later life, in her trip to Palestine, where she discovered the [[True Cross]] and established basilicas.
Constantine and Licinius' [[Edict of Milan]] (313) neither made paganism illegal nor made Christianity a state-sponsored religion. What it did was legalize Christianity, return confiscated Church property, and establish [[Sunday]] as a day of worship. Though the church prospered under Constantine's patronage, it also fell into the first of many public schisms. He called the [[First Council of Nicaea]] to settle the problem of [[Arianism]], a dispute about the personhood and godhood of [[Jesus]]. It produced the [[Nicene Creed]], which favoured the position of [[Athanasius]], Arius's opponent, and became official doctrine.
When the Altar of Victory was desecrated and removed from its place of honor in the Senate, the Senate deputized Symmachus to appeal to the emperor for its return. Symmachus publicly characterized the late Emperor Constantine's policy, in a plea for [[freedom of religion]]:
:He diminished none of the privileges of the [[Vestal Virgin|sacred virgins]], he filled the priestly offices with nobles, he did not refuse the cost of the Roman ceremonies, and following the rejoicing Senate through all the streets of the eternal city, he contentedly beheld the shrines ''with unmoved countenance'', he read the names of the gods inscribed on the pediments, he enquired about the origin of the temples, and expressed admiration for their builders. Although he himself followed another religion, he maintained its own for the empire, for everyone has his own customs, everyone his own rites. The divine mind has distributed different guardians and different cults to different cities. As souls are separately given to infants as they are born, so to peoples the genius of their destiny. ('' Possible Christian insertion in italics.'')
As the general custom, Constantine was not baptized until close to his death, when his choice fell upon the Arian bishop, [[Eusebius of Nicomedia]]. Few Christian authors have emphasized that when Constantine the Great died peacefully, he was secure in the Arian faith.
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ambrose-sym.html Medieval sourcebook:] The Memorial of Symmachus, prefect of the City. (The Memorial has been emended to address three emperors, [[Valentinian II]] (died 392), [[Theodosius I]], and [[Arcadius]](began to rule 395), a historical impossibility. Thus there may be other Christian adulterations of the text. The reply of [[Ambrose]], bishop of Milan is appended, which is highly revealing in the character of his argument in rebuttal.)
:''You will arrest Simon, chief of the Christians. You will keep him till he signs this document and consents to collect for us a double tax and double tribute from the Christians . . . for we Gods have all the trials of war and they have nothing but repose and pleasure. They inhabit our territory and agree with Caesar, our enemy.'' (quoted in Freya Stark, ''Rome on the Euphrates'' 1967, p. 375)
It was not an unreasonable demand in the circumstances. The Sassanids were perennially at war with Rome. Christians were now suspected for potential treachery. The "Great Persecution" of the Persian Christian churches occurred in a later period, 340-363, after the Persian Wars that reopened upon Constantine's death. In 344 came the martyrdom of Catholicos Shimun bar Sabbae, with five bishops and 100 priests.
==Other achievements==
His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the Battle of Milvian Bridge resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling [[Tetrarchy]] until [[324]], when he defeated the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]], and became sole emperor.
| 21:19, 14 August 2004 | [[Image:yorkconstantine.jpg|thumb|left|300px|Bronze statue of Constantine I outside [[York Minster]], near where he was acclaimed Emperor in 306]]
==Constantine and Christianity==
Constantine is perhaps best known for being the first Roman Emperor to endorse [[Christianity]], traditionally presented as a result of an omen - a fiery cross in the sky, with the inscription "''By this sign shalt thou conquer''" - before his victory in the [[Battle of Milvian Bridge]] in 312, when Constantine is said to have instituted the new standard to be carried into battle, called the [[labarum]].
Christian historians ever since [[Lactantius]] have adhered to the view that Constantine "adopted" Christianity as a kind of replacement for the official Roman [[paganism]]. Though the document called the "[[Donation of Constantine]]" was proved a forgery (though not until the 15th century, when the stories of Constantine's conversion were long-established "facts") it was attributed as documenting the conversion of the Roman Empire to Christianity for centuries. Even Christian skeptics have accepted this formulation, though seeing Constantine's policy as a political rather than spiritual move.
By the end of the 3rd century, Christian communities and their bishops had become a force to contend with, in urban centers especially. Christians were preferred for high government positions; the Church was granted various special privileges; and churches like the [[Church of the Nativity]] in [[Bethlehem]] and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]] in [[Jerusalem]] were constructed. Christian bishops took aggressive public stances that were unknown among other cult leaders, even among the Jews. Proselytism had had to be publicly outlawed, simply to maintain public decorum. In the essential legions, however, Christianity was despised as womanish, and the soldiers followed [[Mithras]] and [[Isis]]. Since the Roman Emperors ruled by "divine right" and stayed in power through the support of the legions, it was important for them to be seen to support a strong state religion. The contumely of the Christians consisted in their public refusal to participate in official rites that no one deeply believed in, but which were an equivalent of an [[oath of allegiance]]. Refusal might easily bring upon all the Roman people the loss of the gods' support; such were the usual justifications for occasional lynchings of Christians by Roman soldiers, the fare of many [[martyrology|martyrologies]].
Constantine and Licinius' [[Edict of Milan]] (313) neither made paganism illegal nor made Christianity a state-sponsored religion. What it did was legalize Christianity, return confiscated Church property, and establish [[Sunday]] as a day of worship. Though the church prospered under Constantine's patronage, it also fell into the first of many public schisms. He called the [[First Council of Nicaea]] to settle the problem of [[Arianism]], a dispute about the personhood and godhood of [[Jesus]]. It produced the [[Nicene Creed]], which favoured the position of [[Athanasius]], Arius's opponent, and became official doctrine.
When the Altar of Victory was desecrated and removed from its place of honor in the Senate, the Senate deputized Symmachus to appeal to the emperor for its return. Symmachus publicly characterized the late Emperor Constantine's policy, in a plea for [[freedom of religion]]:
:He diminished none of the privileges of the [[Vestal Virgin|sacred virgins]], he filled the priestly offices with nobles, he did not refuse the cost of the Roman ceremonies, and following the rejoicing Senate through all the streets of the eternal city, he contentedly beheld the shrines ''with unmoved countenance'', he read the names of the gods inscribed on the pediments, he enquired about the origin of the temples, and expressed admiration for their builders. Although he himself followed another religion, he maintained its own for the empire, for everyone has his own customs, everyone his own rites. The divine mind has distributed different guardians and different cults to different cities. As souls are separately given to infants as they are born, so to peoples the genius of their destiny. ('' Possible Christian insertion in italics.'')
*[http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ambrose-sym.html Medieval sourcebook:] The Memorial of Symmachus, prefect of the City. (The Memorial has been emended to address three emperors, [[Valentinian II]] (died 392), [[Theodosius I]], and [[Arcadius]](began to rule 395), a historical impossibility. Thus there may be other Christian adulterations of the text. The reply of [[Ambrose]], bishop of Milan is appended, which is highly revealing in the character of his argument in rebuttal.)
:''You will arrest Simon, chief of the Christians. You will keep him till he signs this document and consents to collect for us a double tax and double tribute from the Christians . . . for we Gods have all the trials of war and they have nothing but repose and pleasure. They inhabit our territory and agree with Caesar, our enemy.'' (quoted in Freya Stark, ''Rome on the Euphrates'' 1967, p. 375)
It was not an unreasonable demand in the circumstances. The Sassanids were perennially at war with Rome. Christians were now suspected for potential treachery. The "Great Persecution" of the Persian Christian churches occurred in a later period, 340-363, after the Persian Wars that reopened upon Constantine's death. In 344 came the martyrdom of Catholicos Shimun bar Sabbae, with five bishops and 100 priests.
===Was Constantine a Christian?===
The religion of Constantine the Great, while generally assumed to be Christian in view of his pro-Christian policies, is disputed.
Bronze coins struck for emperors often reveal details of their personal iconography. During the early part of Constantine's rule, representations first of [[Mars (god)|Mars]] and then (from [[310]]) of [[Apollo]] as Sun god consistently appear on the reverse of the coinage. Mars had been associated with the [[Tetrarchy]], and Constantine's use of this symbolism served to emphasize the legitimacy of his rule. After his breach with his father's old colleague Maximian in [[309]]-10, Constantine began to claim legitimate descent from the [[3rd century]] emperor [[Claudius Gothicus]], the hero of the [[Battle of Naissus]]. Gothicus had claimed the divine protection of Apollo-Sol. In 310 Constantine reportedly experienced a vision in which Apollo-Sol appeared to him with omens of success. Thereafter the reverses of his coinage were dominated for several years by his "companion, the unconquered Sol" -- the inscriptions read <small>SOLI INVICTO COMITI</small>. The depiction of his personal tutelary god represents Apollo with a solar halo, [[Helios]]-like, and the globe in his hands. According to a number of historians and researchers, this is the god Constantine embraced with the omen at the Milvian Bridge (the deity of this omen was not publicly identified at the time): a syncretic sun god, ''[[Helios|Sol Invictus]],'' with relations to [[Mithraism]], which had many common points with Christianity.
Another aspect of Constantine that might indicate an incomplete acceptance of Christianity (from a modern view) was his willingness to wage wars in the name of a religion that preached peace and his notorious cruelty: he executed his own wife and eldest son in [[326]] for unknown reasons. He also had [[Licinius]], the East Roman emperor, strangled after his defeat, something he had publicly promised not to do.
Family influence is sometimes adduced to account for a personal adoption of Christianity: Helena in this agenda is said to be "probably born a Christian" though virtually nothing is known of her background, save that her mother was the daughter of an innkeeper and her father a successful soldier, a career that excluded overt Christians. Certainly Helena demonstrated extreme piety in her later life in her trip to [[Palestine]], where she discovered the [[True Cross]] and established basilicas.
As the general custom, Constantine was not [[baptism|baptized]] until close to his death, when his choice fell upon the Arian bishop [[Eusebius]] of [[Nicomedia]]. Few Christian authors have emphasized that when Constantine the Great died peacefully, he was secure in the Arian faith.
==Other achievements==
His victory in [[312]] over [[Maxentius]] at the Battle of Milvian Bridge resulted in his becoming Western Augustus, or ruler of the entire western half of the empire. He gradually consolidated his military superiority over his rivals in the crumbling [[Tetrarchy]] until [[324]], when he defeated the eastern ruler, [[Licinius]], and became sole emperor.
| 00:44, 15 August 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Constantine_the_Great&diff=5809556&oldid=5809223 | He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]], who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.
==Geoffrey of Monmouth and a Constantine made British==
The English chronicler [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], who offered a genealogy of British kings that linked them to the Fall of Troy and has an uneven reputation for credulity and professional care, claimed that the Helena who was mother of the noble Constantine was actually the Helena, the daughter of "[[Old King Cole]]", the mythical King of the [[Britons]]. It was indecorous, Geoffrey considered, that a king might have less-than-noble antecedents. Monmouth said that Constantine was proclaimed "king of the Britons" at York, though that title is not mentioned in any text. To say that there is little proof to support this claim is generous, but a few myth-loving citizens of the UK long to set Constantine alongside [[Arthur]].
| 02:31, 5 September 2004 | He was succeeded by his three sons, [[Constantine II of the Roman Empire|Constantine II]], [[Constantius II]] and [[Constans]], who secured their hold on the empire with the murder of a number of relatives and supporters of Constantine. The last member of his dynasty was his grandson, [[Julian]], who attempted to restore paganism.
==Geoffrey of Monmouth and a Constantine made British==
The English chronicler [[Geoffrey of Monmouth]], who offered a genealogy of British kings that linked them to the Fall of Troy and has an uneven reputation for credulity and professional care, claimed that the Helena who was mother of the noble Constantine was actually the Helena, the daughter of "[[Old King Cole]]", the mythical King of the [[Britons]]. It was indecorous, Geoffrey considered, that a king might have less-than-noble decendants. Monmouth said that Constantine was proclaimed "king of the Britons" at York, though that title is not mentioned in any text. To say that there is little proof to support this claim is generous, but a few myth-loving citizens of the UK long to set Constantine alongside [[Arthur]].
| 19:00, 11 September 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=2940504&oldid=1763796 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are those languages that are in the [[Afro-Asiatic_languages | Afro-Asiatic languages phylum]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo]] with about 9 million speakers. [[Somali]], spoken in [[Somalia]] has about 5 million speakers. | 22:00, 31 July 2003 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are those languages that are in the [[Afro-Asiatic_languages | Afro-Asiatic languages phylum]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo]] with about 9 million speakers. [[Somali]], spoken in [[Somalia]] has about 5 million speakers and [[Afar language|Afar]], spoken in Ethiopia, has about 1.5 million. | 14:22, 18 November 2003 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=5246068&oldid=5245887 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages | Afro-Asiatic languages phylum]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo]] with about 9 million speakers. [[Somali language|Somali]], spoken in [[Somalia]] has about 5 million speakers and [[Afar language|Afar]], spoken in [[Ethiopia]], has about 1.5 million. It is divided into the following subgroups:
* [[Beja language]] (sometimes seen as outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages]] (including [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] and [[Bilin language|Bilin]])
* [[East Cushitic languages]] (including [[Somali language|Somali]] and [[Afar language|Afar]])
* [[South Cushitic languages]] (including [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]] and [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]])
It was traditionally seen as also including the [[Omotic languages]], but this view has been largely abandoned.
| 19:30, 16 August 2004 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages | Afro-Asiatic languages phylum]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 21 million speakers. [[Somali language|Somali]], spoken in [[Somalia]] has about 10 million speakers and [[Afar language|Afar]], spoken in [[Ethiopia]], has about 1.5 million. It is divided into the following subgroups:
* [[Beja language]] (sometimes seen as outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages]] (including [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] and [[Bilin language|Bilin]])
* [[East Cushitic languages]] (including [[Oromo language|Oromo]], [[Somali language|Somali]], and [[Afar language|Afar]])
* [[South Cushitic languages]] (including [[Iraqw language|Iraqw]] and [[Dahalo language|Dahalo]])
It was traditionally seen as also including the [[Omotic languages]], but this view has been largely abandoned.
| 19:37, 16 August 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=43186563&oldid=43103819 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 35 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 07:52, 10 March 2006 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 24 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 20:27, 10 March 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=46291896&oldid=46291487 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 30 to 40 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 08:14, 31 March 2006 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 24 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 08:20, 31 March 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=83163309&oldid=83151959 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 30 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 05:11, 23 October 2006 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 24 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 07:03, 23 October 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cushitic_languages&diff=83164878&oldid=83163309 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 24 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 20 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 07:03, 23 October 2006 | The '''Cushitic languages''' are a subgroup of the [[Afro-Asiatic languages]], named after the Biblical figure [[Cush (Bible)|Cush]] by analogy with [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]. They are spoken in the [[Horn of Africa]]. The most prominent language is [[Oromo language|Oromo]] with about 25 million speakers, followed by [[Somali language|Somali]] (in [[Somalia]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Djibouti]], and [[Kenya]]) with about 15 million speakers, [[Sidamo language|Sidamo]] (in Ethiopia) with about 2 million speakers, and [[Afar language|Afar]] (in [[Eritrea]], Ethiopia, and Djibouti) with about 1.5 million speakers. It is divided into the following subgroups, as per [[Joseph Greenberg]], as modified by [[Harold Fleming]]:
* [[Beja language]] (often placed outside Cushitic proper)
* [[Central Cushitic languages|Central Cushitic]] or [[Agaw languages|Agaw]] languages
| 07:22, 23 October 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Casablanca&diff=1850941&oldid=1242515 |
The town of Casablanca was founded in [[1515]] by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who had destroyed the town of [[Anfa]] located at the same site just years earlier. It was an important strategic port during [[World War II]] and hosted the [[Anglo-American Summit]] in [[1943]].
See also [[Casablanca (movie)]]. | 08:18, 28 June 2003 |
The town of Casablanca was founded in [[1515]] by the [[Portugal|Portuguese]], who had destroyed the town of [[Anfa]] located at the same site just years earlier. It was an important strategic port during [[World War II]] and hosted the [[Anglo-American Summit]] in [[1943]].
The city is served by [[Mohammed V International Airport]].
See also [[Casablanca (movie)]]. | 03:37, 5 August 2003 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Casablanca&diff=9310820&oldid=9191304 | ==External links==
* [http://www.casablanca-city.com/ Casablanca City]
{{geo-stub}}
[[de:Casablanca (Stadt)]]
[[es:Casablanca]]
| 22:13, 24 December 2004 | ==External links==
* [http://www.casablanca-city.com/ Casablanca City]
{{Africa-geo-stub}}
[[de:Casablanca (Stadt)]]
[[es:Casablanca]]
| 02:10, 8 January 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Casablanca&diff=10094417&oldid=10002354 |
The city is served by [[Mohammed V International Airport]] and its port is one of the largest artificial ports in the world.
Casablanca is home to the [[Hassan II Mosque]], the largest in the world. Its [[minaret]] is also the world's tallest at 210 [[meter]]s. It was built for former Moroccan [[Hassan II of Morocco|King Hassan II]]'s 60th birthday and was finished in [[1993]].
==External links==
* [http://www.casablanca-city.com/ Casablanca City]
| 19:01, 27 January 2005 |
The city is served by [[Mohammed V International Airport]] and its port is one of the largest artificial ports in the world.
Casablanca is home to the [[Hassan II Mosque]], the second largest in the world (after the [[Faisal Mosque|Shah Faisal Mosque]] near [[Islamabad]]). Its [[minaret]] is also the world's tallest at 210 [[meter]]s. It was built for former Moroccan [[Hassan II of Morocco|King Hassan II]]'s 60th birthday and was finished in [[1993]].
==External links==
* [http://www.casablanca-city.com/ Casablanca City]
| 16:22, 6 February 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Casablanca&diff=12186662&oldid=12168126 | {{cleanup}}
[[Image:Mosque-hassan-II.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Hassan II Mosque]]
:''For the 1942 film, see '''[[Casablanca (movie)]]'''.''
| 17:09, 10 April 2005 | [[Image:Mosque-hassan-II.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Hassan II Mosque]]
:''For the 1942 film, see '''[[Casablanca (movie)]]'''.''
| 15:47, 11 April 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Casablanca&diff=15050954&oldid=14785511 | :''For the 1942 film, see '''[[Casablanca (movie)]]'''.''
[[Image:Mosque-hassan-II.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Hassan II Mosque]]
'''Casablanca''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الدار البيضاء, pronounced '''Dar-al-Baida''') is a [[city]] in western [[Morocco]], located on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. With a [[population]] of 2.95 [[million]] (September 2004 census) Casablanca is Morocco's biggest city; also it is the chief [[port]], and is thus considered the economic capital, although Morocco's official [[capital]] and seat of [[government]] is [[Rabat]].
== History ==
| 02:36, 6 June 2005 | :''For the 1942 film, see '''[[Casablanca (movie)]]'''.''
[[Image:Mosque-hassan-II.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Hassan II Mosque]]
'''Casablanca''' ([[Arabic language|Arabic]]: الدار البيضاء, pronounced '''Dar-al-Baida''') is a [[city]] in western [[Morocco]], located on the [[Atlantic Ocean]]. With a [[population]] of 2.95 [[million]] (September 2004 census) Casablanca is Morocco's biggest city; also it is the chief [[port]], and is thus considered the economic capital, although Morocco's official [[capital]] and seat of [[government]] is [[Rabat]]. Casablanca is located at 33°31'60" North, 7°34'60" West (33.533333, -7.583333). [http://earth-info.nga.mil/gns/html/cntry_files.html]
== History ==
| 10:19, 6 June 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Coordination_complex&diff=3835717&oldid=3548097 |
=== Naming complexes ===
The basic procedure for naming a complex:
#Write the number of ligands surrounding the central metal ion/atom using: ''mono-'', ''di-'', ''tetra-'', ''penta-'', and ''hexa''.
#Write the name of the ligands (in alphabetical order) appending an ''o'' for anions: ''fluoro'', ''chloro'', ''cyano''. Neutral ligands keep their original name.
#Name the central atom/ion appending ''-ate'' if the atom is negative. Neutral or positive atoms/ions keep their original name.
eg. [<nowiki>NiCl</nowiki><sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> = tetrachloronickelate (II) ion
[[Transition metal]]s make good central ions for complexes.
| 17:10, 8 May 2004 |
=== Naming complexes ===
The basic procedure for naming a complex:
#Write the names of the ligands in alphabetical order.
#*Multiply occurring monodentate ligands receive a prefix according to the number of occurrences: ''di-'', ''tri-'', ''tetra-'', ''penta-'', or ''hexa''. Polydentate ligands (e.g., ethylenediamine, oxalate) receive ''bis-'', ''tris-'', ''tetrakis-'', etc.
#*Anions end in ''o''. This replaces the final 'e' when the anion ends with '-ate', e.g. ''sulfate'' becomes ''sulfato''. It replaces 'ide': ''cyanide'' becomes ''cyano''.
#*Neutral ligands are given their usual name, with some exceptions: NH<sub>3</sub> becomes ''ammine''; H<sub>2</sub>O becomes ''aqua''; CO becomes ''carbonyl''.
#Write the name of the central atom/ion. If the complex is an anion, the central atom's name will end in ''-ate'', and its Latin name will be used if available (except for mercury).
#If the central atom's oxidation state needs to be specified (when it is one of several possible, or zero), write it as a Roman numeral (or 0) in parentheses.
Examples:
:[NiCl<sub>4</sub>]<sup>2-</sup> → tetrachloronickelate (II) ion
:[CuNH<sub>3</sub>Cl<sub>5</sub>]<sup>3-</sup> → amminepentachlorocuprate(II) ion
:[Cd(en)<sub>2</sub>(CN)<sub>2</sub>] → dicyanobisethylenediaminecadmium(II)
[[Transition metal]]s make good central ions for complexes.
| 10:51, 12 May 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Coordination_complex&diff=15905378&oldid=15494593 | [[Receptor_(biochemistry)|Receptors]] are [[protein]]s that bind small [[ligands]]. A typical example of a receptor-ligand complex is a [[neurotransmitter]] bound to a [[neurotransmitter receptor]] in the [[cell membrane]] of the [[synapse]]. The dissociation constant ''K''<sub>d</sub> is used as indicator of the [[affinity]] of the ligand to the receptor.
== See also ==
* [[Dissociation (chemistry)]]
* [[inclusion compound]]s
== External links ==
| 15:56, 2 June 2005 | [[Receptor_(biochemistry)|Receptors]] are [[protein]]s that bind small [[ligands]]. A typical example of a receptor-ligand complex is a [[neurotransmitter]] bound to a [[neurotransmitter receptor]] in the [[cell membrane]] of the [[synapse]]. The dissociation constant ''K''<sub>d</sub> is used as indicator of the [[affinity]] of the ligand to the receptor.
== See also ==
* [[Dissociation (chemistry)]]
* [[Inclusion compound]]s
== External links ==
| 13:39, 20 June 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cross_section_(physics)&diff=43581427&oldid=43542711 | {{cleanup}}
In [[scattering]], a '''differential cross section''' is defined by the [[probability]] to observe a [[scattering theory|scattered particle]] in a given [[quantum state]] per [[solid angle]] unit, such as within a given [[Cone (solid)|cone]] of observation, if the target is irradiated by a [[flux]] of one particle per surface unit:
[[Category:Nuclear physics]]
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Scattering]]
[[de:Wirkungsquerschnitt]]
[[es:Sección eficaz]]
[[fr:Section efficace]]
| 04:50, 13 March 2006 | {{cleanup-date|March 2006}}
In [[scattering]], a '''differential cross section''' is defined by the [[probability]] to observe a [[scattering theory|scattered particle]] in a given [[quantum state]] per [[solid angle]] unit, such as within a given [[Cone (solid)|cone]] of observation, if the target is irradiated by a [[flux]] of one particle per surface unit:
[[Category:Nuclear physics]]
[[Category:Particle physics]]
[[Category:Scattering]]
[[de:Wirkungsquerschnitt]]
[[es:Sección eficaz]]
[[fr:Section efficace]]
| 12:25, 13 March 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cross_section_(physics)&diff=43890708&oldid=43890297 |
In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider that the impinging particles have negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any sort of process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, etc. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σ<sub>T</sub>.
The typical nuclear diameter is of the order of 10<sup>−12</sup> cm. We might therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of π''r'',<sup>2</sup> or roughly 10<sup>−24</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> and this unit is given its own name, the [[barn (unit)|barn]], and is the unit in which cross sections are usually expressed. Actually the observed cross sections vary enormously. Thus for slow neutrons absorbed by the (n, gamma) reaction the cross section in some cases is as much as 1,000 barns, while the cross sections for transmutations by gamma-ray absorption are in the neighborhood of 0.001 barns.
== [[Radar]] ==
The (monostatic) [[radar cross section]] is defined as 4 π times the [[radio]] differential cross section at 180 degrees.
| 13:41, 15 March 2006 |
In nuclear physics it is conventional to consider that the impinging particles have negligible diameter. Cross sections can be computed for any sort of process, such as capture scattering, production of neutrons, etc. In many cases, the number of particles emitted or scattered in nuclear processes is not measured directly; one merely measures the attenuation produced in a parallel beam of incident particles by the interposition of a known thickness of a particular material. The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σ<sub>T</sub>.
The typical nuclear diameter is of the order of 10<sup>−12</sup> cm. We might therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of <math>\pi r^2</math> or roughly 10<sup>−24</sup> cm<sup>2</sup> and this unit is given its own name, the [[barn (unit)|barn]], and is the unit in which cross sections are usually expressed. Actually the observed cross sections vary enormously. Thus for slow neutrons absorbed by the (n, gamma) reaction the cross section in some cases is as much as 1,000 barns, while the cross sections for transmutations by gamma-ray absorption are in the neighborhood of 0.001 barns.
== [[Radar]] ==
The (monostatic) [[radar cross section]] is defined as 4 π times the [[radio]] differential cross section at 180 degrees.
| 13:45, 15 March 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cross_section_(physics)&diff=52067765&oldid=49903024 |
:<math>\sigma=\int d\Omega {d \sigma \over d \Omega}</math>
A cross section is therefore a measure of the effective surface area seen by the impinging particles, and as such is expressed in units of area. Usual units are the cm<sup>2<sup>, the barn (1 b = 10<sup>-24<sup> cm<sup>2</sup>) and the corresponding submultiples: the millibarn (1 mb = 10<sup>-3</sup> b), the microbarn (1 <math>\mu</math>b = 10<sup>-6</sup> b), the nanobarn ( 1 nb = 10<sup>-9</sup> b), and the picobarn (1 pb = 10<sup>-12</sup> b). The cross section of two [[elementary particle|particle]]s (i.e. observed when the two particles are [[collision|colliding]] with each other) is a measure of the interaction event between the two particles.
===Relation to the [[S matrix]]===
| 11:12, 24 April 2006 |
:<math>\sigma=\int d\Omega {d \sigma \over d \Omega}</math>
A cross section is therefore a measure of the effective surface area seen by the impinging particles, and as such is expressed in units of area. Usual units are the cm<sup>2<sup>, the barn (1 b = 10<sup>-28<sup> cm<sup>2</sup>) and the corresponding submultiples: the millibarn (1 mb = 10<sup>-3</sup> b), the microbarn (1 <math>\mu</math>b = 10<sup>-6</sup> b), the nanobarn ( 1 nb = 10<sup>-9</sup> b), and the picobarn (1 pb = 10<sup>-12</sup> b). The cross section of two [[elementary particle|particle]]s (i.e. observed when the two particles are [[collision|colliding]] with each other) is a measure of the interaction event between the two particles.
===Relation to the [[S matrix]]===
| 01:09, 8 May 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cross_section_(physics)&diff=52968605&oldid=52503667 |
:<math>\sigma=\int d\Omega {d \sigma \over d \Omega}</math>
A cross section is therefore a measure of the effective surface area seen by the impinging particles, and as such is expressed in units of area. Usual units are the cm<sup>2<sup>, the barn (1 b = 10<sup>-28<sup> cm<sup>2</sup>) and the corresponding submultiples: the millibarn (1 mb = 10<sup>-3</sup> b), the microbarn (1 <math>\mu</math>b = 10<sup>-6</sup> b), the nanobarn ( 1 nb = 10<sup>-9</sup> b), and the picobarn (1 pb = 10<sup>-12</sup> b). The cross section of two [[elementary particle|particle]]s (i.e. observed when the two particles are [[collision|colliding]] with each other) is a measure of the interaction event between the two particles.
===Relation to the [[S matrix]]===
| 15:55, 10 May 2006 |
:<math>\sigma=\int d\Omega {d \sigma \over d \Omega}</math>
A cross section is therefore a measure of the effective surface area seen by the impinging particles, and as such is expressed in units of area. Usual units are the cm<sup>2<sup>, the barn (1 b = 10<sup>-24<sup> cm<sup>2</sup>) and the corresponding submultiples: the millibarn (1 mb = 10<sup>-3</sup> b), the microbarn (1 <math>\mu</math>b = 10<sup>-6</sup> b), the nanobarn ( 1 nb = 10<sup>-9</sup> b), and the picobarn (1 pb = 10<sup>-12</sup> b). The cross section of two [[elementary particle|particle]]s (i.e. observed when the two particles are [[collision|colliding]] with each other) is a measure of the interaction event between the two particles.
===Relation to the [[S matrix]]===
| 07:28, 13 May 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cross_section_(physics)&diff=71220492&oldid=67063454 |
==Scattering==
In [[scattering]], a '''differential cross section''' is defined by the [[probability]] to observe a [[scattering theory|scattered particle]] in a given [[quantum state]] per [[solid angle]] unit, such as within a given [[cone (solid)|cone]] of observation, if the target is irradiated by a [[flux]] of one particle per surface unit:
:<math>{d \sigma \over d \Omega}={\hbox{Scattered flux / Unit of solid angle} \over \hbox{Incident flux / Unit of surface}}</math>
<!--
| 16:29, 1 August 2006 |
==Scattering==
In [[scattering]], a '''differential cross section''' is defined by the [[probability]] to observe a [[scattering theory|scattered particle]] in a given [[quantum state]] per [[solid angle]] unit, such as within a given [[cone (geometry)|cone]] of observation, if the target is irradiated by a [[flux]] of one particle per surface unit:
:<math>{d \sigma \over d \Omega}={\hbox{Scattered flux / Unit of solid angle} \over \hbox{Incident flux / Unit of surface}}</math>
<!--
| 18:57, 22 August 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=RDX&diff=5477490&oldid=5066312 |
== Properties ==
[[Image:Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-structure.png|right|200px|Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine]]
It is a colourless solid, of density 1.82 g/cm3. It is obtained by reacting concentrated [[nitric acid]] on [[hexamine]]. It is a heterocycle and has the shape of a ring. It starts to decompose at about 170°C and melts at 204°C. Its structural formula is: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine or (CH<sub>2</sub>-N-NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
At room temperatures, it is a very stable product. It burns rather than explodes, and only detonates with a [[detonator]], being unaffected even by small arms fire. It is less sensitive than [[pentaerythritol tetranitrate]] (PETN). However, it is very sensitive when crystalized, below -4°C.
| 20:31, 6 August 2004 |
== Properties ==
[[Image:Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine-structure.png|right|200px|Cyclotrimethylenetrinitramine]]
It is a colourless solid, of density 1.82 g/cm³. It is obtained by reacting concentrated [[nitric acid]] on [[hexamine]]. It is a heterocycle and has the shape of a ring. It starts to decompose at about 170°C and melts at 204°C. Its structural formula is: hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine or (CH<sub>2</sub>-N-NO<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>
At room temperatures, it is a very stable product. It burns rather than explodes, and only detonates with a [[detonator]], being unaffected even by small arms fire. It is less sensitive than [[pentaerythritol tetranitrate]] (PETN). However, it is very sensitive when crystalized, below -4°C.
| 19:37, 7 August 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=RDX&diff=14709206&oldid=14709173 |
==History==
The discovery of RDX dates from the 1890s when a German (Hans Henning) offered it as a medicine. Its explosive properties were not recognized until 1920 (Herz?). In the 1920s RDX was produced by the direct nitration of hexamine. It was only in 1940 that an efficient production method was found, possibly at the [[McGill University]] Department of Chemistry (Meissner?). It was widely used during [[World War II]], often in explosive mixtures with [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] such as Torpex (TNT (42%),RDX (40%) and aluminium (18%)). RDX was used in one of the first [[plastic explosive]]s.
==External links==
[[wikibooks:Chemical synthesis:Cyclonite synthesis|Synthesis@wikibooks]]
| 07:22, 24 May 2005 |
==History==
The discovery of RDX dates from the 1891s when a German (Hans Henning) offered it as a medicine. Its explosive properties were not recognized until 1920 (Herz?). In the 1920s RDX was produced by the direct nitration of hexamine. It was only in 1940 that an efficient production method was found, possibly at the [[McGill University]] Department of Chemistry (Meissner?). It was widely used during [[World War II]], often in explosive mixtures with [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] such as Torpex (TNT (42%),RDX (40%) and aluminium (18%)). RDX was used in one of the first [[plastic explosive]]s.
==External links==
[[wikibooks:Chemical synthesis:Cyclonite synthesis|Synthesis@wikibooks]]
| 21:24, 4 June 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=RDX&diff=15683977&oldid=14709206 |
==History==
The discovery of RDX dates from the 1891s when a German (Hans Henning) offered it as a medicine. Its explosive properties were not recognized until 1920 (Herz?). In the 1920s RDX was produced by the direct nitration of hexamine. It was only in 1940 that an efficient production method was found, possibly at the [[McGill University]] Department of Chemistry (Meissner?). It was widely used during [[World War II]], often in explosive mixtures with [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] such as Torpex (TNT (42%),RDX (40%) and aluminium (18%)). RDX was used in one of the first [[plastic explosive]]s.
==External links==
[[wikibooks:Chemical synthesis:Cyclonite synthesis|Synthesis@wikibooks]]
| 21:24, 4 June 2005 |
==History==
The discovery of RDX dates from the 1890s when a German (Hans Henning) offered it as a medicine. Its explosive properties were not recognized until 1920 (Herz?). In the 1920s RDX was produced by the direct nitration of hexamine. It was only in 1940 that an efficient production method was found, possibly at the [[McGill University]] Department of Chemistry (Meissner?). It was widely used during [[World War II]], often in explosive mixtures with [[Trinitrotoluene|TNT]] such as Torpex (TNT (42%),RDX (40%) and aluminium (18%)). RDX was used in one of the first [[plastic explosive]]s.
==External links==
[[wikibooks:Chemical synthesis:Cyclonite synthesis|Synthesis@wikibooks]]
| 21:25, 4 June 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=RDX&diff=23620835&oldid=23222913 | [[Category:Nitroamines]]
[[bg:Хексоген]]
[[de:Hexogen]]
[[fr:RDX]]
[[it:Ciclotrimetilentrinitroammina]]
| 14:26, 14 September 2005 | [[Category:Nitroamines]]
[[bg:Хексоген]]
[[cs:Hexogen]]
[[de:Hexogen]]
[[fr:RDX]]
[[it:Ciclotrimetilentrinitroammina]]
| 20:17, 20 September 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cash_register&diff=10206511&oldid=10206447 | Some supermarkets have introduced self-checkout machines, where the customer is trusted (to an extent) to scan the barcodes (or manually identify uncoded items like fruit), and place the items into a bagging area (where the bag is weighed, the machine complains vocally when it thinks that something in the bag doesn't seem to weigh what the inventory database lists the weight as). There is normally a supervisor watching over several such checkouts; as such the benefit to the customer is little, the benefit to the supermarket is reduced staffing levels. Payment on these machines is accepted by card [[EFTPOS]], or cash via coinslot and bank note scanner.
Cash register manufacturers include [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[International Business Machines|IBM]], and [[Wincor-Nixdorf]].
==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3962573.stm Cash register concerns]
==External links==
* [http://www.cashregistergroup.com/acatalog/Glossary.html Cash register Glossary]
==External links==
* [http://tillservices.co.uk/discus Cash register Forum]
[[de:Registrierkasse]]
| 23:55, 5 February 2005 | Some supermarkets have introduced self-checkout machines, where the customer is trusted (to an extent) to scan the barcodes (or manually identify uncoded items like fruit), and place the items into a bagging area (where the bag is weighed, the machine complains vocally when it thinks that something in the bag doesn't seem to weigh what the inventory database lists the weight as). There is normally a supervisor watching over several such checkouts; as such the benefit to the customer is little, the benefit to the supermarket is reduced staffing levels. Payment on these machines is accepted by card [[EFTPOS]], or cash via coinslot and bank note scanner.
Cash register manufacturers include [[NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[International Business Machines|IBM]], and [[Wincor-Nixdorf]].
==Origin==
The first cash register was invented by [[James J. Ritty]] in [[1879]]. He was the owner of a tavern in [[Dayton, Ohio]] and wanted to stop patrons from pilfering his profits.
==External links==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/3962573.stm Cash register concerns]
* [http://www.cashregistergroup.com/acatalog/Glossary.html Cash register Glossary]
* [http://tillservices.co.uk/discus Cash register Forum]
[[de:Registrierkasse]]
| 03:39, 13 February 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cash_register&diff=84720787&oldid=83917395 | Some supermarkets have introduced self-checkout machines, where the customer is trusted (to an extent) to scan the barcodes (or manually identify uncoded items like fruit), and place the items into a bagging area (where the bag is weighed, the machine complains vocally when it thinks that something in the bag doesn't seem to weigh what the inventory database lists the weight as). There is normally a supervisor watching over several such checkouts. Payment on these machines is accepted by card [[EFTPOS]], or cash via coinslot and bank note scanner.
==Origin==
The first cash register was invented by [[James Ritty]] in [[1879]]. He was the owner of a tavern in [[Dayton, Ohio]], and wanted to stop dishonest employees from pilfering his profits. He invented it after seeing a tool that counted the revolutions of the propeller on a steamship. With the help of John Birch, he patented it in 1883. {{fact}}
==External links==
* [http://www.cashregistergroup.com/acatalog/Glossary.html Cash register terms]
| 21:00, 26 October 2006 | Some supermarkets have introduced self-checkout machines, where the customer is trusted (to an extent) to scan the barcodes (or manually identify uncoded items like fruit), and place the items into a bagging area (where the bag is weighed, the machine complains vocally when it thinks that something in the bag doesn't seem to weigh what the inventory database lists the weight as). There is normally a supervisor watching over several such checkouts. Payment on these machines is accepted by card [[EFTPOS]], or cash via coinslot and bank note scanner.
==Origin==
The first cash register was invented by [[James Ritty]] in [[1879]]. He was the owner of a tavern in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Ohio]], [[United States|USA]], and wanted to stop dishonest employees from pilfering his profits. He invented it after seeing a tool that counted the revolutions of the propeller on a steamship. With the help of John Birch, he patented it in 1883. {{fact}}
==External links==
* [http://www.cashregistergroup.com/acatalog/Glossary.html Cash register terms]
| 23:12, 30 October 2006 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Cerebrospinal_fluid&diff=10111846&oldid=6454085 | Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure, which is
increased in a condition known as [[hydrocephalus]].
[[Category:Anatomy]] | 05:02, 26 September 2004 | Lumbar puncture can also be performed to measure the intracranial pressure, which is
increased in a condition known as [[hydrocephalus]].
[[de:Liquor cerebrospinalis]]
[[Category:Anatomy]] | 19:15, 9 October 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Creaky_voice&diff=140303180&oldid=139042613 | '''Creaky voice''' (also called '''laryngealisation''' or, in [[singing]], '''vocal fry''' or '''glottal fry'''), is a special kind of [[phonation]] in which the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s in the [[larynx]] are drawn together; as a result, the [[vocal folds]] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact, and forming a large, irregularly vibrating mass. The frequency of the vibration is very low (20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below normal voice) and the airflow through the [[glottis]] is very slow. A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring e.g. in some [[Korean language|Korean]] consonants is called "[[stiff voice]]".
There is some argument among music instructors as to whether or not this is an actual register as it can be used to add a raspy sound to other registers. By putting less amount of air on the cords than is needed for a clear tone of the pitch you are going for, the tone breaks up and becomes a rasp. Many [[Nu metal|Nu Metal]] singers use this technique to create a screaming sound. One example is [[Chester Bennington]] of [[Linkin Park]]. [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]]' singer [[Karen O]] also utilizes the technique in songs like "Rich" and "Art Star".
| 19:36, 18 June 2007 | '''Creaky voice''' (also called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''' or, in [[singing]], '''vocal fry''' or '''glottal fry'''), is a special kind of [[phonation]] in which the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s in the [[larynx]] are drawn together; as a result, the [[vocal folds]] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact, and forming a large, irregularly vibrating mass. The frequency of the vibration is very low (20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below normal voice) and the airflow through the [[glottis]] is very slow. A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring e.g. in some [[Korean language|Korean]] consonants is called "[[stiff voice]]".
There is some argument among music instructors as to whether or not this is an actual register as it can be used to add a raspy sound to other registers. By putting less amount of air on the cords than is needed for a clear tone of the pitch you are going for, the tone breaks up and becomes a rasp. Many [[Nu metal|Nu Metal]] singers use this technique to create a screaming sound. One example is [[Chester Bennington]] of [[Linkin Park]]. [[Yeah Yeah Yeahs]]' singer [[Karen O]] also utilizes the technique in songs like "Rich" and "Art Star".
| 13:54, 24 June 2007 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Creaky_voice&diff=274583036&oldid=271689717 | {{See also|Vocal fry register}}
{{phonation}}
{{morefootnotes|date=April 2008}}
In [[linguistics]], '''creaky voice''' (sometimes called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''' or, '''vocal fry''' or '''glottal fry'''), is a special kind of [[phonation]]<ref>Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 (1):94-101. PM 18225701</ref><ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0137178933.</ref> in which the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s in the [[larynx]] are drawn together; as a result, the [[vocal folds]] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of normal voicing, and the airflow through the [[glottis]] is very slow. However, although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long [[intonation unit]], it can occur with any pitch.
A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring e.g. in some [[Korean language|Korean]] consonants is called "[[stiff voice]]".
The [[Danish language|Danish]] [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] feature ''[[stød]]'' is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a [[phoneme|phonemic]] function.
Creaky voice manifests itself in the [[idiolect]]s of some [[American English]] speakers, particularly at the beginnings of sentences that the speaker wishes to "soft-pedal" {{fact}}. Although this phenomenon is in general more prominent among female American English speakers than among male speakers, it is frequently adopted by older males in leadership positions in business and politics {{fact}}.
It can also occur accidentally when the speaker's throat is tired, or if the speaker is sick, and tries to reach very high notes.
==See also==
* [[Human Voice]]
[[Category:Phonation]]
[[br:Mouezh wigourus]]
| 23:28, 18 February 2009 | {{See also|Vocal fry register}}
{{phonation}}
{{More footnotes|date=April 2008}}
In [[linguistics]], '''creaky voice''' (sometimes called '''laryngealisation''', '''pulse phonation''' or, '''vocal fry''' or '''glottal fry'''), is a special kind of [[phonation]]<ref>Titze, I. R. (2008). The human instrument. Sci.Am. 298 (1):94-101. PM 18225701</ref><ref>Titze, I.R. (1994). Principles of Voice Production, Prentice Hall, ISBN 978-0137178933.</ref> in which the [[arytenoid cartilage]]s in the [[larynx]] are drawn together; as a result, the [[vocal folds]] are compressed rather tightly, becoming relatively slack and compact. They vibrate irregularly at 20–50 pulses per second, about two octaves below the frequency of normal voicing, and the airflow through the [[glottis]] is very slow. However, although creaky voice may occur with very low pitch, as at the end of a long [[intonation unit]], it can occur with any pitch.
A slight degree of laryngealisation, occurring e.g. in some [[Korean language|Korean]] consonants is called "[[stiff voice]]".
The [[Danish language|Danish]] [[Prosody (linguistics)|prosodic]] feature ''[[stød]]'' is an example of a form of laryngealisation that has a [[phoneme|phonemic]] function.
Creaky voice manifests itself in the [[idiolect]]s of some [[American English]] speakers, particularly at the beginnings of sentences that the speaker wishes to "soft-pedal" {{Fact|date=March 2009}}. Although this phenomenon is in general more prominent among female American English speakers than among male speakers, it is frequently adopted by older males in leadership positions in business and politics {{Fact|date=March 2009}}.
It can also occur accidentally when the speaker's throat is tired, or if the speaker is sick, and tries to reach very high notes.
==See also==
* [[Human Voice]]
[[Category:Phonation]]
[[br:Mouezh wigourus]]
| 01:29, 3 March 2009 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=C._L._Moore&diff=118146171&oldid=117629894 | [[Category:Worldcon Guests of Honor]]
[[de:Catherine Lucile Moore]]
[[it:C. L. Moore]]
[[ru:Мур, Кэтрин Люсиль]]
[[fi:C. L. Moore]] | 23:34, 24 March 2007 | [[Category:Worldcon Guests of Honor]]
[[de:Catherine Lucile Moore]]
[[fr:Catherine Lucille Moore]]
[[it:C. L. Moore]]
[[ru:Мур, Кэтрин Люсиль]]
[[fi:C. L. Moore]] | 00:47, 27 March 2007 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=C._L._Moore&diff=224787200&oldid=224759547 | '''Catherine Lucille Moore''' ([[January 24]], [[1911]]–[[April 4]], [[1987]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] [[writer]], as '''C. L. Moore'''. She was one of the first women to write in the genre, and paved the way for many other female writers in [[speculative fiction]].
==Biography==
She was born on [[January 24]] [[1911]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. She was chronically ill as a child and spent much of her time reading literature of the fantastic. She left college during [[The Great Depression]] to work as a secretary at the Fletcher Trust Company in Indianapolis. Her first stories appeared in [[pulp magazines]] in the [[1930s]], including two significant series in ''[[Weird Tales]]''. One series concerns the rogue and adventurer, [[Northwest Smith]], and his wanderings through the [[Solar System]]; the other is a short [[fantasy]] series about [[Jirel of Joiry]] (one of the first female protagonists in [[sword-and-sorcery]] fiction). The most famous of the Northwest Smith stories is "[[Shambleau]]", which marked Moore’s first professional sale. It appeared in the magazine in November 1933, with the sale netting her a hundred dollars. The first and most famous of the [[Jirel of Joiry]] stories is "[[Black God’s Kiss]]", which received the cover illustration (painted by [[Margaret Brundage]]) in the October 1934 ''Weird Tales''. Her early stories were notable for their emphasis on the senses and emotions, which was highly unusual at the time.
Moore's work also appeared in ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'' magazine throughout the [[1940s]]. Several stories written for that magazine were later collected in her first published book, ''[[Judgment Night (collection)|Judgment Night]], published by [[Gnome Press]]'' in 1952. Included in that collection were “Judgment Night” (first published in August and September, 1943), the lush rendering of a future galactic empire with a sober meditation on the nature of power and its inevitable loss; “The Code” (July, 1945), an homage to the classic [[Faust]] with modern theories and [[H. P. Lovecraft|Lovecraftian]] dread; “Promised Land” (February, 1950) and “Heir Apparent” (July, 1950) both documenting the grim twisting that mankind must undergo in order to spread into the solar system; and “Paradise Street” (September, 1950), a futuristic take on the [[American Old West|Old West]] conflict between lone hunter and wilderness-taming settlers.
Moore met [[Henry Kuttner]], also a science fiction writer, in 1936 when he wrote her a fan letter (mistakenly thinking that "C. L. Moore" was a man), and they married in 1940. Afterwards, almost all of their stories were written in collaboration under various pseudonyms, most commonly “[[Lewis Padgett]]”. (Another pseudonym, one Moore often employed for works that involved little or no collaboration, was "Lawrence O’Donnell".) In this very prolific partnership they managed to combine Moore's style with Kuttner's more cerebral storytelling. Their stories include the classic "[[Mimsy were the Borogoves]]" (the basis for the film ''[[The Last Mimzy]]'') and "[[Vintage Season]]". They also collaborated on a story that combined Moore’s signature characters, Northwest Smith and Jirel of Joiry: "[[Quest of the Starstone]]" (1937). After Kuttner's death in 1958, Moore wrote almost no fiction and taught his writing course at the [[University of Southern California]]. She did write for a few [[television]] shows under her married name, but upon marrying Thomas Reggie (who was not a writer) in 1963, she ceased writing entirely.
| 08:36, 10 July 2008 | '''Catherine Lucille Moore''' ([[January 24]], [[1911]]–[[April 4]], [[1987]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] [[writer]], as '''C. L. Moore'''. She was one of the first women to write in the genre, and paved the way for many other female writers in [[speculative fiction]].
==Biography==
She was born on [[January 24]] [[1911]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. She was chronically ill as a child and spent much of her time reading literature of the fantastic. She left college during [[The Great Depression]] to work as a secretary at the Fletcher Trust Company in Indianapolis. Her first stories appeared in [[pulp magazines]] in the 1930s, including two significant series in ''[[Weird Tales]]''. One series concerns the rogue and adventurer, [[Northwest Smith]], and his wanderings through the [[Solar System]]; the other is a short [[fantasy]] series about [[Jirel of Joiry]] (one of the first female protagonists in [[sword-and-sorcery]] fiction). The most famous of the Northwest Smith stories is "[[Shambleau]]", which marked Moore’s first professional sale. It appeared in the magazine in November 1933, with the sale netting her a hundred dollars. The first and most famous of the [[Jirel of Joiry]] stories is "[[Black God’s Kiss]]", which received the cover illustration (painted by [[Margaret Brundage]]) in the October 1934 ''Weird Tales''. Her early stories were notable for their emphasis on the senses and emotions, which was highly unusual at the time.
Moore's work also appeared in ''[[Astounding Science Fiction]]'' magazine throughout the 1940s. Several stories written for that magazine were later collected in her first published book, ''[[Judgment Night (collection)|Judgment Night]], published by [[Gnome Press]]'' in 1952. Included in that collection were “Judgment Night” (first published in August and September, 1943), the lush rendering of a future galactic empire with a sober meditation on the nature of power and its inevitable loss; “The Code” (July, 1945), an homage to the classic [[Faust]] with modern theories and [[H. P. Lovecraft|Lovecraftian]] dread; “Promised Land” (February, 1950) and “Heir Apparent” (July, 1950) both documenting the grim twisting that mankind must undergo in order to spread into the solar system; and “Paradise Street” (September, 1950), a futuristic take on the [[American Old West|Old West]] conflict between lone hunter and wilderness-taming settlers.
Moore met [[Henry Kuttner]], also a science fiction writer, in 1936 when he wrote her a fan letter (mistakenly thinking that "C. L. Moore" was a man), and they married in 1940. Afterwards, almost all of their stories were written in collaboration under various pseudonyms, most commonly “[[Lewis Padgett]]”. (Another pseudonym, one Moore often employed for works that involved little or no collaboration, was "Lawrence O’Donnell".) In this very prolific partnership they managed to combine Moore's style with Kuttner's more cerebral storytelling. Their stories include the classic "[[Mimsy were the Borogoves]]" (the basis for the film ''[[The Last Mimzy]]'') and "[[Vintage Season]]". They also collaborated on a story that combined Moore’s signature characters, Northwest Smith and Jirel of Joiry: "[[Quest of the Starstone]]" (1937). After Kuttner's death in 1958, Moore wrote almost no fiction and taught his writing course at the [[University of Southern California]]. She did write for a few [[television]] shows under her married name, but upon marrying Thomas Reggie (who was not a writer) in 1963, she ceased writing entirely.
| 12:22, 10 July 2008 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Captain_America&diff=8094578&oldid=8091195 |
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new indestructible shield made from a chance mixture of iron and [[vibranium]], light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
| 17:28, 30 November 2004 |
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new indestructible shield made from a chance mixture of Adamantium and [[vibranium]], light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
| 20:14, 3 December 2004 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Captain_America&diff=10332582&oldid=10332573 | {{spoiler}}
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new shield made from a chance mixture of [[iron]], [[vibranium]] and an unknown catalyst which formed an indestructible metal light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
In ''[[The Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]] #4'' ([[1964]]), the Avengers discovered Captain America's body in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]. Rogers had been preserved in [[suspended animation]] in a block of ice since [[1945]], which melted when the block was thrown into the ocean by the [[Sub-Mariner]]. When Rogers revived, he related his last, failed mission in the closing days of World War II, when an sabotaged robot plane exploded, killing Bucky and hurling Rogers into the freezing waters. Rogers accepted membership in the Avengers, and although he soon adjusted to modern times well enough to eventually assume leadership of the team, he was plagued by guilt for not being able to prevent Bucky's death.
| 00:58, 14 February 2005 | {{spoiler}}
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new shield made from a chance mixture of [adamantium], [[vibranium]] and an unknown catalyst which formed an indestructible metal light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
In ''[[The Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]] #4'' ([[1964]]), the Avengers discovered Captain America's body in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]. Rogers had been preserved in [[suspended animation]] in a block of ice since [[1945]], which melted when the block was thrown into the ocean by the [[Sub-Mariner]]. When Rogers revived, he related his last, failed mission in the closing days of World War II, when an sabotaged robot plane exploded, killing Bucky and hurling Rogers into the freezing waters. Rogers accepted membership in the Avengers, and although he soon adjusted to modern times well enough to eventually assume leadership of the team, he was plagued by guilt for not being able to prevent Bucky's death.
| 20:25, 16 February 2005 | 1 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Captain_America&diff=10332607&oldid=10332582 | {{spoiler}}
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new shield made from a chance mixture of [adamantium], [[vibranium]] and an unknown catalyst which formed an indestructible metal light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
In ''[[The Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]] #4'' ([[1964]]), the Avengers discovered Captain America's body in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]. Rogers had been preserved in [[suspended animation]] in a block of ice since [[1945]], which melted when the block was thrown into the ocean by the [[Sub-Mariner]]. When Rogers revived, he related his last, failed mission in the closing days of World War II, when an sabotaged robot plane exploded, killing Bucky and hurling Rogers into the freezing waters. Rogers accepted membership in the Avengers, and although he soon adjusted to modern times well enough to eventually assume leadership of the team, he was plagued by guilt for not being able to prevent Bucky's death.
| 20:25, 16 February 2005 | {{spoiler}}
In the current Marvel Universe history, Steve Rogers was a sickly [[United States|American]] [[fine arts]] student specializing in illustration in the early [[1940s]] before America's entry into [[World War II]]. He was disturbed by the rise of the [[Third Reich]] enough to attempt to enlist only to be rejected due to his poor constitution. By chance, an [[United States Army|Army]] officer looking for test subjects for a top secret defense research project offered Rogers an alternate way to serve his country. The officer was looking for suitable test subjects for a top secret defense research project, Operation: Rebirth. This project consisted of developing a means to create physically superior soldiers and Rogers was deemed ideal. Rogers agreed to volunteer for the research and after a rigorous physical and combat training and selection process, was chosen as the first human test subject. He received injections and oral ingestions of a chemical formula that was termed the Super Soldier Serum, which had been developed by the scientist Dr Emil Erskine (who was code-named Dr Reinstein). Rogers was then exposed to a controlled burst of "Vita-Rays" that activated the chemicals in his system. Although the process was arduous physically, it successfully altered his physiognomy from his relative frail form to the maximum of human efficiency, including greatly enhanced musculature and reflexes.
Unfortunately at this moment of triumph, a [[Nazi]] [[secret agent|spy]] revealed himself and shot Erskine. Because the scientist had committed the crucial portions of the Super Solder formula to memory, it could not be duplicated. Rogers killed the spy in retaliation and vowed to oppose the enemies of America. Meanwhile, the US government decided to make the most of their one super soldier and eventually made him a superhero who served both as a [[counter-intelligence]] agent and a [[propaganda]] symbol to counter Nazi Germany's head of terrorist operations, the [[Red Skull]]. To that end, Rogers was given a costume modelled after the American Flag, a bulletproof steel shield, a personal [[sidearm]] and the name of Captain America. He was also given a cover identity as a clumsy [[infantry]] private at Fort Lehigh where he made friends with a teenage [[mascot]], [[Bucky (comics)|James Buchanan "Bucky" Barnes]]. Soon, Barnes learned Roger's [[secret identity|dual identity]] and offered to keep the secret if he could become his [[sidekick]]. Cap agreed, and trained Barnes appropriately. Rogers also received a new shield made from a chance mixture of adamantium, [[vibranium]] and an unknown catalyst which formed an indestructible metal light enough to use as a [[discus]]-like weapon that could be angled to return to him. It proved so effective that the sidearm was dropped. Throughout World War II, the duo fought the Nazi menace both on their own and as members of the superhero team called the Invaders.
==1960s Revival==
In ''[[The Avengers (comics)|The Avengers]] #4'' ([[1964]]), the Avengers discovered Captain America's body in the [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]. Rogers had been preserved in [[suspended animation]] in a block of ice since [[1945]], which melted when the block was thrown into the ocean by the [[Sub-Mariner]]. When Rogers revived, he related his last, failed mission in the closing days of World War II, when an sabotaged robot plane exploded, killing Bucky and hurling Rogers into the freezing waters. Rogers accepted membership in the Avengers, and although he soon adjusted to modern times well enough to eventually assume leadership of the team, he was plagued by guilt for not being able to prevent Bucky's death.
| 20:25, 16 February 2005 | 1 |
null | The Witches of Eastwick is a 1987 American dark fantasy-comedy film about three dissatisfied women living in the picturesque town of Eastwick, Rhode Island who unwittingly form a coven, and the mysterious man who arrives in town and scandalously buys the town's landmark property. | 2021-09-13T20:29:28Z | The Witches of Eastwick is a 1987 American dark fantasy-comedy film directed by George Miller and starring Jack Nicholson as Daryl Van Horne, based on John Updike's 1984 novel of the same name, following the story of three dissatisfied women living in the picturesque town of Eastwick, Rhode Island. | 2021-09-15T11:44:51Z | 1 |
null | The Tasmanian News was an Australian afternoon newspaper based in Hobart, which was first published on Saturday 17 November 1883. | 2021-09-24T17:37:08Z | Tasmanian News was an Australian afternoon newspaper based in Hobart, first published as The Tasmanian News on Saturday 17 November 1883 and owned and edited by Henry Horatio Gill (1840–1914). | 2021-10-01T17:33:41Z | 1 |
null | Crown Princess Gonghoe of the Musong Yun clan was chosen to be the wife of Crown Prince Sunhoe. | 2021-09-03T08:30:45Z | Crown Princess Gonghoe of the Musong Yun clan, also known as Yun Gonghoe-bin, was born in 1552 and chosen to be the consort of Crown Prince Sunhoe in 1563. | 2021-09-28T01:39:51Z | 1 |
null | The Altai people are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia living in the Altai Republic and Altai Krai, Russia. | 2021-09-15T16:11:19Z | The Altai people are a Turkic ethnic group of indigenous peoples of Siberia living in the Altai Republic and Altai Krai, Russia, Mongolia and China. | 2021-09-25T00:27:28Z | 1 |
null | Paulusma is a Dutch health professional and politician for the social liberal party Democrats 66 (D66). | 2021-09-05T15:40:42Z | Wieke Paulusma is a Dutch health professional and politician for the social liberal party Democrats 66 (D66) who has been a member of the House of Representatives since the 2021 general election. | 2021-09-06T21:39:58Z | 1 |
null | The Matrix: Resurrections is an upcoming American science fiction action film produced, co-written, and directed by Lana Wachowski. | 2021-09-01T00:40:13Z | The Matrix Resurrections is an upcoming American science fiction action film produced, co-written, and directed by Lana Wachowski, and is the sequel to The Matrix Revolutions (2003) and the fourth installment in The Matrix film series. | 2021-10-01T17:14:05Z | 1 |
null | Denzel Justus Morris Dumfries is a professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Serie A club Inter Milan and the Netherlands national team. | 2021-09-02T07:08:03Z | Denzel Justus Morris Dumfries (born 18 April 1996) is a Dutch professional footballer who plays as a right-back for Serie A club Inter Milan and the Netherlands national team. | 2021-09-29T03:07:55Z | 1 |
null | Karen Marie Brucks (February 1, 1957 – July 8, 2017) was an American mathematician known for her research on one-dimensional dynamical systems, and for her advocacy of women in mathematics. | 2021-09-25T21:24:57Z | Karen Marie Brucks was an American mathematician known for her research in topological dynamics and advocacy of women in mathematics. | 2021-09-30T17:09:52Z | 1 |
null | Girodet's painting of Mlle Lange as Danaë was commissioned by Madame Simons, Miss Lange's newlywed husband, and showcased at the Paris Salon of 1799. | 2021-09-07T07:15:48Z | Girodet and Lange first met at the Salon of 1793 and Girodet had gained notoriety for his submission Endymion. | 2021-10-01T23:12:04Z | 1 |
null | Iyarkai (pronunciation (help·info), transl. Nature) (spelt Eiyarkai onscreen) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romance film written and directed by S. P. Jananathan in his directorial debut and produced by V. R. Kumar, A. E. Gunasekaran, and G. Natarajan for Prisam Films. | 2021-09-05T22:25:54Z | Iyarkai (pronounced (help·info), meaning Nature) is a 2003 Indian Tamil-language romance film written and directed by S. P. Jananathan. | 2021-09-08T10:47:27Z | 1 |
null | Raniganj is a neighbourhood in Asansol of the Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal. | 2021-09-02T06:28:10Z | Raniganj is a neighbourhood in Asansol of Paschim Bardhaman district in the Indian state of West Bengal located at 23°37'N 87°08'E with an average elevation of 91 metres (298 feet). | 2021-09-28T10:10:09Z | 1 |
null | Hoskin is a British historian of the English Middle Ages specializing in the religious, legal and administrative history of the English Church. | 2021-09-15T03:39:46Z | Hoskin is a British historian specializing in the religious, legal and administrative history of the English Church. | 2021-09-15T14:38:23Z | 1 |
null | Southern Bluefin Tuna is a species of tuna in the family Scombridae found in open southern Hemisphere waters of all the world's oceans. | 2021-09-02T23:18:59Z | The southern bluefin tuna (Thunnus maccoyii) is a tuna of the family Scombridae found in open southern Hemisphere waters of all the world's oceans mainly between 30°S and 50°S, to nearly 60°S. | 2021-09-04T14:44:57Z | 1 |
null | Lu Chunfang is a Chinese engineer and academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering who is the Deputy General Manager of China National Railway Group Limited and a former Vice Minister of Railways. | 2021-09-23T12:44:00Z | Lu Chunfang is a Chinese engineer, deputy general manager of China National Railway Group Limited, and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. | 2021-09-26T20:42:41Z | 0 |
null | NFL Network is an American sports-oriented pay television network owned by the National Football League. | 2021-09-01T20:51:21Z | NFL Network is an American sports-oriented pay television network owned by the National Football League (NFL) and is part of NFL Media, which is dedicated to American football and features game telecasts from the NFL, as well as NFL-related content including analysis programs, specials, and documentaries. | 2021-09-29T17:47:54Z | 1 |
null | Megan Thee Stallion is an American rapper and songwriter who gained attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms and has released multiple albums, singles, and an extended play, with two singles reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. | 2021-09-01T05:37:27Z | Megan Thee Stallion is an American rapper from Houston, Texas who gained attention when videos of her freestyling became popular on social media platforms and has released multiple works that have peaked in the top 10 of the Billboard 200, with her single "Savage Remix" featuring Beyoncé and her feature on Cardi B's single "WAP" both reaching number one on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. | 2021-09-30T00:42:15Z | 1 |
null | Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi is a Sahrawi Islamic militant and leader of the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara, who was born in Laayoune, Western Sahara, and studied social sciences at the Mentouri University of Constantine. | 2021-09-01T22:10:17Z | Adnan Abu Walid al-Sahrawi was a Sahrawi Islamic terrorist and leader of the Islamic State in the Greater Sahara. | 2021-10-01T20:53:40Z | 1 |
null | Mariyappan Thangavelu is an Indian Paralympic high jumper who won gold and silver medals at the 2016 and 2020 Summer Paralympic Games, respectively, and was awarded the Padma Shri, Arjuna, and Major Dhyan Chand Khel Ratna awards. | 2021-09-01T07:10:03Z | Mariyappan Thangavelu is an Indian Paralympic high jumper who won the gold medal at the 2016 Summer Paralympics games and the silver medal at the 2020 Summer Paralympics games, making him India's first Paralympian gold medalist since 2004, for which he was awarded the Padma Shri and Arjuna Awards. | 2021-09-26T10:49:47Z | 1 |
null | Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami, also known as Srila Prabhupada, was an Indian spiritual teacher and the founder-acharya of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness. | 2021-09-04T11:15:55Z | Abhay Charanaravinda Bhaktivedanta Swami (IAST: Abhaya Caraṇāravinda Bhakti-vedānta Svāmī; 1 September 1896 – 14 November 1977) or Srila Prabhupada, born Abhay Charan De, was an Indian spiritual teacher and the founder-acharya (preceptor) of the International Society for Krishna Consciousness (ISKCON), commonly known as the "Hare Krishna movement". | 2021-09-28T11:59:17Z | 1 |
null | Warren Storm was an American drummer and vocalist known as a pioneer of the musical genre swamp pop. | 2021-09-08T12:53:48Z | Warren Storm was an American drummer and vocalist known as a pioneer of the musical genre swamp pop, a combination of rhythm and blues, country and western, and Cajun music and black Creole music. | 2021-09-27T20:34:14Z | 1 |
null | Irene Baker (née Williams, 1918 - November 6, 1989) collaborated with her husband Herbert G. Baker to research pollination biology, the composition of nectar and study its ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic qualities. | 2021-09-23T19:16:51Z | rene Baker (née Williams, 1918 – November 6, 1989) collaborated with her husband Herbert G. Baker to research pollination biology, the composition of nectar and study its ecological, evolutionary and taxonomic qualities. | 2021-09-25T10:38:36Z | 0 |
null | Sparco S. p. A. is an Italian auto part and accessory company founded in 1977 that specializes in producing items such as seats, steering wheels, harnesses, racewear and helmets. | 2021-09-17T14:14:58Z | Sparco S.p.A. is an Italian auto part and accessory company headquartered in Volpiano near Turin that specializes in producing items such as seats, steering wheels, harnesses, racewear and helmets. | 2021-09-25T21:13:34Z | 1 |
null | Wymondley Castle is a ruined castle of the "motte and bailey" type in the village of Great Wymondley, near Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England. | 2021-09-12T10:41:36Z | Wymondley Castle, also known as Great Wymondley Castle, is a ruined castle of the "motte and bailey" type in the village of Great Wymondley, near Hitchin in Hertfordshire, England. | 2021-09-14T02:07:16Z | 0 |
null | Yehuda Elkana was a historian and philosopher of science, and a former President and Rector of the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. | 2021-09-04T10:14:29Z | Yehuda Elkana was a historian and philosopher of science, and a former President and Rector of the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. | 2021-09-04T11:10:42Z | 0 |
null | Snatch is a 2000 British-American crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, set in the London criminal underworld and featuring an ensemble cast. | 2021-09-04T01:11:05Z | Snatch is a 2000 British-American crime comedy film written and directed by Guy Ritchie, featuring an ensemble cast and set in the London criminal underworld, with two intertwined plots dealing with the search for a stolen diamond and a small-time boxing promoter. | 2021-09-29T22:29:17Z | 1 |
null | Park Place Gallery was a contemporary art gallery located in SoHo in Lower Manhattan, New York City, United States, during the mid-to-late 1960s. | 2021-09-14T15:18:56Z | The Park Place Gallery was a contemporary cooperative art gallery located in New York City, notable for its location and for supporting a group of artists working with geometric abstraction and space, and thought of as being the first gallery of the 1960s in that area of Lower Manhattan. | 2021-09-22T10:07:26Z | 1 |
null | Kaadan (transl. Forester) in Tamil, Aranya (transl. Jungle) in Telugu, and Haathi Mere Saathi in Hindi (transl. Elephant My Companion) are translations of the same movie title. | 2021-09-02T18:18:24Z | Kaadan (transl. Forester) in Tamil, Aranya (transl. Jungle) in Telugu, and Haathi Mere Saathi in Hindi (transl. Elephant My Companion) are translations of the same film. | 2021-10-01T14:26:45Z | 1 |
null | Charles de Gaulle led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II and founded the Fifth Republic after approval by referendum. | 2021-09-09T00:17:43Z | Charles de Gaulle was a French army officer and statesman who led Free France against Nazi Germany in World War II. | 2021-09-26T18:13:15Z | 1 |
null | "Puss in Boots" is an Italian and later European literary fairy tale about an anthropomorphic cat who uses trickery and deceit to gain power, wealth, and the hand of a princess in marriage for his penniless and low-born master. | 2021-09-10T00:29:45Z | "Master Cat or the Booted Cat" (Italian: Il gatto con gli stivali; French: Le Maître chat ou le Chat botté), commonly known in English as "Puss in Boots", is an Italian and later European literary fairy tale about an anthropomorphic cat who uses trickery and deceit to gain power, wealth, and the hand of a princess in marriage for his penniless and low-born master. T | 2021-09-13T09:16:33Z | 1 |
null | New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. | 2021-09-09T13:39:10Z | New Year is the time or day at which a new calendar year begins and the calendar's year count increments by one. | 2021-09-18T09:44:13Z | 0 |
null | The Elder Sister-like One is a Japanese manga series by Pochi Iida, based on the adult dōjin by the same name and author. | 2021-09-05T04:24:07Z | The Elder Sister-like One (Japanese: 姉なるもの, Hepburn: Ane Naru Mono) is a Japanese manga series by Pochi Iida, based on the adult dōjin by the same name and author. | 2021-09-30T11:22:11Z | 0 |
null | Antonia Lloyd-Jones is a British translator of Polish literature based in London, best known for her translation of Olga Tokarczuk's works, and a former co-chair of the Translators Association in the United Kingdom and mentor for the Emerging Translator Mentorship Programme in the National Centre for Writing. | 2021-09-08T16:54:13Z | Antonia Lloyd-Jones is a British translator of Polish literature based in London, best known for her long-time translation of Olga Tokarczuk's works in English. | 2021-09-21T12:51:55Z | 0 |
null | Tell el-Hammam is an archaeological site in Jordan with substantial remains from the Chalcolithic, Early, Intermediate and Middle Bronze Age, and from Iron Age II. | 2021-09-05T07:34:15Z | Tell el-Hammam is an archaeological site in Jordan with substantial remains from the Chalcolithic, Early, Intermediate and Middle Bronze Age, and from Iron Age II. | 2021-09-30T22:28:14Z | 0 |
null | "Just why, why?" was the Austrian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964, sung in German by Udo Jürgens. | 2021-09-04T21:52:59Z | "Warum nur, warum?" (German pronunciation: ; "Just why, why?") was the Austrian entry in the Eurovision Song Contest 1964, sung in German by Udo Jürgens. | 2021-09-04T21:53:37Z | 1 |
null | John David Alexander (born 1959) is a retired United States Navy vice admiral and naval flight officer who last served as the 29th commander of the United States Third Fleet. | 2021-09-07T08:52:26Z | John David Alexander (born 1959) is a retired United States Navy vice admiral and naval flight officer who last served as the 29th commander of the United States Third Fleet from September 15, 2017 to September 27, 2019. | 2021-09-10T03:10:00Z | 1 |
null | Gwendolen Mary John was a Welsh artist who worked in France for most of her career and is known for her paintings of anonymous female sitters rendered in a range of closely related tones. | 2021-09-05T15:43:47Z | Gwendolen Mary John was a Welsh artist who worked in France for most of her career and painted mainly portraits of anonymous female sitters rendered in a range of closely related tones. | 2021-09-05T23:41:36Z | 0 |
null | The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996 and returned to social media in 2017. | 2021-09-09T07:41:36Z | The Mickey Mouse Club is an American variety television show that aired intermittently from 1955 to 1996 and returned to social media in 2017. | 2021-09-24T10:28:54Z | 0 |
null | Sophie Frederikke Louise Charlotte Reventlow née von Beulwitz (1747–1822) was a Danish countess, author and letter writer. | 2021-09-15T14:00:52Z | Sophie Frederikke Louise Charlotte Reventlow née von Beulwitz or von Beulwiz (1747–1822) was a Danish countess, author and letter writer who contributed to improvements in children's education and upbringing. | 2021-09-17T13:57:50Z | 1 |
null | Kassia, Cassia or Kassiani was a Byzantine abbess, poet, composer, and hymnographer. | 2021-09-04T22:16:15Z | Kassia, Cassia or Kassiani was a Byzantine-Greek composer, hymnographer and poet who holds a unique place in Byzantine music as the only known woman whose music appears in the Byzantine liturgy. | 2021-09-27T01:03:01Z | 1 |
null | Oleg Nikolayevich Khlestov was a Soviet diplomat and academic who entered the diplomatic service after 1945 and served in various diplomatic roles from 1945 onwards. | 2021-09-03T03:33:31Z | Oleg Nikolayevich Khlestov (Russian: Олег Николаевич Хлестов; 6 June 1923 – 31 August 2021) was a Soviet diplomat and academic. | 2021-09-03T08:56:20Z | 1 |
null | Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that emerged from the British new-age music scene and the early 1990s German techno and hardcore scenes. | 2021-09-07T17:06:23Z | Trance is a genre of electronic dance music that is characterized by a tempo lying between 125–150 bPM, repeating melodic phrases and a musical form that distinctly builds tension and elements throughout a track often culminating in 1 to 2 "peaks" or "drops". | 2021-09-30T22:55:54Z | 1 |
null | Jirisan is a mountain located in the southern region of South Korea which is the second-tallest mountain in South Korea after Jeju Island's Hallasan and the tallest mountain in mainland South Korea, with a height of 1915m. | 2021-09-14T12:16:45Z | Jirisan is a mountain located in the southern region of South Korea, which is the second-tallest mountain in South Korea after Jeju Island's Hallasan, and the tallest mountain in mainland South Korea with a height of 1915m. | 2021-09-14T12:18:38Z | 0 |
null | Codrin Ștefănescu (b. 20 December 1968, Craiova) is a Romanian politician, former deputy between 2000 and 2004. | 2021-09-21T21:10:13Z | Codrin Ștefănescu is a Romanian politician, former deputy between 2000 and 2004 and the founder and incumbent President of the Alliance for the Fatherland (APP). | 2021-09-22T21:31:58Z | 1 |
null | The Xpeng P7 is a battery-powered mid-sized sedan made by Chinese electric car company Xpeng, which started deliveries in the Chinese market on 29 June 2020. | 2021-09-18T18:39:42Z | The XPeng P7 is a battery-powered mid-size sedan made by Chinese electric car company XPeng Motors, which started deliveries in the Chinese market on 29 June 2020. | 2021-09-29T21:05:16Z | 1 |
null | Raymond Edward "Gilbert" O'Sullivan is an Irish singer-songwriter who achieved his most significant success during the early 1970s with hits including "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair", and "Get Down". | 2021-09-28T19:09:20Z | Raymond Edward "Gilbert" O'Sullivan is an Irish singer-songwriter who achieved his most significant success during the early 1970s with hits including "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair", and "Get Down". | 2021-09-29T16:50:22Z | 0 |
null | Aníbal Domingo Fernández (born January 9, 1957) is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician, lawyer, and certified public accountant who has been a close ally, to the former Presidents Néstor Kirchner and Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. | 2021-09-02T23:29:00Z | Aníbal Domingo Fernández is an Argentine Justicialist Party politician, lawyer, and certified public accountant who has served as Argentina's Minister of Security since 2021. | 2021-09-23T10:39:43Z | 1 |
null | İzmit Belediyespor is a Turkish women's basketball club based in İzmit, Turkey, founded in 1995 and currently competing in the Women's Basketball Super League. | 2021-09-15T15:04:24Z | İzmit Belediyespor is a Turkish women's basketball club based in İzmit, Turkey, founded in 1995 and currently competing in the Women's Basketball Super League. | 2021-09-22T13:54:09Z | 0 |
null | Klára Cvrčková is a Czech footballer who plays as a striker for Sparta Prague and is a member of the Czech national team. | 2021-09-21T17:53:47Z | Klára Cvrčková is a Czech footballer who plays as a striker for Sparta Prague and is a member of the Czech national team. | 2021-09-25T19:52:03Z | 0 |
null | Queen Hyosun of the Pungyang Jo clan was crown princess of Joseon and was never known by the title queen during her lifetime. | 2021-09-03T00:38:49Z | Queen Hyosun (효순왕후 조씨; 8 January 1716 – 30 December 1751) was the crown princess of Joseon. | 2021-09-25T05:44:56Z | 1 |
null | Sheriff Court is an historic building in Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, designed by Sir Robert Smirke, and is in the Greek Revival style. | 2021-09-22T02:39:16Z | Sheriff Court is an historic building on Tay Street in Perth, Perth and Kinross, Scotland, designed by Sir Robert Smirke, and is in the Greek Revival style, dating to 1819. | 2021-09-30T00:23:18Z | 1 |
null | Hon. Joseph Docker (1802 – 9 December 1884) was an Australian politician, member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. | 2021-09-20T06:28:03Z | Hon. Joseph Docker (1802 – 9 December 1884) was an Australian politician and member of the New South Wales Legislative Council. | 2021-09-20T06:37:28Z | 1 |
null | James V. Maloney MP is a Canadian lawyer and politician, who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2015 election. | 2021-09-06T01:39:11Z | James V. Maloney MP is a Canadian lawyer and politician who was elected to the House of Commons of Canada in the 2015 election and represents the electoral district of Etobicoke—Lakeshore as a member of the Liberal Party caucus. | 2021-09-26T14:42:48Z | 1 |
null | Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III is a video game by Taito released in 1991 and is a sequel to Rainbow Islands and the third game in the Bubble Bobble series. | 2021-09-05T14:24:09Z | "Parasol Stars: The Story of Bubble Bobble III (パラソルスター) is a video game by Taito released in 1991, which is a sequel to Rainbow Islands and the third game in the Bubble Bobble series." | 2021-09-16T18:14:50Z | 1 |
null | Lonnie Smith (July 3, 1942-September 28, 2021) is an American jazz Hammond B3 organist who was a member of the George Benson quartet in the 1960s. | 2021-09-29T02:09:39Z | Lonnie Smith (July 3, 1942 – September 28, 2021) was an American jazz Hammond B3 organist. | 2021-10-01T09:15:36Z | 1 |
null | HMS Stronghold was an S-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the Second World War and was one of the first vehicles to deploy an unmanned aircraft. | 2021-09-03T20:33:32Z | HMS Stronghold was an S-class destroyer which served with the Royal Navy during the Second World War and was one of the first vehicles to deploy an unmanned aircraft. | 2021-10-01T05:41:21Z | 0 |
null | Éloïc Peyrache is a French Economist who was admitted to the agrégation in economics-management in 1998. | 2021-09-19T12:06:52Z | Éloïc Peyrache is a French Economist. | 2021-09-25T08:13:40Z | 1 |
null | British United Air Ferries (BUAF) was a wholly private, British independent car and passenger ferry airline that specialised in cross-Channel ferry flights carrying cars and their owners between its bases in Southern England, the Channel Islands and Continental Europe, operating both all-passenger and all-cargo flights. | 2021-09-12T01:47:13Z | British United Air Ferries (BUAF) was a wholly private, British independent car and passenger ferry airline based in the United Kingdom during the 1960s, specialising in cross-Channel ferry flights carrying cars and their owners between its numerous bases in Southern England, the Channel Islands and Continental Europe, as well as all-passenger and all-cargo flights. | 2021-09-24T05:40:55Z | 1 |
null | Ma'ale Adumim is an urban Israeli settlement and a city in the West Bank, seven kilometers (4. 3 miles) east of Jerusalem. | 2021-09-04T11:18:40Z | Ma'ale Adumim is an urban Israeli settlement and a city in the West Bank, seven kilometers (4. 3 miles) east of Jerusalem. | 2021-09-29T17:18:18Z | 0 |
null | Hsu Wen-tsu is a Taiwanese politician who led the Kuomintang-affiliated Hsu family faction in Yunlin County, and served two terms as Yunlin County Magistrate from 1981 to 1989. | 2021-09-22T21:42:51Z | Hsu Wen-tsu is a Taiwanese politician who led the Kuomintang-affiliated Hsu family faction in Yunlin County and served two terms as Yunlin County Magistrate from 1981 to 1989. | 2021-09-22T21:49:40Z | 0 |
null | John Joseph Travolta is an American actor, producer and singer who rose to fame during the 1970s and enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s. | 2021-09-01T10:25:13Z | John Joseph Travolta is an American actor and singer who rose to fame during the 1970s and enjoyed a resurgence in the 1990s. | 2021-09-26T22:13:47Z | 1 |
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