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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I stumbled across the following code:
for i,a in enumerate(attributes):
labels.append(Label(root, text = a, justify = LEFT).grid(sticky = W))
e = Entry(root)
e.grid(column=1, row=i)
entries[i].insert(INSERT,"text to insert")
I don't understand the 'i,a' bit and searching google for information on 'for' is a pain in the bum and when I try and experement with the code I get the error:
ValueError: need more than 1 value to unpack
Does anyone know what it does or something to do with it that I can google to learn more?
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5 Answers 5
up vote 8 down vote accepted
You could google on "tuple unpacking". This can be used in various places in Python. The simplest is in assignment
>>> x = (1,2)
>>> a, b = x
>>> a
>>> b
In a for loop it works similarly. If each element of the iterable is a tuple, then you can specify two variables and each element in the loop will be unpacked to the two.
>>> x = [(1,2), (3,4), (5,6)]
>>> for item in x:
... print "A tuple", item
A tuple (1, 2)
A tuple (3, 4)
A tuple (5, 6)
>>> for a, b in x:
... print "First", a, "then", b
First 1 then 2
First 3 then 4
First 5 then 6
The enumerate function creates an iterable of tuples, so it can be used this way.
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Ohhhhh! That's cool. I've never heard of that before. Thanks! – Talisin Jun 3 '12 at 4:30
+1 for nice examples – Blender Jun 3 '12 at 4:37
Take this code as an example:
index = 0
for element in elements:
print element, index
index += 1
You loop over the list and store an index variable as well. enumerate() does the same thing, but more concisely:
for index, element in enumerate(elements):
print element, index
The index, element notation is required because enumerate returns a tuple ((1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), ...) that is unpacked into two different variables.
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Enumerate basically gives you an index to work with in the for loop. So:
for i,a in enumerate([4, 5, 6, 7]):
print i, ": ", a
Would print:
0: 4
1: 5
2: 6
3: 7
share|improve this answer
The enumerate function returns a generator object which, at each iteration, yields a tuple containing the index of the element (i), numbered starting from 0 by default, coupled with the element itself (a), and the for loop conveniently allows you to access both fields of those generated tuples and assign variable names to them.
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[i for i in enumerate(['a','b','c'])]
[(0, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c')]
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Your Answer
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Can anyone please tell me method of handling action and action listener of a menu item?
Thanks in advance.
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1 Answer 1
The ICEfaces Component Showcase has a Menu Bar example you can try directly in your web browser plus source code. In the example, an actionListener method in the Java Managed Bean is called when a menu item is selected.
There is also an ICEfaces tutorial for Menu Bars with examples you can download.
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Your Answer
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Liquid Alive BIO SCRUB
Bio Scrub
LIQUID ALIVE® BIO-SCRUB™ is a unique, patented, non-
acid, non-caustic, safe bathroom bowl/surface cleaner. Its bio-
enzymatic power eliminates stains and odors, removes lime
deposits, cleans, polishes and provides continuous cleaning
action in pipes, drains and waste systems. It is the only
COMPLETE SYSTEM CLEANER, polishing, deodorizing and
removing surface and drain line deposits safely.
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Fun Science Experiments for Kids- water transfer, surface tension, magic potions, rainbow science, and more!
Water Transfer for the kiddos...
Seven Layer Density Column by stevespanglerscience: Anyone can stack blocks, boxes, or books, but only those with a steady hand and a little understanding of chemistry can stack liquids. What if you could stack seven different liquids in seven different layers? Think of it as a science burrito! #Kids #Science #Density
Exploding bags with baking soda and vinegar-science lesson. They take off like rockets!
Candy Experiments: Fun website with lots of candy experiments...great to do with the kiddos..
Cut open glow sticks & pour them into bubble solution. Glow in the dark bubbles.
This would fascinate kids. And me. Rainbow roses, you can do this by splitting the stems into strands and placing each one in food colouring the roses draw the liquid colouring into the petals, amazing!
Science experiment: Watch as the blue and yellow water travel up the paper towel, making its way into the empty cup to make green water.
You can make a pack of ketchup float and sink at your command while it's sealed inside a bottle!
Borax snowflakes - If you have Borax at home, you SO need to do this with the kids. Do it after dinner, and by breakfast the kids will be amazed at what has happened! We have 8 snowflakes hanging in our window just a-sparkling away!
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Liquid Metal Key to Simpler Creation of Electrodes for Microfluidic Devices
"By making it easier to incorporate electrodes into microfluidic devices, we hope to facilitate research and development into new technologies that utilize those devices, such as biomedical tools," says Dr. Michael Dickey, an assistant professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering at NC State and co-author of a paper describing the research.
Traditionally, microfluidic devices have incorporated solid metal electrodes that serve as sensors, pumps, antennas or other functions. However, these solid electrodes can be problematic, because they need to be physically aligned to a channel that runs through the device. The channel serves as the entry point for whatever fluid the device is designed to manipulate. Aligning the electrodes is tricky because the electrodes are only tens to hundreds of microns in diameter, as is the channel itself. It is difficult to manipulate objects of that size - a micron is one-millionth of a meter, and a human hair is approximately 100 microns in diameter.
The NC State team has addressed the problem by designing microfluidic devices that incorporate three channels, with the central channel separated from the other two by a series of closely set posts. The researchers inject the two outer channels with a liquid metal alloy composed of gallium and indium. The alloy fills the outer channels completely, but forms an oxidized "skin" that spans the space between the posts - leaving the central channel free to receive other fluids.
"This approach allows you to create perfectly aligned electrodes in a single step," Dickey says. "The channels are built into the device, so the electrodes are inherently aligned - we get the metal to go exactly where we want it. This means creating these devices is easier and faster."
In addition, this approach allows for the creation of electrodes in useful configurations that were previously difficult or impossible to achieve. This can be done by changing the shape of the channels that will be injected with the liquid metal. These configurations would create more uniform electric fields, for use in manipulating fluids and particles.
The paper, "Inherently aligned microfluidic electrodes composed of liquid metal," was co-authored by Dickey and NC State Ph.D. student Ju-Hee So. The paper is forthcoming from the Royal Society of Chemistry's journal Lab on a Chip. The research was supported, in part, by the National Science Foundation.
NC State's Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering is part of the university's College of Engineering.
Source: North Carolina State University
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1. Education
Send to a Friend via Email
Stages of Prenatal Development
Stages of Prenatal Development
Image by Chris Greene - http://www.sxc.hu/profile/christgr
The process of prenatal development occurs in three main stages. The first two weeks after conception are known as the germinal stage; the third through the eighth week are known as the embryonic period; and the time from the ninth week until birth is known as the fetal period.
The Germinal Stage
Within just a few hours after conception, the singe-celled zygote begins making a journey down the fallopian tube to the uterus where it will begin the process of cell division and growth. The zygote first divides into two cells, then into four, eight, sixteen, and so on. Once the eight cell point has been reached, the cells begin to differentiate and take on certain characteristics that will determine the type of cells they will eventually become. As the cells multiply, they will also separate into two distinctive masses: the outer cells will eventually become the placenta while the inner cells will form the embryo.
Implantation occurs when the cells nestle into the uterine lining and rupture tiny blood vessels. The connective web of blood vessels and membranes that forms between them will provide nourishment for the developing being for the next nine months. Implantation is not always an automatic and sure-fire process. Researchers estimate that approximately 58 percent of all natural conceptions never become properly implanted in the uterus, which results in the new life ending before the mother is ever aware she is pregnant.
The Embryonic Stage
The mass of cells is now know as and embryo. The beginning of the third week after conception marks the start of the embryonic period, a time when the mass of cells becomes a distinct human being. The embryo begins to divide into three layers each of which will become an important body system. Approximately 22 days after conception, the neural tube forms. This tube will later develop into the central nervous system including the spinal cord and brain.
Around the fourth week, the head begins to form quickly followed by the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth. The cardiovascular system is where the earliest activity begins as the blood vessel that will become the heart start to pulse. During the fifth week, buds that will form the arms and legs appear.
By the time the eight week of development has been reached, the embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except those of the sex organs. It even has knees and elbows! At this point, the embryo weight just one gram and is about one inch in length.
The Fetal Stage
This stage of prenatal development lasts the longest and is marked by amazing change and growth. During the third month of gestation, the sex organs begin to differentiate and by the end of the month all parts of the body will be formed. At this point, the fetus weight around three ounces.
The end of the third month also marks the end of the first trimester of pregnancy. During the second trimester, or months four through six, the heartbeat grows stronger and other body systems become further developed. Fingernails, hair, eyelashes and toenails form. Perhaps most noticeably, the fetus increases quite dramatically in size, increasing about six times in size. The brain and central nervous system also become responsive during the second trimester. Around 28 weeks, the brain starts to mature much faster with activity that greatly resembles that of a sleeping newborn.
©2014 About.com. All rights reserved.
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Dore Program
Dyslexia treatment
Most treatments for dyslexia revolve around the teaching of what are called ‘phonological skills.’ The fundamental aim is to make the disabled reader aware of the link between letters and sounds so that these can be related to reading and spelling. It’s accepted that individuals with dyslexia require significantly more practice to master reading skills, whereas typical children need 30 to 60 hours of training, those with dyslexia might require between 80 and 100 hours or more – and that’s being optimistic.
Sound thinking
A number of other ‘sound-based’ treatments are also available, of which one of the most well-known is a program called FastForword. The program tries to get over the problem by teaching sounds in words which have been ‘stretched’ out to allow the dyslexic to recognize the subtle audio changes more easily.
Visual theory
Another approach to treating dyslexia is through the visual system. The visual theory of dyslexia suggests that there is a processing problem with the way visual information is relayed to the brain and used to aid the reading process.
Numerous kinds of therapy are available, but the most common is the use of tinted lenses. These lenses adjust the different types of light which enter the eye. The theory is that the affected system can process the light more easily and thereby allow more efficient functioning of the system.
There is much controversy about this, and it appears that not all dyslexics have the problem. It suggests that there are probably different types of causes of dyslexia, all of which require different approaches to show improvement.
Other options
Other treatments include optometry, as there is some evidence to show that dyslexics struggle to control the rapid eye movements required to read smoothly. This might explain why some dyslexics complain about print jumping around on a page or why they need to track with their fingers to read efficiently. Here, eye exercises are given to improve visual control.
There are many other treatments for dyslexia, some of which involve learning through association, so that words and spelling can be remembered through visual objects or mnemonics.
Overcoming dyslexia
So where does the Dore Program fit into all this? Well, Dore differs from the rest because it aims higher. Dore opens doors by helping individuals to not merely cope with their difficulties but to overcome them. This is achieved by exercising the cerebellum, the brain’s skill center, to improve its efficiency and to liberate each participant’s ability to learn – all through a personalized program of physical activities.
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Pre-K Program (Pre-K Guidelines)
The learning experiences of the preschool years provide a foundation that guides children academically, socially, and emotionally. The Texas Pre-K Guidelines offer suggestions on ways to deliver developmentally appropriate experiences for the learning needs of all children. They also offer a detailed description of expected behaviors by the end of their prekindergarten years. As a teacher I refer to these guidelines to assist me in implementing the appropriate guideline to use in creating my lesson plans.
You can read the Texas PK Guidelines by clicking on the following link.
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Respiratory System Teacher Resources
Find Respiratory System educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 359 resources
Students label parts of the human respiratory system on a diagram. They explain the function of diaphragm.
Eighth graders are able to write a paragraph describing each system based on the information retrieved in class. They trace a route from Holly Springs, MS to Greenwood using the maps that they were given. Students discuss the role of the circulatory system in the body and the role of the respiratory system is to provide oxygen to the body by breathing in air and getting rid of carbon dioxide.
Learners analyze the function of the lungs. In this lesson about the Respiratory System, students explore breathing and the movement of air through the lungs. Learners perform an 4 part experiment to observe what it might look like for oxygen to move through the lungs, and what carbon dioxide is. Students will be able to explain the process performed by the Respiratory System at the end of this lesson.
Students build a model of the respiratory system. They measure the amount of air that can be forced out of the lungs, and demonstrate that carbon dioxide is exhaled from the body.
Elementary schoolers play a respiratory relay toss in order to take in the respiratory system! They also create their own question cards based on several kid-friendly online articles about breathing and the health of the lungs. They use their cards to play a board game, Take a Breath! The templates for the relay and board game cards are included in this document, as well as the game board itself. Be aware that the title for the article, "Looking at Your Lungs" has not been updated on the document even though it has been on the host website. The video has also been updated and is no longer titled, Respiratory System (Movie). Consider bookmarking the URLs to minimize confusion, but don't let it detract you from making use of these terrific resources!
Learners research the respiratory system and the diseases that affect it. They construct a model of a pair of working lungs and develop an experiment that will decrease lung addition, they create a portfolio of their findings.
Learners explore asthma. In this respiratory system and asthma lesson, students identify the body parts related to the respiratory system and explain each part's function. Learners construct a 3-D replica of the respiratory system using a variety of pastas. Students discuss environmental factors that "trigger" asthma and other respiratory diseases.
Students explore the human anatomy. In this respiratory system lesson, students conduct an experiment to simulate the capacity of human lungs.
Students investigate inhalation and exhalation of the respiratory system. They construct a model of the respiratory system using balloons, straws, cups, and rubber bands. Then, they observe inhalation and exhalation and measure the volume of air exhaled. The lesson plan concludes with learners answer 11 follow-up questions that require them to document the results of their experiment.
Fifth graders become familiar with how the diaphragm expands to draw air into our lungs and contracts to exhale carbon dioxide. They also label the major parts of the respiratory system through the use of interactive Internet research and video components.
Young scholars examine why food is important and name the parts of the digestive system. In this investigative lesson students define respiration and draw and label the parts of the respiratory system.
Fifth graders label the parts of the respiratory system. They distinguish among the functions of its major organs. They construct a model of the respiratory system. They watch an animated video and utilize the Internet for research of the respiratory system.
Students study the parts of the human respiratory system while examining the gas exchange that takes place in the lungs. They make a model lung. They look at how the respiratory system is affected by spaceflight.
Students examine and research the organs of the respiratory system. They participate in a vocabulary card matching game, create a graphic organizer, and participate in an experiment titled, Floating on Air.
Third graders explore the respiratory system by inspecting all of the parts and how it works. They experience the power of their lungs by breathing in and out while their hands are on their chests. Each one then participates in an activity that shows how the respiratory system works.
Middle schoolers learn about the human respiratory system. For this pollution lesson, students identify the parts of the respiratory system and what happens to them when they breathe in polluted air. Middle schoolers learn about the importance of government in addressing the issue of pollution.
Students examine the inhalation and exhalation process. They create a model pair of lungs from given materials. They discover the technology that has been developed based on engineers examining the respiratory system.
Middle school environmentalists record the pH of four different liquids, including two aerosol cleaning products. They liken the products to acid rain and speculate in writing which might affect the human respiratory system. Although this is a simple lesson plan, it is valuable in helping learners make connections between the products we use and the impacts on the environment and health. You will find complete background information and a lab sheet provided for your convenience.
Students construct an 'edible' map of the respiratory system using different foods. They follow along with the teacher and place foods on their map to symbolize the different parts (licorice to represent the trachea). They eat their maps.
Students create a simulated lung to explore its functions as part of the respiratory system.
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Semillas de mandragora
Mandragora autumnalis Bertol.
Common name
There are different common names presenting the mandrake in Spanish, still more extended the name of "mandragora" and their various derivatives such as "female Mandrake", "woman Mandrake", "mandrake of bluish flower"...
The names associated with mandrake are also common, because of its similarity to other plants: "berenjenilla" (little eggplant), "lechuguilla" (little lettuce), "cereza de sapo" (toad´s cherry).
Botanical description
Mandragora autumnalis is a perennial herbaceous plant, moderately reduced dimensions, with a well-developed underground system, represented by a thick rhizome, often with an anthropomorphic form.
Leaves are grouped in form of rosette, are large, reaching more than 20cm in length, are reminiscent of those of spinach or chard.
The mandrake flowering occurs in autumn, ranging from beginning of October to the end of December. The color of the flower varies from the bluish to white.
The fruits are fleshy, berry type, in mature state acquire a bright orange color and a diameter of up to 2cm, with a highly viscous and hydrated pulp and a penetrating fruity smell.
Mandrake seeds improves germination after being subjected to stratification by cold, making them to awaken their latent.
The Mandrake is a species with a tendency to grow in sites disturbed by human action, being its common habitat slopes and embankments of roadsides and margins of farmland.
Grow in soils clayey, loamy or limestone, deep, not withstanding the intense cold.
Planta mandragora
Mandragora cosecha
mandragora frutas
mandragora semillas
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Just Touching
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Bendy Quad
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Biggest Bendy
Stage: 4 and 5 Challenge Level: Challenge Level:1
Two solutions to this problem have been forthcoming from different students at the same school - Madras College. Thank you to Mike and Euan who used lots of trigonometry as well as to Thom who likewise resorted to double angles and the cosine rule and reduced the problem to solving a quadratic equation. Thom was also able to show the significance of the two roots.
Diagram of the problem
$$\eqalign{ \beta &=& \frac{\pi}{6} - \frac{\alpha}{2} \\ \cos\beta &=& \frac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\cdot\frac{3\sqrt{3}}{2\sqrt{7}} + \frac{1}{2}\cdot\frac{1}{2\sqrt{7}} \\ \; &=& \frac{10}{4\sqrt{7}} = \frac{5}{2\sqrt{7}}}$$
Diagram showing cos and sin of alpha/2
Using the cosine rule on $\triangle ABP$ $$\eqalign{ 4 &=& x^2 + 7 - 2x\sqrt{7}\cos\beta \\ \; &=& x^2 + 7 - 5x}$$ Therefore $x^2 - 5x + 3 = 0$ $$x = \frac{5\pm\sqrt{13}}{2}$$ Both solutions satisfy the triangle inequality for $\triangle ABP$, namely $\sqrt{7} - 2 < x < \sqrt{7} + 2$. The diagram can be redrawn to show the trapezium $BPQC$ flipped down producing the much smaller equilateral triangle of side $x$ units.
Diagram for the smaller value of < i> x< /i>
A solution which just needs Pythagoras's Theorem was sent in by Ewan from King Edward VII School, Sheffield. See if you can work it out from the diagram below, then reveal the hidden text to check your answer.
The diagram shows the median AU at point A cutting the triangle in half. The length AU is in two parts, $y$ and $z$. Since the triangle is equilateral, $y+z=\frac{\sqrt 3}{2}x$. (You may like to prove this e.g. by trigonometry) To work out $y$ use Pythagoras's Theorem:
y^2+\left(\frac{1}{2}\right)^2 &=\left(\sqrt 7\right)^2 \\
y^2 &= \frac{27}{4} \\
y &= \frac{3\sqrt 3}{2}
and use $y+z=\frac{\sqrt 3}{2}x$ to give $z = (x-3)\frac{\sqrt 3}{2}$.
Then more Pythagoras's Theorem and our values found above give
z^2+\left(\frac{x}{2} - \frac{1}{2}\right)^2 &=2^2 \\
\frac{3(x-3)^2}{4} + \frac{(x-1)^2}{4} = 4
which simplifies to get the same equation as Thom and the others: $x^2 -5x + 3 = 0$.
What a simple solution, Well done!
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Philip Hall Likes Me, I Reckon Maybe Essay Topics & Writing Assignments
Bette Greene
Buy the Philip Hall Likes Me, I Reckon Maybe Lesson Plans
Essay Topics
Essay Topic 1
How does Philip exploit Beth's feelings for him? How does the way he acts effect Beth?
Essay Topic 2
How does Beth change Philip's attitude towards her? How does Philip's change of attitude effect both their friendship and Beth's confidence?
Essay Topic 3
How does Beth prove herself herself to be incredibly brave in this story? How does her bravery effect her life?
Essay Topic 4
Why does Beth hold herself back in class? How does she come to the realization that she is holding herself back?
Essay Topic 5
What do Beth's problems with puppies teach her about life? Why does Beth need to be taught this lesson at this point in this story?
Essay Topic 6
How does the arrival of Beth's brother Benjamin change her life? How does her character change from this point?
Essay Topic 7
How will the focus on Beth's education effect her siblings? What do...
(read more Essay Topics)
This section contains 594 words
(approx. 2 pages at 300 words per page)
Buy the Philip Hall Likes Me, I Reckon Maybe Lesson Plans
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Does your fish dart about like something's chasing him? Perhaps he runs into the gravel and tank decorations with a violent twisting motion. First make sure something isn't actually chasing him! Then watch his behavior closely for other signs of trouble.
Many conditions can make your fish swim like he's got one oar out of the water. Skin and gill parasites like ich, saltwater ich, gill and skin flukes, fish lice and anchor worms are common problems and cause itchy skin or gills. Affected fish often try to rub, or "flash," the affected area on hard surfaces such as aquarium decorations.
If your fish struggles to climb or dive through the water, his swim bladder may be infected. Circling and whirling patterns often indicate nervous system disorders. Sometimes bacteria or even parasites infiltrate the brain and surrounding tissues, causing neurological damage.
Another obvious but overlooked reason behind erratic swimming is blindness or poor vision caused by cataracts or corneal damage. Heredity or nutritional deficiencies produce cataracts; trauma or bacterial infection typically brings about corneal abnormalities. Fluid retention or excess gas in the water can lead to a condition called exophthalmia (pop-eye), which can impair vision. In some fish species, tapeworms or flukes can find their way into the eye, causing it to turn white and blind. Water quality problems, which can lead to increased waste by-products in the water, may irritate your fish. They may respond by darting about uncomfortably.
What You Can Do at Home
First, test the water for common abnormalities, such as ammonia, nitrite and pH imbalances. Your local aquarium store or veterinarian can perform the tests if you don't own a kit. Check your aquarium thermometer and air pump to make sure they're working properly.
Next, perform an immediate 25 percent water change and siphon the debris from the gravel to improve the biological filtration. Make sure you dechlorinate the new water and match the water's temperature and pH. Diluting the pollutant or disease organism within the tank may buy your fish valuable time while you attempt to uncover the cause.
When to Call the Veterinarian
If water analysis doesn't yield any answers, consult a qualified fish veterinarian right away. He or she may examine your fish, recheck your water parameters and take a thorough medical history to identify the problem. The doctor also may recommend gill biopsies, impression smears of the skin, blood tests, X-rays and an ultrasound. The veterinarian may need to eliminate all possible pathogens one by one to determine the cause of your pet's distress.
If you can't find an aquatic veterinarian in your area, consult knowledgeable local pet store employees about your problems. Researching the symptoms on your own may be a last resort, but many books provide excellent information.
The prognosis for your fish's strange swimming behavior varies from good to guarded. The veterinarian can usually treat diseases such as fish lice, skin flukes and anchor worms. Ich, amyloodinium infection, gill flukes or nervous system disorders can cause irreversible damage. Blind fish rarely survive because vision loss often results in starvation.
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Question Types
Start With
Question Limit
of 40 available terms
(2 exact duplicates found)
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5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. Her father's obsession with fleas, however, was not a ____________ enthusiasm.
2. ennui
3. deja vu
4. fastidious
5. epitome
1. a dilettante
2. b weariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom
3. c a standard or typical example
5. e giving and careful attention to detail
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. His _________________ habits which were very specific and eccentric were a key lead for the dectectives to solve the case.
2. art characterized by sentimental, often pretentious bad taste
3. a personal attractiveness that enables you to influence others
4. The little fairies from I Kill Giants are considered ________________s because they often foreshadow trouble that will occur in the novel.
5. a mild, indirect, or vague word used instead of one considered harsh, blunt, or offensive
5 True/False Questions
1. fait accomplia complete failure
3. disheveledA division into two parts
4. She began reminiscing about the way she ___________ to get meat during the war by finding a vegetarian family in the neighborhood and trading her vegetable ration card for their meat card.faux pas
5. junketweariness and dissatisfaction from lack of occupation or interest, boredom
Create Set
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| 0.99698 |
Dissolved organic matter and bacterial production and respiration in the sea-surface microlayer of the open Atlantic and the western Mediterranean Sea
Reinthaler, Thomas, Eva Sintes, Gerhard J. Herndl
Limnol. Oceanogr., 53(1), 2008, 122-136 | DOI: 10.4319/lo.2008.53.1.0122
ABSTRACT: The sea-surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere. We measured bacterial production and respiration along with dissolved organic carbon (DOC), nitrogen (DON), and phosphorus, inorganic nutrients, and dissolved amino acids in the SML and the underlying water (ULW) of the subtropical Atlantic gyre (SATL) and the western Mediterranean Sea (WMED). Dissolved amino acid concentrations in the SML were one order of magnitude higher than in the ULW. DON, ammonium, and nitrate were also significantly enriched in the SML as compared with the ULW. Bacterial leucine incorporation ranged between 3 and 50 pmol L-1 h-1 in the SATL and 5 and 488 pmol L-1 h-1 in the WMED and was generally not significantly different between the SML and the ULW. In contrast, bacterial respiration was significantly higher in the SML than in the ULW, varying between 3.6 and 9.5 µmol L-1 d-1 O2 at both sites. The resulting bacterial growth efficiencies ranged between 0.1% and 14% using different leucine incorporation to carbon conversion factors. Given the high dissolved free amino acid (DFAA) yield of DOC (~12%) and of DON (~30%) in the SML, bacterial growth efficiencies in the SML were low. This indicates that the DFAA in the SML are not readily available for bacteria. The underlying mechanisms of this immobilization of DFAA in the SML and their production remain enigmatic.
Article Links
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1300 187 187
Italian Conversational : Pimsleur Language Program - Pimsleur
Italian Conversational
Pimsleur Language Program
Author: Pimsleur
Audio CD
Published: 1st October 2012
In Stock. Usually ships in 3-4 business days
RRP $55.00
This Conversational program contains 8 hours of interactive audio-only instruction, effective language learning with real-life spoken practice sessions.
What is the Pimsleur(R) difference?
The Pimsleur Method provides the most effective language-learning program ever developed. The Pimsleur Method gives you quick command of Italian structure without tedious drills. Learning to speak Italian can actually be enjoyable and rewarding.
The key reason most people struggle with new languages is that they aren't given proper instruction, only bits and pieces of a language. Other language programs sell only these pieces -- dictionaries; grammar books and instructions; lists of hundreds or thousands words and definitions; audios containing useless drills. They leave it to you to assemble these pieces as you try to speak. Pimsleur enables you to spend your time learning to speak the language rather than just studying its parts.
When you were learning English, could you speak before you knew how to conjugate verbs? Of course you could. That learning process is what Pimsleur replicates. Pimsleur presents the whole language as one integrated piece so you can succeed.
With Pimsleur you get:
Grammar and vocabulary taught together in everyday conversation, Interactive audio-only instruction that teaches spoken language organically, The flexibility to learn anytime, anywhere, 30-minute lessons designed to optimize the amount of language you can learn in one sitting.
Conversational Italian includes the 10 lessons from Pimsleur's Basic Italian plus an additional 6 lessons.
The 16 lessons in Conversational Italian are the same first 16 lessons in the Pimsleur Comprehensive Italian Level 1.
"Designed for the ear and not the eye...the lessons provide PERFECT 30-minute bites of work." -- "St Louis Post-Dispatch"
ISBN: 9780743550437
ISBN-10: 0743550439
Series: Pimsleur Instant Conversation
Audience: General
Format: Audio CD
Language: English
Number Of Pages: 8
Published: 1st October 2012
Publisher: Simon & Schuster
Dimensions (cm): 24.3 x 20.1 x 5.3
Weight (kg): 0.37
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Image text transcribed for accessibility: Modify the single-cycle processor design in the book to implement the shifting instruction "srl" (shift-right-logical) using the shifter designed in problem 2. The srl instruction is used in assembly language like this: srl rd, rt, shamt The register transfer for this instruction is as follows: The srl instruction is encoded as an R-Type instruction, with opcode = 0 and funct = 2. Show all changes to the datapath along with any changes to the Control Unit or ALU Control modules in the space provided below.
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Sunday Puzzle. (NPR Graphic)
Dear Mr. President, What's Your Name?
Feb 17, 2013 (Weekend Edition Sunday)
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On-air challenge: In honor of Presidents Day, every answer is the last name of a U.S. president. You will be given a word or phrase that is a president's last name with two letters changed. You name the president. For example, given "Carpet," the answer would be "Carter."
Answers: Nelson MANDELA; Walter MONDALE
Winner: Jane Meyer of Oakland, Calif.
Next week's challenge from listener Gary Alvstad of Tustin, Calif: Name a well-known movie in two words with a total of 13 letters. Each of the two words contains the letter C. Drop both C's. The letters that remain in the second word of the title will be in alphabetical order, and the letters that remain in the first word will be in reverse alphabetical order. What movie is it?
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Latest Sexual reproduction Stories
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2014-01-29 10:15:23
Yngve Vogt - University of Oslo “We can be grateful to parasites, bacteria and viruses for our ability to have sex. Even though sexual reproduction is far less efficient than non-sexual, nearly all living organisms that you can observe in your environment are based on sexual reproduction. The most important function of sex is to reshuffle the genes in each mating. In this way, the immune system develops resistance to parasites, bacteria and viruses,” explains Petter Bøckman,...
2012-03-09 10:48:13
Speeding up evolution may increase genetic variation, but surprisingly it can reduce species diversity, according to a study led by Carlos J. Melian The role of sex in driving genetic variation and generating higher biodiversity has been debated for over a century. Speeding up evolution may increase genetic variation, but surprisingly it can reduce species diversity, according to a study led by Carlos J. Melian from Eawag — Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology,...
2011-08-04 13:36:52
Research could lead to techniques to improve fertilization in humans In new research that could have implications for improving fertilization in humans and other mammals, life scientists studied interactions between individual sperm and eggs in red abalone, an ocean-dwelling snail, and made precise chemical measurements and physical models of these interactions. They are the first scientists to do so. By simulating the natural habitat of the abalone in the laboratory, the scientists were able...
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By Crawford, Terry J Crawford, Bruce J Abstract: In Rarotonga, Linckia multifora (Lamarck) exists in two forms: a blue gray type that is found on the reef intertidally and a red form that is found subtidally. Both types reproduce asexually by regeneration of autotomized arms, as well as sexually, but the relative potential for sexual reproduction varies greatly between these different sites. In the laboratory, reciprocal crosses of the blue gray intertidal form and the red subtidal form...
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DUBLIN, Ireland -- Female sharks can fertilize their own eggs and give birth without sperm from males, according to a new study of the asexual reproduction of a hammerhead in a U.S. zoo. The joint Northern Ireland-U.S. research, being published Wednesday in the Royal Society's peer-reviewed Biology Letter journal, analyzed the DNA of a shark born in 2001 in the Henry Doorly Zoo in Omaha, Neb. The shark was born in a tank with three potential mothers, none of whom had contact with a male...
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Scientists find gene causing type 2 diabetes
Scientists have identified the gene for type 2 diabetes, a breakthrough offering hope of a test to predict those predisposed to developing one of the most common illnesses in older people.
The research, by British and Canadian scientists, pinpoints the set of genes which appears to raise the risk of adult-onset. It identifies five genetic variants linked to the condition which, the academics say, explain up to 70% of the genetic background of type 2 diabetes.
The results of the research, published in the journal Nature, show that people with the disease have a mutation in a particular zinc transporter known as SLC30A8, which is involved in regulating insulin secretion. As type 2 diabetes is caused by a deficiency in insulin, the researchers believe it may be possible to treat it by fixing this transporter.
The study's co-author, Philippe Froguel, a professor at Imperial College London, said: "The two major reasons why people develop type 2 diabetes are obesity and a family link. Our new findings mean we can create a good genetic test to predict people's risk of developing this type of diabetes.
"If we can tell someone their genetics mean they are pre disposed towards type 2 diabetes, they will be much more motivated to change things, such as their diet, to reduce their chances of developing the disorder. We can also use what we know about the specific genetic mutations associated with type 2 diabetes to develop better treatments."
Adult onset can cause severe complications, if not properly treated, such as blindness, amputations and kidney disease.
Of some 2 million diabetes sufferers, 90% are type 2, the late-onset variant often blamed on obesity which afflicts adults whose body does not make enough insulin. Numbers of type 2 sufferers are expected to increase by a half over the next decade.
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Satellites show arctic sea ice loss leading to a darker Earth
Feb. 18, 2014 at 7:38 PM | Comments
SAN DIEGO, Feb. 18 (UPI) -- The retreat of Arctic Ocean sea ice is diminishing Earth's reflectivity by an amount considerably larger than previously estimated, NASA says.
As the sea ice melts, its white reflective surface is replaced by a relatively dark ocean surface, reducing the amount of sunlight being reflected back to space, causing Earth to absorb an increasing amount of solar energy and become warmer, the space agency said Tuesday.
Researchers at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California, San Diego, analyzed data from instruments aboard several NASA satellites to gauge the sea ice loss and its effect.
The Arctic has warmed by 3.6 degrees Fahrenheit since the 1970s as the summer minimum Arctic sea ice extent decreased by 40 percent during the same time period.
That has decreased overall reflectivity, also known as albedo, of the arctic region from 52 percent to 48 percent between 1979 and 2011, the researches calculate.
"It's fairly intuitive to expect that replacing white, reflective sea ice with a dark ocean surface would increase the amount of solar heating," Scripps graduate student Kristina Pistone said. "We used actual satellite measurements of both albedo and sea ice in the region to verify this and to quantify how much extra heat the region has absorbed due to the ice loss."
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1. Education
Geniculate antennae are sharply elbowed or bent.
Geniculate antennae are sharply elbowed or bent.
Wikimedia Commons user L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5
Geniculate is a term used to describe certain insect antennae. Geniculate antennae are bent or hinged sharply, almost like a knee or elbow joint. The term geniculate derives from the Latin genu, meaning knee.
Geniculate is a morphological form of antennae found in some groups of insects, especially in ants or bees.
Geniculate is just one of many morphological forms of insect antennae. See also:
Source: Borror and DeLong's Introduction to the Study of Insects, 7th Edition, by Charles A. Triplehorn and Norman F. Johnson
1. About.com
2. Education
3. Insects
4. Insects 101
5. Entomology Glossary
6. G
7. Geniculate - Definition of the Term Geniculate - Geniculate Antennae
©2014 About.com. All rights reserved.
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The Top Ten August 20 - 27
Most Dangerous States, 2006
Rank State
1. Nevada
2. Louisiana
3. New Mexico
4. Arizona
5. Maryland
6. South Carolina
7. Florida
8. Tennessee
9. Alaska
10. California
Methodology: To determine the most dangerous states, rates for six crime categories—murder, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, and motor vehicle thefts—are compared to the national average for a given crime category.
Source: Morgan Quitno Press. Web:
See Also:
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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Richard S. ...Such a degree requires much facility in geometry. Euclidean geometry is ultimately a system of axioms and a body of facts, or theorems, derived from those axioms. Due to the nature of the language used in the axioms, there is an apparent correlation between the axioms, the theorems, and our perception of geometry in our immediate surrounding environment.
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The more specific and measurable your goal, the more quickly you will be able to identify, locate, create, and implement the use of the necessary resources for its achievement.
Charles J. Givens
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A consumer-finance agency is a good thing, but it would do well to teach consumers a simple lesson: if you don't understand the deal you're making, don't make it.
James Surowiecki
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Animal Ecology Teacher Resources
Find Animal Ecology educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 2,146 resources
Students survive within an ecosystem, an animal must be physically and behaviorally adapted to the conditions of its environment.
Amazing! Any 5th grader would be more than willing to participate in this project. Students are broken into groups, each group reads one book from a list of five. They use their book as the basis for choosing an animal and environment to conduct Internet research on. They then use IMovie to create an animated film depicting what they have learned about their animal, its environment, and human impact. All necessary attachments are included.
Students define elements of stories from around the world that include helpful animals. They explore animal character motivations and use graphic organizers to compare and contrast animal stories from different cultures.
In this ecology learning exercise, students read information about ecology and the nine ecology subdivisions and answer comprehension questions. Students answer ten questions in this matching and fill in the blank learning exercise.
Learners select a Colorado animal, develop a Directed Web page, and research their animal. Each member of the group combine their research and develop a Newsletter.
Students research animal behavior using a variety of sources and scientific investigations. They summarize the information to create a presentation showing the relationships of animals to the environment.
In this ecology worksheet, students learn about ecology and ecologists. They then use the information they learned to answer the 9 questions on the worksheet. The answers are on the last page.
For this ecology worksheet, students read the vocabulary words and then categorize a species found in a field, meadow, or fencerow in their state or region. Students complete 6 problems.
Pupils explore the relationship between human beings and animals. They participate in a variety of activities to examine animal behavior. Students create a class book and stage a mock news broadcast.
Learners inquire about Earth science by participating in a flash card activity. In this ecosystem lesson, students discuss what the elements in an ecosystem consist of and examine flash cards which contain images of plants and animals. Learners practice studying and memorizing the information of each plant and animal by quizzing other students with the cards.
The animal population of Arkansas has changed dramatically over the past 10,000 years due to climate change, and human interaction/interruption of animal environments. Upper graders and middle schoolers do a study of how animals populations have been affected by climate and human activity. This excellent plan has many rich activities, maps, worksheets, and websites embedded in it.
Who doesn't love a scavenger hunt? Have your class complete a scavenger hunt to become familiar with ecology in this engaging lesson that has them organize their items on a paper bag to illustrate information. Furthermore, learners will create a presentation about their "found" items.
Students study the biotic and abiotic factors of an environment. In this exploratory lesson students examine the different trophic levels and how organisms are connected.
Learners observe animal behaviors and record their observations. In this animal behavior lesson students record animal behaviors at specific intervals of time using an ethogram. Learners may first practice an ethogram using a classmate. Students reflect on the animal behaviors they have observed.
Students comprehend the importance of wildlife conservation by behaving like conservation biologists. They define biodiversity and study biodiversity of a local habitat. Students analyze difficult choices involved in protecting biodiversity. They write a fictional story from the perspective of an endangered animal.
Discuss wants and needs with your elementary ecologists and get them to consider what would happen to our natural resources if we all got everything that we want. Learners play a card sorting game and take an ecological footprint quiz on the Internet.
Help young scholars see the important role camouflage plays in the survival of animals with a fun science lesson. Starting with an outdoor activity, children take on the role of hungry birds as they search for worms represented by different colored pieces of yarn. The results of the activity are graphed in order to demonstrate how certain colors were easier to find than others. Students then explore three different types of camouflage - disruptive colorationconcealing coloration, and disguise - by creating collages using wrapping paper, construction paper, and materials collected from nature. This hands-on lesson would fit perfectly in an elementary science unit on ecosystems and animal adaptions.
New Review Arctic Food Chain
Explore the food chains that support Arctic ecosystems. A class discussion on interdependence and the different roles plants and animals play in ecosystems provides young scholars with the knowledge to complete a worksheet asking them to create food chains involving a variety of Arctic life. To further engage students in the lesson, consider assigning each child an Arctic plant or animal and having the class arrange and rearrange themselves into food chains. This resource would fit perfectly into a unit investigating the different types of ecosystems found around the world.
Students investigate beaver adaptations, life cycle, and the effects of beaver behavior on ecosystems. They compare and contrast how beavers influence the ecology of both forest and aquatic ecosystems.
Sixth graders investigate the ways in which human beings impact the environment and ecology through the calculation of their own ecological footprint, discussion questions pertaining to biodiversity and potential imbalance hazards, and group discussions. four worksheets, an assessment, and internet research is utilized so that students will come away with solid awareness of how human communities affect biodiversity and the planet at large.
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Animal Ecology
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WoW Insider has the latest on the Mists of Pandaria!
Know Your Lore: The Troll Wars
The past is prologue.
Invaders may not die
It can be debated when the Troll Wars actually started. The trolls themselves had been expanding across what is today known as the Eastern Kingdoms following the Sundering of the Well of Eternity, conquering and colonizing a great deal of the north. The southern mountainous region of Khaz Modan acted as a natural barrier, keeping the Amani well away from their distant cousins, the Gurubashi to the south.
When the high elves finally arrived in Lordaeron, they first landed in Tirisfal Glades. In that place, isolated from much of the rest of the north of their new continent, the high elves went unnoticed by the trolls. It was just as well for them, as they were a beleaguered band of refugee exiles driven out of Kalimdor by the kaldorei druids. Desiring to use the arcane magic they had wielded as the Highborne servitors to the fallen Queen Azshara, these elves had raised a mighty storm with their arcane power. In so doing, they forced a final split that led them to land on this distant new shore.
Although they stayed in the Glades for a time, they were soon forced to move on by something they couldn't explain. Changed, shrunken in height, their skin rendered a pallid pink hue, their hunger for magic still palpable, they fled Tirisfal for a natural convergence of ley lines to the north. Upon that site they began to build Quel'Thalas and the Sunwell. Sadly, that site was claimed by the forest trolls of Zul'Aman. Dath'Remar had no intention of allowing his people to be driven from yet another home, and the trolls had no intention of letting any elves of any hue survive. Negotiation wasn't even attempted. War was joined almost as soon as the two groups came into contact.
However, by this time the elves had regained their inherent pride and had in the Sunwell a new font of power. If the trolls had found them in Tirisfal, they might have had a chance. Attacking them in their new capital led to their defeat at the spells of the high elven magisters, many of whom had fought against the Burning Legion itself during the close of the War of the Ancients, like Dath'Remar himself. Veterans of that horrific conflict, survivors of the long exile, they were mages to be feared and respected. The trolls had nothing that could stand against them and so fled back to their walled city of Zul'Aman in defeat.
Meet the new savages
Thousands of years would pass before the trolls decided to press the issue again, so devastating was the magical response the high elves launched to the troll attacks. Generations of trolls would live and die in that time, until the stories of elven magical puissance faded into tales. Even for the long-lived elves, at least one generation had lived to adulthood, and Dath'Remar was no longer alive when the shadow of war again threatened the high elves.
While preparing to do battle with their hated elven neighbors, the trolls had also been expanding south and east again. In so doing, they'd come into contact with disparate tribes unlike anything they'd ever met before. These beings were taller than elves or dwarves, although shorter than trolls, and of a more robust and primitive culture. Being warlike by nature, the trolls attacked these scattered tribes, expecting them to fight defensively and cautiously the way the longer-lived elves did.
Instead of finding easy prey, however, the trolls soon found that they were fighting an enemy willing to burn down forests to win battles, willing to sacrifice villages to secure victory. Before their unbelieving eyes, these strange newcomers made war on each other (just as trolls often did), but the end result of that war was unity. One of these humans (as they called themselves) was a warlord named Thoradin, ruler of a tribe called the Arathi. Tired of suffering troll raids, Thoradin's general and friend Ignaeus conquered his own people tribe by tribe until all of humanity existed under a single banner.
Humanity proved even shorter-lived and more aggressive than the forest trolls, while at the same time eschewing the ritualistic barbarism of cannibalism that trolls espoused. The human even built a walled capital similar to Zul'Aman, which they called Strom. It endures today as Stromgarde.
The enemy of my enemy would be good to hide behind
While the humans were pushing the trolls back, the elves were not. Having overcome their fear of the elves' magic, the trolls were finding it less impressive than their ancestors did. In part this was due to their general state of preparedness due to their constant border raids against the humans, as well as defending against human raids. Honed by this running conflict, they were simply far more prepared for the cost of battle than the extremely long-lived, insular, self-absorbed elves.
In addition, trolls' being fecund and far shorter in lifespan meant that the 4,000 years between conflicts allowed them to rebuild their numbers. The high elves, being both extremely long-lived and desiring to avoid conflict, had barely replaced themselves. They didn't have the numbers to face the trollish invasion in full force. Years of war had Anasterian Sunstrider, the king of the high elves, seeking a way out of the trap his people had unwittingly allowed the trolls to place around them. Humans and elves had not been allies or even friendly to one another before this point. Elves saw the humans as little better than the trolls. Humans saw the elves as alien and secretive and did not trust their magical ability, which made them deceptively potent.
Anasterian ultimately felt forced to act, however. He foresaw defeat for his people in a few short years. And so he did the unthinkable and sent envoys to the humans on the principle that it was better to ally with savages than to be eaten by savages.
Thoradin, for his part, had no desire to see the elves defeated by the trolls, because without the elves to distract and infuriate the trollish hosts, the newborn nation of Arathor would have to fight all of them. So far, human ferocity had won out entirely because Thoradin and Ignaeus had managed to weld humans into a unified whole that could stand against disjointed troll warbands looking for loot, slaves and food. The trolls hated the elves so much more than they did humanity that not even the Amani could unify the forest troll tribes against mankind while Silvermoon stood as a reminder of their ancient enmity. But once the elves fell, Ignaeus advised his friend and king, there would be no stopping the trolls from turning their attention south. When they did, mankind would be hard pressed to survive.
My help will cost you dearly
Thoradin extorted a high price from Anasterian, however. Necessary or not, the alliance between the two races was one of mutual convenience and not a brotherhood. Anasterian agreed to train 100 humans in the arts of magic and furthermore acknowledged that he himself and his line would be in personal debt to Thoradin and his descendants. The humans took to this magical teaching in short order, displaying an astonishing and unexpected facility for the arcane.
Meanwhile, Arathor raised the armies of humanity. Each tribe supplied a levy, and together, the unified people of that first human nation marched to war alongside the elven forces of rangers and battlemages. Humans supplied the missing pieces that elven armies at that time simply did not have in any great supply -- heavy cavalry, infantry troops, and most important of all sheer numbers. To put it plainly, humans bred just as fast as trolls.
The combined human/elven host met the trolls in the same mountain passes of Alterac that the Horde would need to use over 2,000 years later on their way to Lordaeron. The battle was joined as the human knights rode bodily into the trollish berserkers and held them fast, fighting for days and refusing to give ground. The elves were somewhat nonplussed at the human's reckless tactics but eventually decided to reveal their human students. These first human magi dropped hell itself upon the trolls in wave after wave of fire from the sky, utterly smashing the troll forces at this display of raw magic like out of their old legends.
The routed troll forces, already broken and forced to flee into the mountains, found themselves hounded almost all the way into Zul'Aman by the combined armies. It was a defeat so total that it opened up the entirety of what would become Lordaeron and the Hinterlands to human colonization, spreading north from the Arathi Highlands. The birth of the Seven Nations of Humanity dates from this period of colonization. Without this victory, there would have been no Dalaran, no Gilneas, no Lordaeron, and eventually no Stormwind, as the royal line of Arathor emigrated south to that nation, coming to rest in the veins of Anduin Lothar.
Our worlds at war
Without the Troll Wars, not only would there have been no great expansion of humanity onto the Eastern Kingdoms as a whole, there would have been no elven debt to repay, which moved the high elves into the Second War. There would have been no human mages at all. There certainly would have been no Dalaran, no Council of Tirisfal, no Guardians and thus no Medivh, and no invasion of the orcs. Doomhammer would hardly have found the trolls such keen allies if their hatred of the elves had not endured from this shattering defeat. Would a troll nation that had beaten the elves have fought the orcs? These wars, over 2,000 years gone, set the stage for the modern shape of Azeroth. The world would be unrecognizable without them.
All because trolls and elves can't learn to share.
Next week: Let's be big damn heroes.
Filed under: Analysis / Opinion, Lore, Know your Lore
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1 Peter 2:8 NKJV/NIV - Online Parallel Bible
8 and "A stone of stumbling And a rock of offense." They stumble, being disobedient to the word, to which they also were appointed. 8 and, "A stone that causes men to stumble and a rock that makes them fall." They stumble because they disobey the message--which is also what they were destined for.
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Diane McGuinness
Diane McGuinness is a reading consultant and Emeritus Professor of Psychology at the University of South Florida. She is the author of Why Our Children Can't Read and What We Can Do about It, Early Reading Instruction (MIT Press, 2004), and other books on reading and learning.
Titles by This Author
The Scientific Study of How Language Development Affects Reading Skill
Research on reading has tried, and failed, to account for wide disparities in reading skill even among children taught by the same method. Why do some children learn to read easily and quickly while others, in the same classroom and taught by the same teacher, don't learn to read at all? In Language Development and Learning to Read, Diane McGuinness examines scientific research that might explain these disparities.
What Science Really Tells Us about How to Teach Reading
Early Reading Instruction is a comprehensive analysis of the research evidence from early writing systems to computer models of reading. In this book, Diane McGuinness provides an innovative solution to the "reading war"—the century-old debate over the efficacy of phonics (sound-based) versus whole-word (meaning- based) methods. She has developed a prototype—a set of elements that are critical to the success of a reading method.
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Marvel Boy (Marvel)(03 - Robert Grayson)
Contribution History:
Date User Field Old Value New Value
2012-05-19 08:56:07 aaronmoish Alias Marvel Boy (03 - Robert Grayson) Marvel Boy (Marvel)(03 - Robert Grayson)
2009-07-02 02:20:45 Merrik Alias Marvel Boy (01 - Robert Grayson) Marvel Boy (03 - Robert Grayson)
2008-02-26 16:40:18 misterpace Powers Quantum Bands. Marvel Boy has been reborn to share, on some level, a Uranian physiology. The full extent of this remains unrevealed, although it is known that he must breathe an atmosphere akin to the planet Uranus' and that, in order to eat, he must distend his esophagus. Marvel Boy's Quantum Bands absorbed solar radiation and transformed it into powers and enhanced abilities, such as superhuman strength, endurance, and resistance to injury. He used the bands to manipulate gravity, enabling him to fly. His primary use of them, however, was to magnify low levels of light to create blinding bursts in order to incapacitate his opponents.
2008-02-26 16:40:18 misterpace Bio Bob Grayson was just a baby when his father, an astrophysicist, managed to make contact with a colony of Eternals on the planet Uranus. His father feared what Earth was becoming as Adolf Hitler began to rise to power, and he looked to the stars for comfort instead. The Eternals helped him build a spaceship, and he and his son left Earth to make Uranus their new home. The Eternals helped Bob reach the peak of his potential, but he nevertheless longed to return to the planet of his birth. When he was seventeen, his father relented. The Eternals gave him a personal spacecraft called The Silver Bullet, wristbands that could be used as a defensive weapon, and a tunic that would evoke Apollo, the god of light. His father urged him to use his powers as a champion of the Uranian lifestyle of peace and harmony, and Bob became the superhero known as Marvel Boy! Marvel Boy fought crime for many years, enjoying great fame and favor. He even became an agent of the U.S. government, recruited by Jimmy Woo to join other heroes in one of the first super-teams. He welcomed the direction, feeling it was the culmination of his life so far. Shortly after Woo's team of heroes disbanded, Marvel Boy received a distress call from Uranus. He arrived to find the city destroyed, but he also learned the horrible truth about his origin. The settlement was a penal colony for rogue Eternals who once tried to conquer Earth and the native Uranians, living in the planet's core, supervised the Eternals so that they wouldn't try to return to Earth. That's why the Eternals helped Marvel Boy and his father-- they saw them as a loophole to be exploited. Ultimately, the Uranians disagreed, causing the Eternals' destruction. Marvel Boy would have died as his Eternal technology failed him, but the Uranians took pity on him and accepted him into their number. Unfortunately, because the Uranians lived as a communal organism, Marvel Boy had to be genetically reborn, and he spent decades in a membrane/chrysalis. During the Eternals' destruction, they rushed to completion a duplicate of Marvel Boy. The duplicate arose too late to be of any help, however-- it was born an unstable creature with false and fractured memories. It believed that the Eternals' protective dome was destroyed, and it was the fault of bankers of Earth who stalled him when they denied his request for a loan to purchase medical supplies for his father. He rushed back to Earth to exact revenge, calling himself the Crusader, and he began a rampage. The Fantastic Four intervened, but it was the Crusader's misunderstanding of the Quantum Bands he wore that made him reckless. He absorbed so much energy that the bands overloaded and his body was destroyed. For years, Bob Grayson lived a solitary existence, despite the Uranian collective, since he regarded himself a separate entity by nature. He passed the time by building a new flying saucer, although the Uranian culture forbade him from leaving the planet. Still, when he received a distress call from former allies M-11 and the Gorilla Man about the near death of Jimmy Woo, Marvel Boy decided to return to Earth to help. Unfortunately, this meant leaving Uranus and severing his ties with the collective for all time. Marvel Boy was instrumental in reviving Jimmy Woo, and he joined Jimmy and his former allies in completing the search for the Atlas Foundation. Ultimately, Jimmy took control of the Foundation, professing his determination to use its resources for the betterment of the world. He, Marvel Boy, and the other Agents of Atlas would become a clandestine force for good.
2007-01-09 16:28:51 Skyhawke Alias Marvel Boy (I - Robert Grayson) Marvel Boy (01 - Robert Grayson)
2006-08-22 23:45:21 redskindavyd Notes Marvel Boy (1950) #1-2 & Astonishing #3-6 (which is the same title, it was renamed with issue 3) were his 1st appearances!
2006-03-31 17:16:10 Darth Kramer Alias Marvel Boy I Marvel Boy (I - Robert Grayson)
2006-02-01 04:35:53 redskindavyd New Character
View this character
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It's Like Riding A Buffalo, Only Bouncier: 1983 Jeep CJ-7
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Tigers Reference Libraries
Page 1 of about 8 Articles
Maltese tiger
2013-11-04 11:04:14
Bali Tiger
2007-07-16 16:24:33
2007-01-19 19:10:49
The liger, is a hybrid cross between a male panthera leo (lion), and a female panthera tigris (Tiger) and is denoted scientifically as panthera leo x panthera tigris. A liger resembles a giant lion with diffused stripes. They are the largest cats in the world, although the Siberian Tiger is the largest pure breed. Like tigers, ligers enjoy swimming. The offspring of a male tiger and a female...
South China Tiger
2007-01-19 15:16:10
The South China Tiger or South Chinese Tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis), also known as the Amoy or Xiamen tiger, is a subspecies of tiger native to the forests of Southern China. The South China tiger is the second smallest and most critically endangered tiger. Some experts maintain that there are approximately 20 to 30 of these tigers left in the wild. It is likely that they are extinct in...
Amur Tiger Siberian
2007-01-19 15:00:55
Sumatran Tiger
2007-01-19 14:51:36
Indochinese Tiger
2007-01-19 14:34:59
The Indochinese tiger or Corbett's tiger (Panthera tigris corbetti) is a subspecies of tiger found in Cambodia, China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. The "Corbett's" name stems from the scientific name of the subspecies, Panthera tigris corbetti, which in turn is named in honor of Jim Corbett. Physical Characteristics Male Indochinese tigers measure 8.37 to 9.35 ft (2.55...
Bengal Tiger
2007-01-19 14:24:56
The Bengal tiger or Royal Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) is a subspecies of tiger found in parts of India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Bhutan, and Myanmar. It is the most common tiger subspecies, and lives in a variety of habitats. It lives in grasslands, subtropical and tropical rainforests, scrub forests, wet and dry deciduous forests and mangroves. Its fur is orange-brown with black stripes,...
Word of the Day
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September 9, 2010
On the persistence of time dilation
Cool thought: Einstein's Special Theory of Relativity, which isn't so much a theory anymore for reasons I'll discuss later, tells us that increased speeds results in a slower clock rate for that object relative to a slower one (sorry, time isn't a fixed or constant thing across the Universe, get used to it). But Einstein didn't stop there. He also went on to describe his General Theory of Relativity in which he showed that gravity produces a similar time dilation effect; the heavier the gravity, the slower the clock.
So, as Einstein famously noted in his space-faring twin thought experiment, the returning twin, because he was moving faster relative to his Earth-bound sibling, will have aged less than his counterpart. Similarly, because of gravitational time dilation, a clock on Jupiter would run slower than a clock on Earth on account of its great size. I know it doesn't sound intuitive, but that's Relativity for you and why Einstein is considered such a genius for figuring this out.
Now, as messed as this sounds, this effect is becoming more perceptible to us, particularly as we travel faster and venture further into space. Gravitational time dilation has been experimentally measured using atomic clocks on airplanes and the effect is significant enough that the Global Positioning System's artificial satellites need to have their clocks corrected regularly. The International Space Station, because it is moving faster relative to Earth, and because it experiences less gravity, is subject to both effects; a faster speed means a slower clock, but less gravity means a faster clock! NASA's mathematicians must be having a blast trying to keep their clocks in synch with the ISS's.
And if you think that's complicated, we also have to deal with our robots on Mars where we need to account for the speed of Mars relative to Earth's and factor in the gravitational differences between the two planets. What blows my mind is that the Mars Rover is experiencing the passage of time at a slightly different rate than what we're experiencing on Earth.
Yikes. Problems like these remind me why I dropped out of high school math.
Stuart Dobson said...
..and then in your dreams, time goes even slower still...(according to Inception ;P)
Could this be significant - could the effect of consciousness on time also be relevant?
Duncan said...
"... the Mars Rover is experiencing the passage of time at a slightly different rate than what we're experiencing on Earth."
Well, seriously, this is anthropomorphizing the Mars Rover. *It* is not *experiencing*, it is a rather simple machine, and, sorry, my mind is not blown.
But, may be, it's only me. I haven't dropped out of high school math, but instead I *am* a mathematician ;-)
George said...
C'mon, Duncan. I'm obviously not suggesting that the Rover is subjectively experiencing the passage of time. Just illustrating a point.
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National Geographic Society
• Connect:
Tasmanian Tiger Terror
A replica of a stuffed thylacine in the Cascade Brewery behind the beer taps. The thylacine is also known as the Tasmanian Devil, which is now extinct.
Check your local listings.
In Australia, mangled kangaroo corpses litter a roadside. Researchers point to an extinct breed of marsupial: the Tasmanian tiger. Could a predator come back from the dead to terrorize a town? In Redondo Beach, Calif., millions of sardines turn up dead in a harbor. Fearing pollutants, the community forms a relief effort to clean the contaminated waters, but a world-changing event takes the investigation in a new direction. In Minnesota, what's causing a colony of blue herons to flee their nests?
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Sponsored Links
Tuesday, July 26, 2011
Explain Parts of CPU and its Working
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT / CPU / Microprocessor / Processor
Central processing unit is the brain of computer. It is also called CPU or processor. Processor is used to process data according to given instructions. It performs arithmetic and logical operations on data. It controls all activities of different parts of a computer. As brain in human body controls all other parts of body and takes decisions, CPU controls all other parts of the computer and their working. A CPU has three basic parts: Arithmetic Logic unit, Control unit and Registers.
Figure: Microprocessor or Processor or CPU or Central Processing Unit
ALU performs data processing according to given instructions. All computations are done in this unit. ALU is the real place in computer where actual execution of instructions takes place. ALU may be further categorized into two sections according to their function:
ARITHMETIC SECTION of ALU performs arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division on data.
LOGIC SECTION of ALU performs logical operations like comparison between two values. For example, 10>5 will give TRUE answer. And 5<1 will give FALSE answer. Control unit sends data and instruction to perform calculation on the data to the ALU. ALU then performs this calculation.
Control unit controls all over operations of different parts of computer. For example it takes data and instructions from input unit and stores it into memory. It sends data to ALU for processing. It takes results from ALU and sends it to output device. It can also store results in memory. Control unit performs all these functions by giving commands to relevant part of the computer.
Control unit performs following four functions for executing instructions of a computer program.
1. Fetching: obtaining instruction from memory
2. Decoding: understanding this instruction
3. Data Fetching: If needed, obtaining data from memory
4. Executing: Control unit sends the instruction and data to ALU for taking suitable action on the instruction
A register is a very small and temporary memory area in ALU. It holds instruction and data as long as it is being processed by CPU. When instruction and data is fetched from memory then it is stored in a register. ALU contains a number of registers for example AX, BX, CX, DX etc. A Register may be of 8 bits, 16 bits, 32 bits or more.
Thursday, July 21, 2011
Explain Different Types Of Output Devices
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Output devices
1. Receive results from memory
2. Convert data into human readable form
3. Display results to the user
1. Monitor
LCD Monitor
CTR Monitor
2. Printers
· Impact Printers
· Non Impact printers
Impact Printers.
Non-Impact Printers.
3. Speaker
Speakers for Desktop computer
Speaker produces sound output. We can listen recorded voices, sounds or music with the help of speaker. Speaker produces sound output with the help of sound card.
4. Plotter
Plotters are used to draw different designs of buildings or internal structure of machines. Mostly Engineers and Architects use plotters.
5. Multimedia Projector.
Multimedia Projector
Wednesday, July 20, 2011
What are Different Types of Input Devices
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Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer memory from external world. Examples include: Keyboard, Mouse, Track ball, Track Pad, Joy stick, Touch Screen, Light pen, Touch Screen, Scanner, Digital Camera, Microphone, Graphics tablet. They perform three main functions
1. Receive data from user
2. Convert data into binary form [the language of 0 and 1 also called the machine language. Machine language is the only language, a computer can understand directly.]
3. Provide converted data to computer memory for processing
1. Key board
Keyboard is the most familiar input device. It is most widely used input device to enter data and instructions into the computer. Keyboard has a set of keys like a typewriter. It has alphabetic keys for A,B,C…Z or a,b,c,…z. It has numeric keys like 0,1,2,3,…9. It has function keys F1,F2,…F12 used to perform specific tasks.
It has other keys used for editing like Delete, Backspace, Home, End, etc.
2. Mouse
Mouse is an input device used to control motion of pointer on screen. A mouse has two or three buttons called Left, Right and Middle button. Buttons are used to perform different functions. It has a rubber or metal ball inside its body. Mouse is rolled over a flat surface called mouse pad. The movement of ball is detected by internal circuits of mouse. These circuits convert this movement into digital signals, which are sent to computer. Mouse is used in graphical applications. It is also used for playing video games on computer.
3. Track Ball
Track Ball is an input device like a mouse. It is used in Lap top computers to control motion of pointer on screen. It is a pointing device like upside down mouse. It has a ball on its upper side. This ball is moved by fingers or thumb and the pointer moves accordingly on screen.
4. Track Pad
Track pad is a pointing input device. It is used in Lap top computers to control motion of pointer on screen. Track pad is a stationary input device. It has a flat surface of 1.5 to 2 square inch. Finger is moved on this surface to move pointer on screen.
5. Joy stick
Joystick is an input device used to play games on computer. It is used to control motion of an object quickly in game with the help of a hand held stick. This stick can be moved forward, backward or side ways. This stick is mounted on a ball. When stick is moved then ball is moved and signals are sent to the computer.
6. Light Pen
Light pen is an input device consisting of a special pen that is connected to a computer's monitor. The user points at the screen with the pen and selects items or chooses commands either by pressing a clip on the side of the light pen or by pressing the light pen against the surface of the screen (the equivalent of performing a mouse click).
7. Microphone
Microphone is an input device used to enter sounds into the computer. We can record sounds in computer with the help of microphone and sound card.
8. Scanner
Scanner is an input device. It is used to save pictures or text on paper into computer memory. It converts picture or text on paper in to binary form and saves it in computer memory. With the help of scanner we may save our time to type a lot of text. For example, if we have a book and wish to enter the whole text of book in to computer. It will be a long, tedious and time consuming job. But if we use a scanner, we can do this with in less time. We can scan each page of book. Editing of the scanned text is also possible. So our job will become very easy with the help of a scanner.
9. Graphics tablet / digitizer
A graphics tablet consists of a special pen called stylus and a flat pad. The image is created on the monitor screen as the user draws it on the pad with the help of stylus (special pen). Graphics tablet is also called a digitizer.
10. Touch Screen
In ATM and in latest smart phones, touch screen is used to receive input from the user. The user enters data by the touch of his finger on different menu options or icons present on touch screen.
11. Digital Camera
A digital camera is one of the latest input devices. We can take pictures with he help of digital camera. These pictures are saved on digital camera's internal memory. There is no need of a film role as used in traditional cameras. Later on we can easily input these pictures with the help of a data cable into computer's memory. Latest digital cameras can take still snapshots and can record video as well.
What are Different Types of Hardware
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What is Hardware?
The physical parts of a computer are called hardware. Hardware can be touched or seen by us. For example, hard disk, mouse, keyboard, CD, CD-ROM Drive, Floppy Disk, Speakers, Modem and Printers - all are computer hardware.Different types of hardware components are as follows:
1. Input devices
Input devices are used to enter data and instructions into computer. Examples of input devices are:
Keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera etc.
2. The Central Processing unit
Central processing unit is the brain of the computer. It is also called CPU or Processor. Intel is the leading manufacturer of microprocessors. For example, Intel Pentium IV 3.2 MHz is an example of a cpu.
CPU or Microprocessor or simply Processor
3. Output devices
Output devices are used to show the results of processing to the user. For example monitor, printer, plotter, speaker and data projector are out put devices.
LCD Monitor
4. Memory chips
Memory is a component of a computer to store data and instructions. RAM is an example of memory chip. It stands for Random Access Memory. Every program to be executed is loaded in RAM from hard disk. CPU executes the programs loaded in RAM.RAM is a temporary memory, all data and programs are lost from RAM, when computer is turned off. ROM stands for Read Only Memory. ROM is permanent memory chip; we cannot change or delete its contents. It is a non-volatile memory.
ROM shape 1
ROM shape 2
5. Storage devices
Storage Devices are used to store large amounts of data permanently. For example: hard disk, CD, DVD etc. are storage devices. Moreover, Zip Disk and Floppy disk is also considered as storage devices.
Hard Disk
Floppy Disk
ZIP Disk
6. Communication devices
Communication devices are used to send and receive data from one computer to another. For example Modem, Network Interface Card, Hub, switches, routers, gateways and even networking cables are included in communication devices
Wireless PCI NIC Card
External Modem
LinkSys Router
Tuesday, July 19, 2011
Differentiate between Analog and Digital Computers
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The differences between analog and digital computers are as follows:
Analog Computers Work on continuous values. Digital computers Work on discrete values.
Analog Computers have low memory. Digital computers have a very large memory
Analog computers have Slow speed. Digital computers have fast speed.
Analog computers are less reliable. Digital computers are more reliable.
Analog computers used in engineering and science and medical fields. Digital computers are used in all fields of life.
Analog computers are used to calculate / measure analog quantities like speed and temperature. Digital computers are used to calculate mathematical and logical operations. It can solve addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and other mathematical and statistical operations.
Analog computers provide less accurate results. Digital computers provide 100% accurate results.
8 Normally Analog Computers are specific purpose Digital Computers are general purpose
9 Analog computers are difficult to use Digital computers are easy to use
10 Examples of Analog computers are: thermometer, analog clock, speedometer etc. Examples of digital computers are:
Personal Computer, laptops, smart phones etc.
Further Suggested Reading:
Saturday, July 16, 2011
Uses Of Computer In Industry
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Computers are used in industry in different types of systems. Computer-controlled robots are used to perform many complicated jobs in industry. Robots are computer controlled programmable machines. They can perform mechanical jobs, too, like pick and place different parts, welding or painting cars etc.
• Automated Production Systems
Perhaps the most popular applications of robots are in industrial welding. The repeatability, uniformity quality, and speed of robotic welding is unmatched.
• Design Systems
Computer programs are used to design the model of a product on the computer. This process is called Computer Aided Design or CAD. Due to CAD, we can test the designed product with the help of computer. When the design is completed successfully, the actual product is manufactured.
Further Suggested Reading:
Thursday, July 14, 2011
Uses Of Computer in Medical Field
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Today Computers are an essential part of an hospital. Doctors and administration staff uses computers to manage patient history and medicine stocks etc. Computers play a key role in the medical field. Their uses include storing patient related data, housing knowledge bases, providing the logic and circuitry for medical equipment, scanning and imaging the body, and facilitating speedy communications. Computers can be used in medical field in the following ways:
• Hospital Administration
We can computerize the accounting, payroll and stock system of the hospital. We can keep the record of different medicines.
• Recording Medical History Of Patients
Computer can be used to store the medical history of the patients. Medical history is very important for patients as well as doctors. Doctors may better prescribe the medicines on the basis of the medicines used in past for a particular patient and the results obtained. Database Management System software is used to store Patient records efficiently. are stored on computer databases in the medical field. The medical history of a patient includes physical symptoms, diagnoses, treatments, and even family medical history. Details of the medications prescribed are stored together with details of any that can not be prescribed, such as an allergy to penicillin. Appointments are scheduled using a computer database. Billing information is also stored. Hospitals and surgeries depend on computers for administrative and financial functions.
• Monitoring Systems
Many computerized devices are used to monitor the blood pressure, heartbeat and brain of the patients. Computers guide in some surgical operations, too. For example in laparoscopic surgery, the surgeon inserts the medical tools and a small camera, and conducts the operation with the help of computers and monitors. Computers also monitor heart rates, pulse rates and brain readings. Therefore, we conclude that computers make this possible to deal with such complicated operations. It would be virtually impossible for a human to do this.
• Diagnosis of Diseases
Computers are being used to diagnose diseases with the help of software. There are some Medical Software to diagnose diseases and prescribe medicine on the basis of symptoms.
• Life Support system
Life support systems are used to help disabled persons, for example hearing aid device for deaf people. Latest life support devices use computer technology to help the disable people, to overcome their disabilities.
• Faster and Cheaper Communications
Doctors and other staff can use internet to communicate to doctors in other parts of the world, for sharing information on medical topics or even about a particular patient case. They can exchange pictures, reports and other documents, too.
• Clinical Image Processing
Computers are being used in Medical Radiology / Diagnostic Imaging. Computers play an role in all types of clinical image processing like CT scan and ultrasound. Ultrasound uses sound waves that bounce off body parts, producing echoes. A computer translates the echoes into images, showing broken bones, muscle problems, or changes in organs, accurately.
Further Suggested Reading:
Thursday, July 7, 2011
Uses Of Computer In Education Field
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Computer can be used in education in the following ways:
prepared software and special dedicated websites.
through search engines.
• CBT (Computer-Based Training)
• Online Education
• Research
• Institute Administration
o Keeping Records of students
o Storing Records of employees of school / college
o Managing Accounts of the institution
o Fees collection and maintenance of fees record.
o Circulation of instruction/notices and getting it in printed form
o Preparation of school/ college magazine, etc.
Further Suggested Reading:
Tuesday, July 5, 2011
Uses Of Computer in Business Organizations
Now-a-days, computers are the essential part of any business organization. Computers are used in business companies for performing different tasks like Record Maintaining, Stock management, Pay Roll Systems, Business Correspondence and Business Communication etc, Computer can be used in business in the following ways:
• Marketing
Any business organization can use computers for marketing their products.
• Stock Exchange
Many stock exchanges are using computers for conducting bids. Stock brokers are using computers to perform all business functions in stock exchange.
• Banks
These days, banks are incomplete without computers. Banks are using computers to record Daily Customer Transactions. Every bank is using a customized software like Accounts Maintenance System. Accounts Maintenance System manages all customer financial dealing records through bank. The use of computers in banks has provided many benefits. It saves a lot of time and provides convenience for the customer.
• Email
E-Mail stands for Electronic Mail. By E-Mail, you can send and receive messages. You can also attach files of different types with email message. No doubt, E-Mail is a faster and cheaper way of communication.
• Payroll system
Computerized pay roll system is used in different organizations to maintain pay accounts of employees, easily and quickly.
• Stock system
Computerized stock system is used to record number of items in stock of any organization efficiently.
• Fax
Computers can be used to send and receive faxes. Different Fax Software are available in market for this purpose.
• Documentation
Word processor software like MS Word is used to prepare different types of documents like letters, applications and other documents.
• Graphics
Graphics software like Adobe Photoshop or Corel Draw are used for image editing and preparing posters and cards etc.
• Presentation
Power point can be used to prepare good looking computerized presentations for business.
• Spreadsheet
Spreadsheet software like Excel can be used to prepare computerized worksheets and carts.
• Accounts department
Accounts department can use Accounting software like LedgerSMB, BizCorei and Microsoft Excel to prepare different accounting documents like balance sheet, Trial balance, Ledger and bank reconciliation etc.
Further Suggested Reading:
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Virginia UFO sighting sparks a family's curiosity, imagination
(Read article summary)
(Read caption) Fireballs over Norfolk
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The sky has been in the news a lot lately, from the fireball that outshone the Moon to NASA’s LADEE moon launch, so when your child tells you, “The sky’s falling” if might be worth more than a story about a little chicken.
Last night Quin, 9, and I were driving home from the grocery store just before dusk, sevenish, when he pointed out a bright flare in the sky, like a tiny sun that appeared and then began to shoot away leaving a very bright trail.
I had just told Quin that after sunset we would go watch the sky to see the crescent moon ascend within a blink of Venus. It’s called a conjunction.
We had already followed the story of the comet that outshone the moon. According to The Latin Post, “a large, bright fireball shined in the skies visible from the southern part of the United States last week on Aug. 28.”
So Quin was already scanning the dusky skies as we drove home.
We were stopped at a red light not far from home when he saw the first flash and burn across the sky.
It was 88-degrees and the groceries were going to melt, but how often do you get to be so Biblical with your child that you choose to “follow a star?”
Half a mile later, we pulled into the entrance of Norfolk Southern Railway’s Lamberts Point coal yard and got out to marvel together.
I captured the event in both photos and video with my cell phone.
The results are not great, but in the end would get us closer to finding out what we were seeing.
What we saw with the naked eye were irregular black shapes appearing in the sky with orange coronas that flared around the leading edge and bright trails of white light behind them. It looked like a match head burning through a picture of the sky from the back.
In photos they just look like a jet contrail super highway.
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Dr Joe Michalski
Big questions about the solar system and early life inspire our Mars expert to study the red planet and similar landscapes on Earth.
Joe Michalski
Early aspirations
Although he had an interest in astronomy, Dr Michalski didn’t set out to study the planets. Instead, he studied geology, and became fascinated by remote sensing, the ability to look at whole swaths of a planet’s surface at once.
Remote sensing has been used extensively to investigate Mars, where there’s a much better record of the early history of the solar system than on Earth. By studying the red planet, Dr Michalski hopes to answer questions about the planets and early life. ‘It’s attacking a major, wonderful mystery,’ he says. ‘I find it very satisfying.’
Super specimens
Studying Mars itself is a costly and rare opportunity though, so Dr Michalski also studies places and processes on Earth that appear similar to those on the red planet. For example, volcanoes in Iceland that erupt beneath glaciers produce landforms that look like some found on Mars, suggesting they formed in a similar way.
Dr Michalski’s ideal find would still be rocks from Mars that advance our ideas of how early life began. The next Mars missions are set to look specifically for organic material, and he hopes they find more complex compounds set in the rocks.
Bringing the past to life
Mars may have more ancient landscapes, but there are still places on Earth that can be probed for evidence of early planetary processes. A huge, ancient impact crater south of Johannesburg is now nearly completely eroded, but would originally have been 100-200 miles across.
That would have been a bad day on Earth,’ says Dr Michalski. Although only microbial life existed at the time, it still could have wreaked havoc.
The impact would have melted and deformed local rocks, but also brought up rocks from deep in the Earth’s crust. ‘It’s not that these specimens are so fantastic to look at,’ he says. ‘It's understanding the language they’re speaking.’
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My Little Pony: Dischord Disaster Wiki
Princess Luna
47pages on
this wiki
Princess Luna
Alicorn pony (pegasus and unicorn)
Dark teal
Dark blue with a field of stars and a magical purple...thingy.
Dark grayish-blue
Cutie mark
Crescent moon on a black inkblot
Controller of night and co-ruler of Equestria
Princess Luna, an alicorn pony, is the younger sister to Princess Celestia and one of the rulers of Equestria. She controls the moon and stars. Previously known as Nightmare Moon, she escaped from her moon prison on the day of the Summer Sun Celebration and tried to bring eternal night, but was defeated by the Elements of Harmony. She now lives in Canterlot with her sister Celestia, her husband Dark Core, and her children Eridanus and Sirius, and attends to her duties.
Princess Luna, in comparison to her sister, is a far more judgmental and serious ruler. She prefers to follow the proper rules and decorum, and shows no mercy to those who wrong her or her subjects. She's very protective of her friends and children, and kind and understanding with them. However, she can also be a loose cannon; it's not unusual to see her bursts of fierce temper. Even now, seven years after being set free, she is guilty and sometimes even morose about her destruction as Nightmare Moon.
Luna, as an alicorn pony and one of the rulers of Equestria, is far stronger than any other unicorn pony. She controls the moon and stars, as well as comets. She can also control the weather around her with ease due to her being part pegasus.
In the way of normal magical talents, she is skilled in magical imprisonment, as she read thoroughly on spells for it before becoming Nightmare Moon in hopes of trapping her sister. Luna can teleport anywhere at will and can conjure things out of thin air, although she prefers not to as it is an unnecessary drain of magic. Due to her friendship with Hazel before her imprisonment, she is skilled with Shadow magics other than her own, and often creates deep shadows and darkness when in emotional turmoil.
Luna and Celestia were created by the five Makers of Equestria. Celestia came first, but to create a stable Balance, Luna was also created with all her powers of the night approximately twenty-five years later.
One thousand years agoEdit
Luna stylo
Luna as depicted a thousand years ago.
A millenium ago, Luna and Celestia ruled Equestria together; the two ponies changed night and day with their immense power. However, Luna grew jealous, as nopony was awake to witness her beautiful night while they all thrived in the sun, and was so overcome with negative feelings she transformed into Nightmare Moon - with the help of Envy, Greed, and Wrath, three of the Elements of Discord. She used this newfound power to try to rule with eternal night over her sister, but Celestia prevailed with the Elements of Harmony through a great war and trapped Nightmare Moon in the moon for a thousand years. Her sister then took over day and night. She became known as the Mare in the Moon and was eventually disregarded as an old mare's tale.
Her escapeEdit
On the night before the Summer Sun Celebration, Nightmare Moon escaped from the moon as was foretold and appeared in place of Celestia at the festival. It is not known what happened to Celestia during this time. She declared she would successfully bring eternal night to Equestria, but Twilight Sparkle knew she could be defeated once again with the Elements of Harmony. As the unicorn pony and her friends began their quest, Nightmare Moon tried to stop them with various obstacles - a thorn in a manticore's paw, rockfalls, thick fog, and three pegasus ponies calling themselves the Shadowbolts. However, they prevailed and confronted the mare with the Elements of Harmony, defeating her and turning her back into Princess Luna.
Luna now lives in Canterlot with Celestia and her family, where she changes day into night. She's taken on more duties than before, and has little time to spend socialising. However, she always manages to find time to check on her children, husband, and best friends. Sometimes she even goes out in her Cloak of Night (a cloak that renders her invisible) and simply watches ponies go about their days or nights.
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Iron Butterfly
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Iron Butterfly
Origin San Diego, California, United States
Genres Psychedelic rock, heavy metal,[1] acid rock, blues rock, hard rock
Years active 1966–1971, 1974–1985, 1987–present
Labels Atco, MCA
Associated acts Rhinoceros, Captain Beyond
Ron Bushy
Charlie Marinkovich
Martin Gerschwitz
Past members
Lee Dorman
Former members
Iron Butterfly is a Psychedelic rock band from San Diego, California. They were formed in 1966.
Reference[change | change source]
1. Buckley 2003, p. 523 "It is widely believed that the term 'heavy metal' was coined to describe the less than delicate sound of Iron Butterfly, a band vilified when they first emerged and still not accorded the respect they deserve."
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A car with a mass of 1575 kg is traveling directly northeast (45° between north and east) at a speed of 14 m/s (31 mph), and collides with a smaller car with a mass of 1300 kg that is traveling directly south at a speed of 19 m/s (43 mph). The two cars stick together during the collision. With what speed and direction does the tangled mess of metal move right after the collision?
Best answer:
Answers (1)
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Climate change, energy and food
Climate change and fisheries and aquaculture
Fishers and fish-farmers are particularly vulnerable to the direct and indirect impacts of predicted climatic changes, including changes in physical environments and ecosystems, fish stocks, infrastructure and fishing operations, and livelihoods. This expert meeting will review the impact of climate change on fisheries and aquaculture as well as well as examining options for climate change adaptation and mitigation. It will highlight the constraints and opportunities to implementing mitigation and adaptation strategies, both short- and long -term, identify priorities and formulate recommendations
This Expert Meeting will identify the key issues on climate change and fisheries, initiate a discussion on how the fishing industry can adapt to climate change, and devise appropriate strategies for informing fishers and policy makers about the likely consequences of climate change for fisheries.
DATE: 7-9 April 2008
VENUE: FAO Headquarters, Rome, Italy
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Florida's Comprehensive Historic Preservation Plan 2012–2016
Overview of Florida's Pre-History & History
Comprehensive Perservation
The nation's earliest written history relates to events that occurred in Florida. Despite this, many perceive Florida to be a young state. While many of Florida's present-day communities developed in the 20th century, these major phases of rapid growth give Florida a legacy that sometimes belies its rich archaeology and history that spans many centuries.
...there is a perception that everything in Florida is "new" [and] therefore not worth preserving.
—Comment from survey
People have lived in Florida more than 12,000 years. From the earliest Paleoindian hunters at the end of the last ice age to the powerful chiefdoms encountered by Spanish explorers, Florida's first inhabitants were Native Americans. Adapting to changing climates and widely varying environments, Florida Indians spread to every part of the peninsula. Along the coasts and the St. Johns River, shellfish constituted an important resource. Huge mounds of shell still attest to the presence of pre-European villages and towns. On the richer soils in the Florida panhandle, farming people grew corn, beans and squash, and settled villages. About 1,000 years ago, the well-known Mississippian chiefdoms began to construct large pyramids of earth, some more than 40 feet high, organized in regular patterns around a central plaza. The Apalachee, the Timucua, the Tocobaga, and the Calusa ranked among the largest and most powerful chiefdoms encountered by European explorers of Florida's peninsula. From initial European contact in the early 1500s, in less than 200 years these great native societies were virtually extinct, victims of disease, warfare, and slavery. The Florida landscape is rich with remains of their mounds, canals, plazas, villages, and other sites. These sites are often the only source of information on what Florida was like thousands of years ago and deserve stewardship and protection in the 21st century.
Florida was named by Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de León when he first saw this land during Pascua Florida, the Feast of Flowers, at Easter 1513. Ponce was followed by another Spaniard, Hernando de Soto, who came to Florida in search of gold in 1539. He and hundreds of soldiers wintered in Tallahassee, departing in March 1540 to continue his quest in other parts of the Southeast. Although there is a substantial written record of de Soto's travels, the only known site with any physical evidence of his expedition is the De Soto Winter Encampment Site, located within blocks of the State Capitol. These remains, including a coin and bits of chain mail, were found by state archaeologists in 1987. Research at the site continues today. Among the members of de Soto's contingent were three Roman Catholic priests, and it is believed that they must have conducted a Christmas Mass in 1539, the first such celebration in what is now the United States.
De Soto's efforts to find gold in Florida were unsuccessful, but it was another Spaniard, Pedro Menéndez de Aviles, who established St. Augustine in the land of the native Timucuan Indian people in 1565, in response to the French settlement of Fort Caroline (located in present-day Jacksonville). St. Augustine is the oldest continuously occupied city in the United States. To the west, Pensacola was Florida's only other major Spanish settlement. The Spanish initially attempted to colonize their newfound land by establishing missions among the native peoples. Mission San Luis de Apalachee, at present-day Tallahassee, was the western headquarters for a chain of missions that spread west from Mission Nombre de Dios in St. Augustine. Due to its location next to the strongest Spanish fortification in North America, the Mission Nombre de Dios was the first and last mission in Florida.
Over the next two-and-a-half centuries, Florida was an arena of colonial rivalry between the French, Spanish, British, and Americans. There was a brief British Period (1763-1783) after the Spanish lost the French and Indian War. The British administratively divided Florida into East and West Florida. These two colonies did not join the other 13 British colonies in the American Revolution and were returned to Spanish control after the war.
Florida became a United States Territory in 1821. In 1824, Tallahassee was established as the territorial capital, midway between St. Augustine and Pensacola, which had been the capitals in East and West Florida. Today's Tallahassee stands on the site of what once was Anhaica, the capital of the native Apalachee Indian people. Settlers were attracted to the rich agricultural lands around Tallahassee. The land was especially suitable for growing cotton, and a prosperous slave-labor plantation economy developed in the area. Settlement in Florida brought conflicts with the Seminoles who had come to Florida from Georgia and Alabama in the late 18th century. The Second Seminole War (1838-1842), according to historian John Mahon, was the costliest "Indian War" in American history. The wars resulted in Indian removal, furthered settlement of the Southeast, and established the reputations of important military and political leaders. Some Seminole War forts developed into communities such as Fort Myers and Fort Lauderdale, and roads built by the military on old Indian trails brought more settlers to the land.
On March 3, 1845, Florida entered the Union as a slave state. Floridians were in the Union only 16 years before they voted to secede and join the Confederacy on January 10, 1861. Approximately 5,000 Floridians died in the Civil War. The state furnished salt, beef, and other foodstuffs to Confederate forces.
Recovery after the Civil War was slow as Florida's population, including some 61,000 freed slaves, adjusted during Reconstruction. Some early tourists came to hunt and fish or to enjoy Florida's natural springs, but without a well-developed road system, most settlement was limited to coastal and river areas. By the turn of the century, railroads opened the interior and southern reaches of the state. Agriculture, including citrus; lumber and naval stores; and a fledgling tourist industry became mainstays in Florida's economy. Nevertheless, Florida remained sparsely populated until the 1920s. The Florida Land Boom of the 1920s brought rapid growth until its collapse in 1926 ushered Florida into economic depression prior to the Great Depression.
During World War II, military bases were established across the state, taking advantage of Florida's temperate climate for the training of troops and an innovative airborne military force. After the war, former military families returned to Florida, beginning a period of growth that, though slowed, continues today.
During the decades following World War II, two of the most pressing issues facing the country were the Cold War and the Civil Rights Movement, and Florida served as a stage for events affecting both. Starting in 1957, Florida's Cape Canaveral became the major launching site for manned space flights, intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and satellites as the United States entered the space race. On July 20, 1969, the world saw live television coverage of the first landing of men on the moon, a feat that began at Cape Canaveral with the launching of Apollo XI.
Florida also served as the launching point for the ill-fated Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, and as the airbase for reconnaissance planes that first photographed nuclear missile silos in Cuba that nearly started a war between the United States and Russia. Following the Communist takeover of Cuba, hundreds of thousands of refugees under the auspices of federal programs such as Operation Pedro Pan (Peter Pan) came to Miami, followed later by other refugees during the Mariel Boatlift in 1980. While there is a centuries-old Caribbean presence in Florida, the dramatic influx of Caribbean and other Latin American immigrants during the last 40 years has had the most direct impact on the state's modern history.
The Civil Rights Movement also impacted the state. Two of the most notable Civil Rights events that occurred in Florida were the visit by the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. to the city of St. Augustine in 1964, and the Tallahassee Bus Boycott in 1957. With its many miles of segregated beaches, Florida was also the site of "wade-in" demonstrations, such as the wade-ins that occurred in Fort Lauderdale and St. Augustine.
Florida has a rich and fascinating past. It was a gateway to the New World and is now a threshold to space. Its cultural heritage embodies the presence and activities of people for more than 12,000 years. In the 21st century, Florida's heritage is reflected in historic buildings and structures, prehistoric and historic archaeological sites and artifacts, and the folk traditions and crafts of the state's diverse citizenry. All of these resources comprise Florida's cultural and historical heritage and provide continuity with the past. They create jobs, improve housing, enhance a quality of life, and, along with the state's unique natural resources, annually attract millions of visitors.
A growing appreciation of cultural and historical resources, supported by the enactment of new laws and ordinances, encourages preservation. Despite that trend, each year irreplaceable buildings are bulldozed, archaeological sites destroyed, and cultural traditions forgotten. Numerous possibilities exist for individuals and institutions to preserve Florida's heritage. "Preserving Florida's Heritage: More than Orange Marmalade, 2012-2016" [Orange Marmalade, 2012-2016] demonstrates the active preservation program in place in our state. We encourage you to become a partner in historic preservation. Only together can we continue to preserve Florida's past for the future.
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App Review
Love to Count by Pirate Trio
Hundreds of tasks and swashbuckling fun for new math learners
• Happy characters invite kids to try to solve challenges.
• Challenges often require kids to use more than one math skill.
• Creative pirate themes are incorporated in every page -- even on number lines!
• As kids solve problems, they collect items for their treasure boxes by creating words.
Quick Take
Cons: Kids on the young side of the target age may forget to tap "Done" after completing the task.
Learning Scores
Love to Count presents math challenges in ways that help kids build the concept that math is important in everyday life. Math is an integral part of each challenge. Specific verbal feedback is often provided for incorrect answers.
Our Review
What's It Like?
Love To Count by Pirate Trio includes hundreds of short tasks that help kids bridge the gap between math concepts and real life. It's remarkable that this substantial math practice app for kids age 4–7 manages to incorporate practical math concepts such as fractions as well as skills such as recognizing left from right through kid pirate characters, adding oceans of fun.
Is It Good For Learning?
Through an almost inexhaustible cache of Common Core-aligned tasks -- asking kids to split a pizza evenly for the pirates or to choose the third starfish in a line -- kids practice math skills and earn virtual rewards. They rapidly move from one task to the next and are prompted to solve tasks by clear voice narration, so pre-readers can play, too. With 700 tasks, there's little chance of them getting bored. Every activity somehow relates numbers to order, time, weight, shape, group, or quantity. Once kids complete a few tasks, they earn letters that form a word and then win a reward from a treasure chest (an image of a pirate bear, for example). Multiple kids can have user accounts by choosing a culturally appropriate avatar. If they each have a user account, their rewards for finishing tasks are maintained and teachers can view progress for individual students.
How Can Teachers Use It?
Since students can create individual user accounts on Love to Count by Pirate Trio, this is a perfect app for student-driven math practice. If used daily for five or 10 minutes during a period of weeks, students will discover many different concepts in random order, all while building their treasure box rewards. This makes this a surprising and fun math activity kids will look forward to playing time and again. Teachers may also consider using Love to Count by Pirate Trio to enhance a teacher-led review lesson for small groups, and as another way to approach concepts already introduced in a colorful and memorable way.
This review of Love to Count by Pirate Trio was written by
Related Products
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Assumptions – Asking the Obvious
test assumptions
Testing assumptions makes you look stupid or misinformed.
“You can be perfectly clear and perfectly wrong.”
Karen Martin, “The Outstanding Organization.”
Assumptions are unquestioned “truths.” Everyone knows the answer to the obvious. Why don’t you?
Assumptions create false confidence by preventing obvious questions.
Unquestioned assumptions
ultimately distill into malaise.
Finding clarity is simple. Ask obvious questions that probe assumptions. In other words, ask questions that make you look dumb.
Asking the obvious:
Successful leaders persistently challenge assumptions with simple questions. Four questions enable organizational clarity. Don’t assume the answers are obvious.
1. Who is your external customer?
2. What value do you deliver to that customer?
3. Who, in your company, delivers that value?
4. How do they deliver that value?
Bonus: How do you communicate your value to current customers?
Clarity concerning customers:
Karen suggests asking:
1. Who do you serve?
2. How do they make money?
3. What problem are you solving for them?
4. Why do they choose your company…?
5. How do they use the goods or services you provide?
Clarity concerning value:
“Hallmark may produce greeting cards, but its value lies in helping people communicate a feeling….” Karen Martin.
Conversations that distinguish value from product enlighten organizations to their purpose. Karen says shifting from product to value reflects a shift in perspective.
• Product question: “What do we make?”
• Value question: “What do they get?”
Others explain your value. You can’t.
Clarity through conversation:
Karen suggests conversations produce clarity. When was the last time you sat with a customer to get to know them?
Clarity through failure:
A client of mine lost a client, recently. Rather than writing them off, they met with them to explore what went wrong. The value they didn’t deliver explains the value they must deliver. (Assuming that client is one they want to serve.)
Read chapter one of Karen’s book: “The Outstanding Organization.” Absolutely no obligation or email required.
How have you seen or experienced the danger of assumptions?
How can leaders uncover assumptions and create clarity?
keynotes and workshops
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Recent Posts
Meaning in Music
Back to Basics
Meaning in music is a tricky thing.
Most people think it’s tricky because music is so abstract and lacks specificity such that describing its meaning with words is nearly impossible. On the contrary, meaning in music is tricky for exactly the opposite reason. As Felix Mendelssohn once noted, “What music expresses its not too indefinite to put into words; on the contrary, it is too definite.” In other words, we often have difficulty describing what music means with words because words lack the specificity that music has. Let me explain further.
Meaning in music is a tricky thing. (tweet this)
Most people acknowledge that music, at its most basic level, expresses emotional content. However, articulating what that emotional content is can often be a challenge, Yet as Mendelssohn correctly observed, this is due to the fact that words often lack the nuance to accurately identify a particular emotion. We often use single words to describe very different kinds of emotions. Let’s use “joy” as an example. We use that one word to describe what a sports fan feels when his team wins the game, what a father experiences while playing with his children, and what a cancer patient feels when he learns that his cancer is gone. Yet these “feelings” are each quite different from each other internally, and they express themselves externally in often very different ways as well. A sport’s fan’s “joy” usually expresses itself with exuberance, wild gestures, and yelling. A father’s “joy” is warm and peaceful. The cancer patient’s “joy” often results in tears. Each of these may rightly be called “joy,” but that word doesn’t quite capture the nuance of difference between them. Music doesn’t have that problem.
Unlike words, music is able to express nuanced emotional content. We think music is abstract because we can’t put it into words, but that’s not the fault of the music; it’s the words that are lacking. This is why music is often called the language of emotion. Music mimics what emotions feel like and how they express themselves, and in this way music is able to express what words alone cannot.
This is also why music is so powerful both as a tool for expressing what cannot be put into words and for teaching and shaping the heart. I can say “I have joy in God,” but unless I go on to more thoroughly elaborate what kind of joy I mean, the term alone is inadequate. Music allows me to specific what kind of joy I mean. Likewise, I can tell someone to “Rejoice in the Lord,” but using music allows me to further specify what that feels like and helps to shape the person’s heart toward an appropriate expression of joy.
There are two additional implications from this understanding: first, meaning in music is discernible. Contrary to what many evangelicals believe today, we can determine what music means. We may find difficulty in putting that into words, but that doesn’t mean it is not possible. Discerning meaning in music is just as possible as discerning what another person is feeling by observing his behavior. We can tell when another person is sad or happy, elated or depressed, by watching their posture, facial expressions, and bearing or by listening to their tone of voice. We can also tell the difference between a sports fan kind of joy and a cancer patient kind of joy in the same way, though we might not be able to express it perfectly in words.
Christians must not fall into the trap of ignoring or even denying universal meaning in music because there are many different kinds of emotion, and not all of them are appropriate for expressing biblical truth or worshiping God. (tweet this)
Second, musical meaning on this level is universal. There are all kinds of other meanings in music that are not universal but limited to particular people, times, cultures, and experiences. But to acknowledge non-universal meaning on an association level does not deny universal meaning as well. Meaning on the level I’ve been describing is universal because all people–regardless of gender, ethnicity, culture, or time–are part of the “culture of humanity.” We all share similar physiological, biological, and emotional characteristics such that when music expresses emotion on that level, its meaning is universal.
Christians must not fall into the trap of ignoring or even denying universal meaning in music because, as I’ve already pointed out, there are many different kinds of emotion, and not all of them are appropriate for expressing biblical truth or worshiping God. Some kinds of joy, love, grief, fear, and delight are fitting for God and his truth; others are not. Thus not every example of “happy” music is appropriate for expressing the words “Rejoice in the Lord,” nor is every kind of “love” music appropriate for expressing love to God.
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Scott Aniol
About Scott Aniol
Scott Aniol is the founder and Executive Director of Religious Affections Ministries. He is on faculty at Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, where he teaches courses in worship, hymnology, aesthetics, culture, and philosophy. He has written two books, dozens of articles, and speaks around the country in churches and conferences. He is an elder in his church in Fort Worth, TX where he resides with his wife and two children.
10 Responses to Meaning in Music
1. Martin says:
Very helpful, Scott – thanks for that.
2. James Lowery says:
Excellently expressed – even without music. (SMILE)
For what it’s worth, here’s the context of the Mendelssohn quotation.
Die Leute beklagen sich gewöhnlich, die Musik sei so vieldeutig; es sei so zweifelhaft, was sie sich dabei zu denken hätten, und die Worte verstände doch ein Jeder. Mir geht es aber gerade umgekehrt. Und nicht blos mit ganzen Reden, auch mit einzelnen Worten, auch die scheinen mir so vieldeutig, so unbestimmt, so mißverständlich im Vergleich zu einer rechten Musik, die einem die Seele erfüllt mit tausend besseren Dingen als Worten. Das, was mir eine Musik ausspricht, die ich liebe, sind mir nicht zu unbestimmte Gedanken, um sie in Worte zu fassen, sondern zu bestimmte.
“People often complain that music is too ambiguous, that what they should think when they hear it is so unclear, whereas everyone understands words. With me, it is exactly the opposite, and not only with regard to an entire speech but also with individual words. These, too, seem to me so ambiguous, so vague, so easily misunderstood in comparison to genuine music, which fills the soul with a thousand things better than words. The thoughts which are expressed to me by music that I love are not too indefinite to be put into words, but on the contrary, too definite.”
Letter to Marc-André Souchay, October 15, 1842, cited from Briefe aus den Jahren 1830 bis 1847 (Leipzig: Hermann Mendelssohn, 1878) p. 221; translation from Felix Mendelssohn (ed. Gisella Selden-Goth) Letters (New York: Pantheon, 1945) pp. 313-14.
Songs Without Words (Lieder ohne Worte) is a series of short lyrical piano pieces by the Romantic composer Felix Mendelssohn, written between 1829 and 1845. Mendelssohn himself resisted attempts to interpret the Songs too literally, and objected when his friend Marc-André Souchay sought to put words to them to make them literal songs: “What the music I love expresses to me, is not thought too indefinite to put into words, but on the contrary, too definite. (Mendelssohn’s own italics on ‘indefinite’ and ‘definite’).
3. Jesse B. says:
Thank you James. Very helpful
4. Todd H. says:
I would rather point out that music elicits emotion just as much as it expresses emotion, and one extent that it elicits emotion depends upon how the music is produced, which can often depend upon how the music is broadcast per the settings on the soundboard. I reckon soundboards have 200, 300, 500, or 10,000 knobs — or perhaps even more — for which the sound producer/engineer can set according to that which he/she thinks is best for the recording. Each of those knobs has different settings which vary according to type of sound: pitch, distortion, resonance, reverberation, instrument, loudness, audio environment, speed, fuzziness, voice, vibrato, “color”, addition of extra layers of sound, etc. And I would suggest that how we define a piece of music largely depends upon the various different settings on the engineer’s soundboard and how they culminate to form a certain piece of music.
5. David Haddon says:
Another stroke in support of the correct understanding of music: that it has objective content that can be evaluated for its suitability for worship or any other purpose. Rock music, for example, is suitable for stimulating sexual desire and, historically, became the battering ram for destroying the traditional sexual ethic linking sexual satisfaction to marriage in America, the West and much of the rest of the world.
6. […] Study Finds Humans Have Dozens of Universal Expressions | Conservative Christianity, Worship, Culture, Aesthetics – Religious Affections Ministries on Meaning in Music […]
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TARDIS Index File
39,754articles in progress
This article is written from a real world point of view
The box set cover for Graceless Series One.
The box set cover for Graceless Series Two.
The first three-part series was released in November 2010. It chronicled the twins' adventures after their departure from the Doctor. The series was directed by Lisa Bowerman. [1].
The third and final series was released in June 2013.
Series one Edit
1. The Sphere
2. The Fog
3. The End
Series two Edit
1. The Line
2. The Flood
3. The Dark
Series three Edit
1. The Edge
2. The Battle
3. Consequences
External links Edit
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Chopped All-Stars: Judges
What will happen when the tables are turned and four friends and colleagues compete in the Chopped Kitchen? In the first round, the judges-turned-competitors must crack the code of the basket after cracking open diver scallops. Then in the entree round, can the chefs make a beautiful bird fly with canned pizza sauce? And with bragging rights and a shot at making it to the $50,000 finale on the line, the last two chefs bravely tackle the dessert basket. (Episode: CQ1411H)
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Microscopy Primer
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The Galleries:
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Interactive Java Tutorials
Image Formation with Diverging Lenses
Negative lenses diverge parallel incident light rays and form a virtual image by extending traces of the light rays passing through the lens to a focal point behind the lens. In general, these lenses have at least one concave surface and are thinner in the center than at the edges. This interactive tutorial utilizes ray traces to explore how images are formed by the three primary types of diverging lenses, and the relationship between the object and the image formed by the lens as a function of distance between the object and the focal points.
Interactive Java Tutorial
The tutorial initializes with an object (represented by the larger vertical gray arrow on the far left-hand side of the lens) positioned approximately twice the distance of the focal length away from a simple thin bi-concave lens. Ray traces emanating from the point of the object arrow (Object) pass through various points on the lens and are diverged away from ray extensions traced back to the focal point (F). Three of the rays are illustrated in red: the Principal Ray, which passes through the center of the lens, and two additional characteristic rays. One of the characteristic rays travels towards the lens rear focal point (F'), but is diverted in a direction parallel to the Optical Axis after passing through the lens. The other characteristic ray travels toward the lens parallel to the optical axis and diverges sharply away from the axis after passing through the lens. Extensions drawn from any two of these three rays can be utilized to determine the size and placement of the Virtual Image formed by the lens.
In order to operate the tutorial, use the Object Position slider to translate the object arrow back and forth along the optical axis of the lens. As the object is moved closer to the lens, the virtual image size increases and also moves closer to the lens. In a similar manner, as the object is moved away from the lens, the virtual image moves away from the lens and grows smaller. The distance between the lens and the object (Object Distance, (p)) and image (Image Distance, (q)) are continuously updated in the lower left-hand corner of the tutorial window. The bi-concave lens can be changed to either a Negative Meniscus or Plano-Concave element by selecting the appropriate choice using the pull-down menu.
Negative lens elements are the bi-concave (Figure 1(a)), plano-concave (Figure 1(b); with a single planar surface), and concave-meniscus (also termed a negative meniscus lens; Figure 1(c)), which also has concave and convex surfaces, but with the center of the lens being thinner than the edges. For both positive and negative meniscus lenses, the distances between the surfaces and their focal planes are unequal, but their focal lengths are equal. The line passing through the center of the lens curved surfaces in Figure 1(a) is known as the optical axis of the lens. Simple lenses having a symmetrical shape (bi-convex or bi-concave) have principal planes that are equally spaced with respect to each other and the lens surfaces. The lack of symmetry in other lenses, such as the meniscus lenses and the plano negative and positive lenses, causes the locations of the principal planes to vary according to lens geometry. Plano-convex and plano-concave lenses have one principal plane that intersects the optical axis, at the edge of the curved surface, and the other plane buried inside the glass. The principal planes for meniscus lenses lie outside the lens surfaces.
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Aerodynamic History
The word ‘aerodynamic’ sounds futuristic and images of rockets, amorphic shapes and smooth surfaces come to mind. Most simply, though, aerodynamics is the science of looking at the motion of air when it interacts with a solid object. Humans have been harnessing aerodynamic forces for thousands of years, starting with the sailboat and windmills. We were content to use the wind without judging it for quite some time, and so quantitative theory of air flow didn’t take off until the 17th century with Leonardo Da Vinci. He wrote about forward motion and lift, in his studies for the first flying machines which were kept secret inside of his private notebooks.
Much later in the 17th century, French scientist Edme Mariotte, Dutch mathematician and Sir Isaac Newton developed a theory of air resistance, connecting drag to the dimensions of a body combined with its velocity. They attempted to define drag through a mathematical equation. This lead to Sir George Cayley to be the first to identify the four aerodynamic forces of flight - weight, lift, drag and thrust.
Aerodynamic drag increases significantly with speed, so by the 1950s, German and British automotive engineers began analysing the effects of drag as the consumer car sped up. Vehicle design and highway engineers research began to dovetail around the issue in the 1960s, when both cars and roads were designed to counteract the loss of energy and creation of noise due to drag.
We’ve found some images that visualise aerodynamics - send us yours!
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Switch to Desktop Site
What if plants could be plastic factories?
A Massachusetts-based company is genetically modifying switchgrass to produce a polymer used to make plastics.
At Metabolix's greenhouse, plants produce not just glucose, but a polymer used to make plastics.
Elizabeth Barber
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The greenhouse at Metabolix’s lab is full of grass. That would be unexciting, except that the 300 or so pots of switchgrass growing here have been genetically engineered to produce a kind of polymer used to make plastics.
Metabolix, a bioplastics company founded in 1992, is one of a small group of companies and universities pushing at a new frontier in bioplastics: the genetic engineering of crops to produce plastics materials. The efforts – unique in making bioplastics not from, but in, crops – put forward a solution to the longstanding problem in bioplastics: how to make the production costs of bioplastics as cheap as, or cheaper than, oil-based plastics.
The answer, these scientists say, is in plants: What if crops, planted in droves in US farm fields, could become quiet, tiny plastics factories, churning out all the plastics we need?
But that, of course, raises another question: Is that even possible?
Bioplastics, simply put, are plastics made from renewable biomass resources as opposed to fossil fuels. Billed as a potentially cheaper and more sustainable alternative to conventional oil-produced plastics, bioplastics is a fledgling industry, and, so far, both eco-friendliness and cheapness have not been achieved in one product.
At the moment, bioplastics are often made from corn, a controversial wing of the industry, as studies have found that the fallout from the chemical use that goes into growing the corn outweighs the potential environmental benefits of using corn-based plastic. Other means of producing bioplastics, such as using bacteria to ferment sugars into polymers, remain more expensive than using fossil fuels, given the vast industrial infrastructure that supports conventional plastics-making.
In short, the big problem in bioplastics is much the same as it is throughout the entire bioindustrial field: eco-friendly, in the short term at least, is not cheap.
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There are some centuries which - apart from everything else - in the art and other disciplines presume to remake everything because they know how to make nothing.
Giacomo Leopardi
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With ancient traditions, diverse religious beliefs and political philosophies, and rich histories, the countries of East Asia offer unique opportunities to study cultures that continue to grow in importance. The rise of this region emphasizes the significance of East Asian studies as an academic discipline—something Colby anticipated when it founded the department almost 50 years ago.
The East Asian Studies Department offers a multidisciplinary approach to understanding Japan, China, and Korea. Students in the major build language competency in Japanese or Chinese and learn to communicate effectively in English and an East Asian language. They critically interpret texts, artistic masterpieces, and cultural materials, and they develop research skills using primary sources and data. Through course work—in a wide variety of courses across the humanistic and social science disciplines—and an immersion experience in an East Asian country, students acquire a comparative understanding of the region and become well versed in traditional and contemporary East Asia.
The department offers a major and minor in East Asian studies, as well as minors in Chinese and Japanese languages.
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Warships Teacher Resources
Find Warships educational ideas and activities
Showing 1 - 20 of 150 resources
Young scholars examine role of Naval blockades in Union war strategy, and analyze primary source image "On Deck of a Union Warship" and make detailed observation about people and activities shown.
Young scholars explore trireme, a type of ancient Persian warship. They investigate other underwater recovery operations to shed light on the difficulties a trireme recovery team might face.
High schoolers view a film about warships during World War II. They discover the job of a seaman and what impact veterens have on the world today. They also examine the lasting effects of the war.
Young scholars are introduced to the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and asked to consider reasons why Japan might have wanted to expand its territory in the early 1940s. They read firsthand accounts of what it was like and write letters to U.S. servicepeop
Students analyze primary documents to determine why President Madison believed it was important for the US to declare war with Great Britain. Students research documents on the Internet to determine President Madison's argument for going to war.
In this Roman history worksheet, students read an excerpt about Roman sea Power. Then they use the information from the story to respond to four short answer questions. In addition, students imagine that they are a Roman general briefing new soldiers who have never been to sea and describe how they should operate the corvus during battle.
In this generalizing learning exercise, students read the passage 'D-Day' and answer the questions about generalizing. Students answer 5 questions.
Students explore current events by completing a list of worksheet activities. For this Libyan history lesson, students read a news article discussing the problems with Gaddafi in Libya and the effect it is having in the Middle East. Students complete true/false activities, word matches and other worksheet activities based on the articles.
Students investigate the building of the first warships of the Civil War. They conduct research using a variety of resources. Students compare and contrast two battleships of the era using a graphic organizer. They also compose a journal entry about the new information.
Young scholars read a letter from George Washington requesting them to identify on a map a location that would stop the advance of British warships. They choose a location and justify their choice.
In this English worksheet, students read "Thousands Escaping from Lebanon," and then respond to 47 fill in the blank, 7 short answer, 20 matching, and 8 true or false questions about the selection.
“It was a miracle.” Basil Heatter’s “The Long Night of the Little Boats,” which details the miraculous rescue of the British army from the shores of Dunkirk in 1940, is featured in a series of exercises that ask class members to read, reread, paraphrase, and discuss the text before crafting an essay about the piece. Directions for teachers, guiding questions for readers, the annotated text, graphic organizers, and essay questions are all included in this comprehensive, richly detailed, five-day plan. Designed for middle school social studies classes, the resource could also be used in high school social studies classes as well as language arts courses. Worthy of a spot in your curriculum library.
Did Roosevelt know about the planned attack on Pearl Harbor prior to December 7, 1941? After examining primary and secondary source materials, viewing documentary footage on the attack, a History Channel video on the controversy, and engaging in group and full class discussions, individuals present their response to the central question as an argumentative essay.
Background sheets, crossword puzzles, graphic organizers... oh my! If you're searching for a range of activities and worksheets on the subject of the onset of World War II, then this is the booklet for you. Featured topics include the signing of the Treaty of Versailles, Hitler's rise to power, the failure of appeasement, and the first German invasions of the war.
While Thirteen Days is a fantastic film to use in the classroom in reference to the Cold War and the Cuban missile crisis, it is important to take care to effectively and properly incorporate its contents into your curriculum. This website guides a teacher through a description of the film and its historical accuracy, offers discussion questions and possible student responses, and provides a variety of supplemental readings and resources.
Extend your instruction on similes and metaphors with a instructional activity on Emily Dickinson's "Hope is the thing with feathers" and "There is no Frigate like a Book." After a discussion on the images of each poem and their meanings, kids write an analysis on the difference between light and darkness in "Tell all the truth but tell it slant" and how it relates to truth. They then read two additional poems to prepare for the following instructional activity in the unit.
If you are previewing the film Glory for your young historians, this packet may help you spark ideas for discussion and offer some interesting facts and quotations that may add to your presentation of this Civil War narrative. It includes a few worksheets that learners can use to track character development and major themes, as well as a fact sheet regarding black soldiers in the war and the 54th regiment.
Combining a close reading of a classic American text with the study of history can be a very powerful strategy, and this is most certainly the case with this resource using Edward Everett Hale's The Man without a Country. Consider themes as citizenship and national identity using the engaging discussion questions and prompts in this resource, and use the included videos to present an example of high-level discourse.
Wars have a profound effect not only on a country's soldiers, but also on the everyday lives of its citizens. Invite your young historians to discover how Britain prepared for the Second World War by analyzing a series of government posters regarding rationing, evacuation, and anti-German propaganda.
What really constitutes nationalism? The video's narrator reviews this concept in detail and covers a range of topics in the nineteenth century, from the creation of the Ottoman Empire to the Opium Wars of the mid-1800s. He spends great deal of time focusing on Japan as a case study, including information on the daimyo, the restoration of the imperial throne, and the country's rise as a modern nation-state.
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noun \ˌf-lə-ˈrēn\
Definition of FULLERENE
: any of a class of closed hollow aromatic carbon compounds whose structures are made up of twelve pentagonal and differing numbers of hexagonal faces; especially : one having a roughly spherical shape
R. Buckminster Fuller; from the resemblance of the molecules to the geodesic domes designed by Fuller
First Known Use: 1987
noun (Concise Encyclopedia)
Any of a class of all-carbon molecules whose atoms are arranged in closed hollow shells. Allotropes of carbon first identified in 1985, they have varying (but even) numbers of atoms bonded into structures having 12 pentagonal and 2 or more hexagonal faces. Fullerenes comprising dozens to hundreds of carbon atoms have been prepared. The best known and most stable fullerene, buckminsterfullerene (C, nicknamed buckyball), has 60 carbon atoms arranged in a pattern like that on a standard soccer ball. It is named for R. Buckminster Fuller, whose geodesic dome designs its structure resembles. Chemists have made fullerene derivatives (e.g., with attached hydrogen or halogen atoms or organic groups; see functional group) and have prepared doped fullerenes (e.g., with alkali metal atoms such as potassium; see dopant) that show superconductivity at relatively high temperatures. One or more metal or noble-gas atoms can be trapped in the molecule's hollow interior, resulting in unique complexes called endohedral fullerenes.
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Tsunamis (Paperback)
Author: Tamra B. Orr
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ISBN-10: 1610804104
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Sku: 226226195
Publish Date: 1/1/2012
Dimensions: (in Inches) 9.5H x 7.5L x 0.25T
From the Publisher:
Shows readers how math skills can be used to learn more about tsunamis, including the triggers, the difference from regular waves, and where they occur most often.
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ass, hoofed, herbivorous mammal of the genus Equus, closely related to the horse. It is distinguished from the horse by its small size, large head, long ears, and small hooves. There are two living species: Equus hemonius, the Asian ass, and E. asinus, the African ass. The latter species includes the domesticated variety, E. asinus asinus, commonly known as the donkey. A male ass is called a jackass and a female, a jenny. Wild asses are swift desert animals that may attain speeds of up to 40 mi (60 km) per hr. They live in herds of up to 1,000 animals.
The Asian Ass
The Asian wild ass typically has a sandy-colored coat with lighter-colored legs and belly, a short erect black mane, a black spinal stripe, and a black tail tuft. Its neigh is shrill. Different races of this species vary in size, but all are smaller than the African ass. They were once widely distributed across Asia, but they have been crowded out of their grazing lands by domestic livestock and have been hunted for their flesh and hides. Each race is now restricted to a very limited territory. Among them are the Persian ass, or onager, of central Asia; the Mongolian ass, or kulan, of NE Asia; the Tibetan ass, or kiang, presently the most numerous Asian wild ass; and the Indian ass, or ghorkhar. All are considered endangered, and the continued survival of the onager and the kulan is particularly threatened. The Syrian wild ass, of SW Asia, is probably already extinct.
African Asses and Donkeys
The two wild races of the African species, called Nubian and Somali wild asses, are becoming rare. They are found in the mountains and deserts of NE Africa. The African ass averages about 41/2 ft (135 cm) in shoulder height; it is grayish in color, with longer ears and mane than the Asian ass, and with a characteristic loud, harsh bray. Its descendant, the donkey, is the oldest domestic beast of burden; it is believed to have been domesticated in Egypt by c.4000 B.C. A variety of the Asian ass was used in ancient Mesopotamia but did not survive as a domestic animal; all modern domestic donkeys are descended from the African species.
The donkey is still used as a pack and draft animal. Although not as swift or powerful as the horse, it is strong for its size and has great powers of endurance. Donkeys are more surefooted than horses in mountainous country and are cheaper to maintain, as they feed on dry scrub. They may live up to 47 years, about twice as long as a horse. In some regions the donkey is crossbred with the horse to produce a mule.
The donkey was once widely used in Mexico and the SW United States, where it was known by its Spanish name of burro. A large population of feral donkeys (wild descendants of domesticated animals) now exists in the deserts of that region. Feral donkeys are also found in the Old World, where they have given rise to some confusion about the number of true wild asses left in existence.
Asses are classified in the phylum Chordata, subphylum Vertebrata, class Mammalia, order Perissodactyla, family Equidae.
Ass may refer to:
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"Evil Dead: The Musical" Ads
By: lourdes sanchez bayas - Published: • References: slashfilm
The Toronto-based Evil Dead: The Musical released three promotional poster spoofs using the iconic images of three Broadway plays: Les Miserables, Mamma Mia! and Hairspray.
The images have been given sort of a blood-soaked, campy, zombie twist and there is a tag line that says, “It's like the musicals you love, only evil." The result is pretty hilarious.
The musical is based on an 1981 American musical horror movie called The Evil Dead which was directed by Sam Raimi and written by Raimi and Scott Spiegel. Stats for Broadway Poster Spoofs Trending: Older & Mild
Traction: 6,193 clicks in 326 w
Interest: 4 minutes
Concept: Broadway Poster Spoofs
Related: 72 examples / 55 photos
Segment: Neutral, 18-35
Comparison Set: 26 similar articles, including: psychedelic camping gear, posh patterned textile collections, and factory-transformed architecture.
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look up any word, like fleek:
Latin for "born" and "teeth," referring to vampires created by being bitten by another vampire, and consequently possessing fewer rights or powers than a vampire born from a family of descendents (sometimes called Prognatus-Sangrea) of the first vampire.
She wasn't a true vampire, she was a Prognatus-Denti.
by Megumi Ichigo June 04, 2007
Words related to Prognatus-Denti
prognatus prognosis sangrea teeth vampire
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Pixel art
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - View original article
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An example of pixel art.
Image filters (such as blurring or alpha-blending) or tools with automatic anti-aliasing are considered[by whom?] not valid tools for pixel art, as such tools calculate new pixel values automatically, contrasting with the precise manual arrangement of pixels associated with pixel art.
Drawings usually start with what is called the line art, which is the basic line that defines the character, building or anything else the artist is intending to draw. Linearts are usually traced over scanned drawings and are often shared among other pixel artists. Other techniques, some resembling painting, also exist.
The limited palette often implemented in pixel art usually promotes dithering to achieve different shades and colors, but due to the nature of this form of art this is done completely by hand. Hand-made anti-aliasing is also used.
Here are a few parts of the above image of “The Gunk” in detail, depicting a few of the techniques involved:
Details from The Gunk
1. The basic form of dithering, using two colors in a 2×2 checkerboard pattern. Changing the density of each color will lead to different subtones.
2. Stylized dithering with 2×2 pixel squares randomly scattered can produce interesting textures. Small circles are also frequent.
3. Anti-aliasing can be done, by hand, to smooth curves and transitions. Some artists only do this internally, to keep crisp outlines that can go over any background. The PNG alpha channel can be used to create external anti-aliasing for any background.
Saving and compression[edit]
GIF file
(318 bytes)
PNG file
(254 bytes)
JPEG file
(706 bytes)
Magnified JPEG to show artifacts
Pixel art is commonly divided in two subcategories: isometric and non-isometric. The isometric kind is drawn in a near-isometric dimetric projection. This is commonly seen in games to provide a three-dimensional view without using any real three-dimensional processing. Technically, an isometric angle would be of 30 degrees from the horizontal, but this is avoided since the pixels created by a line drawing algorithm would not follow a neat pattern. To fix this, lines with a 1:2 pixel ratio are picked, leading to an angle of about 26.57 degrees (arctan 0.5).
Non-isometric pixel art is any pixel art that does not fall in the isometric category, such as views from the top, side, front, bottom or perspective views. These are also called Planometric views.
When pixel art is displayed at a higher resolution than the source image, it is often scaled using the nearest neighbor interpolation algorithm. This avoids blurring caused by other algorithms, such as bilinear and bicubic interpolation—which interpolate between adjacent pixels and work best on continuous tones, but not sharp edges or lines. Nearest-neighbor interpolation preserves these sharp edges, but it makes diagonal lines and curves look blocky, an effect called pixelation. Thus, hybrid algorithms have been devised to interpolate between continuous tones while preserving the sharpness of lines in the piece; such attempts include the 2xSaI, Super Eagle, and the high-quality hqx algorithms.
Pixel art was very often used in older computer and console video games. With the increasing use of 3D graphics in games, pixel art lost some of its use. Despite that, this is still a very active professional/amateur area, since mobile phones and other portable devices still have low resolution and therefore require skillful use of space and memory. Sometimes pixel art is used for advertising too. One such company that uses pixel art to advertise is Bell. The group eboy specializes in isometric pixel graphics for advertising[2] and has been featured in magazines such as Wired, Popular Science, and Fortune 500.
Modern pixel art has been seen as a reaction to the 3D graphics industry by amateur game/graphic hobbyists.[3][4] Many retro enthusiasts often choose to mimic the style of the past. Some view the pixel art revival as restoring the golden age of second and third generation consoles, where it is argued graphics were more aesthetically pleasing. Pixel art still remains popular and has been used in social networking virtual worlds such as Citypixel and Habbo, as well as among hand-held devices such as the Nintendo DS, Nintendo 3DS, PSP, PS Vita and Cellphones, and in modern indie games such as Hotline Miami and FTL: Faster Than Light.
See also[edit]
2. ^ Stephen J. Eskilson. Graphic Design: A New History, second edition. p. 392.
3. ^ Démystifions le Pixel Art : interview d'Olivier Huard
4. ^ Resurgence of Pixel Art
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• Topics
Tag Archives: lessons
Screencasting for the Flipped Classroom: Just Start
Using Doceri to Teach English for Spanish Speaking Adults
Patricia Dawn Severenuk began teaching English to native Spanish speakers via Skype in 2010 after teaching hundreds of students privately in Spain, The Czech Republic and her native Canada for twelve years. She now uses Skype, YouTube and Doceri to help native Spanish speakers who understand English, but need additional help with speaking and writing [...]
Top Three Reasons Educators Should Tag Their YouTube Videos
Copyright and Fair Use in the Classroom
Doceri Creates New Teaching Strategies
Why Doceri? Students need to learn to reason. Doceri motivates students. Doceri changes how students learn. Doceri changes the way students think. How does Doceri do it? Doceri creates new ways to analyze thinking. In the previous blog entry we wrote about Mrs. Zora and how she uses Doceri to teach mathematical reasoning to her [...]
How do YOU Doceri?
Every day, more educators are downloading Doceri. We love getting your feedback via Twitter, Facebook and email and we’re really excited to find out just how you’re incorporating Doceri lessons into your interactive, un-tethered teaching. So, we’re inviting all Doceri users to answer the question… Do you want your work to find a larger audience? [...]
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Charles Russell at a glance
Charles Russell is a leading law firm with a rich heritage, at the forefront of legal developments and in tune with today’s world.
We provide advice to businesses and individuals in the UK and internationally.
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4. As she matured, did her holiday spirit change from when she was younger? Did the holidays seem more or less special?
5. Were there younger children around when she celebrated holidays in this period of her life? What was it like to see their reactions to special activities?
6. As she grew older, were there friends or family members that were no longer living? Was it difficult to celebrate without them?
9. Some people say that holidays are more commercial now than they used to be--that people have forgotten the reasons behind holidays. Did she feel this way?
10. The rest of these Writing Ideas will help you sketch one of her specific holiday experiences. For example, a memorable Thanksgiving with family. To skip these Writing Ideas related to a specific holiday, hold down Control and press N.
11. Were there foods, presents, or activities involved? Were any family traditions carried out? Describe the event.
13. With whom did she celebrate? Family? Friends?
14. What was her favorite part about the holiday? Eating special foods? Giving or receiving gifts? Being with family?
15. What was the worst part about the holiday? The food? The work? Family members?
© 2011
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Latest Gravimetry Stories
2007-08-01 17:14:48
2006-12-13 08:27:31
Recent space observations of freshwater storage by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Grace) are providing a new picture of how Earth's most precious natural resource is distributed globally and how it is changing. Researchers are using the mission's almost five-year data record to estimate seasonal water storage variations in more than 50 river basins that cover most of Earth's land area. The variations reflect changes in water stored in rivers, lakes and reservoirs; in...
2006-06-03 09:05:00
Ancient mega-catastrophe paved way for the dinosaurs, spawned Australian continent COLUMBUS, Ohio -- Planetary scientists have found evidence of a meteor impact much larger and earlier than the one that killed the dinosaurs -- an impact that they believe caused the biggest mass extinction in Earth's history. The 300-mile-wide crater lies hidden more than a mile beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. And the gravity measurements that reveal its existence suggest that it could date back about...
2005-12-20 19:20:00
NASA -- In the first direct, comprehensive mass survey of the entire Greenland ice sheet, scientists using data from the NASA/German Aerospace Center Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (Grace) have measured a significant decrease in the mass of the Greenland ice cap. Grace is a satellite mission that measures movement in Earth's mass. In an update to findings published in the journal Geophysical Research Letters, a team led by Dr. Isabella Velicogna of the University of Colorado,...
Word of the Day
• Remarkable; prodigious.
• Audacious; gutsy.
• Completely; extremely.
• Audaciously; boldly.
• Impressively great in size; enormous; extraordinary.
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Oracle® Database SQL Reference
10g Release 2 (10.2)
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ROWNUM Pseudocolumn
For each row returned by a query, the ROWNUM pseudocolumn returns a number indicating the order in which Oracle selects the row from a table or set of joined rows. The first row selected has a ROWNUM of 1, the second has 2, and so on.
You can use ROWNUM to limit the number of rows returned by a query, as in this example:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM < 10;
If an ORDER BY clause follows ROWNUM in the same query, then the rows will be reordered by the ORDER BY clause. The results can vary depending on the way the rows are accessed. For example, if the ORDER BY clause causes Oracle to use an index to access the data, then Oracle may retrieve the rows in a different order than without the index. Therefore, the following statement will not have the same effect as the preceding example:
SELECT * FROM employees WHERE ROWNUM < 11 ORDER BY last_name;
If you embed the ORDER BY clause in a subquery and place the ROWNUM condition in the top-level query, then you can force the ROWNUM condition to be applied after the ordering of the rows. For example, the following query returns the employees with the 10 smallest employee numbers. This is sometimes referred to as top-N reporting:
(SELECT * FROM employees ORDER BY employee_id)
In the preceding example, the ROWNUM values are those of the top-level SELECT statement, so they are generated after the rows have already been ordered by employee_id in the subquery.
Conditions testing for ROWNUM values greater than a positive integer are always false. For example, this query returns no rows:
SELECT * FROM employees
The first row fetched is assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and makes the condition false. The second row to be fetched is now the first row and is also assigned a ROWNUM of 1 and makes the condition false. All rows subsequently fail to satisfy the condition, so no rows are returned.
You can also use ROWNUM to assign unique values to each row of a table, as in this example:
UPDATE my_table
SET column1 = ROWNUM;
Please refer to the function ROW_NUMBER for an alternative method of assigning unique numbers to rows.
Using ROWNUM in a query can affect view optimization. For more information, see Oracle Database Concepts.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Assume I have following parser with joda-time lib for android
My aim is to filter input in some editText with TextWatcher and try to parse input and check if it is a Date.
The following time passes this pattern, despite there are 4 "y" letters!
06.12.1 (while I tried to put 06.12.1988)
P.S. appendYear(4,4) for formatter also fails.
share|improve this question
1 Answer 1
up vote 5 down vote accepted
This obeys the same rules as Java's SimpleDateFormat
For parsing, if the number of pattern letters is more than 2, the year is interpreted literally, regardless of the number of digits. So using the pattern "MM/dd/yyyy", "01/11/12" parses to Jan 11, 12 A.D.
One option you may want to consider is formatting the value after parsing - if it doesn't round trip (i.e if the formatted value isn't the same as the original text), reject it as invalid.
share|improve this answer
Your Answer
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Story Sequencing Lesson Plans That Promote Creativity
Explore new ways to enhance students' comprehension skills with creative story sequencing lesson plans.
story sequencing lesson plans
Are you looking for new ways to teach sequencing? This can be a challenge for many teachers. There are some very common activities that you can use, such as listing what happened from beginning to end, or having a student retell or summarize the story verbally or in writing. Though these ideas can be used from time to time, having a toolkit of ideas to address this, or any skill, makes planning and implementing lessons less stressful, and more interesting for both the teacher and the students.
Using a variety of strategies not only increases student interest, it helps to provide differentiated instruction. Sequencing activities can be modified to meet the diverse needs of the students in the class. Graphic organizers, such as flow charts or bubble maps, can be used to provide students with a basic visual chart for organizing the events in a story. The students that would enjoy this would be your visual learners. For kinesthetic learners, creating a flip book, or writing events of the story on note cards and sorting them can be an effective strategy. These students would also benefit from making a human timeline in which they are each given a large sheet of paper on which to write an event from the story and then they can put themselves in a line in the order of the events in the story. Students that are more advanced can work independently creating a Power Point or Movie Maker presentation of the events in a story.
Lesson planning can be a time consuming event. Having great ideas for addressing the skill you are teaching makes life so much easier. What is most important is that the students enjoy and benefit from the variety of ideas you have to share. Below are some lessons that can make story sequencing lesson plans motivating.
Story Sequencing Lesson Plans:
The Very Hungry Caterpillar
Students create a collage, and put the events in the story in sequence. During the reading of the book, the teacher stops periodically to have the students summarize what has happened so far. After the story has been read, the students are given paper and scraps of wrapping paper. The students create collages for the main events of the story, and put them together in a book.
Sequencing a Story with Pictures: Text and Talk
Students sequence stories about a trip using graphic organizers that they create. Students create a graphic organizer that contains illustrations of what happens in their story. Students then use the graphic organizer to share the story with the class. This lesson contains a rubric for the activity that will be shared with students before the activity begins.
Storyboard of "The Biggest Pumpkin Ever"
Students read "The Biggest Pumpkin Ever" by Steven Kroll and practice their comprehension skills by identifying events in chronological order. The teacher reads the book aloud to the class. Students pick eight events and create a storyboard on a large sheet of paper. The students write a sentence and illustrate it.
Open Sesame: A Magical World of Reading
This six lesson unit, found in the third grade literature section, creates a magical world of reading for students through a variety of activities using music, food, costumes, artifacts, and maps. The lessons in this unit are based around the story "Aladdin and Other Tales from the Arabian Nights". In lesson six of this unit, the students are assigned sections of the story. The teacher will can determine how the story is divided. Students create a representation of that part of the story using Kid Pix.
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Writing Portable Device Drivers
Almost all Linux kernel device drivers work on more than just one type of processor. This only happens because device-driver writers adhere to a few important rules. These rules include using the proper variable types, not relying on specific memory page sizes, being aware of endian issues with external data, setting up proper data alignment and accessing device memory locations through the proper interface. This article explains these rules, shows why it is important that they be followed and gives examples of them in use.
Internal Kernel Data Types
One of the most basic rules to remember when writing portable code is to be aware of how big you need to make your variables. Different processors define different variable sizes for int and long data types. They also differ in specifying whether a variable size is signed or unsigned. Because of this, if you know your variable size has to be a specific number of bits, and it has to be signed or unsigned, then you need to use the built-in data types. The following typedefs can be used anywhere in kernel code and are defined in the linux/types.h header file:
u8 unsigned byte (8 bits)
u16 unsigned word (16 bits)
u32 unsigned 32-bit value
u64 unsigned 64-bit value
s8 signed byte (8 bits)
s16 signed word (16 bits)
s32 signed 32-bit value
s64 signed 64-bit value
For example, the i2c driver subsystem has a number of functions that are used to send and receive data on the i2c bus:
s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(struct i2c_client
*client, u8 value);
s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(struct i2c_client
*client, u8 command);
s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(struct i2c_client
*client, u8 command, u8 value);
All of these functions return a signed 32-bit value and take an unsigned 8-bit value for either a value or command parameter. Because these data types are used, this code is portable to any processor type.
If your variables are going to be used in any code that can be seen by user-space programs, then you need to use the following exportable data types. Examples of this are data structures that get passed through ioctl() calls. Once again they are defined in the linux/types.h header file:
__u8 unsigned byte (8 bits)
__u16 unsigned word (16 bits)
__u32 unsigned 32-bit value
__u64 unsigned 64-bit value
__s8 signed byte (8 bits)
__s16 signed word (16 bits)
__s32 signed 32-bit value
__s64 signed 64-bit value
For example, the usbdevice_fs.h header file defines a number of different structures that are used to talk to USB devices directly from user-space programs. Here is the definition of the ioctl that is used to send a USB control message to the device:
struct usbdevfs_ctrltransfer {
__u8 requesttype;
__u8 request;
__u16 value;
__u16 index;
__u16 length;
__u32 timeout; /* in milliseconds */
void *data;
#define USBDEVFS_CONTROL_IOWR('U', 0, struct
One thing that has caused a lot of problems, as 64-bit machines are getting more popular, is the fact that the size of a pointer is not the same as the size of an unsigned integer. The size of a pointer is equal to the size of an unsigned long. This can be seen in the prototype for get_zeroed_page():
extern unsigned long FASTCALL
(get_zeroed_page(unsigned int gfp_mask))
get_zeroed_page() returns a free memory page that has already been wiped clean with zeros. It returns an unsigned long that should be cast to the specific data type that you need. The following code snippet from the drivers/char/serial.c file in the rs_open() function shows how this is done:
static unsigned char *tmp_buf;
unsigned long page;
if (!tmp_buf) {
page = get_zeroed_page(GFP_KERNEL);
if (!page)
return -ENOMEM;
if (tmp_buf)
tmp_buf = (unsigned char *)page;
There are some native kernel data types that you should use instead of trying to use an unsigned long. Some of these are: pid_t, key_t, gid_t, size_t, ssize_t, ptrdiff_t, time_t, clock_t and caddr_t. If you need to use any of these types in your code, please use the given data types; it will prevent a lot of problems.
Memory Issues
As we saw above in the example taken from drivers/char/serial.c, you can ask the kernel for a memory page. The size of a memory page is not always 4KB of data (as it is on i386). If you are going to be referencing memory pages, you need to use the PAGE_SHIFT and PAGE_SIZE defines.
PAGE_SHIFT is the number of bits to shift one bit left to get the PAGE_SIZE value. Different architectures define this to different values. Table 1 shows a short list of some architectures and the values of PAGE_SHIFT and the resulting value for PAGE_SIZE.
Table 1. Some Architectures and the Values of PAGE_SHIFT and the Resulting Value for PAGE_SIZE
Even on the same base architecture type, you can have different page sizes. This depends sometimes on a configuration option (like IA-64) or is due to different variants of the processor type (like on ARM).
The code snippet from drivers/usb/audio.c in Listing 1 shows how PAGE_SHIFT and PAGE_SIZE are used when accessing memory directly.
Listing 1. Accessing Memory Directly
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re: interact wit pci using linux
sup's picture
thanks and regards,
Why all the kernel drivers
Don's picture
It's a must read document
Bhupesh's picture
It's a must read document for beginners :)
Re: Writing Portable Device Drivers
Anonymous's picture
It's really a helpful article !
Re: Writing Portable Device Drivers
Anonymous's picture
Its a good artical for newbies entering into driver deveopment.
The artical is very cear and understanding.
Re: Writing Portable Device Drivers
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I appreciate it.
nikhil bhargava
Hi,i wrote a device driver
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Yuri B. ...I successfully teach my students how to manipulate with angles, triangles, equations of lines, how they can calculate perimeter and an area of 2-dimensional shapes as well as a volume of 3-dimensional objects. My emphasis is to concentrate on the hard topics and make this topic simple and easy for students. To do this, I try to use examples and computer-generated illustrations.
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Gove's 'progressive betrayal' seems to be a private school phenomenon
My research using the Pisa data found that state school pupils report more 'traditional' teaching than in private schools, says Laura McInerney
• The Guardian,
• Jump to comments ()
Inconveniently for the government’s narrative, pupils reported doing more 'traditional' activities
Inconveniently for the government’s narrative, British school pupils reported doing many more 'traditional' activities than 'progressive' ones. Photograph: Matt Cardy/Getty Images
The misconceptions of people who have never stepped into a state school are often quite alarming. "Were lots of people at your school pregnant?" I remember once being asked at university. "I expect it was very difficult to learn over the noise," said another, as if people who don't pay for schooling inevitably have foghorns for voices. The points were ridiculous and easily shrugged off. But silly statements about school life from the government are harder to ignore.
In a recent speech, Liz Truss, schools minister, seethed about the fact that England's relatively low use of textbooks compared with other countries is in part due to progressivist "child-centred learning", a practice that led, at her school, to "anti-colouring books" – without any blocks in which to colour. (Does this sound like "paper" to anyone else?)
Likewise, the education secretary, Michael Gove, gave a speech entitled The Progressive Betrayal in which he argued that such ideas had addled a generation; that restoring rigour was a priority, in particular, more memorisation of facts and "disciplined" learning – which seems to mean being silent and facing the front.
If it were true that "progressive" thinking had taken over, it would be problematic. But how many Sats or GCSE or A-level teachers will tell you their class aren't memorising anything? And is it not possible that the reason why students might be asked to talk, or work in a group, or complete a task that isn't sitting and memorising, is because they are at school for six hours a day and there might be a benefit in varying the types of tasks? If my rhetoric does not convince you, perhaps the data will.
A couple of weeks ago, the release of Pisa results caused some political handwringing. The tests, taken by 15-year-olds across 65 countries, ranked British students 23rd for reading, 26th for maths, and 20th for science. What almost everyone failed to mention is that as well as having their skills tested, students also completed a detailed survey about their schooling. This was very revealing.
Inconveniently for the government's narrative, when answering questions about the types of activities they do in class, British students report doing many more "traditional" activities than "progressive" ones. Compared with high-performing nations such as Hong Kong, Singapore, Finland and Estonia, British students are more likely to learn materials by heart and have clear learning goals set for them by the teacher in each lesson. Half of British students reported that their teacher tells them what to do in every lesson, compared to just a quarter of students in Hong Kong and Finland. This sounds a lot like the "teacher-centred" approach that Liz Truss would have us believe was banished during the 1960s.
Could this be because British students tend to over-report and say they have done activities when they haven't? If so, we would expect them to report high levels of non-traditional activities, too. But they don't. Only 6% of British students said they work in groups in every lesson and only 8% said the teacher commonly allows students a say in the planning of the lesson (two activities often considered "progressive"). Both figures were lower than the OECD averages for these activities, and a lot lower than Singaporean students experienced, even though Singapore is often praised by Michael Gove.
The data also contradicts the idea that teachers carry the "soft bigotry of low expectations" – an incantation repeated more than once by the education secretary. Nearly half of British students strongly agreed with the statement that their teacher encouraged them to work hard. Only a quarter of Hong Kong students and less than one in five Korean students felt the same.
An even more inconvenient truth emerges about private schools. Commonly heralded as the last bastion of "traditional" schooling, my own research using the 2009 Pisa data found that while state school pupils reported more traditional teaching, private school students reported higher rates of being asked to express opinions in class, completing group work, and having their teacher relate learning to their lives. So if there is a hotbed of progressivism in Britain, it probably isn't the state schools.
One can only wonder how they manage to learn over the noise.
• Laura McInerney taught in London for six years and is now a Fulbright scholar
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Diet Garcinia Cambogia Dr Oz
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Design do layout:
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Tuesday, November 25, 2008
The term Computer, originally meant a person capable of performing numerical calculations with the help of a mechanical computing device. The evolution of computers started way back in the late 1930s. Binary arithmetic is at the core of the computers of all times. History of computers dates back to the invention of a mechanical adding machine in 1642. ABACUS, an early computing tool, invention of logarithm by John Napier and the invention of slide rules by William Oughtred were significant events in the evolution of computers from these early computing devices.
In the evolution of computers their first generation was characterized by the use of vacuum tubes. These computers were expensive and bulky. They used machine language for computing and could solve just one problem at a time. They did not support multitasking.
It was in 1937 that John V. Atanasoff devised the first digital electronic computer. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry came up with the ABC prototype in the November of 1939. Its computations were based on a vacuum tube and it used regenerative capacitor memory.
Konrad Zuse’s electromechanical ‘Z Machines’, especially the Z3 of 1941 was a notable achievement in the evolution of computers. It was the first machine to include binary and floating-point arithmetic and a considerable amount of programmability. In 1998, since it was proved to be Turing complete, it is regarded as world’s first operational computer.
In 1943, the Colossus was secretly designed at Bletchley Park, Britain to decode German messages. The Harvard Mark I of 1944 was a large-scale electromechanical computer with less programmability. It was another step forward in the evolution of computers.
The U.S. Army's Ballistics Research Laboratory came up with the Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer (ENIAC) in 1946. It came to be known as the first general purpose electronic computer. However it was required to be rewired to change it’s programming thus making its architecture inflexible. Developers of ENIAC realized the flaws in the architecture and developed a better architecture. It was known as the stored program architecture or von Neumann Architecture. It got its name after John von Neumann, who for the first time described the architecture in 1945. All the projects of developing computers taken up thereafter have been using the von Neumann Architecture. All the computers use a ‘stored program architecture’, which is now a part of the definition of the word ‘computer’.
The U.S. National Bureau of Standards came up with Standards Electronic/Eastern Automatic Computer (SEAC) in 1950. Diodes handled all the logic making it the first computer to base its logic on solid devices. IBM announced the IBM 702 Electronic Data Processing Machine in 1953. It was developed for business use and could address scientific and engineering applications. Till the 1950s all computers that were used were vacuum tube based.
In the 1960s, transistor based computers replaced vacuum tubes. Transistors made computers smaller and cheaper. They made computers energy efficient. But transistors were responsible for the emission of large amounts of heat from the computer. Due to this computers were subject to damage. The use of transistors marked the second generation of computers. Computers belonging to this generation used punched cards for input. They used assembly language.
Stanford Research Institute brought about ERMA, Electronic Recording Machine Accounting Project, which dealt with automation of the process of bookkeeping in banking.
In 1959, General Electric Corporation delivered its ERMA computing system to the Bank of America in California.
The use of Integrated circuits ushered in the third generation of computers. Small transistors placed on silicon chips, called semi conductors. This increased the speed and efficiency of computers. Operating systems were the human interface to computing operations and keyboards and monitors became the input-output devices.
In 1968, DEC launched the first mini computer called the PDP-8.
Thousands of integrated circuits placed onto a silicon chip made up a microprocessor. Introduction of microprocessors was the hallmark of fourth generation computers.
Intel produced large-scale integration circuits in 1971. During the same year, Micro Computer came up with microprocessor and Ted Hoff, working for Intel introduced 4-bit 4004.
In 1972, Intel introduced the 8080 microprocessors.
In 1974, Xerox came up with Alto workstation at PARC. It consisted of a monitor, a graphical interface, a mouse, and an Ethernet card for networking.
Apple Computer brought about the Macintosh personal computer January 24 1984.
The fifth generation computers are under development. They are going to be based on principles of artificial intelligence and natural language recognition. Developers are aiming at computers capable of organizing themselves. The evolution of computers continues.
Saturday, October 18, 2008
Diagram of Computer Motherboard
The primary component of a computer is the motherboard (sometimes called the "mainboard"). The motherboard is the hub which is used to connect all of the computer's essential components. As its name suggests, the motherboard acts as a "parent" board, which takes the form of a large printed circuit with connectors for expansion cards, memory modules, the processor, etc.
* The CMOS clock and battery,
* The BIOS,
* The system bus and the expansion bus.
* integrated network card;
* integrated graphics card;
* integrated sound card;
* upgraded hard drive controllers.
The NorthBridge is a chip on the motherboard that relays information from the RAM and/or video card to the CPU. The Northbridge also links with the SouthBridge which controls your hard drives, sound card, DVD drive and other ports such as USB for your mouse and keyboard.
For the most part, all modern motherboards contain at least a 5.1 surround sound (5.1 surround sound is a front center, front left, front right, rear right and rear left speakers with a subwoofer) card built in which makes it 1 less item to buy.
Remember, not all motherboards look like this. Here is mine.
A: CPU slot
B: Northbridge
C: Southbridge
D: RAM slots or DIMMs
F: 24-pin power connector to power supply
G: IDE connector
H: Floppy drive connector
I: Power connectors for case
J: PCIe16 slots (blue)
K: PCI slots (white)
L: PCIe4 slot (black)
M: USB/Firewire connectors for case
Z: I/O Ports
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| 0.769398 |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Let $W$ be the normalized spherical Whittaker function attached to a spherical representation $\pi$ on $GL_n(k)$, where $k$ is a $p$-adic field and $n\ge 3$.
I'm faced with the slightly-odd integral $$\int_{k^\times} \left|W\left(\matrix{y&&&\cr &\ddots&&\cr &&y&\cr &&&1}\right)\right|^2 |y|^s\ dy$$ where ${\rm Re}(s)$ is sufficiently large to get convergence.
Does anyone have any ideas about calculating this?
Recall the Casselman-Shalika-Shintani formula, $$W(\varpi^J)=\delta_B^{1/2}(\varpi^J){\rm Tr}\left(\rho_J\left(A_\pi\right)\right)$$ where $J=(j_1,\ldots,j_n)\in\mathbb Z^n$ satisfies $j_1\ge j_2\ge\ldots\ge j_n$, $\varpi^J$ is the diagonal matrix with $j$-th entry $\varpi^{j_i}$, $\delta_B$ is the modular character of the Borel subgroup, $\rho_J$ is the representation of $GL_n(\mathbb C)$ with highest weight $(j_1,\ldots,j_n)$, and $A_\pi$ is the matrix of Satake parameters of $\pi$. Using this, the integral can be written as $$\sum_{i\ge 0} q^{-i(s+n-1)}{\rm Tr}\left(\rho_{(i,\ldots,i,0)}(A_\pi)\otimes\rho_{(i,\ldots,i,0)}(\bar A_\pi)\right)$$ where the shift by $n-1$ comes from $\delta_B(\varpi^{(i,\ldots,i,0)})=\prod_{j=0}^{n-2}|\varpi^i|^{n-1-2j}$.
This is basically a sub-sum of the formula used to get the Rankin-Selberg $L$-function for $\pi\otimes\tilde\pi$, so it should have a reasonable answer.
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| 0.837049 |
10. Mean, Standard Deviation, and Correlation
The ANALYZ computer program provides two choices for the user: 1) determine the mean and standard deviation for a data set of single values or 2) find the linear regression Correlation Coefficient for a set of paired (x and y coordinate) data values. The program displays the values of a best fitting linear representation of the data pairs along with the Standard Error of Estimate. You are given the opportunity to use the linear regression line to determine the corresponding value of y for any given x. An example screen is shown below.
Example Screen from ANALYZ
The ANALYZ program is run in the computer DOS mode; simply enter the program name and touch ENTER on your keyboard. You are asked to select between the two types of study (single data set or paired values set). Follow the directions for entering the number of values (or paired values) and your data. You are given the opportunity to correct an input error. Both the input and results are displayed on the screen. For the best fitting line representing the paired values, you can select any x value of your choosing and have the value of corresponding y shown.
Download original program
Download linux version with C source code.
Download windows version with C source code.
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From September 15 to 25, 1996, NASA's scatterometer (NSCAT) monitored the evolution of twin typhoons—Violet and Tom—as they moved north from the western tropical Pacific, acquiring features of mid-latitude storms. The typhoons developed frontal structures, increased asymmetry, and dry air was introduced into their cores. Violet hit Japan, causing death and destruction (Figure 1), and Tom merged with a mid-latitude trough and evolved into a large extratropical storm with gale-force winds (Figure 2).
We understand relatively little about the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones because of the complex thermodynamics involved [e.g., Sinclair, 1993], but we do know that the mid-latitude storms resulting from tropical cyclones usually generate strong winds and heavy precipitation. Since the transition usually occurs over the ocean, few measurements have been made. The transition is a fascinating science problem, but it also has important economic consequences. The transition occurs over the busiest transocean shipping lanes, and when the resulting storms hit land, they usually devastate populated areas.
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| 0.960125 |
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Return to previous page
Unit details
ASS101 - Peoples of the World
Credit point(s):1
EFTSL value:0.125
Unit chair:T King
Incompatible with:
Anthropology asks the ultimate question for human beings: what does it mean to be human? Because of this, anthropology is the science that must understand both the physical and the metaphysical dimensions of human existence: how we both create and relate to our environment. The subject commences with an examination of the foundational issues for anthropologists including the nature of human culture, the nature of humans as an evolved species, and the critical importance of human rationality and belief. Examples of human societies and cultures are drawn from Africa, Asia, Europe, the Americas, Australia and the Pacific.
Seminar participation (campus) or CloudDeakin discussion (Clloud (online)) (10%) Online quiz (10%) Short essay 500 words (20%) Essay 1,500 words (30%) Closed book exam (30%)
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How Ocean Waves Are Made
how ocean waves are made
So What Makes Ocean Waves?
Simple Answer: Winds from a storm either close to shore or far out at sea, transferring its energy into the ocean.ocean waves
The wind blowing creates a disturbance on the ocean surface, creating ripples. As the wind continues to blow, the ripples turn to chop. This chop begins to gather speed. As these wind chops are moving they combine to make larger wind chops picking up yet more speed. These wind chops in turn combine and turn into what we call wind waves.
Within a storm there are a lot of different waves going in different directions with different wave periods and wave heights. This is called the Sea State.
ocean waves for surfing
This distance between waves is called Wave Length.
The time in seconds between consecutive wave crests as they pass a certain object such as a buoy in the ocean is called Swell Period.
As these waves combine with one another they grow larger and the distance between them becomes greater and their energy grows. This energy is being transferred downward below the ocean surface. The more energy a wave has the deeper it reaches into the ocean. This is important to note because the depth of energy will eventually effect how the ocean waves we ride break.
ocean waves A wave with a 14 second period reaches down into the ocean about 500 feet. A 17 second period wave at 750 ft, 20 second at 1050 ft and 25 secs to 1650 ft.
Once the waves break free of the storm, either by the storm dying or the speed of the waves exceeds the speed of the storm, the wind chop and shorter period wind waves dissipate and the energy that survives is what we call Swell.
Surfers generally categorize swells into two groups
1. Wind Swell
2. Ground Swell
Wind Swells are generally considered anything under a 11 second period. These are short period swells.
These are swells that are generated by winds fairly close to shore, local winds within a couple hundred miles from land.
Wind swells do not have a lot of time to travel so they are closer together and its energy is focused more towards the ocean surface.
Since these swells are formed so close to shore they do not have a chance to shed much of the wind chop still associated with it. Swell period is a significant factor in regards to how an ocean wave will break once reaching the coast.
4ft @ 15 seconds ground swell will more often than not be better then a 7 ft @ 7 seconds wind swell
Ground Swells or Long Period swells will range in the 12-25 seconds range. Long period waves move faster and its energy runs deeper.
They are called ground swells because as they approach the coast their energy reaches down onto the ocean floor, that will than lead the wave to behave in certain ways.
These swells are the ones generated far out to sea and can travel great distances all the while maintaining a good amount of their original energy.
So What Determines The Size Of Ocean Waves.
1. Wind Velocity-Speed of the wind measured in knots.
2. Wind Area (Fetch) Amount of ocean surface area affected by wind blowing in the same direction.
3. Duration Of Storm- The amount of time those winds blow over the same part of the ocean.
The harder the wind blows, the longer the time it blows and the greater the distance it blows, the bigger the waves and longer the swell periods. The longer the swell period, the stronger the swell.
One will hear surfers refer to sets when speaking about waves, what are these?
These are individual ocean waves/swell that are moving at nearly the same speed, keeping pace with one another to form a group or wave train. These groups are called sets when they reach the coast and break.
Swell Direction/Swell Angle
You will hear this term thrown around when talking about a swell hitting the coast; swell direction is the angle a swell originates from relative to a fixed location, wherever your local beach is at. Swells coming to your beach from due north (and are therefore heading south) are said to be coming from 0 degrees. Swells coming from due east and heading due west are coming from 90 degrees. Swells originating from due south and heading north are coming from 180 degrees, and so on around the 360-degree compass.
Each beach or surf break has a different swell window that is optimal for receiving swell.
So once swell is created and heading towards the coast what determines why and how it will break at your beach?
Check This Out For Why & How Waves Break
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First: Mid: Last: City: State:
Abel Pol
Get exclusive access to more than a billion public records when you sign up with Our sophisticated system will instantly generate accurate and extensive information about everyone named Abel Pol. From there, you can comfortably browse the results to find the exact Abel you're looking for.
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1. Pol, Abelardo R81 West Palm Bch, FL
West Palm Beach, FL
POL, ABELARDO (age 54)
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3. Fraeisco Pol, Abel36 Tampa, FL
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Skip to definition.
Adjective: devoid di'voyd
1. Completely wanting or lacking
"the sentence was devoid of meaning";
- barren, destitute, free, innocent, empty
2. Not present or included (despite being expected, required or desired)
"a government devoid of morals";
- bereft, missing, lacking, wanting
See also: nonexistent
Encyclopedia: Devoid
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Question Types
Start With
Question Limit
of 36 available terms
Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads
5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. Osmosis
2. Indulge
3. Disincline
4. Omnipotence
5. Bemuse
1. a The process of gradual or unconscious assimilation of ideas, knowledge, etc.
2. b Allow oneself to enjoy the pleasure of: "we indulged in sundaes".
Become involved in (an activity, typically one that is undesirable or disapproved of): "indulge in gossip"
3. c Unwilling; reluctant
4. d Having unlimited power; able to do anything
5. e To make confused : puzzle, bewilder
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. A gesture or expression that becomes abnormal through exaggeration or repetition.
2. The moving of something from its place or position
3. A space between the bones of the skull in an infant or fetus, where ossification is not complete and the sutures not fully formed
4. Although: "he was making progress, albeit rather slowly".
5. A roofed platform along the outside of a house, level with the ground floor.
5 True/False Questions
1. PiousTo make confused : puzzle, bewilder
2. AnalgesicA medicine used to relieve pain
3. BastionTo surprise; to amaze
4. MisadventureMatter that settles to the bottom of a liquid; dregs.
5. EnamoredA person's behavior or manners.
Create Set
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To re-create a famous concert poster designed during the Bauhaus era in moving image.
Must be identical to the original.
Must use a piece of classical music (In this instance: Tschaikovsky's Dance Of The Sugar Plum Fairy)
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| 0.973445 |
Luke 9:10 HNV/NIV - Online Parallel Bible
Hebrew Names Version (HNV) New International Version (NIV)
10 The apostles, when they had returned, told him what things they had done. He took them, and withdrew apart to a deserted place of a city called Beit-Tzaidah. 10 When the apostles returned, they reported to Jesus what they had done. Then he took them with him and they withdrew by themselves to a town called Bethsaida,
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If you play it straight it's funny - the best comedy is always played straight down the middle. The adjustment is understanding from the screenplay that a moment is hilarious.
Tom Hiddleston
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FitU is an inclusive program that considers both nutrition (fuel) and physical activity (fitness) to be equally important in improving your health. Fuel and fitness are our main focus.
Eating is a complex issue. No one can deny the link between food and health. So why is it that people choose to eat poorly? Time and money are common excuses, but there may be more to it than that. Mental barriers are the true reason people struggle in their relationship with food.
FitU helps individuals remove such barriers. “Junk food” is a common title for all foods that spawn guilt or negative feelings. But at FitU, there is no such thing as “junk food.” This program aims to remove the negative emotions affiliated with eating certain foods so individuals can simply enjoy their meals.
It has been shown that when a food is branded with a negative connotation and restricted from the diet, it is more likely that an individual might binge on that food. Our nutrition mentors teach their clients to first recognize their attitudes when eating particular foods and begin looking at food as fun. They will teach you strategies for planning and preparing enjoyable, balanced meals. And you will learn how to trust your body’s signals, ultimately eating the right amount at the right times.
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• Distribution
• How Your Rates Work
Your electric service has two components: supply and delivery. You are charged separately for your electricity supply and for the delivery of your electricity.
Electricity Supply
Supply refers to the generation of electricity. Coal, natural gas and oil are the principal fossil fuels used to generate electricity.
With the advent of electricity deregulation, customers can choose to buy electricity from competing suppliers. Or, if they do not choose an alternative supplier, their utility buys power for them and passes along the cost. This is called Standard Offer Service.
Electricity Delivery
The other part of getting electricity to you is delivery. On your customer bill this is called distribution. Distribution rates cover the costs of maintaining, expanding and improving our electric system – the power poles, lines, meters, linesmen and customer service representatives who serve you.
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Eye_Tricks - Download as DOC
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Eye_Tricks - Download as DOC Powered By Docstoc
Eye Tricks
Word Count:
What can you tell from a person's eyes? What can you do with your own?
Here are some persusion and mind-reading eye tricks.
eye tricks, eyes, subliminal
Article Body:
By watching what they are watching, you can learn a lot about people.
What kind of women does a man look at? Does he pay any attention to the
game on the TV? Note whether he seems bored or interested as he looks at
different things.
Eye watching tricks - part two. You can tell what people's minds are
doing when they are thinking or asked to remember something, according to
neuro-linguistic programming (NLP) practitioners. This following is true
for most right handed people (reverse all this for left-handed people):
As you face them, and their eyes go...
Up and to the right - They are remembering a visual image.
Up and to the left - They are constructing a visual image.
To the right - They are remembering sounds or conversation.
To the left - The are constructing sounds or conversations.
Down and to the right - They are in an internal dialog.
Down and to the left - They are accessing kinesthetic feelings, tastes
and smells.
<b>Eye Tricks And The Opposite Sex</b>
A persons pupils get bigger when they are aroused, interested and/or
receptive. If you look into his or her eyes and see those pupils growing
large - it's looking good for you. Basically big pupils (unless it's just
dark) mean a person likes what they see.
It isn't just what you see, though, but what you imagine too. Try an
experiment to understand how immediate this effect can be. Go right now
and look in the mirror at your own eyes. As you look at them, imagine a
sexy man or woman you are attracted to - in whatever way would turn you
You'll see that your pupils get bigger in just seconds. Actually, if you
love to fish, they may get big just thinking about a lake you love.
Imagining anything you like to look at can make your pupils bigger.
You'll find that you can quickly train yourself to change your pupil size
at will. Just find a mental image or two that gets them really big, and
use these as necessary. Look at a light briefly when you want to shrink
your pupils back down. Now, how do you use this eye trick?
First, understand that we all unconsciously use little clues like pupil
size as we interact with people. We are affected by people's body
language even when we haven't yet learned to identify it. There are
reasons why we are attracted to a person, even when we don't know what
those reasons are.
In other words - the person in front of you will unconsciously pick upon
your enlarging pupils. They will unconsciously take this to mean that you
like them, and for many people, this will make them like you more. By
enlarging your pupils at will, you can effectively establish rapport more
quickly. This is one of the easier subliminal eye tricks.
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In Britain the cowslip and primrose are widely distributed and often grow intermixed or in adjacent habitats. Their flowering times overlap and apparent F1 hybrids between them are well known in the field but are numerically rare; apparent backcross plants have also been reported but are extremely rare. Experimental studies have shown that the artificial F1 hybrid is difficult to obtain and is only partially fertile, but that both the back-cross and the F2 generations are quite vigorous under garden conditions. This being so gene flow between the species is possible and data were collected to determine if it had occurred.
As no obvious hybrid swarms were encountered, some method of classifying populations had to be devised so that those likely to contain unrecognized introgressed individuals were grouped together. To bring this about populations of either species growing in the absence of the other were regarded as pure populations, and those in which the species grew together or in the company of apparent F1 hybrids were regarded as mixed populations. It was assumed that the mixed populations would contain more introgressed plants than the pure populations.
Since the species showed no sign of discordant variation in the mixed populations the usual method of comparing populations diagrammatically by means of radiate indicators was not applicable. Instead, biometrical methods were employed. Three floral dimensions were selected for investigation. The inheritance of these in artifical crosses was also studied so that their behaviour was known. The plants from each population were classified into one of three groups, primroses, cowslips and apparent F1 hybrids. Pure populations and mixed populations were then compared in respect of the means and variances of the three dimensions.
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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| 0.88556 |
How to debug video playback issues on Firefox for Android
Roland - Thu, 08/14/2014 - 3:14pm
Categories: Friends, Technology
Final causes
Jonathan Aquino - Fri, 08/01/2014 - 8:40am
• efficient (the doer of the change)
• material (what the changing thing is made of)
The basic idea of a final cause is given by the last sentence of the paper:It is not empty to assert that all efficient causes are aimed at something.Sometimes when you do something, the result is different than normal. Regarding this, the paper quotes inanimate beings, the contingency of causes arises from imperfection and deficiency: because by their nature they are determined to one effect, which they always produce, unless there be an impediment due either to weakness of power, or some extrinsic agency, or indisposition of matter. For this reason natural causes are not indifferent to one or other result, but more often produce their effect in the same way, and seldom fail. I am going to re-read Feser's book The Last Superstition. Some questions I will have in mind while reading it are:
3. Which of Aristotle's ideas do moderns reject and why?
4. What problems does the rejection of these ideas cause?
Categories: Friends, Technology
Subscribe to aggregator - Friends
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About Ancient Forests | Greenpeace International
About Ancient Forests
Background - 10 March, 2006
The Siberian tiger roams the snow forests of the Asian Russian. The tiger is separated from the jaguar by a vast ocean, the jaguar is at home in the tropical rainforests of the Amazon.
Rainforest near East Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Admittedly the gorilla and the orangutan have some similarities, both are apes, but would they swing through the branches together? No chance. Orang utans live in the tropical rainforests of South East Asia, and gorillas live in the tropical rainforest in Central Africa. That is where the small forest elephant with the large round ears also makes its home. And it will never need to drive away a brown bear, since the bear will be ambling through Europe's last ancient forests.
In Europe and in the ancient forests of North America, the wolf is still at home. However, the wolf will never be able to track down an Andean deer, since these deer live in the temperate rainforests of Chile.
So you see, these forest animals will never cross each other's path and yet they do have something in common: their habitats. These seven fascinating ancient forest regions are being destroyed. And so many of these animals are threatened by extinction. About two-thirds of the world's land-based species of plants and animals depend on the last ancient forests. That is hundreds of thousands of different plants and animals, and literally millions of insects.
These ancient forests are also home to millions of people who depend on the forests for their survival, both physically and spiritually.
Who destroys the ancient forests? And why?
The world's appetite for wood, paper and meat have already destroyed 80 percent of the great ancient forest regions. Century old trees are sliced up for construction timber, processed to make plywood, or end up as window frames, doors or pulp for paper production. Ranchers burn down vast areas of undisturbed forest to produce pastures for cattle, or to farm crops like soy.
Although the methods of clearing my vary, the effect is always the same. Habitats with an immense diversity of species are converted into farmlands or tree plantations. People, animals and plants become the victims of short-term profit and greed.
The ancient forests and their famous animals inhabitants need your help.
Click here to take action today to help save the homes of these magnificent animals!
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Although several of the companies have already contacted affected users, the most interesting bit of information from Trustwave are the most popular passwords snatched from these accounts: 123456, 123456789, 1234 and, yes, "password."
If you happen to use one of these passwords, it's time for a change. Here are some tips on creating a stronger password.
1. The more complicated, the better. Don't rely on basic words to secure your accounts. Use a mix of letters, numbers and symbols to make it tougher to guess. For example, use a zero instead of the letter "o." Don't be afraid to use a diverse combination of characters.
2. The longer, the better. Most sites set a minimum for password length (between 6-8 characters). Take it a step further and create an even longer password. Again, the goal here is making them difficult for someone to guess.
3. Consider phrases. Passwords don't have to be just one word. For example, "the quick brown fox jumped over the lazy dog" could become TqBFjOTld or tqBfJ0T1D.
4. Use multiple passwords. Try to mix up the types of passwords you use for different sites. Sure, it's easy to remember only one password, but it means if one account is breached, all of your accounts might be in trouble. Password manager services can lock them down with one master password, or you can always take the old-fashioned route of writing them down and keeping them in a safe place.
Another thing to consider is two-factor authentication, which ties to your smartphone. Sites including Facebook, Google and Twitter all offer this. When set up, if you log in to an account from another computer, the site sends a special code to your phone that you must type in to access your account. It's an extra layer of security in case someone does discover your password.
Readers, got any other tips? Share them below.
Follow Brett Molina on Twitter: @bam923.
Read or Share this story: http://usat.ly/1d0Z2IA
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| 0.786292 |
lightning photo: Volcano Lightning Storm lightningcano1.jpg
Volcano Lightning Storm
This photo was shot by someone else on the 3rd of May 2008 in Chile, the Chaitin volcano was considered dormant but this eruption after some 9,000 years of silence, blasted ash over 12 miles (19km) into the sky. According to the National Geographic the 'dirty thunderstorms' might be triggered when rock fragments, ash, and ice particles in the plume collide to produce static charges, similar to how ice particles collide and create a charge in regular thunderstorms.
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Add to Cart
Categories: Erotica/Erotic Romance/Romance
Three lonely people, looking for love, decide to throw caution to the wind in this three story collection. Warp Drive. A good ol' cowboy and a young pink rocker meet at life's crossroads. The Dance. In the arms of an unexpected gentleman, a woman hears a different drummer. Ball Games. He's a young star rising to the top and she's an older woman. Please note: The journey toward love isn't always successful, but that's okay when you have more than one dream.
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Shown Here:
Introduced in House (09/14/2010)
Recognizes the formation of the Friends of Israel Initiative and affirms its founding goals.
Reaffirms bipartisan support for: (1) the alliance and friendship between the governments and peoples of the United States and Israel; (2) Israel's security and right to self-defense; and (3) Israel's right to exist as a democratic Jewish state.
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L&C + Summit + Articles, etc.
Le Grand Robert
Title / Link:
Le Grand Robert
Includes 100,000 words and 325,000 quotations. Each entry includes pronunciation, etymology, historical uses, register, regionalities, and numerous examples.
This page maintained by Research Librarian [email protected]. .
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I have two square matrices - $A$ and $B$. $A^{-1}$ is known and I want to calculate $(A+B)^{-1}$. Are there theorems that help with calculating the inverse of the sum of matrices? In general case $B^{-1}$ is not known, but if it is necessary then it can be assumed that $B^{-1}$ is also known.
share|improve this question
This article may be of help, although I don't have access to it right now. – Adrián Barquero Jan 16 '11 at 20:54
@Arturo: I know that they might not be invertible, but let's assume they are. @Adrian: Unfortunately I don't have direct access to jstor. – Tomek Tarczynski Jan 16 '11 at 20:58
add comment
5 Answers
up vote 19 down vote accepted
In general, $A+B$ need not be invertible, even when $A$ and $B$ are. But one might ask whether you can have a formula under the additional assumption that $A+B$ is invertible.
As noted by Adrián Barquero, there is a paper by Ken Miller published in the Mathematics Magazine in 1981 that addresses this.
He proves the following:
Lemma. If $A$ and $A+B$ are invertible, and $B$ has rank $1$, then let $g=\mathrm{trace}(BA^{-1})$. Then $g\neq -1$ and $$(A+B)^{-1} = A^{-1} - \frac{1}{1+g}A^{-1}BA^{-1}.$$
From this lemma, we can take a general $A+B$ that is invertible and write it as $A+B = A + B_1+B_2+\cdots+B_r$, where $B_i$ each have rank $1$ and such that each $A+B_1+\cdots+B_k$ is invertible (such a decomposition always exists if $A+B$ is invertible and $\mathrm{rank}(B)=r$). Then you get:
Theorem. Let $A$ and $A+B$ be nonsingular matrices, and let $B$ have rank $r\gt 0$. Let $B=B_1+\cdots+B_r$, where each $B_i$ has rank $1$, and each $C_{k+1} = A+B_1+\cdots+B_k$ is nonsingular. Setting $C_1 = A$, then $$C_{k+1}^{-1} = C_{k}^{-1} - g_kC_k^{-1}B_kC_k^{-1}$$ where $g_k = \frac{1}{1 + \mathrm{trace}(C_k^{-1}B_k)}$. In particular, $$(A+B)^{-1} = C_r^{-1} - g_rC_r^{-1}B_rC_r^{-1}.$$
(If the rank of $B$ is $0$, then $B=0$, so $(A+B)^{-1}=A^{-1}$).
share|improve this answer
Thanks, I was looking for something like this. – Tomek Tarczynski Jan 17 '11 at 15:18
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$(A+B)^{-1} = A^{-1} - A^{-1}BA^{-1} + A^{-1}BA^{-1}BA^{-1} - A^{-1}BA^{-1}BA^{-1}BA^{-1} + \cdots$
provided $\|A^{-1}B\|<1$ or $\|BA^{-1}\| < 1$ (here $\|\cdot\|$ means norm). This is just the Taylor expansion of the inversion function together with basic information on convergence.
(posted essentially at the same time as mjqxxx)
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A formal power series expansion is possible: $$ \begin{eqnarray} (A + \epsilon B)^{-1} &=& \left(A \left(I + \epsilon A^{-1}B\right)\right)^{-1} \\ &=& \left(I + \epsilon A^{-1}B\right)^{-1} A^{-1} \\ &=& \left(I - \epsilon A^{-1}B + \epsilon^2 A^{-1}BA^{-1}B - ...\right) A^{-1} \\ &=& A^{-1} - \epsilon A^{-1} B A^{-1} + \epsilon^2 A^{-1} B A^{-1} B A^{-1} - ... \end{eqnarray} $$ Under appropriate conditions on the eigenvalues of $A$ and $B$ (such that $A$ is sufficiently "large" compared to $B$), this will converge to the correct result at $\epsilon=1$.
share|improve this answer
The point about eigenvalues is apt, because this works even if $\|A^{-1}B\|\geq1$ and $\|BA{^-1}\|\geq1$ as long as the spectral radius of $A^{-1}B$ or $BA^{-1}$ is less than $1$. – Jonas Meyer Jan 17 '11 at 2:20
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Assuming everything is nicely invertible, you are probably looking for the SMW identity (which, i think, can also be generalized to pseudoinverses if needed)
Please see caveat in the comments below; in general if $B$ is low-rank, then you'd be happy using SMW.
share|improve this answer
It also requires $(A^{-1} + B^{-1})^{-1}$ to be known, doesn't it? – mjqxxxx Jan 16 '11 at 21:06
The Sherman-Morrison "update" formula is most efficient if $B$ is of low rank. So the usual application (rank one or two if symmetry is to be preserved) doesn't require $B^{-1}$ to exist. – hardmath Jan 16 '11 at 21:07
@mjqxxxx: yes, actually smw does require that inverse, which actually renders this answer useless, unless one is looking for inverses where $B$ is low-rank, and is written as $B=UCV^T$. – user1709 Jan 16 '11 at 22:01
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This I found accidentally.
Suppose given $A$, and $B$, where $A$ and $A+B$ are invertible. Now we want to know the expression of $(A+B)^{-1}$ without imposing the all inverse. Now we follow the intuition like this. Suppose that we can express $(A+B)^{-1} = A^{-1} + X$, next we will present simple straight forward method to compute $X$ \begin{equation} (A+B)^{-1} = A^{-1} + X \end{equation} \begin{equation} (A^{-1} + X) (A + B) = I \end{equation} \begin{equation} A^{-1} A + X A + A^{-1} B + X B = I \end{equation} \begin{equation} X(A + B) = - A^{-1} B \end{equation} \begin{equation} X = - A^{-1} B ( A + B)^{-1} \end{equation} \begin{equation} X = - A^{-1} B (A^{-1} + X) \end{equation} \begin{equation} (I + A^{-1}B) X = - A^{-1} B A^{-1} \end{equation} \begin{equation} X = - (I + A^{-1}B)^{-1} A^{-1} B A^{-1} \end{equation}
This lemma is simplification of lemma presented by Ken Miller, 1981
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Where did you find this? Can you give a citation? – Daniel Renshaw Jun 11 '13 at 10:55
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Your Answer
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| 0.770072 |
30 November 2000 CfA Colloquium
Title: Composition of Extrasolar Giant Planets
Speaker: Tristan Guillot
Abstract: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune are known to be enriched in heavy elements compared to a mixture of solar composition. The ability to measure radii of giant planets orbiting other suns should yield a determination of the global amount of heavy elements present in these objects. This information would be extremely valuable for validating and constraining models of planet formation.
However, I will show that this goal requires a detail modeling of the evolution, and therefore of the atmospheric structure of these objects. A class of extrasolar giant planets is particularly interesting in that respect: ``hot Jupiters'' represent about 40% of the extrasolar planets discovered so far and have the highest probability of being detected in transit in front of their star. I will show that in these planets, expected to be in synchronous rotation with their star, zonal winds are most likely incapable of efficiently redistributing heat from the day side to the night side, hence questionning the validity of attempts to model their atmospheric structures with a mean stellar insolation.
Reference for students:
Lunch with the students will be on Friday, December 1st at 12:00 in A-101.
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Motivation. How it Works?
A person can do many activities: eating, playing, learning, collecting works of art, assaulting her peers, help, etc. A common feature of these activities is motivation, being their first chronological element.
Knowing a person’s motivation is equivalent with finding the answer to the question “why”. The answer is difficult, because the causes are multiple and can’t be reduced to external stimuli. Activity, reactions are triggered by internal causes; whole motivation was named from the Latin motivus (that moves).
For some psychologists, reason is the generic name of any component of motivation is defined as a psychological phenomenon that triggers, directs and supports the activity. Motivational components are numerous, vary in origin, mode of meeting and function, classification and their explanation is controversial. Most psychologists today accept that human motivation include needs, trends, intentions, desires, motives, interests, aspirations, beliefs.
To describe the motivation was used in psychology metaphors built on concepts borrowed from physics.
Motivation acts as a force field (Kurt Lewin) where are subject, objects, people and activities. To characterize a component of motivation was used the concept of vector possessing: size, direction and purpose. Analog physical vectors, motivational vectors are characterized by intensity, direction and purpose, properties that can be measured by certain psychological methods. Direction and meaning of a vector expresses attraction, approach or avoidance. Intensity is found in force of approach or rejection. Among active motivations can be different relations, but much more complex.
The role of motivation
Motivation is essential in physical activity and personal development:
- is the first chronological element of any activity, its internal cause;
- It signals physiological and psychological deficits (ex: Hunger signals decrease of blood sugar, while the need of affiliation is indicated by the feeling of loneliness).
- Selects and activates the appropriate activities to support their own satisfaction and energy (need of affirmation of a student who starts learning activities, participation in contests).
- Contributes by avoiding duplication of activities and altmotiora to the formation and strengthening of personal traits (the interest for music favors the capacity of melody execution).
Personality acts as a filter for some reasons: the consistent orientation are retained, the contrary are rejected.
Motivational System
Motivational components are numerous, vary as origin, way of satisfaction and functions. As stated, human motivation include needs, purposes, interests, beliefs, trends, intentions, desires and aspirations.
1. Tends are components of motivation that signal a state of psychological or physiological imbalance. They are experienced as agitation, inner alert and tension. From numerous classifications of needs most useful in explaining the behavior differences between individuals, seems to be one of A. Maslow, a American psychologist, called the pyramid of needs.(1954)
Later in 1970 he added three steps:
- Cognitive needs: to know, understand, learn, to discover;
- Aesthetic necessities: of order, symmetry, purity, beauty, rejection;
- Needs of concordance: agreement between knowledge, affection and action.
American psychologist classifies needs as follows:
1. Low needs that are present at human and animals, but satisfied by the first different and high needs specific for human and places on the top of the pyramid.
2. Homeostasis needs and growth needs. Homeostasis is a concept borrowed from physiology and body that names tend of body to maintain constant internal environment parameters, such as a thermostat keeps the temperature in a freezer. By extension, it was used the thermometer and the relationship between person and environment. Homeostasis explains only the needs of adaptation. The needs of growth don’t follow to maintain a certain state, but reaching higher parameters, involving perfection.
Knowing the hierarchy of needs is useful in explaining behaviors because:
- Different levels appear depending on mental development the first encompasses needs from childhood or adolescence.
- Intensity of needs decreases from bottom;
- A high need is not satisfied only when low needs aren’t satisfied (is hard for a professor to activate the need of knowing for his student, if necessities of food and shelter aren’t satisfied);
- As a need is higher than more feature is proper for man.
By genesis criterion, psychologists differentiate the primary needs, innate, which tend to occur at all individuals, in all times and secondary needs gained only by some people. It was assumed that the secondary needs come from primary ones, but as form they function independent. Satisfaction of physiological needs of an infant is associated with mother’s approval. Gradually, adults’ approval is used to support the learning or walking and speaking. Child became student learns from the beginning to please parents then is absorbed by the study. The pre-teens are smoking or alcohol consumption which are activities to satisfy the necessity of peer group affiliation and then become habits. For example car was originally mean to meet the need of comfort, but has gradually become a reason for work supplements to earn more. Thus, the range of needs is in constantly expanding and differentiation, causing the appearance of previous behaviors. The unsatisfied needs lead to their extinction.
It is also possible the appearance of anomalies in the satisfaction of primary needs, so people with neurotic bulimia (excessive appetite) continue to eat, although they satisfy the need of food; it was observed that this behavior accompanies emotional deficiencies by overeating the subject compensates the need of love. In contrast, mental anorexia (lack of appetite) is supposed to be a conflict with entourage, especially with mother.
If there is any obstacle to satisfy a need, than appears a state of frustration. Responses to frustration are different, the most common being aggressive. Frustration is an inevitable phenomenon in mental life; when is moderate, it has beneficial effects on personality development. Thus the impossibility to fulfill love according to status differences can determine a hard work to climb in social hierarchy. Due to inevitable character of frustration, balanced personalities have tolerance to frustration, supporting, in certain limits, states of tension without developing pathological behaviors. There are undefined concepts relating to need.
Desire is conscious need
Trend (impulse or propensity) is a need in an excited state that causes a portion to move, spontaneous action.
Intention is tend with a higher degree of mental elaboration, oriented toward a goal.
Valence is the force of attraction or rejection exercised by things, people, activities (psychological objects) on a subject, results from interaction of object’s proprieties and needs of subject; is positive when proportions of object correspond to a need; is negative otherwise, determining the rejection.
2. Reasons are necessities so strong that cause and trigger actions that satisfy them. It has two segments corresponding to the motivation’s functions:
- Energizing segment, the force that triggers and sustains the activity (indicative-directional aspect). Vectors-reasons aren’t isolated, but form groups of reasons. In a constellation of reasons relationships are similar to those of natural forces:
- Different reasons can have the same direction and the same sense: a student studies to get high grade, because he want to establish himself in his group or he is interested in some area;
- Reasons can have different orientations, each is aimed to realize another activity; you may want to watch a show or to go in camping. Sometimes these activities are gradually when is not experienced in a subjective plan as a state of tension, and needs to be removed.
The best systematization of conflicts it is of Kurt Lewin (1931). He distinguishes:
1. conflicts of approach – approach;
2. conflicts of avoidance – avoidance
3. conflicts of approach – rejection
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| 0.715016 |
See more pictures of natural disasters.
When it comes to natural disasters, the tornadoes and tsunamis of the world tend to get all of the attention. Rarely do landslides seize as many headlines as the volcanoes and earthquakes that can cause them. But when the ground literally rips downhill, the effect is often more damaging than the trigger. The force of landslides can cave houses, dam rivers and annihilate entire towns. Worldwide, landslides were responsible for more than 30,000 deaths in 2005 [source: Petley]. They inflict damage that costs the United States alone at least $1 billion to $2 billion each year, making them more damaging than all other natural disasters combined [source: United States Search and Rescue Task Force].
There are many different kinds of mass movements categorized by the type of material involved, the way it is moved and how fast it moves. However, with any mass movement, a soil layer is separated to some degree from the underlying bedrock. Soil is the relatively loose mixture of worn-down rock, minerals, air, water and decayed organic matter that covers the ground. Bedrock is the more stable, solid layer of rock underneath.
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| 0.973185 |
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