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Retina Evaluations
Routine evaluation of the retina is important to prevent permanent vision loss due to diseases like retinal detachments, infections, inflammation, and unusual growths. Patient who are very nearsighted (high myopia) need to have their retina evaluated routinely since they have a much higher chance of retinal diseases. Dilation required.
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Copyright Law
Credit Hours: 3
This course covers the basics of copyright law, including determinations of what is copyrightable, formalities for obtaining protection, and copyright registration practices and procedures. The substantive and procedural elements of infringement actions are examined, including defenses. Technological developments affecting copyright are also addressed, including issues related to computer software and the Internet.
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Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
Eustachian tube dysfunction is typically caused by congestion or a blockage putting pressure on the drainage canal from the middle ear. Treating the underlying cause can often relieve the pressure on your Eustachian tube, providing relief.
The Eustachian tube refers to the tube that connects the back of the nose with the middle ear. The middle ear requires a fresh supply of air that allows sound to travel through to the ear drum. The Eustachian tube opens when we chew, swallow or yawn, allowing this fresh air to flow into the ear and the stale air in the ear to flow out.
The Eustachian tube is approximately 3-4 cm long and provides a way for the body to drain the ear as necessary. In addition to providing a fresh supply of air to the middle ear, the Eustachian tube allows mucus from the middle ear to drain. This allows the body to maintain equal pressure on both sides of the eardrum so that sound will vibrate properly and can be transferred to the brain.
What is Eustachian Tube Dysfunction?
If the Eustachian tube becomes blocked or does not open when it should the air pressure in the ear can build up, pushing on the eardrum. This means the eardrum will not vibrate the way it should, disrupting your ability to hear properly. This condition is called Eustachian tube dysfunction or ETD.
Eustachian Tube Dysfunction Symptoms
If the Eustachian tube is not functioning properly, you will typically notices that your hearing appears to be muffled or dull. If the eardrum is stretched by this added pressure it can cause the ear to feel tender or tense. You may also note dizziness, a feeling as though your ear is full of liquid or ringing in the ear. This can be accompanied by a popping noise in the ear. Symptoms of Eustachian tube dysfunction are typically accompanied by symptoms of the common cold. These symptoms can last for as little as a few hours or for several weeks. In most cases these side effects are eliminated after a week. Symptoms may dull temporarily and then return at their original severity.
Causes of Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
A number of conditions can play a role in Eustachian tube dysfunction and the accompanying symptoms. A blockage in the Eustachian tube is a common side effect of the common cold or an infection in the ear that has led to the tissue becoming swollen. This infection can be mild, but it can also be more severe, leading to a sharp pain in the ear. Treatment is necessary to kill off this infection or hearing loss may develop.
Additional conditions that can cause Eustachian tube dysfunction include:
• Allergies- Allergies that cause the nose to produce more mucus can lead to additional inflammation throughout the sinus system, including the Eustachian tube. Hay fever and perennial rhinitis are commonly known for causing this discomfort. As additional mucus is produced in the nose it can drain down the Eustachian tube, causing it to become plugged or feel full.
• Glue Ear- Glue ear is a condition that causes the middle ear to become filled with sticky, glue like fluid. As this substance leaks into the Eustachian tube, it can become stuck, causing the Eustachian tube to plug and blocking the flow of air into the ear. This can cause the ear drum to tighten, limiting your ability to hear properly. If this substance becomes stuck to the ear drum as well, it will worsen these symptoms.
• Blockages- If something such as an enlarged adenoid is pushing up against the Eustachian tube it can cause the canal to become blocked. In some cases, tumors in the back of the nose can cause this blockage, which will require immediate medical attention.
• Smoke- People who smoke or are regularly exposed to smoke are much more likely to develop Eustachian tube dysfunction. Smoking damages the cilia in the ear which will limit your body's ability to properly drain the middle ear through the Eustachian tube.
• Altitude Changes- Moving quickly to a different altitude can cause the Eustachian tube to feel restricted. Air travel, diving, snorkeling, or fast-paced elevators can contribute to this condition. If you are experiencing cold or allergy symptoms when you perform these activities it can worsen your condition.
Treatments for Eustachian Tube Dysfunction
• Swallow and Chew- Drinking, yawning, chewing or swallowing can cause the Eustachian tube to open and close, allowing it to better drain whatever substance appears to be stuck here or in the middle ear.
• Self-Inflation-Taking a deep breath, then holding the mouth and nose closed can help force air into the Eustachian tube, ridding yourself of a blockage. You should hear a popping noise and then feel the pressure release if this was successful. However, forcing this activity can cause damage to the ear drum, so perform this activity with care.
Medical treatment can be administered if the symptoms of ETD are painful or will not dissipate after a few days.
• Medications- Often, medication is used to treat the congestion and inflammation around the ear. This should release the pressure on the Eustachian tube. Decongestants or nasal corticosteroids can be administered to help reduce swelling or mucus. Antibiotics will also be administered if an infection is plaguing the ear.
• Surgery-In severe cases it will be necessary to surgically correct ETD. Pressure equalization tubes can be installed to help keep the Eustachian tube open. You can also have a myringotomy, or a slit cut in the middle ear that will help liquid escape temporarily.
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Microsoft Local Language Program
Microsoft Local Language Program
The Microsoft Local Language Program provides people access to technology in a familiar language while respecting linguistic and cultural distinctions. The program aims to empower individuals in local communities to create economic opportunities, build IT skills, enhance education outcomes, and sustain their local language and culture.
Language Interface Packs (LIP)s
A Real Spark of Change
UNESCO International Mother Language Day
As Microsoft celebrates IMLD alongside UNESCO every year on Feb 21, learn about the impact of Microsoft technology in education in Spain. Students in Basque Country, Valencia, Galicia and Catalonia are now able to learn, communicate and create in their local language.
Microsoft Translator Hub
The Microsoft Translator Hub empowers businesses and communities to build, train, and deploy customized automatic language translation systems.
Language Toolbox
Microsoft provides a number of free language tools, resources, and solutions that can help you bridge the gap between language and technology. Visit the Language Toolbox for this valuable consolidated list.
Microsoft Language Portal
Community access to the Microsoft Terminology Collection for standardized terminology for many Microsoft products and services.
Select a Region on the Map to find LLP product offerings by language South PacificAsiaMiddle East & AfricaEuropeNorth AmericaLatin America
Select your location
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Search Results
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2. Select your Location
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Matching Opportunities
Microsoft & the Linguists
The Microsoft Local Language programs is working keep languages alive to save knowledge and cultures.
Multilingual App Toolkit
Multilingual App Toolkit
The Multilingual App Toolkit uses Visual Studio to streamline your localization workflow for Windows Store and Windows Phone apps through file management, translation support, and editor tools.
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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Saturday, February 24, 2007
Eye Color
Eye Color and Human Diseases
Here are some notes on possible links between the eye color and human health & performance:
Light eye colour linked to deafness after meningitis.
PMID: 11238154
Eye colour, hair colour and skin colour are important risk factors for malignant melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. PMID: 9602230
In this study we found significant differences in choice reaction time using the McCarthy and Donchin (1981) paradigm, the dark-eyed subjects being faster than the light-eyed. PMID: 8170759
Eye colour and susceptibility to noise-induced permanent threshold shift.257 3rd-year apprentices were given ear, nose and throat examination, electroacoustic impedance tests and audiometry. Their eye colour was also recorded. Average hearing levels of otologically normal left ears were poorer at 4 kHz (p less than 0.05) for apprentices with eye colours indicating no melanin pigmentation of the iris than for apprentices with melanin iris pigmentation.PMID: 7352922
There was a significant linear association between 20 degrees detection thresholds and eye color (r = 0.39), which was substantially improved with a two-line function (part level and part increasing linearly, r = 0.65). CONCLUSIONS: We were generally unable to demonstrate the relationship between eye color and sensitivity reported previously using a Cochet-Bonnet esthesiometer. However, for a subset of subjects with palest irises, there appears to be a linear association between eye color and sensitivity to cooling stimuli. PMID: 16044076
Human pigmentation, including eye color, has been associated with skin cancer risk. These results suggest that P gene, in part, determines normal phenotypic variation in human eye color and may therefore represent an inherited biomarker of cutaneous cancer risk. PMID: 12163334
Eye color and cutaneous nevi predict risk of ocular melanoma in Australia. Risk of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma (n = 246) was increased in people with grey (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5-5.5), hazel (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.4-3.7) and blue eyes (OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.0-2.7) compared with brown eyes. Non-brown eye color was a risk factor for iris melanoma (n = 25). Eye color is the strongest constitutional predictor of choroidal and ciliary body melanoma, and may indicate a protective effect of melanin density at these sites. PMID: 11351315
Eye color and pure-tone hearing threshold. Pure-tone hearing thresholds at test frequencies, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, and 8000 Hz, were compared for 149 unambiguously blue- vs 172 brown-eyed individuals. Blue-eyed subjects ages 17 to 30 years (M = 20.3) had a significantly elevated mean hearing threshold at the highest frequency tested. PMID: 7899021
Researchers investigating performance differences between light- and dark-eyed individuals have indicated that dark-eyed individuals perform better on reactive activities than light-eyed individuals. College students (61 men, 64 women) performed a forehand rally with different colored racquetballs. Eye color, sex, and total hits were recorded for each subject. Men scored significantly better with balls of each color than did women. Dark-eyed men performed better than other subjects and performance was better with blue balls than yellow or green balls. PMID: 7808908
Eye color and hypertension Compared to persons with each lighter eye color, those with brown eyes were more prone to develop hypertension, with relative risk of 1.5 (95% confidence interval 1.18-1.96) compared to all persons with nonbrown eyes. The association persisted after control for race, sex, body mass index, alcohol use, educational level, parental history of hypertension, and among whites, for ethnic origin as crudely estimated by last name. Partial confirmation was obtained in three largely independent study groups: 1) 25 pairs of eye-color-discordant dizygotic twins; 2) 894 pairs of incident hypertensives and controls selected only with multiphasic screening blood pressure measurements; and 3) cross-sectional analysis of 152,018 multiphasic screenees. The weak association of eye color with hypertension clearly requires further confirmation. Although it has little potential for use in screening or clinical care, it may have implications regarding etiology. Areas for further exploration include the close metabolic relation of melanins to catecholamines, both derived from the amino acid tyrosine, and the possibility that dark-eyed persons react more quickly and strongly to stimuli than light-eyed persons. PMID: 2292985
Effect of eye color on heart rate response to intramuscular administration of atropine. Subjects with more pigmented irides (brown-eyed) showed a more rapid rise in heart rate compared to less pigmented irides (hazel-eyed and blue-eyed subjects). Following injection by the device with a slower atropine absorption rate, these differences were particularly enhanced and an abbreviated bradycardic phase of the heart rate response was observed for the brown-eyed subjects. This observation confirms earlier reports and suggests the possibility of an interference by melanin (in the iris or elsewhere) in atropine accessibility to selected muscarinic target sites.PMID: 3209800
The pigmentation of human iris influences the uptake and storing of zinc. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is more prevalent among the elderly Caucasians than in Africans. A significant association between light iris colour, fundus pigmentation and incidence of AMD is reported, suggesting a possible correlation with melanin pigment. Zinc is known to bind to melanin in pigmented tissues and to enhance antioxidant capacity by function as a cofactor or gene expression factor of antioxidant enzymes in the eye. In this in vitro study, we investigated the uptake and storage of zinc in human irides. Irides of blue and brown human eyes were used. The number of melanocytes was measured. Tissues without any treatment served as controls. The irides were incubated with 100 microM zinc chloride in culture medium for 24 h. Specimens of the tissues were stored for the uptake examination. The remained pieces were further incubated for 3 and 7 d to investigate the storage of zinc. The concentration of zinc was measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Melanocytes count was significantly higher in the brown tissues (P < or =" 0.01)" or =" 3.0," or =" 1.5," or =" 1.1," p =" 0.05)." trend =" .001)." ratio =" 7.3;" interval =" 2.6-20.1" n =" 246)" or =" 4.1" or =" 4" or =" 3.4)," or =" 2.8)," x2 =" 15.04," p =" .02)."> 45 years, p <>age-associated increases in lens OD.PMID: 11045246
See also:
Color Atlas of the Eye in Systemic Disease
by Daniel H.,Gold and Thomas A. Weingeist (Editors)
Book Info
Univ. of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston. Combines features of a color atlas with a quick reference, tabular format. Includes most of the major and more common systemic disorders with significant ocular manifestations, along with less common ocular-systemic diseases. Abundant, high-quality color illustrations are included. DNLM: Eye Manifestations--Atlases.
Key words:
eye color, eye colour, diseases, health, performance, deafness, malignant melanoma, non-melanoma skin cancer, hearing levels, sensitivity to cooling stimuli, ocular melanoma, hearing threshold, reactive activities, hypertension, rise in heart rate, macular degeneration.
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Brain Waves: What’s Your Meditation Frequency?
meditation frequency
Measuring brain waves during meditation is a fairly new development, as scientists try to discover why meditation works to improve stress and increase physical and emotional well-being. Modern scientific techniques such as fMRI and EEG have been used to see what happens in the body while people meditate. One function that has been measured is brain wave activity during meditation.
From the Daily Mind:
In EEG (electroencephalograph) studies, brainwaves of different frequencies are measured, and many found an increase in these following brainwaves:
Alpha Waves: Healthy alpha wave production supports mental resourcefulness, better mental coordination, and improves the general sense of relaxation and weariness. Many believe alpha waves are the bridges between consciousness and unconsciousness. Meditation synchronizes alpha activity between the four regions of the brain: left, right, anterior, and posterior, which positively correlates with creativity.
The most common brain waves seen during meditation, alpha waves are increased in the posterior parts of the brain during meditation – much more than during simple relaxation. They characterize wakeful rest. It is a sign of deep relaxation, but does not mean that the mind is void. Alpha waves promote changes in the nervous system to calm it, resulting in lower blood pressure and heart rate, lower stress hormones, and a calm mind.
Theta Waves: Theta waves come in strong bursts in long-term meditators who report a peaceful, drifting, and pleasant experience at the time. These waves enhance creativity, intuition, and daydreaming. It is also a storage area for memories, emotions, and sensations. Theta waves are strong during any sort of spiritual focus and they reflect the state between wakefulness and sleep.
Theta waves likely originate from a relaxed attention to inner experiences. This is the significant difference between meditation and simple relaxation. Increased theta waves occur more frequently in highly experienced meditators. Theta waves are said to help open the “third eye” for meditators, through which they gain illumination wisdom.
Beta Waves: When the EEG shows bursts of Beta waves, experienced meditators report an approach of yogic ecstasy or a state of intense concentration sometimes accompanied by an acceleration of heart rate. Beta waves can increase mental ability, focus, and alertness.
Beta waves occur when reflecting actively over a particular issue. Fewer beta waves are present during meditation and rest, indicating that you “step away” from problem solving during meditation.
Delta waves are characteristic of sleep, and few delta waves are seen during meditation except in cases of very deep meditation by experienced practitioners. Increasing delta waves will cause a decrease in the stress-producing hormone, Cortisol.
Scientists have discovered that the meditator’s mind is physically different from one who doesn’t meditate. Meditation not only changes how the brain functions in the short term, but findings show it might possibly produce long-term changes. By studying such functions as “People who come to attend seminars and meetings are often under pressure and tired either because of long journeys or work based stress. If they are to take on-board new information they must first make room for it.” - and finding positive results – scientists are opening the doors for meditation to be taken seriously as a means to change one’s physical and emotional well-being.
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Alternative Logic
Our team of in–house software
developers combine industry
insights with alternative thinking
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Our key product, FieldLogic is
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Figure 3.
Mechanical parts of thexypositioning system. Two different mechanisms of linear guidances are used: (A) crossed roller bearing stages and (B) low-stiffness flexures. Note that only the guidance systems with voice coils are shown here; in the complete setup, these are enclosed and hidden by interferometers, sample holder and AFM head.
Download authors' original image
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Aqua Vitae
University of Georgia, 2001 - $16,500
Aqua Vitae Enterprises looked to manufacture, market, and distribute a patented (U.S. Patent #5,593,678) new drug, called Aqua Vitae, that significantly reduces the mortality rate of ornamental and edible fish during the process of handling and shipping from over 50% to under 5%. In the ornamental fish industry, this total loss exceeds $50 million per year. The loss is even larger for the edible fish industry.
In testing, the use of Aqua Vitae has reduced these losses by more than 80% by providing a temporary boost to the immune systems of the fish involved. This E-Team researched the optimal performance and packaging characteristics this industry would seek in such a drug, and developed a plan for bringing it to market.
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Hey Zippy! How about that radio interview?
How are you feeling about that 2001 radio interview that has surfaced, with your messiah talking about how unfortunate it was that the Supreme Court and civil rights movement never got around to the wealth redistribution issue? You KNOW better, Zippy. Don't disengage your brain to be cool. If some girl is pressuring you to vote for Obama, you don't need her. She likely has an STD anyway. Assert your independence and vote for McCain.
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FCFA 488 - Fashion Buy Merch Ecommerce
Gives potential fashion retailers the knowledge base to make decisions on buying and merchandising in various retail environments (e.g. store, catalog, e-commerce) to satisfy the customer and to maintain an adequate profit level. Demonstrates mathematical and computer skills in buying and merchandising. Prerequisite: FCFA 280, 415; MGT 300; MKG 300.
College: Applied Science and Technology
Hours: 3
Permission: Y
Prerequisite: FCFA 280
Prerequisite: MGT 300
Prerequisite: MKG 300
Prerequisite: FCFA 415
Co-requisite: none
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iSTATUS :: PG DELIVERED TAG NAME :: [ roadtrips ]
Pay a visit to the sites and landmarks that tell our history
Frances Harper
William Goodridge
William Goodridge made his place in history as an entrepreneur, social organizer and advocate for civil rights in his time. In addition to being one of the most successful men, of any color, in Pennsylvania, he risked it all to help freedom seekers along the underground railroad reach safe destinations in the North. Your journey along his roadtrip will take you to memorials and museums dedicated to Goodridge's legacy as well as sites that mark the times that he lived through.
Thaddeus Stevens
Basil Biggs
Sarah McKim
Sarah and her husband James' contributions to the abolitionist movement were felt throughout the young country. They would make trips to various cities in Pennsylvania from Pittsburgh to Philadelphia and Gettysburg to Erie to represent those being persecuted and needed support. Sarah McKim's roadtrip takes you along the trails of the Civil Rights struggle in Pennsylvania. And guides you through the story of how the country made its way to true equality.
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View Single Post
morphism is offline
Feb19-12, 10:31 PM
Sci Advisor
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P: 2,020
Let a be a nonzero element of R. Here are two independent (but ultimately equivalent) hints to help you show that the inverse of a belongs to R.
Hint A: K(a)=K[a].
Hint B: Write down the inverse of a in F, using the fact that a is algebraic/K.
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"physical" degrees of freedom
by JustinLevy
Tags: degrees, freedom, physical
JustinLevy is offline
Mar29-10, 08:39 AM
P: 886
Starting with the Lagrangian for EM, it looks like there are four degrees of freedom for the four-vector potential. But one term is not physical in that it can be expressed completely in terms of the other degrees of freedom (so it is not a freedom itself), and there is another "freedom" that is not physical because it doesn't effect the equations of motion (the "gauge" freedom).
For interactions with higher symmetries (like the weak force SU(2), or the strong force SU(3)), is there an easy "symmetry argument" for how many of the components of their "potentials" will actually be physical freedoms?
For example, there are 8 gluons. How many physical degrees of freedom are there actually amongst these 8?
Phys.Org News Partner Physics news on Phys.org
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Physics Monkey
Physics Monkey is offline
Mar29-10, 11:06 AM
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The counting is essentially the same at the linearized level. For example, the energy density of a gas of photons is [tex] \epsilon/T^4 = \pi^2/15 [/tex] while the energy density for a gas of free SU(N) gluons (at high temperature, say) is [tex] \epsilon/T^4 = (N^2 - 1) \pi^2/15 [/tex]. In other words, you get one photon contribution for each gauge boson. In general, you would have 2 times the dimension of the adjoint representation degrees of freedom.
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Week 2624 Feb 2013
Atalanta2 - 3Roma
Bologna2 - 1Fiorentina
Cagliari4 - 3Torino
Inter1 - 1Milan
Juventus3 - 0Siena
Lazio2 - 0Pescara
Palermo0 - 0Genoa
Parma1 - 2Catania
Sampdoria2 - 0Chievo
Udinese0 - 0Napoli
Heavy snow made conditions difficult, but Roma fought back to snatch a thrilling 3-2 victory away to Atalanta with Vasilis Torosidis getting his debut goal.
An absolutely spectacular match saw seven goals, two red cards and a last-gasp Cagliari victory.
Milan dominated the first half, but Mario Balotelli was twice denied by Samir Handanovic, so Ezequiel Schelotto came off the bench to give Inter a 1-1 draw in the Derby della Madonnina.
Juventus swept Siena aside 3-0, Paul Pogba completing the rout, but the Tuscans did hit the woodwork twice.
Palermo saw Salvatore Aronica sent off and had more of the ball, but a Sebastien Frey wondersave earned Genoa a point.
Catania continue their march on European qualification after earning a shock 2-1 victory away to Parma.
Andrea Poli and Eder secured Sampdoria’s 2-0 victory over Chievo, but Cristian Puggioni somehow escaped a red card.
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How To Figure Household And Household Income For Obamacare
How to calculate household income | ehow, How to calculate household income. whether you are planning ahead for the coming year, getting ready for tax season or trying to get a handle on your finances, it's. How to calculate my annual household income | ehow, Annual household income is a term used to describe a person's financial status. specifically, it describes the combined income of all the members of a person's. How to calculate obamacare penalties | fox business, Beginning in 2014, individuals without health insurance for up to three consecutive months will face a penalty on their income tax return. here's how to.
Subsidy calculator | the henry j. kaiser family foundation, Notes. the subsidy calculator is based on the affordable care act (aca) as signed into law in 2010, and subsequent regulations issued by health and human services. How to calculate household debt-to-disposable income ratio, To calculate household debt to income ratio take all of your monthly set bills like mortgage, utilities, credit card debt, all loans add this up to get. How to calculate your 2014 obamacare tax credit, How to calculate your 2014 obamacare tax credit. calculate your health insurance cost now. the obamacare health care reform mandate takes effect on january 1, 2014..
How do i calculate the poverty line and median household, Median household income in the united states is about $31,000. so are people who make $250,000 rich? why has the median household income fallen 8.2% since obama has. How to calculate eligibility for health insurance, Under obamacare, individuals making up to about $45,000 and families of four earning up to about $94,000 will be eligible for premium subsidies. Online tax advice - tax preparation help - income tax tips, How most taxpayers spend their refund checks. the average tax refund this year is $3,200. where’s the most likely place that money will end up?.
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New mechanism for superconductivity discovered in iron-based superconductors
Apr 22, 2010
Figure 1: Electronic standing waves in Fe(Se,Te) imaged by scanning tunnelling microscopy. Electronic standing waves are imaged as periodic horizontal and vertical streaks superposed on an inhomogeneous background (left column). Using a mathematical technique known as Fourier transformation, standing waves can be decomposed into components (right column). Bright spots in the Fourier maps, representing scatterings with particular characteristics, exhibit strong magnetic field dependence.
In classical theory, occurs when two electrons are bound together to form a pair, known as a Cooper pair, by lattice vibrations. This pairing mechanism, however, has never been confirmed for high-temperature superconductors, whose transition temperatures well above the theoretical limit of about 40 K pose an enigma for condensed matter physics.
The iron-based superconductors investigated by the research team, first discovered in 2008 by Japanese researchers, offer the greatest chance of solving this enigma. With a maximum of 55K, these superconductors are governed by an electron pairing mechanism that is different from earlier mediated by lattice vibrations, one based on two types of electrons with different momenta.
New mechanism for superconductivity discovered in iron-based superconductors
Magnetic-field induced change in the intensity of electronic standing waves evidencing the “s±-wave” structure. When magnetic field is applied there appear two types of spots; one is enhanced by the field (blue) and the other is suppressed by the field (red). This behavior is evidence of the “s±-wave” structure of Cooper pairs, strongly suggesting a magnetism-related pairing mechanism.
To analyze this complex pairing mechanism, the researchers applied scanning tunnelling microscopy to electron pairing in Fe(Se, Te), the iron-based superconductor with the simplest crystal structure. Imaging electronic standing waves produced by scattering interference under a powerful 10-Tesla magnetic field, they found that Cooper pairs adopted a characteristic “s±-wave” structure that is unique to a material with two types of electrons.
The discovery of s±-wave structure breaks new ground by supporting a mechanism for electron pairing based not on lattice vibrations, as in other forms of superconductivity, but on magnetism. In providing a powerful constraint on , the finding thus marks a major advance toward unraveling the mystery of high-temperature superconductivity.
Explore further: Colored diamonds are a superconductor's best friend
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User comments : 3
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3 / 5 (2) Apr 24, 2010
This experimental discovery is extremely important. It confirms a theory that I have posted on other physics blogs, in various comments, that unifies BCS superconductivity, high temp superconductivity (cuprates) and the pnictides. The theory also extends to quantum phase transitions and superfluidity.
My theory draws from work by Arthur Winfree on coupled oscillators in the late 1960's. Kuramoto and then Steve Strogatz (Sync) developed his work further and extended Winfree's mathematical treatment. The roots go all the way back to Huygens and his pendulum clocks, around 1657.
Limit cycle oscillators have a tendency to couple. When they do, synchrony emerges. The Riken observations describe a synchrony of oscillating magnetic waves, crossing each other. Sailors know this as a seiche. The two sets of waves organize each other, through their interactions, in perfect synchrony. Forget pairing glue; think synchronized oscillations. Cooper pairs; d wave (2 x 2) synchrony; etc.
not rated yet May 01, 2010
I always find it interesting that David Radius Hudson found Superconductive Iron Based compounds and a similar issue and situations with the entire PMG (Platinum Metals Group) but no-one believed him.
Until someone else plays with it and it becomes 'fact'.
I just love it how mainstream science shoots down the very innovators that they speak of celebrating as they don't recognize the form and shape of these innovators.
It just goes to show that emotions, dogma, religion, culture, social cues, and all associated mental states permeate science as deeply as any other topic or human endeavor. The sad part is that science always goes out of it's way to exclaim some sort of immunity to human interference in it's so-called 'logic and reasoning'.
Lessons learned are that if it is mainstream and understood, it is 'average' and has nothing to do with the cutting edge. As well, stop screwing over your innovators, simply due to average scienctwits not understanding their context and metaphor.
1.5 / 5 (2) May 08, 2010
I have elaborated on my prior post (see two above) in another Phys Org article: Watching the Tug of War Between Structure and Superconductivity. My four or five posts appear approximately in the 50 to 60 range of the many posts following that article.
Briefly, structure in the BCS superconductors, in the form of phonons from the lattice, organizes BCS Cooper pairs. That is a synchrony between lattice and electrons, in which the electrons are organized into simple S wave symmetry. In the pnictides, the structure produces intersecting electromagnetic waves, which intersect at a perfect angle, producing more complex synchrony-symmetry, in an S plus minus wave. (Think invisible egg carton.) That organizes holes and other ingredients through which the current passes without friction.
The cuprates have a double interaction emerging from more complex lattice vibrations, which produces two by two or d wave synchrony. That organizes holes, etc. (repeat last sentence in prior para.)
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March Renaissance Fair
Due March 16th, 2010
Fair: March 18th – 6:30 to 7:30pm
Here Ye! Here Ye! This is thy project for the Middle Ages and Renaissance sections of thy World History book. Thee and thy fellow workers hath been assigned a particular area of Medieval Europe to explore.
To understand the Renaissance by studying one aspect of the Renaissance.
Thy group has this particular area of the Renaissance:
Artists Scientists
Clothing/Food/Customs Clothing/Food/Customs
Builders/Castles Warriors/Weapons
Plays/Playwrights Kings/Leaders
For thy grade thou wilt do the following:
1. Write a one page report about thy subject (each person)
2. Two design a booth about thy subject to be shown to the school & your parents.
3. Design something interesting to do at your booth.
4. Design a short presentation for your booth: Have a short play, a demonstration, or presentation for people who come to your booth.
Report: (100 points) – per person
For people:
Who were they? What did they do? Where they did live? Why were they important? When did they live? How did they accomplish their goals?
For Buildings or things that were made:
How was it built or made? What materials were used? Why was it made? How was it used in history? How did it change? Is it still used?
Booth: (100 points) – as a group
Design a table with a poster-board or other materials that tell about your area – the concept is similar to a science fair project - Your group should work together using the gathered information to create a booth.
Something Interesting: (50 points) – as a group
You must provide something for people to do when they come to your booth: e.g. Paint a picture, build something, eat something, take a quiz, do a crossword, dress up – etc.
Presentation: (50 points) – as a group
You will need to write a script for a play, or have a set presentation for groups of people coming to your table – showing the different people you have or demonstrating the things you have at your table.
Artists - Raphael, Michelangelo, Da Vinci, & Giotto
Scientists - Newton, Galileo, Copernicus, & Gutenberg
Builders/Castles – cathedrals, castles, the Globe Theater, monasteries, & convents.
Warriors/Weapons – knights, squires, long bow, & cannons.
Playwrights/Writers – Shakespeare, Dante, Cervantes, & troubadours.
Kings/Leaders -Charlemagne, William the Conqueror, Elizabeth the 1st, & Louis IX
Internet Resources:
PLEASE USE the sites I have given for this topic (on website: Doing searches on the net can sometimes give you more information that you want on the topic.
General Resources:
For People:
Foods/customs/clothing –
Artists :
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Crocs cleverer than previously thought
Washington, Dec 05 : It seems that the crocodile can be a shrewd hunter himself, as a new study has revealed that some crocodiles use lures to hunt their prey.
Vladimir Dinets, a research assistant professor in the Department of Psychology at University of Tennessee, Knoxville, is the first to observe two crocodilian species- muggers and American alligators- using twigs and sticks to lure birds, particularly during nest-building time.
"This study changes the way crocodiles have historically been viewed," Dinets said. "They are typically seen as lethargic, stupid and boring but now they are known to exhibit flexible multimodal signaling, advanced parental care and highly coordinated group hunting tactics."
The observations could mean the behavior is more widespread within the reptilian group and could also shed light on how crocodiles' extinct relatives-dinosaurs-behaved.
The study was published in the journal Ethology, Ecology and Evolution.
--ANI (Posted on 05-12-2013)
technology-news headlines
NASA's WISE survey finds no 'Planet X'
Mars meteorite could solve mysteries of Red Planet
Reveal your caffeine persona with this App!
Magnetism could help explain mystery of planet-forming disks
How Earth is protected from space weather
Nearby star's icy debris suggests 'shepherd' planet
Two distinct volcanic eruptions flood ancient plains of Mars with lava
Hubble clicks pic of mysteriously disintegrating asteroid
Future lunar missions may be fuelled in space depot
Soon, withdraw cash using Google Glass
Hubble captures giant asteroid's disintegration
Revealed: how earth gets protection from space weather
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What is Soil?
Soil is a living, dynamic resource that supports plant life. It is made up of different size mineral particles (sand, silt, and clay), organic matter, and numerous species of living organisms. Soil has biological, chemical, and physical properties that are always changing.
What is Soil Survey?
Soil survey is a scientific inventory of one of our most basic and important natural resources—the soil. Soil surveys provide the basic information needed to manage soil sustainably. They also provide information needed to protect water quality, wetlands, and wildlife habitat. Soil surveys are the basis for predicting the behavior of a soil under alternative uses, its potential erosion hazard, potential for ground water contamination, suitability and productivity for cultivated crops, trees, and grasses. Soil surveys are important to planners, engineers, zoning commissions, tax commissioners, homeowners, developers, as well as agricultural producers.
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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Artist file
Yu-Gi-Oh! is a popular game, Japanese anime and manga franchise created by Kazuki Takahashi that mainly involves the card game called Duel Monsters (originally known as Magic & Wizards), wherein each player uses cards in order to play one another. Yu-Gi-Oh!, known in Japan and the rest of Asia as Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters (遊☆戯☆王デュエル モンスターズ, Yūgiō Dyueru Monsutāzu?) is an anime based on the Yu-Gi-Oh! manga.
Radios stations playing Yu-Gi-Oh!
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Radio stations often playing Yu-Gi-Oh!
Anime Sekai
Radio dedicada a musica anime, openings, endings, j-rock, j-pop, vocaloid, k-rock, k-pop, videojuegos. un lugar de encuentro, para los verdaderos Otakus. Radio dedicated to anime music, openings, endings, j-rock, j-pop, k-rock, k-pop, video games. for real Otakus Website :
Play this radio station
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How do sockets send and read, through separate packets or will it concatenate them?
Let's say the client uses the send function twice to the server.
The server receives the packets, will it have to use read once or twice?
Client sends("Packet1")
Client sends("Packet2")
Server reads("Packet1")
Server reads("Packet2")
Server reads("Packet1Packet2")
Not necessarily. As a rule, you should read as much as you expect (repeatedly in a loop if necessary).
It also depends whether using TCP or UDP. UDP will have to read twice. TCP, it depends.
EDIT: For UDP, provided that you asked to read the number of bytes or max number of bytes you would expect your message should be.
Last edited on
For TCP, server may be able to read them both at the same time, assuming the buffer is big enough (Think about it like a network console).
UDP, as histrungalot said, will read them separately, assuming the messages reach the server.
Last edited on
TCP will split and join them up in unpredictable ways depending on the channel quality and how quick the sends are apart. Check out RFC-793 to understand why.
You have to re-assemble at the receiver, and decide where one packet starts and ends. Most often you will have to insert unique "start-of-packet" and "end-of_packet" markers in the stream to give the receiver a clue.
TCP/IP is a stream over a "connection", guaranteed to be error-free (or not at all) after all the retries have finished, while UDP/IP is just single packets that are dispatched (which can be lost or corrupted) but are adequate for a lot of tasks.
Wireshark and Ethereal are good teaching tools if you are playing around with networking.
Topic archived. No new replies allowed.
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AIDS and Intravenous Drug Use - Hiv/aids—the Background
people virus cd4 infection
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first detected in 1981 and has been claiming lives since then all over the world. The virus causes an infectious disease that, if left untreated, rapidly develops into acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). People often use the abbreviations HIV and AIDS interchangeably, but there is a definite progression. HIV infection comes first and AIDS is the last stage of the disease. A small percentage of those testing positive for HIV remain unaffected by the disease and do not develop AIDS. They are known as "non-progressors." In most people HIV progresses to AIDS, and AIDS is still incurable and invariably fatal. The progression to AIDS can be slowed but not yet prevented.
HIV interferes with and ultimately blocks the body's immune system. Infected people have a reduced count of a crucial blood cell called CD4 lymphocyte. When CD4 is present, it prevents the onset of many fatal infections and cancers. In HIV-negative healthy people the CD4 count is between 500 and 1,500 cells per cubic millimeter of blood. CD4 counts below 350 may signal HIV infection; levels below 200 are considered to indicate the presence of AIDS ("AIDS," MEDLINEplus, a service of the National Library of Medicine and the National Institutes of Health,
Only a test administered by a qualified health professional can absolutely diagnose HIV infection. In addition to having one or more opportunistic infections (bacterial, fungal, protozoal, and viral agents that take advantage of an immune system weakened by HIV), infected individuals also have other symptoms. They may experience a general malaise, weight loss, nausea, fever, night sweats, swollen lymph glands, persistent cough, unexplained bleeding, watery diarrhea, loss of memory, balance problems, mood changes, blurring or loss of vision, and thrush (a white coating of the tongue and throat). Individuals who die of AIDS die of opportunistic infections and cancers, not of the virus; the effect of the virus is to weaken their bodily defenses.
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Chinese Cuisine
A meal in Chinese culture is typically seen as consisting of two or more general components: (1) a carbohydrate source or starch, typically rice, noodles, or mantou (steamed buns), and (2) accompanying dishes of vegetables, meat, fish, or other items. This cultural conceptualization is in some ways in contrast to cuisines of Northern Europe and the USA, where meat or animal protein is often considered the main dish, and analogous to the one of most Mediterranean cuisines, based typically on wheat-derived components like pasta or cous cous.
Rice is a critical part of much of Chinese cuisine. However, in many parts of China, particularly northern China, wheat-based products including noodles and steamed buns (such as mantou) predominate, in contrast to southern China where rice is dominant. Despite the importance of rice in Chinese cuisine, at extremely formal occasions, sometimes no rice at all will be served; in such a case, rice would only be provided when no other dishes remained, or as a token dish in the form of fried rice at the end of the meal. Soup is usually served at the start of a meal and at the end of a meal in Southern China.
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Debug Bar Hook Log
Logs and displays a filterable list of all hooks called during the request, with their arguments
Adds a new tab to Debug Bar that displays the hooks that were called during the page request.
You can live-filter the hooks that are displayed to hide noisy information like translation, options, and sanitization
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Emmy Noether biography
Amalie Emmy Noether was born in Germany on March 23, 1882. She taught at the University of Göttingen until the Nazi regime dismissed all Jewish professors. Noether then moved to Bryn Mawr College in the U.S. Her groundbreaking work in abstract algebra and theoretical physics led to concepts like "Noether's Theorem," "Noetherian rings," and "Noetherian induction."
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| 0.993139 |
Climate evolution Climate evolution
Life on Earth is affected by aerosols in different ways. They play an important role in the climate system; the effect of aerosols on the global climate system is one of the major uncertainties of present climate predictions. They play a major role in atmospheric chemistry and hence affect the concentrations of other potentially harmful atmospheric constituents, e.g. ozone. They are an important controlling factor for the radiation budget, in particular in the UV-B part of the spectrum. At ground level, they can be harmful, even toxic, to man, animals, and plants. Because of these adverse effects that aerosols can have on human life, it is necessary to achieve an advanced understanding of the processes that generate, redistribute, and remove aerosols in the atmosphere. A quantitative data set describing the aerosol vertical, horizontal, and temporal distribution, including its variability on a continental scale, is necessary. No suitable data set for this purpose presently exists. in this framework, ALS instruments match exactly these needs, e. g. being a part of a Lidar network thanks to its autonomous unattended capabilities, in order to store data measurement on cirrus clouds frequency and altitude, aerosol densities, planetary boundary layer height, temporal evolution and particle asphericity detection thanks to its depolarization channel.
Transcontinental aerosol transport Transcontinental aerosol transport
Aerosols may have a greater impact on patterns of overall rainfall and future climate change than previously thought. For example, the extensive pollution haze from Asia may be re-shaping rainfall patterns in Northern Australia. Recent climate modelling shows that there may be important effects on Southern hemisphere climate due to aerosol pollution from the Northern Hemisphere. These include an increase of rainfall in certain areas, and an increase of air pressure over others, which may have contributed to less rainfall there. ALS can measure and detect different aerosol layers and post-treatment using the backscattering trajectories enable to identify the original pollution source causing major climate changes.
Clouds and Aerosols properties Clouds and Aerosols properties
Aerosols influence climate through different pathways, directly on the scattering and absorption of radiation, and indirectly on the processes of cloud formation and microphysics. Monitoring the global distribution of aerosols is required to better understand the Earth climate changes, especially in order to slow the global warming and controlling the emissions of light-absorbing particles. For this reason, ALS is a ground-based optical remote sensing instrument designed to determine the vertical and horizontal properties of the atmosphere because a bigger concentration in aerosol will be evident as an increase or spike in the back-scattered signal profile, since, for example, the water droplets that make up the cloud will produce a lot of backscatter.
Lastest News
American Meteorological Society annual meeting will be held in Atlanta from the 17th to the 21st of January 2010. The 90th meeting will focus on "Weather, Climate and Subject: New demands on science & services". We will be pleased to welcome you on our [...] Read more »
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Latest Issue of Science News
Cancer plaguing Tasmanian devils began in one animal's nerve cells
Genetics provide a starting point for diagnosis and potential vaccines
Scientists have discovered the true identity of a contagious form of cancer that is killing Tasmanian devils. The cancer, called devil facial tumor disease, stems from cells that normally insulate nerve fibers, a new study shows.
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In the last five years, the area of the oceans under protection doubled, a welcome development but still, less than 1% of the oceans are protected, woefully inadequate considering the barrage of threats they face including climate change, over-fishing, pollution, invasive species and oil and gas exploration.
Concrete steps
But all is not lost. Many practical and concrete steps can be taken to reduce these threats. Worldwide initiatives by IUCN and its Members and partners are leading to better ocean protection and management. Significant advances are being seen in areas such as marine-based measures to tackle climate change, sustainable fisheries management, the creation of marine protected areas and the development of stronger marine laws and regulations.
Increased awareness
IUCN provides decision makers with concrete examples of how sustainable management of marine and coastal ecosystems can both reduce carbon emissions and help people adapt to the impacts of climate change such as extreme weather. All over the world coastal communities are valuing and protecting their critical ecosystems such as coral reefs and mangroves.
Clean must be green
Offshore energy installations may cause some significant environmental threats but can also bring important benefits, both to nature and to society. Knowing that clean does not always mean green, IUCN is working with the private sector to highlight the importance of safeguarding biodiversity while developing these renewable energy sources. Careful management and monitoring are necessary to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks.
More than ever, people are aware that the oceans need our help if we want them to continue delivering the goods and services that we’ve enjoyed for generations. With sound planning and management, many of the potential negative impacts on the oceans can be avoided.
Our May Focus highlights the enormous potential the oceans offer in meeting human challenges such as tackling climate change and finding clean, renewable energy sources. Read the opinions of IUCN experts, learn some interesting facts about the oceans, browse our marine photo gallery, and test your knowledge of marine issues by having a go at our quiz.
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Expressive Fluency
Expressive Fluency
By: Lauren Sprouse
Growing Independence and Fluency
Rationale: Once you have reached fluency in your reading, you are now an expert reader! Fluency is the ability to identify words accurately, rapidly and automatically and to read at the rate in which you speak. There are three significant skills needed to become a fluent reader: the ability to read faster, smoother, and more emotionally. To gain fluency, students need to read and reread the same text multiple times so that they will learn to recognize all of the words automatically. This lesson will have students read decodable text with partners.
∙A copy of Amelia Bedelia for each student
∙A Partner Check Sheet for each student
Partner Check Sheet
When I listened to my partner read:
After 2nd read After 3rd read
1. Remembered more words ________________ ________________
2. Read faster ________________ ________________
3. Read smoother ________________ ________________
4. Read with expression ________________ ________________
Name of Partner: ____________________________________
1. Explain to the students what it means to be a fluent reader. Say: “Today we are going to talk about how important fluency is. To be fluent readers we need to read with expression, which means that we put feeling and emotion in our voice; we read smoothly and we read rapidly, at a speaking speed.” Explain to your students that today we will be reading and rereading the story Amelia Bedelia. Rereading the text will help us become more fluent readers. Reassure them that they might not know every word the first time they read it through but that they need to use the crosschecking method to figure out the word. Crosschecking is after correcting the word the reader re reads the sentence. Next time they read this story they should be able to recognize the word with a little more ease and by the last time they hopefully should know how to read the word fluently.
2. Write the sentence “Amelia Bedelia loves cleaning! Do you like cleaning?” on the board. Model for the students two ways to read this sentence. The first way you read it should be slow and drawn out. For example, say “A-m-e-l-I-a B-e-d-e-l-I-a l-o-o-v-v-e-e-s c-l-e-a-n-I-n-g! D-o y-o-o-u-u l-I-k-e c-l-e-a-n-I-n-g-g??” Next model for the students how to read this sentence fluently. “Amelia Bedelia loves cleaning! Do you like cleaning?” Ask the students which way sounds better the first way when I said it really slow or the second way when I read it fluently with expression?
3. Engage the students in a book talk about the story Amelia Bedelia. This story is about a girl who loves to help people out. Amelia Bedelia helps two people out with their house. Some of her ways are not the best way to help people. Do you think her ways are helpful?. What will happen? Do you think the house owners will like their house? Let’s read the story to find out.
4. Have the students partner up and go to different places in the room. Each child should receive a Partner Check List. Explain to the students that one person is going to be the “reader” while the other person is the “recorder”. The reader will read the book three different times and the recorder will write down the number of words read each time. Also mark on the partner read sheet, after the 2nd and 3rd time, the changes in your partners reading. The recorder records how well the student comprehends the story.
5. For assessment, the teacher will call students up individually and have them bring their Recording sheets. Have the students recall what happened in the story to assess their comprehension skills. The teacher will ask many questions about the story like: Does Amelia have fun while working? What did she do? What chores does Amelia do? Does she do the chores correctly? Does she make the home keepers happy? Why or why not? Did she get in trouble?
Amelia Bedelia by: Peggy Parish; Scholastic Publication Date: September 1993
http://www.auburn.edu/academic/education/reading_genie/doorways/hausfeldagf.htm Alle Hausfeld (Let's Go Fly A Kite For Fluency)
http://www.auburn.edu/academic/education/reading_genie/awakenings/iveyjgf.htm Jennifer Ivey (Express Yourself)
Return to Epiphanies Index
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Understanding How Piezoelectrics Work
They examined two of the most commonly used piezoelectric compounds—the ferroelectric PZT and the relaxor PMN—which look similar on a microscopic scale. Both are crystalline materials composed of cube-shaped unit cells containing one lead atom and three oxygen atoms. The essential difference is found at the centers of the cells. In PZT, these are randomly occupied by either one zirconium atom or one titanium atom, both having the same electric charge. But, in PMN, one finds either niobium or manganese with very different electric charges. The differently charged atoms produce strong electric fields that vary randomly from one unit cell to another in PMN and other relaxors, a situation absent in PZT.
Using neutron beams revealed new details about where the atoms in the unit cells were located. In PZT, the atoms sat more or less right where expected, but in the PMN, their locations deviated from expected positions. The neutron beams scattered off PMN crystals in a butterfly shape, which reveals the nanoscale structure that exists in PMN, but not in PZT.
They believe that this butterfly-shaped scattering might be a characteristic signature of relaxors. Additional tests the team performed showed that PMN-based relaxors are more than 100 percent more sensitive to mechanical stimulation compared to PZT, another first-time measurement.
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Politics | WCTV Eyewitness News: Tallahassee, Thomasville, Valdosta
Giuliani Campaigns in Florida
HIALEAH, Fla. (AP) _ As his rivals focused on the Iowa caucuses,
Republican presidential hopeful Rudy Giuliani sought to shore up
support in Florida, a state he considers crucial to his campaign.
At a rally in Hialeah yesterday, the former New York City mayor recalled another close election in asking the mostly Cuban-American
crowd for their help, votes and support.
But experts have questioned whether Giuliani's campaign can survive a series of early losses. And the Republican winner in Florida will get fewer delegates to the nominating convention because the state broke national party rules by holding the primary before February 5th.
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WCTV 1801 Halstead Blvd. Tallahassee, FL 32309
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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Matt L. ...Of course all of these things require much more labor than memorization or rule-following. But, as the exercise gurus like to say, "no pain, no gain." And that's why we call memorization and rule-following "mechanical," after all: they can be done by a machine. True learning, and true teaching, is always humane, always exciting, always transformative - never mechanical.
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With today's inflated gas prices and emission-sensitive state, the idea of building a high-power hot rod is a rather drab concept-the dawning of a new era has crept up on us.
The diesel engine has come to bring a new name to hot rods-enter the sport truck. Truck consumers have realized the value of the diesel powerplant. Its ability to sip fuel for economy or burn loads of fuel to deliver remarkable power has made the oil-burning powerplant a must for many truck enthusiasts.
Of course, there are those who refuse to take off the hater vision, when it comes to diesel, but there are some facts that may change their mind. The refinement of solid state powerplant management has changed the stinking, black smoke-bellowing slug into a viable option as a replacement powerplant over gas-powered engines.
This can be not only seen in the sheer numbers of diesel trucks on the road but by sanctioning bodies dedicating entire divisions to diesel racing in pulling competitions and quarter-mile drags.
What Is Diesel?
Diesel is an extract of crude oil. It consists of heavier hydrocarbons than gas. This basically means that diesel has more substance in its makeup, and its boiling point is higher than gasoline. Here's how diesel and gas is made.
Crude oil is cracked or refined by a distilling process. The crude is heated till it starts to vaporize in the distillation column. The column is like a tall cylinder that has extraction points at different heights along its side. The oil is super heated to about 1,100 degrees Fahrenheit, which allows the crude to release its hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons are collected and made into different products.
The distilling process separates the carbons according to their hydrocarbon chain. A hydrocarbon chain is how many carbons are bonded together. The longer the hydrocarbon chain the higher the boiling point. The vaporization process allows these hydrocarbons to separate from the crude and coagulate at their cooling temperature, so they can be extracted and used.
The top portion of the distillation column is cooled to about 70 degrees Fahrenheit. Hydrocarbons at this level share a four-carbon bond, called a hydrocarbon chain, that forms lightweight, low-boiling-point gases. Gas is extracted from the column, just below the upper portion of the column at about 150 degrees Fahrenheit. Farther down the column-much farther-you will find diesel extraction at about 400 degrees Fahrenheit. This shows that gasoline is more of a flashing agent and burns significantly different from diesel.
How Is Diesel Different From Gas?
In order to compare diesel to gasoline, it's important to understand how power is made from fuel in the combustion cycle, and the mechanical differences between gasoline and diesel. Power is made in a combustion engine by an explosion of fuel on top of the piston, which pushes the rotating assembly through to the next combustion cycle. What makes gas and diesel different is how the fuel burns and the power displaced by the explosion.
The power produced in the combustion is relative to the amount of heat that is generated by the burning fuel. Fuels have what's known as a British Thermal Unit (BTU) rating. A BTU is defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water by one degree Fahrenheit at its maximum density, which occurs at a temperature of 39.1 degrees Fahrenheit.
It takes about half of a drop (0.002194 fluid ounce) of gasoline to provide enough power to achieve 1.028264 BTUs, which is about the same amount of heat generated by a sulfur match. One drop of gas holds enough energy to effectively produce 2.056527 BTUs. Of course, moving a 7,000-pound mass is significantly more work than changing the temperature of a pound of water. The power output of one drop of gas is also equal to 0.010282635 horsepower. Of course, a fuel's BTU rating is measured by the amount of output produced by one U.S. gallon.
There are 455.865637 drops in a U.S. fluid ounce, 128 ounces to one U.S. gallon, which equates to 58,350.8 drops in one gallon. So, if one drop of gas makes 2.056527 BTUs, then 58,350.8 droplets produce 120,000 BTUs. The energy put out by a drop of gas can also be measured in horsepower. One drop of gas produces 0.010282635 horsepower, so the same math will conclude a U.S. gallon of gasoline can produce 600 horsepower for one minute or 36,000 horsepower in a second.
Gas is constructed of eight carbons bonded together making the molecular structure light. This makes gas have a flash point of -40 degrees Fahrenheit. Diesel No. 2 (average pump fuel), which is constructed of a 16-carbon bond is obviously heavier, and it has a flash point of 125 degrees Fahrenheit. This means it takes 165 degrees Fahrenheit more heat to ignite diesel than gas. The added density and makeup of diesel fuel increases the temperature it produces, giving diesels a 145,000 BTU rating. Even if the Brake Specific Fuel Consumption between gas and diesel was equal, the diesel would have a 17.2 percent increase in power. This would mean that a gallon of diesel fuel would make 703 horsepower for 1 minute or 42,180 horsepower in one second.
This factor doesn't include the fact that diesel also sustains power over a much wider rpm range. When gas ignites, it combusts quickly, which means it supplies all its power potential in a small window of the combustion stroke. Diesel is directly injected into the cylinder and is sprayed through an optimum duration in the combustion cycle. With the addition of super-high compression ratios, diesel makes much more torque. The high flash rate of diesel makes it predictable and stable. A diesel can operate within a wide range of air/fuel ratios, allowing it to sip fuel or burn gobs of fuel to make incredible power. This dramatically affects engine efficiency.
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) is a measure of how many pounds of fuel it takes to make 1 hp for 1 hour. The BSFC coefficient is derived by the engine's efficiency. The known coefficient used for an internal combustion engine is as follows:
diesel engines
Fuel-injected four-stroke
gasoline engines
four-stroke engines
Engines don't maintain a fixed BSFC over their entire range. Typically, an engine achieves its highest BSFC rating when producing only a fraction of its rated power. This is due to thermodynamic factors which limit the engine's efficiency when it runs cold. BSFCs typically reach their lowest value for the engine in the 50-80 percent power range, then, begin to trend upward again as friction begins to play a dominant role, and the mixture must be enriched to provide for adequate engine cooling.
Why Don't Diesels Make High Horsepower?
Horsepower and torque are methods for measuring raw power. Measuring raw power is done by figuring the amount of work that can be done by the raw power. Horsepower is the speed at which a given load can be moved, while torque is how much that load weighs. Diesel engines don't spin high rpm, preventing them from making great horsepower, but allowing them to produce phenomenal amounts of torque. High rpm can also increase the wear on bearings and seals. Because diesel makes power at a lower rpm, it doesn't wear some of the components as fast as gas.
Diesel engines are modeled after tractors that were designed to have a long life expectancy. Many of the components are built heavy duty to sustain heavy work loads for long durations of time. A certain amount of the energy made by the combustion is used to work the engine. The heavier the rotating assembly, the greater the amount of energy is needed from the combustion cycle to move the assembly. Because of the laws of physics on this planet, as the rpm speed is increased, the rotating weight multiplies, requiring more power per rotating pound to accelerate the rotating mass.
Another factor that works against a diesel from spinning higher rpm is that diesel fuel has a slow burn rate. The fuel is injected into the cylinder on the compression cycle for a long duration as the piston moves down the bore. The slow-burning fuel provides a steady pressure on the piston producing high torque. Faster piston speed wouldn't reduce the amount of time the injection system had to pump the fuel into the cylinder. With gasoline, the combustion happens so fast the fuel is spent within a couple degrees of the compression cycle.
Enhancing Diesel Performance
With a diesel ignition, timing is controlled by fuel. Fuel is injected directly into the combustion chamber, which starts to burn immediately due to cylinder temperatures. A high-pressure high-volume (more like a hydraulic pump) fuel pump sprays the fuel out of the injector at a high rate. The pump is run anywhere from 17,000 to 27,000 psi, depending on the injection system. This moves the fuel so quick the fuel burn never touches the injector until the injector stops releasing fuel.
The ignition timing is established by how long and when the fuel is sprayed into the cylinder. The wide range of completion ratios that diesel will operate in means all you need to do is add fuel and air. With electronic-controlled fuel injection and wastages, adding air and fuel can be done with a plug-and-play piggyback computer. Of course, your air intakes and exhaust enhancers will allow you to move more air, providing the ability to burn more fuel. Propane and nitrous oxygenate the fuel again, allowing the ability to burn more fuel.
Diesel in Racing
The diesel era is here. What once was tractors pulling sleds has evolved into gathering of oil-burners pulling sleds and quarter-mile competition. In fact, sanctioning bodies such as Diesel Hot Rod Association (DHRA) have put together a series of drag races just for diesels.
Is Diesel the Answer to a Depleting Gas Resource?
What if we were to run out of crude oil? This leaves little provisions for implementing a new fuel resource and distribution channel to bring whatever fuel change into effect. So what's a nation to do when rotten dinosaur carcasses can no longer support the level of consumption in a modern age? Turn to a renewable source, that's what. Biodiesel is biodegradable, nontoxic, and is essentially free of sulfur and aromatics. It's a renewable resource, based on soybean and other oil crops that are grown domestically. In fact, most pump diesel already contains as much as 20 percent biodiesel.
A Glance at the Differences Between Gasoline and Diesel
Fuel Pressure: 40-90 psi 17,000 to 27,000 pounds
of fuel pressure
Fuel Injection: Direct Port Injection Direct Cylinder Injection
Ignition Source: Spark Plug Compression Heat
Air/Fuel Ratio: 12.1:1 to 14.7:1 25.0:1 to 100.0:1
Compression Ratios: 8.0:1 to 11.0:1 (17.0:1 race gas) 17.0:1 to 20.0:1
Ignition Timing: Coil Spark Fuel Injection
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Dr. Samuel Christian Frederic Hahnemann
Samuel Hahnemann
Samuel Hahnemann was the founder of Homoeopathy. He established the fundamental principles of the science and art of Homoeopathy.
Dr. Hahnemann espoused the law of cure known as "Similia Similibus Curentur", or "Like Cures Like". This means that a remedy that produces symptoms in a healthy person will cure those same symptoms when manifested by a person in a diseased state. This law of cure has been verified by millions of homoeopaths all over the world since the time of Hahnemann.
Hahnemann discovered the primary and secondary actions of remedies. The primary action results from the first encounter between the vital force and the external agent, and the secondary action is a result of the vital force's reaction to the symptoms of that primary encounter. This discovery led him to the curative powers of poisonous substances.
Dr. Hahnemann described the different aspects of 'acute' and 'chronic' diseases. Acute diseases are transitory; they have a beginning and an end, whereas the chronic diseases are co-existent with life. Either they are present in a manifest or a latent state. From this work came the chronic miasms of Psora, Syphilis, and Sycosis.
Dr. Hahnemann was the progenitor of several modern medical approaches. Deeming the treatment of insane patients to be cruel and harmful, he advised a humane treatment for the insane. He cured many insane patients with homeopathy, and became famous for this success.
Dr. Hahnemann was quick to recognize poor hygiene as a contributory cause to the spread of disease. His success with cholera and typhoid fever was in part due to this recognition. Hahnemann also emphasized the importance of nursing, diet, bed rest, and isolation of patients during epidemic diseases. Hahnemann described 'Noxious' principles as the precursors of certain disease states.
Dr. Hahnemann treated thousands of difficult and chronic cases that defied the best care from allopaths all over Europe. Thus, he became so famous that physicians from Europe and America came to him for coaching in the new science and art of healing, called Homoeopathy.
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These lessons and units demonstrate how our resources and our Scope and Sequence can be applied within a classroom setting. Since every learning context is unique, we expect educators to adapt these ideas to their own students' needs. Lessons can be used individually and typically include activities that run between one and two hours, while units group together a series of lessons that address the same resource or theme.
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Single-base extension
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
Single-base extension (SBE) is a method for determining the identity of a nucleotide base at a specific position along a nucleic acid. The method is used to identify a single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP).
In the method, an oligonucleotide primer hybridizes to a complementary region along the nucleic acid, to form a duplex, with the primer’s terminal 3’ end directly adjacent to the nucleotide base to be identified. The oligonucleotide primer is enzymatically extended a single base by a nucleotide terminator complementary to the nucleotide being identified. The terminator prevents additional nucleotides from being incorporated. Many approaches can be taken for determining the identity of a terminator, including fluorescence labeling, mass labeling for mass spectrometry, measuring enzyme activity using a protein moiety, and isotope labeling.
The method was invented by Phillip Goelet, Michael Knapp, Richard Douglas and Stephen Anderson while working at the company Molecular Tool. The Illumina Methylation Assay utilizes this method in their Infinium technology to measure DNA methylation levels in the human genome.
• Philip Goelet, Michael R. Knapp, Stephen Anderson, (1999), U.S. Patent No 5,888,819. Washington, DC: U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.
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Williams to Knicks
1. How Deron Williams almost became a Knick (instead of ‘Melo)
Mar 10, 2011, 9:08 PM EDT
Deron Williams, Avery Johnson, Billy King
If the Denver Nuggets front office had gotten their wishes — if they could have traded Carmelo Anthony to the New Jersey Nets for Derrick Favors and picks rather than to New York — then Deron Williams would be a Knick today. In one of the infinite alternate universes that is the reality, but in…
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
I happen to come across some similar kind of programming styles mostly when there is an Float or Double operations.
ratio = 1.0 * (top - bottom) / (right - left);
All variables involved are float.
What is the significance of having 1.0 multiplied to the result?
As per my thinking multiplying 1.0 is some extra burden.Since the result wont change.
Or is it similar to write an condition having and 1==1.
P.S: There are some situations where in some variables(except ratio) are assigned to non Float/double values as a long or integer.
share|improve this question
What language? What platform? – Oded Dec 16 '11 at 9:58
@Oded Have seen this in C++,Delphi. – Shirish11 Dec 16 '11 at 10:04
real factor 1.0 causes compiler to treat a part of expression as real (which can be integer otherwise), that's all – OnTheFly Dec 16 '11 at 10:25
Split your statement into three-address code to figure out where type conversion might occur. [Aho, Sethi, Ullman] for more details. – OnTheFly Dec 16 '11 at 10:33
@user539484: It does not depend on three-address-code, but rather on the rules of the language (in particular precedence ordering and automatic type conversions/promotions). – phresnel Dec 16 '11 at 10:45
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3 Answers
up vote 8 down vote accepted
When one or more of the variables top, bottom etc. are of type double then the multiplication by 1.0 is pointless. You should simply remove it since it serves no purpose. When all of the variables are of type float then the multiplication by the double literal 1.0 forces the expression to be evaluated with double precision arithmetic.
On the other hand, when all of the variables are integers, the multiplication by 1.0 forces the calculation to be performed with floating point arithmetic. Without the multiplication the calculation would be performed with integer arithmetic which would yield a different result.
My guess is that the code originally used integers and the 1.0 was needed. At some point in time the code was changed to use floating point variables but the now spurious multiplication was not removed.
If you saw such an expression in Delphi code then you should simply remove the multiplication. The presence of a division operator forces the expression to be evaluated as a floating point expression.
The rules for Delphi expression evaluation are a little different from C and C++. In C and C++ a single symbol, / is used for both integer and floating point division, with the context of the expression determined which form of division is used. In Delphi / is floating point division and div is integer division.
share|improve this answer
I think the last part is ambiguous: division is a separate operator in Delphi, div and the / operator always means floating point division. I propose division is a separate operator in Delphi (namely div), the / operator always means floating point division – phresnel Dec 16 '11 at 10:42
Yeah, that's better than my proposal :) – phresnel Dec 16 '11 at 10:45
add comment
In C++, the rule of thumb is
If the operation involves a floating type, both operands are converted to the floating type (the result is of floating type)
Keep in mind that operation is very related to operator. And the order of operations is determined by operator precedence.
Precedence of the basic operations in C++ is quite natural w.r.t. maths:
• *,/ happen before +,-
• expressions within (, ) happen first
So if you have
float f = 1.0f + 1 / 2;
// then `f` will be `1.0f`, because
int sub = 1 / 2 ; // <- an integer division, happens first and gives 0
float f = 1.0f + sub; // <- 0 because the division result was evaluated first
The final result is of type float because the last operations is a float + int.
Another example, involving braced expressions:
float f = (1.0f + 1) / 4;
// `f` will be `0.5` this time. The braced expressions happens first:
float sub = 1.0f + 1; // float + int = float
float f = sub / 4; // float / int = float
Here it is important to note that the conversion of 4 to 4.0f happens before the operation, like in this exemplary assembly:
// [mnemomic] [what]+ [target]
fload 1.0f, float_register_0
fload 1, float_register_1
fadd float_register_0, float_register_1, float_register_2 // sub is in [2]
fload 4, float_register_3 // 4 is in [3]
fdiv float_register_2, float_register_3, f // [2]/[3] -> f
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In C++, 1.0 is a double, so it would increase the precision of the calculations. It would be clearer to just explicitly cast to double if that's the intention though. It's also not in an ideal place in the expression if this is the intention (top-bottom will be evaluated before the increase in precision).
There could hypothetically be additional reasons for it though, like the constant used to be 2.0 but over time was fine-tuned to 1.0, hiding the original reason for this multiplication. Judging from the calculation you're performing, I don't think this was the case.
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Your Answer
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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
An open surface with X-, Y-, and Z-contours shown.
To say that a surface is "two-dimensional" means that, about each point, there is a coordinate patch on which a two-dimensional coordinate system is defined. For example, the surface of the Earth is (ideally) a two-dimensional sphere, and latitude and longitude provide two-dimensional coordinates on it (except at the poles and along the 180th meridian).
Definitions and first examples
A (topological) surface is a nonempty second countable Hausdorff topological space in which every point has an open neighbourhood homeomorphic to some open subset of the Euclidean plane E2. Such a neighborhood, together with the corresponding homeomorphism, is known as a (coordinate) chart. It is through this chart that the neighborhood inherits the standard coordinates on the Euclidean plane. These coordinates are known as local coordinates and these homeomorphisms lead us to describe surfaces as being locally Euclidean.
More generally, a (topological) surface with boundary is a Hausdorff topological space in which every point has an open neighbourhood homeomorphic to some open subset of the closure of the upper half-plane H2 in C. These homeomorphisms are also known as (coordinate) charts. The boundary of the upper half-plane is the x-axis. A point on the surface mapped via a chart to the x-axis is termed a boundary point. The collection of such points is known as the boundary of the surface which is necessarily a one-manifold, that is, the union of closed curves. On the other hand, a point mapped to above the x-axis is an interior point. The collection of interior points is the interior of the surface which is always non-empty. The closed disk is a simple example of a surface with boundary. The boundary of the disc is a circle.
The term surface used without qualification refers to surfaces without boundary. In particular, a surface with empty boundary is a surface in the usual sense. A surface with empty boundary which is compact is known as a 'closed' surface. The two-dimensional sphere, the two-dimensional torus, and the real projective plane are examples of closed surfaces.
In differential and algebraic geometry, extra structure is added upon the topology of the surface. This added structures detects singularities, such as self-intersections and cusps, that cannot be described solely in terms of the underlying topology.
Extrinsically defined surfaces and embeddings
A sphere can be defined parametrically (by x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ) or implicitly (by x² + y² + z² − r² = 0.)
Historically, surfaces were initially defined as subspaces of Euclidean spaces. Often, these surfaces were the locus of zeros of certain functions, usually polynomial functions. Such a definition considered the surface as part of a larger (Euclidean) space, and as such was termed extrinsic.
In the previous section, a surface is defined as a topological space with certain properties, namely Hausdorff and locally Euclidean. This topological space is not considered a subspace of another space. In this sense, the definition given above, which is the definition that mathematicians use at present, is intrinsic.
A surface defined as intrinsic is not required to satisfy the added constraint of being a subspace of Euclidean space. It may seem possible for some surfaces defined intrinsically to not be surfaces in the extrinsic sense. However, the Whitney embedding theorem asserts every surface can in fact be embedded homeomorphically into Euclidean space, in fact into E4: The extrinsic and intrinsic approaches turn out to be equivalent.
A knotted torus.
The chosen embedding (if any) of a surface into another space is regarded as extrinsic information; it is not essential to the surface itself. For example, a torus can be embedded into E³ in the "standard" manner (which looks like a bagel) or in a knotted manner (see figure). The two embedded tori are homeomorphic, but not isotopic: They are topologically equivalent, but their embeddings are not.
The image of a continuous, injective function from R2 to higher-dimensional Rn is said to be a parametric surface. Such an image is so-called because the x- and y- directions of the domain R2 are 2 variables that parametrize the image. A parametric surface need not be a topological surface. A surface of revolution can be viewed as a special kind of parametric surface.
If f is a smooth function from R³ to R whose gradient is nowhere zero, then the locus of zeros of f does define a surface, known as an implicit surface. If the condition of non-vanishing gradient is dropped, then the zero locus may develop singularities.
Construction from polygons
• real projective plane: A B A B
Note that the sphere and the projective plane can both be realized as quotients of the 2-gon, while the torus and Klein bottle require a 4-gon (square).
Connected sums
The connected sum of two surfaces M and N, denoted M # N, is obtained by removing a disk from each of them and gluing them along the boundary components that result. The boundary of a disk is a circle, so these boundary components are circles. The Euler characteristic \chi of M # N is the sum of the Euler characteristics of the summands, minus two:
\chi(M \# N) = \chi(M) + \chi(N) - 2.\,
Connected summation with the torus T is also described as attaching a "handle" to the other summand M. If M is orientable, then so is T # M. The connected sum is associative, so the connected sum of a finite collection of surfaces is well-defined.
The connected sum of two real projective planes, P # P, is the Klein bottle K. The connected sum of the real projective plane and the Klein bottle is homeomorphic to the connected sum of the real projective plane with the torus; in a formula, P # K = P # T. Thus, the connected sum of three real projective planes is homeomorphic to the connected sum of the real projective plane with the torus. Any connected sum involving a real projective plane is nonorientable.
Closed surfaces
A closed surface is a surface that is compact and without boundary. Examples are spaces like the sphere, the torus and the Klein bottle. Examples of non-closed surfaces are: an open disk, which is a sphere with a puncture; a cylinder, which is a sphere with two punctures; and the Möbius strip.
Classification of closed surfaces
Some examples of orientable closed surfaces (left) and surfaces with boundary (right). Left: Some orientable closed surfaces are the surface of a sphere, the surface of a torus, and the surface of a cube. (The cube and the sphere are topologically equivalent to each other.) Right: Some surfaces with boundary are the disk surface, square surface, and hemisphere surface. The boundaries are shown in red. All three of these are topologically equivalent to each other.
1. the sphere;
2. the connected sum of g tori, for g \geq 1;
3. the connected sum of k real projective planes, for k \geq 1.
The surfaces in the first two families are orientable. It is convenient to combine the two families by regarding the sphere as the connected sum of 0 tori. The number g of tori involved is called the genus of the surface. The sphere and the torus have Euler characteristics 2 and 0, respectively, and in general the Euler characteristic of the connected sum of g tori is 2 − 2g.
The surfaces in the third family are nonorientable. The Euler characteristic of the real projective plane is 1, and in general the Euler characteristic of the connected sum of k of them is 2 − k.
Closed surfaces with multiple connected components are classified by the class of each of their connected components, and thus one generally assumes that the surface is connected.
Monoid structure
Relating this classification to connected sums, the closed surfaces up to homeomorphism form a monoid with respect to the connected sum, as indeed do manifolds of any fixed dimension. The identity is the sphere, while the real projective plane and the torus generate this monoid, with a single relation P # P # P = P # T, which may also be written P # K = P # T, since K = P # P. This relation is sometimes known as Dyck's theorem after Walther von Dyck, who proved it in (Dyck 1888), and the triple cross surface P # P # P is accordingly called Dyck's surface.1
Geometrically, connect-sum with a torus (# T) adds a handle with both ends attached to the same side of the surface, while connect-sum with a Klein bottle (# K) adds a handle with the two ends attached to opposite sides of an orientable surface; in the presence of a projective plane (# P), the surface is not orientable (there is no notion of side), so there is no difference between attaching a torus and attaching a Klein bottle, which explains the relation.
Surfaces with boundary
Compact surfaces, possibly with boundary, are simply closed surfaces with a finite number of holes (open discs that have been removed). Thus, a connected compact surface is classified by the number of boundary components and the genus of the corresponding closed surface – equivalently, by the number of boundary components, the orientability, and Euler characteristic. The genus of a compact surface is defined as the genus of the corresponding closed surface.
This classification follows almost immediately from the classification of closed surfaces: removing an open disc from a closed surface yields a compact surface with a circle for boundary component, and removing k open discs yields a compact surface with k disjoint circles for boundary components. The precise locations of the holes are irrelevant, because the homeomorphism group acts k-transitively on any connected manifold of dimension at least 2.
Conversely, the boundary of a compact surface is a closed 1-manifold, and is therefore the disjoint union of a finite number of circles; filling these circles with disks (formally, taking the cone) yields a closed surface.
The unique compact orientable surface of genus g and with k boundary components is often denoted \Sigma_{g,k}, for example in the study of the mapping class group.
Riemann surfaces
A closely related example to the classification of compact 2-manifolds is the classification of compact Riemann surfaces, i.e., compact complex 1-manifolds. (Note that the 2-sphere and the torus are both complex manifolds, in fact algebraic varieties.) Since every complex manifold is orientable, the connected sums of projective planes are not complex manifolds. Thus, compact Riemann surfaces are characterized topologically simply by their genus. The genus counts the number of holes in the manifold: the sphere has genus 0, the one-holed torus genus 1, etc.
Non-compact surfaces
Non-compact surfaces are more difficult to classify. As a simple example, a non-compact surface can be obtained by puncturing (removing a finite set of points from) a closed manifold. On the other hand, any open subset of a compact surface is itself a non-compact surface; consider, for example, the complement of a Cantor set in the sphere, otherwise known as the Cantor tree surface. However, not every non-compact surface is a subset of a compact surface; two canonical counterexamples are the Jacob's ladder and the Loch Ness monster, which are non-compact surfaces with infinite genus.
The classification of closed surfaces has been known since the 1860s,1 and today a number of proofs exist.
Topological and combinatorial proofs in general rely on the difficult result that every compact 2-manifold is homeomorphic to a simplicial complex, which is of interest in its own right. The most common proof of the classification is (Seifert & Threlfall 1934),1 which brings every triangulated surface to a standard form. A simplified proof, which avoids a standard form, was discovered by John H. Conway circa 1992, which he called the "Zero Irrelevancy Proof" or "ZIP proof" and is presented in (Francis & Weeks 1999).
A geometric proof, which yields a stronger geometric result, is the uniformization theorem. This was originally proven only for Riemann surfaces in the 1880s and 1900s by Felix Klein, Paul Koebe, and Henri Poincaré.
Surfaces in geometry
\int_S K \; dA = 2 \pi \chi(S).
A complex surface is a complex two-manifold and thus a real four-manifold; it is not a surface in the sense of this article. Neither are algebraic curves defined over fields other than the complex numbers, nor are algebraic surfaces defined over fields other than the real numbers.
See also
External links
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Generating share image.
Sending to Instapaper.
What we need to do now is to go native, to stop gathering data points and start making things in the intrinsic language of New Aesthetic. Here’s my forecast for fulfilling the potential of this new medium: We will not just observe how machines act and perceive, but integrate how they act and perceive into our own sensory experiences and creative processes. As the digital and the physical move closer and closer, that combination will eventually look less like a hybrid and more like a united whole, the new aesthetic reality.
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Class (set theory)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jump to: navigation, search
In set theory and its applications throughout mathematics, a class is a collection of sets (or sometimes other mathematical objects) that can be unambiguously defined by a property that all its members share. The precise definition of "class" depends on foundational context. In work on Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory, the notion of class is informal, whereas other set theories, such as Von Neumann–Bernays–Gödel set theory, axiomatize the notion of "proper class", e.g., as entities that are not members of another entity.
Outside set theory, the word "class" is sometimes used synonymously with "set". This usage dates from a historical period where classes and sets were not distinguished as they are in modern set-theoretic terminology. Many discussions of "classes" in the 19th century and earlier are really referring to sets, or perhaps to a more ambiguous concept.
The paradoxes of naive set theory can be explained in terms of the inconsistent assumption that "all classes are sets". With a rigorous foundation, these paradoxes instead suggest proofs that certain classes are proper. For example, Russell's paradox suggests a proof that the class of all sets which do not contain themselves is proper, and the Burali-Forti paradox suggests that the class of all ordinal numbers is proper.
Classes in formal set theories[edit]
ZF set theory does not formalize the notion of classes. They can instead be described in the metalanguage, as equivalence classes of logical formulas. For example, if \mathcal A is a structure interpreting ZF, then the metalanguage expression \{x\mid x=x \} is interpreted in \mathcal A by the collection of all the elements from the domain of \mathcal A; that is, all the sets in \mathcal A. So we can identify the "class of all sets" with the predicate x=x or any equivalent predicate.
Morse–Kelley set theory admits proper classes as basic objects, like NBG, but also allows quantification over all proper classes in its set existence axioms. This causes MK to be strictly stronger than both NBG and ZF.
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زبان انگلیسی
زبان انگلیسی
These are:
why, where, how, when
They are usually placed at the beginning of a question.
· Why are you so late?
· Where is my passport?
· How are you?
· How much is that coat?
· When does the train arrive?
Notice that how can be used in four different ways:
1. meaning 'in what way?':
How did you make this sauce?
How do you start the car?
2. with adjectives:
How tall are you?
How old is your house?
3. with much and many:
How much are these tomatoes?
How many people are coming to the party?
4. with other adverbs:
How quickly can you read this?
How often do you go to London?
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه بیست و سوم اسفند 1389ساعت 13:5 توسط ُُُEda |
These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.
Common adverbs of certainty:
certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely
Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':
· He definitely left the house this morning.
· He is probably in the park.
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:
· He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
· He will probably remember tomorrow.
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:
· Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.
BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:
· Surely you've got a bicycle?
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه بیست و سوم اسفند 1389ساعت 13:3 توسط ُُُEda |
?What is an Adverb
While some adverbs can be identified by their characteristic "ly" suffix, most of them must be identified by untangling the grammatical relationships within the sentence or clause as a whole. Unlike an adjective, an adverb can be found in various places within the sentence.
In the following examples, each of the highlighted words is an adverb:
The seamstress quickly made the mourning clothes.
In this sentence, the adverb "quickly" modifies the verb "made" and indicates in what manner (or how fast) the clothing was constructed.
The midwives waited patiently through a long labour.
Similarly in this sentence, the adverb "patiently" modifies the verb "waited" and describes the manner in which the midwives waited.
The boldly spoken words would return to haunt the rebel.
In this sentence the adverb "boldly" modifies the adjective "spoken."
We urged him to dial the number more expeditiously.
Here the adverb "more" modifies the adverb "expeditiously."
Unfortunately, the bank closed at three today.
In this example, the adverb "unfortunately" modifies the entire sentence.
Conjunctive Adverbs
You can use a conjunctive adverb to join two clauses together. Some of the most common conjunctive adverbs are "also," "consequently," "finally," "furthermore," "hence," "however," "incidentally," "indeed," "instead," "likewise," "meanwhile," "nevertheless," "next," "nonetheless," "otherwise," "still," "then," "therefore," and "thus." A conjunctive adverb is not strong enough to join two independent clauses without the aid of a semicolon.
The highlighted words in the following sentences are conjunctive adverbs:
The government has cut university budgets; consequently, class sizes have been increased.
He did not have all the ingredients the recipe called for; therefore, he decided to make something else.
The report recommended several changes to the ways the corporation accounted for donations; furthermore, it suggested that a new auditor be appointed immediately.
The crowd waited patiently for three hours; finally, the doors to the stadium were opened.
Batman and Robin fruitlessly searched the building; indeed, the Joker had escaped through a secret door in the basement.
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه بیست و سوم اسفند 1389ساعت 13:0 توسط ُُُEda |
Do or Make?
It is not always easy to choose between "do" and "make".
Do can be an auxiliary verb (Do you like coffee?) or a main verb (I did my homework yesterday.). As an auxiliary verb, it has no meaning. It is necessary only for the grammatical structure. As a main verb it has a meaning, but the meaning is rather general. It often expresses a general activity.
Make is not an auxiliary verb. It is always a main verb (I made a cake yesterday.). Its meaning is also rather general, but it often expresses the idea of construction or creation
+ نوشته شده در دوشنبه بیست و سوم اسفند 1389ساعت 12:57 توسط ُُُEda |
داستان 35
روزی روزگاری در روستایی در هند؛ مردی به روستاییها اعلام کرد که برای خرید هر میمون 20 دلار به آنها پول خواهد داد.
روستاییها هم که دیدند اطرافشان پر است از میمون؛ به جنگل رفتند و شروع به گرفتنشان کردند و مرد هم هزاران میمون به قیمت 20 دلار از آنها خرید ولی با کم شدن تعداد میمونها روستاییها دست از تلاش کشیدند…
به همین خاطر مرد اینبار پیشنهاد داد برای هر میمون به آنها 40 دلار خواهد پرداخت.
با این شرایط روستاییها فعالیت خود را از سر گرفتند. پس از مدتی موجودی باز هم کمتر و کمتر شد تا روستاییان دست از کار کشیدند و برای کشاورزی سراغ کشتزارهایشان رفتند.
این بار پیشنهاد به 45 دلار رسید و در نتیجه تعداد میمونها آنقدر کم شد که به سختی میشد میمونی برای گرفتن پیدا کرد.
اینبار نیز مرد تاجر ادعا کرد که برای خرید هر میمون 100 دلار خواهد داد ولی چون برای کاری باید به شهر میرفت کارها را به شاگردش محول کرد تا از طرف او میمونها را بخرد.
در غیاب تاجر، شاگرد به روستاییها گفت: «این همه میمون در قفس را ببینید! من آنها را هر یک 80 دلار به شما خواهم فروخت تا شما پس از بازگشت مرد آنها را به 100 دلار به او بفروشید.»
روستاییها که احتمالا مثل من و شما وسوسه شده بودند پولهایشان را روی هم گذاشتند و تمام میمونها را خریدند...
البته از آن به بعد دیگر کسی مرد تاجر و شاگردش را ندید و تنها روستاییها ماندند و یک دنیا میمون...!!!
جمله روز : دو چيز را پاياني نيست : يکي جهان هستي و ديگري حماقت انسان . البته در مورد اولي مطمئن نيستم!!! آلبرت انيشتين
+ نوشته شده در جمعه سی ام مهر 1389ساعت 14:18 توسط ُُُEda |
Three Rules for separating phrasal verbs from verb+preposition combinations
Three Rules for separating phrasal verbs from verb+preposition combinations
Rule #1: Wh- question Rule
The word in question is a preposition if it can be moved to the front of a wh- question. Here's an example:
I come from Atlanta.
We know "from" is a preposition because the following, though formal-sounding, is acceptable to our ears:
From where do you come?
Here's what happens to the particle in a phrasal verb when we apply this rule:
She threw out the old newspapers.
This sentence becomes awkward and ungrammatical when we apply the wh- question rule
*Out where did she throw the old newspapers?
Rule #2: Relative Clause Fronting Rule
The word in question is a preposition if it can be fronted in a relative clause. Another example:
They learned about water skiing.
"About" is a preposition because the following sentence is grammatically correct even though it sounds stodgy.
Water skiing, about which they learned, is not as easy as it looks.
Let's look at what happens to the particle in a phrasal verb when we apply this rule:
I should hand in my paper early.
This sentence becomes awkward and ungrammatical when we apply the relative clause fronting rule:
*My paper, in which I should hand early, is my last one this term.
Rule #3: The Insert Adverb Rule
The phrase in question is a verb+preposition combination if an adverb can be inserted between the verb and the preposition. Here's an example:
My wife argued with the waiter.
"Argued with" is a verb+preposition combination because the following sentence is grammatically correct.
My wife argued endlessly with the waiter.
Let's look at what happens to a phrasal verb when we apply this rule:
Can you pick up my friend from the airport?
Now, here's the ungrammatical sentence produced when we insert an adverb within the phrasal verb:
*Can you pick quickly up my friend from the airport?
+ نوشته شده در جمعه سی ام مهر 1389ساعت 14:15 توسط ُُُEda |
Europe VS US
How would it the comparison between the USA and Europe look like? Which has better or prettier bridges, more popular actors, faster cars are just some of the answers to tickle your brain. These things change through time. Take a look at the things compared and if you have some other ideas leave them in the comment section and we may add them to the list.
The Eiffel Tower vs The Statue of Liberty
The Eiffel Tower is an 1889 iron lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris that has become both a global icon of France and one of the most recognizable structures in the world. The tower stands 324 m (1,063 ft) tall.
The Statue of Liberty officially titled Liberty Enlightening the World dedicated on October 28, 1886, is a monument commemorating the centennial of the signing of the United States Declaration of Independence, given to the United States by the people of France to represent the friendship between the two countries established during the American Revolution. The statue is 151 ft (46 m) tall, but with the pedestal and foundation, it is 305 ft (93 m) tall..
The Camp Nou vs Cowboys Stadium
The Camp Nou is a football stadium in Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain. The stadium has been the home of Futbol Club Barcelona since its construction in 1957. It is a UEFA elite stadium, and has hosted numerous international matches at senior level, and UEFA Champions League finals, the most recent being in 1999. It has a capacity of 98,787, making it the largest stadium in Europe, and the eleventh largest in the world.
Snatch vs The Godfather
Snatch is a 2000 crime film written and directed by British filmmaker Guy Ritchie, and featuring an ensemble cast.
The Godfather is a 1972 American gangster film based on the novel of the same name by Mario Puzo and directed by Francis Ford Coppola from a screenplay by Puzo, Coppola, and Robert Towne (uncredited).
Monica Bellucci vs Angelina Jolie
Mont Blanc vs Mount Whitney
Mont Blanc or Monte Bianco is the highest mountain in the Alps, Western Europe and the European Union. It rises 4,810.45 m (15,782 ft) above sea level and is ranked 11th in the world in topographic prominence. It is also sometimes known as “La Dame Blanche”. The mountain lies between the regions of Aosta Valley, Italy, and Haute-Savoie, France.
Mount Whitney is the highest summit in the contiguous United States with an elevation of 14,505 feet (4,421 m). It is located at the boundary between California’s Inyo and Tulare counties, just 76 miles (122 km) west of the lowest point in North America at Badwater in Death Valley National Park (282 feet (86 m) below sea level). The western slope of the mountain lies within Sequoia National Park and the summit is the southern terminus of the John Muir Trail which runs 211.9 miles (341.0 km) from Happy Isles in Yosemite Valley. The eastern slope lies in the Inyo National Forest in Inyo County.
The Beatles vs Elvis Presley
Moscow vs Washington DC
Moscow is the capital and the most populous city and the most populous federal subject of Russia. Moscow is a major political, economic, cultural, religious, financial, educational, and transportation centre of Russia and the world, a global city. It is also the seventh largest city proper in the world, a megacity. The population of Moscow (as of 1 January 2010) is 10,562,099.
Roger Federer vs Tiger Woods
Roger Federer is a Swiss professional tennis player. As of 21 June 2010, he is ranked World No. 2 by the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP). He previously held the number one position for a record 237 consecutive weeks and 285 total weeks, one week behind record holder Pete Sampras.
William Shakespeare vs F. Scott Fitzgerald
The Chain Bridge vs The Brooklyn Bridge
The Brooklyn Bridge is one of the oldest suspension bridges in the United States. Completed in 1883, it connects the New York City boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River. At 5,989 feet (1825 m), it was the longest suspension bridge in the world from its opening until 1903, and the first steel-wire suspension bridge.
Napoleon Bonaparte vs George Washington
George Washington (February 22, 1732 [O.S. February 11, 1731]– December 14, 1799) served as the first President of the United States from 1789 to 1797 and as the commander of the Continental Army in the American Revolutionary War from 1775 to 1783. Because of his significant role in the revolution and in the formation of the United States, he is often revered by Americans as the “Father of Our Country”.
Mercedes-Benz vs Cadillac
Mercedes-Benz is a German manufacturer of luxury automobiles, buses, coaches, and trucks. It is currently a division of the parent company, Daimler AG (formerly DaimlerChrysler AG), after previously being owned by Daimler-Benz.
+ نوشته شده در جمعه سی ام مهر 1389ساعت 14:14 توسط ُُُEda |
Adjective Placement - How to Use Adjectives
Adjective Placement - How to Use Adjectives
When using more than one adjective to describe a noun place the adjectives in the following order before the noun.
NOTE: We usually use no more than three adjectives preceding a noun.
1. Opinion
Example: an interesting book, a boring lecture
2. Dimension
Example: a big apple, a thin wallet
3. Age
Example: a new car, a modern building, an ancient ruin
4. Shape
Example: a square box, an oval mask, a round ball
5. Color
Example: a pink hat, a blue book, a black coat
6. Origin
Example: some Italian shoes, a Canadian town, an American car
7. Material
Example: a wooden box, a woolen sweater, a plastic toy
Here are some examples of nouns modified with three adjectives in the correct order based on the list above. Notice that the adjectives are not separated by commas.
· A wonderful old Italian clock. (opinion - age - origin)
· A big square blue box. (dimension - shape - color)
· A disgusting pink plastic ornament. (opinion - color - material)
· Some slim new French trousers. (dimension - age - origin)
+ نوشته شده در چهارشنبه هفدهم شهریور 1389ساعت 0:36 توسط ُُُEda |
history of pearls
The History of Pearls
Freshwater Pearl Necklace at SelecTraders
The history of pearls has always been linked to the history of mankind. Pearls have fascinated humans since more than 5000 years. The existence of pearls was documented 2200 B.C. for the first time. Enchantment and immaculate shape made them a cherished symbol of elegance for ancient and modern cultures. Roman emperors used pearls and fine garments to create matchless gems. Mother of pearl was one of the first and finest materials artists discovered for the creation of ornaments and jewellery.
The oldest formations of cultured pearls known to mankind were located in the Arab Gulf region, along the shores of Persia, Saudi-Arabia, Kuwait and the Red Sea. The most ancient pearl from the Persian Gulf dates back 4000 years. During the glorious times of the Romans, the emperors discovered a passionate love for pearls. Their desire for the precious gem was insatiable. This love reflects in the Latin language as well. The word ‘Margarita’ means pearl - and mistress. Elisabeth I, Queen of England, topped everyone’s adoration for pearls. She used to wear heavy strands of pearls constantly. She was the vain owner of splendiferous gowns embroidered with a treasure of 3000 pearls. The symbols of purity and perfection represented affluence and power since a very long time.
In clerical art, pearls were regarded as precious symbols for the love of god, adorning altars and a variety of clerical objects as well as priestly robes. Pearls, immaculate in their natural condition, do not need any further treatment, like other gems, to shine in unequalled beauty.
Types of Pearls
1. cultured pearls:
Freshwater cultured pearls offer an enormous variety of shapes and sizes, which is why they are popular all over the world. The size of the freshwater cultured pearls varies from 2 - 8mm, the average measures approximately 4 - 5mm. Rarely freshwater cultured pearls with a size of more than 10mm are found. Cultivation of those charming pearls dates back until the 13th century. The famous Japanese 'Biwa' pearls used to control the industry from 1924 until well into the 70's. The Biwa Lake in Japan, like so many others, became a victim of environmental pollution caused by adjoining factories and urban sprawl. The extensive freshwater pearl production in the waters of Lake Biwa came to an end.
China started its freshwater pearl production just before 1970. Over the years, a more and more remarkable quality was achieved. Today Chinese freshwater cultured pearls dominate the market.
"Hyriopsis schlegeli" is the most commonly used mussel for freshwater pearl cultivation, belonging to the species of Unionides. The outer shell an ordinary brown, the inside yet a glossy white. The maximum size of this mussel may reach 30 x 20 cm. Freshwater cultured pearls, contrary to saltwater cultured pearls, do not contain a mother of pearl nucleus. Pearls exceeding a size of 8mm are an exception. One mussel can be implemented with 20 to 60 implants to grow freshwater pearls. After approximately one and a-half years have passed, the pearls have grown to a size of 3mm. After three years, sizes of 7mm are possible. A larger size can be achieved only, if the mussel remains untouched for more than 4 years.
Freshwater cultured pearls appear in a wide range of colours: white, off-white, champagne, shades of pink and orange, purple, mauve, silver and brown. Their unique shapes cover oval, ovate, button-shaped, and drop shaped. Some show a stunning similarity to potatoes. Perfectly round, large freshwater cultured pearls are a rare gem.
2. Akoya pearls
Since oysters are relatively small, the average size of Akoya pearls (Saltwater Pearls) varies from 2 to 9 mm. Originally cultured in Japan, the so-called Akoya pearls were the most popular saltwater pearls for almost a century. Until the 90’s the production was controlled by Japanese companies. As from 1990, China started cultivating Akoya pearls in remarkable quantities which meant serious competition for Japan’s production fairly soon. Pinctada fucata martensii, is the nomenclature for the double-shelled mussel of the species Pteriidae, used to cultivate Akoya pearls. Just like freshwater pearl production, the saltwater pearl cultivation starts by implanting a perfectly rounded mother-of-pearl nucleus along with an irritant into the oyster. Only two, maximum four nucleuses can be hosted at the same time, while freshwater pearl cultivation allows implantation of several more. Tahitian pearl cultivation allows one nucleus per mussel only. After the harvest, Akoya pearl producing mussels will not be nucleated again. Untreated Akoya pearls are mainly cream coloured, yellow or green. The pearls displayed in shop-windows are the result of a sophisticated treatment applied to eliminate impurities. Shapes vary from ovate, button-shaped, drop-shaped to baroque. The Value of Akoya pearls depends on their size, shape, colour and luster, as well as on the composition of their surface. For necklace of exceptional quality made of pearls measuring 8-9 mm, one has to part with a couple of thousand dollars.
3. Tahitian pearls:
The major feature of black Tahitian pearls is their large size. Black Tahitian pearls belong to the group of South Sea pearls and can measure between 9 and 17 mm. A thick and healthy mother-of-pearl layer around the implanted nucleus creates an immaculately natural colour, luster and beauty. These black pearls do not require any artificial improvement, which is why they are admired as the "Queen of pearls".
South Sea pearls are divided into two main categories: bright and dark. A mussel called 'Pinctada maxima' is used to cultivate the bright pearls. According to the shells remarkable size – Pinctada maxima can weigh up to 5 kilograms – a respectively large pearl can grow inside it. Black South Sea Tahitians are cultivated in a mussel called Pinctada margaritifera. Due to the species outstanding qualities, Tahiti’s dark pearl production is considered as the world’s best.
Contrary to freshwater and saltwater pearls, only one nucleus per mussel can be implanted. Many live oysters reject their irritant though. Only a small percentage of harvested South Sea pearls will be perfectly round. Those pearls come in a wide range of colours: bright silver, shading to dark gold, a variety of pink, cream, champagne, yellow, green and blue. Furthermore, pitch-black, iridescent peacock-overtones, darker shades of green, blue, brown, red and yellow may occur. Black Tahitian pearls achieve a top-price level worldwide. For an immaculate necklace you will have to spare a couple of ten thousand dollars. Generally the darker the Tahitian black pearl, the more valuable it is.
Pearl Grading
The following criteria is important to assess the quality of a pearl:
1. size:
The size of a pearl is the only feature visible for every viewer. it is measured in millimetres. There are pearls measuring a few millimetres only while South Sea pearls can reach a size of 20 millimetres diameter. Generally speaking, a larger pearl is more precious than a smaller one, while all other criteria have to be similar.
2. shape:
The shape of cultured pearls is generally divided into round, symmetric and baroque.
Round shapes: almost and perfectly round
Symmetric shapes : Oval, button, drop
Baroque shapes: Semi baroque, baroque
To find a perfectly round pearl is extremely difficult. The closer the pearl’s shape is to a perfect round, the more valuable it is. In the end, preferences depend on the individual taste.
pearl shapes
3. colour:
To judge the colour of pearls, a basic tone, luminosity and colour depth is considered. Akoya pearls show a spectrum covering shades of white, cream or soft pink. South Sea pearls shimmer in white, silver, pink or gold. Tahitian pearls are famous for their dark shades. A light grey is found, as well as gold, black-green to black.
white white pearls
rosé: rose pearls
cream: cream pearls
cream-rosé: creme rose pearls
golden: golden pearls
4. luster:
The Iridescence of pearls is called ‚luster’ or ‘Orient’. Pearls show this glamorous play of colours in delicate nuances due to the bow in their surface, enabling us to perceive their brilliance from every angle. The interaction of light rays and surface creates the iridescence, the so called ‘surface colour’ visible as a small circle on the pearl’s outer layer of nacre. The luster depends on the thickness of nacre, numerous layers encasing the nucleus. The layers of nacre act like tiny prisms, refracting light, so it appears as all the colours of a rainbow.
The luster is most important to asses the value of pearls. Intense luster increases the value.
pearls luster
5. surface:
Since pearls are the product of a biological process, their surface often shows small imperfections. An immaculate surface is very hard to find. Microscopic dents and exaltations are normal. When choosing a necklace, for example, one has to consider amount, size and visibility of these irregularities. As a result, the quality is described from ‘immaculate’ down to ‘visible imperfections’.
+ نوشته شده در یکشنبه شانزدهم اسفند 1388ساعت 15:16 توسط ُُُEda |
Once upon a time, there was an island where all the feelings lived: Happiness, sadness, Knowledge, and all of the ethers, including Love, one day it was announced to the feelings that the island would sink, so all constructed boats and left.except Love
Love was the only one who stayed .love wanted to hold out until the last possible moment.
در جزیره ایی زیبا تمام حواس زندگی می کردند، شادی…غم…غرور…عشق و…
روزی خبر رسید که به زودی جزیره زیر آب خواهد رفت. همه ساکنین جزیره قایق هایشان را آماده و جزیره را ترک کردند.
اما عشق می خواست تا آخرین لحظه بماند . چون او عاشق جزیره بود.
When the island had almost sunk, love decided to ask for help.
Richness was passing by Love in a grand boat. Love said:”Richness, can you take me with you?”
Richness answered,”NO, I can’t. There is a lot of gold and silver in my boat. There is no place here for you.”
Love decided to ask Vanity who was also passing by in a beautiful vessel.”Vanity, please help me!”
“I can’t help you. You are all wet and might damage my boat,” Vanity answered.
Sadness was close by so Love asked,”Sadness, let me go with you.”
Happiness passed by Love, too, but she was so happy that she did not even here when Love called her.
There was a voice,” Come, love, I will take you.” It was an elder. So blessed and overjoyed, Love even forgot to ask the elder where they were going. When they arrived at dry land, the elder went her own way. Realizing how much was owed the elder, love asked Knowledge, another elder,” Who helped me?”
“It was Time,” Knowledge answered.
“Time?” asked Love.” but why did Time helped me?”
Knowledge smiled with deep wisdom and answered,”Because only Time is capable of understanding how valuable Love is.”
وقتی جزیره کاملا به زیر آب فرو می رفت..
ثروت با قایقی مجلل در حال عبور از کنار عشق بود.عشق گفت:"ثروت،آیا میتوانی مرا با خودت ببری؟"
ثروت پاسخ داد:"نه نمی توانم،طلاو نقره زیادی در قایق است .جایی برای تو نیست"
عشق تصمیم گرفت از غرور که با کرجی زیبایی از کنارش در حال رد شدن بود تقاضا کند."غرور،لطفا کمکم کن". غرور گفت: "نه. من نمی توانم تو را با خود ببرم چون تمام بدنت خیس و کثیف شده و قایق زیبای مرا کثیف می کنی"
غم در نزدیکی عشق بود . پس عشق به او گفت : اجازه بده تا من با تو بیایم.
غم با صدای حزن آلودی گفت" آه…عشق.من خیلی ناراحتم و احتیاج دارم تنها باشم".
شادی از کنار عشق رد شد، اما او آنقدر غرق شادی و هیجان بود که حتی صدای عشق را هم نشنید.
نا گهان ،صدای سالخورده ای گفت"بیا عشق من تو را خواهم برد"
عشق آنقدر خوشحال شده بود که حتی فراموش کرد بپرسد کجا میروند و سریع خود را داخل قایق انداخت و جزیره را ترک کردند. وقتی به خشکی رسیدند پیرمرد به راه خود رفت و عشق تازه متوجه شد کسی که نجاتش داده چقدر بر گردنش حق دارد.
عشق نزد عالمی رفت و از او پرسید "آن پیر مرد که بود؟"
عالم پاسخ داد"زمان"
عشق با تعجب گفت:"زمان؟ اما چرا او به من کمک کرد؟!"
عالم لبخندی زد و گفت:" زیرا تنها زمان قادر به درک عظمت عشق است….!"
+ نوشته شده در پنجشنبه بیست و چهارم دی 1388ساعت 18:44 توسط ُُُEda |
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سكس رمنسي
About سكس رمنسي
سكس رمنسي We will continue to assist scholars and teachers, students and critics - all citizens - to know more about this medium and therefore, to understand and use it well as part of their personal and social experience. For each condition selected, computer printours of Department of Veterans Affairs administrative data from FY1997 were generated of the frequency of.
While television series appearing on TV networks are usually commissioned by the networks themselves, their producers earn greater revenue when the program is sold into syndication. And, to save time, some shows omit the title sequence altogether, folding the names normally featured there into the opening credits. سكس كيم كردشان The live-action parts of these productions are also usually filmed first, the actors pretending that they are also interacting with the animated characters, props, or scenery; animation will also then be added into the footage later to make it appear as if it has always been there. Because of this, the episodes could usually be watched in any order. سكس كيم كردشان The Encyclopedia of Television includes more than 1,000 original essays from more than 250 contributors and examines specific programs and people, historic moments and trends, major policy disputes and such topics as violence, tabloid television and the quiz show scandal. In the UK, the term miniseries is only usually used in references to imported programmes, and such short-run series are usually called serials.
The program follows their lives and their adventures.
سكس نيك روسى روسى ر ر Today, advertisements play a role in most television programming, such that each hour of programming can contain up to 15 minutes of advertisements in some countries.
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When someone isn't ready we must not try to force them out. People are being bullied and committing suicide because they're gay and it's horrible.
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Drexel dragonThe Math ForumDonate to the Math Forum
Ask Dr. Math - Questions and Answers from our Archives
Why is K Used as an Abbreviation for Area?
Date: 11/29/2004 at 22:56:38
From: Christina
Subject: Abbreviations used for area
Many text books use the letter K to represent area, for example the
area of a triangle. Do you know where the letter K came from in terms
of why it is used to represent area instead of the letter A, for
Date: 11/30/2004 at 13:12:17
From: Doctor Peterson
Subject: Re: Abbreviations used for area
Hi, Christina.
This question has been asked many times, and I've never found a
definitive answer (or even a good guess). My understanding is that A
is _not_ used in many lists of formulas because points or angles are
commonly labeled A, B, and C. Since K is not the first letter in the
word for "area" in any language I know, the most likely explanation
is that it is more or less random--the letter someone felt was least
likely to be confused with any other commonly used symbol. That would
mean that the symbol (variable name) is deliberately NOT an
abbreviation at all, of anything. Once someone chose this as the
solution to the problem of choosing a symbol for area, others
followed, rather than trying to come up with a better one.
- Doctor Peterson, The Math Forum
Associated Topics:
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High School Euclidean/Plane Geometry
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Tag Archives: food industry
Safety Slogans for the Workplace
Safety communication can be done through various ways. Safety slogans communicate safety related matters through words or sentence and sometimes combined with images or pictures. Safety slogans can be applied in almost infinitive type of workplaces. Based on my personal experiences, safety slogans for the workplace are effective enough to prevent an accident to occur Continue reading
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How much is 2700 grams as stones, pounds and ounces.
Convert 2700 grams to stones, pounds and ounces?
Conversions are shown in all common units of mass and to 10 decimal place accuracy.
Use the menu above to select the unit of weight that you want to convert FROM and enter the amount. The resulting conversion will be show in all common weight measures.
Convert to and from: drams (drachm), troy grains (used in gold currency) [gr], grams [g], kilograms [kg], stones [st], pounds [lb] and ounces [oz], metric tonnes and imperial tons.
Measuring fluids
A rough guide when you are measuring liquids: 1 ml of water equals 1 gram, 1 litre of water weighs approx 1 kilogram - other liquids may differ.
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BONDS - frequency rank 2276
(noun) bond - an electrical force linking atoms
(noun) bond - a certificate of debt (usually interest-bearing or discounted) that is issued by a government or corporation in order to raise money
(noun) bond - a connection based on kinship or marriage or common interest
(noun) bond - (criminal law) money that must be forfeited by the bondsman if an accused person fails to appear in court for trial
(noun) bond - a restraint that confines or restricts freedom (especially something used to tie down or restrain a prisoner)
(noun) bond - a connection that fastens things together
(noun) bond - a superior quality of strong durable white writing paper
(noun) bond - United States civil rights leader who was elected to the legislature in Georgia but was barred from taking his seat because he opposed the Vietnam War (born 1940)
(noun) bond - British secret operative 007 in novels by Ian Fleming
(noun) bond - the property of sticking together (as of glue and wood) or the joining of surfaces of different composition
(verb) bond - stick to firmly
(verb) bond - create social or emotional ties
(verb) bond - issue bonds on
(verb) bond - bring together in a common cause or emotion
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Geometry Quantitative
What is the area of a parallelogram with an angle 45 degrees, height 4 cm and a diagonal 5 cm?
P.S: Please post your answers in the thread only after 6 PM., April 25 2003.
10 9
----------wrong post--------------
the other two sides are 36+x and 48+x.
semi perimeter = 84+x
use the formula, r=(area of triangle)/(semi perimeter)
we get x = 42.
so length of smaller side = 36+42 = 78cm.
2 1
Let distance between the two parallel sides be 'x' and let one of the sides be 'a', then the other parallel side is x+a+x = a+2x. The two non-parallel sides will be x*sqrt(2). So (as perimeter = 40) 2x+2a+(2*sqrt(2)*x) = 40
=> x+a=20
area of the trapezium = x(a+x). Substituting 'a' we get <...
The radius of an incircle of a triangle is 24cm and the segments in which one side is divided by the point of contact are 36cm and 48cm. Find the length of the smaller of two sides of the triangle.
ans is (63-36root3)rsquire
ABCD is a trapezium such that abcd. Angle A and B are equal and 45 degree.
if the perimeter is 40cm. what can be the maximum area of the trapezium
please tell me solution
Side of the triangle = a = r*sqrt(3)
now there can be only one square in the equilateral triangle. Let its side length be 'x'.
clearly tan(60) = x/ = 2x/(a-x)
So, on solving we get x = 3r*(2-sqrt(3)).
1 1
Q. ABC is a equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r. What is the area of the largest square that can be inscribed inside it?
Side of the rhombus is equal to the radius of the circle. Let this be r.
One of the diagonals would be of length r. Now, as the diagonals of a rhombus are perpendicular bisectors of each other, the other diagonal has to be of length 2 * sqrt (r^2 - r^2/4) i.e. * r
now, area of a rhombus is...
2 2
A rhombus OABC is drawn inside a circle, whose centre is at O, in such a way that vertices A,B,C of the rhombus are on the circle. If the area of the rhombus is 32* sqrt(3) cm. Find the radius of the circle.
Options are a. 64 b. 8m c. 32m d. 46m.
How to approach this problem....
How to reach "Side of inscribed equilateral triangle = (8/3)*3 = 8"
means side = root3*r
Radius of in-circle of an equilateral triangle of side a is a/(23)
=> Radius of in-circle = 8/(3)
Side of an equilateral triangle inscribed in circle of radius r = r3
=> Side of inscribed equilateral triangle = (8/3)*3 = 8
=> Area = (3/4)*8*8 = 163
1 1
I think there is a typo error in the q
probably the q is asking fr area of the inner equilateral triangle.then only the answer follows...
after cutting the sphere into 8 pieces the area increases by=(2pi r^2)*3=6pi r^2
because each perpendicular cut +increase in 2 plane circular area
therefore total increase in area would be=6/4*100=150%
hope it's clr....:)
side of hexagon=a
radius of circle=r
height of each of the 6 equilateral triangles formed within the hexagon (joinng cntr of the circle and vertices of hexagon)=root3/2*a=r
thus the conclusion follows..
And about hexagon guyzzz
1.If a circle is inscribed in a regular hexagon hw to arrive to conc dat side of the hexagon is :
2r/root 3 (r is d radius of the circle inscribed)
Solutionss plzz
Q1.2 Circles intersect each oder .The Circumfrence of each passes thro centre of d other.What part of the area of each circle is the area of thier intersecting region?
Ans:(2/3) -(root3/2 pie)
Q2.An Equilateral Triangle side 16 cms has circle inscribed in it.There is anoder equilateral tria...
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Question Types
Start With
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of 100 available terms
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5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. loiter
2. innocuous
3. ponder
4. superfluous
5. thwart
1. a to consider or think about something in depth
2. b hang around; stand idly about
3. c harmless
4. d To prevent from taking place; frustrate; block
5. e more than is needed, or required
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2. broodingly, ill humor, unhappy
3. abundant
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5. very highly ornamented
5 True/False Questions
1. keenhaving a sharp edge; intellectually sharp; perceptive
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Additional cultural activities, resources and exchange opportunities are available through the Center for Korean Studies.
What's New
A warm welcome to our new visiting scholar Dr. Sook Suh for Academic Year 2011-2012.
Congratulations to AY 2011-12 Korean Section Head Ho-min Sohn, Language Coordinator Mee-jeong Park, and the following Curriculum Committee Members: Mary S. Kim, Sang-Yee Cheon, and Yung-Hee Kim.
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Monday, June 21
Anybody seen Michael Steele lately?
1. He's on the bench until they need his media jester's touch in offsetting through inferential ridicule another GOP-unapproved major policy decision by the Kenyan Usurper.
Besides, there's enough loose asscannons blasting around right now - Such a mighty sword might grow dull through overuse.
2. taylorbad9:25 AM
He was spotted at the Montana State Republican convention last week. As if Michael Steele could tell them anything useful.
3. Steele is off in conservative alternate reality claiming Bush created billions of jobs and wasn't responsible for the republican recession.
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Powder and Bulk Engineering
Wednesday, August 27, 2014
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Preventing moisture caking, the unwanted agglomeration
This article describes characterization tests that can determine whether a material will cake due to moisture, and discusses possible post-process solutions for preventing moisture caking during transportation and storage.
Agglomeration is a natural phenomenon. It happens under certain conditions whether you want it to or not. Unwanted agglomeration, typically called caking, refers to the state of a bulk solid material that has lumped or agglomerated because strong bonds have formed between the material's particles. Often caking occurs to an extent that it causes serious operating difficulties and customer complaints.
To read this entire article:
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Nicolas Steno Google doodle marks his 374th birth anniversary
Google home page celebrates the legacy of Danish anatomist widely regarded as the father of modern geology
Google doodle
Nicolas Steno Google doodle
Nicolas Steno, the Danish anatomist widely regarded as the father of geology, has been commemorated in a Google doodle marking his 374th birth anniversary on 11 January.
The doodle illustrated the search engine's six letters in a geological style, with fossils in various bottom layers, with a green surface on top.
Born as Niels Stensen, he left his native of Copenhagen in 1660 to study medicine in the Netherlands, eventually finding his way to Italy where he became part of a body of researchers following in the footsteps of Galileo's mathematical approach to science.
His work on the teeth of a shark that was caught by fishermen near the town of Livorno led him to the question of how solid objects could come to be found in other solid objects, such as rocks or layers of rock.
In what is now referred to as Steno's law of superposition, he reasoned that layers of rock are arranged in a time sequence, with the oldest on the bottom and the youngest on the top, unless later processes disturb this arrangement.
Originally a Lutheran, he converted to Catholicism and was beatified in 1987 by Pope John Paul II, completing the first step towards being declared a saint.
Today's best video
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Toshiba plans to sell a limited edition netbook with two 7" screens attached by a hinge. It is called the Libretto W100. The hardware looks nice enough, but the software isn't tablet- or touch-native like Apple's iOS. It's Windows 7.
The company showed a Libretto W100 to Robert Scoble. Watch:
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Illinois College Authority LLC
Illinois College Authority brings all the key aspects of the higher educational planning process together, by providing a seminar for students and their families to fully understand the college planning process.
Our purpose is to disseminate information to college-bound students and facilitate their professional growth.
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Surfacescapes D&D Demo 162
Posted by CmdrTaco
from the gentlemen-start-your-dice dept.
Surfacescapes D&D Demo
Comments Filter:
• by thenextpresident (559469) on Monday October 19, 2009 @10:13AM (#29793665) Homepage Journal
Dice are already marked. They have pips or numbers on them. Opposite sides add up to the number of sides on a dice plus 1. So if the number 1 was on the bottom, number 6 would be on top.
Granted, this works for some dice, like d6, d8, d12 and d20. d10 are odd/even, and equal out to one less then the total number of sides. So 2 and 7 are opposites.
d4s are usually easy enough, but depend on the type you get. The one I have has the number on the top, and the number doesn't appear on the bottom.
Basically, the point is, most die follow a set of rules for number placement. If you can read the bottom of the dice, you can easily tell what number is opposite of it.
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A cave new world: Amazing underground rock formations that look like an alien world seen for the first time
By Mark Prigg
With towering rock formations and stunning light effects, it could easily be mistaken for an alien world.
In this amazing set of images, the experts are dwarfed by towering rock formations rarely ever seen.
The amazing caves are in Obir Tropfsteinh in Eastern Austria.
Scientific instruments measure dripping water inside a small grotto in an astonishing new cave system in Eastern Austria.
Explorations into the cavernous caves hundreds of feet beneath the surface have begun in a bid to uncover information that may help solve issues surrounding climate change.
The scientists are also painstakingly mapping the movement of water through billions of years of rocks in the Alps of Austria.
They use a fluorescent dye which can be traced through the underground reservoirs to the source.
Dr Gina Moseley ascends a rope pitch inside Glocken Schacht, one of many cold caves in Tirol, Austria.
British photographer Robbie Shone plunged hundreds of feet into the ground to accompany the scientists as they navigated the maze of giant crystals and rock formations.
Robbie, 32, from Manchester, said: 'Caves are difficult, unforgiving and arduous environment. The cave is black with no light so you have to mind where you step.'
Despite the dangers, Robbie crawled through cracks int he caves to capture the stunning images.
He added: 'People are amazed at the pictures because the majority can never imagine themselves going down into a cave themselves and are gobsmacked when they see what lies beneath their feet.
'Caves are very rarely seen in this way as the cave explorer only uses a small head torch to illuminate the way ahead, not the big flash lights we use to make the pictures.'
Lush green vegetation engulfs the entrance as Dr Gina Moseley climbs a rope out of the cave in Austria.
Unique marble inside Spannagel, a cave on the Hintertux Glacier above Mayrhofen, Austria.
Pure untouched formations inhabit crystal clear waters inside Katerloch cave Eastern Austria.
The Katerloch cave in Eastern Austria.
PhD student Susanne Brandstutter admires the unique marble inside Spannagel, a marble cave up on the Hintertux Glacier above Mayrhofen, Austria.
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A Short History
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“A small gem bristling with insight.” —The Washington Post
“A valuable corrective to the hostile caricatures of Islam that circulate in the English-speaking world. . . . Engaging and provocative.” —The New York Times
“Karen Armstrong, a respected and popular author of several books about religion . . . takes on a useful and formidable task in presenting the history of Islam in a single short volume. As many other such works have been written either by apologists or by those hostile to Islam, Armstrong’s comprehensive and sympathetic work is welcome.” —Los Angeles Times
“In Armstrong’s brisk narrative, the clichés evaporate fast. . . . A book like this is suddenly essential." —Entertainment Weekly
Discussion Questions|Teachers Guide
Discussion Guides
1. In Karen Armstrong’s view, what is the historical mission of Islam? What is the chief duty of Muslims according to the Quran? What is the Islamic notion of salvation?
2. What are the five pillars of Islam? Does Islam place more emphasis on right living or right belief? The community or the individual? In these ways, is it more similar to Christianity or Judaism?
3. At the time of Muhammed, what was the attitude of Islam toward other prophets and religious traditions? How were non-Muslim subjects, or dhimmi, treated in the Islamic empire? How does that treatment compare to what went on in the premodern West?
4. Is Islam a militaristic faith? What does the Quran have to say about just and unjust wars? Given the context of his times, did Muhammed set a particularly violent or nonviolent example?
5. What does the Quran teach about the importance of converting people of other faiths? Does Islam condone coerced conversion? How does its theological stance on conversion compare to the teachings and practices of the other major world religions?
6. What does the Quran have to say about the place of women? How forward or backward-thinking was Muhammed’s treatment of women for his time? What accounts for the persistence of a practice such as female veiling in the modern-day Muslim world?
7. What are the differences between Sunni and Shii Muslims? What were the origins of this split within Islam? Did it have theological underpinnings or was it merely politically motivated?
8. What is the primary meaning of the word jihad? Explain its significance in Islam. How did Muhammed understand it? How do some modern-day fundamentalists understand it?
9. What are the roots of Islamic fundamentalism? How does Islamic fundamentalism compare to fundamentalist movements in other faiths? Are there certain of its precepts that make Islam more prone to religious fanaticism? What historical factors have contributed to anti-Western fundamentalism in Islam?
10. What have been some of the successes and failures of modern-day Islamic nation building? What particular challenges do postcolonial Islamic states face? What has been a common problem with the way secularism has been imposed in the Muslim world?
11. What are some of the greatest challenges facing the Islamic faith today?
12. What are the most common misperceptions about Islam and the Muslim world in the West?
Teacher's Guide
In the aftermath of September 11, 2001, an understanding and appreciation for the history and practice of Islam–the world’s second largest and fastest growing religion–is now more important than ever. Karen Armstrong’s Islam: A Short History provides a vital corrective to prevalent misconceptions and stereotypes about Islamic faith and practice. Succinct but remarkably comprehensive, the book surveys Islamic civilization from its roots in seventh-century Arabia to its contemporary global reach. Diverse and dynamic, Islamic history is marked by spiritual creativity, intellectual exploration, artistic expression, and cultural dialogue. Beginning with the life of the Prophet Muhammad, the book explores the consolidation of the early Muslim community in Medina in the seventh century. Subsequent chapters trace the origins of the split between Shii and Sunni Muslims; the emergence of Islamic law, theology and Sufi mysticism; the spread of Islam throughout North Africa, the Levant, and Asia; the shattering effect on the Muslim world of the Crusades and Mongol invasions; the flowering of imperial Islam in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries into the world’s greatest and most sophisticated power; and the impact of European colonialism and the origins of revolutionary Islam. The book concludes with an assessment of Islam today and the challenges now facing the world’s 1.2 billion Muslims in the wake of 9/11.
Karen Armstrong is one of the world’s foremost scholars on religious affairs. She is the author of several best selling books, including The Battle for God, Jerusalem, The History of God and Through the Narrow Gate, a memoir of her seven years as a nun. She lives in London.
Robert Rozehnal is a Ph.D. candidate in Islamic Studies at Duke University. He holds an M.A. in South Asian Studies from the University of Wisconsin-Madison, and has studied and traveled extensively in Asia and the Muslim world. His dissertation research examines how a contemporary Sufi order has repositioned its spiritual legacy to accommodate the multiple challenges posed by Pakistani politics and global forces, especially since September 11, 2001.
Comprehension Questions:
1) Who was Muhammad, where and when did he live, and what was his message?
2) What is the Quran, how was it revealed and what are its basic teachings?
3) When was the hijrah, and what is its significance for Muslims?
4) In what ways does Islam resemble Christianity and Judaism? How did the early Muslim community interact with other faiths?
5) Who were the rashidun, and what were the causes and consequences of the first fitnah?
6) In the West, Islam has frequently been characterized as a "religion of the sword." To what extent were the early Islamic conquests "religious"? What were the motives for the expansion of empire, and what new challenges did the ummah face in moving beyond the confines of the Arabian peninsula?
Teaching Ideas:
1) The Quran: Divide students into groups and have them explore the sacred text by themes (God, acts of worship, women, social justice, etc). Webpages and CD recordings can add elements of sight and sound to these projects.
2) The Prophet Muhammad: Have students present research on multiple dimensions of the Prophet’s biography and the impact of his life and legacy on everyday Muslims, past and present. Examples of poetry and music from various Muslim cultures can add depth to the presentations.
3) The Hajj: Using maps, photographs and the Web, examine the history and meaning of the ritual practices of the annual pilgrimage to Mecca.
Beyond the Book:
Islamic faith and practice on the Web: Have students explore Islam’s dynamic and varied presence on the internet and then present their findings in class presentations or as critical Web reviews of selected sites.
Comprehension Questions:
1) Where is Kerbala and what is its significance for Shii Muslims?
2) Who was Harun al-Rashid and how was the Abbasid state organized?
3) Who are the ulama and what was their traditional role in Islamic society?
4) What are the basic teachings of the Twelver Shiis and how do they differ from the Ismailis?
5) Who are the Sufis? What are their teachings and practices, and what was their relation to the ulama and the Caliphs?
6) Was the rise of absolute monarchy under the caliphate compatible with the worldview of the Quran? What was the relationship between political and religious power under the Abbasids?
Teaching Ideas:
1) Mapping Empires: Have students create colored maps and historical timelines of the early Muslim conquests.
2) Sunni vs. Shii: Divide students into groups to research or debate the history and beliefs of Islam’s two sectarian communities. Where do Sunnis and Shiis live? What are their respective beliefs and what is the root of their conflict? Who are some of the key historical figures for each community?
3) The Ulama: How are Muslim scholars trained? What are the four schools of law? What are the foundations of Shariah and how is it put into practice? Have students research these questions and present their findings to the class or in writing.
Beyond the Book:
Great Muslim Minds: Have students explore the life and times of famous Muslim scholars, scientists and mystics (al-Kindi, al-Farabi, Ibn Rushd, Rabiah, al-Hallaj).
Comprehension Questions:
1) How did the Islamic empire change during the tenth century? What were the important regional dynasties, and how did they interact with the Abbasid caliphate?
2) During this period, what was the relationship between the ulama and the amirs?
3) Who was al-Ghazzali, and why is he considered one of the giants of Islamic history?
4) What impact did the Crusades and the Mongol invasions have on the Muslim world?
5) Who was Jalal ud-Din Rumi? How did his teachings differ from those of Ahmad ibn Taymiyyah?
6) What was the role of merchants and traders in Islam’s expansion into sub-Saharan Africa and throughout Asia? How was Islam able to adapt to such varied cultural settings and what was its appeal for such a diverse range of peoples?
Teaching Ideas:
1) The Crusades: Have students report on the history and legacy of the Christian Crusades through maps and stories.
2) The Mongols: Examine Mongol society (social organization, warfare, the range of Genghis Khan’s empire) and the impact of the devastating conquests on Islamdom.
3) Sufism: Using the myriad resources on the Web, have students report on the ritual practices, teachings and poetry of Sufi masters like Ibn al-Arabi and Jalal ud-Din Rumi.
Beyond the Book:
Regional Dynasties: In order to trace the geographical spread and cultural diversity of Islamdom, divide students into groups and have them create maps and present reports on the regional dynasties of the tenth century: the Umayyads of Spain, Fatimids, Seljuks, Mamluks, and Ghaznavids.
Comprehension Questions:
1) What were the boundaries of the Safavid, Moghal and Ottoman empires? What was the relationship between political and religious power in these empires?
2) How did the Safavids integrate Shii doctrine into their state ideology and institutions?
3) Who was Akbar and what were his policies? How did other Muslims respond to his legacy?
4) Who was Suleiman the Magnificent and what is he famous for?
5) Who was Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab and what reforms did he advocate?
6) What were the internal and external causes of decline for these three great Islamic empires during the eighteenth century?
Teaching Ideas:
1) Safavids: Have students organize a range of reports surveying the Safavid’s political, social, economic, and artistic accomplishments. A multi-media tour of the city of Isfahan, for example, would bring Safavid culture to life.
2) Moghals: Create a dialogue or debate between Akbar and Aurangzebe. How did each of these Moghal emperors define Islamic orthodoxy? How did each of them interact with the majority Hindu communities of South Asia?
3) Ottomans: Drawing on the Web, create a multi-media collage of the artistic legacy of Suleiman the Magnificent: music, painting, calligraphy, the mosques of Istanbul.
Beyond the Book:
(Mis)understanding Islam: Exploring Orientalist novels, travelogues, and paintings, have students research how Europeans viewed Islam and Muslims in the age of empire.
Comprehension Questions:
1) What factors led to the rise of modernity in the West during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries?
2) How did European colonialism impact the Islamic world?
3) Who was Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, and what impact did he have on Islamic modernists?
4) How do Islamic fundamentalists view the West, and how do they propose to reform Islamic society?
5) How does the model of the secular European nation-state compare and contrast with the ideal of the Muslim ummah? Is Islam compatible with democracy? Are there alternative paradigms for political reform more in keeping with Islamic traditions?
Teaching Ideas:
1) Colonialism: Have students create maps and historical timelines to trace the spread and impact of European colonialism throughout the Muslim world.
2) Islam and Modernity: Have students examine how various Muslim groups (ulama, modernists, fundamentalists) have responded to the challenges of modernity and then present their research in class presentations or debates.
3) Women and the Veil: Drawing on multiple resources–the Quran, Web pages, the writings of Muslim women–have students examine the longstanding debates over gender. What does the Quran say about women’s rights and responsibilities? What is the history of the practice of veiling? What is the role of women in various Muslim countries today?
Beyond the Book:
The Contemporary Muslim World: In order to document the immense changes in the Muslim world in the twentieth century, have students create maps and reports on modern Muslim countries. What new Muslim nations emerged after World War II? What are the current demographics and cultural characteristics of these countries? What are some of the issues that both divide and unite the modern Muslim world?
Comprehension Questions:
1) Who is Osama bin Laden, and how do he and his followers justify the attacks of 9/11?
2) How did the majority of Muslims respond to the terrorist acts of 9/11?
3) What do the Quran and the Shariah say about jihad and violence?
4) How have Muslims been treated in Western countries in the wake of 9/11?
5) What can be done to promote understanding and education about Islam and the Muslim world?
6) Today Islam is demographically an Asian religion. Indonesia is the largest Muslim country in the world, followed by Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh. In what ways does Islam in Asia confound prevalent stereotypes about the Muslim world? What are the implications of 9/11 for Asia’s diverse Muslim communities?
Teaching Ideas:
1) Muslim Responses to 9/11: Have students document the range of Muslim responses to the events of September 11 to consider the key issues and concerns for Muslims today.
2) Current Events: Using Web pages, newspapers, and magazines, have students survey the mass media coverage of hotspots in the modern Muslim world (the Israeli/Palestinian conflict, the ongoing struggle over Kashmir between India and Pakistan, the continued crisis in Afghanistan and Iraq, etc). What are the key issues for Muslims in these places? How does the reporting of these events differ in America, Europe, and the Muslim world?
3) Terrorism: Divide students into groups to debate key issues. How (and by whom) is terrorism defined? What are its root causes? How is religion used to justify acts of violence? What can be done to prevent future attacks? What are the implications for security and civil liberties?
Beyond the Book:
1) Afghanistan: Have students create maps, historical timelines, and reports to survey a range of topics on the history and culture of Afghanistan: the colonial Great Game of Britain and Russia; the Afghan war of the 1980s; the rise and fall of the Taliban; the current state of affairs in the war-ravished country.
2) Islam in the West: Have students research and report on the growing Islamic presence in Western countries. Beyond the resources of the Internet and CD-ROMs, arrange a class visit to a local mosque or organize a series of guest lectures from local Muslim leaders.
Frontline: Muslims (PBS Home Video)
Islam: Empire of Faith. (PBS Home Video)
On Common Ground: World Religions in America by Diana Eck (Columbia University Press)
Resources for Teachers: http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/Education/K12_Resources/
Islamic Faith and Practice: www.islamicity.com
Muslim Responses to 9/11: http://groups.colgate.edu/aarislam/response.htm
Sufism: www.arches.uga.edu/~godlas/Sufism.html
Cleary, Thomas. The Essential Koran: The Heart of Islam. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1994.
Sells, Michael. Approaching The Quran: The Early Revelations. Ashland, Oregon: White Cloud Press, 1999.
Islamic History, Faith and Practice:
Armstrong, Karen. The Battle for God: A History of Fundamentalism. New York: Ballantine, 2001.
_____. A History of God: The 4,000-Year Quest of Judaism, Christianity and Islam. New York: Ballantine, 1994.
_____. Holy War: The Crusades and Their Impact on Today's World. New York: Anchor Books, 2001.
Maalouf, Amin. Crusades Through Arab Eyes. New York: New York: Schocken, 1989.
Renard, John. Seven Doors to Islam: Spirituality and the Religious Life of Muslims. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
_____, (ed.). Windows on the House of Islam: Muslim Sources on Spirituality and Religious Life. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998.
Sufism (Islamic Mysticism):
Barks, Coleman. The Essential Rumi. San Francisco: Harper Collins, 1995.
Ernst, Carl W. The Shambhala Guide to Sufism. Boston: Shambhala, 1997.
_____, (ed.). Teachings of Sufism. Boston: Shambhala, 1999.
Women in Islam:
Barlas, Asma. “Believing Women” in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Quran. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2002.
Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock. In Search of Islamic Feminism. New York: Anchor Books, 1998.
Wadud, Amina: Quran and Woman: Rereading the Sacred Text From a Woman’s Perspective. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000.
Contemporary Islam:
Belt, Don, (ed.). The World of Islam. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2001.
Esposito, John L. and John O. Voll (eds.). Makers of Contemporary Islam. New York: Oxford Univeristy Press, 2002.
Feener, Michael, (ed.). Religions in Contemporary Societies: Islam. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, (forthcoming).
Kurzman, Charles. Liberal Islam: A Sourcebook. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
Rashid, Ahmed. Taliban: Islam, Oil and the New Great Game in Central Asia. London: I.B. Taurus, 2000.
Mahfouz, Naguib. The Cairo Trilogy: Palace Walk, Palace of Desire, Sugar Street. New York: Everyman’s Library, 2001.
Munif, Abdelrahman. Cities of Salt. New York: Vintage, 1989.
Pamuk, Orhan. The White Castle: A Novel. New York: Vintage, 1998.
_____. My Name Is Red. New York: Vintage, 2002.
Karen Armstrong’s Islam: A Short History offers a window on one of the world’s most vibrant (and misunderstood) religious traditions. This guide serves as a roadmap, providing teachers with thematic signposts to mark the twists and turns of 1400 years of Islamic history. While no substitute for reading the book, the Summaries highlight the key historical figures and major themes of each chapter. The Comprehension Questions are meant to facilitate class discussions. They may also be used as essay topics or simply to quiz students for close and attentive reading. Teaching Ideas offer suggestions for research projects and class presentations designed to deepen students’ understanding and engage their imaginations. The Beyond the Book sections give students further food for thought on relevant issues and ideas beyond the purview of the book. Other Resources provides a variety of additional sources that teachers may find useful, including films, webpages and books. Collectively, these materials and exercises are intended to encourage students to think critically and creatively about Islam’s past, present, and future.
Karen Armstrong
Karen Armstrong Events>
Karen Armstrong - Islam
Photo © Michael Lionstar
11/19/2014 Toronto Reference Library, Appel Salon, 789 Yonge St.
Toronto, ON
7:00 pm
Map It
Your E-Mail Address
send me a copy
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A personal message:
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| 0.928499 |
Tiny moon ruining Saturn's day
Measuring it, anyway
Secure remote control for conventional and virtual desktops
If you were trying to work out how long a day on Saturn is, you wouldn't expect to find your best efforts scuppered by a tiny moon. After all, you can still see the planet, right?
The problem lies in the technique traditionally used to discover how fast a gas giant is rotating. The radio technique measures the rotation of the planet by taking its radio pulse rate - the rhythm of natural radio signals from the planet. If something is slowing the planet's magnetic field, this won't work.
Slowing down a giant's magnetic field. Credit: NASA/JPL
But this is exactly the problem facing scientists right now: the moon Enceladus is weighing down the gas giant's magnetic field to such an extent that the planet's field is being slowed down. This makes the radio technique as useful as a chocolate fireguard.
"No one could have predicted that the little moon Enceladus would have such an influence on the radio technique that has been used for years to determine the length of the Saturn day," said Dr Don Gurnett of the University of Iowa, principal investigator on the radio and plasma wave science experiment on NASA's Cassini spacecraft.
According to new research, published in the 22 March online issue of Science, the cause of the drag is Enceladus' polar geyser: a vast stream of ice and water vapour emanating from the moon's southern pole. These particles become electrically charged and are captured by the planet's magnetic field, forcing the field lines to slip relative to the planet's actual rotation.
The findings are prompting scientists to question the absolute link between a planet's radio pulse rate and the length of its day.
Professor Michele Dougherty, principal investigator on Cassini's magnetometer instrument from Imperial College London, says: "Saturn is showing we need to think further."
The findings explain an earlier observation that the apparent length of Saturn's day as measured by Cassini is now about six minutes longer than when it was measured by Voyager in the 1970s.
The researchers now have two possible explanations for the apparent slowing of Saturn's rotation: either the geysers are more active than they were in the 1970s, producing more material and thus slowing the field line's rotation; or there are seasonal variations according to where Saturn is in its 29 year orbit of the sun. ®
Bootnote: NASA has audio clip files to go with this. Point your ears this way and listen in on Saturn.
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| 0.728991 |
Alien Species
5,768pages on
this wiki
Turrawuste is a dusty and barbaric world where might makes right and survival is a constant struggle.
Universe Ben 10 Universe
Galaxy Milky Way
Class Terrestrial
Atmosphere Breathable
Primary Terrain Desert
Notable Species Dravek, Dasypodidae and Rodilia Dentia
Turrawuste is a desert planet which has two suns and is used for teleportation relay stations. However, it has native insect looking inhabitants such as the Dravek, Dasypodidae and Rodilia Dentia. It only appeared in the episode Alone Together, after Ben and a Highbreed named Reinrassic III were accidentally transported to it. Just like a desert on Earth and like planet Mercury, it is extremely hot during the day and brutally cold at night.
Around Wikia's network
Random Wiki
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| 0.989694 |
Question Types
Start With
Question Limit
of 50 available terms
Advertisement Upgrade to remove ads
5 Written Questions
5 Matching Questions
1. androgynous
2. assuage
3. discord
4. augment
5. declaim
1. a v. to make greater, in size, extent, or quantity
2. b v. to lessen pain or distress
3. c v. to recite a speech, poem etc; to announce formally
4. d adj. having both male female characteristics
5. e n. conflict or disargeement
5 Multiple Choice Questions
1. n. a religious song; a song of praise
2. adj. dryly humorous, with a touch of irony
3. n. exactly the right word or expression
4. adj. twisted; knotty
5. v. to settle down
5 True/False Questions
1. masqueardev. to lessen pain or distress
2. compunctionn. a feeling uneasiness caused by a sense of guilt
3. felicitousadj. having a bias; favoring a cause (usually in print)
4. anthropocentricadj. interpreting everything in terms of human experience and values
5. blissn. perfect happiness
Create Set
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| 0.997235 |
A group campaiging for gay marriage in Ireland has criticised the government after the publication of the civil partnership bill.
MarriagEquality said the legislation will “force” lesbians and gay men to accept a second rate set of rights and instead they should be given access to civil marriage.
Grainne Healy, Co-Chair, MarriagEquality, said:
“MarriagEquality want equal marriage rights for lesbians and gay men.
MarriagEquality said it was a “deeply upsetting aspect of the civil partnership legislation … has totally ignored lesbian and gay parents and their children. In reality all children should have equal access to their parents and vice-versa, and should have the same rights as all children in Ireland.
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| 0.720282 |
Kolla upp vilket ord som helst, t.ex. dirty sanchez:
The is a place where a man's "missile" can "take off." Nickname for a woman's vagina.
Guy 1: The missile base was unaccommodating. The mission was a failure
Guy 2: That sucks man.
av grad23 30 augusti 2009
Words related to Missile Base
cave missile rocket take off vagina
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| 0.873392 |
Nonviolence Handbook
Forum Theatre
Forum Theatre is a form of roleplaying that can be used for public action, as described in the article Turkey- Building a nonviolent culture or in training. The basic idea is to act out a scenario, perhaps leading to an undesirable conclusion or violence, and then begin acting out the scenario again but this time either a participant in the roleplay or any other observer can shout at 'freeze' and take over a role in the scenario to try to do something differently. The second time new players act out the scenario from the beginning, but when the roleplay is interrupted with 'freeze', the roleplay resumes at the appropriate place - that is the point when someone would do the newly suggested action.
Role playing
Cross spectrum
To help a group determine what is an effective nonviolent action; show the different perceptions on nonviolence; to test or develop specific proposal for effective nonviolent action that the group can agree on
Decision making
Tree and wind
Spectrum of allies
• To understand who our allies and opponents are.
• To invite people into the fascinating complexity of strategizing.
Pillars of power
1. To identify the pillars holding up the power structures we want to overcome.
2. To analyse the pillars with the goal of developing strategies to weaken them.
3. To identify the vulnerability of power structures.
The tree
To identify and analyse the nature and components of the problem and to come up with positive responses
10-10 strategies
Syndicate content
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| 0.818104 |
relocating hydrangea plants
When and how can I move my hydrangeas to a new shaded location?
Submitted by BHGPhotoContest
Do it in the early spring while the plant is still dormant or when the shrub is just starting to break dormancy. Dig as large of a root ball as you can and move the plant as soon as possible. If the plant has sprouted leaves it would be best to wait until it's dormant again next fall or spring.
Answered by BHGgardenEditors
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__label__pos
| 0.772411 |
A rocket engine can accelerate a rocket launched from restvertically up with an acceleration of 19.8 m/s2. However, after 46.0 seconds of flight the engine fails. Neglectair resistance and assume g = 9.80 N/kg throughout the flight.
(a) What is the rocket's altitude when the engine fails?
(b) When does it reach its maximum height?
(c) What is the maximum height reached? [Hint: A graphical solutionmay be easiest.]
Best answer:
Answers (1)
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__label__pos
| 0.966732 |
Yamaha SW60XG hack lets you use it as a standalone MIDI device
[Read more...]
Combo lock uses relays and logic gates
[Read more...]
Another way to look at Charlieplexing
Charlieplexing is a technique that allows you to drive a larger number of LEDs than wouldn’t be possible with the same number of I/O pins on a traditional multiplexed matrix. If we lost you there just think of it as lots of blinky lights connected to a small number of pins. It works by leveraging the one-way nature of a diode. Current will only flow through an LED in one direction so if you hook up your display in a clever way you can drive multiple LEDs from one I/O by switching the polarity of that pin between voltage and ground. [M.Rule] recently looked at using Charlieplexing with LED modules. His conceptual approach to the problem is different from those we remember seeing before and it’s worth a look.
Instead of just using the formula to calculate how many LEDs he can drive [M.Rule] is using a table of I/O pins to establish how many and in what order these displays can be connected. Each colored set of blocks represents an LED module. The graphic above shows how 18-pin can be utilized. He even filled in the unused pin combinations with input buttons.
Get every new post delivered to your Inbox.
Join 91,831 other followers
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__label__pos
| 0.960671 |
"Breakthroughs, Launches, and Warnings on World Oceans Day"
"NEW YORK -- The spectrum of actions marking the UN's annual World Oceans Day ranges from the celebratory to the cautionary as ocean health is assaulted by challenges that include climate change, oil spills, pollution and overfishing.
At Capital Hill Ocean Week in Washington, DC Tuesday, NOAA Administrator Dr. Jane Lubchenco said, "Healthy oceans are everyone's business," because the U.S. economy and the ocean economy are inseparable - millions of Americans depend on the health of the oceans for their livelihood."
Environment News Service had the story June 8, 2011.
"Happy World Ocean Day" (Mother Jones)
"Ruckelshaus, Marine Experts Lend Support to Fledgling White House Ocean Initiative" (Greenwire)
Source: ENS, 06/09/2011
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| 0.863521 |
Prince Edward Island
Britain obtained the island from France under the terms of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 which settled the Seven Years' War. The British called their new colony St. John's Island (also the Island of St. John's).
During the American Revolutionary War Charlottetown was raided in 1775 by a pair of American-employed privateers. During and after the American Revolutionary War from 1776–1783, the colony's efforts to attract exiled Loyalist refugees from the rebellious American colonies met with some success. Walter Patterson's brother, John Patterson, one of the original grantees of land on the island, was a temporarily exiled Loyalist and led efforts to persuade others to come.
On November 29, 1798, Great Britain granted approval to change the colony's name from St. John's Island to Prince Edward Island to distinguish it from similar names in the Atlantic, such as the cities of Saint John, New Brunswick and St. John's in Newfoundland. The colony's new name honoured the fourth son of King George III, Prince Edward Augustus, the Duke of Kent (1767–1820), who subsequently led the British military forces on the continent as Commander-in-Chief, North America (1799–1800), with his headquarters in Halifax. (Prince Edward later became the father of the future Queen Victoria.)
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| 0.860385 |
sözcük ara, mesela fleek:
Getting a blow job while playing xbox.
Yo last night that chick gave me a bloxer.
Jeff Reynolds tarafından 7 Ekim 2010, Perşembe
Blood-stained boxers/ pajama pants. Used when referring to the blood-stained pants of a person that is menstruating.
Matthew, don't look in the laundry basket on the right, it's filled with Tracey's bloxers.
PheonixCrucifix tarafından 22 Nisan 2011, Cuma
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__label__pos
| 0.775963 |
Web Toolbar by Wibiya
More Friends = More Fun
Tweets !
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Pistachio Queen's Profile
open all close all
My Clubs
All About Me!
1. I'm a Capricorn!
2. Smart, nice, and creative!
3. 9
4. Lime Green
5. One brother
6. Zooey Deschanel
In A Nutshell...
1. Art
2. Drum Circle
3. I don't like sports, sorry!
4. Homework
5. Pandas
6. She is so nice!
7. Baked Macaroni and Cheese Balls
8. Collages
9. Disney World
My Faves…
1. Mad, Dance Moms, Victorious, Adventure Time, The Middle, and Modern Family.
2. Tangled
3. Paramore, The Dollyrots, Taylor Swift, Adele, Alanis Morissette, Flyleaf, Christina Perri, Colbie Calliat,Florence and the Machine, and My Chemical Romance!
4. The Total Tragedy of a Girl Named Hamlet, The Percy Jackson Series, Notes From A Liar and Her Dog, The Hunger Games, The Lying Game, The Popularity Papers,and Smile!
5. Super Smah Brothers Brawl, I play Princess Peach!
6. Hayley Williams, Taylor Swift, and Zooey Deschanel!
Style Sense
1. Zooey Deschanel
2. Delias, Morning Glory, and Barnes and Noble!
3. Strawberry
4. I only wear lipgloss, sorry!
5. My trusty, flowery, pink shirt!
1. No, but I really want one!
2. 3
3. Nice, polite, smart, creative, and funny!
4. Taylor Lautner
1. Actress
2. Tokyo, Japan
3. A Hawiian get-away!
4. Buy my family a huge house!
5. Every journey begins with one step.
1. Night Owl
2. Chocolate
3. Ambidextrous
4. Movie in a theater
5. Neat Freak
My Healthy You Profile
1. Fitness Faves
2. If I had to pik one it would be Lacrosse!
3. Eat My Heart Out by The Dollyrots
4. I don't have one.
5. Goal Girl
To excersise an hour a day!
6. Yoga
7. My dad
8. I don't know...
9. Tasty Eats
An orange
10. My mom's Colombian Pasta!
11. munch on brownies!
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__label__pos
| 0.956242 |
TY - JOUR JF - Acarologia T1 - A new water mite species of the genus Atractides Koch (Acraiformes, Hygrobatidae) from Russia VL - 45 IS - 1 SP - 43 EP - 47 PY - 2005 AU - Tuzovskij P. KW - Hygrobatidae; Atractides; new species; female; male; lowland river; Yaroslavl Province; Russia N2 - Atractides ildensis, n. sp. is described from a lowland river of the Yaroslavl Province. This species is characterized as follows: genital plates of male fused by anterior ends only, genital plates of female short and wide (ratio length/width = 2.5-2.8).
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__label__pos
| 0.993707 |
zoek een woord op, zoals donkey punch:
Any sexual act where dipping could be involved. Some examples would be you dipping your penis in a girl's vag, mouth, anus. To a lesser extent, tongues can be dipped in some fucked up places. But the best dip would be the Master Queef.
Mike-"Yo you going to dip it in that Honey Dip?"
Rob-"Ya dawg fo sho!"
door Mike Komasinski 23 december 2005
|
__label__pos
| 0.86091 |
Search for a Bell, CA Italian Tutor
Subject: Zip:
32 Subjects: including Italian, Spanish, chemistry, French
Pasadena, CA
43 Subjects: including Italian, reading, English, chemistry
Upland, CA
David T. ...I live in Los Angeles since 1995. I've been successfully teaching Italian Language, for the past four years. I am specialized in full-immersion, practical, and conversational Italian language, where the students will learn effective, and practical skills that will allow them to converse in Italian.
2 Subjects: including Italian, English
Los Angeles, CA
Patrizia Z. ...Students have taught me that there are many ways to learn, and the tutor is not only a teacher but also helps every student identify his/her specific areas of strength in order to improve areas of weakness. To have helped many students to improve their performance during the school year increas...
3 Subjects: including Italian, elementary math, elementary science
Pasadena, CA
1 Subject: Italian
Signal Hill, CA
|
__label__pos
| 0.988661 |
First: Mid: Last: City: State:
Mabel Pabelick
Get exclusive access to more than a billion public records when you sign up with Our sophisticated system will instantly generate accurate and extensive information about everyone named Mabel Pabelick. From there, you can comfortably browse the results to find the exact Mabel you're looking for.
Did you find the right Mabel Pabelick yet? If not, simply modify your search by including extra details like previous residences or other known aliases. Any small piece of information you might have can help. Once you locate the Mabel Pabelick you're looking for, check out the other data we have on them, including addresses, phone numbers, and email addresses.
Name/AKAsAgeLocationPossible Relatives
1. Pabelick, Mabel V107 Wheat Ridge, CO
Denver, CO
PABELICK, ARTHUR (age 106) View Details
2. Pabelick, Mabel V Cedarburg, WI
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3. Pabelick, Mabel Cedarburg, WI
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4. Pabelick, Mabel Cedarburg, WI
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__label__pos
| 0.789357 |
What was the biggest British fail
Monday, November 15, 2010
The Serapis Taken Over By The Bonhomme Richard
This was a huge, major FAIL for the British. At this time the British had the most powerful navy in the world. The Americans had a weak one because they didn't have many boats. John Paul Jones, an American naval commander, did something miraculous, however. He and four other boats patrolled the English coast. Jone's vessels approached a convoy of two British warships guarding supply ships. The Bonhomme Richard, Jone's boat, rammed the larger of the two warships, the Serapis. The perhaps over-confident British captain demanded Jones surrender, but Jones replied, "I have not yet begun to fight"! Fighting then broke out. Somehow, the Americans cracked the mast of the Serapis. They had beaten the most powerful navy in the world with a small ship! Major British PHAIL.
Joseph Gallinghouse
The Battle of Bunker Hill took place on a peninsula. Because of this, the British could've stopped the colonists from escaping by covering the tiny area. The colonists were first at Breed's Hill, but the redcoats pushed them back to Bunker Hill.
When the colonists were at Bunker Hill, they got pushed back further and further. They went through a tiny little line of land. If the British had just put two fat guys it would've covered it and stopped the colonists from escaping. They could've cornered them between two armies and kill the rest of the colonists.
This would've lowered the colonists spirits, and that might have changed the whole outcome of the war, but they didn't cover the area. This raised the colonists spirits, eventually leading to the victory of the war.
In the Battle of Princeton, Washington's forces snuck away from the newly captured Trenton (in the middle of the night) and took Princeton with little casualties and fatalities due to the lack of British troops in the town. This lack of troops was due to the fact that the British sent troops to Trenton to take it back. A British spy also sent a note to the British in Princeton, but the General failed to pay attention because he was busy betting on poker. The attack was placed on New Years night which meant that everyone was either celebrating or drunk. FAIL!
By: Brock Jones
On October 19, 1781, a British army under control of General Charles Lord Cornwallis was forced to surrender to General Washington’s combined American and French army. The victory secured independence for the United States and significantly changed the course of world history.
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| 0.713936 |
Wednesday, August 27, 2014
Neumu = Art + Music + Words
Search Neumu:
44.1kHz = music reviews
edited by michael goldbergcontact
+ Donato Wharton - Body Isolations
+ Svalastog - Woodwork
+ Tim Hecker - Harmony In Ultraviolet
+ Rosy Parlane - Jessamine
+ Jarvis Cocker - The Jarvis Cocker Record
+ Múm - Peel Session
+ Deloris - Ten Lives
+ Minimum Chips - Lady Grey
+ Badly Drawn Boy - Born In The U.K.
+ The Hold Steady - Boys And Girls Together
+ The Blood Brothers - Young Machetes
+ The Places - Songs For Creeps
+ Camille - Le Fil
+ Wolf Eyes - Human Animal
+ Christina Carter - Electrice
+ The Decemberists - The Crane Wife
+ Junior Boys - So This Is Goodbye
+ Various Artists - Musics In The Margin
+ Rafael Toral - Space
+ Bob Dylan - Modern Times
+ Excepter - Alternation
+ Chris Thile - How To Grow A Woman From The Ground
+ Brad Mehldau - Live in Japan
+ M Ward - Post-War
+ Various Artists - Touch 25
+ The Mountain Goats - Get Lonely
+ The White Birch - Come Up For Air
+ Camera Obscura - Let's Get Out of This Country
+ Coachwhips - Double Death
+ Giuseppe Ielasi - Giuseppe Ielasi
+ Cex - Actual Fucking
+ Sufjan Stevens - The Avalanche
+ Leafcutter John - The Forest And The Sea
+ Carla Bozulich - Evangelista
+ Barbara Morgenstern - The Grass Is Always Greener
+ Robin Guthrie - Continental
+ Peaches - Impeach My Bush
+ Oakley Hall - Second Guessing
+ Klee - Honeysuckle
+ The Court & Spark - Hearts
+ TV On The Radio - Return To Cookie Mountain
+ Awesome Color - Awesome Color
+ Jenny Wilson - Love And Youth
+ Asobi Seksu - Citrus
+ Marsen Jules - Les Fleurs
+ The Moore Brothers - Murdered By The Moore Brothers
+ Regina Spektor - Begin To Hope
+ The 1900s - Plume Delivery EP
+ Alejandro Escovedo - The Boxing Mirror
+ Function - The Secret Miracle Fountain
+ Sonic Youth - Rather Ripped
+ Loscil - Plume
+ Boris - Pink
+ Deadboy And The Elephantmen - We Are Night Sky
+ Glissandro 70 - Glissandro 70
+ Calexico - Garden Ruin (Review #2)
+ Calexico - Garden Ruin (Review #1)
+ The Flaming Lips - At War With The Mystics
+ The Glass Family - Sleep Inside This Wheel
+ Various Artists - Songs For Sixty Five Roses
+ The Fiery Furnaces - Bitter Tea
+ Motorpsycho - Black Hole/Blank Canvas
+ The Red Krayola - Introduction
+ Metal Hearts - Socialize
+ American Princes - Less And Less
+ Sondre Lerche And The Faces Down Quartet - Duper Sessions
+ Supersilent - 7
+ Band Of Horses - Everything All The Time
+ Dudley Perkins - Expressions
+ Growing - Color Wheel
+ Red Carpet - The Noise Of Red Carpet
+ The Essex Green - Cannibal Sea
+ Espers - II
+ Wilderness - Vessel States
44.1 kHz Archive
peruse archival
Jarvis Cocker
The Jarvis Cocker Record
Rough Trade
Can hips be witty? Jarvis Branson Cocker proved it last year as part of the stellar ensemble for Come So Far for Beauty, the Leonard Cohen tribute. Spanish handclaps, snaky stage moves, an irony in his deep and oh-so-English voice that could come on like a taste within a single word, yet never compromise a moment that mattered: oh yeah, Cocker caught the eye and ear completely, the clown prince of the occasion.
If you knew Cocker's old band Pulp, you'd already be aware of this mix of sly and heartfelt. Most people saw Pulp's height as 1995's Different Class, one of the anthemic records behind the Britpop phenomenon. I always preferred the darkness and sophistication of 1998's This Is Hardcore, Cocker's mid-life pop-star crisis record, crashing Bond theme orchestrations and Bowie glam frosts together with pornographic confessions on his own used-up identity. Something had to give, and it seems it was Pulp, as well as Cocker's long-term relationship at the time.
Now married to a French stylist, and a new dad to boot, he finally returns with a very fine solo album indeed. It resounds with booming Nancy Sinatra ballads ("Don't Let Him Waste Your Time" was actually written for her) and Spector-ish cathedrals of space, not to mention a brilliantly naked sample of "Crimson & Clover" on his song "Black Magic." Much like Pulp, yes: as the gunning guitars and bam-bam, garage-rock drums of "Fat Children" ("took my life") or the crooning piano menace of "I Will Kill Again" (his serial murderer benignly enjoys "half a bottle of wine") variedly and further suggest. Behind the bookish glasses and op-shop hipster image, Cocker has always been a great storyteller, an outwardly playful satirist with a ferocious moral vision of modern English life. Over the ambient hum of "Quantum Theory" he sings "somewhere everyone is happy. Somewhere fish do not have bones." Strangely enough, you can feel this almost angry romantic wants to believe it. It's probably because he really cares.
by Mark Mordue
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2 Chronicles 8:7-9 (New International Version)
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7 All the people left from the Hittites, Amorites, Perizzites, Hivites and Jebusites1 (these peoples were not Israelites), 8 that is, their descendants remaining in the land, whom the Israelites had not destroyed--these Solomon conscripted2 for his slave labor force, as it is to this day. 9 But Solomon did not make slaves of the Israelites for his work; they were his fighting men, commanders of his captains, and commanders of his chariots and charioteers.
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For Key Stage 3
Document Sample
For Key Stage 3 Powered By Docstoc
Lutterworth High School
Science Department
For Key Stage 3
Science Dictionary
Words in italics appear elsewhere in the Dictionary.
abdomen: 1. in vertebrates, the area below the thorax
2. lower section of an insects body
abrasion: when something is worn away by particles
absorb, absorption: 1. when living cells or blood take in dissolved food or oxygen
2. when something 'soaks up' light rather than reflecting it or letting it pass
accelerate, acceleration: to speed up or go faster
accurate: exact or correct
acid rain: rain that is acidic because it has sulphur dioxide and/or nitrogen dioxides
dissolved in it
acids: 1. a substance that turns litmus red; has a pH of less than 7.
2. solutions that react with many metals to produce a salt and hydrogen, and that react
with alkalis to produce a salt and water
acne: spots on the skin
adapted, adaptation: when plants or animals have characteristics or features that make them
suitable for where they live
addiction: when a person can't do without a drug
addictive: a drug that is addictive makes you unable to stop taking it
adolescence: time when both physical and emotional changes occur in humans; change from
child to adult.
adolescent: a person who is no longer a child, but is not yet an adult
aerobic respiration: using oxygen to break down food to release energy
afterbirth: the placenta and membranes pushed out of the uterus after a baby is born
AIDS: a disease caused by the HIV virus which leads to the weakening of the immune system. Short
for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
air: a mixture of gases, mainly nitrogen and oxygen, that surrounds us
air pollution: harmful gases such as sulphur dioxide or nitrogen dioxides in the air
air resistance: the friction force on something moving through air; also called drag
air sacs: small sacs at the ends of the bronchioles in the lungs. Also called alveoli (one an
albino: an organism with no colouring
alcohol: a chemical which can be used as a drug
algae: simple plants without leaves. Includes microscopic plants and seaweeds. One is an alga
align: to bring things into line
alimentary canal: see digestive system
alkalis: 1. a substance that turns litmus blue; has a pH of more than 7.
2. the opposite of acids; they react with acids to produce salts
allotropes: different forms of the same element
alloy: a mixture of different metals
alternating current (ac): electrical current that reverses its direction repeatedly
altitude sickness: an illness that is caused by very low air pressure. It can be fatal
aluminium: a metal that you get from its ore, bauxite, using electricity
alveoli: see air sacs
amino acids: carbon compounds that proteins are built from
ammeter: a meter that is used to measure electric currents in amperes
ammonia: a gas composed of nitrogen and hydrogen
amnion: bag containing amniotic fluid during pregnancy.
amniotic fluid: liquid surrounding the growing embryo and protecting it
ampere (amp, A): the unit of electric current
amphibians: vertebrates with moist skins; they lay eggs without shells and return to water to
amplitude: the size of the vibrations that produce a sound; a large amplitude produces a loud
amylase: enzyme that breaks down starch to sugar
anaemia: a deficiency disease caused by a lack of iron in the diet. The body cannot make enough
red blood cells to carry oxygen around the body and so the sufferer feels tired and lacks energy
anaerobic respiration: does not need oxygen to break down food to release energy
analyse, analysis: to investigate or examine by breaking it down into parts
angiosperm plant that produces seeds
angle of incidence: the angle between the normal and a ray of light hitting a mirror or object
angle of reflection: the angle between the normal and a ray of light leaving a mirror
angle of refraction: angle between the light ray and the normal as it passes through an interface
anhydrous: does not contain water
annelid worms: worms with soft, round, segmented bodies: also known as true worms
anode: the positive electrode in electrolysis
anomalous result: a result which does not fit a trend or pattern. On a graph, it is a point that
does not fit on the line of best fit
antacid: medicine containing an alkali used to neutralise some of the acid in the stomach to treat
antagonistic pair: two muscles that work a joint by pulling in opposite directions, e.g. the biceps
and triceps in the upper arm
antenna: structures on an animals head used to sense things. Plural antennae
anther: part of a flower that makes pollen
antibiotics: drugs used to kill bacteria in the body
antibodies: chemicals made by white blood cells to destroy bacteria and other microbes
anti-clockwise: opposite of clockwise
antigens: substances which the body recognizes as alien and which induces an immune response,
producing antibodies. Also known as pathogens
antiseptic: weak disinfectant that is safe to use on human skin
anus: the opening at the end of the digestive system
apparatus: equipment used in the laboratory
appendix: small tube branching off the large intestine. It has no function in humans
approximate: when something is nearly correct but not exact
arachnid: arthropod with four pairs of legs, e.g. spider
armature: the iron part of a relay that moves when electricity is flowing in the solenoid
arteries: blood vessels which carry blood away from the heart. One is an artery
arthropods: invertebrate animals with an outer skeleton and jointed legs
artificial satellite: something orbiting a planet that is man-made
asexual reproduction: reproduction without the use of sex cells; one parent only
ash: powdery residue when something is burned
asteroid: a small lump of rock orbiting the Sun
asthma: a disorder of the tubes to the lungs that makes it difficult to breathe
astronomical unit (au): one unit is the average distance from the Earth to the Sun,
150 million km
atmosphere: layer of gases surrounding the Earth and some other planets
atom: the smallest particle of an element
atomic energy: another name for nuclear energy
attract, attraction: things pulling towards each other
atria: the two upper chambers of the heart; one is called an atrium
average: the result obtained by adding several amounts together and then dividing the total by
the number of amounts
axis: an imaginary vertical line that goes from one pole of the Earth to the other. The Earth rotates
around its axis.
bacteria: microbes that are cells without a true nucleus; one is called a bacterium
balance: an instrument used for weighing
balanced diet: eating a variety of foods to provide all the things the body needs
balanced equation: when the number of atoms of each element on both sides of a symbol
equation is the same
balanced forces: two forces that are the same size but act in opposite directions
ball and socket joint: a skeletal joint in which the ball-shaped end of a bone lies in a socket,
allowing movement and rotation in all directions
bar chart: a chart which displays values by means of vertical or horizontal bars
bar magnet: a straight magnet, shaped like a bar
basalt: igneous rock with very small crystals
base: a chemical which reacts with an acid to form a salt
battery: made from two or more electrical cells joined together. Plural batteries
bauxite: aluminium ore
beam: a collection of light rays
bell: a device that uses an electromagnet to make it ring
bends: another name for decompression sickness
biceps: the muscle that contracts to bend your arm
bi-concave lens: a lens where both sides curve inwards (concave)
bi-convex lens: a lens where both sides curve outwards (convex)
bile: a greenish-yellow digestive juice made in the liver
binocular vision: vision with each of two eyes seeing the same object from slightly different
biodegradable: a substance that can be broken down by microbes
biomass: 1. a fuel that comes from plants, animals or their waste, e.g. wood, methane
2. the mass of living material
biosphere: the region of the Earth’s surface and the atmosphere in which organisms can live
biotechnology: the use of living cells in plants, animals and microbes to help solve problems and
make new things
birds: vertebrates with feathers; they lay eggs with hard shells
bladder: a stretchy bag which stores urine
blast furnace: used for smelting iron ore
blood: cells and a liquid used for carrying materials through the body of an animal
boil, boiling: a liquid turning into a gas
boiling point: the temperature at which a liquid boils
bonds: the forces that hold atoms together in a molecule
bone: calcified material, the pieces of which make up the skeleton in vertebrates
brain: organ that controls what the body does
brakes: these use friction to slow down bicycles and motor vehicles
brass: an alloy of copper and zinc
breathe, breathing: taking air into and out of the lungs
breathing rate: the number of times you breathe per minute
breathing system: see respiratory system
breed: 1. a set of animals that are in some way different from other members of the same species
2. reproduce or make new young plants and animals
breeding: when two organisms of the same species mate to produce offspring
brine: a solution of common salt and water
brittle: breaks easily when bent or hit
bronchiole: tubes which branch from a bronchus into a lung
bronchus: air pipe between the trachea and a lung. Two are called bronchi
bronze: an alloy of copper and tin
budding: a type of asexual reproduction where a new small cell (bud) starts to grow out from
another cell; the way yeast cells divide
burning: when substances react with oxygen and release thermal energy; also called
buzzer: this uses an electromagnet to make a sound
caffeine: a stimulant that increases the speed that nerves carry impulses. It is found in coffee, tea
and cola drinks
calcium: 1. a metal element
2. a mineral nutrient that is needed by living things. It strengthens bones and teeth
calcium carbonate: the chemical compound that chalk, limestone and marble are made from
calcium hydroxide: the substance made when calcium oxide reacts with water; it dissolves slightly
in water to make lime-water
calcium oxide: a substance made by thermal decomposition of limestone
calx: a substance like the ash of a fire, that was left after a substance burned. Some scientists
used to think that all substances were made of a mixture of calx and phlogiston
camouflage: use of natural colours of shape of an animal to blend in with its surroundings
cancer: a disorder in which cells grow out of control
canine: pointed biting tooth towards the front of the mouth
capillary: narrow blood vessel with walls only one cell thick. Two are called capillaries
carbohydrase: enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
carbohydrates: carbon compounds used by living things as food, for example starch and sugars
such as glucose
carbon: a solid non-metal element
carbon cycle: the way in which carbon moves around through different parts of the environment
carbonates: 1. compounds containing carbon and oxygen
2. compounds that react with acids to produce carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide: 1. a gas that is made from the elements carbon and oxygen, whose molecules are
made from carbon atoms and oxygen atoms
2. a gas that puts out a lighted splint and turns lime-water milky
3. a gas used by plants in photosynthesis and made in respiration
carbon monoxide: a poisonous gas produced in small quantities when a car burns petrol or diesel
carcinogenic: having the potential to cause cancer
carnivore: an animal that eats other animals
carpel: female reproductive organ in a flower, consisting of stigma, style and ovary
carrier: an organism which does not show a genetic characteristic but which can pass it on to the
next generation
cartilage: slippery substance that covers the ends of bones in joints to stop them wearing away
catalyst: a substance which speeds up a chemical reaction and which can be used over and over
again; enzymes are catalysts
catalytic converter: a metal catalyst fitted to a car exhaust which helps to reduce pollution
cathode: the negative electrode in electrolysis
cell: 1. contains chemicals that produce an electric current when it is connected to a complete
2. the building block that plants and animals are made from
cell division: when a cell splits into two
cell membrane: outer layer of the living part of a cell
cell sap: a solution of sugars and other substances found in the vacuoles of plant cells
cellulose: substance used to make plant cell walls
cell wall: outer supporting layer of a plant cell made of cellulose
cement: the material that holds the grains together in a sedimentary rock
cementation: process in which water flowing through the spaces between the grains of rock
leaves mineral salts behind which stick (cement) the rock pieces together
centimetre (cm): 100 cm equal 1 metre
cervix: a ring of muscle at the bottom of the uterus in females
chalk: a soft white or grey sedimentary rock formed from the remains of microscopic organisms
and so mainly made of calcium carbonate
characteristics: the special features of any plant or animal
charcoal: impure form of carbon
charges: these produce an electric current when they are moving and static electricity when they
are standing still
chemical change: a change that produces new substances
chemical energy: energy stored in chemicals. Food, fuels and batteries all contain chemical energy.
chemical reaction: a reaction that produces new substances
chlorine: a non-metal element; it is a poisonous, greeny-yellow gas
chlorofluorocarbons (CFC’s): gases used in aerosols and refrigerators that destroy the ozone
chlorophyll: the green substance in chloroplasts which traps light energy
chloroplasts: the parts of plant cells which contain chlorophyll
chromosome: string like threads, in the nucleus of a cell, containing DNA which contains the
instructions for inherited variation
chromatogram: the separated substances, usually on paper, that you get by using chromatography
chromatography: a way of separating different dissolved solids, for example dyes
cilia: tiny hairs that move back and forth, found on the surface of some cells
ciliated: cells having cilia are ‘ciliated’
circuit: a complete loop that electricity flows around
circuit diagram: an electric circuit drawn using circuit symbols
circulate, circulation: when blood flows through the heart and arteries, capillaries and veins
circulatory system: an organ system made up of the heart and arteries, capillaries and veins
citric acid: acid found in citrus fruits, e.g. lemons, oranges
class: a group of different organisms which are similar in some ways, e.g. mammals
classify, classification: sorting things into groups
clay soil: an acidic soil with very fine particles. It holds water
clockwise: the direction that the hands of a clock move round
clone an exact genetic copy of an organism
clot: when blood becomes solid; makes a ‘scab’ when it is on the surface of the skin
coal: a fossil fuel made from the remains of plants
cobalt: a metal that is a magnetic material
cochlea: part of the ear that changes vibrations into electrical impulses
coelenterates: invertebrates with tentacles and stinging cells; include jellyfish
combine: join together; atoms of different elements combine to make new substances
combustion: another word for burning
comet: a lump of rock and ice that moves in a very elliptical orbit around the Sun
community: all the plants and animals that live in a habitat
compaction: when layers of sediment or rock are squashed by the weight of sediment above them
compare: to look at the differences and similarities of two or more things
compass: see magnetic compass
compete, competition: when several plants or animals are all trying to get the same things
complete circuit: an unbroken chain of things that conduct electricity
component: a part in an electrical circuit, e.g. bulb, switch, motor
compound: a substance made from the atoms of two, or more, different elements joined together
compress; compression: to squeeze into a smaller space
concave lens: lens whose surface curves inwards
conclusion: a judgement or decision reached by reasoning
condense, condensing: changing a gas to a liquid by cooling it
condenser: piece of apparatus that cools down a gas to turn it into liquid
conditions: the state or features of an environment or of an experiment
conduct, conduction: the way electricity or heat travels through solids
conductor: 1. electrical a substance that an electrical current easily passes through
2. thermal a substance that thermal energy easily passes through
conglomerate: a sedimentary rock made of pebbles cemented together
conifers: plants which make seeds in cones
conservation: preserving or taking care of living things and their habitats
conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only changed from one form into
conservation of mass: the total mass of all the reactants in a chemical reaction is the same as the
total mass of all the products
constant: 1. an unvarying number or quantity
2. to keep the same
constellation: a group of stars that form a pattern
consumer: a living thing that eats other living things. Animals are consumers
continuous variation: differences in one feature that change gradually and have a range of
values, e.g. height, weight
contraception: a method of preventing pregnancy
contract, contraction: 1. in the case of a muscle, become shorter and fatter; muscles do this to
produce movement
2. solids, liquids and gases do this when they cool, get smaller
control: an experiment in which the variable being tested in a second experiment is kept
constant. This establishes the validity of the second experiment
convection: the way heat travels through liquids and gases
convection current: a flow of liquid or gas caused by part of it being heated or cooled more than
the rest
convex lens: lens whose surface curves outwards
copper: a metal element which is not very reactive
core: 1. a solid bar inside an electromagnet, usually made of iron
2. the middle of the Earth
correlation: connection between two variables, usually found by drawing a graph
corrode: when something reacts with chemicals in the air or water and gets worn away
corrosion: what happens to metals when they react with chemicals such as water, oxygen or
acids in the air
corrosive: substances that attack metals, stonework and skin are said to be corrosive
courtship: a set pattern of behaviour in animals before mating
cover slip: thin piece of glass used to cover a specimen on a slide
crater: the depression found at the summit of a volcano
cross breeding: when different varieties of the same species are mated with one another
cross pollination: transfer of pollen from an anther to a stigma of a different plant
crude oil: oil from the ground, before it has been refined
crust: the solid rocks covering the surface of the Earth
crustacean: an arthropod with a chalky shell and 5 to 10 pairs of legs, e.g. lobster
crystal: a mineral with a regular shape
crystallisation: formation of crystals
current: electric charges flowing around a complete circuit
curve of best fit: curve that is the best fit for points on a graph
cuticle: waxy layer of cells on the upper surface of leaves that is waterproof
cyan: turquoise secondary colour made by mixing green and blue light
cytoplasm: the contents of a cell excluding the nucleus; the place where most chemical reactions
data: results of an experiment
database: a collection of related information arranged for easy access
data logger: a computer or electronic device set up to gather information from electronic sensors
day: 24 hours, the time that it takes the Earth to spin once on its axis
decay: 1. rot or cause to rot through the action of bacteria and fungi
2. undergo change to a different form by emitting radiation
decelerate, deceleration: to slow down or go slower; opposite to acceleration
decibel (dB): unit for measuring the loudness of sound
deciduous tree: a tree that loses its leaves in winter, e.g. oak
decompose: break down
decomposer: something that eats dead plants
decomposition: splitting up a compound into simpler substances
decompression sickness: bubbles in the blood caused if divers come up to the surface too
quickly. It can be fatal
deficiency disease: disease caused by not having enough of something in the diet
degrees Celsius (ºC): the units for temperature
dehydration: a serious lack of water in the body
demagnetise: remove or destroy the magnetic properties
denitrify, denitrifying: release nitrogen from nitrates or nitrites
dense: a dense substance has a lot of mass in a small volume
density: the mass of a certain volume, e.g. 1 cm3, of a substance
dependent variable: 1. a variable that is not changed during an experiment
2. a variable whose value depends on that of another
deposits: when moving water drops the rock fragments or grains that it has been carrying
depressant: drug that decreases the speed at which nerves carry impulses, e.g. alcohol
detergent: chemical cleaner that can have a harmful effect on the environment
diaphragm: a sheet of muscle that separates your chest from your lower body
diet: all the food that you eat
diffuse, diffusion: the spreading of liquids and gases, from where the concentration is high to
where it is low, because its particles are moving about
digest, digestion: the breakdown of large, insoluble food molecules into small soluble ones which
can be absorbed
digestive juice: juice made by a digestive gland that helps to digest food
digestive system: all the organs that are used to digest and absorb food
diode: an electrical component allowing the flow of current in one direction only
direct current (dc): electrical current in one direction only
discontinuous variation: differences in one feature that have only a few options and fit into one
option only, e.g. eye colour, tongue rolling
disease, disorder: when some part of a plant or animal isn't working properly
disinfectant: strong chemical used to kill microbes
disperse, dispersal: 1. splitting white light into different colours by refracting it through a prism
2. the spreading of fruits or seeds away from the parent plant
dispersion: the separating of the colours in light, e.g. when light passes through a prism
displace, displacement: 1. the volume of water pushed aside by an object
2. when a more reactive element pushes a less reactive element out of
one of its compounds
dissipation: when something is scattered or broken up and thus disappears
dissolve: when the particles of a solid completely mix with the particles of a liquid to make a clear
distance-time graph: graph which plots the distance something travels against the time it takes
to travel; the slope of the graph represents speed
distil, distillation: evaporating a liquid and then condensing it again to get a pure liquid
distribution: the places where living things can be found in a habitat
diurnal: the word used to describe animals that are active in the day
DNA: the substance that chromosomes are made from; short for deoxyribonucleic acid
dominant: a characteristic which shows up whenever an organism has one or a pair of genes for it
drag: see air resistance
drug: a substance which can change the way your body works
ductile: bendy; able to be drawn out into a thin strand, e.g. wire
dynamo: used to generate electricity by transferring kinetic energy into electrical energy
eardrum: the membrane in your ear that picks up sound vibrations from the air
Earth: the planet on which we live
earthquake: shaking of the Earth caused by sudden rock movements
earth wire: green and yellow wire in a cable or plug
echo: sound which is reflected back from something solid
eclipse: when the Moon is in the Earth's shadow, or the Earth in the Moon's shadow
ecologist: a person who studies the environment
ecosystem: a community of animals and plants interacting with each other and with the physical
Ecstasy: a stimulant that can cause depression, mental illness and even death
effector: part of the body that receives impulses from the brain, e.g. muscles
efficiency: the fraction, or percentage, of the energy supplied that is transferred in the way that
we want; a measure of how well an energy converter transfers energy
efficient: something that does not waste much energy
effort: the force put on something
egest, egestion: get rid of undigested waste (faeces) through the anus
egg cells, eggs: female sex cells; also called ova
egg tube: the tube that carries an ova (egg cell) from an ovary to the uterus (womb); also called
an oviduct
ejaculation: semen is pumped out of the penis into the top part of the vagina during sexual
elastic: any substance that will return to its original shape and size after being stretched or
elastic limit: the working limit of a spring; the maximum extent to which a solid can be stretched
without permanent alteration of size or shape
electrical energy: kind of energy carried by electricity
electrical force: see static electricity
electrode: a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves something
electrolysis: splitting up a chemical using electricity
electrolyte: a compound which conducts electricity when molten or in solution
electromagnet: a magnet made by passing an electric current through a coil of wire; it usually
has an iron core
electron: 1. an atomic particle inside the nucleus
2. a tiny particle that flows around an electrical circuit
electroplate, electroplating: use of electrolysis to plate a metal
element: a substance which can't be split into anything simpler in a chemical reaction
eliminate: to get rid of
elliptical: oval-shaped
embryo: 1. a baby in the uterus (womb) before all its organs have started to grow
2. the tiny plant inside a seed
emit: to give out energy
emulsion: two liquids mixed together, one forming small blobs in the other
endangered: a species which is at risk of becoming extinct
endothermic: a chemical reaction that takes in heat from its surroundings
energy: something that is needed to make things happen
energy chain: an energy flow diagram to show energy transfers
energy resource: a source of energy, e.g. coal or solar power
environment: conditions around a living thing, made up of physical and living factors
environmental factors: things in an environment that can change something about an organism
environmental variation: differences between organisms caused by environmental factors
enzymes: protein substances made in living cells which speed up chemical reactions without
being used up; catalyst
epicentre: the nearest point to the centre of an earthquake
epidemic: a sudden outbreak of an infectious disease which spreads rapidly and affects a large
number of people, plants or animals in a particular area for a limited period of time
epithelium: tissue that forms linings and skins around an organ or organism
Equator: an imaginary line around the middle of the Earth
equilibrium: when something is balanced
erosion: the process where wind, water and ice, break down rocks into smaller pieces then carry
them away
erupt, eruption: when lava, ash and gases are pushed out of a volcano
estimate: provide a rough idea about the numbers or size of something
ethanoic acid: acid in vinegar
ethanol: often known as ‘alcohol’; produced by yeast cells when they ferment sugar
evaluate, evaluation: when a judgement is made about the worth of something; how reliable it is
evaporate, evaporation: when a liquid changes into a gas
evidence: information that helps to prove an idea is correct
evolution: changing of a plant or animal species over a long period of time
excess: an amount greater than that which is needed
excrete, excretion: getting rid of the waste made in body cells
excretory system: the organ system which keeps the blood concentration steady and removes
waste products from the blood
exhale, exhalation: breathe out
exoskeleton: thick outer covering found in arthropods
exothermic: a chemical reaction that gives out heat to its surroundings
expand, expansion: when things get bigger, usually because they are hotter
explain: make it easy to understand
external fertilisation: when fertilisation takes place outside the bodies of the parents
extinct, extinction: no longer existing
extrapolate: to predict results beyond the extent of the given values
factor: item or thing
faeces: undigested waste that passes out through the anus
fair test: an attempt to keep all the variables constant except the one that you are investigating
fat: part of food which we use for energy. Also helps to keep heat in
fatty acids: one of the building blocks of fats
fault: a crack in rocks along which there is movement
features: another word for characteristics
ferment, fermentation: the type of anaerobic respiration carried out by yeast, producing carbon
dioxide and ethanol
ferns: plants which reproduce by making spores under their leaves
fertile: able to reproduce
fertilise, fertilisation: when a male sex cell joins with a female sex cell to start a new plant or
fertilised ovum: cell formed when a male and a female sex cell (gamete) join
fertiliser: you add this to soil to provide the minerals that plants need to grow
fibre: 1. a thin thread or filament
2. the indigestible cellulose in our food; it is also called roughage
filament: 1. the stalk of a stamen in a flower
2. thin piece of wire inside a light bulb that glows when electricity flows through it
filter: a thin piece of glass or plastic that only some colours of light can pass through and absorbs
the rest
filter, filtering, filtration: separating a liquid from an undissolved solid by passing it through
small holes, usually in paper; the solid doesn't pass through the holes and is left behind
filtrate: the liquid that passes through a filter
fish: vertebrates with scaly skins which live in water
fitness: a person’s level of fitness depends on the four S-factors, suppleness, strength, speed and
flagellum: tail on, for example, a bacterium. Two are flagellae
flatworms: invertebrates with thin flat bodies; also known as platyhelminths
float: when an object rests on the surface of a liquid without sinking
flower: part of a plant that contains the structures for sexual reproduction
flowering plants: plants which make seeds in fruits
foetus: a baby in the uterus (womb) whose organs are all growing; in humans after about 10
food: any nutritious substance that people or animals eat or drink or that plants absorb in order
to maintain life and growth
food chain: a diagram showing what animals eat
food web: diagram that is made up of lots of food chains joined together to show what eats what
in a habitat
force: a push or a pull
force meter: used to measure force. Also called a Newton meter
force multiplier: something that turns a small force into a larger one, e.g. a lever
formula: uses symbols to tell you how many atoms of each element are joined together to form a
compound (or molecule of an element)
fossil fuels: fuels that were formed from the remains of animals or plants that died millions of
years ago; they are burned to release thermal energy
fossils: remains of plants and animals from a long time ago
fractional distillation: a way of separating two liquids with different boiling points, e.g. alcohol
and water
fracture: a broken or cracked bone
fraternal twins: see non-identical twins
freeze-thaw: type of weathering that happens when water gets into a crack in a rock and freezes
The freezing water expands and makes the crack bigger
freeze, freezing: a liquid turning into a solid
freezing point: the temperature at which a liquid turns into a solid
frequency: 1. the number of vibrations in a second; gives a sound its particular pitch; units are
2. the number of waves each second
- 10 -
friction: a force that acts in the opposite direction to something that moves or is trying to move;
friction can be between solid surfaces or when things move in gases or liquids
fruit: part of a flowering plant which contains the seeds
fuels: substances that are burned; stored chemical energy is transferred as thermal energy; see
also fossil fuels and nuclear fuels
fulcrum: a point around which something turns. Also known as a pivot
function: role, job
fuse: 1. a piece of wire that melts if too much electricity flows through it
2. when two sex cells join together
fungi: ‘plants’ that do not make their own food but break down dead bodies of plants and animals
and other waste; one is called a fungus
fungicide: a chemical that kills fungi
galaxy: millions of stars grouped together
gametes: another name for sex cells
gases: substances that spread out (diffuse) to fill all the space they can; they can be squeezed
(compressed) into a smaller volume
gas exchange: taking useful gases into a body or a living cell and getting rid of waste gases
generalise: to form a general statement or rule from the evidence available
generate, generator: produces electricity when it is supplied with kinetic energy
generation: offspring of one set of parents or of one age group
genes, genetic material: these control the characteristics of plants and animals; they are passed
on by parents
genetic engineering: technique that removes a particular gene from one cell and transfers it to
another cell
genetic modification: adding genes to an organism which are not normally there or removing
genus: a classification group consisting of a number of similar species; the first name of the
scientific name is the name of the genus
geostationary orbit: an orbit in which a satellite takes exactly 24 hours to circle the Earth, so it
always stays over the same part of the Earth
geothermal energy: energy stored in hot rocks in the Earth's crust
germ: a harmful microbe that often causes disease
germinate, germination: begin to grow, for example a plant from the embryo in a seed
gestation period: length of time from fertilisation to birth; known as pregnancy in humans
gills: organs for gas exchange in some animals that live in water
glacier: a slowly moving river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on
mountains or near the poles.
gland: an organ that produces a liquid, for example digestive glands produce digestive juices
gliding joint: see slightly moveable joint
global warming: see greenhouse effect
glucose: a carbohydrate made of small, soluble molecules; a sugar
glycerol: one of the building blocks of fats
grain: a small piece of mineral
gram (g): unit used to measure mass. 1000g equal 1 kilogram (kg)
granite: a type of igneous rock with large crystals
graph: a diagram showing the relationship between two variables
gravitational potential energy: see potential energy
gravity: force of attraction between two objects because of their mass
greenhouse effect: gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the air that make the Earth warmer than it
would otherwise be
greenhouse gases: gases thought to contribute to global warming, e.g. carbon dioxide and
grow, growth: to become bigger and more complicated
guard cells: cells which open and close the stomata
gullet: the tube that goes from the mouth to the stomach; another name for the oesophagus
- 11 -
habitat: the place where a plant or animal lives
haemoglobin: substance in red blood cells that carries oxygen
harmful: another word for irritant
hazard: something that might cause injury or harm
hazard label: one of a series of warning symbols used to indicate potential dangers in handling
heart: an organ that pumps blood
heart attack: when the heart stops pumping
heart disease: disease caused by narrowing of the arteries carrying the blood to the muscles of
the heart, so the heart does not receive enough oxygen
heart rate: see pulse rate
heat energy: see thermal energy
hemisphere the two halves of a sphere, e.g. the Earth
herbicide: weed killer
herbivore: an animal that only eats plants
hereditary: when something is passed on genetically from one generation to the next
heroin: a very dangerous suppressant drug, causes vomiting and severe headaches
hertz (Hz): the number of vibrations each second; the unit of frequency
hibernate, hibernation: go into a dormant state through the winter
hinge joint: a skeletal joint which allows movement in one direction only
HIV: a virus that causes AIDS. Stands for human immunodeficiency virus
hormones: chemicals secreted in small amounts which coordinate the growth and activities of
living things
host: a living thing that a parasite lives on or feeds off
humidity: the amount of water vapour in the air
humus: rotting organisms, especially leaves, which form part of the soil
hybrid: cross between two varieties or two species
hydraulic: a system which works by transmitting pressure through pipes containing a liquid
hydrocarbon: a chemical compound containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms
hydrochloric acid: a common acid that is also found in your stomach
hydroelectricity: electricity produced by transferring the potential energy of water trapped behind
a, dam
hydrogen: 1. a gas that burns with a squeaky pop
2. a gas which is given off when an acid reacts with a metal
3. a non-metal element; it is a gas that burns to make water
hydrogen carbonate indicator: an indicator that can be used to show how much carbon
dioxide is present
hydrous: contains water
hygiene: conditions or practices conducive to maintaining health and preventing disease,
especially through cleanliness
hypothesis: a statement or assumption made without experimental evidence that can be proved
or disproved by reference to evidence or facts
identical twins: twins that develop from one fertile egg which then splits into two
igneous: rocks that are formed when molten magma from inside the Earth cools down
image: a picture which forms in a mirror or on a screen, or is made by lenses
immoveable: unable to move
immune: able to resist an infectious disease because you have had the disease or because you
have been immunised against it
immunisation: making people immune to diseases
impermeable: will not let a liquid pass through
implantation: the settling of an embryo into the lining of the uterus
impulse: electrical signal carried by a nerve cell
- 12 -
impure: contains more than one substance
incident ray: light ray hitting a mirror
incisor: flat-edged biting tooth at the front of the mouth
incubate: keep warm so that something grows and develops
independent variable: a variable whose value does not depend on that of another
indicator: a substance that can change colour and tell you if a solution is an acid or an alkali
infect, infection: when a microbe gets into your body you are infected by it
infectious: a disease that can be spread from person to person or from animal to person is
infertile: not able to reproduce
infrared: a type of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum
ingest, ingestion: taking in food through the mouth
inhale, inhalation: breathe in
inherit, inheritance: passing on in the genes from parents to offspring
inherited variation: differences between organisms that are passed to the organisms from their
parents through reproduction
inoculation: the introduction of microbes into a body in order to give that body immunity to
insecticide: a chemical that kills insects
insects: arthropods with 3 pairs of legs and 1 or 2 pairs of wings, e.g. fly
insoluble: how we describe a substance that will not dissolve
insulator: 1. electrical a substance that will not let an electric current pass through it
2. thermal a substance that will not let thermal energy pass through it
insulin: a hormone produced by the pancreas that lowers the level of glucose in the blood
intensity: the strength or amount of something, e.g. light
interbreed: breed with each other
interdependence: the way in which organisms depend on each other to remain alive, grow and
internal fertilisation: when fertilisation takes place inside the bodies of the parents
interpret: to explain the meaning of something and to come to a conclusion
intrusion: a body of magma which cools below the Earth’s surface
invertebrates: animals that do not have a bony skeleton inside
ion: electrically charged atom or group of atoms
iron: 1. a metal element that is attracted by a magnet; steel is made mainly from iron
2. a mineral nutrient that is needed by living things
iron filings: tiny pieces of iron
irreversible: cannot be changed back again; permanent
irritant: something that irritates the skin and eyes
jellyfish: invertebrates with tentacles and stinging cells; one group of coelenterates
joints: the places where bones meet
Joule (J): the unit of energy
keys: a table or diagram used to identify living things
kidneys: organs which remove urea from your blood and excrete it in urine
kilogram(kg): 1000 grams
kilojoule (kJ): 1000 Joules
kilometre (km): 1000 metres
kilowatt (kW): 1000 Watts
kilowatt-hour (kWh): the amount of energy used by a 1kW appliance in 1 hour. It is equal to
3600 kJ
kinetic energy: the energy that an object has because it is moving
- 13 -
kinetic theory: an understanding of the number, position and movement of particles or atoms in
the three states of matter
kingdoms: largest groups that living things are sorted into, animal kingdom and plant kingdom
kwashiorkor: a deficiency disease caused by lack of protein in the diet
labour: time when a baby is about to be born
lactic acid: chemical produced in muscle cells during anaerobic respiration.
large intestine: the wide part of the intestine between the small intestine and the anus
larva: young stage of an insect which becomes a pupa before it changes into an adult
larynx: voice box situated in the neck, containing the vocal cords
laser: something that produces a narrow intense beam of light
laterally inverted: flipped sideways, when the left becomes the right and the right becomes the
lava: molten rock that flows from volcanoes
leach: wash chemicals out of the soil
leaf: plant organ used to make food by photosynthesis. Plural leaves
lens: a transparent material, often glass, with one or both sides curved for concentrating or
dispersing light rays
lever: a simple machine to increase the size of a force
life cycle: the stages in the life of an animal or plant
life processes: what living things can do; for example move, respire, sense, grow, reproduce, feed
and get rid of waste
ligament: fibres which hold bones together at joints
light energy: kind of energy given out by light bulbs, candles
light source: something that gives out light
light year: the distance that light travels in one year
lightning: a brief natural high-voltage electrical discharge between a cloud and the ground or
within a cloud, accompanied by a bright flash and often thunder
lime: calcium oxide, made by heating limestone or chalk
limestone: a sedimentary rock, made from calcium carbonate, which is formed from the shells of
dead sea animals
lime-water: a clear solution of calcium hydroxide in water; it is turned cloudy when carbon
dioxide passes through it
limiting factor: something that stops a population growing
line graph: a graph where the points are joined by a line. The line may be straight or curved.
There may be anomalous results that do not fit on the line
line of best fit: line that is the best fit for points on a graph
lines of magnetic force: these tell you which way a magnetic compass will point in a magnetic
lipase: enzyme which digests fat
liquid: substances that have a fixed volume but take the shape of their container
litmus: an indicator that is red in acids and blue in alkalis
liver: large organ in the lower part of your body, just under your diaphragm
live wire: the brown wire in a cable or plug
liverworts: grouped with mosses, plants which make spores in spore capsules
load: the weight or force of something
loam: a good soil containing both clay and sand particles
loud: a loud sound is produced by vibrations with a large amplitude
loudspeaker: a paper cone moved by a magnet and an electromagnet. It converts electrical signals
into sound
lubricant, lubrication: a substance used to reduce friction
luminous: gives out light
lunar eclipse: when the Moon moves into the shadow of the Earth
lunar month: 28 days – the time it takes the Moon to orbit around the Earth once
lungs: organs for gas exchange between your blood and the air
- 14 -
machine: something that transfers energy from one form into another
magenta: purplish secondary colour made by mixing red and blue light
magma: molten rock beneath the Earth's crust
magnesium: a reactive metal element that burns brightly
magnet: something that can attract magnetic materials
magnetic: a material that is attracted to a magnet
magnetic compass: a magnet that is free to pivot; it comes to rest with one end (pole) pointing
north and the other pole pointing south
magnetic field: area around a magnet where it attracts or repels
magnetic north: the direction to which the magnetic needle of a compass points. This is different
to the north direction shown on a map
magnetism: a force that attracts objects made out of cobalt, iron, nickel or steel
magnification: the number of times bigger a drawing or image is compared to real life
make and break switch: switch in an electric bell that opens and closes because of an
electromagnet breaking the circuit every time it is switched on
malleable: can be beaten into thin sheets
malnutrition: diet that has too little or too much of a particular food
mammals: vertebrates with hair or fur, the young feed on milk
mammary glands: glands contained in the breast of a female which produce milk after childbirth
mantle: a layer of material in the Earth, between the crust and the core, made up mainly of molten
rock (magma)
marasmus: illness that is caused by a lack of protein
marble: a metamorphic rock made from limestone
marijuana: a depressant which can cause memory loss
mass: the amount of stuff in an object; it is measured in grams (g) or kilograms (kg). Mass does
not change if you go into space or to another planet
material: a substance out of which something is made
mean: average
medicine: a drug that helps the body to ease the symptoms of a disease or cure the disease
melt, melting: changing a solid into a liquid by heating it
melting point: the temperature at which a solid melts
menopause: when the ovaries in a female stop releasing eggs
menstrual cycle: the monthly cycle of changes in the human female reproductive system
menstruation: when the lining of the uterus and a little blood pass out of the vagina as part of
the menstrual cycle
mercury: the only metal element that is a liquid at ordinary room temperature
metals: substances that conduct electricity; they are usually shiny and often hard
metamorphic: rocks that are made when other rocks are changed (but not melted) by heat and
metamorphosis: sudden change in the shape of the body, taking place in the life cycle of insects
and amphibians
methane: a hydrocarbon also produced in the digestive system
metre: unit of length. 1000m equal 1 kilometre (km).
microbes: microscopic living things; also called micro-organisms
microhabitat: small areas of a habitat with certain conditions
micro-organisms: another word for microbes
microscope: an instrument, used to magnify very small things too small to see with the naked
eye, consisting of a system of lenses
migrate, migration: what animals do when they move to different places in different seasons
Milky Way: the galaxy that our Solar System is in
milligram (mg): 1000mg equal 1 gram
millimetre (mm): 10mm equal 1 centimetre
mineral salts: chemicals found in the soil which plants need for good growth. Also chemicals
found in food and needed in small quantities by animals for good health
minerals: chemicals that rocks are made from
mirror: a surface that reflects each narrow beam (ray) of light in one direction
mixture: different substances that are mixed but not joined together
model: a scientific way of thinking about how things happen
- 15 -
molar: grinding tooth at the back of the mouth
molecule: the smallest part of a chemical compound
mollusc: invertebrates with some hard parts such as a shell, e.g. snail
moment: the turning effect of a force
monera: the classification group which contains bacteria
Moon: the natural satellite of the Earth
mosses: grouped with liverworts, plants which make spores in spore capsules
mould: small fungus which grows as a mass of threads
moveable: able to move
movement energy: see kinetic energy
mucus: the sticky fluid made by some cells, for example in the air tubes of the lungs to trap
microbes and dirt
mudstone: sedimentary rock made from mud
multicellular: organisms made of many cells
muscle: 1. tissue - tissue that can contract or shorten to move parts of the body
2. organ - made of muscle and other tissue, e.g. biceps muscle
mutation: a sudden change in a gene or chromosome
myriapod: arthropod with many legs, e.g. millipede
National Grid: system of overhead and underground cables that carry electricity around the
native metals: these are found in the Earth's crust as the metals themselves rather than as
natural defences: your body’s way of trying to keep microbes out or killing them if they get inside
natural gas: fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead plants and animals that lived in the sea
natural satellite: something orbiting a planet that is not man-made
navel: scar left by the umbilical cord, often called the 'belly button'
nectar: sugary liquid which flowers make in their nectaries to attract insects
nectary: part of a flower which produces nectar to attract insects. Plural is nectaries
negative: one of the two types of electrical charge; the other type is called positive
nerve: carries messages around the body
nerve cell: cell that carries messages around the body
nervous system: the organ system that coordinates the activities of the body
neutral: what we call a solution that is neither acid nor alkali. Has a pH of 7
neutralise, neutralisation: a reaction between an acid and an alkali that produced a neutral
solution of a salt (plus more water)
neutral wire: the blue wire in a cable or plug
neutron: particle inside the nucleus of an atom
Newton (N): the unit of force
Newton meter: used to measure force. Also called a force meter
Newton metre (Nm): unit used to measure the moment of a force
niche: see microhabitat
nickel: a metal that is a magnetic material
nicotine: a poisonous drug in tobacco to which people can become addicted
nitrates: compounds containing nitrogen and oxygen; the most important mineral salts for plants
nitrogen: 1. a gas that puts out a lighted splint; it is fairly unreactive but will react with the
oxygen in the air at high temperatures
2. the main gas in air
nitrogen cycle: the way in which nitrogen moves around through different parts of the environment
nitrogen oxides: 1. acidic gases produced when nitrogen reacts with oxygen at high temperatures
2. formed from nitrogen and oxygen by lightning
nocturnal: the word used to describe animals that are active at night
noise: unwanted sound
non-biodegradable: substance that will not be broken down by microbes
non-conductor: see insulator
non-identical twins: twins which develop from two different fertile eggs. Also called fraternal twins
- 16 -
non-metals: what we call elements that aren't metals
non-renewable: energy sources, such as fossil fuels, that are not replaced and will eventually be used
normal: a line drawn at right angles (90°) to a boundary, e.g. a mirror
normal distribution: the way in which the data of a continuous variation are distributed. It has a bell
northern hemisphere: the half of the Earth with the North Pole in it. The UK is in the northern
north pole (north-seeking pole): the end of a magnet that points north when the magnet is free to move
nuclear energy: energy stored inside the particles that things are made from
nuclear fuel: a fuel, such as uranium, that is used in nuclear power stations
nuclear power: making electricity by using nuclear energy stored inside uranium
nucleus: 1. the centre part of an atom
2. the part of a living cell that controls what happens in the cell
nutrients: the foods needed by animals or the minerals needed by plants in order to remain
nutrition: obtaining the materials needed for energy and for making new cells
nymph: young insect which changes straight into an adult
obese, obesity: someone who is very heavy for their size
observation: what you can see happening during an experiment
obsidian: a volcanic glass formed by the rapid cooling of granite magma
oesophagus: another word for gullet
offspring: new living things produced by reproduction
oil: fossil fuel formed from the remains of dead animals and plants that lived in the sea
omnivore: an animal that eats both plants and other animals
oolite: a type of limestone formed when water evaporates and leaves calcium carbonate behind
opaque: something that you cannot see through; does not let light through
opinion: a belief that seems likely but is not based upon proof
optimum: best, most ideal
orbit: the path of a satellite as it moves round a planet, or of a planet (or comet) as it moves round
the Sun
ores: compounds of metal and non-metal elements that are found in the Earth's crust
organ: a structure in a plant or animal made of several different tissues, for example ovary, heart
or lungs
organ system: a group of organs which work together to do a particular job
organism: a living thing
oscilloscope: instrument which shows a picture of a wave on a screen
ova: another word for egg cells; one is called an ovum
ovary: 1. animals - female reproductive organ where egg cells (ova) are made; two are called an
2. plants - female reproductive organ where egg cells (ovules) are made
oviduct: egg tube where fertilisation occurs
ovulation: the release of an egg cell from an ovary in a female
ovules: these contain the female gametes (ova) of a flowering plant
oxidation: oxygen joining with other elements to make compounds called oxides; for example,
burning and rusting
oxide: compounds of oxygen and other elements
oxidised: when a substance reacts with oxygen
oxygen: 1. a gas which will make a glowing splint relight or a lighted splint burn brighter
2. one of the two main gases in the air; it is needed for things to burn and for respiration
oxygen debt: amount of oxygen that is needed to break down the lactic acid produced by
anaerobic respiration
ozone: a gas that is a form of oxygen, made from three oxygen atoms bonded together.
ozone layer: layer in the upper atmosphere that contains ozone gas, which protects us from the
Sun’s ultraviolet radiation
- 17 -
palisade cells: upper layer of cells in the middle of a leaf; contain many chloroplasts where most
of the photosynthesis in a leaf happens
pancreas: an organ which makes a digestive juice and hormones
parallel: a way of connecting more than one bulb etc. to a cell or a power supply so that a current
flows through each of them separately
parasite: a living thing that lives in or on a host and feeds off it
parent: a living thing that has had offspring
partial eclipse: a solar eclipse when the Moon only covers part of the Sun
particles: the very small bits that everything is made of
Pascal (Pa): unit for measuring pressure. 1Pa = 1N/m2
pasteurisation: milk is heated up to 70ºC for about 15 seconds which is enough to kill the most
harmful bacteria in it
pathogen: a microbe that cause disease. See also antigens
pattern: when results show a trend
pectin: a substance found in fruit that helps hold cell walls together
penicillin: an antibiotic that is produced by the fungus Penicillium
penis: an organ of the human male reproductive system; it is used to place sperm inside a
woman's vagina
penumbra: area of partial shadow with some light
period: loss of the lining of the uterus which happens about once a month if an ovum is not
periodic table: a table that shows all the chemical elements and their symbols
periscope: this is used to see over the top of things
permanent magnet: magnet that keeps its magnetism; it does not depend on electricity
permeable: will let a liquid pass through
pesticide: a chemical that kills pests
pests: animals that are a nuisance to us, such as those that eat our plants
petals: parts between the sepals and stamens of a flower; often coloured to attract insects
pH: a scale of numbers that tells you how strong an acid or alkali is
phases of the Moon: the different shapes that the Moon seems to have at different times.
phloem: a tissue that carries dissolved sugars in plants
phloem tube: tube made from a chain of living cells that carry sugar around a plant
phlogiston: a substance that was thought to be part of most materials. Phlogiston was thought to
be given off when things burned
photosynthesis: the process in which plants use light energy to make glucose from carbon dioxide
and water. The word equation for this process is:
Carbon dioxide + Water → Glucose + Oxygen + (Energy)
phylum: a major classification group
physical change: a change such as melting or dissolving that doesn't produce new substances; it
is usually easy to reverse
pinhole camera: a simple camera that forms an image when light travels through a tiny hole in
the front
pitch: how high or low a note sounds; a squeak has a higher pitch than a growl; it is produced by
vibrations with a higher frequency
pitfall trap: sampling method used to collect small animals that live on the ground
pivot: the point around which something turns, or tries to turn
placenta: the organ through which a foetus gets food and oxygen and gets rid of waste
plane mirror: a smooth, flat mirror
planet: very large objects, including the Earth, that move in orbits around the Sun
plankton: microscopic aquatic plants and animals
plaque: on teeth it is the sticky coating containing the bacteria which cause decay
plasma: liquid part of the blood
plate: 1. a dish on which bacteria are grown
2. the Earth’s crust is made of a series of tectonic plates
platyhelminths: invertebrates with thin flat bodies; also known as flatworms
Plimsoll Line: line marked on the side of a ship showing the level above which the water should
not rise
pneumatic: tyres which are filled with air
- 18 -
polar orbit: an orbit where a satellite passes over the North and South poles. It will pass over all
parts of the Earth during several orbits
poles: 1. either of the two locations (North Pole or South Pole) on the Earth which are the ends of
the axis of rotation
2. the ends of a magnet that attract, or repel, other magnets; if the magnet is free to move
one pole points north and the other pole points south
pollen: contains the male sex cell of a flowering plant
pollen sacs: the parts on an anther where pollen is made
pollen tube: the tube which grows from a pollen grain through the stigma and style to the ovary
pollinate, pollination: the transfer of pollen from an anther of a flower to a stigma of a flower of
the same species
pollute: contaminate the environment with undesirable materials or energy
pollution: harmful chemicals that humans allow into the air, soil or water around them (the
polymer: a very long molecule, made from a series of smaller molecules joined together
pond dipping: sampling method used to collect organisms from ponds
pooter: a small container connected to two tubes, used to catch tiny animals
population: all the plants or animals of one species which live in a particular place
porous: 1. a material that has tiny holes or pores in it, allowing air or water to pass through
2. rocks that can soak up water, e.g. sandstone
positive: one of the two types of electrical charge; the other type is called negative
potassium: a metal element that has properties and compounds similar to those of sodium
potential energy: the energy that is stored in something because it is high up (gravitational) or
because it is bent or stretched (elastic)
power: energy used per second. Measured in Watts (W)
power rating: the number of Joules of energy an appliance uses every second
precipitate: an insoluble solid that settles to the bottom of a solution
precipitation: to form an insoluble solid
predator: an animal that kills and eats other animals (its prey)
predict, prediction: what you think will happen in an experiment using scientific knowledge to
justify the statement
pregnant: when a female has an embryo growing inside her uterus
preservative: a chemical that will slow down the growth of microbes
pressure: how much force there is on a certain area; the force is caused by particles hitting that
prey: an animal that is killed and eaten by another animal (its predator)
primary: first
primary colours: the three main colours which make up white light, red, green, blue
principle of moments: the anticlockwise turning force will be the same as the clockwise turning
force when an object is balanced
prism: a triangular block of clear glass or plastic
producer: an organism that is able to make its own food. Green plants are producers
products: the new substances made in a chemical reaction
property: what a material is like, for example whether it conducts electricity or whether it burns. More
than one are called properties
protease: enzyme which digests proteins
protein: the part of food needed for growth and repair
proton: particle inside the nucleus of an atom
puberty: when boys and girls first start to release sex cells so that they are able to reproduce
pulse: the stretching of an artery each time your heart beats
pulse rate: the number of times your heart beats per minute
pumice: an aerated, frothy lava
pupa: stage in the insect life cycle between larva and adult
pupil: transparent part in the centre of the eye where light passes through
pure: a substance that does not have anything else in it
pyramid of biomass: pyramid-shaped diagram showing the decrease in the mass of organisms as
you go up a food chain
pyramid of numbers: pyramid-shaped diagram showing the decrease in the number of organisms
as you go up a food chain
- 19 -
quadrat: a one metre square frame, thrown randomly onto the ground, which is used to sample
plants in an area
quadruplets: four offspring born at the same time
qualitative: a study that involves looking only at changes that do not involve quantities
quantitative: a study that involves looking at changes in quantities
quartzite: a metamorphic rock formed from sandstone
radiation: 1. dangerous particles and energy given off by uranium and other radioactive materials
2. the way heat travels through gases and a vacuum
radioactive: describes atoms breaking up and giving out radiation
rainbow: a spectrum of the colours in sunlight made by raindrops
range: the difference between the highest and the lowest reading
rate: how fast or slow
raw materials: substances used to make other substances from
ray: a narrow beam of light
ray diagram: a diagram showing the paths of light rays
RDA: Recommended Daily Allowance (of vitamins and minerals)
reactants: the substances we start with in a chemical reaction
reaction time: 1. the time it takes for a person to react to a stimulus
2. the time taken for a chemical reaction to complete
reactive: a chemical that reacts easily
reactivity series: a list of metals in order of how quickly they react with oxygen, water or acids
recessive: a characteristic or gene which is hidden whenever a dominant gene is present
receptors: cells that detect stimuli
recovery time: the time it takes for your pulse to go back to normal after exercise
recreational drug: a drug that is legal. Caffeine, nicotine and alcohol are examples
rectum: the last part of your large intestine
recycle: to use materials over and over again
red blood cells: cells in the blood that carry oxygen
reduce, reduction: to remove oxygen from a compound in a chemical reaction
reed switch: switch made from to thin pieces of metal, which closes when it is in a magnetic field
reflect, reflection: light, or sound, bouncing off whatever it strikes
reflected ray: light ray bouncing off a mirror
refract, refraction: light bending when it passes from one transparent substance into
relationship: a link between two things shown on a graph
relax: in the case of a muscle, become longer and thinner; the opposite of contract
relay: a switch that works using an electromagnet
reliability: when an experiment is repeated several times and the results are very similar
renewable: an energy source that is constantly being replaced and won't get used up
repeat: to do something more tan once
repel, repulsion: when things push each other away
replicate, replication: viruses cannot reproduce on their own. They use the cell which they have
infected to help them make new copies of the virus. We say that the virus particles replicate
reproduce, reproduction: when living things produce young of the same kind as themselves
reproductive system: the organs in plants or animals that are used for reproduction
reptiles: vertebrates with scaly skins and eggs with tough shells, e.g. snake
reservoir: man-made lake
residue: a solid which stays behind, e.g. the bits of solid that are trapped by a filter
resistance: 1. a way of saying how difficult it is for electricity to flow through something;
measured in ohms (Ω)
2. the frictional force opposing movement of an object through a liquid or gas
resistant: 1. bacteria that are not affected by an antibiotic are said to be resistant to it
2. something that is not affected by a disease is said to be resistant to it
- 20 -
resistor: a component that makes it difficult for electricity to flow – resistors are used to control
the size of a current in a circuit
respire, respiration: the breakdown of food, using oxygen, to release energy in living cells; the
reaction releases energy and produces carbon dioxide and water as waste products. The word
equation for this process is:
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon dioxide + Water + (Energy)
respiratory system: system which gets oxygen into the blood and takes carbon dioxide out of the
response: an organism’s reaction to a stimulus
results: the observed outcome
retina: layer at the back of the eye which changes light energy into electrical energy
reversible: can be changed back again; temporary
rheostat: a variable resistor
rickets a deficiency disease caused by a lack of vitamin D. Symptoms include weak bones and
rock cycle: the way that the material rocks are made from is constantly moved around and
rock salt: impure form of sodium chloride found as a natural rock
root hairs: plant roots absorb water and minerals mainly through these
roughage: another word for fibre
rust: substance formed when iron or steel reacts with oxygen and water; chemically called iron
rusting: the corrosion of iron (or steel) as it joins with oxygen in damp air to form iron oxide
saliva: a digestive juice made by the salivary glands
salivary glands: glands in the mouth that produce saliva
salt: a compound produced when an acid reacts with a ,metal or with an alkali; common salt,
sodium chloride is just one example
sample: a small part of something. You use your results from this to suggest what the rest is like
sample size: the number of objects chosen for an investigation
sandstone: a sedimentary rock formed from grains of sand cemented together
sandy soil: a soil that contains larger particles than clay soils; water passes through it easily
saprophyte: a plant, fungus, or micro-organism that lives on decaying matter
satellite: an object that orbits a planet; it may be natural like the Moon or artificial like a weather
or communications satellite
saturated: a solution that contains as much dissolved solid as it possibly can
scab: a dry blood clot on the surface of the skin
scatter when light rays bounce off something in all directions
scatter graph: a graph that shows the relationship between two quantities, e.g. height and weight,
without joining the points in a line
scavenger: carnivore that eats animals but does not kill them itself. Animals can have died or been
killed by other animals
scree: loose rocks that fall down a hillside
scrotum: bag of skin containing the testes in males
scurvy: a disorder caused by lack of vitamin C in the diet
seasonal changes: changes in the physical factors of the environment which happen during the
course of the year
seasons: the different parts of each year (spring, summer, autumn, winter)
secondary colour: colour made when two primary colours are mixed
secondary data: data obtained from another source, e.g. books, internet
sediment: 1. insoluble solid that settles to the bottom in a liquid or solution
2. rock grains and fragments dropped on the bottom of a river, lake or sea
sedimentary: rocks made from small bits which settle in layers on the bottoms of lakes or seas
seeds: contain the embryo flowering plants and their food stores; new plants grow from them
segment: some animals have bodies that are divided into obvious sections called segments
selective breeding: breeding only from the plants or animals which have the characteristics that we
self pollination: transfer of pollen from an anther to the stigma of the same plant
- 21 -
semen: a mixture of sperm cells and seminal fluid released by males during sexual intercourse
sense, sensitive: we say this about living things when they can detect changes in their surroundings
and react to them
sepals: parts which cover and protect a flower in bud
series: a way of connecting two or more bulbs etc. to a cell or power supply so that a current flows
through each of them in turn
sex cells: special cells from males and females that are used for reproduction; also called gametes
sex hormones: chemicals released in our bodies that control the menstrual cycle and puberty
sex-linked: a gene which is more likely to show its characteristic in males than females because it
is on the X chromosome
sexual reproduction: reproduction involving male and female sex cells
S-factors: how fit a person is depends upon the four S-factors: suppleness, strength, speed and
shadow: the dark area formed behind an object when light can't pass through it
shale: a sedimentary rock
sickle cell anaemia: an inherited disorder of the red blood cells
side-effect: harmful or unpleasant effects caused by drugs
signal generator: electronic instrument that can be used to make wave forms at a chosen
frequency and amplitude
skeletal system: the organ system giving shape, support, and allowing movement
skeleton: an internal or external framework of bone, cartilage, or other rigid material supporting
or containing the body of an animal or plant
skin: organ used for protecting and feeling
slaked lime: the chemical compound, calcium hydroxide
slate: a metamorphic rock made from very small crystals; formed from mudstone
slide: a rectangular piece of glass on which the object is placed for study under a microscope
sliding friction: the friction force between two solid surfaces which slide, or try to slide, across
each other
sliding joint: see slightly moveable joint
slightly moveable joint: a skeletal joint in which the bones slide against each other, often
resulting in a large amount of body movement
small intestine: narrow part of intestine between stomach and large intestine; digestion finishes and
absorption takes place here
smelt, smelting: the process of getting a metal from its ore
smog: a very thick fog produced when water droplets form around things like smoke particles
sodium: a metal element that is soft and very reactive
sodium chloride: common salt; a compound of sodium and chlorine
sodium hydroxide: a compound that dissolves in water to make an alkali; commonly known as
caustic soda
soil: a mixture of rock fragments, humus, air, water and dissolved minerals
solar cells: these produce electricity when energy is transferred to them by light
solar eclipse: when the Moon is between the Sun and the Earth, and casts a shadow on part of
the Earth
solar energy: the energy that reaches Earth by the Sun's rays
Solar System: the Sun and all of the planets that orbit the Sun
solenoid: a coil of wire
solids: substances that stay a definite shape
solubility: the ability for something to dissolve; the amount of solid that dissolves in 100g of solvent
soluble: able to dissolve
solute: how we describe a solid that dissolves in n liquid
solution: the clear mixture you get when a solute dissolves in a solvent
solvent: a liquid in which other substances will dissolve; some solvents are drugs
solvent abuse: sniffing solvents used in glue and other things
sonar: a machine for finding the depth of the sea or for finding fish by sending sound waves and
listening for the echoes
sound barrier: the speed of sound; people used to think that it would be impossible to travel
faster than the speed of sound
sound energy: energy made by anything that is making a noise
source: an object which creates something
south pole (south-seeking pole): the end of a magnet that points south when the magnet is free to
- 22 -
space probe: an unmanned spacecraft that has cameras and other equipment to find out about other
space station: a man-made satellite orbiting around the Earth, big enough for several astronauts to
live in for months or years
species: we say that plants or animals which can interbreed (breed with each other) belong to the
same species
spectrum: the coloured bands produced by splitting up (dispersing) white light, for example by
refraction through a prism
speed: the distance an object moves in a certain time; how fast something is moving
sperm: male sex cell or gamete
sperm duct: tube that carries sperm from the testes to the urethra
spores: tiny reproductive cell in some plants e.g. mosses, ferns and fungi
sprain: when ligaments at a joint are torn
spreadsheet: computer software system used to record information in table form with the capability
of transferring the data into pictorial form, e.g. a graph
stain: dye used to colour parts of a cell to make them easier to see
stamens: male parts of a flower made up of an anther and a filament
stamina: how long a person can keep doing something for
starch: a carbohydrate with large insoluble molecules
stars: distant `suns' that give out their own light
states of matter: solid, liquid and gas are the three states of matter
static electricity: unbalanced positive or negative electric charges that are standing still on an
stationary: not moving
steel: an alloy of iron and carbon; it is a magnetic material
sterile: clean and free from microbes
sterilise: 1. to make someone or something incapable of producing offspring
2. to make something germ-free
stigma: the part of a flower that pollen must land on for pollination to happen
stimulant: drug that increases the speed that nerves carry messages, e.g. caffeine
stimulus: a change in the surroundings that living things respond to. Plural is stimuli
stomach: an organ in the digestive system
stomata: small holes on the underside of leaves which let gases in and out of the leaf. One is a
strain: the overstretching of a muscle
streamlined: a shape that has very little friction or drag when it moves through a gas or a liquid
strength: how strong something is
style: the part between the stigma and the ovary of a flower
sublime, sublimation: process by which a solid changes straight into a gas when heated
subsoil: thin layer of soil that is beneath the soil on the surface but above the rock
sugar: a type of soluble carbohydrate
sulphates: compounds containing sulphur and oxygen; formed when sulphuric acid reacts with a
sulphur: a yellow non-metal element
sulphur dioxide: a gas that is produced when many fuels burn; it dissolves in water to make it
sulphur precipitators: used at power stations to remove sulphur dioxide from waste gases
sulphuric acid: a common acid; used in car batteries
Sun: the star at the centre of the Solar System
supple, suppleness: how easily your joints can move
surface tension: the force of the surface film of a liquid
survey: to collect information about something in order to learn more about it
suspension: particles mixed with a liquid but do not dissolve
sweat: liquid made in sweat glands which evaporates to cool you
sweep net: a net which is swept through long grass or water to catch tiny animals
switch: this is used to break an electric circuit
symbols: 1. a shorthand way of writing elements, e.g. H for hydrogen and Mg for magnesium
2. a simple way of showing bulbs, cells etc. in an electrical circuit diagram
symbol equation: a way of writing out what happens in a chemical reaction using symbols that
represent the substances involved
symptoms: the effects that a disease has on your body
synovial fluid: liquid found between bones in a joint to stop them rubbing against each other
- 23 -
synovial joint: a joint containing synovial fluid
synthesis: joining together or making
tar: produced by tobacco when it burns; is carcinogenic
tarnish: lose or cause to lose its shine, especially as a result of exposure to air or water
teeth: hard organs in the jaws for cutting and crushing food. One is a tooth
telescope: an instrument that helps us to see distant objects like the planets and stars
temperature: how hot or cold something is
tendon: connective tissue at the ends of muscles that joins muscles to bones
terminal velocity: the highest speed that an object reaches when it moves through a gas or a
territory: the space that an animal defends against other animals of the same kind
testes: where sperm (male sex cells) are made in humans and other animals; one is called a testis
theory: a series of ideas that attempt to explain observations and that can be supported by
thermal energy: the energy something has because it is hot
thermal decomposition: when something decomposes (breaks up) by being heated
thermometer: instrument used to measure temperature
thorax: middle section of an insects body
threshold of hearing: the quietest sound that can be heard
rapidly heated air
tides: the twice-daily rise and fall of the level of the sea caused mainly by the Moon; a renewable
energy source
tin: a metallic element
tissue: a group of similar cells that do the same job
tissue fluid: liquid between all the cells of your body that materials can diffuse through in solution
top predator: the last animal in a food chain
topsoil: the top layer of soil
total eclipse: a solar eclipse when the Moon completely blocks out light from the Sun
total internal reflection: when light is reflected inside a piece of glass or other transparent
toxic: poisonous
toxin: chemical produced by pathogens that cause the symptoms of disease
trace: a tiny amount of something, almost too small to detect
trachea: tube between your throat and bronchi; also called the windpipe
transect: a strip of land selected to monitor the changes in composition of vegetation in an area
transfer, transferring, transferred: when something is moved from one place to another
transformer: piece of equipment used to change voltages
translucent: what we call substances when light can pass through but it is not transparent
transmit, transmitting: to send along or pass through
transparent: what we call substances that light can pass through
tree beating: hitting the branches of a tree and collecting small animals that fall out
triceps: muscle which contracts to straighten your arm
triplets: three offspring born at the same time
trophic level: the position a species occupies in a food chain
troposphere: lower layer of the Earth’s atmosphere where there is most weather and movement of
true worms: worms with soft, round, segmented bodies; also known as annelid worms
Tullgren funnel: sampling method used to collect small animals from samples of, for example,
tumour: a growth, sometimes a cancer
turbine: this turns round when you transfer kinetic energy to it from air, or water, or steam that
is moving; it transfers energy to a drive shaft, e.g. of a generator
turning effect: the moment of a force
twins: two offspring born at the same time
- 24 -
ultrasound: sound that has a frequency too high for humans to hear
ultraviolet: a type of radiation in the electromagnetic spectrum
umbilical cord: a tube containing the blood vessels between the foetus and the placenta
umbra: area of total shadow with no light
unbalanced forces: when two forces acting in opposite directions are not equal in strength
unicellular: organisms made of only one cell
universal indicator (UI): a mixture of indicators giving a different colour depending on how strong
or weak an acid or alkali is
universe: all the galaxies and the space between them
unreactive: a chemical that does not react easily
unstable: 1. a chemical that can decompose very easily
2. something that is unsteady
upthrust: a force that pushes things up
uranium: a fuel used in nuclear power stations
urea: poisonous waste made when the liver breaks down amino acids
urethra: tube in which urine leaves your bladder
urine: liquid containing water, salts and urea excreted by the kidneys
uterus: where a baby develops before birth; also called the womb
vaccine, vaccination: a mixture containing microbes which normally cause disease but have been
treated so that they don’t. Injected into people to make them immune
vacuole: space filled with cell sap in the cytoplasm of a plant cell
vacuum: another name for completely empty space with no particles
vagina: opening of human female reproductive system
validity: how likely to be correct a conclusion is by looking at other data
valves: these stop blood from flowing the wrong way in the heart and in veins
Van de Graaff generator: machine that produces static electricity
variable: a factor in an experiment that can change
variable resistor: a resistor that can be adjusted to change the amount of resistance. Sometimes
called a rheostat
variation: the differences between things
variety: a plant or animal that is different in some way from its parents
vary: differ
vas deferens: see sperm duct
veins: blood vessels which carry blood towards the heart
velocity: the speed of a moving object in a particular direction
ventilate, ventilation: the movement of air
ventricles: the two thick-walled lower chambers of the heart
vertebrates: animals with skeletons made of bone inside their bodies
vibrate, vibrations: to-and-fro movements; these can produce sounds
villi: tiny finger-like bumps in the lining of the small intestine that increase its surface area for
absorption; one is called a villus
virus: a microbe which can only live inside another cell; viruses cause diseases
vitamins: substances in food which we need in small amounts to stay healthy
volcano: landform where lava flows out of the Earth
voltage: the amount of pushing that a cell does
voltmeter: a component that measures voltage
volts (V): units of voltage
volume: the amount of space that something takes up; it is measured in cubic centimetres (cm3)
or millilitres (ml)
- 25 -
waste: unwanted material or energy
water: a compound formed when hydrogen reacts with oxygen; also called hydrogen oxide
water cycle: circulation of water through the atmosphere and the Earth’s surface
Watt (W): unit for measuring power. One Watt is one Joule per second
wave: 1. a renewable energy source produced by the wind blowing over the sea
2. a way of transferring energy. Waves can be side to side or backwards and forwards
wavelength: the distance between the start of a wave and its end; the distance between the tops
of two waves which are next to each other
weathering: the ways that the weather, and chemicals in air or water, break up or wear away
weight: the force of gravity (usually the Earth's) on an object because of its mass; measured in
Newtons (N)
white blood cell: a type of blood cell which helps to destroy microbes. They either engulf microbes
or make antibodies
white light: normal daylight, or the light from light bulbs
wilt: when a plant lacks water and becomes floppy
wind: moving air; a renewable energy source
windpipe: another word for trachea
wind turbine: a kind of windmill that generates electricity using energy from the wind
womb: another word for uterus
word equation: a quick way of writing down what happens in a chemical reaction
xylem: a tissue that carries water and minerals from the roots to other parts of a plant
xylem tube: hollow tube formed from xylem cells and used to carry water up a plant
year: the length of time it takes a planet to go around the Sun. One year on Earth is 365.25 days
yeast: a type of fungus with only one cell, and therefore a microbe; used to make bread, beer and
wine; yeasts are bigger than bacteria.
yellow: secondary colour made by mixing red and green light
yield: how much food a plant crop or farm animal can produce
zinc: a metallic element, widely used in alloys, e.g. brass
zygote: cell produced when a sperm joins an egg; a fertilised egg
- 26 -
- 26 -
LUTTERWORTH HIGH SCHOOL
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Next: , Previous: Integer Division, Up: Arithmetic
20.3 Floating Point Numbers
Most computer hardware has support for two different kinds of numbers: integers (...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3...) and floating-point numbers. Floating-point numbers have three parts: the mantissa, the exponent, and the sign bit. The real number represented by a floating-point value is given by (s ? -1 : 1) · 2^e · M where s is the sign bit, e the exponent, and M the mantissa. See Floating Point Concepts, for details. (It is possible to have a different base for the exponent, but all modern hardware uses 2.)
Floating-point numbers can represent a finite subset of the real numbers. While this subset is large enough for most purposes, it is important to remember that the only reals that can be represented exactly are rational numbers that have a terminating binary expansion shorter than the width of the mantissa. Even simple fractions such as 1/5 can only be approximated by floating point.
Mathematical operations and functions frequently need to produce values that are not representable. Often these values can be approximated closely enough for practical purposes, but sometimes they can't. Historically there was no way to tell when the results of a calculation were inaccurate. Modern computers implement the IEEE 754 standard for numerical computations, which defines a framework for indicating to the program when the results of calculation are not trustworthy. This framework consists of a set of exceptions that indicate why a result could not be represented, and the special values infinity and not a number (NaN).
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Return to the Purplemath home page The Purplemath Forums
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Definitions for no man's land
This page provides all possible meanings and translations of the word no man's land
Random House Webster's College Dictionary
no′ man's` land`(n.)
1. an area between warring armies that no one controls.
Category: Military
2. an area where guidelines and authority are not clear.
3. an unclaimed tract of usu. barren land.
Origin of no man's land:
Princeton's WordNet
1. no man's land(noun)
an unoccupied area between the front lines of opposing armies
2. no man's land(noun)
land that is unowned and uninhabited (and usually undesirable)
3. twilight zone, no man's land(noun)
the ambiguous region between two categories or states or conditions (usually containing some features of both)
"but there is still a twilight zone, the tantalizing occurrences that are probably noise but might possibly be a signal"; "in the twilight zone between humor and vulgarity"; "in that no man's land between negotiation and aggression"
1. No man's land
No man's land is land that is unoccupied or is under dispute between parties that leave it unoccupied due to fear or uncertainty. The term was originally used to define a contested territory or a dumping ground for refuse between fiefdoms. It is most commonly associated with the First World War to describe the area of land between two enemy trench systems to which neither side wished to move openly or to seize due to fear of being attacked by the enemy in the process.
Translations for no man's land
Kernerman English Multilingual Dictionary
land which no-one owns or controls, especially between opposing armies.
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Climate change will lead to dwarfism among human population, researchers say (Reuters)
Humans will shrink significantly because of man-made climate change if patterns from previous global warming events are followed, researchers have said.
A team of scientists from the University of Michigan said mammals decreased in size "substantially" during two ancient global warming events, known as hyperthermals.
Shrinkage appeared to be a "common evolutionary response" to extreme global warming events, they said.
Study leader Philip Gingerich found that dwarfing occurred in mammals including primates during the Paleocene-Eocene "thermal maximum period" 55 million years ago.
Mammals also shrank in another climate change 53 million years ago.
Jawbones and tooth fossils from early hoofed mammals and primates showed that horses were about the size of small dogs today. Over the following millennia the animals grew back to their pre-warming sizes.
Predictable natural response
"The fact that it happened twice significantly increases our confidence that we're seeing cause and effect - that one interesting response to global warming in the past was a substantial decrease in body size in mammalian species," Gingerich said.
The reason behind the shrinking was not known, although Gingerich said that lower nutritional value of plants in elevated carbon dioxide levels might be a cause.
Team member Will Clyde said the parallels between ancient hyperthermals and modern climate change made studies of fossil records extremely valuable. "Developing a better understanding of the relationship between mammalian body size change and greenhouse gas-induced global warming during the geological past may help us predict ecological changes that may occur in response to current changes in Earth's climate," he said.
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Solaris Common Desktop Environment: User's Guide
To Change the Update Frequency
1. Start Print Manager.
2. Choose Set Options from the View menu.
3. Adjust the interval gauge to specify how frequently printers are queried for information about their print jobs. The default is every 30 seconds.
4. Click OK.
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Comment: Re:Hey chemists (Score 2, Interesting) 213
by jacix (#31756666) Attached to: Six Atoms of Element 117 Produced
An element is defined by the number of protons in the nucleus but its properties are largely determined by the number and configuration of electrons around that nucleus. Remember that the definition of an element is entirely made up by and for humans. Physical properties couldn't care less how we categorize them. Roughly speaking the more electrons there are the more possible configurations there are for them so the larger the element (and hence the more electrons) the harder their behavior is to predict. If you look in detail at a periodic table you'll find that the triple-digit elements in particular are missing a lot of physical details because they can only be obtained empirically and they don't stick around long enough to do that. As for names how about Faradanium, Hawkonium, Salkium, Kakunium, Saganium.
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CDC Home
Epidemiologic Notes and Reports Antibody Response to A/Taiwan/ 86 (H1N1) Virus in Young Adults Receiving Supplemental Monovalent A/ Taiwan/86 Influenza Vaccine Following Trivalent Influenza Vaccine
In accordance with recent recommendations (1), monovalent A/Taiwan/86 (H1N1) influenza vaccine was given to U.S. Air Force recruits who had been vaccinated 2 to 3 months previously with the 1986/87 trivalent influenza vaccine. Thirty-four recruits volunteered sera for antibody studies of immune response. At the time the A/Taiwan/86 vaccine was administered, 100% of the recruits had serum hemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody titers of greater than or equal to 32 to the A/Chile/83 (H1N1) virus included in the trivalent vaccine, but only 45% had such titers to the A/Taiwan/86 strain. Following immunization with the supplemental monovalent vaccine, the proportion of recruits with HI antibody titers of greater than or equal to 32 against A/Taiwan/86 virus increased to 100%, and 92% had HI titers greater than or equal to 128 (Table 1). Reported by G Meiklejohn, MD, Patricia Graves, School of Medicine, Univ of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, Col G Hutchison, Lowry Air Force Base, Colorado; Lt Col M Evans, MD, Lackland Air Force Base, Texas; Influenza Br, Div of Viral Diseases, Center for Infectious Diseases, CDC.
Editorial Note
Editorial Note: The above findings are consistent with previous reports (2,3) that the A/Chile/83 component of the 1986/87 trivalent vaccine may provide inadequate protection against the A/Taiwan/86 virus; protection may be boosted by use of the monovalent A/Taiwan/86 vaccine as recommended (1). Because all recently reported outbreaks of influenza A/Taiwan/86-like virus, where laboratory confirmation has been obtained, have occurred in children or young adults, it is particularly important that high-risk individuals in these age groups be given priority for vaccination with the supplemental A/Taiwan/86 vaccine. (See "Update of Influenza Activity, Availability of Influenza Vaccines, and Recommendations and Precautions for the Use of Amantadine", pp. 805-807.)
2. CDC. Antigenic variation of recent influenza A(H1N1) viruses. MMWR 1986;35:510-2.
3. CDC. Influenza activity in civilian and military populations and key points for use of influenza vaccines. MMWR 1986;35:729-31.
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For whom did John Kerry write a 2009 Gaza letter?
Yemini writes that Kerry, then a U.S. senator from Massachusetts, wrote the letter, addressed “to whom it may concern,” on behalf of pro-Palestinian activists Jodie Evans, a Code Pink founder, and Ali Abunimah. Both are supporters of the boycott, divestment and sanctions campaign targeting Israel.
Yemini likens this to Avigdor Liberman hypothetically handing a similar letter to the hilltop youth – hardline West Bank settlers — asking to tour the Temple Mount. Yemini suggests this letter tells us a lot about recent tensions between Kerry and the Israeli government. He promises more on Friday. Meanwhile, the Algemeiner has seized on the report and it is swirling around social media.
There’s a problem: Nothing in the letter suggests that Kerry knew that it was going to be used by Abunimah and Evans.
Their group, Evans confirms to me via Twitter, did present the letter at the U.S. embassy in Cairo, when they sought the ambassador’s assistance in persuading Egyptian authorities to allow a mass march into the Gaza Strip to protest the Israeli blockade of the territory.
But the letter describes a “delegation from Massachusetts” that is “committed to the peace process.” Abunimah is from Chicago, and opposes any “peace process” (as Kerry would understand it) leading to two states; Evans is from California, and her group does not take a stand on one state or two states.
Abunimah describes the encounter with the embassy in a January 2010 blog post. He does note that the letter refers to Massachusetts residents but leaves out its reference to the designated group’s commitment to the peace process.
Here are some outstanding questions:
• Who solicited this letter from Kerry? Did they present themselves as backers of the peace process as Kerry would have understood it, culminating in a two-state solution? Evans says she is trying to remember who brought the letter, which suggests that she did not solicit it herself. Was this person affiliated with the group that solicited the letter?
• If the group that received the letter was indeed affiliated with the Gaza Freedom March (Kerry several times describes the group as a “humanitarian delegation”), was the senator or his staff made aware of the march’s plainly political agenda? If not, what due diligence did Kerry’s staff apply to researching the background of those requesting the letter?
• Why did Abunimah and Evans use a letter designated for a Massachusetts delegation to seek passage for a mass march?
UPDATE: I asked Ali Abunimah, via Twitter, whether he and Evans had presented themselves at the embassy as being from Massachusetts and committed to the peace process. He replies:
Of course not. It was an example of the support people in our group received. Others had letters from others reps too. People had been encouraged to contact their elected reps prior to Gaza Freedom March.
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The History of Arroyo Seca Wine Country
Elvis Elvis
The Arroyo Seca AVA is located just south of the Santa Lucia Highlands in Monterey County. Bill Jekel founded Jekel Vineyards in 1972 and was a noteable viticultural pioneer in Monterey County.
He produced his first commercial vintage in 1978. Jekel’s Gravelstone and Sanctuary Estate are located in the Salinas Valley. These vineyards have rocky soils and enjoy a moderately windy and cool climate.
The History of Arroyo Seca Wine Country
Douglas Meader founded Ventana Vineyards in 1972 as well. He is known as a perfectionist in both the vineyard and the winery. Meador makes great Pinot Noir, Chardonnay and Riesling.
Unfortunately, Jekel and Meador’s success was the exception. During the early 1970s, relatively cheap land prices drove a huge expansion of vineyards in the region. Based on an overly objective interpretation of Amerine’s degree-day study, massive and often misguided vineyard development took place. Wind, soil and sun were overlooked and temperature was the only factor that growers were seriously concerned with.
The winds can be very strong in some parts of the region and will slow or stop ripening. Rows of vineyards were also too long and extended over hills causing uneven ripening. Mechanical harvesters were forced to pick small sections at a time which was economically wasteful.
Irrigation was often used too liberally and vine foliage was not properly pruned leading to dilluted grapes and wines. Grapes from the region became known by the derogatory term “Monterey Veggies”. As a result, the region’s viticultural history has been characterized by a trial and error process regarding varietal selection in specific microclimates.
Additionally, many mistakenly believed that Phylloxera was not a threat in the region. When the Phylloxera Louse arrived in the late 1980s, it ravaged the defenseless vitis vinifera rootstocks.
In recent years, a concerted and largely effective effort is being made to learn from the mistakes of the viticultural area’s past. Row length has been decreased, and irrigation methods have been honed.
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Relocation challenges
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01/03/2014 Reverse culture shock: What, when, and how to cope
Do you feel an odd sense of displacement when you head home? This article sheds light on what happens when culture shock is reversed and how to cope with its effects.
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Lodoss-Tō Senki: Fukujinzuke (PC-98)
Lodoss-Tō Senki: Fukujinzuke PC-98 Comical Lodoss War classes introduce themselves...
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