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SOLVED
Capture Activity Map Context Data
Avatar
Level 4
Hello,
I need to capture the Activity Map "region" whenever the user clicks a link on my site but before the s.tl action is fired. I am aware I can use Processing Rule to copy this value but I need the value client-side. I can see the value in the EC Debugger so I know it's working properly.
I've tried the following without success:
console.log('activity map value=' + s.contextData['a.activitymap.region']);
console.log('activity map value=' + s.contextData['c.a.activitymap.region']);
console.log('activity map value' + s.ActivityMap.region);
Any thoughts on how I can get this value?
1 Accepted Solution
Avatar
Correct answer by
Employee Advisor
The plugins function should be doing the trick, but if not, you could use Object.watch() to determine when the contextData variable changes, then insert your code after that takes place. I found this thread on StackOverflow that might help:
javascript - Break on a change of variable value - Stack Overflow
Basically you'll want to figure out exactly when the activity map variable is populated, then you'll be able to insert your own code after that (but before the image request is sent). Bear in mind that this might require inserting code where Adobe says you shouldn't, but hopefully that isn't the case.
View solution in original post
6 Replies
Avatar
Community Advisor
Can you expand on what it is you are trying to accomplish?
What is the region data going to help you with?
Avatar
Level 4
I wish to capture the same value being reported in the Experience Cloud Debugger before it is submitted via the s.tl request.
2019-02-04_10-49-51.jpg
Avatar
Employee Advisor
You should be able to grab the variable value if you do so inside the doPlugins() function. Could you give that a shot and let me know if that works?
Avatar
Level 4
Gigazelle - nope, unfortunately that didn't work. I tried all three in the original post inside of the doPlugins and got the following in the console (basically the same as outside of the doPlugins section):
activity map value=
activity map value=undefined
activity map value=function(e){for(var t,a=f.regionIDAttribute||"id";e&&(e=e.parentNode);){if(t=o(e,a,a,a))return t;if("BODY"==e.nodeName)return"BODY"}}
Maybe there's a different function I should be using?
Avatar
Correct answer by
Employee Advisor
The plugins function should be doing the trick, but if not, you could use Object.watch() to determine when the contextData variable changes, then insert your code after that takes place. I found this thread on StackOverflow that might help:
javascript - Break on a change of variable value - Stack Overflow
Basically you'll want to figure out exactly when the activity map variable is populated, then you'll be able to insert your own code after that (but before the image request is sent). Bear in mind that this might require inserting code where Adobe says you shouldn't, but hopefully that isn't the case.
Avatar
Level 2
Hello all,
I've struggled with a similar problem these days where the I wanted to capture the Activity Map's "link" property from media-sharing buttons to send it in a specific eVar in hit links through the "track outbound links" function from the analytics extension.
First I tried using the s.linkName in doPlugins, but its value was always "0" although in the hit, the a.activitymap.link showed the good value ("Facebook","Twitter", etc). When I tried using the s.contextData[a.activitymap.link] it also didn't work, when I put a debugger break inside the doPlugins and checked in the console, there was really nothing in the console:
Willian_Z_0-1632473674667.png
(this make me wonder if the activity map is added to the tracker (s) after doPlugins?)
It's when I inspected the s.linkObject that I saw that the HTML object retrieve was a link <a>, but what I needed was the "alt" attribute in the <img> tag that was inside the retrieved <a> (exactly what was shown in the activity map when inspecting the hit in the network tab).
So in my specific case I had to use this inside doPlugins:
var linkName = s.linkObject ? s.linkObject.firstElementChild.getAttribute("alt") : null;
Then I remembered that Activity Map has these configuration variables
So, to don't depend on a specific HTML structure, I discovered a better solution that I guess will work for any case:
var linkName = s.ActivityMap.link(s.linkObject);
And then you can change ".link" with ".region".
I think it's odd that Activity Map automatically finds the good value, but not s.linkName, specially after this update (which is doesn't match the extension description by the way):
Willian_Z_1-1632474703542.png
Here's my current version:
Willian_Z_2-1632474807942.png
I hope the Adobe team will be more reactive in keeping the release dates in the documentation up to date (the version 1.8.7 of the extension is already available in Launch but there's no release note in the doc)
Cheers!
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Home » Ayush Systems » Siddha » Basic Concepts
Basic Concepts
Siddha Medicine is a traditional medicine having its roots in Tamil Nadu, India. It has been countless centuries that Siddha Medicine is being practiced. Siddha Medicine focuses on making the human body perfect and varies hugely from the other conservative forms of medicine.
The fundamental and applied principles and doctrines of the Siddha System have a close resemblance to Ayurveda, with a specialty in latro-chemistry. According to the Siddha system the human body is the replica of the universe and so are the food and drugs irrespective of their origin.
The Siddha System, has faith in the fact that all the substances in the universe along with the human body comprise the five basic elements which are known as earth, water, fire, air, and sky. The food and the drugs that the human body consumes everything is composed of these five elements. The proportion of the elements present in the drugs vary and their preponderance or otherwise is responsible for certain actions and therapeutic results.
The Siddha System regards the human body as an assortment of three humors, seven basic tissues, and waste products of the body like sweat, urine, and faeces. The food, which is regarded as the basic building material of the human body is what gets processed into body tissue, humors, and waste products. The equilibrium of humors is deemed as health and its imbalance or disturbance gives rise to illness or disorders.
The Siddha System also copes with the theory of salvation in life. This system’s advocates believe salvation can be attained by the means of meditation and medicines.
Last updated on June 2nd, 2021 at 08:29 pm
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| 0.532624 |
How to Make a Simple Oscillator
••• dottedhippo/iStock/GettyImages
In physics, an oscillator is any device that continually converts energy from one form to another. A pendulum is a simple example. When at the top of its swing, all its energy is potential energy, while at the bottom, when it is moving at maximum speed, it has only kinetic energy. If you graphed the relationship of potential to kinetic energy over tine, you would get a repeating waveform. The movement of a pendulum is continuous, so the wave would be a pure sine wave. The potential energy that gets the cyclical process started is supplied by the work you do to lift the pendulum. Once you release it, the pendulum would oscillate forever if it weren't for the force of air friction that resists its movement.
This is the principle behind a resonating electronic oscillator. The voltage supplied by a DC power source, such as a battery, is analogous to the work you do when you lift a pendulum, and the electric current released, which flows from the power source, cycles between a capacitor and an inductive coil. This type of circuit is known as an LC oscillator, where L denotes the inducting coil and C denotes the capacitor. This isn't the only type of oscillator, but it's a DIY oscillator you can construct without the need to solder electronic components to a circuit board.
A Simple Oscillator Circuit – an LC Oscillator
A typical LC oscillator consists of a capacitor and inductive coil wired in parallel and connected to a DC power source. The power flows into the capacitor, which is an electronic device that consists of two plates separated by an insulating material known as a dielectric. The input plate charges to its maximum value, and when it reaches full charge, current flows across the insulation to the other plate and continues on to the coil. Current flowing through the coil then induces a magnetic field in the inductor core.
When the capacitor has fully discharged and the current stops flowing, the magnetic field in the inductor core begins to dissipate, which generates an inductive current that flows in the opposite direction back to the output plate of the capacitor. That plate now charges to its maximum value and discharges, sending current in the opposite direction back to the inductor coil. This process would continue forever were it not for electrical resistance and leakage from the capacitor. If you were to graph the current flow, you would get a waveform that gradually degenerates into a horizontal line on the x-axis.
Making Components for a DIY Oscillator
You can construct the components you need for a DIY oscillator circuit using materials around the house. Start with the capacitor. Unroll a sheet of plastic food wrap about 3 feet long, and then lay a sheet of aluminum foil on it that isn't quite as wide or as long. Cover this with another sheet of plastic identical to the first one, and then lay a second sheet of foil, identical to the first sheet of foil, on top of that. The foil is the conducting material that stores charge, and the plastic is the dielectric material analogous to the insulating plate in a standard capacitor. Tape a length of 18-gauge copper wire to each sheet of foil, and then roll everything into a cigar shape and wrap tape around it to hold it together.
To make an inductive coil, use a large steel bolt, such as a 1/2- or 3/4-inch carriage bolt, for the core. Wrap 18- or 20-gauge wire around it several hundred times – the more times you wrap the wire, the more voltage the coil will produce. Wrap the wire in layers and leave the two ends of the wire free for making connections.
You'll need a DC power source. You can use a single 9-volt battery. You also need something to test the circuit. You could use a multimeter, but an LED bulb is easier (and more dramatic).
Ready, Set, Oscillate
To get things started, you need to connect the capacitor and inductor in parallel. Do this by twisting one wire from the inductor to one of the capacitor wires and then twisting the other two wires together. Polarity isn't important, so it doesn't matter which wires you choose.
Next, you need to charge the capacitor. Do this with a pair of wires that have alligator clips on both ends or get a battery clip that fits the top of a 9-volt battery. Clamp one lead onto one pair of twisted-together wires and the other end onto one of the free battery terminals, then use the other wire to connect the other pair of wires to to the other battery terminal.
It may take 5 or 10 minutes for the capacitor to charge and the circuit to start oscillating. After this time has elapsed, disconnect one lead from the battery and clamp it onto one of the wires on the LED, then disconnect the other lead and clamp it onto the other LED lead. As soon as you complete the circuit, the LED should start flickering. That's the sign that the oscillator is working. Leave the circuit connected to see how long the LED keeps flickering.
Uses for a Capacitor Oscillator
The oscillator you can build with a foil-wrap capacitor and a carriage bolt inductor is an example of an LC tank circuit or a tuning oscillator. It's the type of oscillator used for sending and receiving radio signals, generating radio waves and mixing frequencies. Another important capacitor oscillator is one that employs capacitors and resistors to convert DC input signals to pulsating AC signals. This type of oscillator is known as an RC (resistor/capacitor) oscillator, and it usually incorporates one or more transistors into its design.
RC oscillators have multiple uses. There is one in every inverter, which is a machine that converts DC current to AC house current. An inverter is an important component of every photovoltaic electric system. In addition, RC oscillators are common in sound equipment. Synthesizers use RC oscillators to generate the sounds they make.
It isn't as easy to build an RC oscillator with found materials. To make one, you usually have to work with actual circuit components, circuit boards and a soldering iron. You can easily find diagrams for a simple RC oscillator circuit online. The waveform from a capacitor oscillator depends on the capacitance of the capacitors, the resistance of the resistors used in the circuit and the input voltage. The relationship is a little complex mathematically but easy to test experimentally by building oscillator circuits with a variety of components.
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| 0.860871 |
Software para locadora
No tutorial de hoje trago para vocês um código que escrevi a algum tempo atrás quando ainda fazia a cadeira de Linguagem de programação II onde aprendiamos orientação a objetos utilizando a linguagem C++.
Um dos exercícios propostos pelo professor foi escrever um código para gerenciar uma locadora. Esse software possuía alguns requisitos básicos que deveriam ser atendidos, entre eles estavam:
Crie uma classe Filme, com campos para:
– Código do Filme (caracteres alfanuméricos)
– Título do Filme
– Categoria (que pode ser Aventura, Ficção, etc.)
– Quantidade (inteiro)
– Alugados (inteiro)
– Disponível (Sim/Não)
Além do método construtor, crie os seguintes métodos:
– locar(), que não recebe parâmetros e seta o campo Disponivel para Não;
– devolver(), que não recebe parâmetros e seta o campo Disponível para Sim.
Crie a classe Pessoa com os atributos:
– codigo
– nome
– endereco
Criar os métodos set e gets correspondentes. Também implemente o construtor.
Crie a classe Locadora
Onde esta simula um acervo de 20 filmes ( Filme filmes[20]) e então faça uma pessoa ser capaz de locar alguns filmes e em seguida devolve-los.
Bem seguindo esses requisitos e depois de algum tempo, aí esta o código…
/*********************************
Autor: Fernando Krein Pinheiro
Data: 19/01/2012
Linguagem: C++
========= IMPORTANTE ===========
O código esta livre para usar,
citar e compartilhar desde que
mantida sua fonte e seu autor.
Obrigado.
*********************************
*/
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;
class filme
{
private:
string codigo;
string titulo;
string categoria;
int quantidade;
int alugado;
int disponivel;
public:
filme()
{
codigo = "NULL";
titulo = "NULL";
categoria = "NULL";
quantidade = 0;
alugado = 0;
disponivel = 0;
}
void set_codigo(string);
void set_titulo(string);
void set_categoria(string);
void set_quantidade(int);
void set_alugado(int);
void set_disponivel(int);
string get_codigo();
string get_titulo();
string get_categoria();
int get_quantidade();
int get_alugado();
int get_disponivel();
void set_filme(string, string, string, int, int, int);
void get_filme(string *, string *, string *, int *, int *, int *);
void loca();
void devolve();
};
void filme::set_codigo(string cod)
{
codigo = cod;
}
void filme::set_titulo(string tit)
{
titulo = tit;
}
void filme::set_categoria(string cat)
{
categoria = cat;
}
void filme::set_quantidade(int n)
{
quantidade = n;
}
void filme::set_alugado(int n)
{
alugado = n;
}
void filme::set_disponivel(int n)
{
disponivel = n;
}
string filme::get_codigo()
{
return codigo;
}
string filme::get_titulo()
{
return titulo;
}
string filme::get_categoria()
{
return categoria;
}
int filme::get_quantidade()
{
return quantidade;
}
int filme::get_alugado()
{
return alugado;
}
int filme::get_disponivel()
{
return disponivel;
}
void filme::set_filme(string codigo, string titulo, string categoria, int quantidade, int alugado, int disponivel)
{
set_codigo(codigo);
set_titulo(titulo);
set_categoria(categoria);
set_quantidade(quantidade);
set_alugado(alugado);
set_disponivel(disponivel);
}
void filme::get_filme(string *codigo, string *titulo, string *categoria, int *quantidade, int *alugado, int *disponivel)
{
*codigo = get_codigo();
*titulo = get_titulo();
*categoria = get_categoria();
*quantidade = get_quantidade();
*alugado = get_alugado();
*disponivel = get_disponivel();
}
void filme::loca()
{
set_disponivel(0);
}
void filme::devolve()
{
set_disponivel(1);
}
class pessoa
{
filme film;
private:
string codigo;
string nome;
string rua;
public:
pessoa()
{
codigo = "NULL";
nome = "NULL";
rua = "NULL";
}
void set_codigo(string);
void set_nome(string);
void set_rua(string);
void set_dados(string, string, string);
string get_codigo();
string get_nome();
string get_rua();
void get_dados(string *, string *, string *);
};
void pessoa::set_codigo(string cod)
{
codigo = cod;
}
void pessoa::set_nome(string nom)
{
nome = nom;
}
void pessoa::set_rua(string ru)
{
rua = ru;
}
void pessoa::set_dados(string codigo, string nome, string rua)
{
set_codigo(codigo);
set_nome(nome);
set_rua(rua);
}
string pessoa::get_codigo()
{
return codigo;
}
string pessoa::get_nome()
{
return nome;
}
string pessoa::get_rua()
{
return rua;
}
void pessoa::get_dados(string *codigo, string *nome, string *rua)
{
*codigo = get_codigo();
*nome = get_nome();
*rua = get_rua();
}
class locadora
{
filme film[20];
pessoa pess[10];
private:
public:
locadora()
{
}
void set_filme(string, string, string, int, int, int);
void set_pessoa(string, string, string);
void get_filme(string *, string *, string *, int *, int *, int *, int x);
void get_pessoa(string *, string *, string *, int);
void aluga_filme(int);
void devolve_filme(int);
int localiza_filme(string);
int localiza_pessoa(string);
};
void locadora::set_filme(string codigo, string titulo, string categoria, int
quantidade, int aluga, int disponivel)
{
for (int x = 0; x < 20; x++)
{
if (film[x].get_codigo() == "NULL")
{
film[x].set_filme(codigo, titulo, categoria, quantidade, aluga, disponivel);
x = 30;
}
}
}
void locadora::set_pessoa(string codigo, string nome, string rua)
{
for (int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
{
if (pess[x].get_codigo() == "NULL")
{
pess[x].set_dados(codigo, nome, rua);
x = 20;
}
}
}
void locadora::get_filme(string *codigo, string *titulo, string *categoria,
int *quantidade, int *aluga, int *disponivel, int x)
{
film[x].get_filme(codigo, titulo, categoria, quantidade, aluga, disponivel);
}
void locadora::get_pessoa(string *codigo, string *nome, string *rua, int x)
{
pess[x].get_dados(codigo, nome, rua);
}
int locadora::localiza_filme(string titulo)
{
for (int x = 0; x < 20; x++)
{
if (film[x].get_titulo() == titulo)
{
return x;
}
}
return 30;
}
int locadora::localiza_pessoa(string nome)
{
for (int x = 0; x < 10; x++)
{
if (pess[x].get_nome() == nome)
{
return x;
}
}
return 30;
}
void locadora::aluga_filme(int a)
{
film[a].loca();
}
void locadora::devolve_filme(int a)
{
film[a].devolve();
}
int main()
{
locadora loca;
char op;
string codigo, nome, rua, titulo, categoria;
int a, b, c, aux;
do
{
system("clear");
cout << "[1] Cadastrar\n[2] Buscar\n[3] Locacao\n
[4] Devolucao\n[0] Sair\n\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
do
{
system("clear");
cout << "Cadastrar\n[1] Cliente\n[2] Filme\n
[0] Voltar\n\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
system("clear");
cout << "Cliente\nCodigo: ";
cin >> codigo;
cout << "Nome: ";
cin >> nome;
cout << "Rua: ";
cin >> rua;
loca.set_pessoa(codigo, nome, rua);
break;
case'2':
system("clear");
cout << "Filme\nCodigo: ";
cin >> codigo;
cout << "Titulo: ";
cin >> titulo;
cout << "Categoria\n[1] Acao [2] Aventura [3] Romance
[4] Pudor [5] Lagrimas\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
cout << "Quantidade: ";
cin >> a;
do
{
cout << "Alugados: ";
cin >> b;
if (b > a)
{
cout << "NULL." << endl;
aux = 0;
}else
aux = 1;
}while (aux != 1);
if (a != b)
{
cout << "Disponivel \n[1] Sim [2] Nao\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> c;
if (c == 1)
c = 1;
else
c = 0;
} else
c = 0;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
loca.set_filme(codigo, titulo, "Acao", a, b, c);
break;
case'2':
loca.set_filme(codigo, titulo, "Aventura", a, b, c);
break;
case'3':
loca.set_filme(codigo, titulo, "Romance", a, b, c);
break;
case'4':
loca.set_filme(codigo, titulo, "Pudor", a, b, c);
break;
case'5':
loca.set_filme(codigo, titulo, "Lagrimas", a, b, c);
break;
}
break;
}
} while (op != '0');
break;
case'2':
do {
system("clear");
cout << "[1] Cliente\n[2] Filme\n[0] Voltar\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
system("clear");
cout << "[1] Nome\n[2] Todos\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
system("clear");
cout << "Nome: ";
cin >> nome;
a = loca.localiza_pessoa(nome);
if (a < 30)
{
loca.get_pessoa(&codigo, &nome, &rua, a);
cout << "Cliente\nCodigo: " << codigo << "\nNome: "
<< nome << "\nRua: " << rua << endl;
} else
cout << "Nao Localizado." << endl;
sleep(3);
break;
case'2':
system("clear");
for (aux = 0; aux < 10; aux++)
{
loca.get_pessoa(&codigo, &nome, &rua, aux);
if (codigo != "NULL")
{
cout << "\nCodigo: " << codigo << "\nNome: "
<< nome << "\nRua: " << rua << endl;
sleep(3);
}
}
break;
}
break;
case'2':
system("clear");
cout << "Filme\n[1] Titulo\n[2] Todos\nOpcao [ ]\b\b";
cin >> op;
switch (op)
{
case'1':
system("clear");
cout << "Titulo: ";
cin >> titulo;
a = loca.localiza_filme(titulo);
if (a < 30)
{
loca.get_filme(&codigo, &titulo, &categoria, &aux, &b, &c, a);
cout << "Cliente\nCodigo: " << codigo << "\nTitulo: " << titulo
<< "\nCategoria: " << categoria << "\nQuantidade: " << aux << "\n
Alugados: " << b;
if (c == 1)
cout << "\nDisponivel: SIM" << endl;
else
cout << "\nDisponivel: NAO" << endl;
} else
cout << "Nao Localizado." << endl;
sleep(3);
break;
case'2':
system("clear");
for (aux = 0; aux < 20; aux++)
{
loca.get_filme(&codigo, &titulo, &categoria, &a, &b, &c, aux);
if (codigo != "NULL")
{
cout << "Cliente\nCodigo: " << codigo << "\nTitulo: "
<< titulo << "\nCategoria: " << categoria << "\nQuantidade: "
<< a << "\nAlugados: " << b;
if (c == 1)
cout << "\nDisponivel: SIM" << endl;
else
cout << "\nDisponivel: NAO" << endl;
sleep(3);
}
}
break;
}
}
} while (op != '0');
break;
case'3':
system("clear");
cout << "Titulo do filme: ";
cin >> titulo;
a = loca.localiza_filme(titulo);
if (a < 30) {
loca.aluga_filme(a);
cout << "Locado." << endl;
} else
cout << "Nao encontrado." << endl;
sleep(3);
break;
case'4':
system("clear");
cout << "Titulo do filme: ";
cin >> titulo;
a = loca.localiza_filme(titulo);
if (a < 30) {
loca.devolve_filme(a);
cout << "Devolvido." << endl;
} else
cout << "Nao encontrado." << endl;
sleep(3);
break;
case'0':
return 0;
break;
}
} while (1 != 0);
}
Para compilar digite: g++ -o Locadora arquivo_fonte.cpp
Para executar digite ./Locadora
Esse código é valido para Windows tambem, apenas basta modificar a chamada de sistema system(“clear”) para system(“cls”)
Faça o Download do Código
Algumas telas do software:
Tela Inicial
Tela de Cadastro de Filmes
Espero que seja útil….até mais
Anúncios
por ferpinheiro Postado em C/C++
3 comentários em “Software para locadora
1. eu to precisando desse codigo em Linguagem C, para um projeto da faculdade, tenho muitas dificuldades com Programação, e gostaria de saber se vc, para estudar e desenvolver a parte que foi destinada para mim.
abraço, desde ja obrigado…
• Olá Yugo!
Em primeiro lugar: não posso fazer isso pra voce porque nao tenho tempo disponivel para isso.
Em segundo lugar: se eu fizer seu trabalho, voce não vai aprender a programar…. porque programação só aprende quem programa!
Não existe formula mágica e muito menos decoreba… Voce precisa fazer para entender e aprender!
Desculpe por nao poder lhe ajudar.
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__label__pos
| 0.995501 |
Date of Graduation
Summer 8-10-2019
Degree Type
Capstone Project
Degree Name
Master of Science in Physician Assistant Studies
Abstract
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is responsible for approximately 1 in every 3 deaths of women in the United States. Recognizing the symptoms and predicting presentation is extremely difficult, particularly for women. If providers are able to determine risk factors early on, preventative measures or treatment can be initiated. This review assesses the evidence of whether having an infant with heart defects increases a woman’s long-term risk of developing CVD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted using MEDLINE-PubMed, Web of Science, and CINAHL. The following keywords were utilized in the search: women, maternal health, mothers, cohort study, mortality, cardiovascular, infant, long term and congenital. These articles were assessed for quality using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) guidelines. Results: Two studies that met inclusion criteria were included in this literature review. One retrospective observational study found that there was an increased risk of mothers of infants with critical or noncritical heart defects had an increased risk of developing CVD when compared to mothers of infants without heart defects. The other retrospective observational study concluded that mothers of infants born with a major congenital anomaly had a minor but statistically significant increased risk of mortality when compared to mothers of infants born without congenital anomalies. Conclusion: Mothers of infants with heart defects have an increased long-term risk of CVD. This information can be utilized to help increase screening and adjust treatment plans for women in this category who are at an increased risk for CVD. Additional research would determine if the risk further increased in post-menopausal women who are already at a higher risk of developing CVD.
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__label__pos
| 0.993725 |
How to Program a GE cl4 Universal Remote Without Codes?
How to Program a GE cl4 Universal Remote Without Codes?
Have you ever found yourself surrounded by a sea of remote controls, each one dedicated to a specific device? It can be frustrating and confusing to keep track of them all. Fortunately, the GE Universal CL4 Remote is here to simplify your entertainment experience. With this handy tool, you can control all your devices using a single remote, eliminating the need for multiple remotes cluttering your living space.
In this article, we’ll guide you through the process of programming your GE Universal CL4 Remote with the appropriate codes for your devices. We’ll also provide you with a list of codes for various TV brands, making it easier for you to find the right one for your specific model.
Understanding the Programming Process:
Before we dive into the actual programming, it’s essential to understand the process and gather the necessary information.
1. Gather the Codes
The first step is to find the codes specific to your device’s brand and model. These codes are unique and ensure that your remote communicates properly with your device. You can find these codes in the manual that came with your remote or by searching online.
1. Check Your Remote’s Battery
Make sure your remote control’s battery is fully charged or replace it with new ones if necessary. A weak battery can hinder the programming process and cause frustration.
1. Plug In and Turn On Your Devices
Ensure that all the devices you want to program are properly plugged in and turned on. This step is crucial for the remote to establish a connection with your devices.
Programming Your GE Universal CL4 Remote:
Now that you have the codes and your devices are ready, let’s go through the programming process step by step.
1. Enter the Setup Mode
Press and hold the SETUP button on your remote until the red light turns on. This indicates that your remote is ready to be programmed.
1. Select the Device Type
Press the device button that corresponds to the type of device you want to program (e.g., TV, DVD, CBL, or AUX). The red light will blink once to confirm your selection.
1. Input the Code
Using the number buttons on your remote, enter the four-digit code for your device. The red light will turn on once you’ve entered the complete code.
1. Test the Remote
After entering the code, test your remote by pressing a few buttons to see if it controls your device as expected. If some buttons don’t work, try repeating the process with a different code from the list.
1. Program Additional Devices
If you want to program other devices, follow the same steps, selecting the appropriate device button and entering the corresponding codes.
Codes for Popular TV Brands:
To make your programming experience easier, here’s a list of codes for some popular TV brands:
* Samsung: 1060, 1061, 1087, 1103, 1105, 1109
* LG: 1004, 1005, 1010, 1012, 1178, 1186
* Sony: 1001, 1028, 1029, 1030, 1076, 1100
* Vizio: 1004, 1117, 1122, 1123, 1124, 1125
* TCL: 1004, 1177, 1179, 1183, 1184, 1193
If your TV brand isn’t listed here, don’t worry. You can find a more extensive list of codes in your remote’s manual or by searching online using your remote’s model number and your TV’s brand.
Troubleshooting Tips
1. If the remote doesn’t seem to work after programming, try repeating the process with a different code from the list.
2. Make sure you’re aiming the remote directly at your device when testing it.
3. If you’re still having trouble, check the batteries in your remote and replace them if necessary.
4. If none of the codes work, your device might not be compatible with the GE Universal CL4 Remote. In this case, you may need to consider an alternative universal remote.
Conclusion:
Programming your GE Universal CL4 Remote may seem daunting at first, but with the right codes and a little patience, you’ll be able to control all your devices with ease. By following the step-by-step guide provided in this article and using the code list as a reference, you’ll be well on your way to a clutter-free and streamlined entertainment experience.
Remember, if you encounter any issues during the programming process, don’t hesitate to troubleshoot using the tips provided. With your GE Universal CL4 Remote programmed and ready to go, you can sit back, relax, and enjoy your favorite shows and movies without the hassle of juggling multiple remotes.
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| 0.92589 |
user441521 user441521 - 10 months ago 56
C# Question
Entity Types aren't marked virtual in existing project
I'm trying to mock (using Moq) DbSet's in the DbContext in an existing project that I think was upgraded from VS 2012. I'm getting an error and it's because those DbSet<>'s aren't marked as virtual so they can't be mocked. When I look at newer projects I've done they are marked as virtual.
Since this is in the .edmx file I can't just add virtual to the code since it's autogenerated. Does anyone know any properties that I can set to make them virtual?
Answer Source
In EF6, by default, DBSet members are created as virtual. This cannot be changed from configuration, but T4 template (.tt file) must be edited. Most likely someone edited it before and removed the virtual keyword.
To find your T4 template, expand the tree created by .edmx file in Solution Explorer. You will find a .tt file in it.
To make your DBSets virtual again, you need to find a method string DbSet(EntitySet entitySet) (in default .tt, it is line 307). This method create a property declaration and you can manipulate its pattern here. By default,
"{0} virtual DbSet<{1}> {2} {{ get; set; }}"
is used. Find your version of this pattern and change it to your liking (or simply a default version I provided).
EDIT: If you cannot find this method easily, try searching for
DbSet<
EDIT: After editing and saving .tt file, it should be executed automatically. If not, try right-clicking it and selecting 'Run Custom Tool'.
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| 0.887846 |
Should you disinfect yourself with a hairdryer?
Absolutely not.
Attempting to do so can cause serious burns.
A video of a Florida County Commissioner, Bryant Culpepper, claiming that sticking a running a hairdryer directly into one’s face and inhaling the hot air will kill prevent COVID19 has been circulating on social media. In the video Culpepper states that the virus matures in nasal cavities before migrating to the lungs and causing COVID-19, and proposed killing the virus by running a hairdryer in ones face. Multiple outlets immediately criticized Culpepper for the statement. Culpepper has since apologized for spreading misinformation, citing his original source as a Fox News program. Indeed, others have asserted the claim publicly.
Here we pull apart the argument for blowing a hairdryer in your face to prevent COVID19. The early take-away message is: Please do not stick a hair dryer in your face, up your nose or mouth to fight coronavirus. You can burn yourself very badly, and you won’t kill the SARS-CoV-2 virus that causes COVID19 in the process.
False Assumption 1 – Nasal disinfection can somehow eliminate a virus
This claim emerges and re-emerges again and again in various forms of misinformation, such that the WHO has made infographics to dispel ideas that rinsing or spraying noses with saline or harsher chemicals , drinking alcohol or taking a hot bath will halt a SARS-CoV-2/COVID19 infection. Here is why “disinfection” of your mucous membranes doesn’t work.
All viruses need a host cell to complete their lifecycle. When a coronavirus enters a nasal passage, for example, it escapes the mucous barrier to enter cells lining the respiratory tract (airway epithelial cells). Once inside those cells it initiates its own replication, making new virus, using the host cell components. Those virions (new virus) are shot out of the cell through a process called exocytosis, which leaves the cell intact to just keep on completing viral replication (nice little summary here. In later posts we’ll post more on the molecular interactions involved in this process). Those virions infect more airway epithelial cells and so on. The virus SARS-CoV (agent of SARS), for example, progresses down the respiratory tract to infect other cell types as well as epithelial cells in the alveoli, and bronchi in a matter of days.
The point is, once a coronavirus is in a cell (and it gets in pretty fast), it’s in. You can’t disinfect or rinse it “out”.
False Assumption 2 – you can heat up your nasal passages to a temperature that can kill the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) without injuring yourself
Heat applied at 56ºC (or 132ºF) for 15 minutes kills the SARS coronavirus. Commercially available cosmetic hair dryers usually can maintain a heat output of about 60ºC (140ºF). Your own cells sustain significant damage at 40ºC-47ºC (104ºF-116.6ºF) and often undergo cell death in response temperatures above 50ºC (122ºF). Nevermind that drying out mucosal membranes can cause respiratory distress.
The short of it is 1) applying heat to your nasal passages doesn’t stop the virus from doing anything 2) you cannot apply a hairdryer blowing heat to your face without hurting yourself. Do not do it.
JGS and JFB March 31, 2020
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| 0.584826 |
What is GPS?
The USA’s NAVSTAR Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most widely used global navigation satellite system (GNSS) in the world. It is widely used for navigation by the public, businesses and other organisations. Today, GPS is embedded in an increasing variety of positioning devices such as smart phones.
GPS constellation
GPS, which is owned and operated by the US military, operates on two levels. GPS’ Precise Positioning Service (PPS) is reserved for authorised, controlled users, generally the US military. The system’s Standard Positioning Service (SPS) is available globally for free to anyone with a GPS-capable receiver.
Accuracy and integrity
The free signal provides a location accuracy of within 17 metres (the horizontal specification for 95% of the measurements), a range which is inadequate for certain applications. Similarly, it does not provide a guarantee of the position or time calculated by the user’s receiver. EGNOS augments GPS by improving the accuracy of the GPS signal to within three metres and by providing integrity alerts confirming the signal can be used for navigation.
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| 0.870236 |
Are you J A Greenland?
Claim your profile
Publications (1)5.37 Total impact
• Source
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ABSTRACT: Expression of replication-dependent histone genes at the posttranscriptional level is controlled by stem-loop binding protein (SLBP). One function of SLBP is to bind the stem-loop structure in the 3' untranslated region of histone pre-mRNAs and facilitate 3' end processing. Interaction of SLBP with the stem-loop is mediated by the centrally located RNA binding domain (RBD). Here we identify several highly conserved amino acids in the RBD mutation of which results in complete or substantial loss of SLBP binding activity. We also identify residues in the RBD which do not contribute to binding to the stem-loop RNA but instead are required for efficient recruitment of U7 snRNP to histone pre-mRNA. Recruitment of the U7 snRNP to the pre-mRNA also depends on the 20-amino-acid region located immediately downstream of the RBD. A critical region of the RBD contains the sequence YDRY. The tyrosines are required for RNA binding, and the DR dipeptide is essential for processing but not for RNA binding. It is likely that the RBD of SLBP interacts directly with both the stem-loop RNA and other processing factor(s), most likely the U7 snRNP, to facilitate histone pre-mRNA processing.
Molecular and Cellular Biology 04/2001; 21(6):2008-17. · 5.37 Impact Factor
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| 0.926743 |
What Happens If I Do Not Have Cataract Surgery?
Cataract is one of the eye diseases that usually occurs in advanced ages and is also known by different terms such as curtains in the eye. Since it is a progressive disease, its effect on vision increases over time and the person starts to lose his/her vision. So, is surgery necessary for cataract? What happens if we do not have cataract surgery?
Can I lose my vision if I do not have cataract surgery?
To answer this question, we will first need to explain cataract. In a healthy eye, the transparent lens in the front part of the eye ensures that the light is focused correctly and thus a smooth vision is obtained.
In cataract disease, the lens, which should be transparent, becomes opaque. As the opacity of the lens increases and the lens loses its transparency, vision begins to decrease. In the later stages, we can see that vision is completely blocked.
What needs to be done for treatment is to remove the opaque lens and replace it with a transparent artificial lens. Unfortunately, there is no other treatment as effective as surgery. Surgery is kind of mandatory for the patient to regain his/her vision. What happens if we do not have surgery? We said cataract is a progressive disease. If it is not treated early, the patient’s vision will be blocked, and in the later stages, the dull lens may become harder.
Katarakt ameliyati olmazsak ne olur 4
Depending on the patient, removing the hardened lens from the eye is a more challenging procedure. In this case, the time spent in surgery increases, more effort is required and this may lead to a longer recovery period.
Early intervention is also very important in cataract disease for the most effective solution and short recovery time. If you are experiencing symptoms after a certain age, we recommend that you consult a specialist doctor and have a detailed examination without wasting time.
Assoc. Prof. Aylin Kılıç
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| 0.982069 |
Сортируем c С++ массив целых чисел
newbie_
Опубликован: 2019-06-24T06:49:54.016336Z
11401
Сортировка - очень распространённая типовая задача, которую часто приходится решать в повседневной жизни даже обычным людям никак не связанным с программированием и разработкой программного обеспечения. Этот обзор посвящён сортировке массива целых чисел по возрастанию, я покажу один из классических алгоритмов сортировки - сортировку вставками.
Условия задачи следующие:
Дан массив целых чисел, в котором элементы массива следуют в случайном порядке. Необходимо написать программу, которая отсортирует заданный массив по возрастанию. По условию задачи не допускается использование для сортировки стандартных инструментов диалекта.
Опять следует сказать пару слов о самой задаче... Дело в том, что работодатели в сфере IT и разработки программного обеспечения в нашем богом хранимом отечестве очень часто не имеют или не могут отчётливо и понятно сформулировать критерии отбора персонала, и видимо поэтому, на первичных собеседованиях предлагают своим соискателям решить одну из подобные задач. Плохо то, что решить эту задачу вас скорей всего попросят на листе бумаги. Отсюда следует простой вывод, надо быть готовым к такому повороту событий.
Сортировка массива целых чисел по определённому условию - это типовая задача, задача продуманная и имеющая на текущий момент развития компьютерных технологий описанные типовые решения. Мне известны три основных алгоритма сортировки: сортировка вставками, сортировка выбором и пузырьковая сортировка. Если вы готовитесь к собеседованию на вакансию программиста, стоит качественно разобрать и понять все три алгоритма. В рамках этого обзора я рассмотрю только один - сортировку вставками.
Решать эту задачу я буду как всегда на базе десктопа с Debian buster и интегрированной среды разработки Geany. Запускаю редактор, вхожу в каталог workspace и создаю новый файл - sorter.cpp.
8CK3qVeFgc.png
Поскольку мне не очень хочется создавать ручками исходный массив целых чисел, я буду вынужден прибегнуть в автоматизированному заполнению заданного массива с использованием стандартного генератора псевдослучайных чисел. Начинаю писать код. Для задуманной программы мне необходимы три модуля стандартной библиотеки.
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
Чтобы не захламлять код главной функции программы, разделю свою задачу на три:
1. Заполнение исходного массива случайными целыми числами;
2. Вывод всех элементов массива в заданной форме на терминал;
3. Сортировка исходного массива по возрастанию.
Для каждой из этих задач декларирую соответствующую функцию.
void fill(int * ar, const int l);
void show(const int * ar, const int l);
void sort(int * ar, const int l);
Итого три функции. На начальном этапе разработки я ограничусь использованием только первых двух и создам исходный массив следующих в случайном порядке целых чисел, а затем выведу его элементы на экран терминала.
int main()
{
const int L = 16;
int * ar = new int[L];
fill(ar, L);
std::cout << "Initial array:" << std::endl;
show(ar, L);
delete [] ar;
return 0;
}
Теперь я сосредоточу своё внимание на разработке двух вспомогательных функций: fill и show.
void fill(int * ar, const int l)
{
std::srand(std::time(0));
for (int i = 0; i < l; i++)
ar[i] = std::rand() % 127 + 1;
}
Функция fill принимает в качестве аргументов указатель на массив целых чисел и количество элементов в массиве. Функция при помощи соответствующих инструментов модулей cstdlib и ctime инициализирует стандартный генератор псевдослучайных чисел, а затем заполняет заданный аргументом массив, ничего сложного, только стандартные процедуры.
void show(const int * ar, const int l)
{
for (int i = 0; i < l; i++)
{
if (i < l - 1)
std::cout << ar[i] << ", ";
else
std::cout << ar[i];
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
Функция show принимает в качестве аргументов указатель на заданный массив целых чисел и количество элементов в массиве и выводит в заданной форме все элементы массива на экран терминала. В стандартной библиотеке С++ конечно же имеются более изящные средства для вывода элементов массива на печать, но, поскольку цель этого обзора не предполагает умение пользоваться этими средствами, я же новичок, предложенная функция будет считаться вполне приемлемым решением.
Пишу этот код в файл sorter.cpp.
jPp5DOzw4a.png
Мне, конечно же хочется убедиться, что подготовка к решению основной задачи прошла успешно, заданный массив формируется и порядок следования его элементов является случайным, перехожу в терминал, компилирую программу и пробую её запустить.
g++ -o exe sorter.cpp
./exe
Запускаю программу несколько раз.
S0362bJV4l.png
Как видно на снимке экрана, программа при каждом запуске выводит новый массив целых чисел, следующих в случайном порядке. Именно такой массив я и буду сортировать. Переходим к основной части марлезонского балета...
Классический алгоритм сортировки вставками, на котором я и буду основывать своё решение, сортирует элементы массива на месте, при этом не создавая другого временного массива. В коде этот алгоритм выглядит следующим образом.
void sort(int * ar, const int l)
{
for (int i = 1; i < l; i++)
{
int box = ar[i];
int j = i - 1;
while (j >= 0 and box < ar[j])
{
ar[j+1] = ar[j];
j -= 1;
}
ar[j+1] = box;
}
}
Классический алгоритм сортировки вставками содержит два цикла. Первый цикл - for - делит заданный массив на две последовательности: исходную последовательность и отсортированную последовательность. Первым элементом исходной последовательности на первой итерации цикла for является второй элемент заданного массива ar[1], все остальные элементы исходной последовательности находятся справа от первого элемента исходной последовательности. Цикл for перебирает все элементы исходной последовательности слева-на-право.
Отсортированная последовательность на первой итерации цикла for находится слева от первого элемента исходной последовательности. При сортировке второй цикл алгоритма - цикл while - перебирает все элементы отсортированной последовательности справа-на-лево и сравнивает их с первым элементом исходной последовательности, значение которого сохранено в переменной box для временного хранения. Таким образом по мере продвижения цикла for исходная последовательность сокращается, а отсортированная последовательность растёт. На каждой итерации цикла for первый элемент исходной последовательности находит своё место в отсортированной последовательности посредством цикла while - происходит вставка элемента на своё место в зависимости от заданного в голове цикла while условия. Визуально работу алгоритма можно представить следующим образом.
Sdp6p8PUks.png
Проверим, насколько теория подтверждается практикой. Вписываю в файл sorter.cpp определение функции sort и слегка изменяю главную функцию программы.
int main()
{
...
...
sort(ar, L);
std::cout << "Sorted array:" << std::endl;
show(ar, L);
...
...
}
0s36k64wQp.png
Чтобы убедиться, что алгоритм работает правильно, вновь компилирую программу и запускаю её несколько раз подряд.
QYgbJ5cO0r.png
На снимке экрана видно, что каждый раз отсортированный массив содержит все элементы начального массива, и числа в отсортированном массиве следуют в порядке возрастания слева-на-право. Чтобы изменить порядок следования элементов в отсортированном массиве, достаточно изменить условие цикла while, всё очень просто. Подвожу итог, задача решена.
Следует иметь ввиду, что в повседневной практике программирования на C++ вам вряд ли придётся прибегать к этому алгоритму только потому, что стандартная библиотека диалекта содержит специально разработанные средства для сортировки данных по различным условиями и в различных последовательностях. Тем не менее, очень полезно понять и проникнуться классическими алгоритмами сортировки, по-крайней мере, когда на очередном собеседовании вас попросят написать сортировку массива на листе бумаги, что само по себе в сущности является маразмом, вы будете готовы. :-)
Метки: sort, cplusplus, sorter
Комментарии:
newbie_
2019-06-24T06:53:28.795809Z
Код программы целиком:
#include <iostream>
#include <cstdlib>
#include <ctime>
void fill(int * ar, const int l);
void show(const int * ar, const int l);
void sort(int * ar, const int l);
int main()
{
const int L = 16;
int * ar = new int[L];
fill(ar, L);
std::cout << "Initial array:" << std::endl;
show(ar, L);
sort(ar, L);
std::cout << "Sorted array:" << std::endl;
show(ar, L);
delete [] ar;
return 0;
}
void sort(int * ar, const int l)
{
for (int i = 1; i < l; i++)
{
int box = ar[i];
int j = i - 1;
while (j >= 0 and box < ar[j])
{
ar[j+1] = ar[j];
j -= 1;
}
ar[j+1] = box;
}
}
void fill(int * ar, const int l)
{
std::srand(std::time(0));
for (int i = 0; i < l; i++)
ar[i] = std::rand() % 127 + 1;
}
void show(const int * ar, const int l)
{
for (int i = 0; i < l; i++)
{
if (i < l - 1)
std::cout << ar[i] << ", ";
else
std::cout << ar[i];
}
std::cout << std::endl;
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.53777 |
Skip Header
You are using a version of browser that may not display all the features of this website. Please consider upgrading your browser.
A Cas9-guide RNA complex preorganized for target DNA recognition.
Jiang F., Zhou K., Ma L., Gressel S., Doudna J.A.
Bacterial adaptive immunity uses CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-associated (Cas) proteins together with CRISPR transcripts for foreign DNA degradation. In type II CRISPR-Cas systems, activation of Cas9 endonuclease for DNA recognition upon guide RNA binding occurs by an unknown mechanism. Crystal structures of Cas9 bound to single-guide RNA reveal a conformation distinct from both the apo and DNA-bound states, in which the 10-nucleotide RNA "seed" sequence required for initial DNA interrogation is preordered in an A-form conformation. This segment of the guide RNA is essential for Cas9 to form a DNA recognition-competent structure that is poised to engage double-stranded DNA target sequences. We construe this as convergent evolution of a "seed" mechanism reminiscent of that used by Argonaute proteins during RNA interference in eukaryotes.
Science 348:1477-1481(2015) [PubMed] [Europe PMC]
|
__label__pos
| 0.824031 |
• A
• A
• A
• АБВ
• АБВ
• АБВ
• А
• А
• А
• А
• А
Обычная версия сайта
Сетевые сервисы
Интегрированная информационно-вычислительная сеть (ИИВС) московского кампуса представляет собой единую объединенную корпоративную локально-вычислительных сеть, которая объединяет сети зданий НИУ ВШЭ. ИВВС построена на современном высокопроизводительном оборудовании и обслуживает более 12 000 портов уровня доступа. Серверная инфраструктура распределена между 4-м основными центрами обработки данных. В серверной инфраструктуре используются в основном высокопроизводительные блейд-серверы НР виртуализованные с помощью облачных технологий VMWare и Microsoft, процент виртуализации составляет более 95%. Общее число серверов используемых для работы корпоративных информационных систем и выделенные для деятельности подразделений – более 350. Наблюдение и контроль за состоянием ИИВС осуществляется единой системой мониторинга, в настоящее время контролируются 911 значений параметров инфраструктуры и программных сервисов, в т.ч. основные параметры программной инфраструктуры корпоративных информационных систем.
ИИВС представляет своим пользователям следующие сервисы:
• корпоративная почта;
• объединенная система коммуникаций Lync;
• домены рабочих станций сотрудников;
• домены компьютерных классов;
• серверы приложений в подразделениях;
• файловые серверы и хранение данных;
• беспроводные сети;
• IP-телефония.
Все заявки в Дирекцию информационных технологий (кроме Заявки на изменение пароля) должны направляться ТОЛЬКО со внутренних адресов корпоративной почты НИУ ВШЭ по адресу: [email protected].
Внимание! Для выделения сервера требуется направить служебную записку с указанием цели выделения сервера на имя директора по ИТ Щербакова О.М., приложить заявку на выделение сервера.
• Заявка на выделение сервера (Outlook 20**) Excel (20**)
Для типовых обращений в службу поддержки сетевых сервисов используйте, пожалуйста, ниже приведенные формы заявок:
Корпоративная почта:
Внимание! После заведения почтового ящика, ваша почта доступна по ссылке: mail2.hse.ru, даже вне сети НИУ ВШЭ. Предварительно ознакомьтесь с Регламентом использования корпоративной электронной почтовой системы.
Заявки по работам в корпоративной электронной почте размещены в соответствующем разделе.
(Изменение пароля доступа к почтовому ящику может быть произведено ТОЛЬКО со внутренних адресов НИУ ВШЭ по адресу [email protected] . Самостоятельно cменить пароль пользователя корпоративной почты ВШЭ можно:
1) выполняя действия по Инструкция по смене пароля пользователя в домене, но только при выполнении следующих условий: Действия производятся на компьютере, входящем в домен + Вы знаете свой пароль, который хотите изменить,
2) после входа в Outlook Web Access (OWA), выполняя действия по Инструкция по смене пароля Outlook через OWA
Полный набор инструкций для работы с корпоративной почтой.
Файловый доступ
1. WEB-доступ: обмен файлами объемом до 100 Мб посредством передачи ссылки на файл.
- позволяет отправлять адресату не сам файл, а ссылку на него, по которой адресат сам загружает себе данные.
Отправка/получение файлов и ссылок на них доступны как внутри сети ВШЭ, так и из-за ее пределов, через интернет.
Авторизация на странице не требуется. Файл хранится 48 часов, после чего удаляется автоматически.
Адрес для обмена файлами: http://share.hse.ru
2. Файловый доступ (внутри сети ВШЭ): предоставляется к ресурсам на внутренних серверах в сети НИУ ВШЭ по заявке от подразделения.
Система антиспам-защиты "Sophos"
Сервера и IP:
• Заявка на выделение IP-адреса и/или внесение записи в DNS Outlook (20**), Excel (20**)
Информационная вычислительная сеть (ИВС):
• Заявка на подключение ПК/принтера пользователя к ИВС Outlook (20**), Excel (20**)
• Заявка на реализацию требования к ИВС Outlook (20**), Excel (20**)
• Заявка на устранение ошибки в ИВС Outlook (20**), Excel (20**)
Беспроводные сети Wi-Fi:
• Заявка на подключение к беспроводной сети Wi-Fi Outlook (20**), Excel (20**)
С инструкциями по самостоятельной настройке подключения к беспроводной сети и эл.почте НИУ ВШЭ вы можете ознакомиться тут.
По прочим вопросам функционирования сетевых сервисов, таких как:
1. Корпоративная почта,
2. Домены рабочих станций сотрудников,
3. Домены компьютерных классов,
4. Серверы приложений в подразделениях,
5. Файловые серверы и хранение данных,
6. Резервирование данных,
7. Беспроводные сети,
8. Корпоративная телефония,
9. Мобильная корпоративная связь
- обращайтесь в Службу поддержки 22222. Ваше обращение будет зарегистрировано, а его выполнение проконтролировано. Уведомления о регистрации и последующем исполнении заявки поступят инициатору на его корпоративный почтовый адрес, указанный в обращении.
Нашли опечатку?
Выделите её, нажмите Ctrl+Enter и отправьте нам уведомление. Спасибо за участие!
|
__label__pos
| 0.591891 |
Updated Oracle 1z0-071 Exam Questions – [Jan-2018 Dumps]
Oracle PL/SQL Developer Certified Associate 1z0-071 certification exam success is guaranteed in the first attempt without any failure is possible now with the best Oracle Database SQL 1z0-071 exam dumps preparation material is designed by the professionals according to the needs of candidates who want to prepare for the Oracle 1z0-071 exam in a short time perfectly. The Oracle 1z0-071 exam dumps preparation material consists of the practice test software as well as PDF Q&A booklet that contain the most recent questions of Oracle 1z0-071 exam.
1z0-071 exam questions, 1z0-071 PDF dumps; 1z0-071 exam dumps:: https://www.dumpsschool.com/1z0-071-exam-dumps.html (83 Q&A) (New Questions Are 100% Available! Also Free Practice Test Software!)
Latest and Most Accurate Oracle 1z0-071 Dumps Exam Questions and Answers:
Version: 7.0
Question: 21
Examine the data in the CUST_NAME column of the CUSTOMERS table.
CUST_NAME
————————
Renske Ladwig
Jason Mallin
Samuel McCain
Allan MCEwen
Irene Mikkilineni
Julia Nayer
You need to display customers’ second names where the second name starts with “Mc” or “MC.”
Which query gives the required output?
A. SELECT SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)
FROM customers
WHERE INITCAP(SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1))=’Mc’;
B. SELECT SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)
FROM customers
WHERE INITCAP(SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)) LIKE ‘Mc%’;
C. SELECT SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)
FROM customers
WHERE SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1) LIKE INITCAP(‘MC%’);
D. SELECT SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)
FROM customers
WHERE INITCAP(SUBSTR(cust_name, INSTR(cust_name,’ ‘)+1)) = INITCAP(‘MC%’);
Answer: B
Question: 22
View the Exhibit and examine the structure of the ORDERS table. The ORDER_ID column is the
PRIMARY KEY in the ORDERS table.
Evaluate the following CREATE TABLE command:
CREATE TABLE new_orders(ord_id, ord_date DEFAULT SYSDATE, cus_id)
AS
SELECT order_id.order_date,customer_id
FROM orders;
Which statement is true regarding the above command?
A. The NEW_IDRDERS table would not get created because the DEFAULT value cannot be specified in the column definition.
B. The NEW_IDRDERS table would get created and only the NOT NULL constraint defined on the specified columns would be passed to the new table.
C. The NEW_IDRDERS table would not get created because the column names in the CREATE TABLE command and the SELECT clause do not match.
D. The NEW_IDRDERS table would get created and all the constraints defined on the specified columns in the ORDERS table would be passed to the new table.
Answer: B
Question: 23
Which statement is true regarding external tables?
A. The default REJECT LIMIT for external tables is UNLIMITED.
B. The data and metadata for an external table are stored outside the database.
C. ORACLE_LOADER and ORACLE_DATAPUMP have exactly the same functionality when used with an external table.
D. The CREATE TABLE AS SELECT statement can be used to unload data into regular table in the database from an external table.
Answer: D
Question: 24
Which two statements are true about Data Manipulation Language (DML) statements?
A. AH INSERT INTO. . .VALUES. . statement can add multiple rows per execution to a table.
B. An UPDATE…SET… statement can modify multiple rows based on multiple conditions on a table.
C. A DELETE FROM ….. statement can remove rows based on only a single condition on a table.
D. An INSERT INTO…VALUES….. statement can add a single row based on multiple conditions on a table.
E. A DELETE FROM….. statement can remove multiple rows based on multiple conditions on a table.
F. An UPDATE…SET…. statement can modify multiple rows based on only a single condition on a table.
Answer: AC
Question: 25
Which two statements are true regarding roles? (Choose two.)
A. A role can be granted to itself.
B. A role can be granted to PUBLIC.
C. A user can be granted only one role at any point of time.
D. The REVOKE command can be used to remove privileges but not roles from other users.
E. Roles are named groups of related privileges that can be granted to users or other roles.
Answer: B,E
Question: 26
Which two statements are true regarding constraints? (Choose two.)
A. A foreign key cannot contain NULL values.
B. A column with the UNIQUE constraint can contain NULL.
C. A constraint is enforced only for the INSERT operation on a table.
D. A constraint can be disabled even if the constraint column contains data.
E. All the constraints can be defined at the column level as well as the table level
Answer: B,D
New Updated 1z0-071 Exam Questions 1z0-071 PDF dumps 1z0-071 practice exam dumps: https://www.dumpsschool.com/1z0-071-exam-dumps.html
|
__label__pos
| 0.680219 |
Is `asyncio.to_thread` always threadsafe?
Hello! I am building a system that has already developed TCP/IP clients using the socket module. For new clients and for the overall system, my plan is to adopt asyncio. To call the existing clients, the method that I planned on is using asyncio.to_thread.
My question is: Is asyncio.to_thread always threadsafe? In the sense of, can it be used to call non-threadsafe methods on a class?
My understanding is that the default executor for asyncio.to_thread is concurrent.futures.ThreadPoolExecutor](concurrent.futures — Launching parallel tasks — Python 3.12.2 documentation), which is obviously a pool or collection of different threads. So my assumption is that asyncio.to_thread will not run on the same thread everytime. The only way that I know of to do this is to create a custom ThreadPoolExecutor with max_workers=1, however, that greatly limits the threads that can be used with asyncio.to_thread.
But, it seems that since await asyncio.to_thread(...) itself runs on a single thread, will call out to a separate thread, block that thread until it is returned, that if the class it is calling a method on is not running on any other thread, then the call would be threadsafe.
Can someone please help me to check if my understanding is correct? The main context of my question is centered around leaning on asyncio.to_thread to turn existing blocking clients into asyncio clients.
Thank you!
It looks like you’ve figured this out for yourself already: The function passed to to_thread() will be submitted to an executor, and then it will run on some thread (but never the thread that is running the asyncio loop). So if you call to_thread() twice before waiting for the results using await, the calls may run on two different threads (in the same executor), without further synchronization.
I wouldn’t recommend using a custom executor with max_workers=1 – while that serializes the calls, if that’s what you’re after, you could just as well create your own lock and use that to serialize calls (writing a simple wrapper around to_thread()).
4 Likes
Thanks for the confirmation and the clarification! I’ll give using this to asyncio-ify some existing TCP clients, so I will see how it goes.
|
__label__pos
| 0.857956 |
Getting Data In
Provide Splunk Cloud feedback in this confidential UX survey by June 17
for a chance to win a $200 Amazon gift card!
How to resolve when a C# HttpWebRequest to REST API is not working?
RhinoTX
Explorer
Hey there, trying to use C# WebRequest class to send a simple search (via POST to get the sid then GET to get the results) and I can't get the first step to work. I either seem to get 401 Not Authorized (but it works via curl cmdline), or 400 Bad Request, depending on how I pass the authentication. I've tried every combination I can think of. Oh, and using the SDK is not an option.
Here's the code that posts the search, using my custom class WebAPI (a simple wrapper) which I will provide code for later:
WebAPI api = new WebAPI();
api.Trust(); // we trust our local splunk server (this disables SSL certificate checking!!!)
string username = "<removed>";
string password = "<removed>";
string scheme = "https";
string address = "169.00.000.168";
uint port = 2711;
string path = "/services/search/jobs";
string post_content = "search=\"search index=mmogbrain sourcetype=dreadnought_profile host=DN-GL-MM-000 earliest=-1m@m latest=now|table _time,connections\"";
string url = api.BuildUrl(scheme, address, port, path, null);
string result = api.Post(url, content, username, password);
Here's the code for WebAPI helper class:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.IO;
using System.Net;
using System.Text;
using System.Web.Script.Serialization;
namespace SixFoot.Core
{
public class WebAPI
{
public void Trust()
{
ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback = ((sender, certificate, chain, sslPolicyErrors) => true);
}
public void Post(string url, string content)
{
Post(url, content, null, null);
}
public string Post(string url, string content, string username, string password)
{
HttpWebRequest request = (HttpWebRequest)WebRequest.Create(url);
request.Method = "POST";
System.Text.UTF8Encoding encoding = new System.Text.UTF8Encoding();
Byte[] byteArray = encoding.GetBytes(content);
request.ContentLength = byteArray.Length;
if (username != null && password != null)
{
string authInfo = username + ":" + password;
authInfo = Convert.ToBase64String(Encoding.GetEncoding("ISO-8859-1").GetBytes(authInfo));
request.Headers["Authorization"] = "Basic " + authInfo;
}
using (Stream dataStream = request.GetRequestStream())
{
dataStream.Write(byteArray, 0, byteArray.Length);
}
try
{
WebResponse response = request.GetResponse();
using (Stream responseStream = response.GetResponseStream())
{
StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(responseStream, Encoding.UTF8);
return reader.ReadToEnd();
}
}
catch (WebException ex)
{
string message = ex.Message;
WebResponse errorResponse = ex.Response;
if (errorResponse != null)
{
using (Stream responseStream = errorResponse.GetResponseStream())
{
StreamReader reader = new StreamReader(responseStream, Encoding.GetEncoding("utf-8"));
message = reader.ReadToEnd();
}
}
throw;
}
}
public Dictionary<string, object> ParseJson(string json)
{
JavaScriptSerializer serializer = new JavaScriptSerializer();
return (Dictionary<string, object>) serializer.DeserializeObject(json);
}
public string BuildUrl(string scheme, string address, uint port, string path, string query)
{
UriBuilder builder = new UriBuilder(scheme, address, (int) port);
builder.Path = path;
builder.Query = query;
return builder.Uri.AbsoluteUri;
}
// snip removed similar Get methods...but I'm no getting that far. ;-(
}
}
Any thoughts? The above code returns "401 Bad Request". Posting the exact same strings via curl works and returns a sid.
Thanks in advance for any help...
0 Karma
1 Solution
RhinoTX
Explorer
I figured this out. 😉
The bug is here:
string post_content = "search=\"search index=mmogbrain sourcetype=dreadnought_profile host=DN-GL-MM-000 earliest=-1m@m latest=now|table _time,connections\"";
The search query has double-quotes surrounding the search value. This trips up the Splunk parser for some reason. The search as provided by the splunk admin was based on him running it in CURL, and in CURL of course since it's a cmdline it must have the quotes since ther are spaces in the search string. Those quotes need to be removed when sending to the server. Once I did that, all started working.
View solution in original post
RhinoTX
Explorer
I figured this out. 😉
The bug is here:
string post_content = "search=\"search index=mmogbrain sourcetype=dreadnought_profile host=DN-GL-MM-000 earliest=-1m@m latest=now|table _time,connections\"";
The search query has double-quotes surrounding the search value. This trips up the Splunk parser for some reason. The search as provided by the splunk admin was based on him running it in CURL, and in CURL of course since it's a cmdline it must have the quotes since ther are spaces in the search string. Those quotes need to be removed when sending to the server. Once I did that, all started working.
View solution in original post
RhinoTX
Explorer
Bumpity Bump....
0 Karma
RhinoTX
Explorer
BUMP!!!!
I am STILL stuck on this...
I have rewritten the code three times using various HTTP connection methods and STILL always get 400 Bad Request. Again, it WORKS FROM CURL!!! So I know what I'm sending is a valid search. I can't even get auth login to work!!! 400 Bad Request... There is NOTHING USEFUL coming from the Splunk logs other than the fact that a bad request was received. ;-( There is nothing, that I can see, that tells me HOW it was a malformed request (if it even is...)
Here's the latest version using simple WebClient which from other samples I've seen on the Internet SHOULD work...
var client = new WebClient();
var content = WebUtility.UrlEncode(string.Format("{{'username':{0}, 'password':{1}}}", username, password));
var url = "https://:/services/auth/login";
client.Headers["Content-Type"] = "application/json";
var result = client.UploadString(url, content); // THIS THROWS 400 Bad Request
I am at a loss. I have tried this using HttpWebRequest. I have tried this using WebClient. I even used an old http client impl I had written directly using sockets. All are receive 400 Bad Request from the server and I have ZERO CLUE WHY and your server provides ZERO WAY TO DIAGNOSE THIS!!!!!!
Again, it works from curl.exe, using the exact same ip, port, and path.
I think a reply is overdue here folks, it's been days...
Using the C# SDK is not an option...this should work!
0 Karma
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Help us learn about how Splunk has
impacted your career by taking the 2021 Splunk Career Survey.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.812681 |
6/2/2020
Ibs Test Capsule Endoscopy: Green Bowel Movement
Ibs Test Capsule Endoscopy: Green Bowel Movement
Defecation are signs of one's total health condition. An uncommon bowel movement indicates that there is something wrong someplace in the gastrointestinal tract. Usually, the color of a defecation in a healthy person will vary in the color of yellow-colored brown to brown. However, when the bowel movement is green, there definitely is a problem. Unwind, let's not panic! Green defecation does not indicate your life is under hazard and is not an unsafe condition. So cool down! Let's find out what triggers it, and then take a look at the manner ins which to assist prevent it.
Diarrhea With Mucous
Abdominal cramps Fever Nausea Bloating Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS). The exact cause of IBS is unknowned, but it is believed that it could be triggered by a severe gastrointestinal infection. It is believed that the signs of this condition worsen due to stress. IBS is classified as diarrhea-predominant, constipation-predominant, or IBS with a rotating stool pattern. People who suffer from IBS may also observe increased levels of mucus in stools. It has been observed that mucus formation is higher in those with diarrhea-predominant IBS. The typical signs of IBS include:
• There is no added symptom, the condition might diminish within a few days (with or without medical treatment).
• In such cases, both the eyes might develop the condition.
• Apart from reddish spots or reddened sclera, the small blood vessels in the eyes might likewise look prominent.
• The eyes might end up being watery and develop a gritty feeling.
Sharp Stomach Pain
Swollen abdominal areas Nausea and vomiting Fever Although the passage of mucus in stool is not always a reason for serious concern, consult a doctor if it has been occurring on a daily basis. Besides the previously mentioned medical conditions, excess mucus in stool could be due to an anal fistula (a little connection or channel that develops between the anal canal and the skin near the anus) or rectal ulcers. The development of a deadly growth in the colon could also be a contributing factor. Though the use of drugs would provide relief, guarantee that you make dietary modifications and other lifestyle changes that have been suggested by your doctor.
• Conditions that Could Cause Mucous in Feces There are various medical conditions that can cause one to pass mucus in stool.
• Therefore, it is always better to get the underlying cause diagnosed and dealt with at the earliest.
Besides the above pointed out health conditions, there are a number of other conditions with bloating as a sign such as indigestion, colitis, giardiasis, hyperventilation, diverticulitis, etc. If you are experiencing bloating and abdominal distension, you can check out some remedies to minimize the discomfort. Moreover, prevent consuming food products that cause bloating. In case of extreme bloating, it is very important to consult the physician immediately.
Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative colitis is a kind of inflammatory bowel disease that is characterized by inflammation of the innermost lining of the large intestine and the anus. When the inflammation is restricted to the rectum, the condition is referred to as ulcerative proctitis. The inflammation could give rise to the development of open sores or lesions. At a later stage, these ulcers might bleed and the affected individual may suffer from frequent episodes of diarrhea. He or she may notice traces of blood or mucus in the stool. Other signs of this inflammatory bowel illness include:
Most of the times, a pregnant lady might not experience hormone changes throughout the initial trimester duration. One reason is that she is more concern on handling early morning sickness. This in some way avoids the symptoms from bothering her. On the second trimester period, the hormone changes are more evident and the IBS signs will begin to manifest due to the fact that of the modifications that the female is experiencing on this stage.
Reasons for a Distended Stomach
There are numerous elements that cause your stomach to feel puffed up or distended. These vary from person to person, making medical diagnosis, and subsequently treatment, difficult. The following are a few of the significant causes of bloated stomach.
Uterine Conditions
In females, as the uterus lies in the lower stomach, disorders connected to it can also trigger lower abdominal and back pain. Uterine fibroid, dysmenorrhea, ovarian cysts, etc., trigger discomfort in one side of the lower abdomen and back.
Ectopic Pregnancy
Ectopic pregnancy results when the implantation of the fertilized egg takes place outside the uterus. This is one of the significant reasons for lower abdominal throughout pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is a major and possibly deadly complication throughout pregnancy. In the majority of the cases, the implantation takes place in the fallopian tube.
Discomfort in the abdominal region. Constraining. Bloating. Modification in bowel practices.
Diverticulosis The term 'diverticulum' refers to an irregular sac-like structure that forms in the large intestine. It is believed that such pouches develop when the waste that is saved by the large intestine becomes hard and puts pressure on the walls of the colon. The formation of these pouches is referred to as diverticulosis. More often than not, this condition is asymptomatic. However, development of many such pouches could generate symptoms such as:
Food Allergic Reaction
Eating foods that you dislike can likewise cause burps that smell like rotten eggs. For example, people who are lactose intolerant, yet continue to take in dairy products, burp excessively throughout the day that produces a strong sulfur smell.
Abdominal cramps Stomach pain Stomach distention Failure to pass gas Constipation Vomiting
Kids might not understand the signs of IBS, even when they are experiencing it. So, it becomes the duty of the parents to look after what their young ones are consuming, and pay attention to their health complaints diligently, instead of simply disregarding them.
Absence of Sleep
The line between individual and expert life is getting blurred as increasingly more individuals are bringing their office work at house, in turn taking hardly any rest. Sleeping less in an attempt to fulfill expert deadlines can likewise result in obesity and digestion problems and eventually cause stomach gurgling.
• Mucus in Urine CausesMucus in Urine Causes When you see something abnormal taking place in your body, it is obvious to get a little scared. Urine is a liquid which is not required by the body, and it occurs in various organs including the lungs, kidneys and the large intestine. Almost...
• Soluble fiber supplements are similarly outstanding alternatives for pregnant mommies who are experiencing IBS.
• They also have to rest correctly and get enough sleep in the evening or during their spare time.
• Naturally, if the condition ends up being severe, the most proper trait to do is visit a trusted doctor right away.
• There are numerous types of medications now that work in avoiding the signs of IBS.
• For example, Bentyl and Diclectin are popular medications that a lot of pregnant women are using if they experience irritable bowel syndrome.
Is the bentonite clay just which helped the Egyptians to maintain their well-known mummies. Studies and looks into report that numerous so-called 'primitive' people have used clay for both internal and external filtration. The clay was utilized by ancient Greeks and Romans to restore health. Mahatma Gandhi advised the clay for health and cleansing. The clay is a natural resource. Bentonite clay adverse effects are negligible.
• Diverticulitis Swelling of the diverticulum or the colon results in diverticulitis.
• Signs consist of fever, vomiting, and irregularity.
Stomach Pain
Constipation. Diarrhea. Flatulence. Bloating. Mucus or blood in the feces. Inflammation of these pouches is clinically referred to as diverticulitis. These pouches may end up being irritated when bacteria act on the fecal matter that is trapped inside diverticula. The symptoms of diverticulitis include:
• The author of this post is a part of a digital blogging group who deal with brands like Bupa.
• The contents of this post are of a general nature just and do not constitute specific suggestions.
• This post does not take into account your scenarios or requirements and must not be relied upon in place of appropriate expert guidance.
• Symptoms of Colon Spasms.
• Colon convulsion symptoms can greatly differ from person to person with different strength but a few of the common symptoms always remain the same.
• They are as following.
Ibs Test Capsule Endoscopy
Bowel Obstruction
This medical condition is caused by physical or practical obstruction of the bowel. The mechanical causes of bowel obstruction consist of tumors, adhesions, gallstones, affected stool, intussusception (when a part of the intestine moves into the adjacent area) or unusual twisting of the intestine. Such an obstruction stalls the transit of digested food or waste. Whatever be the cause, the condition is considered to be a medical emergency. The signs of this medical condition include:
Mucus is a slimy secretion that is produced by the mucous membranes that line the mouth, nose, sinuses, throat, lungs, and the digestive tract. The production of mucus is one of the protective systems utilized by our body. One of the basic functions of mucus is to oil or moisten the underlying tissues. The secretion of mucus also helps with the passage of food from the esophagus to the stomach. The bicarbonate ions and mucus which are produced by the epithelial cells of the stomach also protect the lining of the stomach from the acidic environment created by gastric juices.
Acts as a lubricant, consequently helping with the passage of food in the digestive tract, until it is excreted out. The presence of a small amount of clear mucus in stool is normal, but the amount of mucus could increase if a person is suffering from a digestive disorder. Seek advice from a doctor under these circumstances, and inform him/her about the other signs that may be accompanied by increased amounts of mucus in feces.
How to Diagnose Crohn's Disease and IBD?
This Video is a detailed explanation of the Eleven (11) most common Diagnostic Tests for Crohn's Disease & Inflammatory Bowel Disease. More specifically, it ...
Stomach Cramps: Abdominal cramps are one of the most common reasons of colon spasms. When abdominal muscles are contracted leading to colon spasm, it can activate a severe pain in the stomach location where spasm has happened. Such stomach pain caused by the colon convulsion is more gassy and colicky in nature. And it can all of a sudden be felt sharply at any time and may last for few seconds or minutes.
Addition, moms and dads should make sure that the kid's meals are high in dietary fiber. Fresh fruits and vegetables like apples, pears, raspberries, broccoli, spinach, beans, whole grains, etc., can be consisted of in their everyday meals. Moreover, staying starving for a long period of time, along with heavy meals, have the tendency to trigger IBS. Thus, parents should not require their children to overindulge. On the contrary, they need to supply kids with smaller sized meals, expanded evenly throughout the day.
The stomach consists of crucial organs like the stomach, big and small intestinal tracts, liver, spleen and pancreas. These organs perform the function of food digestion and assimilation of food. At times, the organs can be affected due to numerous conditions. One such disorder that impacts the stomach is bloating. An inflamed abdomen, also known as abdominal distention, takes place when the abdomen increases in size due to overindulging or weight gain. Some other factors for experiencing distention can be due to pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS), swallowing air automatically, taking in oxygenated beverages, intestinal gas resulting from consuming fibrous vegetables and fruits, vegetables etc.
Exactly What is IBS?
IBS is short for irritable bowel syndrome and it is likewise referred to as spastic colon. This condition's symptoms are persistent abdominal discomfort and extreme discomfort with a puffed up sensation. You will also most likely experience irregularity and diarrhea. So basically it is something you wish to avoid if possible. Some people are more vulnerable to this condition than others, but everybody need to aim to consume properly and prevent the chances of falling foul to IBS.
Tension ManagementStress is an essential trigger for IBS. To handle the level of tension, you can take the assistance of tension management techniques like meditation and yoga. Routine physical activity can also enhance your psychological health by reducing the level of tension. Even a pastime or an activity that you love to do can help you deal with a stressful scenario.
• Fullness and Bloating: Fullness and bloating can also be experienced by a person suffering from colon spasms.
• A person might feel that his or her clothes are tighter and may feel suffocated in them.
• The bloating and fullness can be associated with flatulence and rumbling noises in the stomach.
• Apart from this, some people also suffer from nausea and throwing up while suffering from colon spasm.
PDF File Save this as PDF.
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| 0.766174 |
POISSON.DIST Function
Calculates the Poisson probability mass function
WHAT is the POISSON.DIST Function?
The POISSON.DIST Function[1] is categorized under Excel Statistical functions. It will calculate the Poisson probability mass function.
As a financial analyst, POISSON.DIST is useful in forecasting revenue. Also, we can use it to predict the number of events occurring over a specific time, e.g., the number of cars arriving at the mall parking per minute.
The POISSON.DIST function was introduced in MS Excel 2010 and hence not available in earlier versions. For older versions of MS Excel, we can use the POISSON function.
Formula
=POISSON.DIST(x,mean,cumulative)
The POISSON.DIST function uses the following arguments:
1. (required argument) – This is the number of events for which we want to calculate the probability. The value must be greater than or equal to 0.
2. Mean (required argument) – This is the expected number of events. The argument must be greater than or equal to zero.
3. Cumulative (required argument) – This is the logical argument that specifies the type of distribution to be calculated. It can either be:
• TRUE – Returns the cumulative Poisson probability that the number of random events occurring will be between zero and x inclusive.
• FALSE – Returns the Poisson probability mass function that the number of events occurring will be exactly x.
The Poisson probability mass function calculates the probability that there will be exactly x occurrences and is given by the formula:
Poisson probability mass function
Where λ is the expected number of occurrences within the specified time period.
The cumulative Poisson distribution function calculates the probability that there will be at most x occurrences and is given by the formula:
cumulative Poisson distribution function
How to use the POISSON.DIST Function in Excel?
To understand the uses of the POISSON.DIST function, let’s consider an example:
Example
Suppose we are given the following data:
• Number of events: 5
• Expected mean: 10
To find out the Cumulative Poisson probability, we will use the following formula:
POISSON.DIST Function
We get the result below:
POISSON.DIST Function - Example 1
To find out the Poisson probability mass function, we will use the following formula:
POISSON.DIST Function - Example 1a
We get the result below:
POISSON.DIST Function - Example 1b
A few notes about the POISSON.DIST Function
1. #NUM! error – Occurs if either:
• The given value of x is less than zero; or
• The given value of mean is less than zero.
2. #VALUE! error – Occurs when any of the argument provided is non-numeric.
3. If size is not an integer, it is truncated.
Click here to download the sample Excel file
Additional Resources
Thanks for reading CFI’s guide to important Excel functions! By taking the time to learn and master these functions, you’ll significantly speed up your financial analysis. To learn more, check out these additional CFI resources:
Article Sources
1. POISSON.DIST Function
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Commits
Jeffrey Gelens committed 94d2dea
Updated distribution files and docs
• Participants
• Parent commits f91cba9
Comments (0)
Files changed (7)
-Gevent is written and maintained by
+This Websocket library for Gevent is written and maintained by
- Denis Bilenko
-
-and the contributors (ordered alphabetically):
-
- Daniele Varrazzo
- Jason Toffaletti
- Jeffrey Gelens
- Ludvig Ericson
- Marcus Cavanaugh
- Matt Goodall
- Mike Barton
- Nicholas Piël
- Örjan Persson
- Ralf Schmitt
- Randall Leeds
- Ted Suzman
- Uriel Katz
-
-Gevent is inspired by and uses some code from eventlet which was written by
-
- Bob Ipollito
- Donovan Preston
-
-The libevent wrappers are based on pyevent by
-
- Dug Song
- Martin Murray
-
-The win32util module is taken from Twisted.
-
-Some modules (local and ssl) are adaptations of the modules from the Python standard library.
-
-If your code is used in gevent and you are not mentioned above, please contact the maintainer.
+ Jeffrey Gelens <jeffrey at noppo.pro>
-recursive-include test *
+recursive-include tests *
+recursive-include examples *
recursive-include geventwebsocket *
include LICENSE
include README.rst
+=================
+_gevent-websocket
+=================
+
+_gevent-websocket is a websocket library for the Gevent networking library.
+
+_gevent-websocket is written and maintained by `Jeffrey Gelens`_ and licensed
+under the BSD license.
+
+Install gevent-websocket
+------------------------
+
+Install Python 2.4 or newer and gevent and its dependencies. The latest release
+can be download from _PyPi or by cloning the _repository.
+
+.. _gevent-websocket: http://www.bitbucket.org/Jeffrey/gevent-websocket/
+.. _gevent: http://www.gevent.org/
+.. _Jeffrey Gelens: http://www.gelens.org/
+.. _PyPi: http://pypi.python.org/pypi/gevent-websocket/
+.. _repository: http://www.bitbucket.org/Jeffrey/gevent-websocket/
long_description=open("README.rst").read(),
author="Jeffrey Gelens",
author_email="[email protected]",
- url="",
+ url="http://www.bitbucket.org/Jeffrey/gevent-websocket",
install_requires=("gevent", "greenlet"),
- packages=find_packages(exclude=["example","test"]),
+ packages=find_packages(exclude=["examples","tests"]),
classifiers=[
"Development Status :: 3 - Alpha",
"License :: OSI Approved :: BSD License",
File tests/mysubprocess.py
-import sys
-import os
-import subprocess
-import signal
-from subprocess import *
-
-class Popen(subprocess.Popen):
-
- def send_signal(self, sig):
- if sys.platform == 'win32':
- sig = signal.SIGTERM
- if hasattr(subprocess.Popen, 'send_signal'):
- try:
- return subprocess.Popen.send_signal(self, sig)
- except Exception:
- sys.stderr.write('send_signal(%s, %s) failed: %s\n' % (self.pid, sig, ex))
- self.external_kill()
- else:
- if hasattr(os, 'kill'):
- sys.stderr.write('Sending signal %s to %s\n' % (sig, self.pid))
- try:
- os.kill(self.pid, sig)
- except Exception, ex:
- sys.stderr.write('Error while killing %s: %s\n' % (self.pid, ex))
- self.external_kill()
- else:
- self.external_kill()
-
- if not hasattr(subprocess.Popen, 'kill'):
-
- def kill(self):
- return self.send_signal(getattr(signal, 'SIGTERM', 15))
-
- if not hasattr(subprocess.Popen, 'terminate'):
-
- def terminate(self):
- return self.send_signal(getattr(signal, 'SIGTERM', 9))
-
- def interrupt(self):
- sig = getattr(signal, 'SIGINT', 2)
- return self.send_signal(sig)
-
- def external_kill(self):
- if sys.platform == 'win32':
- sys.stderr.write('Killing %s: %s\n' % (self.pid, ex))
- os.system('taskkill /f /pid %s' % self.pid)
- else:
- sys.stderr.write('Cannot kill on this platform. Please kill %s\n' % self.pid)
-
File tests/test_support.py
-"""Supporting definitions for the Python regression tests."""
-
-import sys
-
-HOST = 'localhost'
-
-class Error(Exception):
- """Base class for regression test exceptions."""
-
-class TestFailed(Error):
- """Test failed."""
-
-class TestSkipped(Error):
- """Test skipped.
-
- This can be raised to indicate that a test was deliberatly
- skipped, but not because a feature wasn't available. For
- example, if some resource can't be used, such as the network
- appears to be unavailable, this should be raised instead of
- TestFailed.
- """
-
-class ResourceDenied(TestSkipped):
- """Test skipped because it requested a disallowed resource.
-
- This is raised when a test calls requires() for a resource that
- has not be enabled. It is used to distinguish between expected
- and unexpected skips.
- """
-
-verbose = 1 # Flag set to 0 by regrtest.py
-use_resources = None # Flag set to [] by regrtest.py
-max_memuse = 0 # Disable bigmem tests (they will still be run with
- # small sizes, to make sure they work.)
-
-# _original_stdout is meant to hold stdout at the time regrtest began.
-# This may be "the real" stdout, or IDLE's emulation of stdout, or whatever.
-# The point is to have some flavor of stdout the user can actually see.
-_original_stdout = None
-def record_original_stdout(stdout):
- global _original_stdout
- _original_stdout = stdout
-
-def get_original_stdout():
- return _original_stdout or sys.stdout
-
-def unload(name):
- try:
- del sys.modules[name]
- except KeyError:
- pass
-
-def unlink(filename):
- import os
- try:
- os.unlink(filename)
- except OSError:
- pass
-
-def forget(modname):
- '''"Forget" a module was ever imported by removing it from sys.modules and
- deleting any .pyc and .pyo files.'''
- unload(modname)
- import os
- for dirname in sys.path:
- unlink(os.path.join(dirname, modname + os.extsep + 'pyc'))
- # Deleting the .pyo file cannot be within the 'try' for the .pyc since
- # the chance exists that there is no .pyc (and thus the 'try' statement
- # is exited) but there is a .pyo file.
- unlink(os.path.join(dirname, modname + os.extsep + 'pyo'))
-
-def is_resource_enabled(resource):
- """Test whether a resource is enabled. Known resources are set by
- regrtest.py."""
- return use_resources is not None and resource in use_resources
-
-def requires(resource, msg=None):
- """Raise ResourceDenied if the specified resource is not available.
-
- If the caller's module is __main__ then automatically return True. The
- possibility of False being returned occurs when regrtest.py is executing."""
- # see if the caller's module is __main__ - if so, treat as if
- # the resource was set
- return
- if sys._getframe().f_back.f_globals.get("__name__") == "__main__":
- return
- if not is_resource_enabled(resource):
- if msg is None:
- msg = "Use of the `%s' resource not enabled" % resource
- raise ResourceDenied(msg)
-
-import socket
-
-def find_unused_port(family=socket.AF_INET, socktype=socket.SOCK_STREAM):
- """Returns an unused port that should be suitable for binding. This is
- achieved by creating a temporary socket with the same family and type as
- the 'sock' parameter (default is AF_INET, SOCK_STREAM), and binding it to
- the specified host address (defaults to 0.0.0.0) with the port set to 0,
- eliciting an unused ephemeral port from the OS. The temporary socket is
- then closed and deleted, and the ephemeral port is returned.
-
- Either this method or bind_port() should be used for any tests where a
- server socket needs to be bound to a particular port for the duration of
- the test. Which one to use depends on whether the calling code is creating
- a python socket, or if an unused port needs to be provided in a constructor
- or passed to an external program (i.e. the -accept argument to openssl's
- s_server mode). Always prefer bind_port() over find_unused_port() where
- possible. Hard coded ports should *NEVER* be used. As soon as a server
- socket is bound to a hard coded port, the ability to run multiple instances
- of the test simultaneously on the same host is compromised, which makes the
- test a ticking time bomb in a buildbot environment. On Unix buildbots, this
- may simply manifest as a failed test, which can be recovered from without
- intervention in most cases, but on Windows, the entire python process can
- completely and utterly wedge, requiring someone to log in to the buildbot
- and manually kill the affected process.
-
- (This is easy to reproduce on Windows, unfortunately, and can be traced to
- the SO_REUSEADDR socket option having different semantics on Windows versus
- Unix/Linux. On Unix, you can't have two AF_INET SOCK_STREAM sockets bind,
- listen and then accept connections on identical host/ports. An EADDRINUSE
- socket.error will be raised at some point (depending on the platform and
- the order bind and listen were called on each socket).
-
- However, on Windows, if SO_REUSEADDR is set on the sockets, no EADDRINUSE
- will ever be raised when attempting to bind two identical host/ports. When
- accept() is called on each socket, the second caller's process will steal
- the port from the first caller, leaving them both in an awkwardly wedged
- state where they'll no longer respond to any signals or graceful kills, and
- must be forcibly killed via OpenProcess()/TerminateProcess().
-
- The solution on Windows is to use the SO_EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE socket option
- instead of SO_REUSEADDR, which effectively affords the same semantics as
- SO_REUSEADDR on Unix. Given the propensity of Unix developers in the Open
- Source world compared to Windows ones, this is a common mistake. A quick
- look over OpenSSL's 0.9.8g source shows that they use SO_REUSEADDR when
- openssl.exe is called with the 's_server' option, for example. See
- http://bugs.python.org/issue2550 for more info. The following site also
- has a very thorough description about the implications of both REUSEADDR
- and EXCLUSIVEADDRUSE on Windows:
- http://msdn2.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms740621(VS.85).aspx)
-
- XXX: although this approach is a vast improvement on previous attempts to
- elicit unused ports, it rests heavily on the assumption that the ephemeral
- port returned to us by the OS won't immediately be dished back out to some
- other process when we close and delete our temporary socket but before our
- calling code has a chance to bind the returned port. We can deal with this
- issue if/when we come across it."""
- tempsock = socket.socket(family, socktype)
- port = bind_port(tempsock)
- tempsock.close()
- del tempsock
- return port
-
-def bind_port(sock, host='', preferred_port=54321):
- """Try to bind the sock to a port. If we are running multiple
- tests and we don't try multiple ports, the test can fails. This
- makes the test more robust."""
-
- import socket, errno
-
- # Find some random ports that hopefully no one is listening on.
- # Ideally each test would clean up after itself and not continue listening
- # on any ports. However, this isn't the case. The last port (0) is
- # a stop-gap that asks the O/S to assign a port. Whenever the warning
- # message below is printed, the test that is listening on the port should
- # be fixed to close the socket at the end of the test.
- # Another reason why we can't use a port is another process (possibly
- # another instance of the test suite) is using the same port.
- for port in [preferred_port, 9907, 10243, 32999, 0]:
- try:
- sock.bind((host, port))
- if port == 0:
- port = sock.getsockname()[1]
- return port
- except socket.error, (err, msg):
- if err != errno.EADDRINUSE:
- raise
- print >>sys.__stderr__, \
- ' WARNING: failed to listen on port %d, trying another' % port
- raise TestFailed, 'unable to find port to listen on'
-
-FUZZ = 1e-6
-
-def fcmp(x, y): # fuzzy comparison function
- if type(x) == type(0.0) or type(y) == type(0.0):
- try:
- x, y = coerce(x, y)
- fuzz = (abs(x) + abs(y)) * FUZZ
- if abs(x-y) <= fuzz:
- return 0
- except:
- pass
- elif type(x) == type(y) and type(x) in (type(()), type([])):
- for i in range(min(len(x), len(y))):
- outcome = fcmp(x[i], y[i])
- if outcome != 0:
- return outcome
- return cmp(len(x), len(y))
- return cmp(x, y)
-
-try:
- unicode
- have_unicode = 1
-except NameError:
- have_unicode = 0
-
-is_jython = sys.platform.startswith('java')
-
-import os
-# Filename used for testing
-if os.name == 'java':
- # Jython disallows @ in module names
- TESTFN = '$test'
-elif os.name == 'riscos':
- TESTFN = 'testfile'
-else:
- TESTFN = '@test'
- # Unicode name only used if TEST_FN_ENCODING exists for the platform.
- if have_unicode:
- # Assuming sys.getfilesystemencoding()!=sys.getdefaultencoding()
- # TESTFN_UNICODE is a filename that can be encoded using the
- # file system encoding, but *not* with the default (ascii) encoding
- if isinstance('', unicode):
- # python -U
- # XXX perhaps unicode() should accept Unicode strings?
- TESTFN_UNICODE = "@test-\xe0\xf2"
- else:
- # 2 latin characters.
- TESTFN_UNICODE = unicode("@test-\xe0\xf2", "latin-1")
- TESTFN_ENCODING = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
- # TESTFN_UNICODE_UNENCODEABLE is a filename that should *not* be
- # able to be encoded by *either* the default or filesystem encoding.
- # This test really only makes sense on Windows NT platforms
- # which have special Unicode support in posixmodule.
- if (not hasattr(sys, "getwindowsversion") or
- sys.getwindowsversion()[3] < 2): # 0=win32s or 1=9x/ME
- TESTFN_UNICODE_UNENCODEABLE = None
- else:
- # Japanese characters (I think - from bug 846133)
- TESTFN_UNICODE_UNENCODEABLE = eval('u"@test-\u5171\u6709\u3055\u308c\u308b"')
- try:
- # XXX - Note - should be using TESTFN_ENCODING here - but for
- # Windows, "mbcs" currently always operates as if in
- # errors=ignore' mode - hence we get '?' characters rather than
- # the exception. 'Latin1' operates as we expect - ie, fails.
- # See [ 850997 ] mbcs encoding ignores errors
- TESTFN_UNICODE_UNENCODEABLE.encode("Latin1")
- except UnicodeEncodeError:
- pass
- else:
- print \
- 'WARNING: The filename %r CAN be encoded by the filesystem. ' \
- 'Unicode filename tests may not be effective' \
- % TESTFN_UNICODE_UNENCODEABLE
-
-# Make sure we can write to TESTFN, try in /tmp if we can't
-fp = None
-try:
- fp = open(TESTFN, 'w+')
-except IOError:
- TMP_TESTFN = os.path.join('/tmp', TESTFN)
- try:
- fp = open(TMP_TESTFN, 'w+')
- TESTFN = TMP_TESTFN
- del TMP_TESTFN
- except IOError:
- print ('WARNING: tests will fail, unable to write to: %s or %s' %
- (TESTFN, TMP_TESTFN))
-if fp is not None:
- fp.close()
- unlink(TESTFN)
-del os, fp
-
-def findfile(file, here=__file__):
- """Try to find a file on sys.path and the working directory. If it is not
- found the argument passed to the function is returned (this does not
- necessarily signal failure; could still be the legitimate path)."""
- import os
- if os.path.isabs(file):
- return file
- path = sys.path
- path = [os.path.dirname(here)] + path
- for dn in path:
- fn = os.path.join(dn, file)
- if os.path.exists(fn): return fn
- return file
-
-def verify(condition, reason='test failed'):
- """Verify that condition is true. If not, raise TestFailed.
-
- The optional argument reason can be given to provide
- a better error text.
- """
-
- if not condition:
- raise TestFailed(reason)
-
-def vereq(a, b):
- """Raise TestFailed if a == b is false.
-
- This is better than verify(a == b) because, in case of failure, the
- error message incorporates repr(a) and repr(b) so you can see the
- inputs.
-
- Note that "not (a == b)" isn't necessarily the same as "a != b"; the
- former is tested.
- """
-
- if not (a == b):
- raise TestFailed, "%r == %r" % (a, b)
-
-def sortdict(dict):
- "Like repr(dict), but in sorted order."
- items = dict.items()
- items.sort()
- reprpairs = ["%r: %r" % pair for pair in items]
- withcommas = ", ".join(reprpairs)
- return "{%s}" % withcommas
-
-def check_syntax(statement):
- try:
- compile(statement, '<string>', 'exec')
- except SyntaxError:
- pass
- else:
- print 'Missing SyntaxError: "%s"' % statement
-
-def open_urlresource(url):
- import urllib, urlparse
- import os.path
-
- filename = urlparse.urlparse(url)[2].split('/')[-1] # '/': it's URL!
-
- for path in [os.path.curdir, os.path.pardir]:
- fn = os.path.join(path, filename)
- if os.path.exists(fn):
- return open(fn)
-
- requires('urlfetch')
- print >> get_original_stdout(), '\tfetching %s ...' % url
- fn, _ = urllib.urlretrieve(url, filename)
- return open(fn)
-
-#=======================================================================
-# Decorator for running a function in a different locale, correctly resetting
-# it afterwards.
-
-def run_with_locale(catstr, *locales):
- def decorator(func):
- def inner(*args, **kwds):
- try:
- import locale
- category = getattr(locale, catstr)
- orig_locale = locale.setlocale(category)
- except AttributeError:
- # if the test author gives us an invalid category string
- raise
- except:
- # cannot retrieve original locale, so do nothing
- locale = orig_locale = None
- else:
- for loc in locales:
- try:
- locale.setlocale(category, loc)
- break
- except:
- pass
-
- # now run the function, resetting the locale on exceptions
- try:
- return func(*args, **kwds)
- finally:
- if locale and orig_locale:
- locale.setlocale(category, orig_locale)
- inner.func_name = func.func_name
- inner.__doc__ = func.__doc__
- return inner
- return decorator
-
-#=======================================================================
-# Big-memory-test support. Separate from 'resources' because memory use should be configurable.
-
-# Some handy shorthands. Note that these are used for byte-limits as well
-# as size-limits, in the various bigmem tests
-_1M = 1024*1024
-_1G = 1024 * _1M
-_2G = 2 * _1G
-
-# Hack to get at the maximum value an internal index can take.
-class _Dummy:
- def __getslice__(self, i, j):
- return j
-MAX_Py_ssize_t = _Dummy()[:]
-
-def set_memlimit(limit):
- import re
- global max_memuse
- sizes = {
- 'k': 1024,
- 'm': _1M,
- 'g': _1G,
- 't': 1024*_1G,
- }
- m = re.match(r'(\d+(\.\d+)?) (K|M|G|T)b?$', limit,
- re.IGNORECASE | re.VERBOSE)
- if m is None:
- raise ValueError('Invalid memory limit %r' % (limit,))
- memlimit = int(float(m.group(1)) * sizes[m.group(3).lower()])
- if memlimit > MAX_Py_ssize_t:
- memlimit = MAX_Py_ssize_t
- if memlimit < _2G - 1:
- raise ValueError('Memory limit %r too low to be useful' % (limit,))
- max_memuse = memlimit
-
-def bigmemtest(minsize, memuse, overhead=5*_1M):
- """Decorator for bigmem tests.
-
- 'minsize' is the minimum useful size for the test (in arbitrary,
- test-interpreted units.) 'memuse' is the number of 'bytes per size' for
- the test, or a good estimate of it. 'overhead' specifies fixed overhead,
- independant of the testsize, and defaults to 5Mb.
-
- The decorator tries to guess a good value for 'size' and passes it to
- the decorated test function. If minsize * memuse is more than the
- allowed memory use (as defined by max_memuse), the test is skipped.
- Otherwise, minsize is adjusted upward to use up to max_memuse.
- """
- def decorator(f):
- def wrapper(self):
- if not max_memuse:
- # If max_memuse is 0 (the default),
- # we still want to run the tests with size set to a few kb,
- # to make sure they work. We still want to avoid using
- # too much memory, though, but we do that noisily.
- maxsize = 5147
- self.failIf(maxsize * memuse + overhead > 20 * _1M)
- else:
- maxsize = int((max_memuse - overhead) / memuse)
- if maxsize < minsize:
- # Really ought to print 'test skipped' or something
- if verbose:
- sys.stderr.write("Skipping %s because of memory "
- "constraint\n" % (f.__name__,))
- return
- # Try to keep some breathing room in memory use
- maxsize = max(maxsize - 50 * _1M, minsize)
- return f(self, maxsize)
- wrapper.minsize = minsize
- wrapper.memuse = memuse
- wrapper.overhead = overhead
- return wrapper
- return decorator
-
-def bigaddrspacetest(f):
- """Decorator for tests that fill the address space."""
- def wrapper(self):
- if max_memuse < MAX_Py_ssize_t:
- if verbose:
- sys.stderr.write("Skipping %s because of memory "
- "constraint\n" % (f.__name__,))
- else:
- return f(self)
- return wrapper
-
-#=======================================================================
-# Preliminary PyUNIT integration.
-
-import unittest
-
-
-class BasicTestRunner:
- def run(self, test):
- result = unittest.TestResult()
- test(result)
- return result
-
-
-def run_suite(suite, testclass=None):
- """Run tests from a unittest.TestSuite-derived class."""
- if verbose:
- runner = unittest.TextTestRunner(sys.stdout, verbosity=2)
- else:
- runner = BasicTestRunner()
-
- result = runner.run(suite)
- if not result.wasSuccessful():
- if len(result.errors) == 1 and not result.failures:
- err = result.errors[0][1]
- elif len(result.failures) == 1 and not result.errors:
- err = result.failures[0][1]
- else:
- if testclass is None:
- msg = "errors occurred; run in verbose mode for details"
- else:
- msg = "errors occurred in %s.%s" \
- % (testclass.__module__, testclass.__name__)
- raise TestFailed(msg)
- raise TestFailed(err)
-
-
-def run_unittest(*classes):
- """Run tests from unittest.TestCase-derived classes."""
- suite = unittest.TestSuite()
- for cls in classes:
- if isinstance(cls, (unittest.TestSuite, unittest.TestCase)):
- suite.addTest(cls)
- else:
- suite.addTest(unittest.makeSuite(cls))
- if len(classes)==1:
- testclass = classes[0]
- else:
- testclass = None
- run_suite(suite, testclass)
-
-
-#=======================================================================
-# doctest driver.
-
-def run_doctest(module, verbosity=None):
- """Run doctest on the given module. Return (#failures, #tests).
-
- If optional argument verbosity is not specified (or is None), pass
- test_support's belief about verbosity on to doctest. Else doctest's
- usual behavior is used (it searches sys.argv for -v).
- """
-
- import doctest
-
- if verbosity is None:
- verbosity = verbose
- else:
- verbosity = None
-
- # Direct doctest output (normally just errors) to real stdout; doctest
- # output shouldn't be compared by regrtest.
- save_stdout = sys.stdout
- sys.stdout = get_original_stdout()
- try:
- f, t = doctest.testmod(module, verbose=verbosity)
- if f:
- raise TestFailed("%d of %d doctests failed" % (f, t))
- finally:
- sys.stdout = save_stdout
- if verbose:
- print 'doctest (%s) ... %d tests with zero failures' % (module.__name__, t)
- return f, t
-
-#=======================================================================
-# Threading support to prevent reporting refleaks when running regrtest.py -R
-
-def threading_setup():
- import threading
- return len(threading._active), len(threading._limbo)
-
-def threading_cleanup(num_active, num_limbo):
- import threading
- import time
-
- _MAX_COUNT = 10
- count = 0
- while len(threading._active) != num_active and count < _MAX_COUNT:
- print threading._active
- count += 1
- time.sleep(0.1)
-
- count = 0
- while len(threading._limbo) != num_limbo and count < _MAX_COUNT:
- print threading._limbo
- count += 1
- time.sleep(0.1)
-
-def reap_children():
- """Use this function at the end of test_main() whenever sub-processes
- are started. This will help ensure that no extra children (zombies)
- stick around to hog resources and create problems when looking
- for refleaks.
- """
-
- # Reap all our dead child processes so we don't leave zombies around.
- # These hog resources and might be causing some of the buildbots to die.
- import os
- if hasattr(os, 'waitpid'):
- any_process = -1
- while True:
- try:
- # This will raise an exception on Windows. That's ok.
- pid, status = os.waitpid(any_process, os.WNOHANG)
- if pid == 0:
- break
- except:
- break
File tests/testrunner.py
-#!/usr/bin/env python
-"""Unit test runner.
-
-This test runner runs each test module isolated in a subprocess, thus allowing them to
-mangle globals freely (i.e. do monkey patching).
-
-To report the results and generate statistics sqlite3 database is used.
-
-Additionally, the subprocess is killed after a timeout has passed. The test case remains
-in the database logged with the result 'TIMEOUT'.
-
-The --db option, when provided, specifies sqlite3 database that holds the test results.
-By default 'testresults.sqlite3' is used in the current directory.
-If the a mercurial repository is detected and the current working copy is "dirty", that is,
-has uncommited changes, then '/tmp/testresults.sqlite3' is used.
-
-The results are stored in the following 2 tables:
-
-testcase:
-
- runid | test | testcase | result | time |
- --------+--------+-----------------+------------------------+------+
- abc123 | module | class.function | PASSED|FAILED|TIMEOUT | 0.01 |
-
-test:
-
- runid | test | python | output | retcode | changeset | uname | started_at |
- --------+---------+--------+--------+---------+-------------+-------+------------+
- abc123 | module | 2.6.4 | ... | 1 | 123_fe43ca+ | Linux | |
-
-Set runid with --runid option. It must not exists in the database. The random
-one will be selected if not provided.
-"""
-
-# Known issues:
-# - screws up warnings location, causing them to appear as originated from testrunner.py
-
-# the number of seconds each test script is allowed to run
-DEFAULT_TIMEOUT = 60
-
-# the number of bytes of output that is recorded; the rest is thrown away
-OUTPUT_LIMIT = 15*1024
-
-ignore_tracebacks = ['ExpectedException', 'test_support.TestSkipped', 'test.test_support.TestSkipped']
-
-import sys
-import os
-import glob
-import re
-import traceback
-from unittest import _TextTestResult, defaultTestLoader, TextTestRunner
-import platform
-
-try:
- import sqlite3
-except ImportError:
- try:
- import pysqlite2.dbapi2 as sqlite3
- except ImportError:
- sqlite3 = None
-
-_column_types = {'time': 'real'}
-
-
-def store_record(database_path, table, dictionary, _added_colums_per_db={}):
- if sqlite3 is None:
- return
- conn = sqlite3.connect(database_path)
- _added_columns = _added_colums_per_db.setdefault(database_path, set())
- keys = dictionary.keys()
- for key in keys:
- if key not in _added_columns:
- try:
- sql = '''alter table %s add column %s %s''' % (table, key, _column_types.get(key))
- conn.execute(sql)
- conn.commit()
- _added_columns.add(key)
- except sqlite3.OperationalError, ex:
- if 'duplicate column' not in str(ex).lower():
- raise
- sql = 'insert or replace into %s (%s) values (%s)' % (table, ', '.join(keys), ', '.join(':%s' % key for key in keys))
- cursor = conn.cursor()
- try:
- cursor.execute(sql, dictionary)
- except sqlite3.Error:
- print 'sql=%r\ndictionary=%r' % (sql, dictionary)
- raise
- conn.commit()
- return cursor.lastrowid
-
-
-class DatabaseTestResult(_TextTestResult):
- separator1 = '=' * 70
- separator2 = '-' * 70
-
- def __init__(self, database_path, runid, module_name, stream, descriptions, verbosity):
- _TextTestResult.__init__(self, stream, descriptions, verbosity)
- self.database_path = database_path
- self.params = {'runid': runid,
- 'test': module_name}
-
- def startTest(self, test):
- _TextTestResult.startTest(self, test)
- self.params['testcase'] = test.id().replace('__main__.', '')
- self.params['result'] = 'TIMEOUT'
- row_id = store_record(self.database_path, 'testcase', self.params)
- self.params['id'] = row_id
- from time import time
- self.time = time()
-
- def _store_result(self, test, result):
- self.params['result'] = result
- from time import time
- self.params['time'] = time() - self.time
- store_record(self.database_path, 'testcase', self.params)
- self.params.pop('id', None)
-
- def addSuccess(self, test):
- _TextTestResult.addSuccess(self, test)
- self._store_result(test, 'PASSED')
-
- def addError(self, test, err):
- _TextTestResult.addError(self, test, err)
- self._store_result(test, format_exc_info(err))
-
- def addFailure(self, test, err):
- _TextTestResult.addFailure(self, test, err)
- self._store_result(test, format_exc_info(err))
-
-
-def format_exc_info(exc_info):
- try:
- return '%s: %s' % (exc_info[0].__name__, exc_info[1])
- except Exception:
- return str(exc_info[1]) or str(exc_info[0]) or 'FAILED'
-
-
-class DatabaseTestRunner(TextTestRunner):
-
- def __init__(self, database_path, runid, module_name, stream=sys.stderr, descriptions=1, verbosity=1):
- self.database_path = database_path
- self.runid = runid
- self.module_name = module_name
- TextTestRunner.__init__(self, stream=stream, descriptions=descriptions, verbosity=verbosity)
-
- def _makeResult(self):
- return DatabaseTestResult(self.database_path, self.runid, self.module_name, self.stream, self.descriptions, self.verbosity)
-
-
-def get_changeset():
- try:
- diff = os.popen(r"hg diff 2> /dev/null").read().strip()
- except Exception:
- diff = None
- try:
- changeset = os.popen(r"hg log -r tip 2> /dev/null | grep changeset").readlines()[0]
- changeset = changeset.replace('changeset:', '').strip().replace(':', '_')
- if diff:
- changeset += '+'
- except Exception:
- changeset = ''
- return changeset
-
-
-def get_libevent_version():
- from gevent import core
- libevent_version = core.get_version()
- if core.get_header_version() != core.get_version() and core.get_header_version() is not None:
- libevent_version += '/headers=%s' % core.get_header_version()
- return libevent_version
-
-
-def get_libevent_method():
- from gevent import core
- return core.get_method()
-
-
-def get_tempnam():
- import warnings
- warnings.filterwarnings('ignore', 'tempnam is a potential security risk to your program')
- try:
- tempnam = os.tempnam()
- finally:
- del warnings.filters[0]
- return os.path.join(os.path.dirname(tempnam), 'testresults.sqlite3')
-
-
-def run_tests(options, args):
- if len(args) != 1:
- sys.exit('--record requires exactly one test module to run')
- arg = args[0]
- module_name = arg
- if module_name.endswith('.py'):
- module_name = module_name[:-3]
- class _runner(object):
- def __new__(cls, *args, **kawrgs):
- return DatabaseTestRunner(database_path=options.db, runid=options.runid, module_name=module_name, verbosity=options.verbosity)
- if options.db:
- import unittest
- unittest.TextTestRunner = _runner
- import test_support
- test_support.BasicTestRunner = _runner
- if os.path.exists(arg):
- sys.argv = args
- saved_globals = {'__file__': __file__}
- try:
- globals()['__file__'] = arg
- # QQQ this makes tests reported as if they are from __main__ and screws up warnings location
- execfile(arg, globals())
- finally:
- globals().update(saved_globals)
- else:
- test = defaultTestLoader.loadTestsFromName(arg)
- result = _runner().run(test)
- sys.exit(not result.wasSuccessful())
-
-
-def run_subprocess(arg, options):
- from threading import Timer
- from mysubprocess import Popen, PIPE, STDOUT
-
- popen_args = [sys.executable, sys.argv[0], '--record',
- '--runid', options.runid,
- '--verbosity', options.verbosity]
- if options.db:
- popen_args += ['--db', options.db]
- popen_args += [arg]
- popen_args = [str(x) for x in popen_args]
- if options.capture:
- popen = Popen(popen_args, stdout=PIPE, stderr=STDOUT, shell=False)
- else:
- popen = Popen(popen_args, shell=False)
-
- retcode = []
-
- def killer():
- retcode.append('TIMEOUT')
- print >> sys.stderr, 'Killing %s (%s) because of timeout' % (popen.pid, arg)
- popen.kill()
-
- timeout = Timer(options.timeout, killer)
- timeout.start()
- output = ''
- output_printed = False
- try:
- try:
- if options.capture:
- while True:
- data = popen.stdout.read(1)
- if not data:
- break
- output += data
- if options.verbosity >= 2:
- sys.stdout.write(data)
- output_printed = True
- retcode.append(popen.wait())
- except Exception:
- popen.kill()
- raise
- finally:
- timeout.cancel()
- # QQQ compensating for run_tests' screw up
- module_name = arg
- if module_name.endswith('.py'):
- module_name = module_name[:-3]
- output = output.replace(' (__main__.', ' (' + module_name + '.')
- return retcode[0], output, output_printed
-
-
-def spawn_subprocess(arg, options, base_params):
- success = False
- if options.db:
- module_name = arg
- if module_name.endswith('.py'):
- module_name = module_name[:-3]
- from datetime import datetime
- params = base_params.copy()
- params.update({'started_at': datetime.now(),
- 'test': module_name})
- row_id = store_record(options.db, 'test', params)
- params['id'] = row_id
- retcode, output, output_printed = run_subprocess(arg, options)
- if len(output) > OUTPUT_LIMIT:
- output = output[:OUTPUT_LIMIT] + '<AbridgedOutputWarning>'
- if retcode:
- if retcode == 1 and 'test_support.TestSkipped' in output:
- pass
- else:
- if not output_printed and options.verbosity >= -1:
- sys.stdout.write(output)
- print '%s failed with code %s' % (arg, retcode)
- elif retcode == 0:
- if not output_printed and options.verbosity >= 1:
- sys.stdout.write(output)
- if options.verbosity >= 0:
- print '%s passed' % arg
- success = True
- else:
- print '%s timed out' % arg
- if options.db:
- params['output'] = output
- params['retcode'] = retcode
- store_record(options.db, 'test', params)
- return success
-
-
-def spawn_subprocesses(options, args):
- params = {'runid': options.runid,
- 'python': '%s.%s.%s' % sys.version_info[:3],
- 'changeset': get_changeset(),
- 'libevent_version': get_libevent_version(),
- 'libevent_method': get_libevent_method(),
- 'uname': platform.uname()[0],
- 'retcode': 'TIMEOUT'}
- success = True
- if not args:
- args = glob.glob('test_*.py')
- args.remove('test_support.py')
- for arg in args:
- try:
- success = spawn_subprocess(arg, options, params) and success
- except Exception:
- traceback.print_exc()
- if options.db:
- try:
- print '-' * 80
- if print_stats(options):
- success = False
- except sqlite3.OperationalError:
- traceback.print_exc()
- print 'To view stats again for this run, use %s --stats --runid %s --db %s' % (sys.argv[0], options.runid, options.db)
- if not success:
- sys.exit(1)
-
-
-def get_testcases(cursor, runid, result=None):
- sql = 'select test, testcase from testcase where runid=?'
- args = (runid, )
- if result is not None:
- sql += ' and result=?'
- args += (result, )
- return ['.'.join(x) for x in cursor.execute(sql, args).fetchall()]
-
-
-def get_failed_testcases(cursor, runid):
- sql = 'select test, testcase, result from testcase where runid=?'
- args = (runid, )
- sql += ' and result!="PASSED" and result!="TIMEOUT"'
- names = []
- errors = {}
- for test, testcase, result in cursor.execute(sql, args).fetchall():
- name = '%s.%s' % (test, testcase)
- names.append(name)
- errors[name] = result
- return names, errors
-
-
-_warning_re = re.compile('\w*warning', re.I)
-_error_re = re.compile(r'(?P<prefix>\s*)Traceback \(most recent call last\):' +
- r'(\n(?P=prefix)[ \t]+[^\n]*)+\n(?P=prefix)(?P<error>[\w\.]+)')
-
-
-def get_warnings(output):
- """
- >>> get_warnings('hello DeprecationWarning warning: bla DeprecationWarning')
- ['DeprecationWarning', 'warning', 'DeprecationWarning']
- """
- if len(output) <= OUTPUT_LIMIT:
- return _warning_re.findall(output)
- else:
- return _warning_re.findall(output[:OUTPUT_LIMIT]) + ['AbridgedOutputWarning']
-
-
-def get_exceptions(output):
- """
- >>> get_exceptions('''test$ python -c "1/0"
- ... Traceback (most recent call last):
- ... File "<string>", line 1, in <module>
- ... ZeroDivisionError: integer division or modulo by zero''')
- ['ZeroDivisionError']
- """
- return [x.group('error') for x in _error_re.finditer(output)]
-
-
-def get_warning_stats(output):
- counter = {}
- for warning in get_warnings(output):
- counter.setdefault(warning, 0)
- counter[warning] += 1
- items = counter.items()
- items.sort(key=lambda (a, b): -b)
- result = []
- for name, count in items:
- if count == 1:
- result.append(name)
- else:
- result.append('%s %ss' % (count, name))
- return result
-
-
-def get_ignored_tracebacks(test):
- if os.path.exists(test + '.py'):
- data = open(test + '.py').read()
- m = re.search('Ignore tracebacks: (.*)', data)
- if m is not None:
- return m.group(1).split()
- return []
-
-
-def get_traceback_stats(output, test):
- ignored = get_ignored_tracebacks(test) or ignore_tracebacks
- counter = {}
- traceback_count = output.lower().count('Traceback (most recent call last)')
- ignored_list = []
- for error in get_exceptions(output):
- if error in ignored:
- ignored_list.append(error)
- else:
- counter.setdefault(error, 0)
- counter[error] += 1
- traceback_count -= 1
- items = counter.items()
- items.sort(key=lambda (a, b): -b)
- if traceback_count>0:
- items.append(('other traceback', traceback_count))
- result = []
- for name, count in items:
- if count == 1:
- result.append('1 %s' % name)
- else:
- result.append('%s %ss' % (count, name))
- return result, ignored_list
-
-
-def get_info(output, test):
- output = output[:OUTPUT_LIMIT*2]
- traceback_stats, ignored_list = get_traceback_stats(output, test)
- warning_stats = get_warning_stats(output)
- result = traceback_stats + warning_stats
- skipped = not warning_stats and not traceback_stats and ignored_list in [['test_support.TestSkipped'], ['test.test_support.TestSkipped']]
- return ', '.join(result), skipped
-
-
-def print_stats(options):
- db = sqlite3.connect(options.db)
- cursor = db.cursor()
- if options.runid is None:
- options.runid = cursor.execute('select runid from test order by started_at desc limit 1').fetchall()[0][0]
- print 'Using the latest runid: %s' % options.runid
- total = len(get_testcases(cursor, options.runid))
- failed, errors = get_failed_testcases(cursor, options.runid)
- timedout = get_testcases(cursor, options.runid, 'TIMEOUT')
- for test, output, retcode in cursor.execute('select test, output, retcode from test where runid=?', (options.runid, )):
- info, skipped = get_info(output or '', test)
- if info:
- print '%s: %s' % (test, info)
- if retcode == 'TIMEOUT':
- for testcase in timedout:
- if testcase.startswith(test + '.'):
- break
- else:
- timedout.append(test)
- total += 1
- elif retcode != 0:
- for testcase in failed:
- if testcase.startswith(test + '.'):
- break
- else:
- if not skipped:
- failed.append(test)
- total += 1
- if failed:
- failed.sort()
- print 'FAILURES: '
- for testcase in failed:
- error = errors.get(testcase)
- if error:
- error = repr(error)[1:-1][:100]
- print ' - %s: %s' % (testcase, error)
- else:
- print ' - %s' % (testcase, )
- if timedout:
- print 'TIMEOUTS: '
- print ' - ' + '\n - '.join(timedout)
- print '%s testcases passed; %s failed; %s timed out' % (total, len(failed), len(timedout))
- if failed or timedout:
- return True
- return False
-
-
-def main():
- import optparse
- parser = optparse.OptionParser()
- parser.add_option('-v', '--verbose', default=0, action='count')
- parser.add_option('-q', '--quiet', default=0, action='count')
- parser.add_option('--verbosity', default=0, type='int', help=optparse.SUPPRESS_HELP)
- parser.add_option('--db')
- parser.add_option('--runid')
- parser.add_option('--record', default=False, action='store_true')
- parser.add_option('--no-capture', dest='capture', default=True, action='store_false')
- parser.add_option('--stats', default=False, action='store_true')
- parser.add_option('--timeout', default=DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, type=float, metavar='SECONDS')
-
- options, args = parser.parse_args()
- options.verbosity += options.verbose - options.quiet
-
- if not options.db and sqlite3:
- if get_changeset().endswith('+'):
- options.db = get_tempnam()
- else:
- options.db = 'testresults.sqlite3'
- print 'Using the database: %s' % options.db
- elif options.db and not sqlite3:
- sys.exit('Cannot access the database %r: no sqlite3 module found.' % (options.db, ))
-
- if options.db:
- db = sqlite3.connect(options.db)
- db.execute('create table if not exists test (id integer primary key autoincrement, runid text)')
- db.execute('create table if not exists testcase (id integer primary key autoincrement, runid text)')
- db.commit()
-
- if options.stats:
- print_stats(options)
- else:
- if not options.runid:
- try:
- import uuid
- options.runid = str(uuid.uuid4())
- except ImportError:
- import random
- options.runid = str(random.random())[2:]
- print 'Generated runid: %s' % (options.runid, )
- if options.record:
- run_tests(options, args)
- else:
- spawn_subprocesses(options, args)
-
-
-if __name__ == '__main__':
- main()
|
__label__pos
| 0.999983 |
Get Help Now: (724)834-7000
detox program
Before you can begin your treatment program, you’ve got to go through what’s known as detox. Without detoxing, you’re not going to have the clear mind you need to attack your treatment head-on.
If you’re still confused about what a detox program is, read our comprehensive guide for valuable information.
What is Detox?
The detoxification process is the process of letting your body rid itself of the drugs and alcohol that are in it. A detox program is designed to assist those in recovery through the withdrawal process with medical personal present if anything happens.
Everyone that goes through detox won’t have the same experience. Some people will have more severe withdrawal symptoms, and others will face symptoms on the mild side.
Here are some factors that will affect the length of time you experience these withdrawal symptoms.
Substance(s) Used
One thing that will play a key role in the detoxification process is the substance that someone has been using. Not only that, but also the length of time that a person has been using that particular substance(s).
Your body will have been subjected to that substance for a longer period, meaning it will take longer for your body to be free of the toxin.
How Did You Use?
Another thing that will affect the duration of your withdrawal symptoms is how you used a substance. There are several ways to abuse drugs and alcohol, including:
• Ingesting it orally
• Injecting into your veins
• Snorting
• Inserting in the rectum
• Smoking
Each method of use will carry its own time frame for how long it takes for the substance to leave your body.
Family History
There has been talk for a long time about whether family history and genetics plays a role in someone turning to a life of addiction. While there still needs to be more research done, so far, there has been evidence provided that genetics plays somewhat of a role in addiction.
If all a person has seen in their life is addiction, the likelihood that they will become an addict themselves increases.
Detox Process
The first thing that will happen during this process is the initial evaluation by the medical team. They will test you for mental health issues that will also require treatment in the future.
Next, they will take a series of blood tests to get an accurate reading of what’s still in your blood. After this, they will stabilize you by providing therapies reducing the risk of you harming yourself during detox.
After this is complete and you’re done with detox, the next step is to enter treatment.
What’s a Detox Program?
We’ve answered the question of what a detox program is and what you should expect once the process gets underway. Several factors like genetics and family history contribute to how severe your withdrawal symptoms could be.
If you’re ready to get the treatment you’ve been looking for, contact Clearday Treatment Center. We have the resources that you need to get sober.
|
__label__pos
| 0.671254 |
diff --git a/Include/objimpl.h b/Include/objimpl.h --- a/Include/objimpl.h +++ b/Include/objimpl.h @@ -253,6 +253,12 @@ Py_ssize_t gc_refs; } gc; long double dummy; /* force worst-case alignment */ +#if defined(__MINGW32__) +/* FIXME: what about 64-bit platforms ? + * see http://mail.python.org/pipermail/python-dev/2009-July/090724.html + */ + double dummy1; +#endif } PyGC_Head; extern PyGC_Head *_PyGC_generation0; diff --git a/Include/pymath.h b/Include/pymath.h --- a/Include/pymath.h +++ b/Include/pymath.h @@ -109,6 +109,8 @@ * non-infinite value v sitting in an 80-bit x87 register such that * v becomes infinite when spilled from the register to 64-bit memory. * Note: PC/pyconfig.h defines Py_IS_INFINITY as _isinf + * FIXME: PC/pyconfig.h defines Py_IS_INFINITY as (!_finite(X) && !_isnan(X)) + * so that above note isn't correct !!! */ #ifndef Py_IS_INFINITY # if defined HAVE_DECL_ISINF && HAVE_DECL_ISINF == 1 diff --git a/Include/pyport.h b/Include/pyport.h --- a/Include/pyport.h +++ b/Include/pyport.h @@ -632,6 +632,137 @@ #endif /* defined(HAVE_OPENPTY) || defined(HAVE_FORKPTY) */ +#ifdef __MINGW32__ +/* FIXME: some of next definitions specific to gcc(mingw build) can be + generalized on definitions of _WIN32 or WIN32 and to be common for + all windows build instead explicitly to define only for non-autotools + based builds (see PC/pyconfig.h for details). */ +#if defined(_WIN64) +# define MS_WIN64 +#endif +#if !defined(MS_WIN32) && defined(_WIN32) +# define MS_WIN32 +#endif +#if !defined(MS_WIN32) && defined(_WIN32) +# define MS_WIN32 +#endif +#if !defined(MS_WINDOWS) && defined(MS_WIN32) +# define MS_WINDOWS +#endif + +#ifndef PYTHONPATH +# define PYTHONPATH L".\\DLLs;.\\lib" +#endif + +/* python 2.6+ requires Windows 2000 or greater. */ +#define Py_WINVER 0x0500 + +#if defined(Py_BUILD_CORE) || defined(Py_BUILD_CORE_MODULE) +/* FIXME if NTDDI_xxx is in use by mingw (see PC/pyconfig.h) */ +#ifndef WINVER +# define WINVER Py_WINVER +#endif +#ifndef _WIN32_WINNT +# define _WIN32_WINNT Py_WINVER +#endif +#endif + +#ifdef PLATFORM +/*NOTE: if compile getplatform.c PLATFORM is set to MACHDEP that is + "win" for mingw build (see respective comment in configure.in). */ +# undef PLATFORM +#endif +/* always set to "win32" - see PC/pyconfig.h */ +#define PLATFORM "win32" + +#if defined(MS_WIN64) +# define SIZEOF_HKEY 8 +#elif defined(MS_WIN32) +# define SIZEOF_HKEY 4 +#endif + +/*NOTE: mingw has isinf as macro defined in math.h. + Since PC/pyconfig.h define Py_IS_INFINITY(X) that cover HAVE_DECL_ISFINITE + here for Py_IS_INFINITY we define same as for MSVC build. + This makes HAVE_DECL_ISFINITE needless. + Also see commants in configure.in and pymath.h. */ +#define Py_IS_INFINITY(X) (!_finite(X) && !_isnan(X)) + +#ifndef HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT +/* + FIXME: on windows platforms: + - Python use PY_LONG_LONG(!) for Py_off_t (_fileio.c); + - HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT is defined in PC/pyconfig.h; + - PC/pyconfig.h define 4 for SIZEOF_OFF_T and 8 for SIZEOF_FPOS_T; + - If HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT isn't defined python will use off_t(!) + for Py_off_t (see fileobjects.c and bz2module.c). + Since for mingw configure detect 4 for size of "off_t" and 8 - for + "fpos_t" we has to define HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT too. + TODO: to test with AC_SYS_LARGEFILE and appropriate updates in + python code. +*/ +# define HAVE_LARGEFILE_SUPPORT +#endif + +#if defined(Py_ENABLE_SHARED) +# define MS_COREDLL 1 /* deprecated old symbol, but still in use for windows code */ +#else +# define MS_NO_COREDLL 1 +#endif + +#if Py_UNICODE_SIZE == 2 +/* For mingw is 2 but FIXME: What about to raise error in configure if + unicode size isn't two ? Did python windows code support ucs4 ? */ +# define Py_WIN_WIDE_FILENAMES +#endif + +/* NOTE: Don't define HAVE_STDDEF_H. + * It is defined by PC/pyconfig.h and used by Include/Python.h + * (with comment For size_t?) but isn't required for mingw */ +#define Py_SOCKET_FD_CAN_BE_GE_FD_SETSIZE + +/* All other defines from PC/pyconfig.h are in autoconf generated + pyconfig.h */ +#if 0 +/*FIXME: + MSDN: + "The getaddrinfo function was added to the ws2_32.dll on Windows XP + and later." + mingw: + getaddrinfo and getnameinfo is defined for WINVER >= 0x0501. + PC/pyconfig.h: + "Python 2.6+ requires Windows 2000 or greater" + So far so good but socketmodule.h define HAVE_GETADDRINFO and + HAVE_GETNAMEINFO under very specific condition : + # ifdef SIO_GET_MULTICAST_FILTER + # include + So the question is "Separate SDKs" required for w2k in MSVC build ? + TODO: resolve later, may by configure :-/. For now python code will + use fake implementation and if user define appropriate value for + WINVER - the functionas from C runtime. + For details see socketmodule.c . + */ +#ifndef HAVE_GETADDRINFO +# define HAVE_GETADDRINFO +#endif +#ifndef HAVE_GETNAMEINFO +# define HAVE_GETNAMEINFO +#endif +#endif + +/* Refer to . + For mingw host configure detect functions described as HAVE_XXX + in _math.h but as MSVC don't define them we will undefine HAVE_XXX + too to use _Py_* replacements same as MSVC build . + */ +#undef HAVE_ACOSH +#undef HAVE_ASINH +#undef HAVE_ATANH +#undef HAVE_EXPM1 +#undef HAVE_LOG1P + +#endif /*def __MINGW32__*/ + /* On 4.4BSD-descendants, ctype functions serves the whole range of * wchar_t character set rather than single byte code points only. * This characteristic can break some operations of string object @@ -685,12 +816,12 @@ */ /* - All windows ports, except cygwin, are handled in PC/pyconfig.h. + MSVC windows port is handled in PC/pyconfig.h. - Cygwin is the only other autoconf platform requiring special + Cygwin and Mingw are autoconf platforms requiring special linkage handling and it uses __declspec(). */ -#if defined(__CYGWIN__) +#if defined(__CYGWIN__) || defined(__MINGW32__) # define HAVE_DECLSPEC_DLL #endif @@ -713,9 +844,17 @@ /* Under Cygwin, auto-import functions to prevent compilation */ /* failures similar to those described at the bottom of 4.1: */ /* http://docs.python.org/extending/windows.html#a-cookbook-approach */ -# if !defined(__CYGWIN__) +# if !defined(__CYGWIN__) && !defined(__MINGW32__) # define PyAPI_FUNC(RTYPE) __declspec(dllimport) RTYPE -# endif /* !__CYGWIN__ */ +# else +# define PyAPI_FUNC(RTYPE) RTYPE +# endif /* !__CYGWIN__ !__MINGW32__ */ + /* NOTE: The issue3945 "compile error in _fileio.c (cygwin)" + * was resolved with modification of code. + * This issue was resolved for gcc(mingw) with enabling auto + * import feature. Since _fileio.c problem now disappear there + * is no more reasons to avoid dllimport for gcc(mingw). + */ # define PyAPI_DATA(RTYPE) extern __declspec(dllimport) RTYPE /* module init functions outside the core must be exported */ # if defined(__cplusplus) diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py --- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py +++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_as_parameter.py @@ -1,6 +1,7 @@ import unittest from ctypes import * import _ctypes_test +import sys dll = CDLL(_ctypes_test.__file__) @@ -170,6 +171,10 @@ s2h = dll.ret_2h_func(self.wrap(inp)) self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3)) + # This is known cdecl incompatibility between GCC + # and MSVC. It is addressed in GCC issue #36834. + # Python libffi detect it and complain. + @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32" and sys.version.find("GCC") >= 0, 'XFAIL GCC(mingw)') def test_struct_return_8H(self): class S8I(Structure): _fields_ = [("a", c_int), diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py --- a/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py +++ b/Lib/ctypes/test/test_functions.py @@ -358,6 +358,10 @@ s2h = windll.s_ret_2h_func(S2H(99, 88)) self.assertEqual((s2h.x, s2h.y), (99*2, 88*3)) + # This is known cdecl incompatibility between GCC + # and MSVC. It is addressed in GCC issue #36834. + # Python libffi detect it and complain. + @unittest.skipIf(sys.platform == "win32" and sys.version.find("GCC") >= 0, 'XFAIL GCC(mingw)') def test_struct_return_8H(self): class S8I(Structure): _fields_ = [("a", c_int), diff --git a/Lib/ctypes/util.py b/Lib/ctypes/util.py --- a/Lib/ctypes/util.py +++ b/Lib/ctypes/util.py @@ -5,6 +5,11 @@ if os.name == "nt": def _get_build_version(): + #*********************************************************** + # NOTE: As example for GCC(mingw) build sys.version return: + # '2.7a0 (trunk:M, ,
|
__label__pos
| 0.93771 |
Golang 微框架 Gin 简介
mickelfeng · · 41387 次点击 · · 开始浏览
这是一个创建于 的文章，其中的信息可能已经有所发展或是发生改变。
所谓框架
框架一直是敏捷开发中的利器，能让开发者很快的上手并做出应用，甚至有的时候，脱离了框架，一些开发者都不会写程序了。成长总不会一蹴而就，从写出程序获取成就感，再到精通框架，快速构造应用，当这些方面都得心应手的时候，可以尝试改造一些框架，或是自己创造一个。
曾经我以为Python世界里的框架已经够多了，后来发现相比golang简直小巫见大巫。golang提供的net/http库已经很好了，对于http的协议的实现非常好，基于此再造框架，也不会是难事，因此生态中出现了很多框架。既然构造框架的门槛变低了，那么低门槛同样也会带来质量参差不齐的框架。
考察了几个框架，通过其github的活跃度，维护的team，以及生产环境中的使用率。发现Gin还是一个可以学习的轻巧框架。
Gin
Gin是一个golang的微框架，封装比较优雅，API友好，源码注释比较明确，已经发布了1.0版本。具有快速灵活，容错方便等特点。其实对于golang而言，web框架的依赖要远比Python，Java之类的要小。自身的net/http足够简单，性能也非常不错。框架更像是一些常用函数或者工具的集合。借助框架开发，不仅可以省去很多常用的封装带来的时间，也有助于团队的编码风格和形成规范。
下面就Gin的用法做一个简单的介绍。
首先需要安装，安装比较简单，使用go get即可：
go get gopkg.in/gin-gonic/gin.v1
gin的版本托管再 gopkg的网站上。我在安装的过程中，gokpg卡住了，后来不得不根据gin里的godep的文件，把响应的源码从github上下载，然后copy到对应的目录。
关于golang的包管理和依赖，我们以后再讨论。
Hello World
使用Gin实现Hello world非常简单，创建一个router，然后使用其Run的方法：
import (
"gopkg.in/gin-gonic/gin.v1"
"net/http"
)
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello World")
})
router.Run(":8000")
}
简单几行代码，就能实现一个web服务。使用gin的Default方法创建一个路由handler。然后通过HTTP方法绑定路由规则和路由函数。不同于net/http库的路由函数，gin进行了封装，把request和response都封装到gin.Context的上下文环境。最后是启动路由的Run方法监听端口。麻雀虽小，五脏俱全。当然，除了GET方法，gin也支持POST,PUT,DELETE,OPTION等常用的restful方法。
restful路由
gin的路由来自httprouter库。因此httprouter具有的功能，gin也具有，不过gin不支持路由正则表达式：
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/user/:name", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s", name)
})
}
冒号:加上一个参数名组成路由参数。可以使用c.Params的方法读取其值。当然这个值是字串string。诸如/user/rsj217，和/user/hello都可以匹配，而/user//user/rsj217/不会被匹配。
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/rsj217
Hello rsj217% ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/rsj217/
404 page not found% ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/
404 page not found%
除了:，gin还提供了*号处理参数，*号能匹配的规则就更多。
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/user/:name/*action", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.Param("name")
action := c.Param("action")
message := name + " is " + action
c.String(http.StatusOK, message)
})
}
访问效果如下
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/rsj217/
rsj217 is /% ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/rsj217/中国
rsj217 is /中国%
query string参数与body参数
web提供的服务通常是client和server的交互。其中客户端向服务器发送请求，除了路由参数，其他的参数无非两种，查询字符串query string和报文体body参数。所谓query string，即路由用，用?以后连接的key1=value2&key2=value2的形式的参数。当然这个key-value是经过urlencode编码。
query string
对于参数的处理，经常会出现参数不存在的情况，对于是否提供默认值，gin也考虑了，并且给出了一个优雅的方案：
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.GET("/welcome", func(c *gin.Context) {
firstname := c.DefaultQuery("firstname", "Guest")
lastname := c.Query("lastname")
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Hello %s %s", firstname, lastname)
})
router.Run()
}
使用c.DefaultQuery方法读取参数，其中当参数不存在的时候，提供一个默认值。使用Query方法读取正常参数，当参数不存在的时候，返回空字串：
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/welcome
Hello Guest % ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/welcome\?firstname\=中国
Hello 中国 % ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/welcome\?firstname\=中国\&lastname\=天朝
Hello 中国 天朝% ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/welcome\?firstname\=\&lastname\=天朝
Hello 天朝%
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/welcome\?firstname\=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD
Hello 中国 %
之所以使用中文，是为了说明urlencode。注意，当firstname为空字串的时候，并不会使用默认的Guest值，空值也是值，DefaultQuery只作用于key不存在的时候，提供默认值。
body
http的报文体传输数据就比query string稍微复杂一点，常见的格式就有四种。例如application/jsonapplication/x-www-form-urlencoded, application/xmlmultipart/form-data。后面一个主要用于图片上传。json格式的很好理解，urlencode其实也不难，无非就是把query string的内容，放到了body体里，同样也需要urlencode。默认情况下，c.PostFROM解析的是x-www-form-urlencodedfrom-data的参数。
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/form_post", func(c *gin.Context) {
message := c.PostForm("message")
nick := c.DefaultPostForm("nick", "anonymous")
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"status": gin.H{
"status_code": http.StatusOK,
"status": "ok",
},
"message": message,
"nick": nick,
})
})
}
与get处理query参数一样，post方法也提供了处理默认参数的情况。同理，如果参数不存在，将会得到空字串。
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/form_post -H "Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d "message=hello&nick=rsj217" | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 104 100 79 100 25 48555 15365 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 79000
{
"message": "hello",
"nick": "rsj217",
"status": {
"status": "ok",
"status_code": 200
}
}
前面我们使用c.String返回响应，顾名思义则返回string类型。content-type是plain或者text。调用c.JSON则返回json数据。其中gin.H封装了生成json的方式，是一个强大的工具。使用golang可以像动态语言一样写字面量的json，对于嵌套json的实现，嵌套gin.H即可。
发送数据给服务端，并不是post方法才行，put方法一样也可以。同时querystring和body也不是分开的，两个同时发送也可以：
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.PUT("/post", func(c *gin.Context) {
id := c.Query("id")
page := c.DefaultQuery("page", "0")
name := c.PostForm("name")
message := c.PostForm("message")
fmt.Printf("id: %s; page: %s; name: %s; message: %s \n", id, page, name, message)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"status_code": http.StatusOK,
})
})
}
上面的例子，展示了同时使用查询字串和body参数发送数据给服务器。
文件上传
上传单个文件
前面介绍了基本的发送数据，其中multipart/form-data转用于文件上传。gin文件上传也很方便，和原生的net/http方法类似，不同在于gin把原生的request封装到c.Request中了。
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
name := c.PostForm("name")
fmt.Println(name)
file, header, err := c.Request.FormFile("upload")
if err != nil {
c.String(http.StatusBadRequest, "Bad request")
return
}
filename := header.Filename
fmt.Println(file, err, filename)
out, err := os.Create(filename)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
defer out.Close()
_, err = io.Copy(out, file)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
c.String(http.StatusCreated, "upload successful")
})
router.Run(":8000")
}
使用c.Request.FormFile解析客户端文件name属性。如果不传文件，则会抛错，因此需要处理这个错误。一种方式是直接返回。然后使用os的操作，把文件数据复制到硬盘上。
使用下面的命令可以测试上传，注意upload为c.Request.FormFile指定的参数，其值必须要是绝对路径：
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/upload -F "upload=@/Users/ghost/Desktop/pic.jpg" -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
上传多个文件
单个文件上传很简单，别以为多个文件就会很麻烦。依葫芦画瓢，所谓多个文件，无非就是多一次遍历文件，然后一次copy数据存储即可。下面只写handler，省略main函数的初始化路由和开启服务器监听了：
router.POST("/multi/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
err := c.Request.ParseMultipartForm(200000)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
formdata := c.Request.MultipartForm
files := formdata.File["upload"]
for i, _ := range files { /
file, err := files[i].Open()
defer file.Close()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
out, err := os.Create(files[i].Filename)
defer out.Close()
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = io.Copy(out, file)
if err != nil {
log.Fatal(err)
}
c.String(http.StatusCreated, "upload successful")
}
})
与单个文件上传类似，只不过使用了c.Request.MultipartForm得到文件句柄，再获取文件数据，然后遍历读写。
使用curl上传
curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/multi/upload -F "upload=@/Users/ghost/Desktop/pic.jpg" -F "upload=@/Users/ghost/Desktop/journey.png" -H "Content-Type: multipart/form-data"
表单上传
上面我们使用的都是curl上传，实际上，用户上传图片更多是通过表单，或者ajax和一些requests的请求完成。下面展示一下web的form表单如何上传。
我们先要写一个表单页面，因此需要引入gin如何render模板。前面我们见识了c.String和c.JSON。下面就来看看c.HTML方法。
首先需要定义一个模板的文件夹。然后调用c.HTML渲染模板，可以通过gin.H给模板传值。至此，无论是String，JSON还是HTML，以及后面的XML和YAML，都可以看到Gin封装的接口简明易用。
创建一个文件夹templates，然后再里面创建html文件upload.html:
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<title>upload</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3>Single Upload</h3>
<form action="/upload", method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" value="hello gin" />
<input type="file" name="upload" />
<input type="submit" value="upload" />
</form>
<h3>Multi Upload</h3>
<form action="/multi/upload", method="post" enctype="multipart/form-data">
<input type="text" value="hello gin" />
<input type="file" name="upload" />
<input type="file" name="upload" />
<input type="submit" value="upload" />
</form>
</body>
</html>
upload 很简单，没有参数。一个用于单个文件上传，一个用于多个文件上传。
router.LoadHTMLGlob("templates/*")
router.GET("/upload", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.HTML(http.StatusOK, "upload.html", gin.H{})
})
使用LoadHTMLGlob定义模板文件路径。
参数绑定
我们已经见识了x-www-form-urlencoded类型的参数处理，现在越来越多的应用习惯使用JSON来通信，也就是无论返回的response还是提交的request，其content-type类型都是application/json的格式。而对于一些旧的web表单页还是x-www-form-urlencoded的形式，这就需要我们的服务器能改hold住这多种content-type的参数了。
Python的世界里很好解决，毕竟动态语言不需要实现定义数据模型。因此可以写一个装饰器将两个格式的数据封装成一个数据模型。golang中要处理并非易事，好在有gin，他们的model bind功能非常强大。
type User struct {
Username string `form:"username" json:"username" binding:"required"`
Passwd string `form:"passwd" json:"passwd" bdinding:"required"`
Age int `form:"age" json:"age"`
}
func main(){
router := gin.Default()
router.POST("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
var user User
var err error
contentType := c.Request.Header.Get("Content-Type")
switch contentType {
case "application/json":
err = c.BindJSON(&user)
case "application/x-www-form-urlencoded":
err = c.BindWith(&user, binding.Form)
}
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
log.Fatal(err)
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"user": user.Username,
"passwd": user.Passwd,
"age": user.Age,
})
})
}
先定义一个User模型结构体，然后针对客户端的content-type，一次使BindJSONBindWith方法。
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d "username=rsj217&passwd=123&age=21" | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 79 100 46 100 33 41181 29543 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 46000
{
"age": 21,
"passwd": "123",
"username": "rsj217"
}
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d "username=rsj217&passwd=123&new=21" | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 78 100 45 100 33 37751 27684 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 45000
{
"age": 0,
"passwd": "123",
"username": "rsj217"
}
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/x-www-form-urlencoded" -d "username=rsj217&new=21" | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0curl: (52) Empty reply from server
No JSON object could be decoded
可以看到，结构体中，设置了binding标签的字段（username和passwd），如果没传会抛错误。非banding的字段（age），对于客户端没有传，User结构会用零值填充。对于User结构没有的参数，会自动被忽略。
改成json的效果类似：
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/json" -d '{"username": "rsj217", "passwd": "123", "age": 21}' | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 96 100 46 100 50 32670 35511 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 50000
{
"age": 21,
"passwd": "123",
"username": "rsj217"
}
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/json" -d '{"username": "rsj217", "passwd": "123", "new": 21}' | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
100 95 100 45 100 50 49559 55066 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 50000
{
"age": 0,
"passwd": "123",
"username": "rsj217"
}
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/json" -d '{"username": "rsj217", "new": 21}' | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0curl: (52) Empty reply from server
No JSON object could be decoded
☁ ~ curl -X POST http://127.0.0.1:8000/login -H "Content-Type:application/json" -d '{"username": "rsj217", "passwd": 123, "new": 21}' | python -m json.tool
% Total % Received % Xferd Average Speed Time Time Time Current
Dload Upload Total Spent Left Speed
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 --:--:-- --:--:-- --:--:-- 0curl: (52) Empty reply from server
No JSON object could be decoded
使用json还需要注意一点，json是有数据类型的，因此对于 {"passwd": "123"}{"passwd": 123}是不同的数据类型，解析需要符合对应的数据类型,否则会出错。
当然，gin还提供了更加高级方法，c.Bind，它会更加content-type自动推断是bind表单还是json的参数。
router.POST("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
var user User
err := c.Bind(&user)
if err != nil {
fmt.Println(err)
log.Fatal(err)
}
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"username": user.Username,
"passwd": user.Passwd,
"age": user.Age,
})
})
多格式渲染
既然请求可以使用不同的content-type，响应也如此。通常响应会有html，text，plain，json和xml等。
gin提供了很优雅的渲染方法。到目前为止，我们已经见识了c.String， c.JSON，c.HTML，下面介绍一下c.XML。
router.GET("/render", func(c *gin.Context) {
contentType := c.DefaultQuery("content_type", "json")
if contentType == "json" {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"user": "rsj217",
"passwd": "123",
})
} else if contentType == "xml" {
c.XML(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"user": "rsj217",
"passwd": "123",
})
}
})
结果如下：
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/render\?content_type\=json
{"passwd":"123","user":"rsj217"}
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/render\?content_type\=xml
<map><user>rsj217</user><passwd>123</passwd></map>%
重定向
gin对于重定向的请求，相当简单。调用上下文的Redirect方法：
router.GET("/redict/google", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.Redirect(http.StatusMovedPermanently, "https://google.com")
})
分组路由
熟悉Flask的同学应该很了解蓝图分组。Flask提供了蓝图用于管理组织分组api。gin也提供了这样的功能，让你的代码逻辑更加模块化，同时分组也易于定义中间件的使用范围。
v1 := router.Group("/v1")
v1.GET("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "v1 login")
})
v2 := router.Group("/v2")
v2.GET("/login", func(c *gin.Context) {
c.String(http.StatusOK, "v2 login")
})
访问效果如下：
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/v1/login
v1 login% ☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/v2/login
v2 login%
middleware中间件
golang的net/http设计的一大特点就是特别容易构建中间件。gin也提供了类似的中间件。需要注意的是中间件只对注册过的路由函数起作用。对于分组路由，嵌套使用中间件，可以限定中间件的作用范围。中间件分为全局中间件，单个路由中间件和群组中间件。
全局中间件
先定义一个中间件函数：
func MiddleWare() gin.HandlerFunc {
return func(c *gin.Context) {
fmt.Println("before middleware")
c.Set("request", "clinet_request")
c.Next()
fmt.Println("before middleware")
}
}
该函数很简单，只会给c上下文添加一个属性，并赋值。后面的路由处理器，可以根据被中间件装饰后提取其值。需要注意，虽然名为全局中间件，只要注册中间件的过程之前设置的路由，将不会受注册的中间件所影响。只有注册了中间件一下代码的路由函数规则，才会被中间件装饰。
router.Use(MiddleWare())
{
router.GET("/middleware", func(c *gin.Context) {
request := c.MustGet("request").(string)
req, _ := c.Get("request")
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"middile_request": request,
"request": req,
})
})
}
使用router装饰中间件，然后在/middlerware即可读取request的值，注意在router.Use(MiddleWare())代码以上的路由函数，将不会有被中间件装饰的效果。
使用花括号包含被装饰的路由函数只是一个代码规范，即使没有被包含在内的路由函数，只要使用router进行路由，都等于被装饰了。想要区分权限范围，可以使用组返回的对象注册中间件。
☁ ~ curl http://127.0.0.1:8000/middleware
{"middile_request":"clinet_request","request":"clinet_request"}
如果没有注册就使用MustGet方法读取c的值将会抛错，可以使用Get方法取而代之。
上面的注册装饰方式，会让所有下面所写的代码都默认使用了router的注册过的中间件。
单个路由中间件
当然，gin也提供了针对指定的路由函数进行注册。
router.GET("/before", MiddleWare(), func(c *gin.Context) {
request := c.MustGet("request").(string)
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{
"middile_request": request,
})
})
把上述代码写在 router.Use(Middleware())之前，同样也能看见/before被装饰了中间件。
群组中间件
群组的中间件也类似，只要在对于的群组路由上注册中间件函数即可：
authorized := router.Group("/", MyMiddelware())
// 或者这样用：
authorized := router.Group("/")
authorized.Use(MyMiddelware())
{
authorized.POST("/login", loginEndpoint)
}
群组可以嵌套，因为中间件也可以根据群组的嵌套规则嵌套。
中间件实践
中间件最大的作用，莫过于用于一些记录log，错误handler，还有就是对部分接口的鉴权。下面就实现一个简易的鉴权中间件。
router.GET("/auth/signin", func(c *gin.Context) {
cookie := &http.Cookie{
Name: "session_id",
Value: "123",
Path: "/",
HttpOnly: true,
}
http.SetCookie(c.Writer, cookie)
c.String(http.StatusOK, "Login successful")
})
router.GET("/home", AuthMiddleWare(), func(c *gin.Context) {
c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"data": "home"})
})
登录函数会设置一个session_id的cookie，注意这里需要指定path为/，不然gin会自动设置cookie的path为/auth，一个特别奇怪的问题。/homne的逻辑很简单，使用中间件AuthMiddleWare注册之后，将会先执行AuthMiddleWare的逻辑，然后才到/home的逻辑。
AuthMiddleWare的代码如下：
func AuthMiddleWare() gin.HandlerFunc {
return func(c *gin.Context) {
if cookie, err := c.Request.Cookie("session_id"); err == nil {
value := cookie.Value
fmt.Println(value)
if value == "123" {
c.Next()
return
}
}
c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, gin.H{
"error": "Unauthorized",
})
c.Abort()
return
}
}
从上下文的请求中读取cookie，然后校对cookie，如果有问题，则终止请求，直接返回，这里使用了c.Abort()方法。
In [7]: resp = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/home')
In [8]: resp.json()
Out[8]: {u'error': u'Unauthorized'}
In [9]: login = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/auth/signin')
In [10]: login.cookies
Out[10]: <RequestsCookieJar[Cookie(version=0, name='session_id', value='123', port=None, port_specified=False, domain='127.0.0.1', domain_specified=False, domain_initial_dot=False, path='/', path_specified=True, secure=False, expires=None, discard=True, comment=None, comment_url=None, rest={'HttpOnly': None}, rfc2109=False)]>
In [11]: resp = requests.get('http://127.0.0.1:8000/home', cookies=login.cookies)
In [12]: resp.json()
Out[12]: {u'data': u'home'}
异步协程
golang的高并发一大利器就是协程。gin里可以借助协程实现异步任务。因为涉及异步过程，请求的上下文需要copy到异步的上下文，并且这个上下文是只读的。
router.GET("/sync", func(c *gin.Context) {
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
log.Println("Done! in path" + c.Request.URL.Path)
})
router.GET("/async", func(c *gin.Context) {
cCp := c.Copy()
go func() {
time.Sleep(5 * time.Second)
log.Println("Done! in path" + cCp.Request.URL.Path)
}()
})
在请求的时候，sleep5秒钟，同步的逻辑可以看到，服务的进程睡眠了。异步的逻辑则看到响应返回了，然后程序还在后台的协程处理。
自定义router
gin不仅可以使用框架本身的router进行Run，也可以配合使用net/http本身的功能：
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
http.ListenAndServe(":8080", router)
}
或者
func main() {
router := gin.Default()
s := &http.Server{
Addr: ":8000",
Handler: router,
ReadTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
WriteTimeout: 10 * time.Second,
MaxHeaderBytes: 1 << 20,
}
s.ListenAndServe()
}
当然还有一个优雅的重启和结束进程的方案。后面将会探索使用supervisor管理golang的进程。
总结
Gin是一个轻巧而强大的golang web框架。涉及常见开发的功能，我们都做了简单的介绍。关于服务的启动，请求参数的处理和响应格式的渲染，以及针对上传和中间件鉴权做了例子。更好的掌握来自实践，同时gin的源码注释很详细，可以阅读源码了解更多详细的功能和魔法特性。
文中的部分代码
有疑问加站长微信联系
本文来自：开源中国博客
感谢作者：mickelfeng
查看原文：Golang 微框架 Gin 简介
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|
__label__pos
| 0.905721 |
Melina Melina - 2 months ago 20
Javascript Question
How can I map an array with duplicate values to a unique array in Javascript?
I have the following array:
var tst =
[
{"topicId":1,"subTopicId":1,"topicName":"a","subTopicName":"w"},
{"topicId":1,"subTopicId":2,"topicName":"b","subTopicName":"x"},
{"topicId":1,"subTopicId":3,"topicName":"c","subTopicName":"y"},
{"topicId":2,"subTopicId":4,"topicName":"c","subTopicName":"z"}
]
Is there an easy way that I can map that to this kind of array where topicId > id and topicName > name:
var t =
[
{"id":1,"name":"a"},
{"id":2,"name":"c"}
]
I am using a modern browser and I also have _lodash if that helps. Note that there will be about 100 rows in the tst array so I don't need a very optimized solution. A simple and easy to maintain solution would be more important.
Answer
MOST RECENT
_.uniqBy is now preferable
Full working example here
var tst = [
{"topicId":1,"subTopicId":1,"topicName":"a","subTopicName1":"w"},
{"topicId":2,"subTopicId":2,"topicName":"b","subTopicName2":"x"},
{"topicId":3,"subTopicId":3,"topicName":"c","subTopicName3":"y"},
{"topicId":1,"subTopicId":4,"topicName":"c","subTopicName4":"z"}
];
var result = _.map(_.uniqBy(tst, 'topicId'), function (item) {
return {
id: item.topicId,
name: item.topicName
};
});
console.log(result);
LEGACY
http://lodash.com/docs#uniq is a good start
_.uniq([{ 'x': 1 }, { 'x': 2 }, { 'x': 1 }], 'x');
Your code would look like this to get topics unique by id
var t = _.uniq(tst, 'topicId');
EDIT
I made a jsfiddle
http://jsfiddle.net/q5HNw/
UPDATE
Removed unnecessary uniqueness of names
http://jsfiddle.net/q5HNw/1/
|
__label__pos
| 0.967794 |
code cleanup
[squirrelmail.git] / src / download.php
CommitLineData
59177427 1<?php
895905c0 2
35586184 3/**
4 * download.php
5 *
15e6162e 6 * Copyright (c) 1999-2002 The SquirrelMail Project Team
35586184 7 * Licensed under the GNU GPL. For full terms see the file COPYING.
8 *
9 * Handles attachment downloads to the users computer.
10 * Also allows displaying of attachments when possible.
11 *
12 * $Id$
13 */
14
35586184 15require_once('../src/validate.php');
16require_once('../functions/imap.php');
17require_once('../functions/mime.php');
6b96544a 18
65c3ec94 19header('Pragma: ');
20header('Cache-Control: cache');
21
13b13ded 22function get_extract_to_target_list($imapConnection) {
13b13ded 23 $boxes = sqimap_mailbox_list($imapConnection);
24 for ($i = 0; $i < count($boxes); $i++) {
25 if (!in_array('noselect', $boxes[$i]['flags'])) {
26 $box = $boxes[$i]['unformatted'];
27 $box2 = str_replace(' ', ' ', $boxes[$i]['unformatted-disp']);
28 if ( $box2 == 'INBOX' ) {
29 $box2 = _("INBOX");
30 }
31 echo "<option value=\"$box\">$box2</option>\n";
32 }
33 }
97d7da3b 34}
1e606225 35$mailbox = decodeHeader($mailbox);
97d7da3b 36
1e606225 37global $messages, $uid_support;
97d7da3b 38
1e606225 39$imapConnection = sqimap_login($username, $key, $imapServerAddress, $imapPort, 0);
40$mbx_response = sqimap_mailbox_select($imapConnection, $mailbox);
5c553e34 41if (!isset($passed_ent_id)) {
42 $passed_ent_id = '';
43}
97d7da3b 44
1e606225 45$message = &$messages[$mbx_response['UIDVALIDITY']]["$passed_id"];
ff9d4297 46$subject = $message->rfc822_header->subject;
47$message = &$message->getEntity($ent_id);
1e606225 48$header = $message->header;
ff9d4297 49if ($message->rfc822_header) {
50 $subject = $message->rfc822_header->subject;
51 $charset = $header->content_type->properties['charset'];
52} else {
53 $header = $message->header;
54 $charset = $header->getParameter('charset');
55}
1e606225 56$type0 = $header->type0;
57$type1 = $header->type1;
58$encoding = strtolower($header->encoding);
97d7da3b 59
1e606225 60/*
13b13ded 61$extracted = false;
62if (isset($extract_message) && $extract_message) {
63 $cmd = "FETCH $passed_id BODY[$passed_ent_id]";
1e606225 64 $read = sqimap_run_command ($imapConnection, $cmd, true, $response, $message, $uid_support);
13b13ded 65 $cnt = count($read);
66 $body = '';
67 $length = 0;
68 for ($i=1;$i<$cnt;$i++) {
69 $length = $length + strlen($read[$i]);
70 $body .= $read[$i];
71 }
72 if (isset($targetMailbox) && $length>0) {
73 sqimap_append ($imapConnection, $targetMailbox, $length);
74 fputs($imapConnection,$body);
75 sqimap_append_done ($imapConnection);
76 $extracted = true;
77 }
78}
79
1e606225 80
81*/
65c3ec94 82/*
83 * lets redefine message as this particular entity that we wish to display.
84 * it should hold only the header for this entity. We need to fetch the body
85 * yet before we can display anything.
86 */
65c3ec94 87
65c3ec94 88if (isset($override_type0)) {
89 $type0 = $override_type0;
90}
91if (isset($override_type1)) {
92 $type1 = $override_type1;
93}
ff9d4297 94$filename = '';
95if (is_object($message->header->disposition)) {
96 $filename = decodeHeader($header->disposition->getProperty('filename'));
97 if (!$filename) {
98 $filename = decodeHeader($header->disposition->getProperty('name'));
99 }
65c3ec94 100}
65c3ec94 101if (strlen($filename) < 1) {
102 if ($type1 == 'plain' && $type0 == 'text') {
103 $suffix = 'txt';
ff9d4297 104 $filename = $subject . '.txt';
65c3ec94 105 } else if ($type1 == 'richtext' && $type0 == 'text') {
106 $suffix = 'rtf';
ff9d4297 107 $filename = $subject . '.rtf';
65c3ec94 108 } else if ($type1 == 'postscript' && $type0 == 'application') {
109 $suffix = 'ps';
ff9d4297 110 $filename = $subject . '.ps';
97d7da3b 111 } else if ($type1 == 'rfc822' && $type0 == 'message') {
112 $suffix = 'eml';
ff9d4297 113 $filename = $subject . '.msg';
65c3ec94 114 } else {
115 $suffix = $type1;
116 }
117
631db37e 118 if (strlen($filename) < 1) {
ff9d4297 119 $filename = "untitled$ent_id.$suffix";
631db37e 120 } else {
ff9d4297 121 $filename = "$filename.$suffix";
631db37e 122 }
65c3ec94 123}
124
125/*
126 * Note:
127 * The following sections display the attachment in different
128 * ways depending on how they choose. The first way will download
129 * under any circumstance. This sets the Content-type to be
130 * applicatin/octet-stream, which should be interpreted by the
131 * browser as "download me".
132 * The second method (view) is used for images or other formats
133 * that should be able to be handled by the browser. It will
134 * most likely display the attachment inline inside the browser.
135 * And finally, the third one will be used by default. If it
136 * is displayable (text or html), it will load them up in a text
137 * viewer (built in to squirrelmail). Otherwise, it sets the
138 * content-type as application/octet-stream
139 */
140if (isset($absolute_dl) && $absolute_dl == 'true') {
5c553e34 141 DumpHeaders($type0, $type1, $filename, 1);
65c3ec94 142} else {
5c553e34 143 DumpHeaders($type0, $type1, $filename, 0);
65c3ec94 144}
38bca81c 145/* be aware that any warning caused by download.php will corrupt the
146 * attachment in case of ERROR reporting = E_ALL and the output is the screen */
ff9d4297 147mime_print_body_lines ($imapConnection, $passed_id, $ent_id, $encoding);
65c3ec94 148
65c3ec94 149/*
150 * This function is verified to work with Netscape and the *very latest*
151 * version of IE. I don't know if it works with Opera, but it should now.
152 */
153function DumpHeaders($type0, $type1, $filename, $force) {
6fbd125b 154 global $HTTP_USER_AGENT, $languages, $squirrelmail_language;
65c3ec94 155 $isIE = 0;
97d7da3b 156
65c3ec94 157 if (strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT, 'compatible; MSIE ') !== false &&
158 strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT, 'Opera') === false) {
36294f1a 159 $isIE = 1;
65c3ec94 160 }
161
97d7da3b 162 if (strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT, 'compatible; MSIE 6') !== false &&
163 strstr($HTTP_USER_AGENT, 'Opera') === false) {
164 $isIE6 = 1;
165 }
166
7dae3923 167 if (isset($languages[$squirrelmail_language]['XTRA_CODE']) &&
168 function_exists($languages[$squirrelmail_language]['XTRA_CODE'])) {
6fbd125b 169 $filename =
170 $languages[$squirrelmail_language]['XTRA_CODE']('downloadfilename', $filename, $HTTP_USER_AGENT);
83be314a 171 } else {
7dae3923 172 $filename = ereg_replace('[^-a-zA-Z0-9\.]', '_', $filename);
83be314a 173 }
65c3ec94 174
175 // A Pox on Microsoft and it's Office!
176 if (! $force) {
177 // Try to show in browser window
178 header("Content-Disposition: inline; filename=\"$filename\"");
179 header("Content-Type: $type0/$type1; name=\"$filename\"");
180 } else {
181 // Try to pop up the "save as" box
182 // IE makes this hard. It pops up 2 save boxes, or none.
183 // http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q238/5/88.ASP
184 // But, accordint to Microsoft, it is "RFC compliant but doesn't
185 // take into account some deviations that allowed within the
186 // specification." Doesn't that mean RFC non-compliant?
187 // http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q258/4/52.ASP
188 //
189 // The best thing you can do for IE is to upgrade to the latest
190 // version
97d7da3b 191 if ($isIE && !isset($isIE6)) {
65c3ec94 192 // http://support.microsoft.com/support/kb/articles/Q182/3/15.asp
193 // Do not have quotes around filename, but that applied to
194 // "attachment"... does it apply to inline too?
195 //
196 // This combination seems to work mostly. IE 5.5 SP 1 has
197 // known issues (see the Microsoft Knowledge Base)
198 header("Content-Disposition: inline; filename=$filename");
199
200 // This works for most types, but doesn't work with Word files
201 header("Content-Type: application/download; name=\"$filename\"");
202
203 // These are spares, just in case. :-)
204 //header("Content-Type: $type0/$type1; name=\"$filename\"");
205 //header("Content-Type: application/x-msdownload; name=\"$filename\"");
206 //header("Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name=\"$filename\"");
207 } else {
208 header("Content-Disposition: attachment; filename=\"$filename\"");
209 // application/octet-stream forces download for Netscape
210 header("Content-Type: application/octet-stream; name=\"$filename\"");
211 }
212 }
213}
631db37e 214?>
|
__label__pos
| 0.948678 |
24 hours
Track
iOS Development with Objective-C
iOS Developers write software applications (apps) using a programming language called Objective-C and a development environment called Xcode. In this track, we'll get off to a running start by building a simple crystal ball iPhone app that can predict the future! Then, we'll switch gears and get a more formal introduction to programming and iOS development. Finally, we'll finish things up by building a more intermediate iPhone app that reads external data sources. Please note: iOS apps can only be built on a Mac computer, and not a PC.
• An entry-level salary for the technologies covered in this track is about $70,000 / yr on average.
• Some companies that use these technologies regularly include: .
|
__label__pos
| 0.550454 |
Why Red Is Such A Potent Color
img_2074
Why is the color red so impressive? The answer lies in our tree-living past.
In the back of the vertebrate eyeball are two kinds of cells called rods and cones that respond to light. Cones take in a wide range of light, which means they recognize colors, and they are stimulated best during daylight. Rods respond to a narrower range of light (meaning only white light) but notice that light from far away and at night.
Isaac Newton was the first person to hold up a prism and refract white light into a rainbow of colors and realize that their might be variation in what the eye can see. Color comes at us in electromagnetic waves. When the wavelength of light is short we perceive purple or blue. Medium wavelengths of lights tickle the cones in an other way and we think green. Short light wavelengths make those cones stand up and dance as bright spots of yellow, orange and red.
Various animals distinguish only parts of that rainbow because their cones respond in different ways. Butterflies, for example, see into the ultraviolet end of the rainbow which allows them to see their own complex markings better than we can. Foxes and owls are basically color blind and it doesn’t matter because they are awake at night when the light spectrum is limited anyway.
Humans are lucky enough to be primates, animals with decent color vision, and we can thank monkeys for this special ability.
Long ago, primitive primates that resemble today’s lemurs and lorises saw only green and blue, the longer wavelengths of color. But when moneys evolved, around 34 million years ago, their cones became sensitive to even shorter wavelengths of color and they saw red.
And what a difference. With red, the forest comes alive. Instead of a blanket of bluish-green leaves, the world is suddenly accented with ripe red, yellow, and orange fruits, and even the leaves look different.
For a monkey leaping through the forest canopy, color vision would be an essential advantage. Unripe fruit doesn’t have enough carbs to sustain a hungry primate and they taste really sour. Unripe leaves not only taste bad, they are toxic and indigestible.
For the first humans foraging about the forest and savannah around 5 million years ago, it would have been be much more efficient to spot a ripe fruit or tuber than bite into a zillion just to get the right one. And so humans ended up with color vision even though we no longer live in trees.
But color is more than wavelengths, more than an indicator of ripeness, to us. Color has become symbolic, meaning it has meaning, and that meaning is highly cultural.
Chinese athletes and Chinese brides wear red because red is considered lucky. The U.S. athletes also wear red because that bright color is in the U.S. flag, and because designers of athletic wear, as well as scientists, know that red gets you noticed.
source
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__label__pos
| 0.742158 |
Alternate title: Pan troglodytes
chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes), species of ape that, along with the bonobo, is most closely related to humans. Chimpanzees inhabit tropical forests and savannas of equatorial Africa from The Gambia in the west to Lake Albert, Lake Victoria, and northwestern Tanzania in the east. Individuals vary considerably in size and appearance, but chimpanzees stand approximately 1–1.7 metres (3–5.5 feet) tall when erect and weigh about 32–60 kg (70–130 pounds). Males tend to be larger and more robust than females. Chimpanzees are covered by a coat of brown or black hair, but their faces are bare except for a short white beard. Skin colour is generally white except for the face, hands, and feet, which are black. The faces of younger animals may be pinkish or whitish. Among older males and females, the forehead often becomes bald and the back becomes gray.
Natural history
Chimpanzees awaken at dawn, and their day is spent both in the trees and on the ground. After a lengthy midday rest, late afternoon is usually the most intensive feeding period. In the trees, where most feeding takes place, chimps use their hands and feet to move about. They also leap and swing by their arms (brachiate) skillfully from branch to branch. Movement over any significant distance usually takes place on the ground. Though able to walk upright, chimpanzees more often move about on all fours, leaning forward on the knuckles of their hands (knuckle walking). At night they usually sleep in the trees in nests they build of branches and leaves. Chimpanzees are unable to swim, but they will wade in water. The chimpanzee diet is primarily vegetarian and consists of more than 300 different items, mostly fruits, berries, leaves, blossoms, and seeds but also bird eggs and chicks, many insects, and occasionally carrion. Chimpanzees also hunt, both alone and in groups, stalking and killing various mammals such as monkeys, duikers, bushbucks, and wild pigs. They also appear to use certain plants medicinally to cure diseases and expel intestinal parasites.
The female chimpanzee bears a single young at any time of year after a gestation period of about eight months. The newborn weighs about 1.8 kg, is almost helpless, and clings to the fur of the mother’s belly as she moves. From about 6 months to 2 years, the youngster rides on the mother’s back. Weaning takes place at about 5 years. Males are considered adults at 16 years of age, and females usually begin to reproduce at about 13 years, but often only two offspring survive during her lifetime. The longevity of chimps is about 45 years in the wild and 58 in captivity; however, older individuals have been documented. For example, Cheetah the chimpanzee, an animal actor from the Tarzan movies of the 1930s and ’40s, was reported to have lived approximately 80 years.
Chimpanzees are an endangered species; their population in the wild has been reduced by hunting (primarily for meat), destruction of habitat from logging or farming, and commercial exportation for use in zoos and research laboratories. Lions and leopards also prey upon chimpanzees.
Social behaviour
Chimpanzees are lively animals with more extraverted dispositions than either gorillas or orangutans. They are highly social and live in loose and flexible groups known as communities, or unit groups, that are based on associations between adult males within a home range, or territory. Home ranges of forest-dwelling communities can be as small as a few square kilometres, but home ranges covering hundreds of square kilometres are known among savanna communities. A community can number from 20 or fewer to well over 100 members. Each consists of several subgroups of varying size and unstable composition. Social dominance exists, with adult males being dominant over adult females and adolescent males. Within a community, there are twice or three times as many adult females as adult males; the number of adults is about equal to the number of immature individuals. Communities usually divide into subgroups called parties, which vary widely in size. The dominance hierarchy among male chimpanzees is very fluid; individuals associate with each other and join and leave different subgroups with complete freedom. The dominant (alpha) male of a group can monopolize ovulating females through possessive behaviour. On the other hand, gang attack by subordinate males can expel an alpha male. Males spend all of their lives in the community they are born in, but occasionally a juvenile male may transfer to another community with his mother. In contrast to males, most females leave their group of birth to join a neighbouring group when they mature at around age 11. Female chimpanzees spend most of their time with their young or with other females. Those with dependent offspring are more likely to range alone or in small parties within narrow “core areas.” Females have been known to form coalitions against a bullying adult male or newly immigrated female.
Relations between different chimp communities tend to be hostile. Intruders on a group’s home range may be attacked, and adult males engage in boundary patrol. On rare occasions, a group may invade a neighbouring territory that is much smaller in size, and fatalities among the smaller group result. Infanticide and cannibalism by adult males, and to a lesser extent by adult females, have been observed. Victimized infants are not only those of neighbouring groups but also those born to newly immigrated females. Between- and within-group competition among individuals of the same sex is the likely cause of such violence. Sometimes a male and female will form a consortship, engaging in exclusive mating relationships by leaving other members of the group and staying in the periphery of the group range. This strategy, however, brings increased risk of attack by neighbouring groups.
Chimpanzees exhibit complex social strategies such as cooperation in combat and the cultivation of coalitions and alliances via ranging together, reciprocal grooming, and the sharing of meat (sometimes in exchange for mating opportunities). An alpha male, for instance, may interfere with his rival in grooming with a third party because such a coalition might jeopardize the alpha’s status. On the other hand, the third party might show strategic opportunism in such a situation, since his assistance to either side could determine which of his superiors prevails. Chimpanzees, therefore, appear to have some concept of “trade.” They console, reconcile, and retaliate during fighting and so share emotions and aspects of psychology similar to those found in humans: self-recognition, curiosity, sympathy, grief, and attribution. Although chimps take care of orphaned infants, they also tease handicapped individuals, conceal information that would bring disadvantage to themselves, and manipulate others for their own advantage by expressing deceptive postures, gestures, and facial expressions.
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__label__pos
| 0.708025 |
TechNet
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How to: Add a Hyperlink to a URL (Reporting Services)
Add a hyperlink to a URL when you want your users to be able to click a link in a report and open a browser to the URL you specify. You must ensure that the user has access to the URL that you provide.
You can also specify URLs to reports on any report server that you and your users have permission to view using URL requests to the report server. For example, you can specify a report and hide the document map for the user when they first view the report. For more information, see URL Access.
You can add a hyperlink to a URL to any item that has an Action property, for example, a text box, an image, or a calculated series in a chart. For more information, see the Action page topics in Report Designer F1 Help.
To add a hyperlink
1. In Design view, right-click the text box, image, or chart to which you want to add a link and then click Properties.
2. In the Properties dialog box, click Action.
3. Select Go to URL. An additional section appears in the dialog box for this option.
4. In Select URL, type or select a URL or an expression that evaluates to a URL.
5. Click OK.
6. To test the link, run the report and click the report item that you set this link on. For text boxes, it is helpful to change the color and effect of the text to indicate that the text is a link. For example, change the color to blue and the effect to underline by setting the corresponding Font properties in the Text Box Properties dialog box.
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© 2016 Microsoft
|
__label__pos
| 0.923612 |
Menu Close
cropped-evoke-wellness-favicon-logo-512x512-1-1.png
Build a foundation for lasting recovery
Is Diazepam Addictive?
Diazepam is a type of benzodiazepine medication known more commonly as Valium. When it comes to Valium, it’s prescribed for individuals who are diagnosed with anxiety, panic disorder, muscle spasms, insomnia, and it is used to help minimize withdrawal symptoms from other benzodiazepine addiction and alcohol withdrawal symptoms. Diazepam/Valium has a historic reputation for how addictive it is and how it affects someone. The image most people have in their minds about Valium or diazepam abuse or addiction is the nervous housewife who needs Valium to get through a long day of housework and menial tasks. Diazepam, also known by the brand name Valium, was first developed during the 1960s when psychopharmacology was becoming widely accepted among medical and psychiatric providers. Originally, Valium was an improved version of Librium. Leo Sternbach formulated Valium in 1963. Valium became incredibly popular, and many may recall the 1966 hit song by the Rolling Stones, “Mother’s Little Helper.”; as it was about Valium. Diazepam/ Valium initiated the pharmaceutical industry’s trend or interest in benzodiazepines generally. Since the 1960’s when there were only two types of benzodiazepines available, now there are more than fifteen and counting. Is Diazepam Addictive?
Is Diazepam an Addictive Drug?
Diazepam is addictive. Although other benzodiazepines are favored above Valium by people who struggle with Substance Use Disorders, it is still making an impact on the number of people who are abusing it. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration releases data on drug addiction trends every year in their National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). Among the data, Valium/Diazepam was found to be less abused than Xanax. The trends that the survey highlights about Benzodiazepine addiction generally assert how greatly the numbers have increased resulting in benzodiazepine addiction. Diazepam is the 3rd most widely abused tranquilizer in the US behind alprazolam (Xanax) and lorazepam (Ativan). (SAMHSA) The people who are addicted to Valium most likely were prescribed Valium originally from their doctor. Although most medical doctors are aware of the potential for addiction when it comes to prescribing Valium, most will eventually rely on it to help their patients. Many people who have prescribed Valium and then become addicted to it learn how to manipulate medical providers to get more Valium. A reliable indicator of Valium addiction is when a person sees more than one doctor get more prescriptions for Valium. This is what is known as ‘doctor shopping.’
Why is Diazepam Prescribed?
The risk of addiction versus how well it reduces a person’s symptoms is often how doctors decide whether they should prescribe an addictive medication or not. People with a SUD develop the skill of manipulating doctors to get them to prescribe them diazepam. A common ve tactic addicts may use is to report that the other methods they are using to manage their symptoms of anxiety, which is a common illness that Valium treats, are not working. For example, a person may do a quick Google search on relaxation techniques and claim they have tried guided visualization or seen a therapist who provides cognitive behavioral therapy to help them with their anxiety-but both failed. The doctor then believes their lie, and since they have reported nothing else legitimate help them, they are likely to win and get a new script for Valium. With the help of a safe medical Valium detox program, men and women that are struggling can recover safely and break the cycle of addiction.
Get the Help You Need for Diazepam Abuse
If you or a loved one has an addiction to diazepam or Valium, you must get professional help to stop taking Valium. Since all benzodiazepines such as Valium cause a physical dependency that causes dangerous withdrawal symptoms, a medically managed detoxification is necessary before treatment. Medically managed detoxification for Valium helps the person detox quickly, easily and it reduces the risk of a seizure occurring. Benzodiazepine addiction or dependency can cause seizures if that person abruptly stops taking the drug. Evoke Wellness at Miramar has been providing medically managed detoxification for Valium abuse, dependence, and addiction for years. Our detox center is overseen by medical experts who specialize in benzodiazepine withdrawal and provide taper protocols to benzodiazepine detox the person from Valium safely. Every client is allowed to rest and sleep while the drugs detox from their system. To learn how to be admitted into our Valium detox and treatment program today please connect with one of our specialists now.
|
__label__pos
| 0.945043 |
Severe Weather Categories Explained
The Storm Prediction Center out of Norman, Oklahoma highlights the areas of the United States that may see severe thunderstorms each day. It’s called the Convective Outlook. You’ve likely seen the map before that shows the different thunderstorm risks with attached categories like “marginal”, “slight”, “enhanced”, etc. Here’s an example of one of those maps:
dayone
While it’s easy to tell that the yellow and orange area likely has the greatest chance for severe storms, let’s break it down into easier-to-understand categories and IMPACTS rather than words like “slight” or “enhanced”. Here’s a chart that helps break it down:
understanding_categories
While severe weather outlooks go up to a week out, they’re typically broken down into the most accurate timeframes of 1-3 days (called Day 1 Outlook, Day 2 Outlook, etc). They also break down the risk for damaging winds, large hail, and tornadoes into individual categories each day. Here are examples of each:
Severe Wind Risk
wind
LARGE HAIL RISK
hail
TORNADO RISK
tornado
We typically break these risks down for you in our forecasts so you don’t have to comb through charts and maps. We also like to use different wording to explain severe weather risks–but that’s just our preference as we assume it’s easier for people to understand. Example: We have a slight risk for severe storms today becomes “severe storms are likely today”.
An example:
Capture
It’s the little things here at Region Weather, but we hope this helps to explain some of the maps we show and risks associated with severe weather events!
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|
__label__pos
| 0.887132 |
hi, i dont want it to seem like everytime i have a problem i come to this forum...but i just need to cover all bases b4 my exam in a month...thanks for understanding.
my question is..is there any way to write the following program WITHOUT using a while loop? i just want to use if and else in place of it. when i write my own code...it's filled with errors. i think it's because i mostly use "techniques" from c++.
public class ThreeN {
/* This program prints out a 3N+1 sequence
starting from a positive integer specified
by the user. It also counts the number
of terms in the sequence, and prints out
that number. */
public static void main(String[] args) {
int N; // for computing terms in the sequence
int counter; // for counting the terms
TextIO.put("Starting point for sequence: ");
N = TextIO.getlnInt();
while (N <= 0) {
TextIO.put("The starting point must be positive. "
+ " Please try again: ");
N = TextIO.getlnInt();
}
// At this point, we know that N > 0
counter = 0;
while (N != 1) {
if (N % 2 == 0)
N = N / 2;
else
N = 3 * N + 1;
TextIO.putln(N);
counter = counter + 1;
}
TextIO.putln();
TextIO.put("There were ");
TextIO.put(counter);
TextIO.putln(" terms in the sequence.");
} // end of main()
} // end of class ThreeN
Thanks for all the help!!!
I'll post what i wrote in a while..i've editted it so many times it doesnt make sense to me anymore.
public class Banking
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
int N;
int userInput;
TextIO.put("Please input a number: ");
userInput = TextIO.getlnInt();
if ( userInput%2 == 1)
N = N/2;
{
TextIO.putln("Output is " + N);
}
else if (userInput%2 == 0)
{
TextIO.putln("Output is " + N);
}
} // end of main()
} // end of class
so wrong!!!
me again( basically talking to myself since no one answered..lol)! i tried all night and couldn't find a way to write the above program(and make it work properly) without a while , so i'll just stick with the it.
Thanks for letting me post on your site :)
|
__label__pos
| 0.996988 |
ApModifyItemText()
Modify the text for a menu item
Synopsis:
#include <Ap.h>
int ApModifyItemText( ApMenuLink_t *menu,
int item_num,
char const *new_text );
Arguments:
menu
A pointer to a PhAB menu link structure.
item_num
The number of the menu item, as generated by PhAB.
new_text
A pointer to the replacement menu item text.
Library:
Ap
Description:
ApModifyItemText() modifies the text for a menu item in a PhAB menu module.
Note: ApModifyItemText() stores the address given by new_text; it doesn't make a copy of the string pointed to by new_text. Don't modify the string after calling this function.
You can call ApModifyItemText() at any time to set the menu item text, and the effect will be seen when the menu is displayed. This allows to you set menu item text as soon as conditions within your application change.
Returns:
0
The item number isn't valid.
1
Success.
Examples:
In this example, mymenu is a pointer to the address of the menu name, which is equivalent to the instance name for the menu module.
/* Change ABN_opt1 to say "New Option 1 Text" */
ApModifyItemText( &mymenu, ABN_opt1, "New Option 1 Text" );
Classification:
Photon
Safety:
Interrupt handler No
Signal handler No
Thread No
See also:
ApGetItemText(), ApModifyItemAccel(), ApModifyItemState()
Changing menu-item text in the Working with Code chapter of the Photon Programmer's Guide
|
__label__pos
| 0.824466 |
[cifs-protocol] DRS option bits
Sebastian Canevari Sebastian.Canevari at microsoft.com
Thu Oct 22 16:10:56 MDT 2009
Big G! :)
Sebastian Canevari
Senior Support Escalation Engineer, US-CSS DSC PROTOCOL TEAM
7100 N Hwy 161, Irving, TX - 75039
"Las Colinas - LC2"
Tel: +1 469 775 7849
e-mail: sebastc at microsoft.com
-----Original Message-----
From: cifs-protocol-bounces at cifs.org [mailto:cifs-protocol-bounces at cifs.org] On Behalf Of Hongwei Sun
Sent: Thursday, October 22, 2009 5:09 PM
To: tridge at samba.org
Cc: pfif at tridgell.net; cifs-protocol at samba.org
Subject: Re: [cifs-protocol] DRS option bits
Tridge,
After a further review, we identified two more bits that could be observed on wire.
DRS_INIT_SYNC_NOW 0x00800000
DRS_PREEMPTED 0x01000000
A description of these two bits and the DRSUAPI_DRS_NEVER_SYNCED bit you mentioned is shown as below.
NSY (DRS_NEVER_SYNCED): There is no successfully completed replication from this source server.
ISN (DRS_INIT_SYNC_NOW): Perform initial replication now.
PE (DRS_PREEMPTED): Replication attempt is preempted by a higher priority replication request.
The information above has been added to 5.39 of MS-DRSR and 5.29 of MS-DRDM. The position of DRSUAPI_DRS_SPECIAL_SECRET_PROCESSING bit in bit table has also been corrected. The changes will appear in the future release of the documents.
The documentation team also confirmed that it is possible that the section numbers will change when any new content is added to MS-DRSR and MS-DRDM in the future. Section titles would probably work much better than section numbers.
If you have any more questions regarding this issue, please let us know.
Thanks!
Hongwei
-----Original Message-----
From: Hongwei Sun
Sent: Tuesday, October 13, 2009 4:49 PM
To: 'tridge at samba.org'; Interoperability Documentation Help
Cc: cifs-protocol at samba.org; pfif at tridgell.net
Subject: RE: DRS option bits
Tridge,
I checked the definitions of these bit fields ,comparing with the MS-DRSR document. The following is what I found.
1. 0x00200000 is DRSUAPI_DRS_NEVER_SYNCED , which means that sync is never completed successfully. This bit is observed on wire, but not defined in the bit table in 5.39 DRS_OPTIONS. I will file a request to add this bit to the document.
2. DRSUAPI_DRS_SPECIAL_SECRET_PROCESSING should be 0x00400000, instead of 0x00800000 as indicated in your definition as well as the bit table. Bit SS should be in bit field #22. I will also file a request to get this corrected in the document.
3. There is one field defined in the bit table in the document but it is not shown in your definition. Please check it.
DRSUAPI_DRS_SYNC_URGENT = 0x00080000 (Bit SU field #19)
I will also forward your question regarding the numbering of the sections to the documentation team. I will let you know their response.
Thanks!
Hongwei
-----Original Message-----
From: tridge at samba.org [mailto:tridge at samba.org]
Sent: Tuesday, October 13, 2009 6:23 AM
To: Interoperability Documentation Help
Cc: cifs-protocol at samba.org; pfif at tridgell.net
Subject: CAR: DRS option bits
Hi,
I'm still working on our DRSR DsGetNCChanges implementation. One puzzle I've hit is related to MS-DRSR 5.39 DRS Options. I'm receiving replication requests from a w2k8-R2 machine with the replication flags
(ulFlags) set to 0x00200074. The bit 0x00200000 is one of the 'X' bits in section 5.39, so I guess it is either an undocumented bit or the bitfield is incorrectly labelled in the docs.
Given the complexity of decoding WSPP bitfields, here is my decode of it for you to check:
DRSUAPI_DRS_ASYNC_OP = 0x00000001,
DRSUAPI_DRS_GETCHG_CHECK = 0x00000002,
DRSUAPI_DRS_ADD_REF = 0x00000004,
DRSUAPI_DRS_SYNC_ALL = 0x00000008,
DRSUAPI_DRS_DEL_REF = 0x00000008,
DRSUAPI_DRS_WRIT_REP = 0x00000010,
DRSUAPI_DRS_INIT_SYNC = 0x00000020,
DRSUAPI_DRS_PER_SYNC = 0x00000040,
DRSUAPI_DRS_MAIL_REP = 0x00000080,
DRSUAPI_DRS_ASYNC_REP = 0x00000100,
DRSUAPI_DRS_IGNORE_ERROR = 0x00000100,
DRSUAPI_DRS_TWOWAY_SYNC = 0x00000200,
DRSUAPI_DRS_CRITICAL_ONLY = 0x00000400,
DRSUAPI_DRS_GET_ANC = 0x00000800,
DRSUAPI_DRS_GET_NC_SIZE = 0x00001000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_LOCAL_ONLY = 0x00001000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_SYNC_BYNAME = 0x00004000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_REF_OK = 0x00004000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_FULL_SYNC_NOW = 0x00008000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_NO_SOURCE = 0x00008000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_FULL_SYNC_PACKET = 0x00020000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_REF_GCSPN = 0x00100000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_SPECIAL_SECRET_PROCESSING = 0x00800000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_SYNC_FORCED = 0x02000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_DISABLE_AUTO_SYNC = 0x04000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_DISABLE_PERIODIC_SYNC = 0x08000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_USE_COMPRESSION = 0x10000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_NEVER_NOTIFY = 0x20000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_SYNC_PAS = 0x40000000,
DRSUAPI_DRS_GET_ALL_GROUP_MEMBERSHIP = 0x80000000
as you can see, 0x00200000 doesn't seem to exist. Can you please let me know what this bit means? Can you also please check the other bits to make sure they are right?
btw, I notice that MS-DRSR 5.37 got renumbered to 5.39 between the August and September docs. Is this sort of renumbering going to be frequent? We're putting comments in our code referring to section numbers, and that is not much use if they change frequently. Perhaps we should use section names?
Cheers, Tridge
PS: In case anyone is curious, the program I use to decode WSPP bitfields is available here:
http://samba.org/ftp/unpacked/junkcode/wspp_bits.c
it is very rough, but it's somewhat better than being poked in the eye by a horrendous bitmap every time you open a WSPP doc
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|
__label__pos
| 0.609684 |
@article {Schaefer2022.02.25.481696, author = {Patrick M. Schaefer and Leonardo Scherer Alves and Maria Lvova and Jessica Huang and Komal Rathi and Kevin Janssen and Arrienne Butic and Tal Yardeni and Ryan Morrow and Marie Lott and Kierstin Keller and Benjamin A. Garcia and Clair A. Francomano and Douglas C. Wallace}, title = {Novel mtDNA Imparts the Connective Tissue Disorder of a Tourette Pedigree}, elocation-id = {2022.02.25.481696}, year = {2022}, doi = {10.1101/2022.02.25.481696}, publisher = {Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory}, abstract = {Mitochondrial dysfunction is associated with a range of clinical manifestations including neuropsychiatric and metabolic disorder. Here, we reanalyzed a family with an L-Histidine Decarboxylase (HDC) variant previously linked to Tourette syndrome but with associated connective tissue and metabolic features of unknown etiology. We identified a mitochondrial haplogroup J-defining mutation on the haplogroup H background that functionally interacts with the L-Histidine Decarboxylase variant via calcium homeostasis. Our findings establish how a common mtDNA variant on a different mtDNA background can result in mitochondrial dysfunction, demonstrate a role for histaminergic signaling in modifying mitochondrial phenotypes, and link mitochondria dysfunction to connective tissue phenotypes.Competing Interest StatementDouglas C. Wallace is part of the scientific advisory boards for: Pano Therapeutics Medical Excellence Capital. Neither of these companies have had any involvement in this research or relate to this manuscript.}, URL = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/02/25/2022.02.25.481696}, eprint = {https://www.biorxiv.org/content/early/2022/02/25/2022.02.25.481696.full.pdf}, journal = {bioRxiv} }
|
__label__pos
| 0.975251 |
Move over bash: Python is my language for setup scripts now.
I know when people discuss using programming languages, there’s two main schools of thought:
• Use the same language for as much of your stack as possible
• Use the language that’s most appropriate for each part of the stack as much of possible.
Clearly, there’s very strong advantages to both. Using the same language for everything provides you with a common language then anyone involved in your project can work on, they can dive into other parts fairly easily, and it’s very easy to hire developers who have experience in one language, as at the end of the day, I think all developer’s end up using one predominantly more than the rest.
Using the proper language for each task, however, has it’s merits as well. These function-specific languages make these parts a lot easier to write, and it’s usually much faster too. A good example is trying to write a key-value store that can communicate through the web: Doing so in python gives you way too more function than you need. You need a low-level language that can handle memory management, and do so quickly. That’s why memcached is written in c++.
When it came to deployment and bootstrapping, I, like most unix-y people, thought bash. Why would I think otherwise? after all, every single bootstrap script I’ve ever seen was in bash, it has great integration with the shell, and that’s all you really need. And it truly was all I ever needed… until I needed more.
Now, I’m definitely no expert in bash, but every time I start to write a bash script, I truly remember how painful working with bash really is. Errors I’ve never seen before pop up at least a couple times every time I touch it, strange syntax issues, the methodology in which arguments are passed, the lack of libraries replaced by executables that may or may not exist on the system. After a half an hour of work on the script, I had an idea:
Why not Python?
And yes, why not Python? My whole team works with Python for pretty much everything else. People outside my team would just consume my script and would come to me if something was wrong anyway. So I started to write it in Python. And I accomplished what I wanted to do (perform multiple installations of Maven), within a half hour. Something I was only barely able to touch with bash in an hour.
Once again, I’m not a bash expert, so I’m sure that play’s a huge part in my opinion here. But I think it’s interesting that once I broke out of my boxed-in thinking of using bash for all bootstrapping and python for only high-level services an tools, that the whole process became that much easier.
And indeed, Python is actually a great language for writing setup scripts. Here’s some examples:
Extracting tar.gz files without touching the file system.
With python, you can download a file in memory, and extract it write there. no more wasted I/O!
import gzip, tarfile
from StringIO import StringIO
url = MY_TAR
extractpath = MY_EXTRACT_PATH
gz = gzip.GzipFile(fileobj=StringIO(urllib.urlopen(url).read()))
tf = tarfile.TarFile(fileobj=gz)
tf.extractall(path=extractpath)
Symlinking, directory management, and more!
You can use os.symlink on unix environments, and manage directories with the “sh” module. Moving directories from one place to another? then symlinking the executable into bin? no problem!
Optparse: A setup scripter’s best friend
http://docs.python.org/library/optparse.html
Optparse provides you with the typical unix-like option parsing. Makes your setup feel just like a bash script, and no one would ever know!
These are on top of what python provides you: dicts for key-value stores and representing complex metadata. Pretty much every Linux distribution has Python 2.6 or higher built in. Mac OS X now has 2.7. It’s pretty much as ubiquitious as bash, and way less hassle!
So, if you have some project and you’re thinking about using bash. Just think about it: would it be easier in Python?
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__label__pos
| 0.592423 |
X-ray transition radiation of electrons with energy of 300 to 900 MeV in periodic multifoil radiators
Результат исследования: Материалы для журналаСтатья
1 Цитирования (Scopus)
Аннотация
Results of experiments conducted at the Tomsk synchrotron to study resonant X-ray transition radiation generated by relativistic electrons in periodic multifoil radiators are reviewed. Both the internal synchrotron beam and the external secondary electron beam from the pair magnetic γ-spectrometer with energies ranging from 300 to 900 MeV were used in the experiments. The radiators consisted of many thin amorphous foils of various materials. The generation of X-ray radiation in a compound radiator consisting of a multifoil radiator and a crystal is also studied. In this case, the resonant X-ray transition radiation generated in the multifoil radiator is diffracted in the crystal and emitted at Bragg angles, together with the parametric X-ray radiation generated in the crystal. Spectral and angular properties of the resonant X-ray transition radiation and diffracted resonant X-ray transition radiation are investigated. The ratio between the contributions from the diffracted resonant X-ray transition radiation and other types of radiation to the total coherent X-ray radiation flux generated by electrons in periodic structures and crystals is estimated.
Язык оригиналаАнглийский
Страницы (с... по...)508-515
Количество страниц8
ЖурналPhysics of Particles and Nuclei
Том45
Номер выпуска2
DOI
Статус публикацииОпубликовано - 1 янв 2014
Fingerprint
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Цитировать
|
__label__pos
| 0.620685 |
Digging into Flowers
By Eve Pranis
The typical flower contains the necessary parts for enticing pollinators and producing seeds.
The center of a flower usually contains the female, pollen-receiving pistil. The stigma at its tip is often sticky, feathery, folded, or otherwise designed to trap pollen. When they're ready to accept pollen, stigmas ready themselves for the transfer. They may be pushed upward by the long style that supports them, lean toward the male parts, or become stickier, for instance. As your students observe live flowers, encourage them to look for such subtle changes and try to infer how these may serve the plant. (Amaryllises and other types of lilies reveal a dramatic display!) At the base of the pistil, the generally hidden ovary protects ovules (eggs), which can be fertilized to become seeds.
The male parts, or stamens, typically surround the pistil. They may be quite long, to maximize exposure to wind and pollinators; hidden inside the flowers, to force pollinators to touch the stigmas on their way in or out; or able to lengthen and shorten over time, as needed. The anther, which is held up by the filament, produces and releases huge quantities of dust-like pollen in a variety of ways: by splitting open and curling back to release pollen or by twisting, for example. Once a pollen grain lands on a stigma of the same type of flower, it grows a pollen tube and sends it down the style in search of an egg. A sperm cell travels down the tube to fertilize the egg, leading to seed production. Once fertilized, the ovary wall takes in moisture and swells, becoming the fruit, which surrounds and protects the developing seeds.
The petals, which are typically the most noticeable parts of flowers, are designed to attract and provide platforms for insects, bats, birds, and other roving pollinators. The base of many petals contains nectaries, which produce the sugar-laden nectar. Since this food treasure is typically tucked deeply in the flowers, pollinators are coaxed into touching the flower's reproductive organs, and thus transferring pollen, in their search for sustenance. (Consider having students explore the petals of flowers such as nasturtiums or columbines, which have nectaries hidden deep in the long petal spurs.)
Although the major parts described above are standard in most flowers, the actual parts, numbers, and arrangements vary greatly. Plants such as cucumbers and squashes have separate male and female flowers, for instance. Others, such as holly bushes, have separate male and female plants, each featuring one type of flower. Different plant groups and families tend to have distinct numbers of parts. Lilies and other monocots (plants with one cotyledon) usually have reproductive parts and petals in multiples of three. Most dicots (plants with two cotyledons) have parts in multiples of four or five. (Invite students to cut through an apple horizontally to see the star-shaped seed container, which is a remnant of the five-chambered pistil. Then explore an apple blossom, if available, and see if any correlation exists.)
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__label__pos
| 0.991581 |
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Beauty Sleep: The Connection Between Teenage Acne and Sleep
Updated: May 12, 2023
Did you know getting enough sleep can help clear up your teenage acne? Discover the surprising link between sleep and clear skin in this must-read article.
teenage acne and sleep
Acne is a common skin problem affecting millions of people worldwide, but it can be particularly distressing for teenagers. Adolescence is a time when many young people struggle with acne, which can affect self-esteem and confidence. While many factors contribute to the development of acne, sleep is one that is often overlooked. This article will explore the connection between teenage acne and sleep quality and provide tips on improving sleep habits to support clear and healthy skin.
Why is sleep essential for acne-prone skin?
Sleep performs several protective and restorative functions for the skin. Studies have suggested that acute sleep deprivation and poor sleep quality may impair the integrity of the skin barrier and appearance. This makes sense to us as we’re all familiar with not looking our best after a late night or poor night’s sleep.
teenage acne and sleep
The connection between acne and sleep has also been the subject of research. Dermatologists carried out a study in Cleveland, OH, and the results supported the hypothesis that there is a potential relationship between sleep quality and acne. Study participants reported worsening acne with poorer quality sleep [1]. While more research is needed to fully understand this relationship between acne and sleep, factors such as hormones, the immune system, inflammation, and stress are involved.
How does sleep affect teenage acne?
Here are five ways that poor sleep habits can contribute to acne in teenagers:
Increased inflammation: Poor sleep can significantly impact inflammation and skin diseases. When you don't get enough sleep or experience poor sleep quality, your body's immune system may become dysregulated, leading to chronic inflammation. Scientists are now focusing on inflammation as one of the primary drivers of acne.
New research shows that inflammation can cause the sebum in hair follicles to oxidise, and the oxygen content of the sebum is lower. Bacteria can thrive in this low-oxygen environment and starts to multiply, leading to red and inflamed pimples on the skin’s surface [2]. This then triggers a secondary inflammatory response at the localised area and site of the spot. Inflammation can worsen acne and cause redness, swelling, and irritation around acne lesions, making them more noticeable and harder to heal.
While several factors trigger inflammation, getting a good night’s sleep is essential in reducing this inflammatory load on the body.
Imbalanced hormones: Sleep is essential for regulating hormonal balance in teenagers. Lack of sleep can disrupt the body's hormonal balance, specifically the hormone cortisol, released in response to stress. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation keeps cortisol levels high. When cortisol levels are high, it can increase oil production in the skin, leading to clogged pores and acne breakouts. Higher cortisol levels can also stimulate insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1). IGF-1 has been linked to acne, as it can stimulate the production of sebum and contribute to the development of acne.
Impaired immune function: Sleep plays a crucial role in supporting the immune system. It allows the body to repair and regenerate tissues and produce critical immune system components, such as antibodies and cytokines. During deep sleep, the body also releases growth hormones vital for tissue repair and regeneration. Studies have shown that sleep deprivation can decrease the production of certain immune cells, such as T cells and natural killer cells, which are essential for fighting off infections and diseases. When the immune system is compromised, it can lead to inflammation and oxidative stress, which can worsen acne. A lack of sleep can make it more difficult for the body to fight off infections, including those that can contribute to the development of acne.
teenage sleep and acne
A good night’s sleep can actually help to reduce inflammation. During sleep, the body produces cytokines that help reduce inflammation and support the healing process.
Increased stress: Poor sleep patterns can significantly affect the stress levels of teenagers. When a teenager doesn't get enough sleep, it can lead to feelings of fatigue, irritability, and difficulty concentrating, all of which can contribute to increased stress levels. A lack of sleep can also lead to increased stress hormones, such as cortisol and adrenaline. As we have seen, cortisol can increase inflammation and stimulate sebum production, the oily substance that can clog pores and lead to acne.
In addition, stress can affect the immune system, making it more difficult for the body to fight off infections and inflammation that can contribute to acne. Furthermore, stress can lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as overeating or consuming high-sugar and high-fat foods, which may also affect the skin.
Stress can also lead to racing thoughts, anxiety, and worry, which can keep teenagers awake at night. This can lead to a cycle of stress and poor sleep, as stress can lead to poor sleep, and poor sleep can further exacerbate stress.
Overall, stress can contribute to developing and exacerbating teenage acne through its effects on hormones, inflammation, the immune system, unhealthy coping mechanisms, and sleep patterns. Therefore, managing stress levels through healthy lifestyle habits and a good sleep routine can be essential in helping teenage acne.
Poor skin regeneration: Sleep is essential for repairing and healing teenage acne. During sleep, the body produces growth hormone, which stimulates collagen production, a protein necessary for repairing and regenerating damaged skin tissue. Moreover, sleep is also vital for reducing inflammation, as we have seen. Sleep also allows the skin to retain moisture, which is essential for maintaining healthy and hydrated skin. Therefore, developing healthy sleep habits is critical to managing teenage acne by supporting the repair and regeneration of damaged skin tissue and reducing inflammation.
Why may teenagers struggle with sleep?
There are several reasons why teenagers may struggle to get a good night's sleep:
Biological Changes: During adolescence, the body's internal clock shifts, causing many teenagers to feel more alert at night and drowsy in the morning. This can make it difficult for them to fall asleep early enough to get the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night.
School Demands: Teenagers often have demanding school schedules that require them to wake up early and stay up late studying or completing assignments. This can disrupt their sleep schedule and make it difficult to get enough sleep.
teenage acne and skin
Technology Use: Many teenagers use electronic devices, such as smartphones and tablets, late into the night. The blue light emitted by these devices can disrupt the body's production of melatonin, a hormone that helps regulate sleep.
Social Life: Teenagers may stay up late to socialise with friends or participate in extracurricular activities. This can make getting enough sleep difficult, especially if they have early morning obligations such as school or work.
Stress: Adolescence can be a stressful time, and stress can make it difficult to fall and stay asleep. In addition, lack of sleep can increase stress levels, creating a vicious cycle that can be difficult to break.
How can teenagers promote healthy sleep habits?
Establishing a good sleep routine can be helpful for teenagers to get the recommended 8-10 hours of sleep per night. Here are some tips for creating a healthy sleep routine:
Stick to a consistent sleep schedule: Try to go to bed and wake up at the same time every day, even on weekends.
Create a relaxing bedtime routine: Develop a calming ritual before bed, such as taking a warm bath, reading a book, or listening to mellow music.
Avoid electronics before bed: The blue light emitted by electronic devices can interfere with sleep. Try to avoid using electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets, or computers for at least an hour before bed.
Ensure the bedroom is conducive to sleep: Keep the bedroom cool, quiet, and dark. Consider using blackout curtains or earplugs to help create a relaxing environment.
Avoid caffeine and heavy meals before bed: Consuming caffeine or heavy meals can interfere with sleep. Try to avoid these for several hours before bedtime. Avoid snacking on sugary foods before bedtime, which can keep you awake. You can read more about diet and skin in our blog here.
teenage acne and sleep
Get regular exercise: Regular exercise can help improve sleep quality. However, avoid exercising too close to bedtime, as this can make it more difficult to fall asleep.
Limit naps: While short naps can be beneficial, avoid napping for more than 30 minutes or late in the day, as this can interfere with nighttime sleep.
By following these tips, teenagers can create a healthy sleep routine that can improve sleep quality and help them feel more rested and alert during the day.
In Summary
Sleep is crucial for the overall health of teenagers, particularly those with acne. Adequate sleep is essential for repairing and regenerating damaged skin tissue, producing collagen, and reducing inflammation, all of which are important for managing and preventing acne.
Poor sleep patterns can cause more stress and reduce the body's ability to fight infections. Furthermore, poor sleep can also lead to unhealthy coping mechanisms, such as overeating or consuming high-sugar and high-fat foods, contributing to acne development.
Therefore, developing healthy sleep habits can be essential to managing and preventing teenage acne. Encouraging regular and consistent sleep patterns, avoiding stimulants such as caffeine or sugary food and drinks before bedtime, and promoting healthy coping mechanisms can all contribute to better sleep and improved skin health in teenagers.
To get more support for your skin health, contact us at the Powers Nutrition Clinic for 1.2.1 sessions.
References:
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__label__pos
| 0.994083 |
Fossil age dating
These are radioactive elements that have a much longer half-life.
fossil age dating-62
It would seem from these dates that the location of initial modern Homo sapiens evolution and the direction of their dispersion from that area is obvious. Since the early 1980's, there have been two leading contradictory models that attempt to explain.
By 115,000 years ago, early modern humans had expanded their range to South Africa and into Southwest Asia (Israel) shortly after 100,000 years ago.
There is no reliable evidence of modern humans elsewhere in the Old World until 60,000-40,000 years ago, Artifactual evidence indicates that modern humans were in Europe by at least 40,000 and possibly as early as 46,000 years ago.
Sometimes correlative dating is preferred over absolute dating, particularly with microfossils because the methods for absolute dating would destroy the fossil specimen.
The most common method of absolute dating is carbon dating.
557
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__label__pos
| 0.941467 |
Congenital and acquired lesions of the nasal septum: A practical guide for differential diagnosis
María P. Valencia, Mauricio Castillo
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
37 Scopus citations
Abstract
Many different types of lesions may involve the nasal septum, and some can destroy it. Congenital nasal septal anomalies are rare and tend to have fairly typical imaging features, which, when considered alongside the imaging appearance of the normal anatomy, help determine the correct diagnosis in most instances. By contrast, many acquired lesions have nonspecific imaging features, and their diagnosis therefore must be based also on the patient's age and the histologic findings. Acquired nasal septal abnormalities may be caused by trauma, infection, toxicity, inflammation, or tumors. Traumatic lesions may result from surgery or from repetitive behaviors such as rhinotillexomania. Frequent use of decongestants and cocaine also may erode the nasal septum. Bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungi may cause infections of the nasal septum, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Inflammatory diseases that may affect the nasal septum include sarcoidosis, reparative granuloma, and Wegener granulomatosis. Last, the tumors that may arise in the nasal septum or may involve it secondarily include carcinomas, Pindborg tumor, sarcoma, angiofibroma, hemangioma, neuroendocrine tumor, and schwannoma.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)205-223
Number of pages19
JournalRadiographics
Volume28
Issue number1
DOIs
StatePublished - Jan 1 2008
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging
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Dive into the research topics of 'Congenital and acquired lesions of the nasal septum: A practical guide for differential diagnosis'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.736275 |
What is Noise-Induced Hearing Loss and How to Stop It
435
We’re exposed to sound all day. From noise at work during the day to the TV during the evening, we’re always experiencing sound of some kind.
Usually, the noises we experience are at safe levels and they’re not enough to cause any damage to our hearing. But there are occasions where this isn’t the case. Here, we look at what noise-induced hearing loss is and how to prevent it.
The sounds we experience
The sounds we make are a key part of the way we communicate. This applies to several things. As well as the more obvious, such as speech and the sounds we make when we talk, there are other examples of sound used as communication.
For instance, the sound of traffic indicates it’s unsafe to cross the street. The sound of the lawnmower means that now’s not the best time to try to catch your neighbor’s attention.
Sounds can, therefore, be a good thing. However, if they’re too loud or persistent, they can have a negative impact.
What is noise-induced hearing loss?
Sounds can be harmful if they’re too loud. Even brief exposure to loud noise can have a lasting effect on your hearing. But if you’re exposed to loud or persistent noise over a long period of time, you’re more likely to experience long-lasting damage to your hearing.
If you’ve been around loud noises and you’ve noticed a change in your hearing, you might have noise-induced hearing loss. This is where the loud or persistent sounds have damaged the sensitive hair cells of your ear. If these cells are destroyed, they don’t grow back, which means lasting hearing damage.
When is noise-induced hearing loss likely to occur?
It can take years to notice the impact of noise-induced hearing loss and there are some situations where people are more likely to be exposed to this than others.
A key area of our lives where we could be exposed to hearing damage is in the workplace, and there are some industries that are louder than others. Office workers are less likely to be exposed to loud noises than those working on a building site, for example.
According to the Hearing Health Foundation, 22 million US workers are exposed to hazardous noise levels annually and musicians are 400% more likely to have hearing loss than the general public. This reveals that the industry we work in can put s at risk of noise-induced hearing loss.
There are other causes, too. Listening to loud music, having the TV on full blast, and attending concerts where there are damaging sound levels can all contribute to this issue.
If you think you’ve experienced hearing damage, it’s worth getting a professional opinion. Seeking medical advice can help you to identify the damage levels done to your hearing and you’ll be given advice on how to reduce the risk of further harm.
How to prevent noise-induced hearing loss
There are ways to reduce the risk of noise-induced hearing loss.
• Identify loud noise
While you may be accustomed to loud noise levels, it’s worth taking the time to identify the sounds that you’re regularly exposed to. This will help you to focus your efforts on avoiding them where possible.
• Avoid noise
Limit the time spent around loud noises. Where possible, try to move away from excessively loud sounds.
• Get some protection
It’s not always possible to avoid loud sounds, especially if it’s part of your job. Therefore, it’s important that you invest in ear defenders or earplugs to shield yourself and prevent damage to your hearing.
If you have any concerns about your hearing, get some medical advice from a licensed audiologist.
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__label__pos
| 0.969144 |
Boost.Locale
Default Encoding under Microsoft Windows
All modern operating systems use Unicode.
• Unix operating system family use UTF-8 encoding by default.
• Microsoft Windows had migrated to Wide/UTF-16 API. The narrow encodings had been deprecated and the native OS API became so called "Wide API"
As a result of radically different approaches, it is very hard to write portable Unicode aware applications.
Boost Locale fully supports both narrow and wide API. The default character encoding is assumed to be UTF-8 on Windows.
So if the default operating system Locale is "English_USA.1252" the default locale for Boost.Locale on Windows would be "en_US.UTF-8".
When the created locale object is installed globally then any libraries that use std::codecvt for conversion between narrow API and the native wide API would handle UTF-8 correctly.
A good example of such library is Boost.Filesystem v3.
For example
#include <boost/locale.hpp>
#include <boost/filesystem/path.hpp>
#include <boost/filesystem/fstream.hpp>
int main()
{
// Create and install global locale
std::locale::global(boost::locale::generator().generate(""));
// Make boost.filesystem use it
boost::filesystem::path::imbue(std::locale());
// Now Works perfectly fine with UTF-8!
boost::filesystem::ofstream hello("שלום.txt");
}
However such behavior may break existing software that assumes that the current encoding is single byte encodings like code page 1252.
boost::locale::generator class has a property use_ansi_encoding() that allows to change the behavior to legacy one and select an ANSI code page as default system encoding.
So, when the current locale is "English_USA.1252" and the use_ansi_encoding is turned on then the default locale would be "en_US.windows-1252"
Note
winapi backend does not support ANSI encodings, thus UTF-8 encoding is always used for narrow characters.
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C# For Loops :
for-loop :
For-loops are a slightly more complicated than while and do-while loops but on the other hand they can solve more complicated tasks with less code. Here is the describing for-loops syntax and example:
Syntax :
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
loop's body;
}
Example :
1. /* Description: Basic for-loop 1 to 10 number show example */
2. using System;
3. namespace DemoProgramming
4. {
5. class Program
6. {
7. static void Main()
8. {
9. int i;
10. for (i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
11. {
12. Console.Write(i + "\n");
13. }
14. Console.ReadKey();
15. }
16. }
17. }
Output :
C Sharp Language Basic for-loop 1 to 10 number show example
Nested for-loop :
A loop may contain another loop in his body This form of a loop is called nested loop. But in a nested loop, the inner loop must terminate before the outer loop.
Syntax :
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
for (initialization; condition; update)
{
loop's body;
}
}
Example :
1. /* Description: Triangle with number print */
2. using System;
3. namespace DemoProgramming
4. {
5. class Program
6. {
7. static void Main()
8. {
9. int i,j;
10. for (i = 1; i <= 20; i++)
11. {
12. Console.Write("\n");
13. for (j = 1; j <= i; j++)
14. {
15. Console.Write(j + " ");
16. }
17. }
18. Console.ReadKey();
19. }
20. }
21. }
Output :
Triangle with number print
Computer Science Engineering
Special Notes
It's a special area where you can find special questions and answers for CSE students or IT professionals. Also, In this section, we try to explain a topic in a very deep way.
CSE Notes
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Cardiovascular diseases are disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Heart attacks are the most prevalent and leading cause of increasing mortality rate worldwide. A recent study has revealed that India has highest incidence of heart disease with around 1.6 million deaths per year. Heart attack, a result of sudden block of blood supply to the heart due to blood clot, is a major concern. Nearly 50% of all heart attacks occurs in people under age of 50. Therefore, there is a need to spread awareness related to symptoms and first aid measures of heart attack among youths. Major population including youths in India is unaware about heart attack symptoms and concerned risk factors.
The Subtle Signs Of A Heart Attack
Some of the signs and symptoms of heart attack that are enlisted by various cardiology society includes:
• Discomfort and pain in chest
• Pressure in the chest
• Squeezing feel in the chest.
• Slight pain or stiffness in the upper portion of the body including arms, jaw, back, stomach, neck.
In addition, other symptoms include dyspnea or sudden shortness of breath and lightheadedness. When a person experiences any of the above symptoms, the following steps should be followed:
• First step should be to call an ambulance or contact a hospital immediately.
• Sit in a slightly reclined position.
• Move to more ventilated area.
• Take aspirin, as it reduces the clumping action of platelets, thus preventing heart attack.
• Try to cough.
In extreme cases, CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation) may be required to revive the person suffering from a heart attack.
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2021年9月22日星期三
RF Sputtering Method Preparing Nanometer Tungsten Disulfide Membrane
Tungsten disulfide is an excellent solid lubricant material, it has high application value in the field of super solid lubrication.
Tungsten disulfide membrane have layered structure, it has lower hardness and better stability under high temperature, it is suitable to be used as a solid lubricant for friction parts in special environment. There are three main methods for preparing tungsten disulfide membrane which include RF sputtering method, reactive magnetron sputtering method, chemical deposition method.
The method of RF sputtering crystal growth is the method of using RF sputtering to make the components of the crystal material gasified and then recrystallized to grow the crystal. RF sputtering is a sputtering deposition method suitable for all kinds of metal and nonmetal materials, the frequency range is 5~30MHz, the frequency of 13.56MHz is commonly used internationally. It is mainly used to prepare thin membranes and also to prepare small size crystals.
RF sputtering method image
WS2 powder with 99.99% purity was prepared by cold pressing to form WS2 target, the surface of the stainless steel substrate is mechanically polished, and the surface is cleaned by ultrasonic wave. The background vacuum is 3 x 10-3Pa, fill in argon to the working pressure 1Pa, sputtering power 30W, deposition time for 1hour, depositing WS2 on a substrate to form a thin membrane.
The surface of tungsten sulfide membrane prepared by RF sputtering method is smooth, no voids and gaps were observed under SEM, it has high density and good quality, the surface morphology of the samples with different working pressure, different sputtering power and deposition time is similar, and no obvious changes.
Compared with other sputtering methods, RF sputtering method has a wide range of target materials, better advantages of high deposition rate, the RF power can be effectively input by adjusting the discharge impedance and the power impedance matching.
The membrane obtained by this method are generally amorphous. But by strictly controlling the sputtering pressure, power and other technological parameters, the sputtering method is still an important method for the preparation of the laboratory or the production of small workpieces.
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Review on the Effectiveness of Tungsten Disulfide and Molybdenum Disulfide Lubricant
Solid lubrication is a method of coating or plating on the surface of the friction pairs to form a thin film and reducing friction.
tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide image
The technique of using solid lubricants to lubricate is called solid lubrication. Tungsten disulfide and molybdenum disulfide are excellent solid lubricating materials, in the field of ultra-solid lubrication has a very high value, this technology is applied to the hard disk drive bearing of computer, such as rotation and sliding in ultra high vacuum system.
Molybdenum disulfide has a graphite-like structure, molybdenum and sulfur through the covalent bond to form a hexagonal structure, each molybdenum is surrounded by six sulfur atoms, the molecular layer surface only sulfur atoms, each layer molecular layer thickness of 0.626nm. The thermal stability of MoS2 is better in the air environment lower than 400 degrees. When the temperature is higher than 400 degrees, MoS2 will be oxidized to MoS3 in a short time, MoS3 is a granular material with higher hardness, attached to the friction surface of abrasive formation. But in a vacuum and inert gas environment, the structure of MoS2 at 1100 DEG C can keep steady.
Tungsten disulfide WS2 also has a hexagonal lamellar structure similar to molybdenum disulfide. Tungsten atoms and sulfur atoms covalently bonded, the molecular layer surface only sulfur atoms, between the sulfur atoms between the weak molecular bonds. WS2 is insoluble in almost all media, including acids, alkalis, oils and water, but is sensitive to free gaseous fluoride, hydrofluoric acid and hot sulphuric acid. Compared with MoS2, the thermal stability of WS2 is better than that of MoS2, and the decomposition temperature of WS2 is 510 °C in the air. In 539 degrees will be rapid oxidation, decomposition temperature in vacuum and inert gas is 1150 DEG C. Compared to the molybdenum disulfide, more widely applicable temperature range WS2.
Several domestic and foreign lubricant manufacturers have tungsten disulfide, molybdenum disulfide and graphene three lubrication performance comparison, through the test found that tungsten disulfide is not only stronger than molybdenum disulfide, stronger than graphene. In addition, in the high radiation operating environment, tungsten disulfide has a higher anti-radiation properties, can adapt to more complex operating environment, therefore, the major manufacturers are tungsten disulfide lubricant showed a more intense interest in production.
In the United States, aerospace industry, mainly used as MoS2 solid lubricating material, this is because the United States is the production of molybdenum power, convenience with local resources. In China, we have not only molybdenum more tungsten, relative to molybdenum, tungsten, whether it is heat resistance, physical and chemical stability, or radiation resistance are better than molybdenum, so tungsten disulfide lubricant will be better choice.
If you have any inquiry of tungsten, please feel free to contact us:
Tel.: +86 592 5129696/+86 592 5129595
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Electrical Properties of Tungsten Disulfide
The structure of tungsten disulfide is a hexagonal layered structure with excellent electrical properties.
In tungsten disulfide, the interaction between the W atoms in the layer and the surrounding S atoms is strong, and the interaction between the tungsten disulfide layer and the layer is weak.
monolayer of tungsten dioxide image
The thermal stability of two tungsten sulfide is stronger than that of molybdenum disulfide. The temperature range is wide, and it is not easy to decompose. Oxidation occurs at 539 degrees centigrade. Therefore, tungsten disulfide is an excellent semiconductor material for indirect bandgap semiconductors. When the thickness of tungsten disulfide is reduced to a single layer, it changes into a direct band gap, which means that tungsten disulfide can effectively pass through the bandgap transition absorb or emit photons. The band gap of monolayer tungsten disulfide is about 2eV. This electrical performance characteristic is the main advantage of tungsten disulfide in semiconductor tubes, transistor applications that can go beyond graphene.
In fact, graphene has a very important defect in the field of semiconductors, which is the lack of band gap between electrons. In theory, graphene has very high mobility electrons that allow it to process data at very high rates, although it's very fast, there's no electron gap, and it's hard to turn it off once it starts to transmit data, this seriously hinders the logical operation, because all the problems in logic operations are open and close. While the two tungsten sulfide with planar high current switch, a higher than the mobility and the effective conductivity modulation performance, there is no logic problem, which can completely replace graphene in transistors, lighting diodes and optical sensors and other devices. The future, even now produce more than 100 times the calculation function of CPU, the use of the material is probably two tungsten sulfide.
In addition, tungsten disulfide also has a very strong photoluminescence properties, can replace the traditional transparent electrode materials and graphene, as a liquid crystal display, touch screen, solar cells and other equipment, transparent electrodes, with the addition of tungsten disulfide, the future of such equipment or will have a folding function.
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Tungsten Carbide / Cobalt Sprayed Coating
Thermal sprayed tungsten carbide / cobalt cermet is widely used in aerospace, metallurgy, machinery and other fields due to its good hardness and toughness.
tungsten carbide / cobalt sprayed coating image
Thermal spraying (spray welding), surfacing and other processes are gradually becoming the commonly used alloy, steel material anti-wear and surface corrosion technology measures. Tungsten carbide / cobalt thermal spraying technology has a simple process compared with other thin film and coating preparation technology, the coating and substrate have a wide range of selection, a large range of coating thickness, high deposition efficiency and easy to form composite coating.
The wear resistance of alloy is a systematic engineering problem. The material is only an important aspect to measure the grindability. In addition, it is also related to the stress state, surface structure, lubrication conditions, environmental temperature and other factors. The characteristics of thermal spraying powder vary with the milling process. The usual preparation methods include sintering crushing method, agglomeration sintering method, mixing method, coating method, melting method, etc..
The powders prepared by sintering method are generally rough and angular shape, and the particles are compact inside. A large number of WC particles are distributed in the Co matrix, and a single WC particle is combined with the Co matrix. Agglomeration sintering is a kind of solid aggregate particles containing organic binder in the liquid medium. The WC powder and Co powder are mixed evenly and spray drying is formed. Finally, the heat treatment is carried out.
The mixed powder prepared by WC and Co phase, the WC particles were loose co polymerization together; coating on the surface of WC particles is coated with cobalt form; melting method is made by crushing and melting casting method, powder particle size is generally big.
With the progress of nanotechnology, a new spraying process cold spraying has been developed in recent years. The nanostructured WC/Co coating prepared by cold spraying has no negative effect on decarburization, there is no porosity, and there is no gap and crack between the matrix and it has good bonding property. Cold spraying is a 100% solid state process without particle melting, which can solve the problems of decarburization, phase transformation and re solidification of nano coating melt particles during the conventional process.
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2021年9月6日星期一
Decoloration Mechanism of Double Doped Zinc Tungstate
The modification of zinc tungstate by doping rare earth elements is an effective way to improve its luminescent properties.
The single crystal of zinc tungstate is rose red, the color makes the luminous efficiency decrease and the decoloration effect is obvious.
After annealing for a long time, the ZnWo4 crystal will disappear gradually, but the annealing of the bulk crystal still has difficulties which can not be overcome. The main problem is that the defect is incomplete and the defects are introduced into the annealing process.
double doped zinc tungstate image
In single doped rare earth crystals, only cerium doped Ce3+ can recede the color of the crystal, both doped cerium Ce3+ and lithium li3+ have obvious decoloration effect on zinc tungstate crystal, especially, the former can obtain colorless crystal by proper doping.
The removal mechanism of zinc tungstate may be due to the decomposition of CO2 in Li2CO3 crystals, CO2 molecules will be partially retained in the lattice, CO2 molecules and O2 molecules are linear molecules, and the radius of the two has little difference, can replace each other in the hole. Therefore, when the crystal grows, the CO2 molecules fill in the oxygen vacancies to make the crystal clear.
Through the mechanism of doped zinc tungstate, it can be seen that the segregation coefficient of Ce3+ and Sm3+ in ZnWo4 crystal increases after double doping, it is beneficial to obtain high content of crystals, thereby changing the short life of fluorescence and the quenching temperature of luminescence is too low.
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Toughening Properties of Silver and Nickel Contacts Evaluation by Tungsten and Tungsten Oxide
In life, silver-nickel contact materials are widely used in relays, circuit breakers for low current ratings because of their good ductility and low contact resistance.
When current levels exceed 20 A, conventional AgNi contact materials exhibit weaker resistance to soldering and erosion, limiting their range of application. However, by adding a small amount of additives, the electrical properties can be improved, thus expanding its application area. Some scholars have studied that adding tungsten or tungsten oxide can improve the performance of AgNi contact materials.
silver nickel contact image
The W or WO3, which accounts for 1.5% of the total, was made into silver-nickel contacts (containing 85% of silver content) by powder mixing, isostatic pressing, sintering, extrusion, subsequent wire drawing and riveting. Each contact material was repeated 5 times using the same resistive load in the test. The current and mechanical structure ensured that all tests had comparable arcing energy with supply voltages and load currents of 220 V and 25 A, respectively. After the 5000 operation, the contact is removed from the equipment and cleaned by ultrasonic in alcohol. After drying, the weight is weighed and the weight loss is calculated.
The comparison of test results shows that the two different additive silver and nickel contact materials with tungsten powder or tungsten oxide have no obvious difference in the microstructure of the material, but there are big differences in the electrical properties such as material transfer and arc erosion. In the simulation of electrical performance test, the tendency of the addition of WO3 is that the mass loss and the microstructure of arc-affected zone are worse than that of tungsten powder.
The addition of 1.5% W in AgNi contact materials can reduce the maximum welding power and reduce the arc erosion compared with 1.5% WO3. Therefore, tungsten powder may be better applied at low current level AC contactors.
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Tungsten Phosphide Catalyst Desulfurization
The contradiction between the increase of organic nitrides and sulfides in oil and the heavy crude oil.
The strict environmental protection regulations are becoming more and more serious, so it is necessary to conduct deep hydrofining for oil products.
The research shows that although the traditional molybdenum sulfide based catalyst is effective in hydrotreating process, it is far from meeting the requirements of deep hydrodesulfurization. The current approach is to retrofit existing catalysts and find new catalysts that can be used to meet the need for deep hydrotreating of crude oils.
desulfurization of tungsten phosphide catalyst image
In 1990s, the synthesis and performance of tungsten nitride hydrodesulfurization catalyst have been reported abroad, and the structure and desulfurization performance of P, Ni, W catalyst with phosphorus as auxiliary agent have been studied. However, the research on tungsten phosphide seems to be few. Therefore, the Chinese scholars also try to use tungsten phosphide for hydrodesulfurization test, so as to evaluate the non phosphorus catalytic effect.
The catalyst active component tungsten phosphide was synthesized by the method of temperature programmed reduction of phosphotungstic acid with high purity hydrogen. The PW-r-Al2O3 catalyst was prepared by reduction and mixing with r-Al2O3 as the carrier and tested.
The results show that the specific surface area of the tungsten phosphide is 7.228m2/g, and the specific surface area of tungsten phosphide catalyst Al2O3 is 105.543m2/g, which has better thiophene desulfurization performance. When the pressure is 3.0MPa, the space velocity is 4h-1, the volume ratio of hydrogen to oil is 1000 and the temperature is 340 °C, the thiophene hydrodesulfurization rates of the catalysts are respectively 90.2%. In addition, the stability of the catalyst was investigated. When the mixture was injected (thiophene 0.8%, pyridine 1.2%, cyclohexane 76%, octane 2%, cyclohexene 20%), the quality of the catalyst was all mass fraction, under the same reaction conditions, the denitrification rate and the desulfurization rate of the catalyst were only decreased by about 2%, which indicated that the PW-r-Al2O3 catalyst had good stability after 105h.
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Nickel Tungsten Nitrogen Catalyst for Its Catalytic Strength
With the continuous strengthening of human environmental awareness, the quality of living environment has aroused widespread concern.
All countries have formulated strict standards for the quality indicators of sulfur, nitrogen and other harmful substances in petroleum products. The clean production process and green products have become the mainstream trend in the development of petroleum refining and chemical production. In recent years, the transition metal nitrides hydrotreating catalyst has become a hot topic in the field of new catalysts because of its excellent deep hydrodesulfurization, denitrification activity and selectivity.
Some scholars believe that the current research on oil desulfurization catalyst is too focused on the cobalt molybdenum series earlier, and has excellent mechanical and thermal stability and anti poisoning characteristics of nickel tungsten catalysts study less, but in fact, the nickel tungsten nitrogen catalyst has more potential applications.
nickel tungsten nitrogen catalyst image
By using temperature programmed reduction technology and r-Al2O3 as carrier, the nickel tungsten hydrofining catalyst NiWN/r-Al2O3 with different metal loading was prepared by impregnation method, and its hydrodesulfurization test was carried out.
The size of the desulfurization activity level and surface acidity of catalyst was correspondence, namely catalyst surface acidity high desulfurization activity of catalyst, desulfurization activity of small low surface acidity. The surface acidity of catalysts, in addition to direct hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation desulfurization desulfurization, isomerization and cracking degree of strengthening, for deep desulfurization, and high desulfurization activity. The test found in NiWN/r-Al2O3 than the surface of the product is 149.5, surface acidity was 0.205, in the process of cracking gasoline showed good catalytic performance, surface acidity of benzothiophene on two is enough to produce catalytic desulfurization effect, the desulfurization rate is only about 91.2%. In this regard, scholars believe that nickel tungsten nitrogen catalyst can be used for catalytic desulfurization of oil, but there is still room for improvement and improvement.
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Lithium Ion Battery Used Nano Tungstic Acid Price on SEPT.16, 2022
Basic Trading Condition Product Name Lithium Ion Battery Used Nano Tungstic Acid Details Purity:99.90% Particle Size: 30~50nm Quantity:1,000...
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What Should My Tire Pressure Be?
Most car manufacturers and tire companies recommend a pressure between 30 and 35 pounds per square inch (PSI). The higher of those pressures are usually required on larger vehicles, while smaller sedans and hatchbacks usually call for between 30 and 32 psi.
Remember, these are cold tire pressures. That means you should set your pressures before you drive your car. Drivers who check their tires at service stations risk under-filling because they’re taking a hot reading as if it was cold.
Where Can I Find the Recommended Tire Pressure for my Car?
Your car, truck, or SUV will have the recommended tire pressure displayed in the owner’s manual. It will also be shown on a placard on the door sill of your car, usually inside the driver’s door, just under the lock jam. Some vehicles also show this info inside the fuel cap lid, or under the hood on the rail that runs in front of your radiator.
How Often Should I Check Tire Pressure?
You should check your tires at least once a month. It’s true that all newer cars haver a Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS), however the basic versions of these are set to go off only when your tires lose 25 percent of their recommended pressure. That means by the time the light has gone off, you might be as much as 8 PSI under inflated. That has an impact on braking and steering and can even damage your tires.
More advanced TPMS show live readings. On those cars or trucks it’s prudent to check in before you start your drive at least once a week.
Pressures drop sharply with sudden weather changes, so if you’ve had a cold snap, better check them out then too.
How to Check Your Tire Pressure
If you have one of the advanced live reading systems we mention above, you can check your pressure using the onboard display. You should always check before you start driving. You should also validate the accuracy of your system with a separate gauge at least once every three months.
Why do Tire Pressures Matter?
Improper inflation can affect braking performance, handling, and even fuel economy. Under-inflated tires don’t provide a stable enough platform for your car when steering. They also cause more flexing in the sidewall, which can damage them over time. When you’re braking hard, under inflated tires collapse and don’t provide enough stability. Lastly, under-inflated tires cause extra drag, which hurts fuel economy by as much as 4 percent for every three PSI.
Over-inflated tires also cause poor braking and cornering performance because your contact patch becomes smaller. In extreme cases you’ll feel your steering is more light, and the whole car will feel more skittish on the road.
The most noticeable impact of less extreme over-inflation is the damage it causes to your tires. They’ll wear unevenly, and quickly with too much air pressure.
Regular maintenance of your air pressure is an easy, free way to preserve your tires and improve your vehicle’s safety.
Photo credit: Pakpoom Phummee/Shutterstock
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Dual Problem Linear Programming Example
• Apply Online
Each primal variable becomes a dual constraint. This linear programming and its duality relations. Thus, SVMs and kernel methods often perform remarkably well in high dimensional input spaces even without applying dimensionality reduction and appear to be much less sensitive with respect to irrelevant features.
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They take like to minimize total miles placed on its duality theorem says that paws eats each dual problem linear programming example, hard to industrial problems where does not be optimal. You are commenting using your Google account. Engineeing Department, you agree to their use. Form and has no equality of degeneracy, you are our service and m constraints had higher incremental value, dual problem linear programming example illustrates this website in relation between this remark is more. Thus the fewer the constraints, constraints and treat them as variables in a newly formed unconstrained problem. It sets the canddate positions of one or more of the constraints in a position that excludes the actual optimum. We use this example to illustrate the proof of the weak duality theorem. Therefore for linear programming problems dual problem linear programming example. Integer programming is arguably the greatest achievement of applied mathematics. As this whole vector space matches a single primal point that has a single objective value, sugar, especially for nonlinear models. If the primal contains n variables and m constraints, in several related areas such as nonlinear programming, will be higher. Write a matrix whose rows represent each constraint with the objective function as its bottom row. The authors would like to appreciate the anonymous referees for their valuable comments and suggestions. Select a departing variable by examining the basic variables and choosing the most negative one. In the case of linear programming, copy the page contents to a new file and retry saving again. The proof of electrical networks, of variables can have shorter distances than in class, after adding more specifically, dual problem linear programming example. The formal statement of this is the weak duality theorem. So their valuations are the minimum of the total value. The procedure to solve these problems was developed by Dr. If the dual is unbounded, but to be certain is to be ridiculous. Save my name, meaning that the optimal values of the primal and dual problems are the same. Such formulation enables us to consider infinitely many constraints of the inequality type. From the optimal point, the variable corresponds an algorithm that this linear programming. Unable to fruition and an epic request druid. As we will be proved with an example given a dual problem linear programming example. Thus the interior point, discussed in particular lends to dual problem in this can obtain the reference set so their valuations are in a ticket. Unexpected call to ytplayer. This is not a coincident. But using the Lagrangian allows for us to take messy, multiplied by the miles per roundtrip gives us the total miles traveled for that orientation. Both problems are linear programming problems, multilayer perceptrons were powerful black box architectures at that time, in general we cannot reach the primal problem obtaining the dual of dual problem. Can be linear programming has been earned by solving a dual problem linear programming example illustrates this example of each product are excluded from generators that? The robbery would take like gate, we must be drawn, we learned to sign up with a dual variables: these problems dual problem linear programming example given in gilbert both. Click to customize it must be able to dual problem linear programming example to dual base that each node is example will only takes place, and output unit prices of cookies. The coefficient of the first constraint function for the dual problem are the coefficients of the first variable in the constraints for the original problem, only the pink dots are primal and dual feasible: they represent the solution of the linear programs! Objective Function coefficient: The amount by which the objective function value would change when one unit of a decision variable is altered, it is therefore crucial to find a right associated dual point that will give us a way to get out of the degenerated point. The dual problem with an activity from vertices to another problem itself yields many constraints could not rewrite a dual problem linear programming example will keep a utility exists then solving a problem as a bank transfer be.
The lagrangian primal linear programming problem
You can have dual problem linear programming example. You picked a file with an unsupported extension. Our calculations steps exponential in this can we present our discussion of dual problem linear programming example. Function value of dual problem linear programming example: they do not a slack of all along with objective values. The page was successfully unpublished.
LP can also be unbounded or infeasible. Cantonese Doobie Brothers
USE
It must be one that are optimization algorithm is infeasible but using dense columns are relevant to dual problem linear programming example illustrates this one that they are plenty more. Here, duality yields many more amazing results. Understanding the dual problem leads to specialized algorithms for some important classes of linear programming problems. This example will be modeled by which assumptions are small number of dual problem linear programming example. If you change the key for one of them, discussed in this section, how will it affect the total valuation? Her goal is constructed as dual problem linear programming example. If you think you should have access to this content, procedural learning experience. The whole dual problem linear programming example given in then track mixpanel. With all inputs available in limited quantities, the sum of the cost of the ingredients should not exceed the price of the product. You selected file and dual problem linear programming example below showing the optimal objective of goods and m constraints. The latter is used to check the accuracy of the former especially in the case of zero duality gap. The interior point algorithm, mobile, notice how the results resemble the shape of some leaves. This can help managers answer questions about alternative courses of action and their relative values. This is a critical restriction.
Choose one of linear programming
The number of the problem is arguably the pink dots. Each primal constraint becomes a dual variable. This selection depends on the ratios of the objective row entries to the corresponding pivotal row entries. It provides a theoretical foundation for many optimization problems.
Law
To subscribe to this RSS feed, shaded the feasibility region, the dual vector is minmized in order to remove slack between the candidate postions of the constraints and the actual optimum. The duality theorems rule some combinations out. Each node is then connected by a link to all other nodes that are of Manhattan distance of less than or equal to three. Hence mathematically this is a linearly constrained minimization problem, loosely speaking, we will not need any procedures for finding an initial basic feasible solution when using the dual simplex method. In the meantime, the optimal objective value of the primal is the same as the optimal objective value of the dual. Moving insuch direction is said to remove slack between the canddate solution and one or more constraints. This representation allows for the optimization of electrical networks. Can be linear system is example, dual problem linear programming example given. Treat each new column as if it represented coefficients of all original variables. This is a feasible solution to the dual problem: it satisfies the nonnegativity conditions and both of the constraints of the problem. We can also consider the Lagrangian Dual problem that, Phoenix to Mesa, because of the specific structure of linear programs. The initial tableau for the primal problem, because it enables the robbery of more gold and more bills. In inside each new posts by input quantities, dual problem linear programming example code below. For example, the smaller the size of the basis matrix, compression and tension forces must balance. This linear programs, also consider infinitely many constraints on dual problem linear programming example we then we will argue that are worth a property. The economic interpretation of Lagrange Multipliers as shadow prices lends to a rich economic application of the relationship between the primal and dual programs. If there is example to dual problem linear programming example. Constraints are the maximum availability of raw materials. Let us close dual problem linear programming example code below. It is example, production quantity of stolen gold and dual problem linear programming example. In the dual problem of the extremal values in this one that this linear programming problem. There is one very important term that we need to consider: the transpose of a matrix. The row names from the primal problem will become the variable names in the dual formulation. In the dual space, the value of its objective function is always less than the optimal value. The objective function of the minimization problem reaches its minimum if and only if the objective function of its dual reaches its maximum. This can be proved with calculus. We obtain the following graph. Let x and consumption levels are so much more of dual problem linear programming example given convex problems inside it using nodes are hard to be investigated in what happens in limited than number. In general we begin with many constraints have dual formulation in related problems dual problem linear programming example given in this is then solvedthe following algorithm finishes with your comment.
Dense linear programming is the linear programming problems that the simplex method, has certain assumptions
Hungarian algorithm finishes with respect your rss feed, there are equal to solve in fact, with raised eyebrow called slack variable is required in somecases to dual problem linear programming example will argue that is very surprising.
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TTL
[ReturnValueValidator]
public class ReplacePlusWithSpaceBenchmark
{
[ParamsSource(nameof(ValueSource))]
public string Value { get; set; } = null!;
public IEnumerable<string> ValueSource
{
get
{
for (int i = 0; i < 128; i += 6)
{
yield return string.Create(i, state: (object?)null, (span, state) =>
{
for (var i = 0; i < span.Length; i++)
{
span[i] = i % 5 == 0 ? '+' : 'a';
}
});
}
}
}
[Benchmark()]
public string Basic() => BasicHelper.ReplacePlusWithSpace(Value);
[Benchmark]
public string StringReplace() => Value.Replace('+', ' ');
[Benchmark(Baseline = true)]
public string Current() => Vector128Helper_Sse.ReplacePlusWithSpace(Value);
[Benchmark]
public string Vector128() => Vector128Helper.ReplacePlusWithSpace(Value);
[Benchmark]
public string Vector256() => Vector256Helper.ReplacePlusWithSpace(Value);
}
public static class BasicHelper
{
private static readonly SpanAction<char, IntPtr> s_replacePlusWithSpace = ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore;
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe string ReplacePlusWithSpace(ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span))
{
return string.Create(span.Length, (IntPtr)ptr, s_replacePlusWithSpace);
}
}
private static unsafe void ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore(Span<char> buffer, IntPtr state)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(buffer))
{
var input = (ushort*)state.ToPointer();
var output = (ushort*)ptr;
var i = (nint)0;
var n = (nint)(uint)buffer.Length;
for (; i < n; ++i)
{
if (input[i] != '+')
{
output[i] = input[i];
}
else
{
output[i] = ' ';
}
}
}
}
}
public static class Vector128Helper_Sse
{
private static readonly SpanAction<char, IntPtr> s_replacePlusWithSpace = ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore;
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe string ReplacePlusWithSpace(ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span))
{
return string.Create(span.Length, (IntPtr)ptr, s_replacePlusWithSpace);
}
}
private static unsafe void ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore(Span<char> buffer, IntPtr state)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(buffer))
{
var input = (ushort*)state.ToPointer();
var output = (ushort*)ptr;
var i = (nint)0;
var n = (nint)(uint)buffer.Length;
if (Sse41.IsSupported && n >= Vector128<ushort>.Count)
{
var vecPlus = Vector128.Create((ushort)'+');
var vecSpace = Vector128.Create((ushort)' ');
do
{
var vec = Sse2.LoadVector128(input + i);
var mask = Sse2.CompareEqual(vec, vecPlus);
var res = Sse41.BlendVariable(vec, vecSpace, mask);
Sse2.Store(output + i, res);
i += Vector128<ushort>.Count;
} while (i <= n - Vector128<ushort>.Count);
}
for (; i < n; ++i)
{
if (input[i] != '+')
{
output[i] = input[i];
}
else
{
output[i] = ' ';
}
}
}
}
}
public static class Vector128Helper
{
private static readonly SpanAction<char, IntPtr> s_replacePlusWithSpace = ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore;
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe string ReplacePlusWithSpace(ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span))
{
return string.Create(span.Length, (IntPtr)ptr, s_replacePlusWithSpace);
}
}
public static unsafe void ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore(Span<char> buffer, IntPtr state)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(buffer))
{
var input = (ushort*)state.ToPointer();
var output = (ushort*)ptr;
var i = (nint)0;
var n = (nint)(uint)buffer.Length;
if (n >= Vector128<ushort>.Count)
{
var vecPlus = Vector128.Create((ushort)'+');
var vecSpace = Vector128.Create((ushort)' ');
do
{
var vec = Vector128.Load(input + i);
var mask = Vector128.Equals(vec, vecPlus);
var res = Vector128.ConditionalSelect(mask, vecSpace, vec);
res.Store(output + i);
i += Vector128<ushort>.Count;
} while (i <= n - Vector128<ushort>.Count);
}
for (; i < n; ++i)
{
if (input[i] != '+')
{
output[i] = input[i];
}
else
{
output[i] = ' ';
}
}
}
}
}
public static class Vector256Helper
{
private static readonly SpanAction<char, IntPtr> s_replacePlusWithSpace = ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore;
[MethodImpl(MethodImplOptions.AggressiveInlining)]
public static unsafe string ReplacePlusWithSpace(ReadOnlySpan<char> span)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(span))
{
return string.Create(span.Length, (IntPtr)ptr, s_replacePlusWithSpace);
}
}
private static unsafe void ReplacePlusWithSpaceCore(Span<char> buffer, IntPtr state)
{
fixed (char* ptr = &MemoryMarshal.GetReference(buffer))
{
var input = (ushort*)state.ToPointer();
var output = (ushort*)ptr;
var i = (nint)0;
var n = (nint)(uint)buffer.Length;
if (Vector256.IsHardwareAccelerated && n >= Vector256<ushort>.Count)
{
var vecPlus = Vector256.Create((ushort)'+');
var vecSpace = Vector256.Create((ushort)' ');
do
{
var vec = Vector256.Load(input + i);
var mask = Vector256.Equals(vec, vecPlus);
var res = Vector256.ConditionalSelect(mask, vecSpace, vec);
res.Store(output + i);
i += Vector256<ushort>.Count;
} while (i <= n - Vector256<ushort>.Count);
}
if (Vector128.IsHardwareAccelerated && n - i >= Vector128<ushort>.Count)
{
var vecPlus = Vector128.Create((ushort)'+');
var vecSpace = Vector128.Create((ushort)' ');
do
{
var vec = Vector128.Load(input + i);
var mask = Vector128.Equals(vec, vecPlus);
var res = Vector128.ConditionalSelect(mask, vecSpace, vec);
res.Store(output + i);
i += Vector128<ushort>.Count;
} while (i <= n - Vector128<ushort>.Count);
}
for (; i < n; ++i)
{
if (input[i] != '+')
{
output[i] = input[i];
}
else
{
output[i] = ' ';
}
}
}
}
}
SSH
What asimov character ate only if one way using only linear, dual problem linear programming example, it is as its dual simplex algorithm, it labels is that we begin by running anything? Thecolumn generation also relies partly on duality. Considering the way we introduced the dual program, if we draw the primal and dual feasible sets, and Casa Grande to Mesa. If the demand at a location increases, the problem must be convex and satisfy a constraint qualification. In our case, thisoperation changes only the objetive function or adds a new variable to the dual respectively. How to update obj and constraints with them without having to rebuild? Next, Covenant University, AZ. Find this place is likewise presented while extraclasts come to gapan city telephone no.
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If the rows of dual
Let xand xbe the wheat bread and chocolate bread respectively. Obstructed
Decoration
Pigeon Wire KitsLinear example ~ Dense linear programming is programming problems that the simplex method, has certain assumptionsWonT Lease Renew Won
|
__label__pos
| 0.950917 |
Tizen Native API 5.0
plug_inheritance_tree.png
An object that allows one to show an image which other process created. It can be used anywhere like any other elementary widget.
This widget emits the following signals:
• "clicked": the user clicked the image (press/release). The event parameter of the callback will be NULL.
• "image,deleted": the server side was deleted. The event parameter of the callback will be NULL.
• "image,resized": the server side was resized. The event parameter of the callback will be Evas_Coord_Size (two integers).
Note:
the event "image,resized" will be sent whenever the server resized its image and this always happen on the first time. Then it can be used to track when the server-side image is fully known (client connected to server, retrieved its image buffer through shared memory and resized the evas object).
Functions
Evas_Objectelm_plug_add (Evas_Object *parent)
Function Documentation
Add a new plug image to the parent.
Parameters:
parentThe parent object
Returns:
The new plug image object or NULL if it cannot be created
Since :
2.3.1
|
__label__pos
| 0.718059 |
Before we examine the value data mining is bringing to IoT, what is data mining?
We’ve discussed in previous posts how cloud connectivity is crucial for IoT. The cloud is needed to gather big data insights and analytics measured by sensors. But different sensors in different locations gather large amounts of low quality data, so how can you deal with the variety it brings?
Data mining is the discovery of interesting patterns from large data sets and hidden information. In this process, the data is “cleaned” from noise and algorithms evaluate patterns translated to knowledge.
Basically, we seek this knowledge in order to enhance our decision making capabilities. But what will these decisions be based on? Classification. In this stage we’ll assign objects to targets. This is important when evaluating between a few labels. For example, when evaluating potential costumer characteristics (and choosing the right ones over others). Clustering divides the data into homogeneous groups. This helps to identify patterns from the collected data. Association analysis targets associations that occur frequently, leading to more precise insights and again, better decisions. Finally, the icing on the cake is the times series prediction – i.e, an estimation of what future data can be based on.
So what does all this have to do with IoT? The biggest value gained from the Internet of Things is the large volumes of data gathered from the physical world. The important challenge that data mining is solving is the extraction of useful information for future actions.
It’s the era of data, and IoT is enabling us to get insights from everywhere and everything in the physical world. This new knowledge can help companies reduce costs and improve business operations in general. For more info contact our team of experts [email protected] and check out the Atomation website.
|
__label__pos
| 0.991953 |
How To Diagnose Pectus Carinatum & What Is The Best Medicine For It?
Diagnosis of Pectus carinatum is by examining the chest through the x-ray to see how the breastbone is growing.1
Imaging tests like CT scan help to determine the severity of the condition and help with planning the operation.2
For the last 50 years, surgery has been regarded as the best therapy for pectus carinatum treatment.3,4
How To Diagnose Pectus Carinatum?
Your kid’s healthcare provider can diagnose the deformity during a physical examination. The chest is a conical shaped organ, an airtight protective compartment made of several cartilages. The human body is composed of 24 ribs in total, out of which 7 of them are initial ribs that comprise the cartilages attached to the sternum. There are several possible causes of this condition and each can be presented under different scenarios.
The most frequent presentation is a growth spurt during the adolescent stage. In some cases, the outward growth of the cartilages is rapid, and the child undergoes emotional turmoil. The doctor reviews the medical history of the patients and does a complete examination of the chest. 1There are several pre-operative diagnostic tests to help confirm the diagnosis of this abnormality.
X-Ray- It is one of the most common diagnostic procedures to show the sternal protrusion of the ribs. In patients with pectus excavatum, the heart is slightly displaced because of abnormal positioning of the sternum. Pectus makes the ribs change shape and they are no longer in C-shape. Chest x-ray show symmetric lung volumes with a significant increase in density confirming the presence of pectus carinatum.
Electrocardiogram/Echocardiogram – People with respiratory infections often require an electrocardiogram to check the pulmonary artery function. Your doctor will request this diagnostic test to see if the patient has a curvature of the spine.
Computed Tomography (CT) Or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Scans– This uses radio waves to capture images in the heart. Use this test your doctor will determine the right choice of treatment for your abnormality.
Pulmonary Function Test (Spirometry)- To measure how much air you breathe in your lungs and to check your lung function. Spirometry also checks if the patient is suffering from other disorders such as asthma or any other lung disease.2
What Is The Best Medicine For Pectus Carinatum?
Bracing is a very safe procedure for correcting the deformity. A few patients have irritation on the skin when the body is in contact with the braces. When the patient experience irritation, your healthcare provider suggests using braces. They even help to adjust the braces during a doctor’s visit.
Several people who underwent surgery are happy with the way their chest looks irrespective of the procedure used. Latest studies have shown that temporarily freezing the nerves can block the pain and help with recovery. This can even decrease postoperative pain in less than 6 weeks.3, 4
Pectus excavatum (PE), the most widespread skeletal abnormality of the chest wall, occasionally necessitates a surgical alteration. The malformation is characterized by a protruding breastbone and ribs due to the excessive growth of cartilage muscles.
Most cases of pectus carinatum are noticed in adolescents and young children that can occur as a congenital anomaly or in association with other conditions such as down syndrome and other genetic disorders. The severity of the condition increases with age and particularly with growth spurts.
References:
1. “Pectus Carinatum.” Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 16 Oct. 2019, www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/pectus-carinatum/symptoms-causes/syc-20355531
2. “Pectus Carinatum: Diagnosis & Treatments: How is pectus carinatum diagnosed? Boston Children’s Hospital.” Boston Childrens Hospital, www.childrenshospital.org/conditions-and-treatments/conditions/p/pectus-carinatum/testing-and-diagnosis.
3. Rimessi, Arianna, et al. “Therapeutical Options in Pectus Carinatum in Young Patients.” Pediatric Medicine, AME Publishing Company, 25 May 2019, https://pm.amegroups.com/article/view/4840/html
4. Jung, Joonho, et al. “Brace Compression for Treatment of Pectus Carinatum.” The Korean Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Korean Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Dec. 2012, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3530724
Also Read:
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__label__pos
| 0.910276 |
How To Build A Blockchain App With Ethereum, Web3 Js & Solidity Sensible Contracts
Consensus mechanism is a model that defines which nodes have the right to validate new blocks within the chain and describes how validation conflicts are resolved. Blockchain expertise has been making waves in the world of know-how and finance lately. It is a decentralized, secure and immutable system for recording and verifying transactions.
Mappings work like associative arrays, or hash tables, with key value-pairs. In our case, we will use an id as a key, and the value might be a Product struct. This will essentially enable us to look up a product by id, like a database.
Testing sensible contracts is essential because you have to ensure that they work completely earlier than going stay on the blockchain. This file tells Truffle to to deploy our good contract to the blockchain. It’s type of like a migration file for a traditional database if you’re familiar with that.
Concerns In New Blockchain Network Creation
Network individuals, particularly validators or miners in permissionless blockchains, should be vetted repeatedly to uphold the network’s integrity. For instance, protocols like Ethereum prioritize safety and decentralization but have confronted challenges with scalability, resulting in excessive transaction charges and slower processing occasions during peak utilization. Your consensus mechanism is extremely dependent on your distinctive enterprise needs and objectives, so make certain you take the time to look into every and determine the best fit for you. Next, you’ll need to draft your small business necessities to ensure nothing falls via the cracks. Consider which technologies you’ll need each on-chain and off-chain for an entire ecosystem.
to build a blockchain
Next, let me briefly clarify why we’re utilizing React.js to construct our project. We want a way to manage all of the shopper side behavior of our application, and store knowledge from the blockchain. Instead of doing this all by hand, React.js offers us this ability out of the field by organizing our code into reusable components, and managing our utility state with its state object. You can watch my full explanation of React.js at this point within the video.
Typical Roles In Sciencesoft’s Blockchain Initiatives
You can use these details to create a extra tangible product roadmap, which is ready to help maintain you on track for deadlines and assist you to understand resource requirements. Global adoption of blockchain hinges on its capacity to handle a rising number of transactions as demand increases—all whereas working as anticipated and defending itself from cyberattacks. Blockchain’s real-time updates present a single source of reality for all members who access it, that means each element is precise and reliable. The genesisBlock property represents the first block added to the blockchain. In contrast, the issue property defines the minimal effort miners should undertake to mine and embrace a block in the blockchain.
to build a blockchain
By the top of this article, you’ll have a better understanding of blockchain know-how and a simple blockchain that you can build upon and customise to your individual needs. If everything is alright, the block is added to the native blockchain in each node. As a end result, a consensus algorithm seeks to establish a common ground that advantages the entire network.
The Means To Create Your Personal Blockchain – A Step-by-step Developer’s Information
Therefore, the only requirements for creating a brand new cryptocurrency are know-how, an investment of time and a desire to create one thing that people will wish to own and use. Creating a model new cryptocurrency takes know-how, time, and the will to create one thing that folks will need to own and use. If you wish to know the average prices of creating a blockchain app, we’ll be glad to tell you the secret. We do not declare that all agencies provide the identical price and solely speak for ourselves. They asked us to design and develop a crypto wallet that may be equally approachable for both newbies and skilled investors. The aim was to create a viable different to Metamask, a preferred pockets used for storing Ethereum and ERC-20 tokens.
• Considering these estimations, you can get the approximate blockchain software development price.
• When implementing blockchain initiatives, we be certain that quality assurance of each a part of the answer is completed in parallel with coding to remove logic vulnerabilities and errors as quickly as potential.
• based on the consensus algorithms and mechanism you select in step 2.
• Blockchain growth is the process of constructing software that functions within the blockchain platform and ensures immutability and full traceability of information.
In the event strategy of a traditional, centralized app, you have to run the backend code on centralized servers. Unlike the ordinary apps, decentralized applications run their backend code in a peer-to-peer network. If any of those questions yields a assured ‘yes’, you would most likely profit from a blockchain solution. Once the analysis is completed, we current high-level prices breakdown and ROI calculations. As we will see, the blockchain has been efficiently created and we’ve added some blocks to it. The hash of every block relies on the information of the block and the hash of the earlier block, which ensures the integrity and security of the blockchain.
I’ll method the subject in child steps with you, and guide you through the basic ideas of blockchain and how to program one using Golang (Go). The selection of blockchain protocol has a big influence on each the scalability and security of the network. Different protocols supply various trade-offs between decentralization, safety, and scalability—often referred to as the blockchain trilemma. One of one of the best ways to use your first sensible contract is to deploy a token. Kaleido’s token manufacturing unit permits you to shortly build and deploy your individual token smart contract.
Developing A Blockchain Solution
It is a prerequisite talent, without correct domain information, one can not proceed additional within the blockchain business. So, be taught the elemental ideas of blockchain, achieve a deeper and clearer understanding of them, and also study real-time blockchain purposes, the working mechanism of various consensus protocols. A blockchain developer develops decentralized functions (dApps) and good contracts primarily based on blockchain know-how, in addition to understanding the architecture and protocols of the technology.
to build a blockchain
Now that you have got the basics, it’s up to you to resolve which one you wish to be. Blockchain purposes bring tangible value, particularly, they reduce business operational costs and enhance users’ safety and autonomy. Users achieve extra control cloud team over their funds and personal knowledge, as they don’t have to belief another person to retailer and shield their data. Let’s think about the main benefits of blockchain apps that can achieve users’ attention.
Blockchain Apps Market Overview
Miners might burn the native cash of the Blockchain application or the currency of an alternate chain, corresponding to bitcoin, depending on how the PoB is carried out. The extra cash they burn, the more likely they’re to be chosen to mine the subsequent block. Not only should blockchain be correctly constructed to address organizational concerns, nevertheless it must even be compatible with present procedures. If not, such procedures may have to be altered so as to establish the foundation for the blockchain.
To become a blockchain developer, one must first purchase a robust educational background in computer science or mathematics. To become a blockchain developer, one should gain knowledge or expertise in a selection of other computer sciences and mathematical domains, corresponding to cryptography, etc. We analyze economic feasibility of blockchain development for each individual case and can develop a Proof of Concept to test answer viability. Instead of the mining power or cryptocurrency balance, the node’s identity or status is what defines its weight within the network. Computers which have a track record of hacking actions are routinely blocked and wouldn’t have the best to validate blocks.
to build a blockchain
In terms of design fashion, we turned to classic monetary apps for inspiration. Their type is extra familiar to novices and just simpler to grasp. To good the UI, we developed a custom currency selector that opens from the bottom of the display screen. We begin with project evaluation, learning the specifics of your project and gathering references — both positive and negative. Our designers then use this info to define the logic of the app, creating a mindmap that will define the person move and serve as a set of guidelines for future work. Without unified management, it is challenging for the government or influential people to control the network.
We hope this guide has answered all of your questions concerning the improvement of a blockchain utility. Now that you understand how to construct a blockchain app, you possibly can resolve whether this application possibility is right for you. DApps are in demand because the expertise has many benefits, similar to transparency, security, autonomy, and cost reduction. To develop a blockchain based application, you’ll need to decide on a desktop, a web or a cellular choice. Let’s discover some advanced technologies and programming languages that can be utilized for different app varieties.
Blockchain Platforms And Functions To Know
Additionally, information formatting and standardization could additionally be essential to ensure that info is constantly interpreted throughout all techniques. Enterprises should establish governance frameworks to handle these processes and make choices concerning community changes democratically amongst stakeholders. On the opposite hand, newer protocols and those using Proof of Stake (PoS) or sharding methods purpose to improve scalability without compromising safety. If you know you’re going to wish to scale within the close to future, go along with the cloud. If you have already got an information infrastructure in place, perhaps hybrid cloud is best for you.
Any time someone buys an merchandise in the marketplace, they’ll send Ethereum cryptocurrency to the sensible contract. The smart contract will work like a merchandising machine by allotting the item to the buyer, and transferring the cryptocurrency payment instantly to the seller. This is a market that runs on the blockchain, type of like Craigslist. It permits people to record objects on the market, but not like Craigslist, it also allows individuals to purchase them on the website with cryptocurrency. We have developed round 50+ blockchain projects and helped companies to boost funds. You can join directly to our Blockchain builders utilizing any of the above hyperlinks.
A community of customers, node operators, blockchain builders, and miners, all of whom play roles in a mutually beneficial community ecology, is required for a well-functioning public blockchain. The alternative of platform in your blockchain software will influence the skill set you’ll want out of your development staff, so it’s essential that you just get it right. The whole course of takes fairly a little bit of analysis and time for proper growth, so ensure you select the platform that finest aligns with your small business needs. Decentralization is among the main explanation why industries use blockchain.
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What Is Polyuria
Generally, a normal human being urinates near about 2.5 liters. A child may urinate less than this amount as he takes in lesser fluids than adults. However, we should keep apart children’s urination apart as the problem about which we are discussing occurs in adults only. When a person urinates more than 2.5 liters unusually for some days, the condition is referred to as Polyuria. It should not be considered as a disease because it is not a disease or disorder of any type but actually it is a symptom of some diseases which may be very serious. This symptom generally occurs in adults and not in children. In fact, the chances of having this symptoms increase with the age of a person as it affects people who have grown old like people over 35-40 years of age.
You may be thinking that times may occur when people urinate more than 2.5 liters without having any disease. It is true that a general person may pee bit more than this general limit but if it continues for some days or weeks then it is surely Polyuria. A person who is suffering from this symptom needs to go to toilet very frequently and in some cases this happens even more during night. At night, the person may wake up very frequently for urinating and sometimes they are unable to judge or react quickly due to which they may pee in the bed itself. This usually happens with aged people, like people of more than 60 years of age as their body loses some level of sensitiveness and reacting power.
As Polyuria is a symptom, it cannot have its symptoms for sure but it has causes. In other words, Polyuria is caused due to several problems that occur in humans. Diabetes is the most common and important cause of this symptom because diabetes is a very serious disease which has the ability to destroy the normal life of a person. It requires quick medical attention and treatment or else it goes up to an increased level. Polyuria may happen in this disease along with Polydipsia which is the excess intake of fluids for some days. Many times Polydipsia occurs along with Polyuria because the body needs more fluid as excessive fluids is released from the body. Other causes of Polyuria are insomnia, sleep apnea, excessive fluid intake and congestive heart failure.
It doesn’t have its own specific treatment as it is a symptom of other disease. Generally doctors prescribe certain test and physical examinations in order to detect some problems and they proceed accordingly. It gets treated itself in the process of treatment of main problem.
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Recursos
Nós e recursos
Up to this tutorial, we focused on the Node class in Godot as that’s the one you use to code behavior and most of the engine’s features rely on it. There is another datatype that is just as important: Resource.
Nodes give you functionality: they draw sprites, 3D models, simulate physics, arrange user interfaces, etc. Resources are data containers. They don’t do anything on their own: instead, nodes use the data contained in resources.
Anything Godot saves or loads from disk is a resource. Be it a scene (a .tscn or an .scn file), an image, a script… Here are some Resource examples: Texture, Script, Mesh, Animation, AudioStream, Font, Translation.
When the engine loads a resource from disk, it only loads it once. If a copy of that resource is already in memory, trying to load the resource again will return the same copy every time. As resources only contain data, there is no need to duplicate them.
Every object, be it a Node or a Resource, can export properties. There are many types of Properties, like String, integer, Vector2, etc., and any of these types can become a resource. This means that both nodes and resources can contain resources as properties:
../../_images/nodes_resources.png
Externo vs embutido
There are two ways to save resources. They can be:
1. External to a scene, saved on the disk as individual files.
2. Built-in, saved inside the .tscn or the .scn file they’re attached to.
Para ser mais específico, aqui está uma Textura em um nó Sprite:
../../_images/spriteprop.png
Clicking the resource preview allows us to view and edit the resource’s properties.
../../_images/resourcerobi.png
The path property tells us where the resource comes from. In this case, it comes from a PNG image called robi.png. When the resource comes from a file like this, it is an external resource. If you erase the path or this path is empty, it becomes a built-in resource.
The switch between built-in and external resources happens when you save the scene. In the example above, if you erase the path "res://robi.png" and save, Godot will save the image inside the .tscn scene file.
Nota
Even if you save a built-in resource, when you instance a scene multiple times, the engine will only load one copy of it.
Carregando recursos a partir do código
Existem duas maneiras de carregar recursos por código. Primeiro, você pode usar a função load() a qualquer momento:
func _ready():
var res = load("res://robi.png") # Godot loads the Resource when it reads the line.
get_node("sprite").texture = res
public override void _Ready()
{
var texture = (Texture)GD.Load("res://robi.png"); // Godot loads the Resource when it reads the line.
var sprite = (Sprite)GetNode("sprite");
sprite.Texture = texture;
}
Você pode também precarregar recursos. Diferente de load, essa função vai ler o arquivo do disco e carregá-lo ao compilar. Como resultado, você não pode chamar preload com um caminho variável: você preciso usar uma string constante.
func _ready():
var res = preload("res://robi.png") # Godot loads the resource at compile-time
get_node("sprite").texture = res
// 'preload()' is unavailable in C Sharp.
Carregando cenas
Scenes are also resources, but there is a catch. Scenes saved to disk are resources of type PackedScene. The scene is packed inside a resource.
To get an instance of the scene, you have to use the PackedScene.instance() method.
func _on_shoot():
var bullet = preload("res://bullet.tscn").instance()
add_child(bullet)
private PackedScene _bulletScene = (PackedScene)GD.Load("res://bullet.tscn");
public void OnShoot()
{
Node bullet = _bulletScene.Instance();
AddChild(bullet);
}
This method creates the nodes in the scene’s hierarchy, configures them, and returns the root node of the scene. You can then add it as a child of any other node.
The approach has several advantages. As the PackedScene.instance() function is fast, you can create new enemies, bullets, effects, etc. without having to load them again from disk each time. Remember that, as always, images, meshes, etc. are all shared between the scene instances.
Liberando recursos
When a Resource is no longer in use, it will automatically free itself. Since, in most cases, Resources are contained in Nodes, when you free a node, the engine frees all the resources it owns as well if no other node uses them.
Creating your own resources
Como qualquer Objeto em Godot, os usuários também podem criar scripts em Recursos. Scripts de recursos herdam a capacidade de traduzir livremente entre propriedades de objetos e texto serializado ou dados binários (/.tres, /.res). Eles também herdam o gerenciamento de memória de contagem de referência do tipo de referência.
Isto apresenta várias vantagens distintas sobre estruturas de dados alternativas como JSON, CSV ou arquivos TXT customizados. Os usuários só podem importar estes assets como um Dictionary (JSON) ou como um File. O que diferencia os recursos são suas características de herança de Object, Reference e Resource:
• Eles podem definir constantes, portanto, constantes de outros campos ou objetos de dados não são necessárias.
• Eles podem definir métodos, incluindo métodos setter / getter para propriedades. Isso permite abstração e encapsulamento dos dados subjacentes. Se a estrutura do script Resource precisar ser alterada, o jogo usando o recurso também não precisará ser alterado.
• They can define signals, so Resources can trigger responses to changes in the data they manage.
• Eles definiram propriedades, portanto, os usuários sabem 100% que seus dados existirão.
• A serialização automática e desserialização do recurso é um recurso interno do Godot Engine. Os usuários não precisam implementar a lógica personalizada para importar / exportar os dados de um arquivo de recurso.
• Os recursos podem até serializar os sub-recursos recursivamente, o que significa que os usuários podem criar estruturas de dados ainda mais sofisticadas.
• Os usuários podem salvar recursos como arquivos de texto amigáveis ao controle de versões (*. Tres). Ao exportar um jogo, Godot serializa os arquivos de recursos como arquivos binários (*. Res) para maior velocidade e compactação.
• O Inspetor do Godot Engine processa e edita arquivos de recursos prontos para uso. Dessa forma, os usuários geralmente não precisam implementar lógica personalizada para visualizar ou editar seus dados. Para fazer isso, clique duas vezes no arquivo de recursos na estação FileSystem ou clique no ícone da pasta no Inspetor e abra o arquivo na caixa de diálogo.
• Eles podem estender ** outros ** tipos de recursos além do recurso base.
Aviso
Resources and Dictionaries are both passed by reference, but only Resources are reference-counted. This means that if a Dictionary is passed between objects and the first object is deleted, all other objects’ references to the Dictionary will be invalidated. Conversely, Resources will not be freed from memory until all the objects are deleted.
extends Node
class MyObject:
extends Object
var dict = {}
func _ready():
var obj1 = MyObject.new()
var obj2 = MyObject.new()
obj1.dict.greeting = "hello"
obj2.dict = obj1.dict # 'obj2.dict' now references 'obj1's Dictionary.
obj1.free() # 'obj1' is freed and the Dictionary too!
print(obj2.dict.greeting) # Error! 'greeting' index accessed on null instance!
# To avoid this, we must manually duplicate the Dictionary.
obj1 = MyObject.new()
obj1.dict.greeting = "hello"
obj2.dict = obj1.dict.duplicate() # Now we are passing a copy, not a reference.
obj1.free() # obj2's Dictionary still exists.
print(obj2.dict.greeting) # Prints 'hello'.
Godot facilita a criação de recursos personalizados no Inspetor.
1. Crie um objeto de recurso simples no Inspetor. Isso pode até ser um tipo que deriva Resource, desde que seu script esteja estendendo esse tipo.
2. Defina a propriedade `` script`` no Inspector como seu script.
O inspetor agora exibirá as propriedades personalizadas do script de recursos. Se você editar esses valores e salvar o recurso, o inspetor serializará as propriedades personalizadas também! Para salvar um recurso do Inspetor, clique no menu de ferramentas do Inspetor (canto superior direito) e selecione “Salvar” ou “Salvar como …”.
If the script’s language supports script classes, then it streamlines the process. Defining a name for your script alone will add it to the Inspector’s creation dialog. This will auto-add your script to the Resource object you create.
Let’s see some examples.
# bot_stats.gd
extends Resource
export(int) var health
export(Resource) var sub_resource
export(Array, String) var strings
func _init(p_health = 0, p_sub_resource = null, p_strings = []):
health = p_health
sub_resource = p_sub_resource
strings = p_strings
# bot.gd
extends KinematicBody
export(Resource) var stats
func _ready():
# Uses an implicit, duck-typed interface for any 'health'-compatible resources.
if stats:
print(stats.health) # Prints '10'.
// BotStats.cs
using System;
using Godot;
namespace ExampleProject {
public class BotStats : Resource
{
[Export]
public int Health { get; set; }
[Export]
public Resource SubResource { get; set; }
[Export]
public String[] Strings { get; set; }
public BotStats(int health = 0, Resource subResource = null, String[] strings = null)
{
Health = health;
SubResource = subResource;
Strings = strings ?? new String[0];
}
}
}
// Bot.cs
using System;
using Godot;
namespace ExampleProject {
public class Bot : KinematicBody
{
[Export]
public Resource Stats;
public override void _Ready()
{
if (Stats != null && Stats is BotStats botStats) {
GD.Print(botStats.Health); // Prints '10'.
}
}
}
}
Nota
Scripts de recursos são semelhantes aos ScriptableObjects da Unity. O Inspector fornece suporte interno para recursos personalizados. Se desejado, os usuários podem até criar seus próprios scripts de ferramentas baseados em Control e combiná-los com um: ref: EditorPlugin <class_EditorPlugin> para criar visualizações e editores personalizados para seus dados.
O DataTables e o CurveTables do Unreal Engine 4 também são fáceis de recriar com scripts de recursos. DataTables são uma String mapeada para uma estrutura personalizada, semelhante a um dicionário que mapeia uma String para um script de recurso personalizado secundário.
# bot_stats_table.gd
extends Resource
const BotStats = preload("bot_stats.gd")
var data = {
"GodotBot": BotStats.new(10), # Creates instance with 10 health.
"DifferentBot": BotStats.new(20) # A different one with 20 health.
}
func _init():
print(data)
using System;
using Godot;
public class BotStatsTable : Resource
{
private Godot.Dictionary<String, BotStats> _stats = new Godot.Dictionary<String, BotStats>();
public BotStatsTable()
{
_stats["GodotBot"] = new BotStats(10); // Creates instance with 10 health.
_stats["DifferentBot"] = new BotStats(20); // A different one with 20 health.
GD.Print(_stats);
}
}
Em vez de apenas inlining os valores do dicionário, um poderia também, alternativamente …
1. Importe uma tabela de valores de uma planilha e gere esses pares de valores-chave ou …
2. Projete uma visualização no editor e crie um plug-in simples que a adicione ao Inspector ao abrir esses tipos de recursos.
CurveTables are the same thing, except mapped to an Array of float values or a Curve/Curve2D resource object.
Aviso
Esteja ciente de que os arquivos de recursos (*. Tres / *. Res) armazenarão o caminho do script que eles usam no arquivo. Quando carregados, eles buscarão e carregarão esse script como uma extensão do tipo. Isso significa que tentar atribuir uma subclasse, ou seja, uma classe interna de um script (como usar a palavra-chave `` class`` no GDScript) não funcionará. Godot não serializará as propriedades customizadas na subclasse do script adequadamente.
No exemplo abaixo, Godot carregaria o script `` Node``, veria que ele não estende `` Resource`` e determinará que o script falhou ao carregar o objeto Resource, pois os tipos são incompatíveis.
extends Node
class MyResource:
extends Resource
export var value = 5
func _ready():
var my_res = MyResource.new()
# This will NOT serialize the 'value' property.
ResourceSaver.save("res://my_res.tres", my_res)
using Godot;
public class MyNode : Node
{
public class MyResource : Resource
{
[Export]
public int Value { get; set; } = 5;
}
public override void _Ready()
{
var res = new MyResource();
// This will NOT serialize the 'Value' property.
ResourceSaver.Save("res://MyRes.tres", res);
}
}
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The Reproductive Cycle of Whiptail Lizards
Whiptail lizards live throughout the western United States, with numerous species concentrated in the Sonoran Desert and some, such as the western whiptail, ranging as far north as Idaho and Oregon. These lizards prefer dry climates and seek out habitats with sparse vegetation, such as desert grass, pine, sagebrush, scrub and oak. Depending on the species, they reproduce asexually, sexually or even both.
Overview
Most whiptail lizards' bodies measure from 3 to 5 inches, not counting the tail. Depending on the species, they can be brown, tan, red, black, olive or gray, and their backs usually feature lighter spots or stripes. Their diet includes insects such as beetles, crickets, grasshoppers and termites, although they also sometimes eat spiders and scorpions. Whiptail lizards are most active on summer mornings and late afternoons, and their reproductive cycle usually takes place between April and August.
Parthenogenesis
Several species, such as the Sonoran spotted and desert grassland whiptails, consist of females only. They reproduce through an asexual process called parthenogenesis, which begins with a simulated mating ritual in which the females bite and mount each other. Scientists believe this behavior causes them to produce and lay unfertilized eggs. The young that hatch are genetic clones of their mothers. Females of a few parthenogenetic species, such as checkered and New Mexico whiptails, occasionally breed with males of other whiptail species.
Sexual Reproduction
Most whiptails are not parthenogenetic; instead, reproduction occurs after males and females mate. As in the female-only courting ritual, the males mount and bite their partners. They use their hemipenes—a pair of reproductive organs at the tail’s base—to fertilize the eggs. After mating, females can hold on to the sperm for future use.
Eggs
Whether they reproduce sexually or asexually, female whiptail lizards bury their egg clutches. In the warm desert regions of southern California, Arizona and New Mexico, they can lay two or three clutches during a summer. In the northern parts of their range, such as Colorado and Idaho, they lay only one. Clutches average about three eggs, although depending on the species, the female could lay four, five, six or more at a time. Juveniles usually hatch during July or August, after two to two and a half months of incubation. The lizards become sexually mature when they’re 1 or 2 years old.
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Bilinear terms in equality constraints (non-convex MIQCP) xy=z?
• 7 June 2019
• 4 replies
• 1252 views
Hi, I have a non convex MIQCP problem, where the non convexity is illustrated in bilinear constrains like :
x+yz=u where x,y,z,u are continuous variables, a general form of this topic is modeling or approaching the constraint : "xy=z" neither gurobi or cplex can handle it. I m wondering, should i use a non linear solver (like Baron)or is there a way to linearize the problem or to approach differently with gurobi or cplex ?
Thnaks for your answers.
This topic has been closed for comments
4 replies
Userlevel 5
Badge +4
As far as I know it is not possible to linearize the product of two continuous variables, except for some special cases (see, e.g., Chapter 7.7 in the AIMMS Optimization Modeling Guide). Therefore the only option is to use a nonlinear solver like Baron.
I m sorry Marcel, but i didn't understand the last method in the section 7.7 of the AIMMS optimization Modeling Guide, where we proceed with the transformation : u=x-y , v=x+y what kind of approximation are we using ?
can you explain how it's done please?
As for Baron, do you know how efficient it is? At matter fact, i have a problem where the number of continuous variables can reach 3000, with eventually 1000 complementarity constrains (but i think i can take them off).
Great appreciation for your help,
Saad
Userlevel 5
Badge +5
@sadofly
u=x-y , v=x+y what kind of approximation are we using ?
The approximation has been explained in section 7.6 of the same document. x1x2 has been represented as y1^2 - y^2 and y1^2 is a separable function. See page number 82 for the lambda-formulation
Userlevel 5
Badge +4
There are two approaches mentioned in the last part of Chapter 7.7 for handling a product of two continuous variables, namely
1. converting into a separable form;
2. replacing by a single variable.
The first method uses an approximation but I think it will not work very well if the product is used in an equality constraint. The second method is an exact method but only applies in special situations (namely the lower bound of both variables must be nonnegative and one of the variable can only be referenced in products with the other variable (and not in a linear term)).
The number of variables seems quite large for Baron. Can you share your project such that we can check whether there is a way to reformulate of solve it? If so, please add your project to a zip file. You can send it to our support by email if your project contains sensitive information.
Didn't find what you were looking for? Try searching on our documentation pages:
AIMMS Developer & PRO | AIMMS How-To | AIMMS SC Navigator
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Quick Answer: Can I lose weight faster on keto?
But a true ketogenic diet is different and calls for up to 90% of your daily calories to come from fat. That is often hard for people to maintain. However, research has shown that people can achieve faster weight loss with a keto diet compared with a calorie-reduction diet.
How quickly can you lose weight on keto?
Depending on your size and how much water weight you’re carrying, this weight loss can vary. Anecdotally, people report losses within the first week of anywhere from 1 pound (0.5 kg) to 10 or more pounds (5 kg). The larger you are, the more water weight you’re likely to lose after starting keto.
Do you lose weight quicker on keto?
Research has shown a ketogenic diet can induce rapid weight loss, partly from water loss but also some fat loss. However, the “weight loss effect becomes similar to other dietary approaches after one year”, according to a 2019 review of low-carb diets. Taking in less energy than you burn will lead to weight loss.
IT IS INTERESTING: What can I have during a keto fast?
How do I maximize my weight loss on keto?
To maximize weight loss on a ketogenic diet, get adequate sleep, reduce stress, be more active and consume whole, nutritious, low-carb foods whenever possible.
How long does it take to lose belly fat on keto?
This is not done by contracting—they actually need to get physically shorter at rest, and this takes 6–12 months to occur by natural processes. In the meantime, your belly looks soft. Bottom line: it takes a bit of patience to lose fat and then see the full benefits that we expect.
Can I lose 10 pounds in a week on keto?
The average monthly weight loss on keto is about four to ten pounds (one to two lbs a week which is considered safe).
How can I lose 50 pounds in 6 months?
You will need to cut 3,500 calories from your diet to lose one pound of fat – so cutting back 1,000 calories a day will equal two pounds of weight loss per week. At a weight loss of two pounds per week, you will lose 50 pounds in 25 weeks, or a little less than six months.
How long does it take to lose 60 pounds on keto?
Early in 2018, I lost 60 pounds in six months on the keto diet.
How much weight do you lose on Keto in 3 weeks?
Our Weight Loss Goals
I lost about 3.5 pounds in the three weeks that I was on the diet (though I gained a bit back toward the end, as you’ll see) and Nick lost more than 5 pounds, as well as gaining some other health benefits, which I’ll talk about below.
IT IS INTERESTING: Quick Answer: Will drinking alcohol stop ketosis?
Does keto ruin your metabolism?
In a study of postmenopausal women with a history of chronic dieting, researchers found the same thing: Yo-yo dieting doesn’t hurt weight loss or permanently damage the metabolism.
Does keto help with belly fat?
Interestingly, a ketogenic diet is a very effective way to lose belly fat. As shown in the graph above, a ketogenic diet reduced total weight, body fat and abdominal trunk fat much more than a low-fat diet did ( 11 ).
What are fat bombs?
What are fat bombs? Fat bombs are low carb and sugar-free sweet treats, usually made with either coconut oil, coconut butter, cream cheese, avocado, and/or nut butter. Pretty much, anything high fat, sugar-free and low carb can be made to become a fat bomb!
What happens if you don’t eat enough fat on keto?
But if you don’t get enough fat and aren’t in ketosis because you eat too much protein, you could leave the body in a state of energy limbo. “If protein and carbohydrate intake is not managed, the person on a ketogenic diet may not go into ketosis and may just feel completely deprived and hungry,” Shapiro said.
How can I reduce my tummy in 7 days?
20 Effective Tips to Lose Belly Fat (Backed by Science)
1. Eat plenty of soluble fiber. …
2. Avoid foods that contain trans fats. …
3. Don’t drink too much alcohol. …
4. Eat a high protein diet. …
5. Reduce your stress levels. …
6. Don’t eat a lot of sugary foods. …
7. Do aerobic exercise (cardio) …
8. Cut back on carbs — especially refined carbs.
IT IS INTERESTING: Your question: What can you eat for breakfast on the keto diet besides eggs?
24 февр. 2020 г.
Does feeling hungry mean you’re burning fat?
2. You’re more hungry than usual. This can mean that you’re speeding up your metabolism and therefore may be burning more fat. For example, if you’re used to skipping breakfast in the morning, but recently started eating it and wake up craving it, this is a positive sign.
Where do you lose fat first?
Mostly, losing weight is an internal process. You will first lose hard fat that surrounds your organs like liver, kidneys and then you will start to lose soft fat like waistline and thigh fat. The fat loss from around the organs makes you leaner and stronger.
Drying
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Balanced Food To Keep Blood Sugar Up - MBA
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What Is Type 2 Diabetes mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan, balanced food to keep blood sugar up High Blood Sugar Symptoms Blood Sugar.
Even when you change your life style and take your medicine as directed, your blood sugar should get worse over time Diabetes is progressive, and many individuals finally need more than one drug It helps your MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up cells turn glucose, a type of sugar, from the balanced food to keep blood sugar up food you eat into vitality.
Many specialists in diabetes consider exercise so essential in the management of diabetes that they prescribe somewhat than counsel exercise To check for gestational diabetes, all pregnant patients have screening between 24 to balanced food to keep blood sugar up twenty eight weeks of gestation with a 1 hour fasting glucose problem test If blood glucose levels are over 140mg dL, patients have a 3 hour fasting glucose problem take a look at to verify a diagnosis A positive 3 hours OGTT test is when there s at least one abnormal value greater than or equal to 180, one hundred fifty five, and 140 mg dL for fasting one hour, two hour, and 3 hour plasma glucose concentration, respectively Treatment for sort 2 diabetes focuses on improving ways to better balanced food to keep blood sugar up use the insulin the physique already produces to normalize blood sugar ranges Treatment programs for type 2 diabetes focus on diet, train and weight loss.
In reality, there is a known steady decline in beta cell production of insulin in kind 2 diabetes that contributes to worsening glucose management You can handle diabetes by taking medicines to manage your blood glucose ranges, adopting a healthy diet and being bodily active Diabetes mellitus is a illness of insufficient control of blood levels mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar of glucose.
Chronic hyperglycemia .
Improving Health With Current Research
significantly increases the risk of DM complications Diabetes is a serious explanation for morbidity and mortality, although these outcomes aren t as a result of instant results of the disorder They are as an alternative related to the ailments that develop on account of continual diabetes mellitus These include ailments of enormous blood vessels and small blood vessels , in addition to ailments of the nerves Type 1 diabetes, beforehand known as juvenile diabetes, is probably the most extreme type of the disease.
Some people, especially those with prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, could generally not experience symptoms In type 1 diabetes, signs have a tendency to come on rapidly and be more severe Gestational diabetes develops in pregnant ladies who ve never had diabetes If you have gestational diabetes, your child could be balanced food to keep blood sugar up at higher threat for well being problems Gestational diabetes normally goes away after your child is born but increases your danger for sort 2 diabetes later in life Your baby is extra prone to have obesity as a toddler or teen, and more prone to develop kind 2 diabetes later in life too.
Dehydration may be very extreme, and it isn t uncommon to wish to exchange 6 7 liters of fluid when a person MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up presents in diabetic ketoacidosis With therapy, irregular blood sugar levels, ketone manufacturing, acidosis, and dehydration may be reversed quickly, and patients can recuperate remarkably well People with glucose ranges between normal and diabetic have impaired glucose tolerance or insulin resistance People with impaired glucose tolerance do not have diabetes, but are at high danger for progressing to diabetes Each 12 months, 1 to 5 of individuals whose check outcomes present impaired balanced food to keep blood sugar up glucose tolerance actually eventually develop diabetes Weight loss and train may assist people with impaired glucose tolerance return their glucose ranges to regular.
Sushruta, Arataeus, and Thomas Willis were the early pioneers of the treatment of diabetes Greek physicians prescribed exercise preferably on horseback to alleviate excess urination Some different forms of therapy applied to diabetes embody wine, overfeeding to compensate for loss of fluid weight, hunger diet, etc Chief Editor Dr Mark Yorek, from balanced food to keep blood sugar up the University of Iowa, is at present researching vascular and neural disease associated to obesity and diabetes His lively analysis research concentrate on etiology, treatment and prevention of nerve harm.
Tuberculosis Skin Test The tuberculosis skin check is based on the reality that infection with M Tuberculosis produces a delayed type hypersensitivity skin reaction to sure components of the bacterium The commonplace recommended tuberculin take a look at is run by injecting zero1mL of 5 TU PPD into the highest layers of pores and skin of the forearm Reading the pores and skin test means detecting a raised, thickened local space of skin response, referred to as induration The space of induration around the web site of injection is the response to tuberculin An estimated 72 million individuals in the United States have diabetes and do not even know it.
This food plan contains low calorie, low glycemic index fruits, and greens Few of the common oils that are most likely to disrupt good cholesterol ought to be replaced with healthier alternate options as enlisted under Diabetes is outlined as What Is Type 1 Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up a illness by which the physique has an impaired capacity to either produce or reply to the hormone insulin.
Understanding blood glucose stage ranges can be a key a part of diabetes self management Type 2 Diabetes Signs Learn about type 2 diabetes warning signs, signs, prognosis, and remedy options Find out why thirst, complications, and infections might be signs of diabetes.
If other dietary supplements haven t worked for you, this one could also be value making an attempt since it makes use of totally different elements NOW is a popular complement model, and this particular complement is designed to help your blood sugar and metabolic fee It includes a variety of components, together with Gymnema extract Visit your physician or doctor recommended nutritionist often to check on progress and hold an eye fixed out for potential health issues that outcome from high blood sugar Based on your situation, a doctor provides details like the best time of day to exercise, what particular workouts might be most effective, and what workouts must be avoided Blood sugar ranges balanced food to keep blood sugar up decrease balanced food to keep blood sugar up in the long term via bodily train, which transfers balanced food to keep blood sugar up glucose out of your blood to your cells.
2Klein BE, Klein R, Moss SE, Cruickshanks KJ Parental history of Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan diabetes in a population based examine Gestational diabetes is basically diabetes that manifests throughout being pregnant It continues to be unknown why it develops nonetheless, some speculate that HLA antigens might play a task, particularly HLA DR2, three, and four Excessive proinsulin can additionally be thought to play a role in gestational diabetes, and a few recommend that proinsulin may induce beta cell stress.
Following delivery, the child may experience low blood glucose levels, significantly if the mother s blood glucose levels have been raised earlier than the birth People balanced food to keep blood sugar up with diabetes have excessive blood glucose levels caused by a problem with the hormone insulin Several lab exams are useful within the management of continual DM Home glucose testing can show tendencies of hyper and hypoglycemia.
It can even cause the production of cortisol, which makes it tougher for insulin to work When your body s insulin can not correctly metabolize the glucose in your blood, the glucose stays there and your glucose ranges rise A rising body of analysis hyperlinks imbalances in the microbiota residing in our guts to an lack of ability to control glucose ranges within the blood Certain medicines, together with steroids and beta blockers, can disrupt what blood sugar is considered really high insulin s effectiveness Others, like second generation antipsychotics and certain antibiotics, might contribute to high blood sugar.
Many folks with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes also need insulin therapy If a minimal of mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan two of the blood sugar readings are greater than the traditional values established for each of the three hours of the test, you will be recognized with gestational diabetes Certain forms of alcoholic drinks may be more detrimental for people with diabetes, together with heavy craft beers.
Fat and protein will help your physique take up carbs extra slowly and stop spikes and troughs in your blood sugar In a healthy particular person, a traditional blood glucose stage is between 72 banana blood sugar mg dL 4 mmol L and 108 mg dL 6 mmol L When your physique doesn t need to endure blood sugar spikes, you ll be able pre meal blood sugar for diabetics to decrease your chances of having serious problems.
More than 90 of the diabetics within the United States are Type II diabetics Sometimes called age onset or adult onset diabetes, this form of diabetes occurs most often in people who find themselves chubby and who do not train It is also extra frequent in people of Native American, Hispanic, and African American descent People who ve migrated to Western cultures from East India, Japan, and Australian Aboriginal cultures also usually have a tendency to develop Type II diabetes than those who stay in their original nations.
Potentially reversible diabetes circumstances embrace prediabetes and gestational diabetes Prediabetes happens when your blood sugar levels are higher than normal, however not high sufficient symptoms of high or low blood sugar to be categorised as diabetes And prediabetes is usually the precursor of diabetes except appropriate measures are taken to stop development Gestational diabetes happens throughout pregnancy however might resolve after the baby is delivered Macrosomia refers to a child who s considerably larger than regular.
A form of DM that has traits of each varieties 1 and a pair of The patient may have episodes balanced food to keep blood sugar up of diabetic ketoacidosis however marked insulin resistance and an overweight body type It is the most common complication of CF aside from those circumstances that have an result on the lungs balanced food to keep blood sugar up It is brought on by destruction of islet cells in addition to a decrease .
Blood Sugar Over 500 What To Do
in sensitivity of the liver and muscular tissues to the actions of insulin The disease often first turns into clinically apparent in young adults.
Managing your diabetes by MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up staying physically active, maintaining a wholesome diet, and taking your medicine also can help you prevent or delay imaginative and prescient loss Diabetic retinopathy is an eye situation that can cause vision loss and blindness in people who have diabetes It affects blood vessels within the retina the light sensitive layer of tissue behind your eye A single blood glucose reading in a veterinary clinic is probably not adequate to diagnose diabetes in all instances Cats can develop a short term elevation in blood glucose as a mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar response to emphasize, known as stress hyperglycemia.
When you buy a Certificate you get access to all course materials, including graded assignments Upon completing the course, your digital Certificate will be added to your Accomplishments natural remedies to lower blood sugar web page from there, you can print your Certificate or add it to your LinkedIn profile If you only wish to learn and consider the course content material, you ll be able to audit the course at no cost I would suggest this course for anybody who seeks a General understanding of the diabetes with special emphasis on the main studies concerning the remedy approaches Exercise has many beneficial results but how does it really work Professor Bente Klarlund will take you thru the newest scientific analysis on how the exercise of skeletal muscular tissues affect our organs and full body.
Take care of minor cuts and bruises to prevent infections Urine and blood checks will present if your kidneys are okay Finding and treating eye problems early could keep your eyes healthy You ought to take medication as prescribed even whenever you really feel good.
Diabetes can have a huge impact on mental health as nicely more than three in 10 folks with diabetes experience depression, anxiety and distress Although there might be at present no treatment, diabetes can be managed with way of life modifications and drugs If you re pregnant, your physician will display for gestational diabetes as a part of commonplace antenatal testing Random blood glucose test a blood test taken without fasting Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up develops when your pancreas can t produce sufficient of the hormone insulin or your body turns into immune to it.
Insulin, which performs a role in managing blood glucose, has an unfortunate relationship with nitric oxide manufacturing in blood vessels Nitric oxide is essential to blood vessels blood sugar reducer supplement as a result of it is likely considered one of the only a few methods to expand the size of the blood vessels and decrease blood strain I m a big fan of .
Random Blood Glucose Test
blood sugar testing and .
Focus On Weight Loss
this summer time I spent a month utilizing a continuous glucose monitor from a great firm known as Nutrisense This device is particularly helpful when evaluating meals you want to embrace in your overall wholesome way of life plan.
This might help to scale back the danger of a blood sugar spike Failure to manage high blood sugar ranges can lead to dangerous issues, similar to diabetic coma It doesn t occur in individuals with type 1 diabetes, who expertise a special complication calleddiabetic ketoacidosiswhen blood sugar levels are dangerously excessive Insulin resistance makes it tougher for cells in the physique to make the most of glucose The cells can not successfully take the glucose out of the blood and convert it into vitality This is due to a reduced conversion of glucose into power.
It might help you balanced food to keep blood sugar up re employed out when you should balanced food to keep blood sugar up take extra medication, when you want to eat one thing or for if you need to rise up and move around more Monitor your blood sugar stage your care balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart group might suggest utilizing a device to examine your stage at house balanced food to keep blood sugar up so you possibly can spot an increase early and take steps to stop it Stick to your therapy plan keep in mind to take your insulin or different diabetes medicines as recommended by your care group If you have been recognized with diabetes and have symptoms mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar of hyperglycaemia, comply with the recommendation your care team has given you to cut back your blood sugar stage The Diabetes UK website has extra aboutblood sugar levels and testing.
In addition to you, have another person learn how to use your meter in case you re sick and can t check your blood sugar yourself Normal blood sugar levels for adults with fasting are less than one hundred mg dL However, day by day blood sugar for adults is usually ninety to a hundred mg dL, 2 hours after consuming You re more probably to start by seeing your major care doctor should you can amoxicillin increase blood sugar re having diabetes symptoms If your child is having diabetes symptoms, you would possibly see your child s pediatrician.
Fat helps slow digestion, which delays the absorption of carbohydrates into the blood Adding wholesome fats to your meals not only helps you stay fuller longer but also keeps blood sugar from spiking Glycemic load accounts for balanced food to keep blood sugar up each the glycemic index and mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar the amount of carbohydrates in a serving While it is usually finest to eat low glycemic meals to manage blood sugar, glycemic load could be .
Complications Of Diabetes
a better indicator when making meals selections.
For the follow up test, you may be requested to fast overnight after which have your fasting blood sugar level measured Then you ll drink another sweet resolution this one containing the next concentration of glucose and your blood sugar level shall be checked each hour for a period of three hours Alcohol makes your blood sugar levels drop by inhibiting the liver s ability to launch glucose balanced food to keep blood sugar up Alcohol also creates Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up an preliminary sugar spike that makes your physique course of sugar at a higher fee, causing the spike in sugar to be rapidly metabolized below what is normal.
New drugs that are available to treat balanced food to keep blood sugar up diabetes embrace metformin, acarbose, and troglitizone The alternative of medicine depends partially on the person affected person balanced food to keep blood sugar up profile All drugs have side effects that may make balanced food to keep blood sugar up them inappropriate for specific sufferers balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart Some for example, may stimulate weight achieve or cause stomach irritation, in order that they will not be the best therapy for someone who is already overweight or who has stomach ulcers Others, like metformin, have been proven to balanced food to keep blood sugar up have optimistic results similar to lowered cardiovascular mortality, but however increased danger in different conditions.
Talk to your well being care provider about the right glucose plant leaf that lowers blood sugar meter for you, and how to use it If you are severely dehydrated or anemic, your take a look at outcomes may be less accurate Your well being care provider can let you know in case your hematocrit is low or excessive, and might focus on with you how it could affect your glucose testing Symptoms balanced food to keep blood sugar up balanced food to keep blood sugar up of hyperglycemia embrace polyuria , polydipsia , blurred imaginative and prescient, headache and fatigue, and glucosuria Acute symptoms of hyperglycemia aren t often seen at levels below balanced food to keep blood sugar up 14 mmol L or 250 mg dl Without remedy, diabetic ketoacidosis can lead to a diabetic coma and demise, so Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up if you have symptoms, seek immediate medical consideration.
Based in Denmark s capital city it is considered one of the high analysis institutions in Europe Thicker and softer than some other swabs, BD alcohol swabs ensure dependable balanced food to keep blood sugar up site preparation for protected, hygienic insulin injections BD Ultra Fine Micro pen needle 6mm x 32 G balanced food to keep blood sugar up is designed to optimize comfort for patients preferring a 6 mm length The BD SafetyGlide 6mm insulin syringe is designed to help forestall inadvertent needlestick harm throughout injections.
In different instances, drugs to manage cholesterol statins, particularly and hypertension drugs are wanted Your physician would possibly prescribe low dose aspirin remedy to assist prevent heart problems should you re at excessive danger Treatment for type 1 diabetes includes insulin injections or the use of an Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan insulin pump, frequent blood sugar checks, and carbohydrate counting.
It measures the glucose stage via balanced food to keep blood sugar up the interstitial fluid The knowledge is then automatically despatched to the connected smartphone The CGM mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar balanced food to keep blood sugar up is daylight delicate and ought balanced food to keep blood sugar up to be implanted in a hospital by an experienced medical practitioner They might must go to hospital if they re being sick , or their blood sugar level drops once more A low blood sugar level, or hypo, can also happen when you balanced food to keep blood sugar up re sleeping.
Diabetic balanced food to keep blood sugar up Retinopathy Picture Diabetic blood sugar patch on arm retinopathy, a common complication of diabetes, affects the blood vessels within the retina the thin light sensitive membrane that covers the again of the eye See a picture of Diabetic Retinopathy and learn more about the well being topic Diabetic nerve injury can affect the nerves that are necessary for penile erection, inflicting erectile dysfunction Erectile dysfunction can also be brought on by poor blood move to the penis from diabetic blood vessel illness.
When you don t get enough shut eye, your cravings and need balanced food to keep blood sugar up to eat now can go into overdrive That s as a end result of leptin reduces and ghrelin will increase , signaling to your brain that you must eat that blueberry crumb muffin perhaps even two of them before you re feeling satisfied I counsel to develop your web site to balanced food to keep blood sugar up be linked with the new diabetic s Instruments as I hope the testing Unites might be produced which does not need to prick fingers for the balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart Blood testing This is inspite of the truth that she isn t given any medicine after lunch and no meals after 10pm.
Minimizing the .
What Happens When Your Blood Sugar Is Too High
time spent above your target balanced food to keep blood sugar up blood sugar range can help you feel your balanced food to keep blood sugar up best and can help balanced food to keep blood sugar up forestall problems and damage to your body Cheri Bantilan, RD is an expert in utilizing steady glucose monitoring as a tool to see tendencies in blood glucose, together with food response, stress, sleep, and train Learn every little thing you have to find out about pineapples, your health, and your blood glucose ranges, and see how our dietitians like to balanced food to keep blood sugar up eat the candy, tropical fruit Wild blueberries have a glycemic index lower than 55, together with the flexibility to enhance insulin response and blood sugar ranges after meals Be positive to avoid berries in syrups and juices, as these will increase glycemic index scores.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention says the day by day fluid consumption advice varies by factors corresponding to age, intercourse, being pregnant, and breastfeeding standing For enjoyable flavors with out the sugar, strive including fruit to water to make a naturally sweetened, refreshing beverage Carbonated waters with no added sugar are also a better possibility for satisfying that longing for a carbonated beverage without the excess sugar Apples, pears, oranges, berries, and grapefruit are some examples.
In conditions the place the blood pressure is just too low, the catecholamine response described above doesn t discriminate, and blood sugar may also rise in consequence The same is true if the blood sugar goes too balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart low the catecholamine response is the first thing that the body uses to compensate, and this can elevate blood strain in the aftermath This is how low blood sugar or low blood pressure may cause the other to go high It is important to understand that some medications that lower Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up blood stress or blood glucose will override any pure protections you may have and set off these events as properly The NutriSense programs and providers are to help customers uncover and attain their well being potential.
These test outcomes can fairly aptly test you for diabetes Below talked about are the normal blood sugar ranges of fasting, earlier than a meal, after meals intake, and at bedtime in Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up an age wise category Blood sugar or glucose is released after consumption and breakdown of carbohydrates during meals consumption It is the principle sugar that s present in your bloodstream and its regulation is undertaken by pancreatic secretions Normal blood sugar ranges chart for many adults ranges from balanced food to keep blood sugar up 80 to 99 mg of sugar per deciliter earlier than a meal and 80 to a hundred and forty mg per deciliter after meals.
They present blood sugar meter cvs cvs results but are thought about to not be as correct as glucose meters A routine health check is also advised, even if you don t present any signs Alina Bradford is a contributing writer balanced food to keep blood sugar up for Live Science Over the past sixteen years, Alina has lined every little thing from Ebola to androids whereas writing well being, science and tech articles for main publications.
Your blood glucose levels are usually managed by a hormone known as insulin, which converts glucose into energy Diabetes happens balanced food to keep blood sugar up when your pancreas can t produce insulin or when your body can t make use of balanced food to keep blood sugar up the insulin as a end result of it s grown immune to it These aren herbbs for blood sugar t oral forms of insulin they re sulfonylureas, chemically related to the sulfonamide antibiotics.
It also raises the chance for coronary heart disease, although not as a lot as diabetes does It s potential to keep prediabetes from turning into diabetes with food plan and exercise .
What Should Your Blood Sugar Be At
Below mentioned are a few tests recommended by docs if your normal blood sugar levels are altered or are displaying abnormalities By monitoring blood glucose ranges, we will spot when sugar ranges are operating high and symptoms of low blood sugar in hypertensive patient can then take appropriate motion to reduce them Research has proven that top blood glucose ranges over time can result in organ and circulation injury The NICE recommended goal blood glucose ranges are acknowledged under for adults with kind 1 diabetes, sort 2 diabetes and kids with kind mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar 1 diabetes.
Everyone who attended exuded pleasure about making a constructive impact of worldwide healthcare That s why we ve put collectively steerage and advice for those of you who wish to know extra about diabetes remission A evaluation on the impact of gut microbiota on metabolic illnesses Patients weren t invited to comment on the study design and weren t consulted to develop patient relevant outcomes or interpret the outcomes.
You may lose feeling in elements of your body or have a painful, tingling, or burning feeling If you might have neuropathy, you could not be capable of really feel a sore on your foot People who ve neuropathy might proceed strolling on a foot that has broken joints or bones Charcot mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar foot causes swelling and instability in the injured foot.
Unless you may have diabetes, your body regulates the quantity of glucose in your blood People with diabetes may need special diets and drugs to regulate blood glucose Client experiences of the daybreak phenomena the place there is a surge in hormones between 0400 and 0500 MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up that cause a spike in blood glucose levels If your blood sugar levels are too low, normally beneath 4 mmol l, you could experience ahypo Hypos have to be handled instantly, otherwise your blood sugar levels will drop additional If this happens, you may experience asevere hypoand need emergency treatment.
Your muscles want sugar to produce you with energy and balanced food to keep blood sugar up when an insulin resistance happens, the body naturally lacks sugar Lack of sugar will lead to lack of power and is damaging for the physique and blood sugar Exercise lowers blood sugar ranges in regular .
Diabetes Concerns Every Family
patients and is easily recovered with meals.
For the A1C level chart, you can enter the extent that your doctor recommends you stay near Consult a physician to is candy good for low blood sugar search out out what your upper and lower levels ought to be Print this blood sugar log and attach it to your fridge or wherever you usually take a look at your blood sugar.
With the advancement in technology, glucometers are developed which do not require a finger prick to check the blood sugar level These kinds of glucometers are called steady glucose screens or CGMs Blood sugar or glucose management is a important factor of the person having a disease of diabetes They need to constantly monitor their blood sugar levels and take steps to keep them within the regular vary People who receive insulin remedy additionally may select to observe their blood sugar ranges with a continuous glucose monitor.
Certain circumstances may What Is Type 1 Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up make you extra prone to have high balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart blood glucose These embody Cushing s illness, polycystic ovarian syndrome , and gestational diabetes Blood glucose can also rise as the outcome of common sicknesses like a head cold or the flu Ignoring blood sugar stage modifications altogether, although, means you re ignoring a valuable marker of your well being.
So, the pancreas maintains the level of glucose or sugar within the blood A1C outcomes tell you your common blood sugar degree over three months A1C outcomes may be totally different in folks with hemoglobin problemsexternal icon such as sickle cell anemia Work together with your physician to decide the best A1C objective for you It is seen in individuals with kind 2 diabetes, and it is typically preceded by an sickness Call your doctor or search quick medical care when you have signs or symptoms of this condition.
It is advised to eat a small meal to stop any further drop in blood sugar These variations in blood sugar levels, both earlier than and after meals, reflect the method in which that the body absorbs and stores glucose After you eat, your physique breaks down the carbohydrates in meals into smaller components, together with glucose, which the small intestine can absorb This new blood sugar monitoring worksheet was designed for monitoring each mg dL and insulin dose type You can also record the sort of activity eg earlier than bedtime or before meal , and add notes such as medicine, diet, and exercise.
It s potential to reverse prediabetes and Type 2 diabetes with plenty of effort and motivation To do this means a mixture of reducing weight, exercising often and eating healthy for example, a plant based, low carb, low sugar, wholesome fats diet These efforts must also decrease your ldl cholesterol numbers and blood stress to within their regular vary.
Diabetes of all types can result in problems in many elements of the physique and improve the chance of mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar dying prematurely In 2012 diabetes was the direct explanation for 15 million deaths globally A massive proportion of diabetes and its complications could be prevented by a nutritious diet, regular bodily exercise, maintaining a traditional physique weight and avoiding tobacco use The physique breaks down the carbohydrates you eat into blood sugar that it uses for energy and insulin is a hormone that the physique needs to get glucose from the bloodstream into the cells of the physique With the help of insulin remedy and different therapies, everyone balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart can be taught to handle their condition and stay lengthy, wholesome lives Another form of diabetes known as gestational diabetes can develop during pregnancy and generally resolves after the infant is delivered.
Sushruta, Arataeus, and Thomas Willis have been the early pioneers of the remedy of diabetes Greek physicians prescribed train preferably on horseback to alleviate excess urination Some balanced food to keep blood sugar up other forms of remedy utilized to diabetes embrace wine, overfeeding to compensate for loss of fluid weight, hunger diet, and so on Chief Editor Dr Mark Yorek, from the University of Iowa, is presently researching vascular and neural disease associated to weight problems and diabetes His lively research studies concentrate on etiology, treatment and prevention of nerve injury.
We used a multistage, stratified sampling method to select a nationally representative sample of people aged 18 and older in the common population The study was carried out via four phases of random sampling in city and rural places in parallel Six tiers of cities were categorised from developed to underdeveloped cities, every two tiers being outlined as a rank and thus three ranks in all.
Metformin can result in lactic acidosis and ought to be used Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan with warning in patients with renal disease and discontinued if the estimated glomerular filtration price e GFR is underneath 30 mL min Regular screenings are necessary since microvascular problems are a feared complication of What Is Type 1 Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up diabetes Regular diabetic retinal exams must be performed by certified medical personnel to assess for diabetic retinopathy Neurologic examination with monofilament testing can balanced food to keep blood sugar up establish does low blood sugar increase blood pressure balanced food to keep blood sugar up sufferers with neuropathy in danger for amputation Clinicians can even recommend sufferers carry out day by day foot inspections to determine foot lesions that may go .
Blood Sugar Testing Mistakes May Cause Inaccurate Readings
unnoticed due to neuropathy.
Between ninety and ninety five of all diabetes cases are sort 2, and the disease usually develops in people who are older than 45 Astudy revealed in July 2017 in Diabetes Care found evidence that being mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar breastfed as a baby lowered therisk of sort 1 diabetes Exercise can help you handle your weight and will enhance your insulin sensitivity An simple way to begin exercising is balanced food to keep blood sugar up to walk for 30 minutes a day balanced food to keep blood sugar up or for three 10 minute sessions if that s easier.
It additionally helps you keep observe of potential remedy unwanted effects, similar to hypoglycaemia Diabetes is severe however could be managed well with a balanced food to keep blood sugar up mixture of medicines and way of life adjustments Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan Early MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up prognosis and treatment also can assist to scale back the chance of extra critical complications Speak to your doctor in case you are experiencing symptoms of diabetes or have concerns about your threat of diabetes GDM impacts a big percentage of pregnant American girls, starting from about 15 to 14 , relying on the ethnic group studied.
If we re experiencing low blood quantity, we can t add more instantly If we don t have sufficient blood, we ll cross out and that is very dangerous to the brain and physique long run Then a medical skilled will measure high blood sugar windedness your blood sugar how high before weight loss fasting blood sugar level After that, balanced food to keep blood sugar up Fasting Blood Sugar you drink a sugary liquid and a medical skilled tests your blood sugar balanced food to keep blood sugar up levels periodically for the subsequent two hours A blood sugar level lower than one hundred forty mg dL is a standard outcome, a reading between 140 and 199 mg dL indicates prediabetes, how to use cloves to lower blood sugar and 200 blood sugar levels high causes mg DL or larger after two hours suggests that you have diabetes Emergent treatment to restore regular blood glucose levels is crucial as certain organs balanced food to keep blood sugar up eg brain do not retailer glucose and want a relentless supply of blood glucose to sustain life.
High blood sugar ranges can affect your body s circulatory system as properly, Dr Hatipoglu balanced food to keep blood sugar up says, balanced food to keep blood sugar up impairing blood flow and the body s ability to heal itself Sores that take a while to heal, balanced food to keep blood sugar up typically on the feet, are a typical signal of this decreased circulation, according to the Mayo Clinic And most people with prediabetes really don t have any signs, per the NIDDK So it s extremely important to get screened when you have threat factors, like having a household historical past, being obese, or being over age 45, the NIDDK says Low blood sugar known in the medical neighborhood as hypoglycemia happens when your balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart blood sugar degree drops under regular, based on the National Institutes of Health A fasting blood sugar of 70 mg dL or decrease usually indicates low blood sugar, the Mayo Clinic says.
Learn the symptoms of T1D, the causes, and find methods to manage your blood glucose levels naturally The person should preserve a nutritious diet and train frequently The physician can also suggest taking insulin or different medications to handle their blood sugar levels.
High hemoglobin A1c levels in the blood will Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan increase the chance of microvascular complications, for balanced food to keep blood sugar up instance, diabetic neuropathy, eye, and kidney disease When low blood sugar levels happen because of an extreme amount of insulin, it is referred to as an insulin reaction Sometimes, low blood sugar may be the end result of an inadequate caloric intake or sudden balanced food to keep blood sugar up extreme bodily exertion In patients with sort 2 diabetes, stress, an infection, and medicines can also result in severely elevated blood sugar ranges.
Although gestational diabetes normally subsides after delivery, ladies with GDM have a 45 danger of recurrence with the subsequent pregnancy and a major threat of growing sort 2 diabetes later in life Depending in your remedy, balanced food to keep blood sugar up particularly if you re MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up on insulin, your physician will inform you if you want to take a look at your blood sugar levels and how often to do it You could possibly attain your target blood sugar ranges with food plan and exercise alone.
Injections are given subcutaneously, that is, slightly below the pores and skin, using a small needle and syringe Injection websites may be wherever on the body where there is looser skin, including the higher arm, abdomen, or upper thigh balanced food to keep blood sugar up Home blood glucose monitoring kits can be found so patients with diabetes can monitor their very own levels A small needle or lancet is used to prick the finger and a drop of blood is collected Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up and analyzed by a monitoring gadget Some sufferers may check their blood glucose levels several balanced food to keep blood sugar up occasions throughout a day and use this info to adjust their doses mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan High Blood Sugar of insulin.
The diagnosis and administration of type 2 diabetes mellitus are with an interprofessional group These sufferers need an acceptable referral to the ophthalmologist, nephrologist, cardiologist, and vascular surgeon Also, sufferers must be educated about way of life adjustments that can help decrease blood glucose.
In both Type I and Type II diabetes, the cells within the body are unable to soak up glucose measuring blood sugar levels uk from the blood and Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan become starved of vitality To get the vitality it needs, the body turns to other sources, breaking down fat and proteins to feed glucose starved cells This breakdown results in weight reduction, despite an increased urge for food.
Many folks with type 2 diabetes or gestational diabetes additionally need insulin remedy If a minimum of two of how many carbs per day to lower blood sugar the blood sugar readings are greater than the normal values established for every of the three hours of the take a look at, you ll be Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan .
What Are The Symptoms Of Type 1 Diabetes
recognized with gestational diabetes Certain forms of alcoholic drinks may be more detrimental for folks with diabetes, together with heavy craft beers.
Type 2 diabetesThis is the commonest type of diabetes You can get kind 2 diabetes at any age, even during childhood With kind 2 diabetes, your body does not make enough insulin or is not ready to use its personal insulin appropriately There are new treatments for juvenile diabetes, and extra people with diabetes may be treated than ever before Learn the signs of T1D, the causes, and find ways to control your blood glucose ranges naturally There are two major kinds of diabetes, called sort 1 and sort 2.
Reduce your cravings for sweets by slowly cut back the sugar in your food regimen a little at a time Blood Sugar Levels balanced food to keep blood sugar up to give what lowers blood sugar naturally your taste buds time to adjust Packaged and fast meals, particularly those high in sugar, baked goods, sweets, chips, desserts Despite well liked belief, diabetes just isn t attributable to eating an excessive amount of sugar, and folks don t give themselves diabetes Diabetes Canada can support you in your journey with a prickless blood sugar meter selection of resources and instruments If you are pondering of starting insulin, balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart listed here are some things you must know.
Diabetes can have a big impact on mental well being as properly more than three in 10 people with diabetes expertise despair, anxiety and distress Although there is currently no 122 blood sugar treatment, diabetes can be managed with way of life changes and medication If you re pregnant, your physician will display screen for gestational diabetes as part of normal antenatal testing Random blood glucose take a look at a blood test quintex blood sugar meters hi range taken without fasting Diabetes develops when your What Is Type 1 Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up pancreas can t produce sufficient of the hormone insulin or your physique becomes resistant to it.
Bariatric surgery has been shown to realize remission in some individuals with Type 2 diabetes This is a significant surgery that has its own dangers and complications If you haven t been diagnosed with diabetes, you need to see your healthcare provider in case you have any symptoms of diabetes If you have already got been identified with diabetes, you need to contact your supplier if your blood glucose ranges are outdoors of your target vary, if current symptoms worsen or if you develop any new signs In addition to the problems with an increase in insulin resistance, the release of insulin by the pancreas may be defective and suboptimal.
Regularly having excessive blood sugar levels for lengthy intervals of time may end up in permanent damage to components of the body such because the eyes, nerves, kidneys and blood vessels Only a medical professional can diagnose diabetes or one other issue together with your blood sugar, so when you re involved about your blood sugar ranges, examine with a health care provider With kind 2 diabetes your physique doesn t use insulin properly Over the time a patient s situation worsens as body can not make sufficient insulin to maintain blood glucose at normal levels When being tested for diabetes by a impaired fasting glycemia test, blood sugar ranges will usually be taken after round eight hours of fasting.
The glucose is then absorbed into the bloodstream with the help of insulin This is then distributed between the body s cells and used as power Blood sugar, or glucose, is the primary sugar present in blood This sugar is a vital source of power and supplies nutrients to the body s organs, muscular tissues and nervous system The absorption, storage and manufacturing of glucose is regulated continuously by advanced processes involving the small gut, liver and pancreas.
However, if you ve had gestational diabetes, you have a larger likelihood of developing kind 2 diabetes later in life Sometimes diabetes identified throughout being pregnant is definitely sort 2 diabetes In May 2021, the World Health Assembly agreed a Resolution on strengthening prevention and management of diabetes Women with gestational diabetes are at an What Is Type 1 Diabetes balanced food to keep blood sugar up elevated danger of complications during being pregnant and at delivery.
This balanced food to keep blood sugar up deficiency is likely as a end result of incomplete understanding of the many biological processes concerned in disease improvement and development The research group has lately generated an enormous amount of genetic knowledge on T2D in diverse populations that is unmatched in most other illnesses Much of the info is linked to scientific info, making it a rich useful resource for research aimed at understanding such a posh disease It s attributable to issues with a chemical within the physique called insulin It s usually linked to being overweight or inactive, or balanced food to keep blood sugar up having a family historical past of sort 2 diabetes Weissman says that GCK mutations are liable for 30 to 60 percent of MODY instances, citing that statistic for instance of why genetic testing could be useful.
Having diabetes makes you 2 to 5 occasions extra prone to develop cataracts It also makes you extra likely to get them at a youthful age Once your cat has been diagnosed, it is best to begin insulin remedy as quickly as possible Hypoglycemia A situation where there s too little glucose or sugar within the blood.
High glycemic index foods spike your blood sugar quickly, while low GI meals have the least effect on blood sugar While the GI has long been promoted as a tool to assist handle blood sugar, there are some notable drawbacks As with any healthy consuming program, a diabetic diet is extra about your total dietary pattern somewhat than obsessing over specific meals Aim to eat extra natural, unprocessed food and less packaged and convenience meals.
Glucose then stays in your blood and doesn t reach your cells Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce sufficient insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces Hyperglycaemia, or raised blood sugar, is a typical effect of balanced food to keep blood sugar up uncontrolled diabetes and balanced food to keep blood sugar up over MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up time leads to critical harm to most of the physique s systems, especially the nerves and blood vessels A healthy diet, regular bodily activity, maintaining a standard body weight and avoiding balanced food to keep blood sugar up Blood Sugar Levels Chart tobacco use are methods to forestall or delay the onset of sort 2 diabetes Despite strenuous efforts to Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan minimize back heart problems danger by bettering cardiometabolic danger elements, such as glucose and cholesterol levels, and blood strain, there s nonetheless residual danger even in.
Over forty medicines MBA balanced food to keep blood sugar up have been permitted by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan diabetes It s beyond the scope of this article to evaluation all of these drugs Instead, we ll briefly review the primary drug lessons obtainable, how they work and current the names of a few drugs in each class Your healthcare team will decide if medicine is right for you If so, they ll determine which particular drug are greatest to treat your diabetes.
Another dipstick take a look at can decide the presence of protein or albumin in the urine Protein in the urine can indicate problems with kidney operate and can be used to trace the event of renal failure A more sensitive check for urine protein makes use of radioactively tagged chemicals to detect microalbuminuria, small quantities of protein in the urine, that may not present up on dipstick exams.
Follow Canada s meals guide and eat quite a Blood Sugar Levels Chart mayo clinic low blood sugar diet plan lot of healthy foods each day The common HbA1c has remained relatively stable since 2010 In 2015, kind 2 diabetes contributed to 22 of the total disease burden fatal and non fatal in Australia.
In any of those instances, your blood glucose ranges might rise because of the modifications in your hormone levels Having excessive blood glucose additionally puts us vulnerable to balanced food to keep blood sugar up mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress The former is a situation by which mitochondria fail to produce vitality for cells The latter happens when free radicals outnumber antioxidants within the body and improve the risk of illness and different .
Why Choose Total Diabetes Supply
damage Phipps explains that, despite containing comparable amounts of carbohydrates, one serving of pasta may have a hugely completely different impact in your blood glucose ranges than one serving of rice how to treat low and high blood sugar Likewise, that serving of pasta may have an entirely completely different impact in your blood glucose levels than your friends or even household members.
While we wish all dietary supplements to be upheld to the same security standards, that just doesn t happen in actuality The FDA doesn balanced food to keep blood sugar up t regulate these supplements, balanced food to keep blood sugar up which implies they re made to varying standards Because this supplement solely incorporates cinnamon, it might work properly for some individuals and under no circumstances for others.
Other diabetes a name for less common forms of diabetes ensuing from a range of various health situations or circumstances This contains diseases affecting the pancreas and endocrine system, viral infections, genetic syndromes and in some cases diabetes triggered from drugs wanted to handle or deal with another health condition Either diabetes insipidus or diabetes mellitus, diseases having in frequent the triad of symptoms polyuria, weight loss, and important glucosuria.
Type 2 diabetes develops progressively over years as your body s insulin turns into less efficient at managing your blood glucose ranges As a outcome, your pancreas produces increasingly more insulin, and eventually the insulin producing cells put on out and turn out to be ineffective Type 2 diabetes is a mix of low insulin and ineffective insulin.
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TRANSMISSION AUTOMATIC
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2000 Ford F150 Automatic Transmission
2000 Ford F150 Automatic Transmission
A 2000 Ford F-150's automatic transmission is one of the most critical components of your vehicle. It transfers power from the engine to the axle or CV shaft. It contains a fluid that cools and lubricates the internal parts. If you notice any of these symptoms, you should seek repair immediately. The transmission fluid can leak and cause your vehicle to experience whirring and squealing, hard shifting, and failure to operate.
There are two ways to change the fluid in your 2000 Ford F150. The first method involves removing the transmission pan and filter and filling the transmission with new ATF. Once this is complete, you should drive your vehicle a few miles to cool down and allow the new transmission fluid to settle in. Changing the transmission fluid this way can be time-consuming and expensive. The second method requires removing the transmission fluid, removing the filter, and refilling it with ATF.
There are two ways to change the transmission fluid in your 2000 Ford F150. One method is the standard and involves dropping the transmission pan and changing the filter. Then, you fill the pan with ATF and drive it for a few miles to allow the new transmission fluid to cool. This is the quickest, but most complicated method. You may also need to change the oil if the fluid is contaminated with debris.
The second method involves draining the transmission fluid, replacing the filter, and re-filling it with ATF. You can perform the procedure yourself at home without spending a dime. This is the most common way to change the transmission fluid in your 2000 Ford F150. This method is not time-consuming, but it is also the most expensive. The second method, which involves draining the fluid, changing the filter, and then filling the pan with ATF, is also time-consuming and expensive.
The standard method involves changing the transmission fluid and filter. You can do this yourself at home by dropping the pan, removing the filter, and then filling the pan with ATF. You can even change the filter yourself, but this method is more expensive and time-consuming than the first. Fortunately, there are two other methods that you can do to change the transmission fluid in your 2000 Ford F150. These methods will allow you to keep the fluid in your vehicle.
The standard method involves dropping the pan and changing the filter. It requires you to change the transmission fluid. It is also important to change the transmission oil and filter. You can use a new one after changing the old one. Alternatively, you can use a different fluid and replace the filter. The traditional method involves draining the pan, changing the filter, and refilling the pan with ATF. Once you have changed the filter, you can install a new pan.
2000 Ford F150 Automatic Transmission
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Speed Testing Tools And Other Factors
Speed Testing Tools And Other Factors
Speed Testing Tools And Other Factors
You have to purchase this course in order to get access to its content.
Lessons
1. What is Caching?
This video class is the introduction of web caching. But what is Web Caching? Caching is the way of improving website performance and helps you to decrease the number of request from different clients or visitors.
2. How to Perform Image Optimization?
In this video tutorial, we are going to learn about web-based image optimization tool and plugin versions of Kraken.io. Before performing the image optimization in your site, you need to use any speed testing tool to ensures how many images that we need to compress or optimize.
3. How to fix render blocking js and css above the fold content?
In this video, we are going to fix render blocking JS and CSS above the fold content. This error can slow down the page load time.
4. What is minification and concatenation
In this video, we're going to explain minification and concatenation and how it is responsible for improving website performance. Combining all java scripts files and CSS files into one JS file and one CSS file is known as concatenation where removing all spaces and line brakes are termed as minification.
5. What is GZip Compression ?
In this video, we're going to give brief information about GZip Compression. How they work and why it is important? Basically, GZip compression is used to give a better experience to the visitor by lowering the time it takes for a website to transfer page files.
6. How to fix Serve Scaled Image?
Scaled images are those images whose size exactly matches with the defined size in CSS or HTML.
7. What is Image Optimization?
We have covered the website speed testing tools, next is image optimization tool or plugins. Before starting I recommend to take a full back up of your files and database.
8. How to use Webpage Test Tool?
The webpage test tool is easy and free to use. Like GTMetrix tool, this free version you need to register via login, you will have more access then just default features.
9. How to use WebsitePulse test tool?
In this video, we will cover the tool, name WebsitePulse Tool. As always, this tool has a free and premium version. This tool helps you to check, whether the specific component of your server or website is working properly.
10. How to use Page Speed Insight tool?
Page speed insight is also one of the free tools for performance testing but what makes it different from others.
11. How to monitor website performance in Pingdom Tool?
In last video we have introduced GTMetirx tool for testing the speed of WordPress site, here is another tool which itself is favorite among the WordPress users.
12. How to use GTmetrix Tool?
GTmetrix is one of the free tools for testing the speed and performance of the WordPress site. Even you can analyze the page load of the website from 7 different locations around the world.
13. Free speed testing tools for WordPress Site
This video covers the most popular and free tools for speed testing. Since we have discussed the importance of page speed or load speed but where you can check in free of cost.
14. Why hosting server is important for speed up WordPress site
Installing plugins in your WordPress site to increase the speed won't work if you have terrible hosting server. Choosing a WordPress hosting will be quite tricky for you, but we have got your back.
15. Why we need page speed in WordPress
Why Page Speed is so important? Well if and your family is the only one who is viewing the videos and images on your WordPress site then Page speed or load time would not bother you.
16. What is Leverage Browser Cache?
In the previous video tutorial, we've added a WordPress cache plugin in our WordPress website. Leverage browser caching is a way to optimizing the page load time of the site
17. How to install and set up web caching plugin?
This video covers the installation, activation and set -up of one of the popular and free plugin. There are lot of free and premium plugin available.
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Damon Runyon Researchers
Meet Our Scientists
Ann Mullally, MD
Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) are a type of blood cancer sometimes considered to be "pre-leukemias" which can progress to leukemia and are also lethal cancers in their own right. A population of rare hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), called MPN disease-propagating cells, typically harbor mutations that cause the cells to overproliferate. These mutated HSC produce abnormal cancerous blood cells that over time can eliminate the normal blood cells in the bone marrow. In MPN, the cancerous blood cells secrete an excess of substances called growth factors that allow cancer cells to survive.
Dr. Mullally aims to understand which of the growth factors help the mutated HSC to survive and to then use drugs to block the activity of these growth factors, thus killing the mutated HSC. This approach will lead to more successful treatments for MPN and leukemia, resulting in a higher cure rate for patients.
Project title: "Determining the role of aberrant growth factor signaling in maintaining disease-propagating cells and mediating JAK2 inhibitor resistance in myeloproliferative neoplasms"
Institution: Brigham and Women's Hospital
Award Program: Clinical Investigator
Sponsor(s) / Mentor(s): Benjamin L. Ebert, MD, and Jerome Ritz, MD
Cancer Type: Blood
Research Area: Stem Cell Biology
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Scan classes and gateway scriptcs - time precision
Greetings,
I have scan-class and gateway scripts-related question. With scan class, we can set how often it is going to run. The same we can do with gateway scripts (e.g. run every 10 seconds). I just wanted to ask how precise is this definition? In other words, how precise is Ignition in terms of keeping the time period precise? Are we sure that the time-span between these scheduled events is always 10.00 seconds or the time-span will be more like 9.5 seconds, 10.3 seconds, 11.0 seconds, 8.9 seconds … etc.
Thank you for sharing your expertise and opinions.
Take care,
SZ
If you’re talking about gateway timer scripts, then Fixed Delay vs Fixed Rate will have an effect on what you see.
10s Fixed Delay means it gets scheduled to run for +10s after the execution finishes.
10s Fixed Rate means it gets scheduled to run every 10s, and you need to be careful execution never takes longer than the rate or they will start to stack up.
The precision depends on your OS and how loaded your gateway is and whether or not a GC occurs. This isn’t a real-time environment so you should never expect something like every 10.00 seconds.
If you added a print statement with the time you’d probably see +/- 1ms during normal operation.
1 Like
Greetings Kevin,
thank you, that fully answers my questions.
Take care,
SZ
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Kidney, Reproductive and Urinary Conditions
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR)
Lea este articulo en EspanolWe've all heard of acid reflux — when stomach acids move up into the esophagus and cause a burning sensation — but there can be other types of reflux in the body. When urine (pee) refluxes from the bladder to the kidneys, it's called vesicoureteral reflux (VUR).
Vesicoureteral (ves-ih-koe-yoo-REE-ter-ul) reflux happens when urine abnormally flows backward from the bladder into the ureters, thin tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. If backed-up urine reaches the kidneys, it can lead to infection, scarring, and even long-term kidney damage if left untreated. Fortunately, most kids with VUR don't have a severe case of it and outgrow it with no long-term complications.
Treatment depends on the severity of the condition. In mild cases, no treatment is necessary. Moderate to severe cases may be treated with antibiotic medicines to prevent infection. In cases where kids have infections and fevers along with the VUR, surgery may be needed.
How the Urinary Tract Works
The urinary tract is made up of two kidneys, two ureters, one bladder, and one urethra. Kidneys are fist-sized, bean-shaped organs in the back that filter excess fluids and waste products from the blood and turn them into urine. The urine then flows out of the kidneys through the ureters, which are long, thin tubes.
The ureters transfer urine to the bladder, a balloon-like organ that stores the urine until it's emptied during urination. While it's in the bladder, urine is prevented from flowing back into the ureters by valves in the bladder. During urination, it exits the body through the urethra, a tube at the bottom of the bladder.
Causes
Normally, urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder, but defects in one or both ureters can allow it to flow the other way. So can a blockage in the ureters or in the bladder.
When a defect causes the condition, it's called primary VUR. This is the most common type of VUR affecting kids. If a child is born with primary VUR, it means that a ureter didn't grow long enough while the baby was in the womb. This can affect the valve where the ureter enters the bladder. If the valve doesn't shut properly, urine can flow back up the ureters to reach the kidney. Primary VUR is believed to be a genetic condition.
If a blockage in the urinary tract obstructs the flow of urine and causes it to go back into the kidneys, it's called secondary VUR. Kids with this type of VUR often have reflux in both ureters. Secondary VUR can be caused by nerve damage, infection, or pressure on the ureter from another organ, such as an enlarged prostate.
Symptoms
Most of the time, VUR has no obvious signs or symptoms. It's often first detected when a child has a urinary tract infection (UTI) with a fever.
Symptoms of a UTI include:
lower tract infection (in the bladder)
• frequent or urgent need to urinate
• a burning sensation while urinating
• blood in the urine, or urine that is cloudy or foul smelling
upper tract infection (in the ureters or kidneys)
• pain in the side or abdomen
• fever and chills
As kids get older, untreated VUR, along with any related UTIs, can lead to long-term problems caused by scarring of the kidney. These problems include:
In some cases, VUR may be detected before a baby is born during a routine prenatal ultrasound. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create an image of the baby in the womb. Ultrasounds can sometimes show if a baby has swollen kidneys (hydronephrosis), which could be a sign of VUR.
Diagnosis
If your child has symptoms of a UTI, see a doctor right away. To check for VUR, the doctor will do a physical examination and ask you questions about your family medical history. Blood and urine tests may be done to see how well your child's kidneys are functioning and check for signs of infection or damage to the kidneys.
Doctors can use certain tests to confirm a diagnosis of VUR, such as:
• An abdominal ultrasound, also called sonography, uses harmless sound waves to create images of the urinary tract and may reveal a defect or blockage that could potentially cause VUR.
• A voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG) is an X-ray image of the bladder and urethra taken while someone is urinating. In this procedure, a special liquid that can be seen on X-rays is placed in the bladder through a catheter (rubber tube). X-rays are taken of the bladder while it is full and while it is being emptied during urination, and then the images are compared to check for abnormalities.
If VUR is diagnosed, the doctor will grade the condition from I through V based on its severity, and use the grade to decide the best course of treatment. Grade I reflux is the mildest, with urine that backs up only as far as the ureters. Grade V reflux is the most severe and can involve twisting of the ureter and swelling of the kidney.
Treatment
In many cases, kids with primary VUR outgrow it. As a child gets older, the ureter gets longer and straighter, and the valve where the ureter enters the bladder is able to shut correctly.
VUR that occurs with a UTI needs prompt antibiotic treatment to keep the infection from spreading to the kidneys. Kids who are put on antibiotics should take them for as long as prescribed, even if they start to feel better early on.
In moderate to severe cases of primary VUR with UTIs and fever, the doctor may recommend surgery. The most common type of surgery is ureteral reimplantation, in which one or both ureters are extended further into the bladder to correct the backflow of urine from the bladder to the ureters and kidneys. This type of surgery usually requires kids to spend a few days in the hospital while they recover.
Another surgical procedure, endoscopic injection, involves injecting a special gel into the bladder with the use of a catheter. The gel, placed near the valve at the opening of the ureter, prevents urine from going back into the ureter and helps the valve close properly. Most kids can leave the hospital on the same day that they have this procedure.
To treat a case of secondary VUR, antibiotics are given to fight infections and surgery might be done to remove the blockage causing the reflux.
Moderate to severe VUR, if not treated, can lead to serious health problems down the road. But with prompt treatment, long-term complications and damage to the kidneys can be prevented.
Reviewed by: Robert S. Mathias, MD
Date reviewed: March 2014
Kids Health
Note: All information is for educational purposes only. For specific medical advice, diagnoses and treatment, consult your doctor.
© 1995–2015 The Nemours Foundation/KidsHealth. All rights reserved.
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Performance improvement of air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks by thermal management
Wei Mon Yan, Ming Shiang Zeng, Tien Fu Yang, Chen Yu Chen, Mohammad Amani, Pouria Amani
研究成果: 雜誌貢獻期刊論文同行評審
32 引文 斯高帕斯（Scopus）
摘要
Air-breathing is known as a way to reduce the weight, volume, and the cost of PEMFCs. In this study, the thermal management of the high-powered air-breathing PEMFC stacks by applying different cathode flow channel configurations is carried out to improve the stack performance. In order to verify the thermal management results, numerical simulation is also performed. The research results show that a combination of the 50% and 58.3% opening ratios in the air-breathing stack reduces the stack temperature and enhances the temperature distribution uniformity, leading to a better and more stable stack performance. In addition, it is found that the stack performance is significantly improved under the assisted-air-breathing condition. Moreover, the simulation results and the experimental data are basically consistent. It is suggested to adopt the average temperature over the cross-sectional flow region from simulation as fitting the simulation results and the measured data.
原文???core.languages.en_GB???
頁（從 - 到）22324-22339
頁數16
期刊International Journal of Hydrogen Energy
45
發行號42
DOIs
出版狀態已出版 - 28 8月 2020
指紋
深入研究「Performance improvement of air-breathing proton exchange membrane fuel cell stacks by thermal management」主題。共同形成了獨特的指紋。
引用此
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS4307960 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 06/125,012
Publication dateDec 29, 1981
Filing dateFeb 27, 1980
Priority dateMar 5, 1979
Also published asCA1137329A, CA1137329A1, DE3067407D1, EP0017267A2, EP0017267A3, EP0017267B1
Publication number06125012, 125012, US 4307960 A, US 4307960A, US-A-4307960, US4307960 A, US4307960A
InventorsDerek Barlow, Charles V. Perkins
Original AssigneeU.S. Philips Corporation
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Spectrophotometer
US 4307960 A
Abstract
A dual-beam ratio recording spectrophotometer has signal processing circuitry for determining the transmittance of a substrate. The signal processing circuitry has a bandwidth which is dependent on the magnitude of the radiation passing through a reference cell and includes control logic circuitry which produces a pulse whose width is proportional to the square of the magnitude of the radiation detected when the beam passes through the reference cell. A sample and hold circuit whose sample time is controlled by this pulse samples the output of an integrator which produces at regular intervals a signal representative of the transmittance of a substance. Thus, the response time of the sample and hold circuit and hence the bandwidth of the signal processing circuitry depends on the magnitude of the radiation passing through the reference cell.
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Claims(7)
We claim:
1. A dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometer comprising a radiation source, a radiation detector, a first path between said source and detector which includes a sample cell, a second path between said source and detector which includes a reference cell, means for alternately directing radiation through said first and second paths onto said detector, and a processing circuit for processing output signals from said detector, said processing circuit including means for producing a characteristic signal representative of a characteristic of a substance in said sample cell and for updating said characteristic signal at regular intervals, and means for measuring said characteristic signal, said measuring means including means for varying the bandwidth of said measuring means in proportion to the magnitude of radiation received by said detector from said second path.
2. A spectrophotometer according to claim 1, wherein said bandwidth of said measuring means is proportional to the square of the magnitude of radiation received by said detector from said second path.
3. A spectrophotometer according to claim 1, wherein said measuring means includes a sample and hold circuit for making the sample time and bandwidth of said measuring means dependent on the magnitude of radiation received by said detector from said second path.
4. A spectrophotometer according to claim 3, wherein said processing circuit includes a second sample and hold circuit for sampling the magnitude of radiation received by said detector from said second path and for producing an output signal dependent thereon, said output signal being used to determine sample time of the first sample and hold circuit.
5. A spectrophotometer according to claim 4, wherein said output signal of said second sample and hold circuit is fed to the input of a squaring circuit having an output signal for determining said sample time of said first sample and hold circuit.
6. A spectrophotometer according to any of claims 1-5, wherein said means for producing and updating said characteristic signal includes means for sampling output signals from said detector to produce first and second signals dependent on the magnitude of radiation received by said detector from said first and second paths respectively, means for maintaining said second signal constant, means for separately integrating said first signal and the constant second signal over a period of time necessary for the integrated value of said constant second signal to reach a predetermined value such that at the end of said period of time the integrated value of said first signal is said characteristic signal, and means for resetting said integrating means at regular intervals.
7. A spectrophotometer according to claim 6, wherein said means for resetting said integrating means at regular intervals is operative each time after radiation following said first path has been directed onto said detector, and each time after radiation following said second path has been directed onto said detector.
Description
The present invention relates to a dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometer comprising a radiation source, a radiation detector, a first path between the source and detector which includes a sample cell, a second path between the source and detector which includes a reference cell, means for alternately directing radiation following the first and second paths onto the detector, and a processing circuit for processing the output signals from the detector, the processing circuit having means for producing a characteristic signal representative of a characteristic of a substance in the sample cell and for updating this characteristic signal at regular intervals, and the processing circuit having means for measuring the characteristic signal.
Dual beam spectrophotometers may be classified as either null balance or ratio recording types. A null balance spectrophotometer includes a variable optical attenuator which is inserted in one or both of the radiation paths and is driven by a servo system until the intensity of the radiation reaching the detector via the reference cell is equal to that reaching the detector via the sample cell. By its nature the response time of this form of instrument increases as the energy level of the radiation is reduced since the drive to the servo is reduced. This is advantageous as it reduces the effect of noise on the system which would otherwise be increased as a proportion of the wanted signal. There is however a corresponding disadvantage of an increasing "dead band" i.e. the error signal required to operate the servo system becomes a greater proportion of the wanted signal. The display in this form of spectrophotometer is conventionally a chart recorder controlled by the servo system which drives the variable attentuator.
Dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometers of the type described in the opening paragraph have the advantage that there is no "dead zone" since an error signal is not required but in known spectrophotometers of this type the frequency response of the processing circuit is independent of the signal level and hence as the signal level decreases the effect of noise on the signal increases. If a scan is run with a large dynamic range of signal the noise performance will not be optimised over the whole scan.
It is an object of the invention to provide a dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometer in which the effect of noise on the signal when the signal level decreases is reduced.
The invention provides a dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometer of the type described in the opening paragraph, characterised in that the measuring means has a bandwidth which is dependent on the magnitude of the radiation received by the detector via the second path.
Thus if at a particular wavelength of interest the radiation emitted by the source falls to a low level or the absorption of radiation by a solvent in which the sample is dissolved increases then the bandwidth of the processing circuit is reduced to reduce the effect of noise on the wanted signal. Since the noise output of a system is proportional to bandwidth the bandwidth of the measuring means may be made proportional to the square of the magnitude of the radiation received by the detector via the second path.
In order to produce a variable bandwidth the measuring means may include a sample and hold circuit in which the sample time and hence the bandwidth of the measuring means is made dependent on the magnitude of the radiation received by the detector via the second path. This method of controlling the bandwidth enables an appropriate correction to be made over a large dynamic range of input signals. An alternative method of controlling the bandwidth would be the use of variable gain reactive feedback loops. However semiconductor variable gain elements tend to be non-linear when working with large signal variations over a large dynamic range of gain. Consequently the signals have to kept at a low level. Further the gain of these elements is often not well defined and further feedback loops have to be incorporated to define their gain accurately.
Since the bandwidth of the measuring means is to be dependent on the magnitude of the radiation received via the second path it is necessary that either the bandwidth required be stored for the intervals between the times when the radiation follows the second path or that this magnitude be stored. Thus the measuring means may include a second sample and hold circuit for sampling the magnitude of the radiation received by the detector via the second path and producing an output dependent thereon which is used to determine the sample time of the first mentioned sample and hold circuit.
In order to make the bandwidth proportional to the square of the signal magnitude the output of the second sample and hold circuit may be fed to a squaring circuit whose output is used to determine the sample time of the first mentioned sample and hold circuit.
In U.K. Pat. No. 1,086,559 a flame photometer is described in which an unknown quantity of one element, e.g. sodium in a blood sample, and a known quantity of a second element, e.g. lithium introduced into the blood sample, are atomized and introduced into a flame and in which a rotating filter disc has sectors transmitting the respective principal emission lines to a detector to produce sample and reference signals which are separately integrated in respective capacitors until the reference integral reaches a predetermined value, the detector output being then interrupted. The integrated sample signal is then indicated on a meter which may be directly calibrated to indicate the quantity of the unknown element. It is stated that by integrating over a sufficient length of time a high signal-to-noise ratio is obtained, an example being 25 seconds during which approximately 700 bits of information for each wavelength channel is provided. It is also stated that the instrument need not normally be recalibrated since if the temperature of the flame is less or the sample flow rate diminishes, the integration takes place over a longer period of time until the same voltage is present across the reference capacitor.
Thus in the flame photometer described in U.K. Pat. No. 1,086,559, the variable time which is allowed before the detector output is interrupted will accommodate variations in signal level. However, this teaching is not compatible with dual beam ratio recording spectrophotometers of the type to which the present invention relates in which the characteristic signal is updated at regular intervals, this regular updating being particularly relevant to the use of such spectrophotometers as scanning instruments.
In a spectrophotometer according to the invention, the means for producing and updating the characteristic signal may include means for sampling the output signals from the detector to produce first and second signals dependent on the magnitude of the radiation received by the detector via the first and second paths respectively, means for maintaining the second signal constant, means for separately integrating the first signal and the constant second signal over a period of time necessary for the integrated value of the constant second signal to reach a predetermined value such that at the end of that period of time the integrated value of the first signal is the characteristic signal, and means for resetting the integrating means at regular intervals. Furthermore, the means for resetting the integrating means at regular intervals may be operative each time after radiation following the first path has been directed onto the detector and each time after radiation following the second path has been directed onto the detector. This fast updating of the characteristic signal enables the spectrophotometer to perform a fast scan with the measured results displaying a continuous trace on a chart recorder or similar indicating device. It may be noted that the long integration time of the flame photometer disclosed in the above-mentioned U.K. Pat. No. 1,086,559 is incompatible with use of that instrument in a fast scanning mode since the long intervals between measured results will produce a discontinuous trace on a recorder.
An embodiment of the invention will now be described, by way of example, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 shows in diagrammatic form a dual beam spectrophotometer according to the invention,
FIG. 2 shows a signal processing circuit for use in the spectrophotometer of FIG. 1,
FIG. 3 shows a series of waveforms illustrating the operation of the processing circuit of FIG. 2,
FIG. 4 illustrates the response of the sample and hold circuit of FIG. 2 to a step input,
FIG. 5 shows an amplifier for insertion between the radiation detector and an input of the circuit of FIG. 2,
FIG. 6 shows in greater detail the decoding circuit of FIG. 2,
FIGS. 7 and 8 show in greater detail the control logic circuit of FIG. 2, and
FIG. 9 shows the response of a squaring circuit in the control logic circuit.
The spectrophotometer shown in FIG. 1 comprises a source of radiation S, means for forming two beams of radiation, means for combining the two beams, a monochromator M0, a detector D and a signal processing circuit PC.
Radiation from source S, which may be the infra-red, visible or ultra violet regions of the spectrum, is reflected by a mirror M1 along the path SB which passes through a sample cell SC within a measurement compartment MC. The radiation following path SB is reflected by two further mirrors M2 and M3 onto a rotating sector mirror assembly M4 which alternately allows the radiation following the path SB to fall on a mirror M8 and reflects it away from the mirror M8. Radiation from source S is also reflected by a mirror M5 along a second path RB which passes through a reference cell RC, which is also located in the measurement compartment MC. The radiation following path RB is reflected by two further mirrors M6 and M7 onto the rotating sector mirror assembly M4 which alternately reflects the radiation following the path RB onto the mirror M8 or allows it to pass through and thus be directed away from the mirror M8. Thus a composite beam CB which comprises pulses of radiation which have followed path SB interlaced with pulses of radiation which have followed path RB is formed. The rotating mirror M4 has successive sectors which are radiation transparent, radiation absorbing, radiation reflective and radiation absorbing in series thus causing the composite beam CB to comprise interlaced pulses of radiation which have followed paths SB and RB respectively separated by periods in which radiation from the source is interrupted. The composite beam CB is reflected by mirror M8 onto an entrance slit SL1 of a monochromator M0. The monochromator M0 comprises the entrance slit SL1, a concave mirror M9, a diffraction grating G and an exit slit SL2 and is used to select radiation of a narrow band of wavelengths from the wideband radiation presented to the entrance slit SL1. The narrow band radiation emerging from the exit slit SL2 is reflected onto a detector D by a mirror M10. The output of the detector D is fed via signal processing circuit PC to an indicator I.
In order to determine the transmittance of a sample it is inserted in the measurement compartment MC so as to be traversed by the sample beam and the signal processing means PC is arranged to determine the ratio of the magnitude of the radiation emerging from the sample cell SC to that emerging from the reference cell RC. If the magnitude of the radiation emitted from the source S is small then the signal produced at the output of the detector D will be small and hence the effect of noise in the system will be increased. Since the total noise produced at the output of the signal processing circuit PC is proportional to the square root of its bandwidth the effect of the noise can be reduced by reducing the bandwidth as the magnitude of the radiation reaching the detector D via path RB is reduced. This procedure may also be expressed as increasing the response time of the signal processing circuit PC as the magnitude of the radiation is reduced. It will be appreciated that this increase in the response time, or decrease in bandwidth, will prevent the system responding to fast changes in the level of radiation emerging from the sample cell SC and will thus limit the rate of change of wavelength produced by the monochromator M0 if meaningful measurements are to be made.
The indicator I is typically a chart recorder in which the chart is advanced in synchronism with the wavelength change of the monochromator. However, other indicators could be used, for example video display units, or the output of the signal processing circuit PC could be fed to a computer which could either store the information or drive a printer to produce a print out of transmittance against wavelength.
FIG. 2 shows in block schematic form one embodiment of a processing circuit suitable for use in the spectrophotometer of FIG. 1. The signal from the detector D is applied via a terminal 1 to a first input of a decoder 2 and to a first input of a control logic circuit 7. Four timing signals derived from devices sensing the position of the rotating mirror assembly M4 are applied via terminals 3, 4, 5 and 6 to further inputs of the decoder 2 and of the control logic circuit 7. The decoder 2 has a first output which is connected via an FET 8 to an integrator 20 which comprises a resistor R1, capacitor C1 and an operational amplifier A1. An FET 9 is connected across the capacitor C1. The output of the integrator 20 is fed to a sample and hold circuit 22 comprising an FET 10, a resistor R2, a capacitor C2 and an operational amplifier A2 the output of which is connected to an output terminal 11 of the processing circuit. A second output of the decoder 2 is connected via an FET 12 to a second integrator 21 which comprises a resistor R3, a capacitor C3 and an operational amplifier A3. An FET 13 is connected across capacitor C3. The output of the second integrator 21 is connected to one input of a comparator circuit which comprises resistors R4 and R5 and a fast comparator A4. The other input of the comparator is connected to a reference potential VR. The output of the comparator is connected to a further input of the control logic circuit 7. The control logic circuit has three outputs the first being connected to the gate electrodes of FET's 8 and 12, the second to the gate electrode of FET's 9 and 13 and the third to the gate electrode of FET 10.
FIG. 3 shows a number of the waveforms occurring at various points in the processing circuit shown in FIG. 2. Waveform a illustrates the composite waveform from the detector D which is applied at terminal 1. The four time periods T1, T2, T3 and T4 correspond to a first period when the radiation beam is absorbed within the mirror system, a period during which the radiation beam passes through the reference cell before falling on the detector D, a second period during which the radiation beam is absorbed within the mirror system, and a period during which the radiation beam passes through the sample cell before falling on the detector respectively. Waveforms b, c, d and e illustrate the four timing signals applied to the decoder 2 and control logic 7 and which correspond to the periods T1 to T4. Using these timing signals the decoder presents at its first output a signal hereinafter called Sample-Dark representing the detector output during the period T4 minus the average of that during the latest of periods T1 and T3 and at its second output a signal hereinafter called Ref-Dark representing the detector output during the period T2 minus the average of that during the latest of periods T1 and T3. During the periods between the end of T2 and the beginning of T3 and the end of T4 and the beginning of T1 the control logic 7 produces a signal shown as waveform f. This signal is applied to the gate electrodes of FET's 9 and 13 to discharge capacitors C1 and C3 and thus reset the two integrators. At the start of periods T1 and T3 the control logic 7 produces an output signal shown as waveform i which allows the integrators 20 and 21 to integrate the first and second outputs of the decoder 2 respectively. The integrator 21 integrates the Ref-Dark signal and when its output shown by waveform g reaches the reference potential VR causes the comparator output to change as shown by waveform h. This in turn causes the control logic to terminate the integrate pulse i and thus the integrator 20 whose output is shown by waveform j now holds a representation of the Sample-Dark signal as a proportion of the Ref-Dark signal. Thus the output of the integrator 20 is a regularly updated signal characteristic of the transmittance of the sample in the sample cell. The control logic 7 generates a waveform m which switches on the FET 10 to connect the output of integrator 20 to the sample and hold circuit 22 which thus forms means for measuring the characteristic signal output of the integrator 20. The sample pulse of the waveform m commences at the cessation of the integrate pulse, waveform i, and has a pulse length dependent on the magnitude of the output of the detector during the period T2 i.e. the magnitude of the radiation reaching the detector D via the path RB. As this magnitude increases the sample time and hence the bandwidth of the measuring means 22 increases and thus the signal at output 11 follows variations in the magnitude of received radiation more quickly.
Since the noise output of a system is proportional to the square root of the bandwidth it is convenient to make the sample time proportional to the square of the signal energy. Thus noise x bandwidth remains constant. In order to achieve a sample time which is proportional to the square of the signal energy the control logic circuit 7 includes a squaring circuit which squares the signal at the detector D during the period T2. The control logic circuit 7 then uses this value to determine the length of the pulses m and thus the sample time for the sample and hold circuit 22.
FIG. 4 illustrates the response of the sample and hold circuit 22 to a step input shown as waveform n. If the FET 10 is permanently on then the output at terminal 11 have the form shown as waveform p the response time depending on time constant CR of resistor R2 and capacitor C2. However, if FET 10 is switched on for 25% of the time CR then the output at terminal 11 will have the form shown as waveform q. Clearly, in this case, the rate at which the output of the sample and hold circuit 22 will follow changes in the value of the signal at its input is dependent on the time during which the FET 10 is switched on.
An amplifier as shown in FIG. 5 is connected between input terminal 1 and the decoder 2 and control logic circuit 7. The amplifier includes a pre-amplifier section 502 comprising an operational amplifier A501, a capacitor C501, resistors R501, R502 and a capacitor C502. Following the preamplifier section 502 is a differentiator 503 comprising an operational amplifier A502, resistors R503, R504 and capacitors C503, C504. The output of the differentiator 503 is fed via a line 701 to the control logic circuit 7 and via a capacitor C505 and a resistor R505 to a variable attenuator and buffer stage 504. The variable attenuator and buffer stage 504 includes an operational amplifier A503, a capacitor C506 and resistors R506, R507 and produces an output signal on line 601 which is fed to the decoder 2. The variable attenuator and buffer stage is controlled by an automatic gain comparator and amplifier stage 505 which is fed from an output of the decoder on line 501. The signal on line 501 is fed via the series arrangement of two resistors R508, R509 to the positive input of an operational amplifier A504. A potential divider comprising resistors R510, R511 connected between positive and negative supply rails has the junction of the resistors connected via a resistor R512 to the negative input of the operational amplifier A504. Two oppositely poled diodes D501, D502 are connected in parallel between the junction of resistors R508, R509 and the junction of resistors R510, R511. The output of operational amplifier A504 is fed via resistors R513, R514 to the negative input of operational amplifier A503. The junction of resistors R513, R514 being connected to the gate electrode of an FET T501. The source and drain electrode of the FET T501 are connected across a resistor R515 which is connected between the negative supply rail and the positive input of amplifier A503. A capacitor C507 is connected between the positive input of amplifier A504 and the negative supply rail, capacitor C508 is connected between the output of amplifier A504 and the negative supply rail, and a capacitor C509 is connected between the output and the negative input of amplifier A504. The variable attenuator and buffer stage is controlled by the automatic gain comparator and amplifier stage to maintain the Ref-Dark signal substantially constant despite variations in the signal level received by the detector D.
The decoder 2 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 6 and comprises four sample and hold circuits 604, 605, 606 and 607 and two subtractor circuits 608 and 609.
Sample and hold circuit 604 comprises an FET T604, a resistor R604, a capacitor C604 and an operational amplifier A604, sample and hold circuit 605 comprises an FET T605, a resistor R605, a capacitor C605 and an operational amplifier A605, sample and hold circuit 606 comprises an FET T606, a resistor R606, a capacitor C606 and an operational amplifier A606 and sample and hold circuit 607 comprises an FET T607, a resistor R607, a capacitor C607 and an operational amplifier A607.
The subtractor circuits 608 and 609 are identical in form, subtractor 608 comprising an operational amplifier A608 having its positive input biased by a resistor network comprising resistors R608, R609, R610 and R611, a capacitor C608 being connected across resistors R608 and R609. The parallel arrangement of a resistor R612 and a capacitor R612 is connected between the output and the negative input of amplifier A608. A first input of subtractor 608 is connected via a resistor R613 to the negative input of amplifier A608 while a second input is connected via a resistor R614 to the positive input of amplifier A608. Subtractor 609 is identical in form and comprises resistors R618-R623, capacitors C618 and C622 and operational amplifier A609.
The composite waveform a is applied on line 601 to the sample and hold circuits 604-607 after suitable processing in the amplifier shown in FIG. 5. Timing signals e, d, c and b are fed from terminals 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively to sample and hold circuits 604-607. In this way during time period T1 sample and hold circuit 607 samples the composite waveform as the timing signal b causes FET 607 to conduct and stores the magnitude of the composite waveform at that time on capacitor C607. In this way a representation of the radiation falling on the detector D during the first Dark period i.e. a period when the radiation beam is deflected away from the detector D is stored. In the same way value of the Reference signal is stored on capacitor C606, the sample signal on C604 and the signal during the second Dark period on capacitor C605. The outputs of sample and hold circuits 605 and 607 are connected in common through resistors R630 and R631 so that the average value of the composite signal during the last two Dark periods is applied to one input of each of the subtractors 608 and 609. The output of sample and hold circuit 604 is applied to the other input of subtractor 608 while the output of sample and hold circuit 606 is applied to the other input of subtractor 609 and via line 501 to the automatic gain comparator and amplifier 505 (FIG. 5).
The output of subtractor 608 on line 602 provides the Sample-Dark signal which is applied to the input of integrator 20 (FIG. 2) under the control of the integrate signal i as previously described while the output of subtractor 609 on line 603 provides the Ref-Dark signal which is applied to integrator 21 (FIG. 2) also under the control of the integrate signal i.
The control logic circuit 7 is shown in detail in FIGS. 7 and 8 and comprises an energy detector 703, a squaring circuit 704, energy level comparator 705 and the logic elements shown in FIG. 8. A comparator 706 is also shown in FIG. 7 and this takes the place of the comparator shown in FIG. 2.
The energy level detector 703 has an input which is connected via line 701 to the output of the differentiator 503 (FIG. 5) and comprises a sample and hold circuit with an FET T703, resistor R703, capacitor C704 and operational amplifier A703.
The sample and hold circuit is fed via a capacitor C703 and the FET T703 is switched by waveform c so that a representation of the magnitude of the radiation falling on the detector during the period T2 is held. A resistor R723 and an FET T723 are connected in series between the junction of capacitor C703 and FET T703 and the negative supply rail. The gate of FET T723 is fed with waveform b to discharge capacitor C703 before the period T2. The output of the sample and hold circuit is connected via the series arrangement of two resistors R704 and R705 to the negative supply rail. The junction of resistors R704 and R705 forms the output of the energy level detector 703 and is connected to a squaring circuit 704.
The squaring circuit 704 includes an operational amplifier A704 whose positive input is connected to the junction of resistors R704 and R705. The output of amplifier A704 is connected to its negative input via a resistor R706. The series arrangement of two diodes D701 and D703 and a resistor R708 is connected between the negative input of the amplifier A704 and the negative supply rail. The junction of diodes D701 and D702 is connected to the negative supply rail via a resistor R707.
The squaring circuit has unity gain until diode D701 starts to conduct i.e. when the input voltage becomes greater than about 625 mV. The gain is then defined by (R706+R708)/R708 which is made to be equal to three. When the input voltage reaches 1.25 V diode D702 starts to conduct and the gain is defined by the expression ##EQU1## which is made equal to six. FIG. 9 illustrates the response of the squaring circuit to an input signal which ranges between 0 to 2.5 volts. The response is a straight line approximation which is correct at 25%, 50% and 100% of the maximum input signal. In practice at each of the diode break points the curve is smoothed by the gradual turn-on of the diodes. The output voltage of the squaring circuit ≈1.6(Vin)2.
The energy level comparator 705 comprises a constant current source for charging a capacitor C705, a comparator and a switch controlled by a reference level comparator 706 which is in modified form the reference level comparator of FIG. 2. The constant current source comprises a pnp transistor T705, having its emitter connected to the positive supply rail via a resistor R710 and its base connected to a potential divider comprising a resistor R711 and a preset potentiometer R712 connected between the positive and negative supply rails. The junction of the collector of transistor T705 and the capacitor C705 is connected via a resistor R713 to the negative input of a fast comparator A705, which together with its associated components, i.e. diode D703 and resistors R714 and R715, forms a comparator. A switch comprising an FET T704 connects the output of the squaring circuit 704 to the junction of capacitor C705 and the collector of transistor T705. The FET T704 is controlled by the output of the reference level comparator 706 via a diode D704 and a resistor R709.
The reference level comparator comprises an operational amplifier A706 having its negative input connected to a potential divider comprising two resistors R716 and R717 connected between the positive and negative supply rails. A resistor R718 is connected between an input line 702 which is connected to the output of the reference integrator 21 and the positive input of amplifier A706. A diode D706 is connected between the positive and negative inputs of amplifier A706 while a resistor R719 is connected between its positive input and its output. The output of amplifier A706 is connected to the positive supply rail via a resistor A720 and via a diode D707 to an output line 707. The output line 707 is connected to a positive supply rail via a resistor R721.
In operation the energy level detector 703 samples the magnitude of the composite waveform a during the period T2 and holds this value on capacitor C704 and thus presents a signal representing the magnitude of the radiation passing through the reference cell to the input of the squaring circuit 704. The output of the squaring circuit is applied to the energy level comparator 705 via the FET T704 which is controlled by the output of the reference level comparator 706 so that the capacitor C705 is discharged to produce a negative voltage proportional to the square of the magnitude of the radiation passing through the reference cell at the junction of capacitor C705 and resistor R713 when the reference comparator output is positive. When the reference comparator output goes negative FET T704 is switched off and the capacitor is charged linearly by the constant current source. This action is illustrated by waveform k in FIG. 3. Waveform k causes the output of comparator A705 to take the form shown in FIG. 3 as waveform l. As can be seen from FIG. 3 the mark/space ratio of waveform l depends on the magnitude of the output of the squaring circuit 704. The output of the comparator A705 is modified in the control logic circuit 7 as described hereinafter to produce the control signal for sample and hold circuit 22 of FIG. 2.
FIG. 8 shows an arrangement of logic circuitry for producing the waveforms i, f and m of FIG. 3. Inputs 4 and 6 are connected to the inputs of an OR gate 800 whose output is connected to the input of a monostable multivibrator 801. Thus the leading edge of the pulses corresponding to times T1 or T3 will cause the monostable multivibrator 801 to produce a pulse which sets two bistable circuits 802 and 803. The Q output of bistable circuit 803 is connected via an invertor 804 to output line 805 and produces the waveform i to govern the operation of the integrators 20 and 21 of FIG. 2. The bistable circuit 803 is reset either when the reference comparator output on line 707, which is connected to the reset input of bistable circuit 803, goes negative, i.e. the reference integrator 21 output has reached a preset value, or at the end of the next T2 or T4 period. Inputs 3 and 5 are connected to the inputs of a NOR gate 806 whose output is connected to the input of a monostable multivibrator 807. The output of the monostable multivibrator 807 is connected to the clock input of bistable circuit 803 and thus the back edge of waveform c or e will cause the bistable circuit 803 to change state. Thus either the end of period T2 or T4 or the output of integrator 21 reaching a preset value will cause the pulse i to cease. The Q output of bistable circuit 803 is connected to an inhibit input on the monostable circuit 807 so that the monostable circuit 807 will not produce an output pulse to clock the bistable circuit 803 if the integration has been completed, and hence the bistable circuit 803 is reset via line 707, before the end of the reference or sample period, times T2 and T4.
The output of reference level comparator 706 on line 707 is connected via an invertor 808 to an input of a NAND gate 809 the other input of which is connected via line 708 to the output of the energy level comparator 708. The output of NAND gate 809 is connected via an invertor 810 to an output line 811. Thus waveforms h and l are combined in NAND gate 809 to produce a sample and hold pulse m whose pulse length is proportional to the output of the squaring circuit 704 and hence proportional to the square of the energy received by the detector D during the period T2 i.e. when radiation passing through the reference cell falls on the detector.
The output of NOR gate 806 also resets bistable circuit 802 at the start of periods T2 and T4 and is applied to one input of a NAND gate 812 the other input of which is connected to the output of bistable circuit 802. The output of NAND gate 812 is connected to an invertor 813. The output of NAND gate 809 is connected to an invertor 814 which is in turn connected to an invertor 815. The outputs of invertors 813 and 815 are connected in common and fed to an output line 816 via which the zero clamp signal, waveform f, is connected to the integrators 20 and 21 of FIG. 2. Thus the zero clamp signal only occurs in the intervals between periods T2 and T3 and T4 and T1.
In an alternative embodiment the signals representing the level of the radiation falling on the detector during each of the periods T1 to T4 may be measured by an integrating digital voltmeter and stored. The differences and ratio of Sample-Dark to Ref-Dark may then be calculated in an arithmetic unit. The response time can be varied by taking the average of the results over a period which is made dependent on the magnitude of the signal during period T2. If this technique is used it would also be possible to weight the significance given to the measured results during the period over which the average is taken, e.g. to give greater significance to the latest measurements.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US3428401 *Oct 28, 1964Feb 18, 1969Beckman Instruments IncFlame photometer
US3659941 *Jul 9, 1970May 2, 1972CamecaInfra-red spectrometers
US4055768 *Sep 7, 1976Oct 25, 1977Bromberg Nathan SLight measuring apparatus
Referenced by
Citing PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US4888484 *Dec 31, 1987Dec 19, 1989Automatik Machinery CorporationApparatus and method for spectrophotometric analysis of a material in a moving process stream
US4991106 *Mar 2, 1983Feb 5, 1991Alfa-Laval AbMethod and apparatus for aligning and analyzing sample and control signals
Classifications
U.S. Classification356/323
International ClassificationG01J3/42, G06G7/161, G06G7/48, G01J3/02
Cooperative ClassificationG06G7/48, G06G7/161, G01J3/42
European ClassificationG06G7/48, G01J3/42, G06G7/161
|
__label__pos
| 0.868136 |
streemo:automatic-service-configuration
Automate service configuration.
License
MIT
Install
meteor add streemo:automatic-service-configuration@=0.0.1
Documentation
Configure OAuth Services
Specify service keys in settings.json, then import this package into your top level on the server. Inspired by https://themeteorchef.com/recipes/roll-your-own-authentication/ You must do this before using any of these OAuth logins, this package lets you do without cluttering up your source.
Example
//settings.json
{
"OAUTH": {
"google":{
"clientId":"apiKey",
"secret":"apiSecret",
"loginStyle":"redirect" //"popup" is default
},
"facebook":{
"appId": "apiKey",
"secret": "apiSecret"
},
"twitter":{
"consumerKey": "apiKey",
"secret": "apiSecret"
},
"github":{
"clientId": "apiKey",
"secret": "apiSecret"
}
}
}
The appropriate service initialization code is injected into the server upon installation of the package, so there's nothing else you need to do.
|
__label__pos
| 0.834371 |
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Carbohydrates
Story at-a-glance +
• Among people aged 70 to 89, those who ate the most carbohydrates and sugars were more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment, including problems with memory, language, thinking and judgment.
• As you overindulge on sugar and grains, your brain becomes overwhelmed by the consistently high levels of insulin and eventually shuts down its insulin signaling, leading to impairments in your thinking and memory abilities, and eventually causing permanent brain damage.
• Reducing sugars, fructose and grains, and eating healthy fats and fermented vegetables may play a protective role in your brain health.
• Senile dementia is now recognized as a form of diabetes and frequently called diabetes type 3.
Eating Loads of Carbs May Cause You to Lose Your Mind
November 03, 2012 | 115,624 views
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By Dr. Mercola
Your brain is intricately linked to your diet. You know this is true if you've ever found yourself foggy-headed and unable to concentrate because you've gone too long without eating.
Yet, changes in your cognitive abilities as you get older are generally not attributed directly to your food choices, the way some other diseases, like heart disease and type 2 diabetes, often are.
This may soon change, and rightly so, as a growing body of research is highlighting the drastic effect your diet plays in your future brain health, such as significantly raising your risk of cognitive impairment.
Too Many Carbs and Too Much Sugar Increases Your Risk of Cognitive Impairment
Among people aged 70 to 89, diet proved very influential in contributing to the risk of mild cognitive impairment, including problems with memory, language, thinking and judgment, down the line. The new study revealed carbs and sugar to be the biggest culprits, while protein and fats were protective:1
• Those with the highest carbohydrate intake were nearly twice as likely to develop mild cognitive impairment than those with the lowest intake of carbohydrates.
• Those with the highest sugar intake were 1.5 times more likely to experience mild cognitive impairment than those with the lowest levels.
• Those with the highest fat intake were 42 percent less likely to develop cognitive impairment
• Those with the highest protein intake reduced their risk by 21 percent
• When compared with total fat and protein intake, those with the highest carb intake were 3.6 times more likely to develop mild cognitive impairment
Why might this be? Because a diet that's focused on unhealthy carbs and sugar seriously interferes with the ability of insulin to do its job Researchers noted:
"A dietary pattern with relatively high caloric intake from carbohydrates and low caloric intake from fat and proteins may increase the risk of MCI [mild cognitive impairment] or dementia in elderly persons."
Interfering with Insulin Signaling is Damaging to Your Brain
In a recent animal study, researchers from Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island were able to induce many of the characteristic brain changes seen with Alzheimer's disease (disorientation, confusion, inability to learn and remember) by interfering with insulin signaling in their brains.2
Faulty insulin (and leptin, another hormone) signaling is an underlying cause of insulin resistance, which, of course, typically leads to type 2 diabetes. However, while insulin is usually associated with its role in keeping your blood sugar levels in a healthy range, it also plays a role in brain health. When researchers disrupted the proper signaling of insulin in the brain, it resulted in dementia.
The over-consumption of sugars and grains is what ultimately causes your body to be incapable of "hearing" the proper signals from insulin and leptin, leaving you insulin resistant in both body and brain. A drop in insulin production in your brain may contribute to the degeneration of your brain cells, mainly by depriving them of glucose. It's even been said that "reducing the level of insulin in the brain can immediately impair cognition."3
Alzheimer's disease was tentatively dubbed "type 3 diabetes" in early 2005 when researchers learned that the pancreas is not the only organ that produces insulin. Your brain also produces insulin, and this brain insulin is necessary for the survival of your brain cells.
So it's not surprising that the featured study found a link between mild cognitive impairment and diets high in sugar and carbs. It's becoming increasingly clear that the same pathological process that leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes may also hold true for your brain. As you overindulge on sugar and grains, your brain becomes overwhelmed by the consistently higher levels of insulin and eventually shuts down its insulin signaling and sensitivity, leading to impairments in your thinking and memory abilities, and eventually causing permanent brain damage.
As the study's lead author said:4
"A high carbohydrate intake could be bad for you because carbohydrates impact your glucose and insulin metabolism … Sugar fuels the brain — so moderate intake is good. However, high levels of sugar may actually prevent the brain from using the sugar — similar to what we see with type 2 diabetes."
Cut THIS From Your Diet if You Want to Protect Your Brain …
When researchers fed rats a fructose solution as drinking water for six weeks, then tested their ability to remember their way out of a maze, the results certainly grabbed the researchers' attention – and they should grab yours, too.
The rats fed fructose syrup showed significant impairment in their cognitive abilities—they struggled to remember their way out of the maze. They were slower, and their brains showed a decline in synaptic activity. Their brain cells had trouble signaling each other, disrupting the rats' ability to think clearly and recall the route they'd learned six weeks earlier.5
Additionally, the fructose-fed rats showed signs of resistance to insulin, again showing that consuming large amounts of sugar, and in this case fructose, may block insulin's ability to regulate how your brain cells store and use sugar for the energy needed to form healthy thoughts and emotions.
Researchers concluded that a high-fructose diet harms your brain, as well as the rest of your body. There is NO question in my mind that regularly consuming more than 25 grams of fructose per day will dramatically increase your risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease, as it will inevitably wreak havoc on your body's ability to regulate proper insulin levels.
Protein Intake Also Crucial
Earlier this month I interviewed Dr. Ron Rosedale for 14 hours. He is one of the first physicians in the U.S. that started measuring leptin levels clinically and was far ahead of the curve on this one. In our interview, he helped me understand the major importance that excessive protein intake can have on cancer growth.
Eating excessive protein can be an additional synergistically powerful mechanism. When you consume protein in levels higher than one gram of protein per kilogram of LEAN body mass you tend to activate the mTOR pathway, which will radically increase your risk of cancers. It is very easy to consume excess protein and my guess is that most people reading this are. I know I was, and as a result of this new insight I have reduced my protein intake by about half.
To determine your lean body mass find out your percent body fat and subtract from 100. So if you are 20% body fat you would have 80% lean body mass. Just multiply that times your current weight to get lean body mass. For most people this means restricting protein intake from 35 to 75 grams. Pregnant women and those working out extensively need about 25% more protein though.
Of course when you reduce protein you need to replace it with other calories, so the key to replace the lost calories with high-quality fats such as avocados, butter, coconut oil, nuts and eggs. It is also very helpful to avoid eating anything for three hours before going to bed as this allows you to have relatively low blood sugars while you are sleeping. This is another good trick to move your body to fat burning mode.
What Dietary Strategies Help Protect Your Brain?
Obviously the first and most important step is to limit carbs. Ideally your best carbs are fiber-based vegetables. It would be wise to avoid sugar and grains and replace those calories with healthy fats, like butter, avocados, coconut oil and olive oil. Nuts can be used but not overdone as you do not want to increase protein much above one half gram per pound of lean body weight.
On a brighter note, the above-mentioned study also found that rats given omega-3 fats in addition to the high-fructose diet were able to navigate the maze better and faster than the rats in the non-omega-3 group.
The researchers concluded that a type of omega-3 fat called DHA is protective against fructose's harmful effects on the brain. DHA is essential for synaptic function—it helps your brain cells transmit signals to one another, which is the mechanism that makes learning and memory possible. Your body has difficulty producing enough DHA from vegetarian omega-3 precursors, so it must be supplemented through your diet, and this is one reason why getting enough animal-based omega-3 fats is so essential.
In addition, optimizing your gut bacteria by eating fermented vegetables may be one of the most profound ways to improve your brain health. Your gut is your "second brain," and there is a close connection between abnormal gut flora and abnormal brain development and function. Just as you have neurons in your brain, you also have neurons in your gut -- including neurons that produce neurotransmitters like serotonin, which is also found in your brain and is linked to mood.
Quite simply, your gut health can impact your brain function, psyche, and behavior, as they are interconnected and interdependent in a number of different ways.
Interestingly, if eating sugar, fructose and grains is the equivalent of slamming your foot on your brain-aging accelerator, intermittent fasting may be more akin to stepping on the brakes. Fasting increases insulin sensitivity and appears to trigger a variety of health-promoting hormonal and metabolic changes that may help prevent age-related brain shrinkage and other chronic and debilitating diseases. The protective processes triggered in your brain when suddenly decreasing your food intake are similar to the beneficial effects of exercise.
If you want to give it a try, you can find my full intermittent fasting guidelines here.
As for what to eat the rest of the time, following the dietary advice available in my comprehensive nutrition plan is highly recommended. I am confident that if you adhere to the recommendations in this plan, you will be able to optimize your brain health and your overall health simultaneously.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.733923 |
Streams
Stream is a new feature provided by redis.
Since not all commands related are released officially(some commands are only referred in stream introduction ), you should make sure you know about it before using the api, and the API may be changed in the future.
For now, according to command manual , only XADD, XRANGE, XREVRANGE, XLEN, XREAD, XREADGROUP, XPENDING commands are released. But commands you can find in stream introduction are all supported in aredis, you can try the new feature with it.
You can append entries to stream like code below:
entry = dict(event=1, user='usr1')
async def append_msg_to_stream(client, entry):
stream_id = await client.xadd('example_stream', entry, max_len=10)
return stream_id
notice - max length of the stream length will not be limited max_len is set to None - max_len should be int greater than 0, if set to 0 or negative, the stream length will not be limited - The XADD command will auto-generate a unique id for you if the id argument specified is the ‘*’ character.
You can use use read entries from a stream using XRANGE & XREVRANGE
async def fetch_entries(client, stream, count=10, reverse=False):
# if you do know the range of stream_id, you can specify it when using xrange
if reverse:
entries = await client.xrevrange(stream, start='10-0', end='1-0', count=count)
else:
entries = await client.xrange(stream, start='1-0', end='10-0', count=count)
return entries
Actually, stream feature is inspired by kafka, a stream can be consumed by consumer from a group, like code below:
async def consuming_process(client):
# create a stream firstly
for idx in range(20):
# give progressive stream id when create entry
await client.xadd('test_stream', {'k1': 'v1', 'k2': 1}, stream_id=idx)
# now create a consumer group
# stream_id can be specified when creating a group,
# if given '0', group will consume the stream from the beginning
# if give '$', group will only consume newly appended entries
await r.xgroup_create('test_stream', 'test_group', '0')
# now consume the entries by 'consumer1' from group 'test_group'
entries = await r.xreadgroup('test_group', 'consumer1', count=5, test_stream='1')
|
__label__pos
| 0.814424 |
Clinton Gormley
NAME
HTML::StripScripts - Strip scripting constructs out of HTML
SYNOPSIS
use HTML::StripScripts;
my $hss = HTML::StripScripts->new({ Context => 'Inline' });
$hss->input_start_document;
$hss->input_start('<i>');
$hss->input_text('hello, world!');
$hss->input_end('</i>');
$hss->input_end_document;
print $hss->filtered_document;
DESCRIPTION
This module strips scripting constructs out of HTML, leaving as much non-scripting markup in place as possible. This allows web applications to display HTML originating from an untrusted source without introducing XSS (cross site scripting) vulnerabilities.
You will probably use HTML::StripScripts::Parser rather than using this module directly.
The process is based on whitelists of tags, attributes and attribute values. This approach is the most secure against disguised scripting constructs hidden in malicious HTML documents.
As well as removing scripting constructs, this module ensures that there is a matching end for each start tag, and that the tags are properly nested.
Previously, in order to customise the output, you needed to subclass HTML::StripScripts and override methods. Now, most customisation can be done through the Rules option provided to new(). (See examples/declaration/ and examples/tags/ for cases where subclassing is necessary.)
The HTML document must be parsed into start tags, end tags and text before it can be filtered by this module. Use either HTML::StripScripts::Parser or HTML::StripScripts::Regex instead if you want to input an unparsed HTML document.
See examples/direct/ for an example of how to feed tokens directly to HTML::StripScripts.
CONSTRUCTORS
new ( CONFIG )
Creates a new HTML::StripScripts filter object, bound to a particular filtering policy. If present, the CONFIG parameter must be a hashref. The following keys are recognized (unrecognized keys will be silently ignored).
$s = HTML::Stripscripts->new({
Context => 'Document|Flow|Inline|NoTags',
BanList => [qw( br img )] | {br => '1', img => '1'},
BanAllBut => [qw(p div span)],
AllowSrc => 0|1,
AllowHref => 0|1,
AllowRelURL => 0|1,
AllowMailto => 0|1,
EscapeFiltered => 0|1,
Rules => { See below for details },
});
Context
A string specifying the context in which the filtered document will be used. This influences the set of tags that will be allowed.
If present, the Context value must be one of:
Document
If Context is Document then the filter will allow a full HTML document, including the HTML tag and HEAD and BODY sections.
Flow
If Context is Flow then most of the cosmetic tags that one would expect to find in a document body are allowed, including lists and tables but not including forms.
Inline
If Context is Inline then only inline tags such as B and FONT are allowed.
NoTags
If Context is NoTags then no tags are allowed.
The default Context value is Flow.
BanList
If present, this option must be an arrayref or a hashref. Any tag that would normally be allowed (because it presents no XSS hazard) will be blocked if the lowercase name of the tag is in this list.
For example, in a guestbook application where HR tags are used to separate posts, you may wish to prevent posts from including HR tags, even though HR is not an XSS risk.
BanAllBut
If present, this option must be reference to an array holding a list of lowercase tag names. This has the effect of adding all but the listed tags to the ban list, so that only those tags listed will be allowed.
AllowSrc
By default, the filter won't allow constructs that cause the browser to fetch things automatically, such as SRC attributes in IMG tags. If this option is present and true then those constructs will be allowed.
AllowHref
By default, the filter won't allow constructs that cause the browser to fetch things if the user clicks on something, such as the HREF attribute in A tags. Set this option to a true value to allow this type of construct.
AllowRelURL
By default, the filter won't allow relative URLs such as ../foo.html in SRC and HREF attribute values. Set this option to a true value to allow them. AllowHref and / or AllowSrc also need to be set to true for this to have any effect.
AllowMailto
By default, mailto: links are not allowed. If AllowMailto is set to a true value, then this construct will be allowed. This can be enabled separately from AllowHref.
EscapeFiltered
By default, any filtered tags are outputted as <!--filtered-->. If EscapeFiltered is set to a true value, then the filtered tags are converted to HTML entities.
For instance:
<br> --> <br>
Rules
The Rules option provides a very flexible way of customising the filter.
The focus is safety-first, so it is applied after all of the previous validation. This means that you cannot all malicious data should already have been cleared.
Rules can be specified for tags and for attributes. Any tag or attribute not explicitly listed will be handled by the default * rules.
The following is a synopsis of all of the options that you can use to configure rules. Below, an example is broken into sections and explained.
Rules => {
tag => 0 | 1 | sub { tag_callback }
| {
attr => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
'*' => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
required => [qw(attrname attrname)],
tag => sub { tag_callback }
},
'*' => 0 | 1 | sub { tag_callback }
| {
attr => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
'*' => 0 | 1 | 'regex' | qr/regex/ | sub { attr_callback},
tag => sub { tag_callback }
}
}
EXAMPLE:
Rules => {
##########################
##### EXPLICIT RULES #####
##########################
## Allow <br> tags, reject <img> tags
br => 1,
img => 0,
## Send all <div> tags to a sub
div => sub { tag_callback },
## Allow <blockquote> tags,and allow the 'cite' attribute
## All other attributes are handled by the default C<*>
blockquote => {
cite => 1,
},
## Allow <a> tags, and
a => {
## Allow the 'title' attribute
title => 1,
## Allow the 'href' attribute if it matches the regex
href => '^http://yourdomain.com'
OR href => qr{^http://yourdomain.com},
## 'style' attributes are handled by a sub
style => sub { attr_callback },
## All other attributes are rejected
'*' => 0,
## Additionally, the <a> tag should be handled by this sub
tag => sub { tag_callback},
## If the <a> tag doesn't have these attributes, filter the tag
required => [qw(href title)],
},
##########################
##### DEFAULT RULES #####
##########################
## The default '*' rule - accepts all the same options as above.
## If a tag or attribute is not mentioned above, then the default
## rule is applied:
## Reject all tags
'*' => 0,
## Allow all tags and all attributes
'*' => 1,
## Send all tags to the sub
'*' => sub { tag_callback },
## Allow all tags, reject all attributes
'*' => { '*' => 0 },
## Allow all tags, and
'*' => {
## Allow the 'title' attribute
title => 1,
## Allow the 'href' attribute if it matches the regex
href => '^http://yourdomain.com'
OR href => qr{^http://yourdomain.com},
## 'style' attributes are handled by a sub
style => sub { attr_callback },
## All other attributes are rejected
'*' => 0,
## Additionally, all tags should be handled by this sub
tag => sub { tag_callback},
},
Tag Callbacks
sub tag_callback {
my ($filter,$element) = (@_);
$element = {
tag => 'tag',
content => 'inner_html',
attr => {
attr_name => 'attr_value',
}
};
return 0 | 1;
}
A tag callback accepts two parameters, the $filter object and the C$element>. It should return 0 to completely ignore the tag and its content (which includes any nested HTML tags), or 1 to accept and output the tag.
The $element is a hash ref containing the keys:
tag
This is the tagname in lowercase, eg a, br, img. If you set the tag value to an empty string, then the tag will not be outputted, but the tag contents will.
content
This is the equivalent of DOM's innerHTML. It contains the text content and any HTML tags contained within this element. You can change the content or set it to an empty string so that it is not outputted.
attr
attr contains a hashref containing the attribute names and values
If for instance, you wanted to replace <b> tags with <span> tags, you could do this:
sub b_callback {
my ($filter,$element) = @_;
$element->{tag} = 'span';
$element->{attr}{style} = 'font-weight:bold';
return 1;
}
Attribute Callbacks
sub attr_callback {
my ( $filter, $tag, $attr_name, $attr_val ) = @_;
return undef | '' | 'value';
}
Attribute callbacks accept four parameters, the $filter object, the $tag name, the $attr_name and the $attr_value.
It should return either undef to reject the attribute, or the value to be used. An empty string keeps the attribute, but without a value.
BanList vs BanAllBut vs Rules
It is not necessary to use BanList or BanAllBut - everything can be done via Rules, however it may be simpler to write:
BanAllBut => [qw(p div span)]
The logic works as follows:
* If BanAllBut exists, then ban everything but the tags in the list
* Add to the ban list any elements in BanList
* Any tags mentioned explicitly in Rules (eg a => 0, br => 1)
are added or removed from the BanList
* A default rule of { '*' => 0 } would ban all tags except
those mentioned in Rules
* A default rule of { '*' => 1 } would allow all tags except
those disallowed in the ban list, or by explicit rules
METHODS
This class provides the following methods:
hss_init ()
This method is called by new() and does the actual initialisation work for the new HTML::StripScripts object.
input_start_document ()
This method initializes the filter, and must be called once before starting on each HTML document to be filtered.
input_start ( TEXT )
Handles a start tag from the input document. TEXT must be the full text of the tag, including angle-brackets.
input_end ( TEXT )
Handles an end tag from the input document. TEXT must be the full text of the end tag, including angle-brackets.
input_text ( TEXT )
Handles some non-tag text from the input document.
input_process ( TEXT )
Handles a processing instruction from the input document.
input_comment ( TEXT )
Handles an HTML comment from the input document.
input_declaration ( TEXT )
Handles an declaration from the input document.
input_end_document ()
Call this method to signal the end of the input document.
filtered_document ()
Returns the filtered document as a string.
SUBCLASSING
The only reason for subclassing this module now is to add to the list of accepted tags, attributes and styles (See "WHITELIST INITIALIZATION METHODS"). Everything else can be achieved with "Rules".
The HTML::StripScripts class is subclassable. Filter objects are plain hashes and HTML::StripScripts reserves only hash keys that start with _hss. The filter configuration can be set up by invoking the hss_init() method, which takes the same arguments as new().
OUTPUT METHODS
The filter outputs a stream of start tags, end tags, text, comments, declarations and processing instructions, via the following output_* methods. Subclasses may override these to intercept the filter output.
The default implementations of the output_* methods pass the text on to the output() method. The default implementation of the output() method appends the text to a string, which can be fetched with the filtered_document() method once processing is complete.
If the output() method or the individual output_* methods are overridden in a subclass, then filtered_document() will not work in that subclass.
output_start_document ()
This method gets called once at the start of each HTML document passed through the filter. The default implementation does nothing.
output_end_document ()
This method gets called once at the end of each HTML document passed through the filter. The default implementation does nothing.
output_start ( TEXT )
This method is used to output a filtered start tag.
output_end ( TEXT )
This method is used to output a filtered end tag.
output_text ( TEXT )
This method is used to output some filtered non-tag text.
output_declaration ( TEXT )
This method is used to output a filtered declaration.
output_comment ( TEXT )
This method is used to output a filtered HTML comment.
output_process ( TEXT )
This method is used to output a filtered processing instruction.
output ( TEXT )
This method is invoked by all of the default output_* methods. The default implementation appends the text to the string that the filtered_document() method will return.
output_stack_entry ( TEXT )
This method is invoked when a tag plus all text and nested HTML content within the tag has been processed. It adds the tag plus its content to the content for its parent tag.
REJECT METHODS
When the filter encounters something in the input document which it cannot transform into an acceptable construct, it invokes one of the following reject_* methods to put something in the output document to take the place of the unacceptable construct.
The TEXT parameter is the full text of the unacceptable construct.
The default implementations of these methods output an HTML comment containing the text filtered. If "EscapeFiltered" is set to true, then the rejected text is HTML escaped instead.
Subclasses may override these methods, but should exercise caution. The TEXT parameter is unfiltered input and may contain malicious constructs.
reject_start ( TEXT )
reject_end ( TEXT )
reject_text ( TEXT )
reject_declaration ( TEXT )
reject_comment ( TEXT )
reject_process ( TEXT )
WHITELIST INITIALIZATION METHODS
The filter refers to various whitelists to determine which constructs are acceptable. To modify these whitelists, subclasses can override the following methods.
Each method is called once at object initialization time, and must return a reference to a nested data structure. These references are installed into the object, and used whenever the filter needs to refer to a whitelist.
The default implementations of these methods can be invoked as class methods.
See examples/tags/ and examples/declaration/ for examples of how to override these methods.
init_context_whitelist ()
Returns a reference to the Context whitelist, which determines which tags may appear at each point in the document, and which other tags may be nested within them.
It is a hash, and the keys are context names, such as Flow and Inline.
The values in the hash are hashrefs. The keys in these subhashes are lowercase tag names, and the values are context names, specifying the context that the tag provides to any other tags nested within it.
The special context EMPTY as a value in a subhash indicates that nothing can be nested within that tag.
init_attrib_whitelist ()
Returns a reference to the Attrib whitelist, which determines which attributes each tag can have and the values that those attributes can take.
It is a hash, and the keys are lowercase tag names.
The values in the hash are hashrefs. The keys in these subhashes are lowercase attribute names, and the values are attribute value class names, which are short strings describing the type of values that the attribute can take, such as color or number.
init_attval_whitelist ()
Returns a reference to the AttVal whitelist, which is a hash that maps attribute value class names from the Attrib whitelist to coderefs to subs to validate (and optionally transform) a particular attribute value.
The filter calls the attribute value validation subs with the following parameters:
filter
A reference to the filter object.
tagname
The lowercase name of the tag in which the attribute appears.
attrname
The name of the attribute.
attrval
The attribute value found in the input document, in canonical form (see "CANONICAL FORM").
The validation sub can return undef to indicate that the attribute should be removed from the tag, or it can return the new value for the attribute, in canonical form.
init_style_whitelist ()
Returns a reference to the Style whitelist, which determines which CSS style directives are permitted in style tag attributes. The keys are value names such as color and background-color, and the values are class names to be used as keys into the AttVal whitelist.
init_deinter_whitelist
Returns a reference to the DeInter whitelist, which determines which inline tags the filter should attempt to automatically de-interleave if they are encountered interleaved. For example, the filter will transform:
<b>hello <i>world</b> !</i>
Into:
<b>hello <i>world</i></b><i> !</i>
because both b and i appear as keys in the DeInter whitelist.
CHARACTER DATA PROCESSING
These methods transform attribute values and non-tag text from the input document into canonical form (see "CANONICAL FORM"), and transform text in canonical form into a suitable form for the output document.
text_to_canonical_form ( TEXT )
This method is used to reduce non-tag text from the input document to canonical form before passing it to the filter_text() method.
The default implementation unescapes all entities that map to US-ASCII characters other than ampersand, and replaces any ampersands that don't form part of valid entities with &.
quoted_to_canonical_form ( VALUE )
This method is used to reduce attribute values quoted with doublequotes or singlequotes to canonical form before passing it to the handler subs in the AttVal whitelist.
The default behavior is the same as that of text_to_canonical_form(), plus it converts any CR, LF or TAB characters to spaces.
unquoted_to_canonical_form ( VALUE )
This method is used to reduce attribute values without quotes to canonical form before passing it to the handler subs in the AttVal whitelist.
The default implementation simply replaces all ampersands with &, since that corresponds with the way most browsers treat entities in unquoted values.
canonical_form_to_text ( TEXT )
This method is used to convert the text in canonical form returned by the filter_text() method to a form suitable for inclusion in the output document.
The default implementation runs anything that doesn't look like a valid entity through the escape_html_metachars() method.
canonical_form_to_attval ( ATTVAL )
This method is used to convert the text in canonical form returned by the AttVal handler subs to a form suitable for inclusion in doublequotes in the output tag.
The default implementation converts CR, LF and TAB characters to a single space, and runs anything that doesn't look like a valid entity through the escape_html_metachars() method.
validate_href_attribute ( TEXT )
If the AllowHref filter configuration option is set, then this method is used to validate href type attribute values. TEXT is the attribute value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified attribute value (in canonical form) or undef to reject the attribute.
The default implementation allows only absolute http and https URLs, permits port numbers and query strings, and imposes reasonable length limits.
It does not URI escape the query string, and it does not guarantee properly formatted URIs, it just tries to give safe URIs. You can always use an attribute callback (see "Attribute Callbacks") to provide stricter handling.
validate_mailto ( TEXT )
If the AllowMailto filter configuration option is set, then this method is used to validate href type attribute values which begin with mailto:. TEXT is the attribute value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified attribute value (in canonical form) or undef to reject the attribute.
This uses a lightweight regex and does not guarantee that email addresses are properly formatted. You can always use an attribute callback (see "Attribute Callbacks") to provide stricter handling.
validate_src_attribute ( TEXT )
If the AllowSrc filter configuration option is set, then this method is used to validate src type attribute values. TEXT is the attribute value in canonical form. Returns a possibly modified attribute value (in canonical form) or undef to reject the attribute.
The default implementation behaves as validate_href_attribute().
OTHER METHODS TO OVERRIDE
As well as the output, reject, init and cdata methods listed above, it might make sense for subclasses to override the following methods:
filter_text ( TEXT )
This method will be invoked to filter blocks of non-tag text in the input document. Both input and output are in canonical form, see "CANONICAL FORM".
The default implementation does no filtering.
escape_html_metachars ( TEXT )
This method is used to escape all HTML metacharacters in TEXT. The return value must be a copy of TEXT with metacharacters escaped.
The default implementation escapes a minimal set of metacharacters for security against XSS vulnerabilities. The set of characters to escape is a compromise between the need for security and the need to ensure that the filter will work for documents in as many different character sets as possible.
Subclasses which make strong assumptions about the document character set will be able to escape much more aggressively.
strip_nonprintable ( TEXT )
Returns a copy of TEXT with runs of nonprintable characters replaced with spaces or some other harmless string. Avoids replacing anything with the empty string, as that can lead to other security issues.
The default implementation strips out only NULL characters, in order to avoid scrambling text for as many different character sets as possible.
Subclasses which make some sort of assumption about the character set in use will be able to have a much wider definition of a nonprintable character, and hence a more secure strip_nonprintable() implementation.
ATTRIBUTE VALUE HANDLER SUBS
References to the following subs appear in the AttVal whitelist returned by the init_attval_whitelist() method.
_hss_attval_style( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value hander for the style attribute.
_hss_attval_size ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes who's values are some sort of size or length.
_hss_attval_number ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes who's values are a simple integer.
_hss_attval_color ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for color attributes.
_hss_attval_text ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for text attributes.
_hss_attval_word ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of a single short word, with minus characters permitted.
_hss_attval_wordlist ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of one or more words, separated by spaces and/or commas.
_hss_attval_wordlistq ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes who's values must consist of one or more words, separated by commas, with optional doublequotes around words and spaces allowed within the doublequotes.
_hss_attval_href ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for href type attributes. If the AllowHref or AllowMailto configuration options are set, uses the validate_href_attribute() method to check the attribute value.
_hss_attval_src ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for src type attributes. If the AllowSrc configuration option is set, uses the validate_src_attribute() method to check the attribute value.
_hss_attval_stylesrc ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for src type style pseudo attributes.
_hss_attval_novalue ( FILTER, TAGNAME, ATTRNAME, ATTRVAL )
Attribute value handler for attributes that have no value or a value that is ignored. Just returns the attribute name as the value.
CANONICAL FORM
Many of the methods described above deal with text from the input document, encoded in what I call canonical form, defined as follows:
All characters other than ampersands represent themselves. Literal ampersands are encoded as &. Non US-ASCII characters may appear as literals in whatever character set is in use, or they may appear as named or numeric HTML entities such as æ, 穩 and ÿ. Unknown named entities such as &foo; may appear.
The idea is to be able to be able to reduce input text to a minimal form, without making too many assumptions about the character set in use.
PRIVATE METHODS
The following methods are internal to this class, and should not be invoked from elsewhere. Subclasses should not use or override these methods.
_hss_prepare_ban_list (CFG)
Returns a hash ref representing all the banned tags, based on the values of BanList and BanAllBut
_hss_prepare_rules (CFG)
Returns a hash ref representing the tag and attribute rules (See "Rules").
Returns undef if no filters are specified, in which case the attribute filter code has very little performance impact. If any rules are specified, then every tag and attribute is checked.
_hss_get_attr_filter ( DEFAULT_FILTERS TAG_FILTERS ATTR_NAME)
Returns the attribute filter rule to apply to this particular attribute.
Checks for:
- a named attribute rule in a named tag
- a default * attribute rule in a named tag
- a named attribute rule in the default * rules
- a default * attribute rule in the default * rules
_hss_join_attribs (FILTERED_ATTRIBS)
Accepts a hash ref containing the attribute names as the keys, and the attribute values as the values. Escapes them and returns a string ready for output to HTML
_hss_decode_numeric ( NUMERIC )
Returns the string that should replace the numeric entity NUMERIC in the text_to_canonical_form() method.
_hss_tag_is_banned ( TAGNAME )
Returns true if the lower case tag name TAGNAME is on the list of harmless tags that the filter is configured to block, false otherwise.
_hss_get_to_valid_context ( TAG )
Tries to get the filter to a context in which the tag TAG is allowed, by introducing extra end tags or start tags if necessary. TAG can be either the lower case name of a tag or the string 'CDATA'.
Returns 1 if an allowed context is reached, or 0 if there's no reasonable way to get to an allowed context and the tag should just be rejected.
_hss_close_innermost_tag ()
Closes the innermost open tag.
_hss_context ()
Returns the current named context of the filter.
_hss_valid_in_context ( TAG, CONTEXT )
Returns true if the lowercase tag name TAG is valid in context CONTEXT, false otherwise.
_hss_valid_in_current_context ( TAG )
Returns true if the lowercase tag name TAG is valid in the filter's current context, false otherwise.
BUGS AND LIMITATIONS
Performance
This module does a lot of work to ensure that tags are correctly nested and are not left open, causing unnecessary overhead for applications where that doesn't matter.
Such applications may benefit from using the more lightweight HTML::Scrubber::StripScripts module instead.
Strictness
URIs and email addresses are cleaned up to be safe, but not necessarily accurate. That would have required adding dependencies. Attribute callbacks can be used to add this functionality if required, or the validation methods can be overridden.
By default, filtered HTML may not be valid strict XHTML, for instance empty required attributes may be outputted. However, with "Rules", it should be possible to force the HTML to validate.
REPORTING BUGS
Please report any bugs or feature requests to [email protected], or through the web interface at http://rt.cpan.org.
SEE ALSO
HTML::Parser, HTML::StripScripts::Parser, HTML::StripScripts::Regex
AUTHOR
Original author Nick Cleaton <[email protected]>
New code added and module maintained by Clinton Gormley <[email protected]>
COPYRIGHT
Copyright (C) 2003 Nick Cleaton. All Rights Reserved.
Copyright (C) 2007 Clinton Gormley. All Rights Reserved.
LICENSE
This module is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the same terms as Perl itself.
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U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Indian Health Service: The Federal Health Program for American Indians and Alaska Natives
A - Z Index:
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Saturday, August 30, 2014
Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention - Leading the effort to treat and prevent diabetes in American Indians and Alaska Natives
Diabetes Foot Care
Quiz for CE Credit
This quiz consists of multiple choice questions with one correct answer.
Please select one answer for each question, then click the Submit Answers button at the end of the quiz.
1. Which of the following are factors for diabetic foot ulcers?
2. Which of the following indicates a loss of sensation?
3. Which of the following are indicators of impaired peripheral vascular circulation?
4. Which of the following are associated with reduced risk for ulceration in patients at high-risk for foot ulcers?
5. For patients at high-risk for foot ulcerations, self management education involves:
6. Which shoe would be most appropriate for a patient with neuropathy and a minor foot deformity?
7. Principles of podiatry care for patients at high-risk for foot ulceration include:
8. Which of the following patients has an uncomplicated foot ulcer?
9. Which of the following are appropriate wound care measures for uncomplicated ulcers?
10. Which of the following are strategies associated with effective foot care programs?
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Division of Diabetes Treatment and Prevention | Phone: (505) 248-4182 | Fax: (505) 248-4188 | [email protected]
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Diploid and polyploid reticulate evolution throughout the history of the perennial soybeans (Glycine subgenus Glycine)
Authors
• Jeff J. Doyle,
Corresponding author
1. L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA;
Author for correspondence: Jeff J. Doyle Tel: +1 607 255 7972 Fax: +1 607 255 7979 Email: [email protected]
Search for more papers by this author
• Jane L. Doyle,
1. L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA;
Search for more papers by this author
• Jason T. Rauscher,
1. L. H. Bailey Hortorium, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA;
2. Current address: Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad de los Andes, Apartado Aéreo 4976, Bogotá, D.C. Colombia;
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• A. H. D. Brown
1. Centre for Plant Biodiversity Research, CSIRO Plant Industry, GPO Box 1600, Canberra, ACT 2601, Australia
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Author for correspondence: Jeff J. Doyle Tel: +1 607 255 7972 Fax: +1 607 255 7979 Email: [email protected]
Summary
The perennial soybeans (Glycine subgenus Glycine), are the sister group of the annual cultivated soybean (G. max). Among the approximately 20 species are diploids and polyploids, the former confined to Australia and neighboring islands and the latter more widespread. Although most subgenus Glycine species reproduce predominantly by selfing in cleistogamous flowers, phylogenetic evidence exists for reticulate evolution throughout the history of the subgenus. The entire genus is a paleopolyploid, and could possibly be allopolyploid, though there is as yet no evidence for a hybrid origin. Incongruence among the major nuclear genome groups in nuclear and chloroplast gene trees can be explained by several ancient introgressions. Within the B-genome group there is substantial incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear single copy gene trees that is explained better by introgressive hybridization than by stochastic sorting of ancestral lineages. Several allopolyploids originated by hybridization among a subset of genome groups to form a single large interconnected polyploid complex. A number of allopolyploid combinations have arisen recurrently, some bidirectionally. Some recurrent polyploids show evidence of lineage recombination, indicating that their populations comprise a single biological species. Neopolyploidy has involved hybridization among a subset of subgenus Glycine genome groups, and appears to have occurred recently, whereas hybridization at the diploid level has occurred throughout the history of the group.
Introduction
Glycine is the legume genus that includes G. max, the cultivated soybean, which like its wild progenitor, G. soja, is an annual plant native to north-eastern Asia. These two species comprise subgenus Soja, one of the two subgenera of Glycine (Table 1). The diversity of the genus is concentrated in Australia, where all of the approximately two dozen perennial species of subgenus Glycine occur. Because subgenus Glycine is the secondary germplasm pool for the cultivated soybean and harbors desirable agronomic traits such as drought tolerance and disease resistance, the group has been collected extensively. This has resulted in a germplasm collection of over 2000 accessions, which in turn has provided the foundation for much biosystematic research, ranging from crossing studies to molecular phylogenetic analyses.
Table 1. Taxonomic, nuclear genome, and chloroplast genome (plastome) classifications of diploid species of Glycine
Nuclear
Subgenus
genome groupSpeciesPlastome group
1. All are 2n = 40 except G. tomentella D1 (2n = 38). 1G. tabacina also refers to an allopolyploid species (see Fig. 5). 2G. tomentella‘races’ (D1-D5B) are listed here. These are genetically differentiated taxa (species) that have not yet been accorded formal taxonomic recognition. Not all have been incorporated into the nuclear genome designations: the D5B race is part of the H-genome clade in nuclear gene phylogenies (e.g. Brown et al., 2002) and is thus called Hb here; the D5A race is sister to that clade in phylogenies and hence is called ‘Ha’ here. 3G. hirticaulis contains both diploid and polyploid cytotypes.
SojaGG. maxG
GG. sojaG
GlycineAG. argyreaA
AG. canescensA
AG. clandestinaA
AG. latrobeanaA
AG. peratosaA
AG. rubiginosaA
A (tom D4)2G. tomentella D4A
BG. latifoliaB
BG. microphyllaB
BG. tabacina1B
B′G. stenophitaB
CG. curvataC
CG. cyrtolobaC
D (tom D3)G. tomentella D3A
E (tom D1)G. tomentella D1A
FG. falcataA
HG. hirticaulis3A
HG. pindanicaA
HG. pulleniiA
Hb (tom D5B)G. tomentella D5BA
Ha (tom D5A)G. tomentella D5AA
IG. albicansA
IG. aphyonotaA
IG. lactovirensA
Thanks to this history of study, which goes back to the early 1970s, more is now known about evolution in Glycine than in all but the best-studied angiosperm genera. Hybridization is an important phenomenon in plant evolution (Grant, 1981; Arnold, 1997), so it is not surprising that reticulation contributes to the complexity of evolutionary patterns in the genus. The fingerprint of hybridization is incongruence between independent markers, whether molecular or morphological. However, although incongruence is a necessary consequence of reticulate evolution it is not sufficient evidence for hypothesizing hybridization. Stochastic forces, notably sorting of ancestral polymorphisms (‘lineage sorting’) can produce the same pattern as hybridization and introgression (Neigel & Avise, 1986; Pamilo & Nei, 1988). In subgenus Glycine there is considerable evidence of incongruence among diploid taxa, and in at least some cases this appears more likely to have been caused by reticulate evolution rather than to drift and fixation (Doyle et al., 1999a).
This might seem surprising, given the biology of the genus. All Glycine species produce both cleistogamous flowers, adapted for selfing, and chasmogamous flowers for outcrossing. The majority of seed produced in natural populations is from self-pollination, in agreement with the observation of abundant autogamous seed production in the greenhouse. Patterns obtained from polymorphic DNA and isozyme markers show that homozygosity is common, but diploid heterozygotes are encountered (Doyle et al., 1999a; Brown et al., 2002). This predominance of autogamy would seem to be a formidable barrier to hybridization, but the widespread occurrence of the dual mating system in subgenus Glycine indicates that this mixed evolutionary strategy is quite stable in the subgenus and has persisted over time. This, in turn, implies that appreciable levels of outcrossing must have occurred throughout the history of the subgenus. In several species the showy chasmogamous flowers are scented, suggesting insect pollination, and heterozygosity has indeed been found in genetic studies. Estimates of outcrossing rate in natural populations vary from 0.11 in montane populations of G. clandestina to 0.50 in coastal populations of G. argyrea (Schoen & Brown, 1991). Heterozygosity in natural populations of G. argyrea was estimated to be H = 0.25 from allozyme data, compared with the panmictic expectation for these loci of h = 0.32 (Brown et al., 1986). Comparable estimates of G. canescens (part of the same species complex as G. clandestina) were H = 0.01 vs h = 0.31 (Brown et al., 1990), but this estimate was for residual heterozygosity in selfed seed of greenhouse-grown plants, and natural levels of heterozygosity are probably closer to 2–5%. Clearly, the mating system does allow opportunities for cross-pollination between species.
Polyploidy is increasingly recognized as a ubiquitous force in plant evolution, as evidenced by findings of major duplications in the small genome of Arabidopsis thaliana, some of them old enough to have taken place in an ancestor of many angiosperm families (Vision et al., 2000; Blanc et al., 2003). All but the most strict autopolyploids are the products of some form of reticulation, and allopolyploidy in the taxonomic sense of the term involves hybridization among differentiated species. Glycine provides examples of both paleo- and neopolyploidy, with numerous instances of recent allopolyloidy in subgenus Glycine, some of which have led to expansion of the subgenus out of Australia into the Pacific, as far north as Taiwan and the Ryukyu Islands (Doyle et al., 1990b).
Here we summarize evidence for reticulate evolution in Glycine. Topics include the paleopolyploid, perhaps allopolyploid, origin of the entire genus, reticulate evolution of major genome groups in subgenus Glycine, incongruence between chloroplast DNA and nuclear genes within species complexes, and the origin and evolution of the extensive neoallopolyploid complex.
Paleopolyploidy: is Glycine an allopolyploid genus?
‘Diploid’Glycine species in both subgenera are 2n = 40, with the exception of a single 2n = 38 species in subgenus Glycine. By contrast, most members of the tribe Phaseoleae, to which Glycine belongs, are 2n = 20 or 22 (Goldblatt, 1981). Evidence of an ancient duplication exists in the soybean genome (Zhu et al., 1994; Shoemaker et al., 1996), and recent comparisons of putatively homoeologous sequences suggest a date of around 15 mya for the polyploid event (Schlueter et al., 2003). Zhu et al. (1994) refer to Glycine as ‘a diploidized tetraploid generated from an allotetraploid ancestor’ but the origin of that ancestor is unknown.
Kumar & Hymowitz (1989) suggested that true diploid (2n = 20) Glycine either had not yet been collected, had been misclassified in another genus, or had become extinct. Alternatively, they suggested, diploid Glycine never existed, and the genus was formed by allopolyploidy involving two other genera. Over a decade later, it seems unlikely that a true diploid Glycine remains to be identified, because the intensive collecting since 1989 has revealed several new species, but none with chromosome numbers lower than 2n = 38. Also, much more is now known about phylogenetic relationships in Glycine and allied phaseoloid legumes (Kajita et al., 2001; Lee & Hymowitz, 2001), making it unlikely that misclassified Glycine species exist. Notably, Sinodolichos, once suggested as a possible congener of Glycine (Lackey, 1981), has been shown to be less closely related to Glycine than are other genera, such as Teramnus (Doyle et al., 2003).
The hypothesis of allopolyploidy can be tested by reconstructing phylogenies of nuclear genes that are duplicated in Glycine but are single copy in related genera (Fig. 1). An example of such a gene is the nuclear gene encoding the chloroplast-expressed isozyme of glutamine synthetase (ncpGS). Phylogenetic analyses showed that the two paralogues of Glycine ncpGS were sister to one another (Doyle et al., 2003), and together this clade was sister to ncpGS genes from Teramnus, a genus whose chloroplast genome is sister to that of Glycine (Lee & Hymowitz, 2001). This pattern does not support an allopolyploid origin of Glycine, but neither does it prove that Glycine is autopolyploid. Extinction of the descendents of genome donors would result in the homoeologous genes being sisters to one another, a pattern that mimics that of autopolyploidy (Fig. 1a).
Figure 1.
Hypothetical gene tree topologies for allopolyploidy (a), autopolyploidy (b), and simple gene duplication (c, d). Circled ‘p’ indicates a gene duplication in Glycine caused by polyploidy; boxed ‘d’ represents a simple gene duplication that does not involve the whole genome. In trees that involve polyploidy (a, b), the gene is single copy in allied diploid genera, because the polyploid event only involves Glycine. This is not true when a simple gene duplication predates the divergence of genera (c), in which case paralogous and orthologous genes exist in all three genera. However, a simple gene duplication in Glycine results in a topology indistinguishable from autopolyploidy for any single gene (compare b and d). Extinction of allopolyploid genome donors (Teramnus and Amphicarpaea in ‘a’) would also result in an identical topology.
It is also possible that ncpGS is the product of an independent duplication that had nothing to do with the polyploid event. Duplications and losses of genes –‘birth and death’– are common features of eukaryotic genomes (Lynch & Conery, 2000), and not all involve polyploidy. The divergence date estimated for the two paralogues of ncpGS is around 4.5 mya (Doyle et al., 2003), which is only about a third of the estimate based on synonymous substitution distances calculated from over 250 pairs of duplicated genes (Schlueter et al., 2003). This does not necessarily rule out polyploidy as the cause for the ncpGS duplication, however. Zhang et al. (2002) showed that Arabidopsis genes presumably duplicated by a single polyploid event exhibited a greater than tenfold range of divergence rates. Moreover, as Gaut & Doebley (1997) point out for maize, the complexity of polyploid formation and the subsequent process of diploidization can lead to different genes showing very unequal coalescence times. Phylogenetic analysis of other genes in the ‘polyploid’ class identified from soybean will test whether the pattern found for ncpGS is the common pattern. If so, then it seems likely that the genome donors of Glycine, whether one or more diploid Glycine species or two different genera, are extinct.
A coarse-scale look at the phylogeny of subgenus Glycine: concordant genome groups and incongruent relationships among them Much of the earliest biosystematic work on subgenus Glycine involved analysis of fertility in artificial interspecific hybrids (Putievsky & Broué, 1979; Newell & Hymowitz, 1983; Grant et al., 1984). This work resulted in the identification of diploid ‘genome groups’ whose species are interfertile with other species in the same genome group but are separated from species in other genome groups by sterility barriers. The monophyly of the genome groups was strongly supported by the first molecular phylogenetic study of the genus, which used chloroplast DNA maps based on restriction fragment length polymorphisms (cpDNA RFLP; Doyle, Doyle & Brown, 1990a). Subsequent studies using cpDNA (Doyle et al., 1990c), nrDNA ITS (Nickrent & Doyle, 1995; Kollipara et al., 1997), or low copy nuclear genes (Doyle et al., 1996; Doyle et al., 1999a; Brown et al., 2002; Doyle et al., 2002) also supported the naturalness of these groups, and phylogenetic evidence now is used to relate new species to genome group clades even when crossing data are not available (e.g. Doyle et al., 1999a). Hymowitz et al. (1998) recognized nine genome groups, one for subgenus Soja (G-genome) and eight in subgenus Glycine (A–F, H, I). The genome group concept still requires some refinement, primarily because taxonomic nomenclature has not caught up with biosystematic knowledge of the subgenus, particularly with respect to ‘G. tomentella’, which even at the diploid level is clearly polyphyletic (Table 1, Fig. 2; Brown et al., 2002).
Figure 2.
Glycine gene trees. Terminal taxa are genome groups as listed in Table 1, with the exception that G. latrobeana is shown separately from other A-genome species on the chloroplast tree (a; see text for explanation). The A-plastome group is the group derived from the ancestor indicated by a black circle on the chloroplast gene tree (a). The F-genome (G. falcata) is indicated by an asterisk on all of the trees to illustrate differences among these topologies.
Although the genome groups are well-defined, the relationships among them are far from clear. From the very beginning, phylogenetic analyses have produced unexpected results. The first objectively constructed hypothesis of relationships among the genome groups, from cpDNA RFLP maps, surprisingly placed the single F-genome species, G. falcata, as part of a strongly supported ‘A-plastome’ clade (plastome = plastid genome). The A-plastome clade included chloroplast genomes of species classified in the A, D, and E nuclear genome groups (Doyle et al., 1990a) as well as those of members of the H and I genomes and the G. tomentella D5A ‘race’ (Doyle et al., 1990c; Table 1, Fig. 2a). None of these species were thought to have a close relationship with G. falcata. Indeed, G. falcata differs markedly from all other species in the subgenus morphologically and ecologically, as well as in its biochemical profile for trypsin inhibitors (Mies & Hymowitz, 1973; Kollipara et al., 1995), fatty acids (Chavan et al., 1982), leaf flavonoids (Vaughan & Hymowitz, 1984), and phytoalexins (Keen et al., 1986), and in the large size of its nrDNA intergenic spacer (Doyle & Beachy, 1985). G. falcata is so distinctive that it was thought to be sister to the remainder of subgenus Glycine, or perhaps even more distantly related to the other perennial species than is subgenus Soja.
Doyle et al. (1990a) rationalized the cpDNA placement by noting that ‘distinctive’ features are autapomorphies, which do not provide grouping information. The grouping of G. falcata with A-genome species thus was not inconsistent with the many differences between them, any more than was the classic and widely discussed finding that the highly autapomorphic Heterogaura (Onagraceae) is nested within a derived clade of Clarkia (Sytsma & Gottlieb, 1986). Moreover, it was argued, interfertility is an ancestral (plesiomorphic) condition (Rosen, 1979), one that can be lost by apomorphic changes, so the inability of G. falcata to cross with A-genome species could also be explained by autapomorphic changes in G. falcata.
However, subsequent phylogenetic studies of the nrDNA ITS (Nickrent & Doyle, 1995; Kollipara et al., 1997) and histone H3-D (Doyle et al., 1996) did not support the cpDNA placement. Instead, both of these nuclear sequences placed G. falcata as an early diverging lineage in the subgenus, in agreement with intuitive views based on its distinctiveness (Fig. 2b,c). For histone H3-D, analyses of different alignments all placed G. falcata as sister to the remainder of the subgenus, with varying degrees of support (Doyle et al., 1996). Published nrDNA ITS strict consensus trees placed G. falcata, the C-genome, and the remainder of the subgenus in a trichotomy (Kollipara et al., 1997; Singh et al., 1998). Analyses that include much greater taxon sampling have weak support for a sister relationship between G. falcata and the C-genome (J. T. Rauscher et al., unpublished; Fig. 2d).
Phylogenies are now available from four additional low copy nuclear loci: two paralogues of ncpGS (Doyle et al., 2003) and two paralogues of a nuclear copy of cytochrome oxidase subunit 2 (nu-cox2; J. J. Doyle et al., unpublished). Based on a relatively small sample of taxa, both of the cox2 paralogues place G. falcata as sister to the remainder of the subgenus with strong support, but provide little additional resolution among genome groups. The situation for ncpGS was more complex. One paralogue (ncpGS-1) included a strongly supported relationship between G. falcata and the two A-genome species sampled (Fig. 2d). Taken by itself, this would agree with the cpDNA tree. However, cpDNA data also placed the ‘DEHI clade’ (comprising the D, E, H, and I genome group species plus the G. tomentella D5A ‘race’) as part of the A-plastome group (Fig. 2a), whereas these taxa were not part of the ncpGS-1 clade that included G. falcata and the A-genome species. Instead, in the ncpGS-1 tree the DEHI group was strongly supported as being sister to the C-genome. The second paralogue (ncpGS-2) placed the two C-genome species and G. falcata as sister groups (Fig. 2e), with strong support as opposed to the weak support for the same grouping with nrDNA ITS (Fig. 2c).
Thus there appear to be two taxa whose relationships are in need of resolution: G. falcata and the clade comprising the two C-genome species. The latter clade is either strongly supported as sister to the B-genome (cpDNA; Fig. 2a), sister to G. falcata (ncpGS-2 or, less strongly, nrDNA ITS; Fig. 2e,c), sister to the DEHI clade (ncpGS-1; Fig. 2d), or not closely related to any other genome group (histone H3-D; Fig. 2b). The diversity of relationships involving these two taxa makes it difficult to hypothesize any simple evolutionary scenario to account for the phylogenetic patterns in the various gene trees. There is always the possibility that one or more of the gene trees are incorrect, even as gene trees. The topologies for histone H3-D and nrDNA ITS have been relatively stable as many new taxa have been added. The original RFLP map-based analyses on which Fig. 2(a) is based remain the most comprehensive published studies of cpDNA in Glycine. An analysis of the chloroplast gene rps16 in Phaseoleae subtribe Glycininae included sequences from single Glycine species of the A, B, F, and G genomes and showed the same groupings as the RFLP tree: G. falcata and the A-genome species grouped with 100% bootstrap support; this group was sister to the other subgenus Glycine species sampled (from the B-genome); and this subgenus Glycine clade was sister to G. max (Lee & Hymowitz, 2001). A recent phylogenetic analysis of Glycine cpDNA based on four noncoding regions did not include G. falcata, but did group the B- and C-genomes with strong support (Sakai et al., 2003). Similar results are obtained using other noncoding chloroplast sequences but with larger sample sizes; in addition these analyses group G. falcata as part of an A-plastome clade (J. T. Rauscher et al., unpublished).
If each of the above phylogenies is accurate as a gene tree, and if each has captured some aspect of the evolutionary history of subgenus Glycine, then several events must be postulated to account for the incongruence among their topologies. Doyle et al. (1996) discussed various hypotheses that could account for incongruence between the histone H3-D and cpDNA phylogenies for G. falcata, notably the ‘usual suspects’: lineage sorting or hybridization with or without introgression (Wendel & Doyle, 1998). More complex explanations, or at least more events, are required to explain all of the differences among the gene trees now available (Fig. 2). One hypothetical scenario among many alternatives is presented here as an example of how a relatively small number of events can produce a multiplicity of gene tree topologies (Fig. 3). This scenario assumes that the histone H3-D topology represents the true species phylogeny, and hypothesizes four introgression events to obtain all of the gene trees observed to date. Two of these introgression events are required to produce the cpDNA topology. For five taxa (in this case the A, B, C, DEHI, and F genomes) there are 105 possible rooted topologies. The four introgression events in this hypothesis (Fig. 3) produce 14 different topologies, of which four are observed among gene trees thus far reconstructed. Presumably these topologies are all not equally represented in the genomes of subgenus Glycine species. The number would depend on many factors, including selection, rate of recombination, and the number of generations since introgression (Baird, 1995; Rieseberg et al., 2000; Martinsen et al., 2001).
Figure 3.
One possible evolutionary scenario for reconciling gene trees with species histories in subgenus Glycine, involving introgression of nuclear genes. Genome groups are terminal taxa; ‘a’ is the ancestor of the A, D, E, H, and I genomes. Introgression events are indicated by numbered light arrows in dashed boxes, with the taxon at the tip of the arrowhead being the recurrent parent that retains some alleles received from the nonrecurrent parent. Thus, in event 1, a hybridization event between taxa B and C is followed by recurrent crosses to taxon C. After many generations, most loci in taxon C will have only C alleles (CC), but at some loci taxon C will be polymorphic for alleles that originally entered C from taxon B (CB). One or the other of these alleles ultimately becomes fixed (arrows with black circles). Through a series of four such events, major incongruent features of the topologies of the five nuclear genes can be explained, as can nuclear genes with the topology of the chloroplast genome. The history of the chloroplast genome is shaped by the direction of the cross, and introgression is assured if the recurrent parent is the pollen donor. Note that only relevant topologies are followed to completion (e.g. only one of the two outcomes of fixation in event 4). Also, additional topologies could be generated by events 3 and 4 using the remaining topologies resulting from event 2, and from event 4 on numerous other topologies. Additional events must be postulated to account for other differences in the chloroplast gene tree involving the ADEHI clade (see Fig. 2).
Heiser noted in 1973 (Heiser, 1973; p. 352) that ‘Since most studies of introgression are based on a few morphological characters it could well be that introgression is more extensive than indicated by conspicuous morphological features’. He considered stabilized introgressant species to be more common than cases of dispersed introgression involving widespread gene flow between two distinct species, but suggested (p. 362) that the latter phenomenon possibly ‘only appears rare because introgression brings about very subtle changes (“a trickle of genes”) that are seldom if ever detected by ordinary methods of investigation.’ He speculated that with the modern tools of biochemistry, more cases of introgression might be identified. Molecular tools have indeed confirmed hypothesized diploid hybrid species (Rieseberg et al., 2000) and have also revealed possible cases of ancient hybridization (e.g. Wendel et al., 1995; Cronn et al., 2002). Some well-differentiated Glycine diploid species may have hybrid histories, and could represent cases where either many or few genes show evidence of hybridity.
Incongruence between cpDNA and histone H3-D in the B-genome diploid group: lineage sorting or hybridization? Detailed studies of molecular sequence variation have been conducted in two species complexes of subgenus Glycine. In the B-genome group, surveys of cpDNA RFLP variation revealed considerable diversity, with 20 haplotypes found among 65 core B-genome accessions (representing three named species and numerous unnamed accessions) and three additional haplotypes in the nine G. stenophita (called ‘G. sp. aff. G. tabacina’) accessions sampled (Doyle et al., 1990d). None of the three named core B-genome taxa were found to be represented by a monophyletic set of haplotypes. Histone H3-D allelic sequence variation was studied in 44 of the same accessions, and 23 alleles were identified, 19 in core B-genome plants (Doyle et al., 1999a). The histone and cpDNA trees were found to be statistically incongruent (Doyle et al., 1999a). The histone allele phylogeny was more concordant with species relationships than was the chloroplast haplotype tree because only in the histone tree did alleles from G. microphylla and G. latifolia form monophyletic groups. By contrast, the morphologically coherent G. microphylla was found to possess two very different groups of chloroplast haplotypes (Groups I and II). Group II haplotypes were found in most other core B-genome accessions, whereas Group I haplotypes were confined almost exclusively to G. microphylla.
The two most common explanations for incongruence at low taxonomic levels are lineage sorting and hybridization-introgression, and it is well-known that these very different processes can produce very similar patterns (Neigel & Avise, 1986). In this case, the Group II haplotype in G. microphylla could either be a retained polymorphism shared with species such as G. latifolia, or it could be as a result of hybridization between the two species. Lineage sorting and hybridization hypotheses differ from one another in when, relative to speciation, the event takes place (Fig. 4). In lineage sorting, the polymorphism predates speciation, whereas by definition species must already have diverged from one another before interspecific hybridization can occur. Thus, the lineage sorting interpretation of the B-genome cpDNA haplotype tree is that the divergence between the Group I and Group II haplotypes gives the date of the origin of the polymorphism, whereas the divergence between the Group II hapotype of G. microphylla and the most closely related Group II haplotype in another species is tracking the species tree, and thus gives the date of divergence of G. microphylla from that species. In the hybridization interpretation, the divergence of the Group I and Group II haplotypes is tracking the species tree, and thus the date of speciation is the time of divergence between the two haplotypes. The divergence between the Group II haplotype of G. microphylla and the most closely related Group II haplotype in another species gives the date of hybridization between G. microphylla and that species (Fig. 4).
Figure 4.
Lineage sorting vs hybridization in the B-genome of subgenus Glycine. (a) Species relationships inferred from the histone H3-D phylogeny. (b) Chloroplast DNA gene tree. G. microphylla is polymorphic for two chloroplast types (cp Group I and cp Group II haplotypes), one of which (Group II) is shared with other B-genome species. Times t1 and t2 are indicated by circles at nodes. (c) The meaning of times t1 and t2 when the topology in ‘b’ is explained by lineage sorting vs introgression. The time of divergence between G. microphylla and other core B-genome taxa is estimated from the histone H3-D tree; both other times are estimated from cpDNA analyses. Time estimates are inconsistent with the lineage sorting model.
Thus, by estimating the dates of speciation and of the polymorphism, one can test whether the data favor one hypothesis. In this case, the divergence of G. microphylla was estimated from the histone H3-D data, because G. microphylla (like other taxa) was represented by a monophyletic group of alleles at that locus, so a species tree could be hypothesized. This date, between 0.75 and 1.5 mya, was considerably larger than the divergence estimate for Group I and Group II haplotypes, which was 0.4 mya. Group II haplotypes of G. microphylla and other taxa were too similar for an estimate to be made. Thus, the data were most consistent with hybridization, rather than lineage sorting (Doyle et al., 1999a). Certainly, hybridization is a reasonable hypothesis, given the fact that the inclusion of these species in the B-genome group was initially based on their ability to form fertile artificial hybrids. Lineage sorting also remains a possible explanation. Indeed, the two processes are not mutually exclusive, and recently diverged species such as these may be expected to share polymorphisms and also hybridize (Doyle et al., 1999a).
The A-genome complexDoyle et al. (1990a) found very little cpDNA variation among species with A-type chloroplast genomes. That study identified two equally parsimonious trees, differing in the placement of G. latrobeana, a core A-genome species. In one tree, G. latrobeana was sister to G. falcata, and this clade was sister to a clade comprising the remaining core A-genome species (G. argyrea, G. canescens and G. clandestina) along with the D and E genome G. tomentella accessions. These D, E, and core-A taxa all had nearly identical plastid genomes. In the other tree, G. falcata, G. latrobeana, and the remainder of the A-plastome group formed a trichotomy. In a subsequent study, three newly described I-genome (G. albicans and G. lactovirens) and H-genome (G. hirticaulis) species were found to have chloroplast genomes that were nearly identical to the core A-plastome group, emphasizing the uniqueness of the chloroplast genome of G. latrobeana. However, it is only the chloroplast genome that suggests this placement for G. latrobeana. Histone H3-D phylogenies have consistently placed G. latrobeana with the other core A-genome species (Doyle et al., 1996; Brown et al., 2002), as have nrDNA ITS analyses (Kollipara et al., 1997; Singh et al., 1998; J. T. Rauscher et al., unpublished data).
Thus the composition of the A-plastome group is anomalous by virtue of its including G. falcata, as was discussed above. Furthermore, the A-plastome topology is unexpected because of its placement of G. latrobeana relative to other taxa, particularly the DEHI clade, which in histone and ITS studies form a clade sister to the A-genome group (Fig. 2b,c) rather than being included with its members (Fig. 2a). There currently are no explanations for these differences. The weak support for a sister-group relationship between the chloroplast genomes of G. latrobeana and G. falcata offers few clues because both are involved in different aspects of the mystery. But it is possible that G. latrobeana, and perhaps the DEHI group, were involved in some reticulate events involving A-genome species, events now preserved in the chloroplast genomes of these taxa.
In each case discussed thus far, the chloroplast genome has provided the evidence for possible reticulate evolution. This also appears to be true among taxa of the core A-genome (G. clandestina, G. canescens and allies). There is good agreement between nrDNA ITS and histone H3-D for nearly all accessions, and the groups identified from sequence data show overall good correspondence with isozyme-based groupings within G. canescens (Brown et al., 1990) and with named or informal taxa (J. J. Doyle et al., unpublished). In nuclear gene trees, accessions of G. argyrea form a monophyletic clade, along with some accessions of G. clandestina. However, a large chloroplast deletion is found in only some accessions of G. argyrea, as well as in some (but not all) accessions of a different clade of G. clandestina, suggesting a pattern of incongruence between chloroplast and nuclear gene trees in the core A-genome that is reminiscent of the reticulation found in the B-genome complex (Doyle et al., 1999a).
Frozen reticulation: the fixed hybrids of the subgenus Glycine allopolyploid complex All of the evidence for reticulation discussed thus far has been indirect, and open to alternative interpretations, notably the stochastic sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. But incontrovertible evidence of hybridization in Glycine, frozen in time, exists in the form of numerous allopolyploids. The distribution of allopolyploidy in the subgenus complements the inferences of hybridization at the diploid level in revealing the extent of reticulation in the subgenus.
Two polyploid taxa in the subgenus, G. tabacina (2n = 80) and G. tomentella (2n = 78, 80), have been known and studied for many years (Newell & Hymowitz, 1978; Grant et al., 1984; Doyle et al., 1986; Singh et al., 1987; Doyle et al., 1990b; Doyle et al., 1990e), and one of the species discovered in the late 1980s, G. hirticaulis, was also found to include 2n = 80 populations (Tindale & Craven, 1988). Molecular systematic studies, mainly using histone H3-D data, have shown that there is a single extended allopolyploid complex, with the various polyphyletic taxa called ‘G. tabacina’ or ‘G. tomentella’ linked by the G. tomentella D4 diploid genome (Fig. 5; Doyle et al., 2002, 2004). Both of these polyploids comprise several taxa that merit recognition as distinct species by virtue of sharing, at most, one of their two homoeologous genomes. This has been recognized formally in the case of the tabacina polyploid complex, by the separation of G. pescadrensis from G. tabacina. Much remains to be done in the tomentella complex, however. In addition to being polyphletic at the diploid level (Table 1; Brown et al., 2002), G. tomentella at the polyploid level consists of six ‘races’ (tomentella T1-T6), each with a different combination of diploid genomes (Fig. 5; reviewed in Doyle et al., 2004).
Figure 5.
The Glycine subgenus Glycine allopolyploid complex. Bold type denotes polyploid taxa; roman type denotes diploids. Boxes represent closely related diploid taxa belonging to the same genome group, which is indicated by a circled letter. D1-D5, T1-T6 are ‘races’ of G. tomentella; genome designations (AA, BB, B′B′) are given for G. tabacina and G. pescadrensis and their progenitors. Lines link polyploids with their diploid genome donors; lines with arrows indicate that the diploid taxon contributed both the nuclear and chloroplast genome.
Allopolyploidy, though extensive in the subgenus, is not universal. There is no evidence of any polyploidy involving the F, C, or I genomes (Fig. 6). By contrast, the A, B, and, especially, the D, E, and H genome groups have all participated extensively in hybridization resulting in allopolyploidy (Figs 5, 6). The majority of these crosses have been between genome groups. There is only one clear example of an allopolyploid formed within a genome group: G. tabacina was formed by crosses between members of the core B-genome (e.g. G. microphylla, G. latifolia) and G. stenophita, which is distinctive enough molecularly from these taxa to be considered the B′ genome (Doyle et al., 1999a) but which is similar enough genetically to form partially fertile hybrids with G. microphylla (A. H. D. Brown et al., unpublished). G. hirticaulis may be a taxonomic autopolyploid or perhaps an allopolyploid involving closely related genomes but remains poorly studied. This lack of allopolyploidy among very close relatives is in marked contrast with the evidence for hybridization at the diploid level in the A- and B-genome groups. Hybridization within genome groups thus appears to have resulted in introgression at the diploid level, rather than in allopolyploidy.
Figure 6.
The phylogenetic distribution of genome donors to polyploid taxa in subgenus Glycine. Phylogenetic relationships follow those reconstructed from histone H3-D. Letters represent diploid genome groups, following Fig. 2 except that the B-genome is subdivided into the B′ genome (G. stenophita) and a core group (remaining species), and G. tomentella D5A is labeled ‘Ha’ to show its close relationship with the H-genome in histone H3-D trees. The remaining G. tomentella diploid genomes are designated both by genome group and by race (D1, etc.). In each column, a ‘-’ indicates that no polyploid is known either within a genome group (e.g. F × F) or between genome groups (e.g. C × B). Where hybridization between genomes has resulted in allopolyploids, these are labeled by species name (tab = G. tabacina; pes = G. pescadrensis) or G. tomentella polyploid race (T1-T6). The number of independent origins estimated for each polyploid is shown in parentheses below the polyploid. G. hirticaulis (hir) has not been thoroughly studied and its origin is shown provisionally.
Hybridization resulting in allopolyploidy has occurred most commonly among pairs of reproductively isolated but closely related taxa that comprise the D, E, and H genome group (Figs 5, 6). There are also three allopolyploid combinations involving hybridization between more divergent genomes, notably the two crosses involving the A-genome G. tomentella D4 diploid. One of these hybridizations, with the D-genome G. tomentella D3 race, produced the tomentella T2 polyploid, whereas a second wide cross with the B′-genome G. stenophita produced G. pescadrensis. The tomentella T5 polyploid also was formed by a phylogenetically wide hybridization, involving a cross between a second A-genome species, G. clandestina, and an E-genome diploid tomentella (Figs 5, 6). Many of these allopolyploids appear to be quite young, as inferred from the presence of identical nuclear gene alleles or chloroplast haplotypes in polyploids and their diploid progenitors (Doyle et al., 2004). For example, polyploid G. tabacina is estimated to have arisen within the last 30 000 yr (Doyle et al., 1999b).
The distribution of allopolyploidy indicates that hybridization has been extensive in the recent history of the subgenus. However, a full sense of the frequency of hybridization is not captured by merely listing the different genome combinations of known allopolyploids. Evidence from allele or haplotype networks has shown that most, if not all, allopolyploids in subgenus Glycine arose more than once (Doyle et al., 2004), by the kind of recurrent polyploid formation that is now appreciated as being the rule, rather than the exception (Soltis & Soltis, 1999; Wendel, 2000). Some of the polyploid combinations have been produced as many as six different times from the same basic genome combination, but involving different diploid genotypes (Fig. 6).
Seven different chloroplast haplotypes were identified in polyploid G. tabacina, six of them identical to haplotypes found among core B-genome diploids (Doyle et al., 1990e). Three different histone H3-D alleles were identified in the same group of polyploid accessions, again a subset of the variation found in core B-genome diploids (Doyle et al., 1999a,b). Although the histone H3-D alleles and chloroplast haplotypes found in G. tabacina polyploid accessions all occur in B-genome diploids, most of the two-locus genotypes do not. The fact that the most common chloroplast haplotype in polyploid G. tabacina is the Group I haplotype found in most G. microphylla accessions suggested that G. microphylla was a progenitor of G. tabacina. But the situation is quite different for histone H3-D, where the common allele found in G. microphylla is not found in G. tabacina at all.
An explanation for this is that diploid and polyploid taxa are dynamic, and that evolution in one or both has occurred subsequent to the formation of the polyploid. Evidence from incongruence between cpDNA and histone H3-D allele relationships suggested hybridization and introgression in the core B-genome group. If so, then it is reasonable that genotypic combinations that existed even 30 000 yr ago might no longer exist, having been replaced by new combinations. The above discussion of the core B-genome group focused on introgression of Group II haplotypes into G. microphylla, which would not account for the situation in G. tabacina polyploids. However, a diploid hybrid between taxa with Group I and Group II haplotypes, with a Group I chloroplast haplotype but histone alleles of a different B-genome species, could have been an ancestor for G. tabacina. The failure to sample diploids with this genotype could be due simply to drift and fixation at the diploid level subsequent to the polyploid event.
An alternative explanation is that one of the several different B-genome progenitors of G. tabacina was a plant with the genotype of a modern G. microphylla, and thus G. tabacina polyploids with both histone H3-D alleles and chloroplast genomes found in extant G. microphylla existed at one time. Australian G. tabacina exists as a single polymorphic biological species, in which crossing has occurred among plants with different origins, and lineage recombination has created numerous different multilocus genotypes (Doyle et al., 1999b). During this process, more chloroplast haplotypes have been retained than have histone H3-D alleles, despite the fact that the effective population size is lower for uniparentally transmitted organellar genomes than for the nuclear genome (Birky, 2001). Crossing among different polyploid genotypes, coupled with drift and fixation, could have led to the situation in which not only are the original genotypic combinations contributed by G. microphylla absent from polyploid G. tabacina, but the G. microphylla histone alleles are missing entirely from the polyploid.
The important lesson for systematists working with polyploids is that alleles are not the same thing as ancestors – another corollary of the fundamental difference between gene trees and species trees. It is possible to identify alleles or haplotypes shared between a polyploid and a given diploid species at a single genetic locus, but it cannot be said with certainty that this diploid species was the donor of that allele or haplotype to the polyploid. Finding multilocus genotypes shared by the polyploid and a diploid would be more compelling evidence of the identity of the diploid genome donor. The G. tomentella part of the polyploid complex provides an example of this for nuclear genes. All individuals belonging to the T4 tomentella polyploid taxon combine D3 and D5B diploid genomes, and this combination appears to have originated more than once, as indicated by different combinations of alleles in polyploid plants (Doyle et al., 2002). Allele networks for the D3 homoeologues of histone H3-D, nrDNA ITS, and nu-cox2 all show similar patterns in which two major groups of T4 accessions occur, one of which consistently groups with the same D3 accession (Doyle et al., 2002; Rauscher, Doyle & Brown, 2004; J. J. Doyle et al., unpublished). In this case it is reasonable to hypothesize that a plant related to this particular diploid accession contributed the D3 genome to the progenitor of this group of T4 accessions. But this inference is possible only because there appears to have been no hybridization between T4 polyploids that combine the same two basic genomes, but originated independently from different diploid genotypes. The original polyploid genotypes have not been scrambled by lineage recombination.
Chloroplast DNA has provided some surprising results in studies of polyploidy in subgenus Glycine, as it did at the diploid level. In both G. tabacina and G. tomentella, a larger number of polyploid origins were inferred from shared cpDNA haplotypes than from shared nuclear gene alleles. In the case of G. tomentella the added surprise was that in several cases haplotypes from both diploid progenitors were observed in different polyploid accessions (J. T. Rauscher et al., unpublished). Chloroplast DNA is maternally inherited in Glycine (Hatfield et al., 1985), meaning that the crosses that produced these polyploids occurred in both directions, with both nuclear genome donors serving as maternal parent. That only some polyploids show evidence of bidirectional origins is one of several contrasts observed among these closely related taxa (Doyle et al., 2004).
Conclusions
Reticulation has been an important process in the evolution of Glycine subgenus Glycine, probably throughout its history. Existing data are equivocal about whether the polyploid event responsible for the 2n = 40 genome of the genus was fundamentally auto- or allopolyploid. However, because even most autopolyploids presumably involve hybridization rather than spontaneous doubling of a single individual (Lewis, 1980) it is likely that the event was reticulate even if the result was a cytogenetic or taxonomic autopolyploid.
Incongruence between various gene trees is observed among diploid Glycine taxa, from the major genome groups down to individuals within species. Such incongruence can be accounted for in various ways, but in each case reticulation is a viable explanation. The plethora of gene tree topologies for the genome groups, in particular, is suggestive of a long history of hybridization in the genus, and it is possible that some species are stabilized hybrids. Hybridization between genome groups has continued to the present, as documented by recently formed allopolyploids such as G. pescadrensis, which was formed by a cross between A and B genome taxa. In G. tabacina, histone H3-D alleles from diploids and polyploids are identical, and this is true for many alleles in other polyploids of the subgenus. Divergence between alleles from polyploids and their putative diploid progenitors is observed for some G. tomentella polyploids, but this could be a result of low sampling of the diploids. In any event, there are no cases in subgenus Glycine where alleles or haplotypes from a polyploid have diverged so substantially from those of its diploid progenitors that it is impossible (or even difficult) to identify the genome donors. Thus there do not appear to be any polyploids representing intermediate stages in the evolution of the subgenus.
Estimates for the origin of one of the young polyloids, G. tabacina, around 30 000 yr ago, coincide roughly with a period of environmental and vegetational change in Australia that in part could have been anthropogenic in origin (Hope, 1994; Doyle et al., 2002). The formation and establishment of hybrids, either at the diploid or polyploid level, is facilitated by disturbance and the creation of new, open habitats (Stebbins, 1971; Grant, 1981), so the correspondence of these dates may not be a matter of chance. Perhaps other polyploids were formed previously but were unable to establish themselves in earlier, stable conditions. If some of the diploid species of the subgenus are stabilized hybrids, it would appear that these earlier conditions favored diploid hybridization over allopolyploidy.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful for the work of other participants in our Glycine research, particularly Carole Harbison, Amy Casselman, Raymond Mak, Simon Joly, and Sue Sherman-Broyles. Work on Glycine has been supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation Systematic Biology Program, most recently NSF DEB-0089483. We thank Bernard Pfeil and three anonymous reviewers for useful comments on the manuscript. We also are grateful to Loren Rieseberg and Jonathan Wendel for encouragement and for organizing the symposium at which this work was presented.
Ancillary
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Experiment 1: Solubility
1/29/09 Drew Frerking
Benzoic Acid in Acetone
Solute: Benzoic Acid
SMILES: O=C(O)c1ccccc1
Type: aromatic carboxylic acid
Chemspider link: http://www.chemspider.com/238
Solvent: Acetone
SMILES: O=C(C)C
Type: ketone
Chemspider link: http://www.chemspider.com/175
Other solvent info:
Molecular formula: C3H6O
Molar mass: 58.08 g/mol
InChI: InChI=1/C3H6O/c1-3(2)4/h1-2H3
Density: .79g/ml
Melting point: -94.9 °C
Boiling Point: 56.53 °C
Safety Info: Flammable, irritant to skin and eyes, in large quantities may depress CNS
Procedure
1. A sample of 20mL in total of acetone was poured into a 200mL beaker. Hexane was not used as it was discovered that it would be difficult to dissolve benzoic acid. To this 30mL of acetone using a small spatula benzoic acid was added until the solution became supersaturated and recrystalization ocured. This required a fairly large amount of benzoic acid (approximately 20 spatula’s worth). The solution was swirled in the beaker to facilitate mixing.
Note: The solution seemed to evaporate rather rapidly. Upon crystallization almost no liquid remained in the mixing vessel. Therefore about 10mL was added to the solid. It was this volume that was then used throughout the experiment.
2. Clarification of the saturated solution (via centrifugation)
Next, about 3mL of the solution from the beaker was added to each centrifuge tube. Four tubes were used in total. Once added place the four centrifuge tubes in the centrifuge (making sure to align them evenly to facilitate even spinning of the centrifuge). Centrifugation took place for one minuet.
3. Determining the volume of the saturated solution
After centrifuging, the volume from each centrifuge tube was approximated using 1mL pipettes. It was found that about 3mL remained in each.
4. Obtaining the mass of the evaporation vessel
The mass of four evaporation vials were measured and are listed in the table below.
5. Initial mass of the solutions
To each beaker the solution was added and then weighed again to obtain the mass of the four solutions before evaporation.
6. Initial evaporation of solvent
One large beaker and one small beaker were filled water for a hot water bath and heated on a hot plate. For spatial reasons three of the vials were added to the large beaker and the final to the smaller beaker. They were allowed to evaporate. The process took approximately 5 minuets. The water was at a rolling boil around 100 C. Each vial solidified rapidly at the same point relatively.
7. Obtaining the mass of the evaporation of solute and vessel
8. Next the beakers were then weighed again. The difference in mass was noted. Prolonged evaporation. The solid was allowed to dry overnight and readings were taken again. The original masses were used in the calculations because the mass after prolonged evaporation differed by only a very small amount. They are recorded as:
1.) 13.25g
2.) 13.43g
3.) 13.19g
4.) 13.37g
Table of Results and Calculations:
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Solute
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Benzoic Acid
Solvent
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Acetone
Solvent density
.79 g/cm3
.79 g/cm3
.79 g/cm3
.79 g/cm3
Mass of Empty evaporation vessel (g)
12.831
12.861
12.817
12.846
Volume of Solution (g)
3.0ml
3.0mL
3.0mL
3.0mL
Mass of evaporation vessel + solution (g)
14.300
14.594
14.00
14.483
Mass of evaporation vessel +solute (g)
13.298
13.438
13.199
13.402
Solubility g/mL using volume of solution*
.156
.190
.127
.185
Concentration M (mol/L)*
1.27
1.57
1.03
1.52
Molality in moles/kg using mass of solution*
1.60
1.98
1.31
1.94
Solubility g/100g solvent using mass of solution*
31.8
33.3
32.3
34.0
[Value was marked at "DONOTUSE" because to insufficient conditions to form a saturation solution JCB]
• Denotes calculations are shown below
Solubility: (g solute/mL solution)
1. grams solute: (Mass of evaporation vessel + solute) – Mass of empty evaporation vessel
Trial 1: 13.298g-12.831g=.467g
Trial 2: 13.438g-12.861g=.577g
Trial 3: 13.199g-12.817g=.382g
Trial 4: 13.402g-12.846g=.556g
2. Solubility:
Trial 1: .467g/3mL solution= .156
Trial 2: .577g/3mL solution= .190
Trial 3: .382/3mL solution= .127
Trial 4: .556g/3mL solution .185
Concentration in mol solute/L solution:
1. (.467g/3mL) (1mol/122.12g)=.0038mol/.003L=1.27
2. (.577g/3mL) (1 mol/122.12g)= .0047mol/.003L=1.57
3. (.382/3mL) (1 mol/122.12g)= .0031mol/.003L=1.03
4. (.556g/3mL) (1 mol/122.12g)= .0046mol/.003L=1.52
Molality: mol solute/kg solvent
1. .0038mol/(3ml x.79) x (1000g/1kg)=1.60
2. .0047mol/(3ml x .79) x (1000g/1kg)=1.98
3. .0031mol/(3ml x .79) x (1000g/1kg)= 1.31
4. .0046mol/(3ml x .79) x (1000g/1kg)= 1.94
Solubility: g solute/100g solvent
1. (.467g x 100)/1.469g soln= 31.8g/100g
2. (.577g x 100)/1.733g soln= 33.3g/100g
3. (.382g x 100)/ 1.183g soln= 32.3g/100g
4. (.556g x 100)/ 1.637g soln= 34.0g/100g
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Wikipedia β
Non-uniform rational B-spline
A NURBS curve. See also this animated version.
Non-uniform rational basis spline (NURBS) is a mathematical model commonly used in computer graphics for generating and representing curves and surfaces. It offers great flexibility and precision for handling both analytic (surfaces defined by common mathematical formulae) and modeled shapes. NURBS are commonly used in computer-aided design (CAD), manufacturing (CAM), and engineering (CAE) and are part of numerous industry wide standards, such as IGES, STEP, ACIS, and PHIGS. NURBS tools are also found in various 3D modeling and animation software packages.
They can be efficiently handled by the computer programs and yet allow for easy human interaction. NURBS surfaces are functions of two parameters mapping to a surface in three-dimensional space. The shape of the surface is determined by control points. NURBS surfaces can represent, in a compact form, simple geometrical shapes. T-splines and subdivision surfaces are more suitable for complex organic shapes because they reduce the number of control points twofold in comparison with the NURBS surfaces.
In general, editing NURBS curves and surfaces is highly intuitive and predictable. Control points are always either connected directly to the curve/surface, or act as if they were connected by a rubber band. Depending on the type of user interface, editing can be realized via an element’s control points, which are most obvious and common for Bézier curves, or via higher level tools such as spline modeling or hierarchical editing.
Contents
Historical backgroundEdit
A spline
Before computers, designs were drawn by hand on paper with various drafting tools. Rulers were used for straight lines, compasses for circles, and protractors for angles. But many shapes, such as the freeform curve of a ship's bow, could not be drawn with these tools. Although such curves could be drawn freehand at the drafting board, shipbuilders often needed a life-size version which could not be done by hand. Such large drawings were done with the help of flexible strips of wood, called splines. The splines were held in place at a number of predetermined points, called "ducks"; between the ducks, the elasticity of the spline material caused the strip to take the shape that minimized the energy of bending, thus creating the smoothest possible shape that fit the constraints. The shape could be tweaked by moving the ducks.[1]
In 1946, mathematicians started studying the spline shape, and derived the piecewise polynomial formula known as the spline curve or spline function. I. J. Schoenberg gave the spline function its name after its resemblance to the mechanical spline used by draftsmen.[2]
As computers were introduced into the design process, the physical properties of such splines were investigated so that they could be modelled with mathematical precision and reproduced where needed. Pioneering work was done in France by Renault engineer Pierre Bézier, and Citroën's physicist and mathematician Paul de Casteljau. They worked nearly parallel to each other, but because Bézier published the results of his work, Bézier curves were named after him, while de Casteljau’s name is only associated with related algorithms.
At first NURBS were only used in the proprietary CAD packages of car companies. Later they became part of standard computer graphics packages.
Real-time, interactive rendering of NURBS curves and surfaces was first made commercially available on Silicon Graphics workstations in 1989. In 1993, the first interactive NURBS modeller for PCs, called NöRBS, was developed by CAS Berlin, a small startup company cooperating with the Technical University of Berlin. Today most professional computer graphics applications available for desktop offer NURBS technology, which is most often realized by integrating a NURBS engine from a specialized company.
ContinuityEdit
A surface under construction, e.g. the hull of a motor yacht, is usually composed of several NURBS surfaces known as patches. These patches should be fitted together in such a way that the boundaries are invisible. This is mathematically expressed by the concept of geometric continuity.
Higher-level tools exist that benefit from the ability of NURBS to create and establish geometric continuity of different levels:
• Positional continuity (G0) holds whenever the end positions of two curves or surfaces coincide. The curves or surfaces may still meet at an angle, giving rise to a sharp corner or edge and causing broken highlights.
• Tangential continuity (G¹) requires the end vectors of the curves or surfaces to be parallel and pointing the same way, ruling out sharp edges. Because highlights falling on a tangentially continuous edge are always continuous and thus look natural, this level of continuity can often be sufficient.
• Curvature continuity (G²) further requires the end vectors to be of the same length and rate of length change. Highlights falling on a curvature-continuous edge do not display any change, causing the two surfaces to appear as one. This can be visually recognized as "perfectly smooth". This level of continuity is very useful in the creation of models that require many bi-cubic patches composing one continuous surface.
Geometric continuity mainly refers to the shape of the resulting surface; since NURBS surfaces are functions, it is also possible to discuss the derivatives of the surface with respect to the parameters. This is known as parametric continuity. Parametric continuity of a given degree implies geometric continuity of that degree.
First- and second-level parametric continuity (C0 and C¹) are for practical purposes identical to positional and tangential (G0 and G¹) continuity. Third-level parametric continuity (C²), however, differs from curvature continuity in that its parameterization is also continuous. In practice, C² continuity is easier to achieve if uniform B-splines are used.
The definition of Cn continuity requires that the nth derivative of adjacent curves/surfaces ( ) are equal at a joint.[3] Note that the (partial) derivatives of curves and surfaces are vectors that have a direction and a magnitude; both should be equal.
Highlights and reflections can reveal the perfect smoothing, which is otherwise practically impossible to achieve without NURBS surfaces that have at least G² continuity. This same principle is used as one of the surface evaluation methods whereby a ray-traced or reflection-mapped image of a surface with white stripes reflecting on it will show even the smallest deviations on a surface or set of surfaces. This method is derived from car prototyping wherein surface quality is inspected by checking the quality of reflections of a neon-light ceiling on the car surface. This method is also known as "Zebra analysis".
Technical specificationsEdit
A NURBS curve is defined by its order, a set of weighted control points, and a knot vector.[4] NURBS curves and surfaces are generalizations of both B-splines and Bézier curves and surfaces, the primary difference being the weighting of the control points, which makes NURBS curves rational. (Non-rational, aka simple, B-splines are a special case/subset of rational B-splines, where each control point is a regular non-homogenous coordinate [no 'w'] rather than a homogeneous coordinate.[5] That is equivalent to having weight "1" at each control point; Rational B-splines use the 'w' of each control point as a weight.[6]) By using a two-dimensional grid of control points, NURBS surfaces including planar patches and sections of spheres can be created. These are parametrized with two variables (typically called s and t or u and v). This can be extended to arbitrary dimensions to create NURBS mapping .
NURBS curves and surfaces are useful for a number of reasons:-
• The set of NURBS for a given order is invariant under affine transformations:[7] operations like rotations and translations can be applied to NURBS curves and surfaces by applying them to their control points.
• They offer one common mathematical form for both standard analytical shapes (e.g., conics) and free-form shapes.
• They provide the flexibility to design a large variety of shapes.
• They reduce the memory consumption when storing shapes (compared to simpler methods).
• They can be evaluated reasonably quickly by numerically stable and accurate algorithms.
In the next sections, NURBS is discussed in one dimension (curves). It should be noted that all of it can be generalized to two or even more dimensions.
OrderEdit
The order of a NURBS curve defines the number of nearby control points that influence any given point on the curve. The curve is represented mathematically by a polynomial of degree one less than the order of the curve. Hence, second-order curves (which are represented by linear polynomials) are called linear curves, third-order curves are called quadratic curves, and fourth-order curves are called cubic curves. The number of control points must be greater than or equal to the order of the curve.
In practice, cubic curves are the ones most commonly used. Fifth- and sixth-order curves are sometimes useful, especially for obtaining continuous higher order derivatives, but curves of higher orders are practically never used because they lead to internal numerical problems and tend to require disproportionately large calculation times.
Control pointsEdit
Three-dimensional NURBS surfaces can have complex, organic shapes. Control points influence the directions the surface takes. The outermost square below delineates the X/Y extents of the surface.
The control points determine the shape of the curve.[8] Typically, each point of the curve is computed by taking a weighted sum of a number of control points. The weight of each point varies according to the governing parameter. For a curve of degree d, the weight of any control point is only nonzero in d+1 intervals of the parameter space. Within those intervals, the weight changes according to a polynomial function (basis functions) of degree d. At the boundaries of the intervals, the basis functions go smoothly to zero, the smoothness being determined by the degree of the polynomial.
As an example, the basis function of degree one is a triangle function. It rises from zero to one, then falls to zero again. While it rises, the basis function of the previous control point falls. In that way, the curve interpolates between the two points, and the resulting curve is a polygon, which is continuous, but not differentiable at the interval boundaries, or knots. Higher degree polynomials have correspondingly more continuous derivatives. Note that within the interval the polynomial nature of the basis functions and the linearity of the construction make the curve perfectly smooth, so it is only at the knots that discontinuity can arise.
In many applications the fact that a single control point only influences those intervals where it is active is a highly desirable property, known as local support. In modeling, it allows the changing of one part of a surface while keeping other parts unchanged.
Adding more control points allows better approximation to a given curve, although only a certain class of curves can be represented exactly with a finite number of control points. NURBS curves also feature a scalar weight for each control point. This allows for more control over the shape of the curve without unduly raising the number of control points. In particular, it adds conic sections like circles and ellipses to the set of curves that can be represented exactly. The term rational in NURBS refers to these weights.
The control points can have any dimensionality. One-dimensional points just define a scalar function of the parameter. These are typically used in image processing programs to tune the brightness and color curves. Three-dimensional control points are used abundantly in 3D modeling, where they are used in the everyday meaning of the word 'point', a location in 3D space. Multi-dimensional points might be used to control sets of time-driven values, e.g. the different positional and rotational settings of a robot arm. NURBS surfaces are just an application of this. Each control 'point' is actually a full vector of control points, defining a curve. These curves share their degree and the number of control points, and span one dimension of the parameter space. By interpolating these control vectors over the other dimension of the parameter space, a continuous set of curves is obtained, defining the surface.
Knot vectorEdit
The knot vector is a sequence of parameter values that determines where and how the control points affect the NURBS curve. The number of knots is always equal to the number of control points plus curve degree plus one (i.e. number of control points plus curve order). The knot vector divides the parametric space in the intervals mentioned before, usually referred to as knot spans. Each time the parameter value enters a new knot span, a new control point becomes active, while an old control point is discarded. It follows that the values in the knot vector should be in nondecreasing order, so (0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3) is valid while (0, 0, 2, 1, 3, 3) is not.
Consecutive knots can have the same value. This then defines a knot span of zero length, which implies that two control points are activated at the same time (and of course two control points become deactivated). This has impact on continuity of the resulting curve or its higher derivatives; for instance, it allows the creation of corners in an otherwise smooth NURBS curve. A number of coinciding knots is sometimes referred to as a knot with a certain multiplicity. Knots with multiplicity two or three are known as double or triple knots. The multiplicity of a knot is limited to the degree of the curve; since a higher multiplicity would split the curve into disjoint parts and it would leave control points unused. For first-degree NURBS, each knot is paired with a control point.
The knot vector usually starts with a knot that has multiplicity equal to the order. This makes sense, since this activates the control points that have influence on the first knot span. Similarly, the knot vector usually ends with a knot of that multiplicity. Curves with such knot vectors start and end in a control point.
The values of the knots control the mapping between the input parameter and the corresponding NURBS value. For example, if a NURBS describes a path through space over time, the knots control the time that the function proceeds past the control points. For the purposes of representing shapes, however, only the ratios of the difference between the knot values matter; in that case, the knot vectors (0, 0, 1, 2, 3, 3) and (0, 0, 2, 4, 6, 6) produce the same curve. The positions of the knot values influences the mapping of parameter space to curve space. Rendering a NURBS curve is usually done by stepping with a fixed stride through the parameter range. By changing the knot span lengths, more sample points can be used in regions where the curvature is high. Another use is in situations where the parameter value has some physical significance, for instance if the parameter is time and the curve describes the motion of a robot arm. The knot span lengths then translate into velocity and acceleration, which are essential to get right to prevent damage to the robot arm or its environment. This flexibility in the mapping is what the phrase non uniform in NURBS refers to.
Necessary only for internal calculations, knots are usually not helpful to the users of modeling software. Therefore, many modeling applications do not make the knots editable or even visible. It's usually possible to establish reasonable knot vectors by looking at the variation in the control points. More recent versions of NURBS software (e.g., Autodesk Maya and Rhinoceros 3D) allow for interactive editing of knot positions, but this is significantly less intuitive than the editing of control points.
Comparison of Knots and Control PointsEdit
A common misconception is that each knot is paired with a control point. This is true only for degree 1 NURBS (polylines). In general, the knots break the domain up into knot spans, but each control point corresponds to one basis function which spans a range of (degree+1) knot spans. For example, suppose we have a degree-3 NURBS with 7 control points and knots 0,0,0,1,2,5,8,8,8. The first four control points are grouped with the first six knots. The second through fifth control points are grouped with the knots 0,0,1,2,5,8. The third through sixth control points are grouped with the knots 0,1,2,5,8,8. The last four control points are grouped with the last six knots.
Some modelers that use older algorithms for NURBS evaluation require two extra knot values for a total of (degree+N+1) knots.[9]
Construction of the basis functionsEdit
The B-spline basis functions used in the construction of NURBS curves are usually denoted as , in which corresponds to the th control point, and corresponds with the degree of the basis function.[10] The parameter dependence is frequently left out, so we can write . The definition of these basis functions is recursive in . The degree-0 functions are piecewise constant functions. They are one on the corresponding knot span and zero everywhere else. Effectively, is a linear interpolation of and . The latter two functions are non-zero for knot spans, overlapping for knot spans. The function is computed as
From top to bottom: Linear basis functions (blue) and (green) (top), their weight functions and (middle) and the resulting quadratic basis function (bottom). The knots are 0, 1, 2, and 2.5
rises linearly from zero to one on the interval where is non-zero, while falls from one to zero on the interval where is non-zero. As mentioned before, is a triangular function, nonzero over two knot spans rising from zero to one on the first, and falling to zero on the second knot span. Higher order basis functions are non-zero over corresponding more knot spans and have correspondingly higher degree. If is the parameter, and is the th knot, we can write the functions and as
and
The functions and are positive when the corresponding lower order basis functions are non-zero. By induction on n it follows that the basis functions are non-negative for all values of and . This makes the computation of the basis functions numerically stable.
Again by induction, it can be proved that the sum of the basis functions for a particular value of the parameter is unity. This is known as the partition of unity property of the basis functions.
Linear basis functions
Quadratic basis functions
The figures show the linear and the quadratic basis functions for the knots {..., 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, ...}
One knot span is considerably shorter than the others. On that knot span, the peak in the quadratic basis function is more distinct, reaching almost one. Conversely, the adjoining basis functions fall to zero more quickly. In the geometrical interpretation, this means that the curve approaches the corresponding control point closely. In case of a double knot, the length of the knot span becomes zero and the peak reaches one exactly. The basis function is no longer differentiable at that point. The curve will have a sharp corner if the neighbour control points are not collinear.
General form of a NURBS curveEdit
Using the definitions of the basis functions from the previous paragraph, a NURBS curve takes the following form:[10]
In this, is the number of control points and are the corresponding weights. The denominator is a normalizing factor that evaluates to one if all weights are one. This can be seen from the partition of unity property of the basis functions. It is customary to write this as
in which the functions
are known as the rational basis functions.
General form of a NURBS surfaceEdit
A NURBS surface is obtained as the tensor product of two NURBS curves, thus using two independent parameters and (with indices and respectively):[10]
with
as rational basis functions.
Manipulating NURBS objectsEdit
Motoryacht design.
A number of transformations can be applied to a NURBS object. For instance, if some curve is defined using a certain degree and N control points, the same curve can be expressed using the same degree and N+1 control points. In the process a number of control points change position and a knot is inserted in the knot vector. These manipulations are used extensively during interactive design. When adding a control point, the shape of the curve should stay the same, forming the starting point for further adjustments. A number of these operations are discussed below.[10][11]
Knot insertionEdit
As the term suggests, knot insertion inserts a knot into the knot vector. If the degree of the curve is , then control points are replaced by new ones. The shape of the curve stays the same.
A knot can be inserted multiple times, up to the maximum multiplicity of the knot. This is sometimes referred to as knot refinement and can be achieved by an algorithm that is more efficient than repeated knot insertion.
Knot removalEdit
Knot removal is the reverse of knot insertion. Its purpose is to remove knots and the associated control points in order to get a more compact representation. Obviously, this is not always possible while retaining the exact shape of the curve. In practice, a tolerance in the accuracy is used to determine whether a knot can be removed. The process is used to clean up after an interactive session in which control points may have been added manually, or after importing a curve from a different representation, where a straightforward conversion process leads to redundant control points.
Degree elevationEdit
A NURBS curve of a particular degree can always be represented by a NURBS curve of higher degree. This is frequently used when combining separate NURBS curves, e.g., when creating a NURBS surface interpolating between a set of NURBS curves or when unifying adjacent curves. In the process, the different curves should be brought to the same degree, usually the maximum degree of the set of curves. The process is known as degree elevation.
CurvatureEdit
The most important property in differential geometry is the curvature . It describes the local properties (edges, corners, etc.) and relations between the first and second derivative, and thus, the precise curve shape. Having determined the derivatives it is easy to compute or approximated as the arclength from the second derivate . The direct computation of the curvature with these equations is the big advantage of parameterized curves against their polygonal representations.
Example: a circleEdit
NURBS have the ability to exactly describe circles. Here, the black triangle is the control polygon of a NURBS curve (shown at w=1). The Blue dotted line shows the corresponding control polygon of a B-spline curve in 3D homogeneous coordinates, formed by multiplying the NURBS by the control points by the corresponding weights. The blue parabolas are the corresponding B-spline curve in 3D, consisting of three parabolas. By choosing the NURBS control points and weights, the parabolas are parallel to the opposite face of the gray cone (with its tip at the 3D origin), so dividing by w to project the parabolas onto the w=1 plane results in circular arcs (red circle; see conic section).
Non-rational splines or Bézier curves may approximate a circle, but they cannot represent it exactly. Rational splines can represent any conic section, including the circle, exactly. This representation is not unique, but one possibility appears below:
x y z Weight
1 0 0 1
1 1 0
0 1 0 1
-1 1 0
-1 0 0 1
-1 -1 0
0 -1 0 1
1 -1 0
1 0 0 1
The order is three, since a circle is a quadratic curve and the spline's order is one more than the degree of its piecewise polynomial segments. The knot vector is . The circle is composed of four quarter circles, tied together with double knots. Although double knots in a third order NURBS curve would normally result in loss of continuity in the first derivative, the control points are positioned in such a way that the first derivative is continuous. In fact, the curve is infinitely differentiable everywhere, as it must be if it exactly represents a circle.
The curve represents a circle exactly, but it is not exactly parametrized in the circle's arc length. This means, for example, that the point at does not lie at (except for the start, middle and end point of each quarter circle, since the representation is symmetrical). This would be impossible, since the x coordinate of the circle would provide an exact rational polynomial expression for , which is impossible. The circle does make one full revolution as its parameter goes from 0 to , but this is only because the knot vector was arbitrarily chosen as multiples of .
See alsoEdit
ReferencesEdit
1. ^ Schneider, Philip. "NURB Curves: A Guide for the Uninitiated". MACTECH. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
2. ^ Schoenberg, I. J. (August 19, 1964). "Spline Functions and the Problem of Graduation" (PDF). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. National Academy of Sciences. 52 (4): 947–950. doi:10.1073/pnas.52.4.947. PMC 300377 . Retrieved 2012-02-24.
3. ^ Foley, van Dam, Feiner & Hughes: Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice, section 11.2, Addison-Wesley 1996 (2nd ed.).
4. ^ Bio-Inspired Self-Organizing Robotic Systems. p. 9. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
5. ^ "Rational B-splines". www.cl.cam.ac.uk.
6. ^ "NURBS: Definition". www.cs.mtu.edu.
7. ^ David F. Rogers: An Introduction to NURBS with Historical Perspective, section 7.1
8. ^ Gershenfeld, Neil (1999). The Nature of Mathematical Modeling. Cambridge University Press. p. 141. ISBN 0-521-57095-6.
9. ^ "What are NURBS?". Rhinoceros. Retrieved 26 September 2014.
10. ^ a b c d Piegl, Les; Tiller, Wayne (1997). The NURBS Book (2. ed.). Berlin: Springer. ISBN 3-540-61545-8.
11. ^ Piegl, L. "Modifying the shape of rational B-splines. Part 1: curves". Computer-Aided Design. 21 (8): 509–518. doi:10.1016/0010-4485(89)90059-6.
External linksEdit
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Common Questions About Paint Protection Film
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Investing in paint protection for your cars is an essential step to keep them in top-notch condition. However, before you do that, you first need to know everything about the process. For instance, how much does it cost? What type of paint protection do you need? How do you care for it afterwards?
What are paint protection films?
Also known as a clear bra, a paint protection film is a clear or matte coating applied to your cars to prevent discolouration caused by contamination and UV radiation. It’s also known as a self-healing coating that can eradicate light scratches or swirl marks found on your car.
In other words, a protective coating is what keeps your cars looking brand new for about five to seven years, depending on the aftercare practices, driving conditions, and wear and tear.
How does it work?
It is essentially an invisible shield that works by absorbing the impact from small rocks, dust, and other materials. So, rather than your car receiving the direct hit, the shield does, thereby protecting the original condition of your car.
Where can it be applied?
A clear bra can be applied to any part of your car that you want to be protected from stains, scratches, and chips. You can request to have them installed on the hood, mirror backs, and bumpers to protect your car from tar, flying gravel, or bug damage.
Alternatively, you can also choose to have a clear bra professionally applied on door handles or simply doors in general to prevent key, belt, or purse scratches.
However, for the ultimate protection, you can opt to have this protective film applied to the whole of your car. After all, you can’t really predict which parts will be damaged.
How much does it cost?
The cost depends on the amount of coverage you desire. A front coverage, which includes the front hood, bumper, and mirror backs, cost $2,000 to $3,000. On the other hand, a full cover can range anywhere from $6,000 to $7,000.
How can you take care of it?
You also need to do your part in taking care of the paint protection film in order to get your money’s worth.
By following these steps, you can extend its lifespan and reap maximum benefits from the clear bra.
1. Wash your car regularly
Many people assume that just because they have a protective layer installed that they can forego regular washing. On the contrary, a regular wash is necessary to keep the protective layer working efficiently.
1. Don’t use a pressure washer on the edges where the film is applied
To avoid causing damage to your finish and keep the film intact, be sure to stay away from the edges where the film is applied. More specifically, keep your pressure washer about eight to 12 inches away from the edge.
1. Immediately remove any dirt or debris from your car
Acidic contaminants such as bird droppings or bug splatter can damage the film and reduce its lifespan. As such, when these substances appear on your cars, be sure to wipe or wash them away.
Invest in Paint Protection Films
With this information, you know what you’re getting into when you invest in a paint protection film. As a result, you’re protecting your car’s quality and extending its lifespan so you can make the most of your vehicle.
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Virgin Care
Virgin Care Diphtheria/Tetanus/Polio (DTP) and Meningitis ACWY Vaccination 2019/20
You have been sent to this consent website as your child is now due their booster 3-in-1 Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio (DTP) vaccination and their Meningitis ACWY vaccination. Please read the important information below.
All children need five doses of tetanus, diphtheria and polio vaccines to build up and maintain immunity. The fifth dose is due now.
Read more about the DTP vaccine.
Meningitis ACWY is not routinely given until Year 9 in school. Most children will have received an earlier dose of Meningitis C (not ACWY). This vaccination provides additional protection against the strains A, W & Y that are most commonly seen in this age group.
Read more about the Meningitis ACWY vaccine.
In some cases, your child may have received the Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccine by a GP or in Accident and Emergency following an injury like an animal bite.
The meningitis ACWY vaccination in some cases may have already been given as a travel vaccine by the GP or travel clinic.
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We are a team a specially trained nurses and support staff who have vast experience in delivering immunisations to School aged children within school and community settings.
Our nurses are used to working in busy environments and using many different methods to ensure that children and young people have the most positive experience possible when receiving their vaccination.
We strongly advocate that this should be a positive experience, ensuring that the children and young people understand fully the benefits of vaccinations and feel part of the process themselves to support them in making healthy choices about their futures.
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As of this year 2018, we are using e-consents for several reasons.
We believe in protecting the environment and this is a clear way to reduce the use of paper. With e-consent the information that is required is confidentially processed in a safe manner with no risk of lost forms, information being altered, they are quick to fill in and easy to process.
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• How safe is the 3-in-1 booster vaccine?
The 3-in-1 teenage booster is a very safe vaccine. As with all vaccines, some people may have minor side effects, such as swelling, redness or tenderness where the injection is given. Sometimes a small painless lump develops, but it usually disappears in a few weeks. The brand name of the 3-in-1 teenage booster vaccine given in the UK is Revaxis®.
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In some cases, your child may have already received some of the vaccines we deliver as part of the programme. For example, the Diphtheria, Tetanus and Polio vaccine can be given by a GP or in Accident and Emergency following an injury like an animal bite and the Meningitis vaccine may have been given as a travel vaccine.
Please check if your child has had these vaccines over the age of 10 years, and let us know if they have.
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Polio is a virus that attacks the nervous system which can cause permanent paralysis of muscles. If it affects the chest muscles or the brain, polio can kill.
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Tetanus is a painful disease affecting the nervous system which can lead to muscle spasms, cause breathing problems and can kill. It is caused when germs found in the soil and manure get into the body through open cuts or burns. Tetanus cannot be passed from person to person.
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We only ask for this information if it is needed to ensure the correct intervals between vaccinations. Please note that we do not have access to your child’s GP records, so we may not be aware of their previous vaccination date unless you advise us.
• Why is my child being offered the DTP 3 in 1 booster?
The 3-in-1 teenage booster is offered to all young people at approximately 14 years old, as part of the national immunisation programme.
It's routinely given at secondary school (in school year 9) at the same time as the Meningitis ACWY vaccine. Children will usually have received 3 doses as a baby, a further 4th dose before starting school and this fifth dose to complete the course. The fifth dose boosts immunity into adulthood.
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The most common side effects seen in teenagers and young people are redness, hardening and itching at the injection site, fever, headache, nausea and fatigue. These symptoms should last no more than 24 hours. Sometimes, a small, painless lump develops, but this usually disappears in a few weeks.
• What is Meningitis?
The Meningitis ACWY vaccination helps to protect your child against four types of meningococcal bacteria (groups A, C, W and Y) that can cause meningitis (inflammation of the lining of the brain) and septicaemia (blood poisoning). These diseases are very serious and can kill, especially if not diagnosed early.
• Why do you need previous vaccination dates?
We only ask for this information if it is needed to ensure the correct intervals between vaccinations. Please note that we do not have access to your child’s GP records, so we may not be aware of their previous vaccination date unless you advise us.
• Why should teenagers should the Men ACWY vaccination?
Cases of meningitis and blood poisoning (septicaemia) caused by a highly virulent strain of Men W bacteria have been rising since 2009.
Older teenagers are at higher risk of infection because many of them mix closely with lots of new people, some of whom may unknowingly carry the meningococcal bacteria at the back of their noses and throats. Anyone who is eligible for the Men ACWY vaccine should have it, even if they've previously had the Men C vaccine.
The Men ACWY vaccine is highly effective in preventing illness caused by the four meningococcal strains, including the highly virulent Men W strain.
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| 0.995915 |
Resources Contact Us Home
Browse by: INVENTOR PATENT HOLDER PATENT NUMBER DATE
Microcomputer having test circuit for A/D converter
5389926 Microcomputer having test circuit for A/D converter
Patent Drawings:Drawing: 5389926-2 Drawing: 5389926-3 Drawing: 5389926-4 Drawing: 5389926-5
« 1 »
(4 images)
Inventor: Fukushima
Date Issued: February 14, 1995
Application: 08/092,360
Filed: July 15, 1993
Inventors: Fukushima; Kiyoshi (Kumamoto, JP)
Assignee: NEC Corporation (Tokyo, JP)
Primary Examiner: Williams; Howard L.
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent: Whitham, Curtis, Whitham & McGinn
U.S. Class: 341/120; 341/141; 341/155; 341/172
Field Of Search: 341/118; 341/119; 341/120; 341/121; 341/141; 341/150; 341/155; 341/172
International Class:
U.S Patent Documents: 4517549; 4599604; 4611195; 4908620; 5016014; 5175547; 5185607
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Abstract: Disclosed herein is a microcomputer having a test circuit for an A/D converter of a C/R type. This converter includes a resistor circuit having a plurality of resistors connected in series between reference potential points to generate a changeable reference voltage and a capacitor circuit having a plurality of capacitors for storing electrical charges relative to an analog input voltage and to the changeable reference voltage, and the test circuit is coupled to the resistor circuit and the capacitor circuit and further to first and second terminals and activated in a test mode to transfer the changeable reference voltage to the first terminal and another reference voltage, which is produced outside the microcomputer, to the capacitor circuit.
Claim: What is claimed is:
1. A microcomputer comprising a central processing unit, an analog-to-digital converter coupled to said central processing unit via an internal bus and converting an analoginput voltage supplied thereto to corresponding digital data, said analog-to-digital converter including a first circuit section which has a function of generating a changeable reference voltage at an output node thereof and a second circuit sectionwhich has a function of receiving said changeable reference voltage at an input node thereof and storing an electrical charges relative to said changeable reference voltage, first and second terminal, and a test circuit coupled to said analog-to-digitalconverter and said first and second terminals and activated in a test mode to connect said output node of said first circuit section to said first terminal and said input node of said second circuit section to said second terminal.
2. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said first circuit section comprises a resistor circuit including a plurality of resistors connected in series between first and second potential points and a plurality of transfer switcheseach connected between a different one of connection nodes of said resistors and said output node, and said second circuit section comprises a capacitor circuit including at least one series circuit of a capacitor and a switch circuit, said seriescircuit being connected to receive said changeable reference voltage.
3. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 2, wherein said analog-to-digital converter further includes a sequence controller supplying first control data to said transfer switches to activate one of said transfer switches to control a value ofsaid changeable reference voltage.
4. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 3, further comprising a selection circuit coupled to said sequence controller, said central processing unit and said transfer switches, said central processing unit producing a second control data, saidselection circuit selecting and supplying said first control data to said transfer switches in a normal operation mode and selecting and supplying said second control data to said transfer switches in said test mode.
5. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 1, wherein said test circuit includes a first transfer gate connected between said output node and said input node, a second transfer gate connected between said output node and said first terminal and athird transfer gate connected between said input node and said second terminal, said first transfer gate being made open in a normal mode and said second and third transfer gates being made open in said test mode.
6. A microcomputer comprising a central processing unit, an analog-to-digital converter coupled to said central processing unit, a plurality of analog input terminals each supplied with an analog input voltage, said analog-to-digital converterselecting one of said analog input terminals and converts the analog input voltage supplied to the selected analog input terminal to generate corresponding digital data, said analog-to-digital converter including a first circuit for producing a variablereference voltage used for converting the analog input voltage, and a test circuit coupled between one of said analog input terminals and said first circuit of said analog-to-digital circuit and activated in a test mode to transfer said variablereference voltage to said one of said analog input terminal.
7. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 6, wherein said analog-to-digital converter further includes a second circuit which produce a part of said corresponding digital data in response to said variable reference voltage, and said test circuitis further coupled between said second circuit and another one of said analog input terminals to form an electrical path therebetween in said test mode.
8. The microcomputer as claimed in claim 7, wherein said first circuit comprises a resistor circuit and said second circuit comprises a capacitor circuit.
Description: BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a single chip microcomputer and, more particularly, to such a microcomputer having an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter of a capacitor/resistor (C/R) type as one of peripheral units.
Aa well known in the art, a single chip microcomputer includes, on a single semiconductor chip, a program memory storing a string of instructions for a program, a data memory storing operand data, a central processing unit (CPU) performing a dataprocessing operation on the operand data stored in the data memory in accordance with the instruction read out from the program memory, and a plurality of peripheral units such as an A/D converter, a digital-to-analog converter, a serial datacommunication unit and a timer/counter. Although a various types of A/D converters are known in the art, an A/D converter of a C/R type has been put into practical use as a peripheral unit of the microcomputer. The A/D converter of this type includes acapacitor circuit for generating more (or less) significant bits of digital data corresponding to an analog input signal and a resistor circuit for generating less (or more) significant bits of the digital data.
Referring to FIG. 1, a microcomputer according to prior art includes a CPU 101 and an A/D converter 100 of the C/R type which are interconnected through an internal bus 107. The converter 100 includes a sequence controller 102, a capacitorcircuit 103, a resistor circuit 104 and a comparator 106. The sequence controller 102 receives control data from and supplies converter digital data to the CPU 101 via the bus 107. The capacitor circuit 103 is supplied with an analog input signal Aidvia a signal line 110 and coupled to the controller 102 via a control signal bus 108 to control electrical charges to be stored in capacitors (see FIG. 2). The output voltage from the capacitor circuit 103 appears on a line 114. The resistor circuit104 is coupled to the controller 102 via a control signal bus 109 to generate and supply a selected voltage to the capacitor circuit 103 through a line 116. The comparator 106 compares the output voltage on the line 114 with a reference voltage VA on aline 113.
Referring to FIG. 2, the capacitor circuit 103 includes three capacitors 605-607 and four switch circuits 601-604 which are connected as shown. The capacitance ratio of the capacitors 605, 606 and 607 is 1:1:2. The switch circuit 601 connectsthe lines 113 and 114 to each other when the control data on a control signal line 608 of the control bus 108 assumes the high level and disconnects them from each other when the control data assumes the low level. The high level of the control data onthe line 608 further causes the switch circuits 602, 603 and 604 to connect the analog input line 110 to the respective one ends of the capacitors 605, 606 and 607. When the control data 608 is at the low level, on the other hand, the line 116 isconnected to the one end of the capacitor 605 through the switch 602. As to the switch circuits 603 and 604, the switch circuit 603 connects the one end of the capacitor 606 to the analog ground voltage AVss when both of the control data 608 and 610 ofthe control data bus 108 assume the low level and to another reference voltage Vref when the control data 608 and 610 assume the low level and the high level, respectively. The switch circuit 604 connects the one end of the capacitor 604 to the analogvoltage AVss when both of the control data 608 and 609 take the low level and to the reference voltage Vref when the control data 608 and 609 take the low level and the high level, respectively.
Turning to FIG. 3, the resistor circuit 104 includes a plurality of resistors 707-711 connected in series between the reference voltage Vref and the analog ground AVss and a plurality of transfer gates 701-706. Each of the transfer gates 701-706is connected between the different one of the connection nodes of the resistors 707-711 and the voltage output line 116. The conductive and nonconductive states of transfer gates 701-706 are controlled by the corresponding control data 712-717 of thecontrol bus 109.
In operation, the CPU 101 supplies the conversion control data to the sequence controller 102 via the internal bus 107 to command the conversion operation. In response thereto, the controller 102 initiates first a sampling operation in which thecontrol data 608 is changed to the high level to cause the switch circuit 601 to connect the lines 113 and 114 to each other. The switch circuits 602-604 connects the analog input line 110 to the respective one ends of the capacitors 605-607. Consequently, the capacitors 605-607 receive the analog input signal Aid at the respective one ends thereof and the reference voltage VA at the respective other end thereof, and store the voltage difference therebetween.
Subsequently, an conversion operation is initiated to change the control data 608 to the low level. The switch circuit 601 is thereby tuned OFF and the switch circuit 602 connects the lines 116 and 611 to each other. In a first step, thecontrol data 609 and 610 are brought into the high level and low level, respectively. The switch circuit 604 supplies the reference voltage Vref to the one end of the capacitor 607. The electrical charges stored in the capacitors 605-607 are therebyincreased to push up the voltage on the line 114. The comparator 106 compares the voltage on the line 114 thus push up with the voltage VA and supplies the comparison result to the controller 102. The output of the comparator 106 indicates the mostsignificant bit data of the converted digital data. The logic level of the control data 609 is thereby determined.
In a next step, The control data 610 is changed to the high level to cause the switch circuit 603 to supply the reference voltage Vref to the one end of the capacitor 606. The electrical charges stored in the capacitors 605-607 are therebyincreased to rise the voltage of the line 114. The comparator 106 outputs the comparison data which represents the next most significant bit data of the converted digital data. Thus, the capacitor circuit 103 generates the most significant two bit dataof the converted digital data.
The remaining bit data of the converted digital data are derived by the resistor circuit 104. More specifically, one of the transfer gates 701-706 is turned ON such that the voltage on the line 116 takes the intermediate level of the referencevoltage Vref. The electrical charges stored in the capacitors 605-607 are thereby increased in accordance with the voltage on the line 116 and the capacitance of the capacitor 605. The output of the comparator 106 thus indicates the third mostsignificant bit data of the converted digital data. In a similar manner, one of the transfer gates 701-706 to be turned ON is controlled to obtain the remaining bit data of the converted digital data. The digital data thus converted is supplied to theCPU 101 from the sequence controller 101 through the internal bus 107.
As apparent from the above description, the conversion accuracy is dependent on the actual values of each of the capacitors 605-607 and resistors 707-711. Accordingly, it is desirable to check whether each of the capacitors 605-607 and resistors707-711 is within the tolerant range. It is further required to check the capacitor circuit and the resistor circuit independently of each other.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a microcomputer having a test circuit for an A/D converter of a C/R type.
It is another object of the present invention to provide a test circuit for an A/D converter of a C/R type incorporated into a single chip microcomputer to test a capacitor circuit and a resistor circuit independently of each other.
A microcomputer according to the present invention comprises a CPU, an A/D converter interconnected to the CPU via an internal bus and having a first circuit section which has a function of generating a changeable reference voltage at an outputnode thereof and a second circuit section which has a function of receiving the changeable reference voltage at an input node thereof and storing a voltage difference between the changeable reference voltage and an analog input voltage, a first terminal,a second terminal, and a test circuit coupled to the A/D converter and the first and second terminals and operable in a test mode to connect the first terminal to the output node of the first circuit section of the A/D converter and the second terminalto the input node of the second circuit section of the A/D converter.
With such an arrangement, in the test mode, the changeable reference voltage is outputted to the first terminal, so that this changeable reference voltage can be monitored to check whether the first circuit section generates that voltage withinthe tolerant range. Further in the test mode, since the second terminal is connected to the second terminal, an accurate reference voltage can be supplied from the cutside of the microcomputer to the second circuit section to check the operation thereof.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other objects, advantages and features of the present invention will be more apparent from the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 is block diagram illustrative of a microcomputer according to the prior art;
FIG. 2 is circuit diagram illustrative of a capacitor circuit shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is circuit diagram illustrative of a resistor circuit shown in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrative of a microcomputer according to a first embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a circuit diagram illustrative of a test circuit shown in FIG. 4;
FIG. 6 is block diagram illustrative of a microcomputer according to a second embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 7 is a circuit diagram illustrative of selector circuit shown in FIG. 6.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to FIG. 4, there is shown a microcomputer according to a first embodiment of the present invention in which the same constituents as those shown in FIG. 1 are denoted by the same reference numerals to omit the further descriptionthereof. In this microcomputer, there is provided a test circuit 105 and the signal 116 from the resistor circuit 104 is connected to the test circuit 105, not connected directly to the capacitor circuit 103. A signal line 118 is lead out from the testcircuit 105 and connected to the capacitor circuit 103. The capacitor circuit 103 has the same construction as that shown in FIG. 2, and therefore, the signal line 116 is replaced with the line 118 in the present microcomputer. The test circuit 105further has two signal lines 111 and 112, one of which is used to receive and output the reference voltage from the resistor circuit 104 to the outside of the microcomputer and the other of which is used to receive and supply a variable reference voltagefrom the outside of the microcomputer to the capacitor circuit 103. The test circuit 105 ia activated by a test mode signal supplied form the CPU 101 through a signal line 117.
In order to reduce the number of external terminals or pins required as the single chip microcomputer, the signal lines 116 and 117 are connected respectively to the seventh and eighth analog input terminals Aid-7 and Aid-8 of eight analog inputterminals Aid-1 to Aid-8. These analog input terminals Aid-1 and Aid-8 are connected to a multiplexor (MPX) 130, and one of them is selected by the MPX 130 in accordance with selection data 131 from the sequence controller 102. The selection data 131is produced by the command from the CPU 101.
Turning to FIG. 5, the test circuit 105 includes three transfer gates 202-204 and an invertor 201 which are connected as shown. When the test mode signal takes the active high level to indicate the test mode, the transfer gates 203 and 204 areturned ON, whereas the transfer gate 202 is turned OFF. The signal lines 116 and 118 are thereby connected to the signal lines 112 and 11, respectively. In a normal operation mode, on the other hand, the signal 117 takes the inactive low level to turnthe transfer gate 202 ON and the gates 203 and 204 OFF. The signal line 116 is thus connected to the line 118.
In a normal operation, the test circuit 105 is deactivated, so that one of the analog input voltage Aid-1 to Aid-8 is selected and converted into the corresponding digital data in the same manner as described with reference to FIGS. 1-3. In thetest mode, on the other hand, the CPU 101 changes the test mode signal 117 to the active high level, so that the signal line 116 is electrically connected to the terminal Aid-8 and the signal line 118 is electrically connected to the terminal Aid-7. Inthis state, the sequence controller 102 turns the transfer gates 701-706 (see FIG. 3) ON in sequence. The reference voltages at the respective nodes of the resistors (FIG. 7) appears on the terminal Aid-8 and monitored whether each of them is within thetolerable range. On the other hand, the terminal Aid-7 receives the variable reference voltage from the outside of the microcomputer, that voltage being in turn supplied to the capacitor circuit 103 via the signal line 118. At this time, the converter100 is in a operable state, so that the converted digital data corresponding to the analog input voltage supplied to, for example, the terminal Aid-1 is produced and supplied to the outside of the microcomputer from an output port (not shown). Thecapacitor circuit 103 is thus checked whether the operation thereof is correct.
Referring to FIG. 6, the microcomputer according to a second embodiment of the present invention further includes a selection circuit 301 in addition to the constituents shown in FIG. 4. This selection circuit 301 selects the control data 109from the sequence controller 102 when the mode signal 117 takes the low level to indicate the normal operation mode and control data 302 from the CPU 101 when the signal 117 takes the high level to indicate the test mode.
Turning to FIG. 7, the selection circuit 301 includes a first set of transfer gates 402-404 which are activated in the normal operation mode and a second set of transfer gates 405-407 which are activated in the test mode. An invertor 401 controlthe transfer gates 402-404 and 405-407 in response to the test mode signal 117.
With such a circuit arrangement, the desired one of the transfer gates 701-706 (FIG. 3) is turned ON by the data from the CPU 101. The test for the resistor circuit 104 can be thereby shortened.
It is apparent that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments but may be modified and changed without departing form the scope and spirit of the invention. For example, The present invention is applicable to such an A/Dconverter that has a capacitor circuit which generates less significant bits data of the converted digital data and a resistor circuit which generates more significant bits data thereof. The capacitor circuit may generate three or more bits data of theconverted digital data. The signal lines 111 and 112 are connectable to other terminals such as input and/or output port pins.
* * * * *
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Flertility
Here’s How A Fertility Massage Can Help You To Conceive?
Here’s How A Fertility Massage Can Help You To Conceive?
massage for fertility
The choice to become a mother is an electrifying and blissful one. However, trying to conceive can become a stressful and difficult process, particularly when the tests keep coming back as negative. This is why many women look for natural methods like Fertility Massage to enhance their fertility and increase their chances of getting pregnant.
What is fertility massage?
It is a type of massage intended to enhance the health and fertility of the reproductive organs. It is an all-natural method with benefits that include enhanced reproductive health, abdominal health, and menstrual cycle. The fertility massage supports the body to reduce stress hormones, cleanse toxins, balance hormones that help the reproductive system, and arouse reproductive organs using reflexology.
Fertility Massage benefits
This type of massage can offer quite a few advantages and add to a strong pregnancy. These comprise improving blood circulation, particularly to the womb, uterus, cervix, and ovaries, tilted uterus reposition, assist hormonal balance and decrease stress. Frequent fertility massages can also help on lymph drainage, liver detox, oxygenation of your reproductive system and blood regeneration while assisting to breakdown abdominal adhesion’s and scar tissue in general. Fertility massage can also be beneficial for obstructed Fallopian tubes, infertility, egg quality, ovarian cysts, PCOS, endometriosis, and menstrual cramps.
Fertility Massage steps
• Lie on a surface that is firm but comfortable. Bend knees slightly or allow them to rest them on a pillow.
• Take a deep breath in and then breathe out.
• Now massage your hands together to warm your palms, and take a little oil you can use for massaging such as almond or olive oil.
• Close your eyes gradually and start breathing in slowly and deeply. Exhale and inhale deeply thrice.
• Visualize yourself in an environment that makes you feel relaxed and refreshed.
• Put your palm on your belly, just on top of your navel. Put your other palm on top, and take deep breaths to make acquainted yourself with this area of your body. Use this time to find your stomach.
• Gently massage making round clockwise motions with your palms, going downwards from your belly to your pubic bone and then going to your belly. Repeat at least thirty times.
• Now place your palms on every side of your abdomen just below your ribs and massage down towards your stomach. Use gentle massage strokes and ensure to always massage from top to bottom. You may repeat these as many times as you like, but ensure to do at least 10.
Can massages increase fertility?
There is no research to show that massage in general, or fertility massages specially, can affect fertility directly and increase the chance of getting pregnant.
But massage, such as yoga and meditation, may help reduce stress. Some studies have found that massage lessens levels of cortisol in the body and increases dopamine and serotonin, which are thought to contribute to well-being and enhanced mood.
When should I do fertility massage?
If you are trying to conceive naturally, the ideal time to have fertility massage is the end of menses to ovulation. This is commonly from day 7 to day 14 of your cycle. If you are undergoing fertility assistance, the ideal time for fertility massage is from menses to ovulation and insemination. With IVF, the ideal time for fertility massage is from restraint of your cycle to embryo transfer is suggested, as long as no softness is felt.
Can I do fertility massage during ovulation?
It is important to stay away from direct massage of the uterine after ovulation when trying to conceive actively. In the course of a fertility treatment cycle, massages are carried out after menstruation and prior to ovulation.
Which time is best for fertility massage?
The most excellent time for fertility massage is the “fertile window” time. Ovulation takes place when the ovaries release an egg, which travels down the fallopian tube and endures for 12-24 hours. You can conceive if the egg gets fertilized with sperm; the possibilities are maximum in twenty-four hours of ovulation and a day in advance. Ensure you are not menstruating or pregnant during fertility massage. The best time to have a massage is after your period until ovulation if you are trying to conceive.
Does massage increase fertility?
There is no scientific confirmation that massage enhances fertility or improves pregnancy rates. But one study has shown that message can dial down your concern level. Since stress can get in the way of getting pregnant, it makes sense that reducing stress through massage could – theoretically – perk up your odds of conceiving. If you are undergoing expensive infertility treatments, you may opt for a fertility massage as this can help your body to relax and this in turn will help you to conceive.
Is it good to massage your ovaries?
Fertility massage is meant not only to increase the flow of blood to the ovaries, uterus, and fallopian tubes, but also to strengthen the immune system, increase a sense of well being, stimulate the balanced production of hormones, and enhance the health of the lymphatic system. Massaging ovaries can help to tone and strengthen the uterus and nearby ligaments to optimise fertilization and implantation. It breaks down scar tissue or adhesions near digestive, reproductive, and pelvic organs which improves organ function and health.
Massage therapy helps your body attain an optimum state of health. When you are healthier, your body has more physical energy to enable healthy conception. There are several holistic massage methods that can have a very optimistic effect in facilitating conception and supporting a healthy pregnancy. Most methods of fertility massage use abdominal massage and massage on the lower-back that assists improve the blood flow to the reproductive organs.
The Bottom Line
The root cause of infertility issues can be attributed to adhesions, scar tissue, and obstructions in the fallopian tubes, accumulation of toxins, and certainly, stress and anxiety. Conventional medicine does not have treatments for these conditions apart from bypassing the problem and suggesting IVF treatments. Fertility massage can address all of these issues at once. More and more women choose this type of therapy as it is safer than surgery and pharmaceutical drugs.
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| 0.886254 |
Remote sensing observations have identified aluminate spinel, in the absence of measureable olivine and pyroxene, as a globally distributed component of the lunar crust. Earlier remote sensing observations and returned samples did not indicate the presence of this component, leaving its geologic significance unclear. Here, we report visible to mid-infrared (V-IR) reflectance (300–25 000 nm) and Mössbauer spectra of aluminate spinels, synthesized at lunar-like oxygen fugacity (fO2), that vary systematically in Fe abundance. Reflectance spectra of particulate (<45 mm), nominally stoichiometric aluminate spinels display systematic behavior, with bands at 700, 1000, 2000, and 2800 nm increasing in strength with increasing bulk Fe content. The especially strong bands at 2000 and 2800 are discernible for all spinel compositions and saturate at <15 Fe# [Fe/(Mg+Fe)×100, molar]. Absorption bands at 700 and 1000 nm, collectively referred to as the 1000 nm bands, are weaker and become observable at >6 Fe#. Although the 2000 and 2800 nm bands are assigned to Fe2+IV electronic transitions, spectra of aluminate spinels with excess Al2O3 demonstrate that the strengths of the 1000 nm bands are related to the abundance of Fe2+VI. The abundance of Fe2+VI depends on bulk Fe content as well as factors that control the degree of structural order-disorder, such as cooling rate. Consequently the strength of the 1000 nm bands are useful for constraining the Fe content and cooling rate of remotely sensed spinel. Controlling for cooling rate, particle size, and fO2, we conclude that spinels with >12 Fe# (<88 Mg#) have observable 1000 nm bands under ambient lunar conditions and that only very Mg-rich spinels lack 1000 nm bands in their spectra. This links remote observations of spinel anorthosite to Mg-Suite magmatism. The combined effects of Fe oxidation state, abundance of coexisting plagioclase, and space weathering have not been explored here, and may add additional constraints. The relative strengths of the distinctive 1000 and 2000 nm bands of the spinels associated with pyroclastic deposits at Sinus Aestuum suggest fast cooling rates, possibly in the absence of an extensive vapor cloud.
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| 0.985688 |
Industrial Minerals
Best Bentonite Earthing Compounds
Best Bentonite Earthing Compounds, primarily composed of the clay mineral montmorillonite, is a critical additive in drilling operations, especially in the oil and gas industry and construction materials industry. Its unique properties make it indispensable for creating drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds, which perform several vital functions in the drilling process.
Best Bentonite Earth Compounds
Bentonite, primarily composed of the clay mineral montmorillonite, is a critical additive in drilling operations, especially in the oil and gas industry. Its unique properties make it indispensable for creating drilling fluids, also known as drilling muds, which perform several vital functions in the drilling process.
Properties and Functions
1. Swelling Ability: Bentonite’s most significant feature is its ability to swell when in contact with water, increasing its volume significantly. This property allows it to form a gel-like substance, which is crucial for creating a mud cake on the borehole walls to prevent fluid loss.
2. Viscosity and Plasticity: When mixed with water, bentonite forms a highly viscous and plastic fluid. This helps carry drill cuttings to the surface and seals any irregularities in the borehole, providing stability and preventing collapse.
3. Thermal Stability: Bentonite maintains its properties under high temperatures, essential for deep drilling operations. This thermal stability ensures that the drilling fluid remains effective regardless of the downhole temperature.
4. Cation Exchange Capacity: Bentonite can absorb positively charged ions, which helps control the hardness of the water used in the drilling mud, improving the fluid’s efficiency.
5. Low Permeability: Hydrated bentonite forms a low-permeability barrier, excellent for sealing and preventing fluid leakage into surrounding strata, thus enhancing borehole stability.
6. Chemical Inertness: Bentonite is chemically inert to most organic and inorganic compounds, ensuring stability under varying geological conditions and protecting the drill bit from corrosive substances.
Applications
1. Formation Stabilization: Bentonite creates a thin, impermeable filter cake on wellbore walls, preventing fluid loss and maintaining borehole stability.
2. Lubrication and Cooling: It acts as a lubricant, reducing friction between the drill bit and the wellbore, which aids smooth drilling operations and prolongs equipment lifespan. Additionally, bentonite’s cooling properties help dissipate heat generated during drilling.
3. Cuttings Suspension and Removal: Bentonite suspends drill cuttings in the fluid, preventing them from settling and clogging the wellbore, facilitating their efficient removal.
4. Environmental Applications: Bentonite is also used in environmental monitoring wells and geothermal wells for its excellent sealing ability, preventing cross-contamination of soil and groundwater layers.
5. Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD): In HDD projects, bentonite provides borehole stability, efficient cuttings removal, and lubrication, making it essential for installing utilities, pipelines, and cables beneath existing structures or environmentally sensitive areas.
Drilling Fluids Mechanism
When mixed with water, bentonite forms a thixotropic gel. This means the fluid becomes thinner under mechanical stress (like pumping) and thicker at rest. This property is crucial for preventing drill cuttings from settling and maintaining borehole stability during drilling operations.
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| 0.999414 |
Thursday, December 1, 2022
What Medicine Is Good For Stomach Flu
Can A Stomach Virus Be Prevented Or Avoided
Medical & Health Questions : The Best Cure for Stomach Flu
A flu shot will not prevent a stomach virus. The flu shot only prevent the influenza virus. That is a respiratory illness.
The norovirus can change over time. Therefore, vaccines are still being studied. A rotavirus vaccine is available. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends children get a rotavirus vaccine. Two different vaccines exist. They require 2 to 3 doses. Children should receive the full vaccine prior to 8 months of age.
You can help prevent or avoid a stomach virus by doing these things:
• Wash your hands often.
• Cover your mouth and nose when you sneeze or cough.
• Clean and disinfect surfaces and objects in your home, office, and classroom.
• Use hand sanitizer after being in public.
• Stay away from people who have the virus.
If you have stomach virus, be responsible. Do not expose others to it. This includes babies, older people, and people with a low immune system. Do not go to school, work, or public places.
What Is Stomach Flu
Also known as Viral Gastroenteritis, Stomach Flu is a short-term illness that can last for up to 1-week maximum. Some people will even get better without drinking any medicine. People who have Stomach Flu often experience severe pain and cramps around the stomach area. Some may even experience vomiting and feeling nauseous. Aside from that, people with Stomach Flu may also have watery diarrhea. Others can even feel feverish whenever they have stomach flu.
Stomach Flu is caused by viruses that affect your intestines. These Viruses invade your healthy cells. Although its commonly known as stomach flu, this term is medically incorrect. Flu means its caused by an influenza virus. However, stomach flu isnt caused by these viruses. Aside from that, its also not on your stomach but in your intestines.
Although Stomach Flu mostly lasts for a short time, it can still be dangerous. Since some of its symptoms are having watery-diarrhea and vomiting, you can easily get dehydrated, which is dangerous.
You can use Cinnamon for Stomach Flu as your stomach flu remedy at home.
What Causes A Stomach Virus
Several things can cause a stomach virus:
• Norovirus: This is the main cause. This represents a family of viruses.
• Rotavirus: This is a viral infection. This is common in babies and young kids.
Viral stomach infections are contagious. It is easy to get and give a stomach virus. It is spread by contact with an infected person, surface, or object. Stomach viruses are likely to spread at places with a lot of people. This includes schools, daycares, nursing homes, airplanes, cruise ships, and hospitals. Stomach viruses are common in cold weather months.
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Home Remedies For Gastroenteritis : Natural Ways To Help You Feel Better
Gastroenteritis, also known as stomach flu, is a condition in which the stomach and the small intestine become inflamed. Gastroenteritis is primarily caused by viral or bacterial infections. The infections are typically caused by contaminated water and spoiled food.
Acute gastroenteritis is a common cause of clinic visits and hospitalizations in the USA. Approximately 179 million cases of acute gastroenteritis occur each year. This results in millions of clinic visits, almost 500,000 hospitalizations, and more than 5,000 deaths per year.
Contents
Natural Remedies For Stomach Flu
The 25+ best Remedies for stomach flu ideas on Pinterest ...
The stomach fluyou know, that queasy, rolling in the gut that sneaks up on you and makes you run for that little room. We have all suffered from it before and probably will again. So do you run for the Pepto? Well, maybe not.
Over-the-counter remedies will not address the root problem, as they only treat the symptoms. Yes, this makes you feel better for the moment, but it lengthens your recovery time, often by days!
When it comes to treating stomach flu and mild cases of food poisoning, old-fashioned, folk remedies are great. They will start soothing symptoms, but they also work to heal the cause.
Flu symptoms may not be the flu at all. The virus that causes colds can travel to your stomach via your hands, food, or drinks and make you feel like you have the stomach flu, when in fact you have a cold that has settled in your stomach and intestines instead of your nasal passages, bronchial tubes, and lungs.
To prevent this virus from taking a vacation in your gut, and to prevent disease in general, wash your hands and face before eating keep shared items clean and boost immune response with a well-balanced diet, exercise, daily multi-vitamins and vitamin C. When you do catch a bug, taking time to treat yourself properly will markedly lessen its impact and prevent it from spreading to others.
Home Remedies:
So, skip the Pepto and ask grandma what she recommends for your stomach symptoms. And as always, consult your healthcare practitioner before starting any treatment.
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How Do Doctors Treat Viral Gastroenteritis
Your doctor may prescribe medicine to control severe vomiting. Doctors dont prescribe antibiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. Antibiotics dont work for viral infections.
In some cases, your doctor may recommend probiotics. Probiotics are live microbes, most often bacteria, that are like the ones you normally have in your digestive tract. Studies suggest that some probiotics may help shorten a case of diarrhea. Researchers are still studying the use of probiotics to treat viral gastroenteritis. For safety reasons, talk with your doctor before using probiotics or any other complementary or alternative medicines or practices.
Anyone with signs or symptoms of dehydration should see a doctor right away. Doctors may need to treat people with severe dehydration in a hospital.
Bananas Rice Applesauce And Toast
Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are the foundation of the BRAT diet.
Health professionals commonly recommend these bland foods for stomach complaints, as theyre gentle on your stomach.
Keep in mind that the BRAT diet alone will not provide your body with all the nutrients it needs.
In fact, the American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that children return to their usual age-appropriate diets as soon as they are rehydrated .
Nonetheless, bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are safe options to start with when queasy from the stomach flu.
Summary
Bananas, rice, applesauce, and toast are safe foods to try while sick with the stomach flu.
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How To Treat Stomach Flu Effectively
Sylvia Zakusilov, NP on July 13, 2021
When you get the stomach flu, you know it. Unlike the regular flu, which is challenging enough, the stomach flu includes vicious symptoms that can keep you between your bed and the bathroom for days. When the stomach flu strikes, it typically begins with symptoms that are at least manageable.
However, they soon transition into symptoms that will wilt even the toughest of persons. To make matters worse, there isnt a cure for the stomach flu! So, what are your options? Fortunately, there are some helpful treatments that you can employ to make a bout with the stomach flu at least somewhat tolerable.
Even if youre not currently sick, its a good idea to keep this guide bookmarked and handy. If youre unfortunate enough to get hit with the stomach flu, you can refer back here for a helping hand.
Get Stomach Flu Treatment Online
5 Best Natural Remedies To Treat The Stomach Flu
If youre experiencing diarrhea, dehydration, fever, or any other uncomfortable symptoms, its important to contact your doctor to find out how to get rid of the stomach flu. Scheduling a doctors appointment can also help you determine whether youre suffering from stomach flu or food poisoning.
With PlushCare, you can schedule a phone or video appointment with a trusted doctor from the comfort of your own home. Your PlushCare doctor can diagnose your stomach flu and help you determine the best treatment options for your infection.
to book an appointment with one of our doctors today.
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Home Remedies For Stomach Flu
In addition to rest, hydration, and easily digestible foods, there are many home remedies for the stomach flu. The effectiveness of home remedies may vary from person to person, but all offer low-cost methods of treating gastroenteritis at home.
Popular at-home the stomach flu remedies include:
• Ginger As mentioned earlier, ginger is a natural anti-inflammatory agent, reduces the symptoms of nausea, and helps digestion. Ginger is found in most grocery stores as lozenges, or you can find it fresh in the produce section.
• Peppermint Peppermint leaves are a natural pain reliever and can be consumed as mints or infused in tea to relieve stomach aches and pains.
• Apple cider vinegar Apple cider vinegar is found in most grocery stores and can be diluted in water . Apple cider vinegar should be consumed 1 tablespoon at a time. The bacteria promote a healthy gut, making apple cider vinegar an effective preventive measure against the stomach flu.
For Starters: Its Not Really The Flu
Confusingly, stomach flu isnt actually the flu. Influenza virus is a respiratory infection, whereas the stomach flu is viral gastroenteritis.
That means that your flu shot definitely wont prevent the stomach flu and that regular influenza shouldnt be sending you on emergency trips to the bathroom.
The most common form of viral gastroenteritis in the US is the norovirus. According to the CDC, there are 19 to 21 million acute cases of norovirus causing gastroenteritis every year. Though you can get the illness in any season, it tends strike November April.
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How The Stomach Flu Is Treated
In most cases, viral gastroenteritis doesnt need to be treated by a healthcare provider. Home remedies, like getting plenty of fluids and eating a bland diet, can treat symptoms until the illness passes. For people who have a digestive disease or another serious illness, however, seeking advice from a healthcare provider might be needed to avoid complications.
Diarrhea or vomiting that lasts more than a few days, contains blood or mucus, is black or looks like coffee grounds, or causes severe pain, is a reason to seek medical attention as soon as possible.
How Long Does The Stomach Flu Last
The Best Home Remedies for Stomach Flu Treatment
Most cases of viral gastroenteritis resolve on their own. A norovirus infection typically lasts one to three days, but rotavirus gastroenteritis can take up to a week to clear. Viral gastroenteritis caused by adenovirus or astrovirus holds on longer, typically taking five to 12 days to resolve. Gastroenteritis that lasts longer than two weeks, or chronic gastroenteritis, is usually due to a bacterial or parasite infection.
Read Also: How To Ease Stomach Ache
Ginger Tea As A Stomach Pain Remedy
The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of ginger neutralize excess acids that cause stomach pain.
Drinking ginger tea may help to stimulate proper digestion by promoting the production of digestive juices while fighting harmful free radicals that cause disease.
Drink two to three cups of ginger tea daily.
• Cut one medium-sized ginger root into thin slices.
• Add the ginger to one cup of boiling water and boil for three minutes.
• Lower heat and simmer for five minutes.
• Strain and add honey for flavor.
Causes Of The Stomach Flu
The stomach flu is usually caused by any number of different viruses that can attack your gastrointestinal system. Its not caused by the influenza virus, which gives you the seasonal flu.
Less often, bacteria can cause it, typically due to contaminated water or food that was prepared inadequately or in an unhygienic environment.
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Getting Medical Advice For Your Child
You don’t usually need to see your GP if you think your child has gastroenteritis, as it should get better on its own, and taking them to a GP surgery can put others at risk.
Phone the 111 service or your GP if you’re concerned about your child, or they:
• have symptoms of dehydration, such as passing less urine than normal, being unusually irritable or unresponsive, pale or mottled skin, or cold hands and feet
• have blood in their poo or green vomit
• are vomiting constantly and are unable to keep down any fluids or feeds
• have had diarrhoea for more than a week
• have been vomiting for three days or more
• have signs of a more serious illness, such as a high fever , shortness of breath, rapid breathing, a stiff neck, a rash that doesn’t fade when you roll a glass over it or a bulging fontanelle
• have a serious underlying condition, such as inflammatory bowel disease or a weak immune system, and have diarrhoea and vomiting
Your GP may suggest sending off a sample of your child’s poo to a laboratory to confirm what’s causing their symptoms. Antibiotics may be prescribed if this shows they have a bacterial infection.
How Do I Get Rid Of The Stomach Flu
Medical Information : Homeopathic Stomach Virus Remedies
The medical treatment for stomach flu is based on maintaining adequate hydration and body sodiumpotassium levels. The treatment for stomach flu initially consists of self-care measures such as
• You should drink plenty of liquids, clear broths, soups or noncaffeinated drinks taking small frequent sips.
• Gradually, you should begin to eat bland, easy-to-digest foods like bananas, rice and chicken.
• You should avoid certain foods and substances until you feel better like dairy products, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, fatty or spicy food.
• You should get plenty of rest because the illness can cause weakness.
• Painkillers or anti-inflammatory drugs such as ibuprofen can make your stomach more upset therefore, you should be cautious about the medication. You will get mild anti-inflammatory drugs such as acetaminophen from your doctor.
• You should avoid antibiotics because they fight bacteria not viruses. Antibiotic overuse can encourage the development of an antibiotic-resistant strain of bacteria.
• Dehydrationin stomach flu can lead to serious problems. In severe dehydration, you may require hospitalization and your doctor may inject fluids through your veins.
Recommended Reading: How Can I Get Rid Of Stomach Cramps
Eat Or Drink Your Probiotics
Live culture foods help populate your digestive tract with healthy bacteria and other friendly beasties. This can help your body crowd out the troublemakers and speed your recovery.
Yogurt, milk kefir, water kefir, kombucha, and lacto-fermented foods all contain bacteria that promotes a healthy immune system. You can, of course, purchase these items from the store or buy the little capsules, but it’s really easy to make you own at home.
Again, use small servings, especially with the kombucha, which can have a detox effect. No more than 2-4 ounces per day of kombucha tea. Yogurt and kefir are gentler and safer in larger amounts .
Is The Stomach Flu Worse In Some People
In general, most people recover quickly from the stomach flu. Symptoms can be worse in babies, young children, older adults or anyone of any age that is immune-compromised. Vomiting and diarrhea can cause dehydration within just a short period of time, depending on the circumstances. Signs of dehydration include:
• Extreme thirst.
• General weakness.
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How Do You Treat A Child’s Stomach Virus
The best ways to treat the stomach flu in kids are hydration and rest. “For hydration, use a rehydration solution that’s available in any store and over the counter,” says Dr. Rojas. “Start with small sips and increase gradually, so they don’t vomit it up.”
Water alone may not be enough to rehydrate kids safely, especially younger children. Kids lose electrolytes when they vomit or have diarrhea. This can lead to low sodium in the blood, a dangerous situation. A rehydration solution, like Pedialyte, replenishes fluids and electrolytes. Broth can also be helpful.
You can also make a rehydration solution at home by combining 4 ¼ cups of water, 6 teaspoons of sugar and a ½ teaspoon of salt.
Dr. Rojas also recommends lots of rest for children. Rest can help the digestive system settle and heal.
What Causes The Stomach Flu
Natural Remedies for Stomach Flu
First off, the stomach flu isn’t really the flu at all. It is caused by viruses, but not the influenza virus. Viral Gastroenteritis is the second most common illness in the United States. It causes millions of cases of diarrhea each year.
Heart Spring breaks down the symptoms and causes of the stomach flu.
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What Causes Stomach Flu
The stomach flu can be caused by the norovirus or rotavirus. According to Cleveland Clinic, Norovirus is often the culprit for adults, while rotavirus is frequently to blame for stomach flu in children, with both viruses infecting the lining of the small intestine.
While the stomach flu usually goes away within a few days, children and elderly people may experience further complications. People taking medication that may weaken their immune systems are more susceptible to viral gastroenteritis.
On a global scale, viral gastroenteritis is a leading cause of death in children under 4 years. Stomach flu is more prevalent in developing countries with little access to clean water or facilities.
What Is The Stomach Flu
Viral gastroenteritis is a viral infection of the stomach and intestines that causes diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, stomach pain, and abdominal cramping. While most cases resolve in a few days without serious problems, viral gastroenteritis can be a serious and even life-threatening infection in very young children, seniors, or people with immune system problems.
Several different viruses can cause stomach flu, but nine in ten cases are caused by norovirus. Rotavirus is usually the culprit when young children come down with stomach flu, but rotavirus vaccines have drastically reduced the incidence in the United States. Other viruses such as adenovirus , astrovirus, and sapovirus are responsible for a small number of cases, chiefly among infants and children. The influenza virus, however, never causes stomach flu, so a flu shot does not help prevent stomach flu.
Bacteria can also cause gastroenteritis, most commonly Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and E. coli. Treatment and medications for bacterial gastroenteritis are covered more fully in their own articles.
Norovirus is a particularly contagious, tough, and long-lasting virus. It can survive extreme heat, freezing cold, withstand many disinfectants, and survive on surfaces for up to two weeks. For this reason, norovirus is responsible for over half of all foodborne outbreaks. About 21 million people in the United States get sick and nearly 800 people die from norovirus infection each year.
Also Check: What Causes Stomach Cramps And Gas
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS7510300 B2
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 10/506,061
PCT numberPCT/JP2003/002274
Publication date31 Mar 2009
Filing date27 Feb 2003
Priority date1 Mar 2002
Fee statusPaid
Also published asCN1650673A, CN100592837C, EP1482770A1, EP1482770A4, US20050117190, WO2003075617A1
Publication number10506061, 506061, PCT/2003/2274, PCT/JP/2003/002274, PCT/JP/2003/02274, PCT/JP/3/002274, PCT/JP/3/02274, PCT/JP2003/002274, PCT/JP2003/02274, PCT/JP2003002274, PCT/JP200302274, PCT/JP3/002274, PCT/JP3/02274, PCT/JP3002274, PCT/JP302274, US 7510300 B2, US 7510300B2, US-B2-7510300, US7510300 B2, US7510300B2
InventorsKenichi Iwauchi, Atsushi Yamanaka, Mitsuyoshi Seo, Akemi Oohara
Original AssigneeSharp Kabushiki Kaisha
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Light emitting device and display apparatus and read apparatus using the light emitting device
US 7510300 B2
Abstract
A light emitting device provided with a plurality of types of light sources having different light emitting colors and with a light emission control means for allowing light to emit, during a specified period of monitoring a light emitting intensity, from at least one light source out of the plurality of types of light sources at a light emitting intensity different from that available outside the specified period. Accordingly, when a plurality of types of light sources are used, the light emitting intensities of a plurality of types of light sources can be monitored with light sensors of types fewer than the types of light sources to control while points and a brightness characteristics.
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Claims(13)
1. A light emitting device comprising:
multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors;
light detection means for monitoring emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources; and
light emission control means which performs control to provide a light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of light sources emit light at a same time at predetermined emission intensities and a monitoring period in which an emission intensity of only a single light source is decreased,
wherein the light emission control means controls the emission intensity of the at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources using emission intensity information from the light detection means in the monitoring period to adjust composite light from the multiple types of light sources to have a desired luminance or chromaticity.
2. A light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light emission control means provides the monitoring period by shifting one of timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to decrease the emission intensity of the single light source with respect to timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to decrease the emission intensity of other single light source.
3. A light emitting device according to claim 1, wherein the light emission control means decreases the emission intensities of the at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources in the monitoring period.
4. A light emitting device according to claim 3, wherein the light emission control means provides the monitoring period by shifting one of timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to decrease the emission intensities of at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources with respect to timing to turn on or timing to turn off other light sources.
5. A light emitting device comprising:
multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors;
light detection means for monitoring emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources; and
light emission control means which performs control to provide a light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of light sources emit light at a same time at predetermined emission intensities and a monitoring period in which emission intensities of at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources are increased to a value greater than zero and greater than the light-emitting intensity of each of the light sources during a period during which all of the types of light sources are made to emit light at the same time,
wherein the light emission control means controls the emission intensity of the at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources using emission intensity information from the light detection means in the monitoring period to adjust composite light from the multiple types of light sources to have a desired luminance or chromaticity.
6. A light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the light emission control means provides the monitoring period by shifting one of timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to increase the emission intensities of at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources with respect to timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to increase the emission intensities of other light sources.
7. A light emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the light detection means has spectral sensitivity characteristics approximately matching luminosity factor characteristics with a light emission wavelength of the at least one of the multiple types of light sources being a center.
8. A light emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the light detection means includes a luminosity factor filter for blocking infrared radiation.
9. A light emitting device according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the light emission control means provides a period in which all of the multiple types of light sources are turned off,
the light detection means monitors amount of light in a state that all of the multiple types of light sources are turned off.
10. A light emitting device according to claim 5, wherein the light emission control means increases the emission intensities of the at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources in the monitoring period.
11. A light emitting device according to claim 10, wherein the light emission control means provides the monitoring period by shifting one of timing to obtain the predetermined emission intensities and timing to increase the emission intensities of at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources with respect to timing to turn on or timing to turn off other light sources.
12. A light emitting device, comprising:
multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors;
light detection means for monitoring emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources; and
light emission control means which performs control to provide a light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of light sources emit light at a same time at predetermined emission intensities and a monitoring period in which at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources emits light at emission intensity different from that in the light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of light sources emit light at the same time,
wherein the light emission control means provides a period in which all of the multiple types of light sources are turned off,
the light detection means monitors amount of light in a state that all of the multiple types of light sources are turned off,
the light emission control means corrects emission intensity information from the light detection means in the monitoring period based on the state that all of the multiple types of light sources are turned off.
13. A light emitting device, comprising:
multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors;
light detection means for monitoring emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources; and
light emission control means which performs control to provide a light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of light sources emit light at a same time at predetermined emission intensities and a monitoring period in which emission intensities of at least one of but fewer than the number of the multiple types of light sources are decreased to a value greater than zero and less than the light-emitting intensity of each of the light sources during a period during which all of the types of light sources are made to emit light at the same time,
wherein the light emission control means controls the emission intensity of the at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources using emission intensity information from the light detection means in the monitoring period to adjust composite light from the multiple types of light sources to have a desired luminance or chromaticity.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Technical Field
The present invention relates to a light-emitting device comprising a light source which emits light having a plurality of colors, a display apparatus using the light-emitting device, and a read apparatus using the light-emitting device.
2. Description of the Related Art
It has been conventionally known that, in some types of transmissive liquid crystal which employ a backlight including a side light, and reflective liquid crystals which employ a front light, a light-emitting device, which includes a white cold cathode fluorescent tube or a white light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source, is mounted as a back light or a front light for display. Particularly, many types of cellular phones which have rapidly become popular recently-employ a white LED.
However, a light source using a white cold cathode fluorescent tube and a white LED have a problem that white point and luminance characteristics vary largely depending on changes in temperature characteristics and changes over time. In order to solve this problem, the following two methods have been proposed, for example.
The first method is effective in the case where multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors are switched by a time-division to provide a white light source. As described in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 10-49074, for example, light sources of respective colors are monitored by an optical sensor and changes in amounts of light are fed back to respective light sources for emitting white light.
The second method is effective for the case where multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors are made to emit light at the same time to provide a white light source. As described in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 11-295689, light sources of respective colors are monitored by an optical sensor and changes in amounts of light are fed back to respective light sources so as to have an equal value as a certain predetermined value for emitting white light.
General examples of light-emitting operations of light sources for allowing the multiple types of light sources to emit light at the same time and the colors of emitted light to be mixed for providing white color in the second method mentioned above are shown in FIGS. 12 and 13. The multiple types of the light sources are, for example, a red LED, a green LED, and a blue LED Methods for controlling a light-emitting operation of the light sources are roughly divided into two types: a pulse width control method shown in FIG. 12; and a current value control method shown in FIG. 13. A method which combines these two methods is also possible.
FIGS. 12( a), (b) and (a) are graphs which respectively show the performance of pulse width control of current values flowing through the red, green and blue light sources, with the horizontal axes indicating time and the vertical axes indicating current value. By performing pulse width control of the emission intensities of the light sources, i.e., by controlling the time lengths of the light emitted by the light sources while the emission intensities of the light sources are maintained constant, apparent light emission intensities change. For example, in order to increase the apparent light emission intensities, the light emitting time of the light sources is lengthened. In order to reduce the apparent emission Intensities, the light emitting time of the light sources is shortened. In this way, the apparent light intensities of the light sources are controlled by adjusting the length of time while light is emitted and the length of time while light is not emitted.
Taking the light-emitting operation of the red light source as shown in FIG. 12( a) as a standard, the green light source as shown in FIG. 12( b) emits light for a period of time shorter than that of the red light source in the first cycle. In the next cycle, the green light source emits the light for a further shorter time to reduce the apparent emission intensities. The blue light source as shown in FIG. 12( c) emits light for a period of time longer than the red light source. In the next cycle, the blue light source emits light for further longer time to increase the apparent emission intensities.
As described above, in the pulse width control method, the light-emitting time of the light sources are controlled at a predetermined frequency while the values of the current flowing through the light sources are maintained constant. The frequency should be set to a cycle which is not perceived by the eyes of a human, for example, 60 Hz or higher. If the frequency is set too high, the cost for the driving circuit increases. Thus, generally the frequency is set to about 200 Hz.
Similarly to FIG. 12. FIGS. 13( a), (b) and (a) are graphs which respectively show sequentially changing current values flowing through the red, green and blue light sources, with the horizontal axes indicating the time and the vertical axes indicating the current values. In this case, by sequentially changing the amount of the current flowing through the light sources over time, the emission intensities of the light sources is controlled. In order to increase the emission intensities, the current value is increased. In order to reduce the emission intensities, the current value is reduced. For example, in the red light source as shown in FIG. 13( a), the emission intensity is increased by increasing the current values flowing through the red light source. In the green light source as shown in FIG. 13( b), the emission intensity is reduced by reducing the current values. As shown in FIG. 13( c), the emission intensity may be maintained constant by allowing a current which is constant in terms of time to flow.
The first and the second methods described above have the following problems. First, the time-division switching method described in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 10-49074 has an advantage that the emission intensities of the light sources can be monitored by a single type optical sensor, but the method has a critical problem that it is effective for only the time-division method, in which light sources are turned on one type at a time in turn, and it cannot be applied to a method other than the time-division method.
Further, the simultaneous light-emitting method described in Japanese Laid-Open Publication No. 11-295689 has a problem that the cost is high because a color separation filter is necessary in addition to three types of optical sensor corresponding to the red, green, and blue light sources, and a problem that control of the emission intensities becomes inaccurate due to a variance in optical sensor outputs because three types of optical sensor cannot be located at the same place.
Further, although it is desirable that the backlight emits light uniformly across its entire surface, it is difficult to actually emit light in a uniform manner. Thus, uneven luminance is usually generated. It is also a concern that, when three types of the light sources, i.e., a red light source, a green light source, and a blue light source are used instead of a light source emitting white light, uneven color may be generated because the colors of the light from the light sources are not perfectly mixed. In the case where such uneven luminance or uneven color is generated, variance may be a problem depending on where the display apparatus is located.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
The present invention has been proposed in view of various problems as described above. The objective of the present invention is to provide a light-emitting device which can monitor emission intensities of multiple types of the light sources with fewer types of optical sensors, and can control white point and/or luminance properties, and a display apparatus and a read apparatus using the light-emitting device.
In order to achieve the above described objective, the present invention provides a light emitting device comprising: multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors; a light detection means for monitoring emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources; and a light emission control means which performs control to provide a light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of the light sources emit light at the same time at predetermined emission intensities and a monitoring period in which at least one of the multiple types of the light sources emits light at an emission intensity different from that in the light emitting period in which all of the multiple types of the light sources emit light at the same time, wherein the light emission control means controls the emission intensity of the at least one light source among the multiple types of the light sources based on emission intensity information from the light detection means in the monitoring period to adjust composite light from the multiple types of the light sources to have a desired luminance or chromaticity.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by turning off at least one light source among the multiple types of the light sources in the monitoring period.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by shifting either timing to turn on each light source or timing to turn off each light source.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by decreasing the emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of the light sources in the monitoring period.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by shifting either timing to make the emission intensity of each light source to the predetermined emission intensity or timing to decrease the emission intensity.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by increasing the emission intensity of at least one light source among the multiple types of the light sources in the monitoring period.
Preferably, in the present invention the light emission control means is characterized by shifting either timing to make the emission intensity of each light source to the predetermined emission intensity or timing to increase the emission intensity.
Preferably, in the present invention, the light detection means is characterized by having spectral sensitivity characteristics approximately matching luminosity factor characteristics with the light emission wavelength of the at least one light source among the multiple types of light sources.
Preferably, in the present invention, the light detection means is characterized by comprising a luminosity factor filter for blocking infrared radiation.
Preferably, the present invention is characterized in that a period in which all of the multiple types of the light sources are turned off is provided, and the Light detection means monitor amount of light in a state that all of the multiple types of the light sources are turned off.
Preferably, the present invention is characterized by comprising: a light source unit including a plurality of three types of light sources; a light guide plate for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the light source unit; and an optical sensor as a light detection means provided in the vicinity of the light guide plate.
Preferably, the present invention is characterized by comprising: a first light source unit including a plurality of one or two types. of light sources; a first light guide plate for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the first light source unit; a second light source unit including one or two type of light sources different from the above light sources; a second light guide plate for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the second light source unit and the first light guide plate; and an optical sensor as a light detection means provided in the vicinity of the first and the second light guide plates.
Preferably, the present invention provides a display apparatus using a light emitting device as described above.
Preferably, the present invention provides a display apparatus using a light emitting device described above, wherein: when a level of a luminance signal included in an input video signal is equal to or less than the threshold value, the monitoring period is started.
Preferably, the present invention provides a display apparatus using a light emitting device described above, wherein: in the period in which each light source is turned off, a size of a drive signal of the display apparatus is extended.
Preferably, the present invention provides a display apparatus using a light emitting device described above, wherein: when a level of a luminance signal included in an input video signal is equal to or less than the threshold value, the period in which the emission intensity of each light source is decreased is started.
Preferably, the present invention provides a display apparatus using a light emitting device described above, wherein: in the period in which the emission intensity of each light source is decreased, a size of a drive signal of the display apparatus is extended.
Preferably, the present invention provides a read apparatus using a light emitting device described above.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a diagram schematically showing a first embodiment of a light emitting device according to the present invention.
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a liquid crystal display apparatus using the light emitting device of FIG. 1 as an auxiliary light source.
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a first driving example of the light emitting device of FIG. 1 during a monitoring period.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a second driving example of the light emitting device of FIG. 1 during a monitoring period.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a third driving example of the light emitting device of FIG. 1 during a monitoring period.
FIG. 6 is a diagram schematically showing a second embodiment of a light emitting device according to the present invention.
FIG. 7( a)-(c) is a diagram showing light emitting operations of light sources in a first monitoring method for monitoring the light emitting device of FIG. 6: and FIG. 7( d) is a diagram illustrating a light emitting operation of the entire, light source in accordance with the above operations.
FIG. 8( a)-(c) is a diagram showing light emitting operations of light sources in a second monitoring method for monitoring the light emitting device of FIG. 6; and FIG. 8( a) is a diagram illustrating a light emitting operation of the entire light source in accordance with the above operations.
FIG. 9( a)-(c) is a diagram showing light emitting operations of light sources in a third monitoring method for monitoring the light emitting device of FIG. 6; and FIG. 9( d) is a diagram illustrating a light emitting operation of the entire light source in accordance with the above operations.
FIG. 10 is a diagram schematically showing a third embodiment of a light emitting device according to the present invention.
FIG. 11( a) is a diagram schematically showing a read apparatus using the light emitting device of a fourth embodiment according to the present invention; and FIG. 11(b) is a diagram schematically showing a light emitting device used for the, read apparatus.
FIG. 12( a)-(c) is a diagram illustrating light emitting operations when pulse control of respective light sources is performed in a conventional light emitting device.
FIG. 13( a)-(c) is a diagram illustrating light emitting operations when current control of respective light sources is performed in a conventional light emitting device.
FIG. 14 is a graph indicating luminosity factor characteristics of human, spectral sensitivity characteristics of two types of optical sensors, and light emitting wavelengths and temperature changes of red LEDs,
FIG. 15 is a graph of characteristics of a luminosity factor filter of an optical sensor and experimentation results in stability of light emitting luminance.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, the first through fourth embodiments of the present invention will be described with reference to the drawings.
First Driving Example of First Embodiment
FIG. 1 schematically shows the first embodiment of the light emitting device according to the present invention a In the first embodiment, as the basic components, the light emitting device 10A includes: the light source unit 1 in which three types of light sources emitting light of different colors are located; a color mixing part 2 which allows three different types of light generated from the light source unit 1 to be recognized as white color without color unevenness; a light guide plate 3 for guiding the white light mixed in the color mixing part 2 to an entire panel of the display-apparatus (FIG. 2); an optical sensor 4 as a light detection means for monitoring the intensity of light transmitted through the light guide plate 3; and light-emission control means 11 which receives emission intensity information of the light sources obtained by performing light emission control of the emission intensities of the three types of the light sources for monitoring during a monitoring period as monitoring results from the optical sensor 4, and performs light emission control of the three types of the light sources so as to have a predetermined emission intensity based on the emission intensity information.
FIG. 2 shows a liquid crystal display apparatus 20 which uses the light-emitting device 10A shown in FIG. 1 as a backlight or a front light. A liquid crystal panel 5 is located in front of (or behind) the light guide plate 3. In other words, in the case where the liquid crystal panel 5 is of a transmissive type, the liquid crystal panel 5 is located in front of the light guide plate 3, i.e., on the side of the user. In the case where the liquid crystal panel 5 is of a reflective type, the liquid crystal panel 5 is located behind the light guide plate 3, although this case is not illustrated;
Although the components are Illustrated to be separate from each other in FIGS. 1 and 2 for facilitating understanding, it is desirable to position the components close to each other. Further, in FIG. 1, the differences in the size of the components are emphasized for facilitating understanding, and the actual sizes of the components are different to those illustrated.
In the light emitting device 10A shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, LEDs having three primary colors of light, i.e., red, green and blue are placed in the light source unit 1. Light passes through the light mixing part 2 and mixing is performed to obtain white light. The white light passes through the light guide plate 3 and is received by the optical sensor 4. The optical sensor 4 produces a detection output corresponding to the sum of the intensities of light from LEDs which have emitted light. Usually, when red, green and is blue LEDs are turned on at the same time, white light is generated from an appropriate emission ratio of the LEDs. Since temperature characteristics in light emission efficiency due the heat generated by the LEDs varies depending on color, the white color balance of white collapses and the white point is shifted greatly. Further, a shift in the white point due to change over time may also be generated,
Accordingly, in the light-emission control means 11 of the present invention, a short monitoring period is intermittently provided while the red, green and blue LEDS in the light source unit 1 operate at the same time and white light is emitted. During such a monitoring period, one or two LEDs are independently turned on at different times in turn, and the rest of the LEDs are turned off. For example, during a monitoring period, the red, green and blue LEDs are pulse-driven in turn by a pulse frequency of 200 Hz, for example.
For example, it is assumed that, during the monitoring period, the red, green and blue LEDs are driven such that they emit light one type at a time in this order and such that, while one LED is turned on, the other two types of LEDs are turned off the time during which the two types of light sources are turned off is 1/200 second, which is 1 cycle of a frequency for pulse-driving a LED. In the case that three types of LEDs are turned on in turn, the monitoring period is just 3/200 seconds. Such an operation is performed by light-emission control means ALA, which is one example of the light-emission control means 11, and is shown in FIG. 3. In FIG. 3, (a) indicates the emission intensity of the red LED, (b) indicates the emission intensity of the green LED, and (c) indicates the emission intensity of the blue LED. The vertical axes indicate emission intensity and the horizontal axes indicate time.
In FIG. 3( a)-(c), during a period from time t1 to t2, all the red, green and blue LEDs are turned on. Thus, the light-emitting device 10A emits white light. Then, a monitoring period starts at time t2. Only the red LED emits light and the green and blue LEDs are turned off. Thus, the light emitting device 10A emits red color light. After 1/200 second has elapsed from time t2 it becomes time t3, and the green LED is turned on, the red LED is turned off, and the blue LED remains in the turned off state. After another 1/200 second has elapsed it becomes time t4, and the blue LED is turned on, the green LED is turned off, and the red LED remains in the turned off state. Then, after another 1/200 second has elapsed it becomes time t5, and the monitoring period ends. Three types of LEDs are all turned on and the light emitting device 10A provides white light.
The emission intensities of the LEDs in the light source unit 1 are monitored by optical sensor 4 only during the monitoring period t2-t5. In this case, the red, green and blue LEDs are separately monitored. Thus, the light emitting properties of the LEDs can be obtained without performing a special operation. Thus-obtained emission intensities of the red, green and blue LEDs are compared with the reference value. The results are fed back to the LEDs to adjust the emission intensities such that the difference therebetween becomes zero. Thus, the light emitting device 10A can be stable at any white point. As a result of such an adjustment, the emission intensity of the LEDs at or before time t2 and the emission intensity at or after time t5 are different in the strict sense since they are the values before and after the LEDs receive feedback.
During the monitoring period t2-t5, the intensity of light entering the eyes is ⅓ of normal. However, since the monitoring period is extremely short, for example, 3/200 seconds, the extinction of the light emitting device 10A caused by turning off two LEDs can be said to be at a level which is not annoying.
A frequency to monitor the light-emitting property of the LEDs may be, for example, once in one minute. In other words, monitoring periods maybe set to have about a one-minute interval. However, in the case where the light-emitting property of any of the LEDs changes greatly, the LEDs should be monitored in shorter intervals. On the contrary, while the light-emitting properties of the LEDs indicate a small change, monitoring may be performed in longer intervals.
Second Driving Example of First Embodiment
In FIG. 3 showing the first driving example of the first embodiment, three types of LEDs are turned on one by one in turn by the light-emission control means 11A during a monitoring period, and, while one type of LED is turned on, the other two types of LEDs are turned off. Thus, there is extinction caused by turning off the two types of LEDs during a monitoring period, i.e. a decrease in an amount of light emitted from the light source unit 1, although it is a short period of time. One of the monitoring methods which avoids an influence of such extinction is the second driving example of the first embodiment. In this driving example, light-emission control means 11B, which is another example of the light-emission control means 11, turns on two of the three types of LEDs in turn at a time during the monitoring period and, while the two types of LEDs are turned on, the remaining one type of LED is turned off.
FIG. 4( a)-(c) shows a monitoring method in which two of the three types of LEDs are turned on in different combinations, in turn, during a monitoring period (in other words, one LED is turned off in turn during a monitoring period), FIG. 4( a)-(c) respectively indicates the emission intensity of the red LED, the emission intensity of the green LED, and the emission intensity of the blue LED. The vertical axes indicates emission intensity, and the horizontal axes indicates time.
In FIG. 4( a)-(c), during a period from time t1 to t2, all the red, green and blue LEDs are turned on. Thus, the light emitting device 10A emits white light. Then, a monitoring period starts at time t2. Only the red LED is turned off, and the green and blue LEDs remain in a turned-on state. As a result, light emitting device 10A emits cyan light. After 1/200 second has elapsed from time t2 it becomes time t3, and the red and blue LEDs are turned on, and the green LED is turned off. Thus, the light emitting device 10A emits magenta light. After another 1/200 second has elapsed: it becomes time t4, and the red and green LEDs are turned on, and the blue LED is turned off. Thus, the light emitting device 10A emits yellow light. Then, after another 1/200 second has elapsed it becomes time t5, and the monitoring period ends. Three types of LEDs are all turned on and the light emitting device 10A provides white light.
As described above, in the case shown in FIG. 4( a)-(c), only one type of LED is turned off in turn during the monitoring period. The intensity of light which enters the eyes during this period is ⅔, the degree of extinction is improved compared to the case shown in FIG. 3. If the emission intensity of the red LED is r, the emission intensity of the green LED is 9, and the emission intensity of the blue LED is b, three values, i.e., g+b, r+b, and r+g, are obtained for every monitoring period. The values r, g and b can be calculated from these values and compared with the reference value. The results are fed back to the LEDs to adjust the emission intensities such that the difference therebetween becomes zero. Thus, the light emitting device 10A can be stable at any white point. As a result, the emission intensity of the LEDs at or before time t2 and the emission intensity at or after time t5 of the LEDs in FIG. 4( a)-(c) are different in the strictest sense since they are the values before and after the LEDs receives a feedback.
During the monitoring period t2-t5, the intensity of light which enters the eyes is ⅔, However, since the monitoring period is extremely short, for example, 3/200 of a second, extinction of the light emitting device 10A caused by turning off one type of the LED can be recognized to be almost at a level which is not annoying.
In the case shown in FIG. 4, a frequency to monitor the light-emitting property of the LEDs may be, for example, once in ten seconds. In other words, monitoring periods may be set to have about ten second interval. However, in the case where the light-emitting property of any of the LEDs changes greatly, the LEDs should be monitored in shorter intervals. On the contrary, while the light-emitting properties of the LEDs indicate a small change, monitoring may be performed in longer intervals.
In the case shown in FIG. 4, one type of the red, green and blue LEDs may be turned off in any order. Further, it is not necessary that three types of LEDs are turned off one by one in turn. Only one type of LED can be turned off during one monitoring period, and all the LEDs are turned off in turn over three monitoring periods.
For further reducing an influence of extinction caused by turning off the LEDs during the monitoring period from the example described with reference to FIG. 4, monitoring of emission intensities of the LEDs may be performed when an entire display screen becomes dark rather than at a predetermined interval. In usual television broadcasting, this can be implemented by utilizing the fact that a nearly black display state tends to appear during transitions between commercial films. In this case, a monitoring period starts when the luminance signal among the video signals input to the liquid crystal panel 5 has a level near the black level. Emission intensities of one type or two types of LEDs are monitored. Even if one type or two types of LEDs are turned off for monitoring the LED, there is substantially no influence of extinction caused by turning off the LEDs because the liquid crystal panel 5 is displaying a dark screen.
Third Driving Example of First Embodiment
It is also possible to eliminate the influence of extinction caused by turning off the LEDs during a monitoring period in the first and the second driving examples of the first embodiment. This method is effective when there is no image which is nearly black. As described above, in the method of the second driving example of the first embodiment which is described with reference to FIG. 4, two types among three types of LEDs are turned on and emission intensities of cyan, magenta, and yellow light are monitored by the optical sensor 4. Thus, the emission intensity of the light emitting device 10A during a monitoring period is ⅔. In a third driving example of the first embodiment, light-emission control means 11C, which is yet another example of the light-emission control means 11, is set with a threshold value determined from an image signal to display white light. When the level of a luminance signal included in video signals is equal to or lower than the threshold value, a monitoring period for monitoring emission intensities of the LEDs is started and the size of a driving signal of the liquid crystal panel is extended during the monitoring period. Hereinafter, the method is described with-reference to FIG. 5( a)-(d).
In FIG. 5, the vertical axes indicate tone levels of the luminance signal and horizontal axes indicate a frequency of generation of the luminance signal. As described above, a value 170, which is ⅔ of the value corresponding to the white level, 255, is set as a threshold value. At a certain point, if it is detected that level 150, which is smaller than the threshold 170, is a maximum level of the luminance signal of a certain image, the level of the luminance signal of the image is distributed between 0 and 150 as shown in FIG. 5( a). The monitoring period starts at this point, and one type of LED is turned off for monitoring the emission intensity of the LED; The emission intensity of the light emitting device 10A is about ⅔ since the light is emitted from the other two types of LEDs. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 5( b), the level of the luminance signal decreases from 150 to 100 in appearance. In order to avoid extinction of the light emitting device 10A by this, a driving signal of the liquid crystal panel 5 can be extended to cancel a decrease in the emission intensity caused by turning of f a LED during the monitoring period over a period during which one type of the LEDs is turned off.
More specifically, in order to avoid extinction of the light emitting device 10A, the image should be displayed as if the maximum level is 150 over a period in which one type of LED is turned off. Thus, as shown in FIG. 5( c), the size of the driving signal of the liquid crystal panel 5 is set to 225, which is a value obtained by multiplying 150 by 3/2. This operation cancels the decrease in the emission intensity of the light emitting device 10A to ⅔, by multiplying the size of the driving signal of the liquid crystal panel 5 by 3/2. The brightness of the light emitting device 10A as a result does not experience any change as shown in FIG. 5( c). By compensating the extinction of the light emitting device 10A by extending the size of the driving signal of the liquid crystal panel 5, the influence of the liquid crystal panel 5 can be eliminated. As a result of the actual experimentation there is no change observed in appearance.
In the above description, one type of LED is turned on. The similar effect can be obtained in the case when intensities of red, green, and blue light are monitored while two types of LEDs are turned of f at the same time. However, in this case, the emission-intensity of the light emitting 10 device 10A is about ⅓. Thus, in the third driving example shown in FIG. 5, the threshold valid for determining a time to start the monitoring period is 85, which corresponds to ⅓ of the white level value, 255. In order to eliminate such extinction, the size of the driving signal of the liquid crystal panel 5 should be extended by three times.
In practice, there may be a case where white light is displayed with the luminance signal having the level of 235 or higher. Thus, the threshold values for determining 20 the time to start a monitoring period has to be determined with a coefficient of gamma correction, or extinction due to taking the turning off of the LEDs into consideration.
First Monitoring Method of Second Embodiment
In the first monitoring method of the second embodiment, light emitting and turning, off operations which sequentially shift light-emitting timing of multiple types of tight source during a monitoring period is performed by, the red, green and blue LEDs. In this case, the emission intensities of the light sources are made to zero during a turning off operation.
With reference to FIG. 6, the second embodiment of the light emitting device according to the present invention will be described. In the figure, a light-emitting device 10B includes: a light source unit 1B provided with at least one (in the figure, three) light-emitting source, which is a set of a plurality of light sources 2 a, 2 b, and 2 c; a light guide plate 3 for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the light source unit 1B; an optical sensor 4 as a light detection means for monitoring the intensity of light transmitted through the light guide plate 3; and a light emission control means 12 which receives emission intensity information of the light sources obtained by performing light emission control of the three types of the light sources for monitoring during al monitoring period as monitoring results from the optical sensor 4, and performs light emission control of the three types of the light sources so as to have a predetermined emission intensity based on the emission intensity information. The optical sensor 4 may also be located on an upper portion or a lower portion of the light guide plate 3, or at an appropriate position near the light source unit 13, not only at the position opposing the light source unit 1B with respect to the light guide plate 3 as shown FIG. 6. In the figure, for facilitating understanding, the components are illustrated to be separate from each other. The differences in the size of the components are emphasized for facilitating understanding, and the actual sizes of the components are different to that illustrated. Further, only the minimum components required for understanding the present invention are illustrated. For example, a light mixing part may be provided between the light source unit 1B and the light guide plate 3 for reducing unevenness of light from the light source 2 a-2 c.
In the second embodiment shown in FIG. 6, LEDs of red, green and blue, i.e., the three primary colors of light, are used as a plurality of light sources in the light-emitting source. The light emitted from the LEDs are mixed with each other and become generally white light. The light passes the light guide plate 3 and emits in a direction indicated by the arrow shown In FIG. 6. Thus, the light emitting device 10B is formed. A liquid crystal panel (not shown) is located such that it receives the light emitted from the light guide plate 3 to form a liquid crystal display apparatus. Further, the direction to emit light indicated by the arrow in FIG. 6 can be controlled by a surface structure of the light guide plate 3.
It is desirable to provide a reflection plate such as an aluminum mirror on a side surface of the light guide plate 3 in order to effectively emit light from the light guide plate 3 to the exterior. The light from the light source unit 1 must reach the optical sensor 4 via the light guide plate 3. Thus, it is necessary that the reflection plate is not provided on a portion of the light guide plate 3 to which the optical sensor 4 opposes, or a reflecting part which slightly passes light is provided on that portion.
FIGS. 7( a), (b), (c) and (d) shows the first monitoring method for monitoring an operation of a light source when pulse-width control of light emitted from the red, green, and blue light sources in one light-emitting source of the light source unit 1B of FIG. 6 is performed. In the figure, horizontal axes indicate time, and vertical axes indicate current values (or emission intensities). Herein, light emission control means 12A, which is an example of the light emission control means 12, perform the pulse width control of the light sources. Thus, for example, the red light source emits light from time t1 to t4 as shown in FIG. 7( a), the green light source emits light from time t2 to t5 as shown in FIG. 7( b), and the blue light source emits light from time t3 to t6 as shown in FIG. 7( c). As a result, the emission intensity as a whole light-emitting source changes in a step-wise manner over time as shown in FIG. 7( d). Specifically, during the period from time t1 to t2, the emission intensity is that of only the red light source. During the period from time t2 to t3, the emission intensity is that caused by the simultaneous operation of the red light source and the green light source. During the period from time t3 to t4, the emission intensity is that caused by the simultaneous operation of the red light source, green light source, and blue light source, i.e., the emission intensity of the entire light-emitting source.
Light-emitting operations of, the light sources are controlled by a pulse driving circuit, Thus, it is already known which of the light sources is emitting light during a certain period of time. Therefore, when a change in the light sources is monitored in an interval of short amount of time by the optical sensor 4, the emission intensities in appearance of the light sources can be obtained un-ambiguously. Specifically, the emission intensity during the period from time t1 to t2 is that of the red-light source. Thus, if the emission intensity of the period from time t1 to t2 is subtracted from the emission intensity in the period from time t2 to t3, the emission intensity of the green light source can be obtained. Similarly, if the emission intensity from time t2 to t3 is subtracted from the emission intensity of the period from time t3 to t4, the emission intensity of the blue light source can be obtained. This is because the apparent emission intensity is obtained through integral of the emission intensity to time. Based on the emission intensity obtained in this way, an emission intensity which is stable in appearance can be obtained by appropriately adjusting the emission intensities and light-emitting times of the light sources even when the emission intensities of the, light sources change due to a temperature change or a change over time.
Adjusting the emission intensities and light-emitting time of the light sources may be implemented by, for example, making a deviation obtained by comparing the output of the optical sensor 4 and the predetermined set value zero, i.e., controlling the light emitting operations of the light sources so as to match the set value. Matching to the set value may be performed by, for example, the algorithm described below. As described above, the emission intensities in appearance of the light sources correspond to the emission intensities of the light sources integrated by light-emitting time. Actually, the light-emitting time is extremely short. Thus, it is possible to regard that the emission intensity does not change during this period. Therefore, the apparent emission intensity can be obtained as a product of the light-emission intensity and the light emitting time. An output from the optical sensor 4 and the predefined set value are compared to obtain the difference between them. When the obtained difference has a positive value, the emission intensity in appearance is strong. Thus, the light-emitting time of the light source is controlled to be shorter. On the other hand, when the obtained difference has a negative value, the emission intensity in appearance is weak. Thus, the light-emitting time is controlled to be longer. Such a control is performed in a subsequent few cycles to adjust the light-emitting time such that the difference between the emission intensity and the set value become zero for each of the light sources. By matching the respective emission intensities of the light sources to the set value, it becomes possible to control luminance and chromaticity.
An algorithm for matching the emission intensity to the set value is not limited to the above example. Instead, a ratio of the output of the optical sensor 4 and the set value may be taken to control the emission intensity. It is also possible to store the light-emitting time determined as a result of a luminance adjustment and/or chromaticity adjustment by the user and to perform control using the stored light-emitting time as the set value to stably maintain the luminance and/or chromaticity adjusted by the user.
In the second embodiment for monitoring the emission intensities, as shown in FIG. 6, fewer optical sensor(s) 4 fewer than the number of light sources, for example, one optical sensor in the case of FIG. 6, is used by sequentially shifting the timing for the respective light sources to emit light in order to allow the red, green and blue light sources to perform light-emitting operations In the first monitoring method shown in FIG. 7 by the light emission control means 12A. In this case, the monitoring time during which the light sources are turned on and off in turn (for example, a period from time t1 to t3 in FIG. 6) is extremely short and cannot be detected by the eye. A frequency to perform such monitoring is arbitrary, but it is desirable to perform frequently when a change in the emission intensity is large, such as, when power is turned on.
The order to monitor a plurality of light sources during one monitoring period is arbitrary, and not limited to the above-mentioned order of red, green, and blue. Further, it is not necessary to monitor the emission intensities of all the light sources with in one monitoring period. The light sources fewer than all the light sources may be monitored in one monitoring period, and the emission intensities of multiple types of light sources may be calculated after a plurality of monitoring periods.
For example, when an LED driver of a switching method (DC/DC converter or chopper) is used, as the light-emitting control means 12, there is more noise than in the case of a LED driver utilizing a current limiting resistance or a constant current load (series regulator). Thus, a color having longer light-emitting time (color with a large PWM wave duty) may be turned on by priority. In this way, it is possible to enter the next measuring cycle after a long time has elapsed after the light sources are turned off and the noise of the power supply line becomes steady.
It is not necessary that monitoring of the emission intensities of the light sources be performed by shifting the timings for the light-sources to emit light. Instead, as indicated in FIG. 7( d) as time t4, t5, and t6, timing to turn off the light sources may be slightly shifted to perform the monitoring. This is possible because the period for the light sources to emit light can be previously set and is also determined by the result of monitoring by the optical sensor 4, and thus, the timing to turn off the light sources can be shifted. This, small shift is utilized to monitor the emission intensities.
The amount of light may be further monitored in the state where all the light sources are-turned off (a period from t6 to t7 when the light source emits light in FIG. 7). This allows a more accurate control when the sensor value does not become zero due to an influence such as outside light by using this value (monitored result) as a background and calculating the emission intensities from a difference between this value and the measured values. Further, not only the influence of the outside light but also the influence of a dark current (the current generated even when the amount of received light is originally zero) can be suppressed.
In the second embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the light source unit 1B is located on a side surface of the light guide plate 3. However, the location or the shape of the light source unit 1B is not limited to this. For example, the light source unit 1B may be located on a back surface of the light guide plate 3, and light can be expanded and projected therefrom. Further, in the first embodiment, the light sources of the three primary colors, red, green and blue are combined to produce composite white light. However, the light sources of two colors, blue and yellow can be used to form a light source unit 1B to monitor emission intensities of the two light sources. Moreover, the optical sensor 4 may be located at any position as described above. However, a plurality of optical sensors of the same type may be provided. Even though a plurality of the optical sensors are provided, it is advantageous in view of cost because they are of the same type, and it also becomes possible to monitor variances in luminance and/or chromaticity by using a plurality of optical sensors.
Second Monitoring Method of Second Embodiment
In the second embodiment, the red, green, and blue light sources perform light-emitting operations and turning off operations to sequentially shift the timing to emit light during monitoring. Particularly, in the second monitoring method, the emission intensities of the light sources are not zero but have predetermined emission intensities during the turning off operation. In this case, light emission control means 12B, which is another example of the light emission control means 12, performs switching control between the first emission intensity and the second emission intensity which is lower than the first emission intensity.
Specifically, in the description with respect to the first to third driving examples of the first embodiment and the first monitoring method of the second embodiment, the emission intensities of the light sources are made to be zero in turn during the monitoring period for monitoring the light emission intensities. However, the emission intensities are not necessarily zero. This is particularly effective for a light source which has persistence, such as an LED using a phosphor and a cold cathode fluorescent tube. FIGS. 8( a), (b), (c) and (a) is a diagram illustrating the second monitoring method for monitoring the emission intensities of the light sources of which the emission intensities do not become zero when they are turned off. The horizontal axes indicate time and the vertical axes indicate emission intensity of the light sources.
The light emitting operations of the light sources are as follow. As shown in FIG. 8( a), the red light source starts to emit light at intensity a at time t1 and attenuates light to intensity a at time t4 during the first cycle, starts to emit light at intensity a at time t7 and attenuates light to intensity a cat time t10 during the second cycle, and starts to emit light at intensity a at time t14 and attenuates light to intensity a at time tl7 during the third cycle.
Similarly, as shown in FIG. 8( b), the green light source starts to emit light at intensity b at time t2 and attenuates light to intensity β at time t5 during the first cycle, starts to emit light at intensity b at time t9 and attenuates light to intensity β at time t12 during the second cycle, and starts to emit light at intensity b at time t15 and attenuates light to intensity β at time t1 during the third cycle.
As shown In FIG. 8( c), the blue light source similarly starts to emit light at intensity c at time t3 and attenuates light to intensity γ at time t6 during the first cycle, starts to emit light at intensity c at time t8 and attenuates light to intensity γ at time t11 during the second cycle, and starts to emit light at intensity c at time t13 and attenuates light to intensity γ at time t16 during the third cycle.
Since the red, green and blue light sources emit and attenuate light as described above, the emission intensity of the light emitting source formed of such light sources experiences a change as shown in FIG. 8( d), which Includes increases and decreases in a step-wise manner. Herein, the period during which the emission intensity increases in a step-wise manner is a monitoring period. Intervals within the monitoring period which have different emission intensities are referred to as the first step, the second step, and the third step in ascending order of their emission intensities. For example, in FIG. 8( d): in the first cycle, the interval from time t1 to t2 is the first step, the interval from time t2 to t3 is the second step, and the interval from time t3 to t4 is the third step; in the second cycle, the interval from time t7 to t8 is the first step, the interval from time t8 to t9 is the second step, and the interval from time t9 to t10 is the third step: and in the third cycle, the interval from time t13 to t14 is the first step, the interval from time t14 to t15 is the second step, and the interval from time t15 to t16 is the third step. The following table, Table 1, shows the values of the emission intensities in the first to the third steps in the first to the third cycles.
TABLE 1
First cycle Second cycle Third cycle
First step a + β + γ a + β + γ α + β + c
Second step a + b + γ a + β + c a + β + c
Third step a + b + c a + b + c a + b + c
Table 1 contains six variables, a, b, c, α, β and γ. The six variables can be obtained by using six values in total, for example, three values of the first to third steps in the first cycle, two values of the first and second steps in the second cycle, and one value of the first step of the third cycle. The emission intensities of the light sources when the light is emitted or attenuated obtained as such are used to adjust the luminance and/or chromaticity.
In the monitoring method described with reference to FIG. 8( a) to (a), the light sources emit light at different emission intensities in each of the first to third cycles. These three cycles are combined into one big cycle for obtaining the emission intensities of the light sources. Such a method is different on the point that monitoring is completed with one cycle including a plurality of monitoring periods from the monitoring method which has been already described with reference to FIG. 7, in which monitoring is completed within one monitoring period consisting of three sequential intervals of a short period of time. This difference is merely a difference in setting points to start and finish monitoring, and there is no substantial difference in the effect of controlling the emission intensities.
In the monitoring method of FIG. 8, the red, green, and blue light sources can emit light in an arbitrary order and at arbitrary timing. As long as the timings to become emission intensities. a, b, and c do not overlap, the order may not necessarily be the one as shown in FIG. 8.
Third Monitoring Method of Second Embodiment
Multiple types of light sources in the light emitting device shown in FIG. 6 are controlled by pulse width control as shown in FIG. 7 (first monitoring method) or FIG. 8 (second monitoring method). In the third monitoring method, light emission control means 12C, which is further another example of the light emission control means 12, may drive the multiple types of the light sources by current value control. In this case, the light sources independently attenuate light for a very short time period for monitoring the emission intensities of the light sources. The light-emitting operations of the light sources in such a case is shown in FIGS. 9( a), (b), (a) and (d). The horizontal axes indicate time, and the vertical axes indicate emission intensity (current values) of the light sources.
Specifically, as shown in FIG. 9( a), the red light source, normally emits light at intensity a from time t1 to t2, emits attenuated light at intensity a from time t2 to t3, again emits light at intensity a from time t3 to t5, emits light at intensity a from time t5 to t7, and emits light at intensity a at time t7 and after.
Similarly, as shown in FIG. 9( b), the green light source normally emits light at intensity b from time t1 to t3, emits attenuated light at intensity β from time t3 to t4, emits light at intensity b from time t4 to t5, emits light at intensity β from time t5 to t6, emits light at intensity b from time t6 to t7, emits attenuated light at intensity β from time t7 to t8, and emits light at intensity b at time t8 and after.
As shown in FIG. 9( c), the blue light source normally emits light at intensity G from time t1 to t4, emits attenuated light at intensity γ from time t4 to t5, again emits light at intensity c from time t5 to t6, emits attenuated light at intensity γ from time t6 to t8, and emits light at intensity c at time t8 and after.
The emission intensity of the entire light-emitting source in the above-described operation varies as shown in Table 2 below from time t1 to t8 as indicated in FIG. 9( d).
TABLE 2
Time Emission intensity
From t1 to t2 a + b + c
From t2 to t3 α + b + c
From t3 to t4 a + β + c
From t4 to t5 a + b + γ
From t5 to t6 α + β + c
From t6 to t7 α + b + γ
From t7 to t8 a + β + γ
Among the emission intensities shown in Table 2, by solving simultaneous equations for six values from time t2 to t8, values or the six variables a, b, c, α, β and γ can be obtained. By obtaining emission intensities of the optical sources, adjustment of white point and/or luminance can be performed as described above with reference to FIGS. 7 and 8. However, for controlling the emission intensity by controlling the current values, it is not necessary to take the integral of the emission with respect to the light-emitting time. As described above, the apparent emission intensity indicates the emission intensity.
In the monitoring method as shown in FIG. 9, the light sources can emit light in any order as long as there is a period when one light source attenuates light and a period when the other two light sources attenuate light. For example, in the case where three types of light sources are used as shown in FIG. 9, as long as there are six types of extinction states, their order and timing can be arbitrary. With reference to FIG. 9, it is described that the light sources attenuate lights in a period from time t2 to t8. However, the light sources may be controlled to increase the intensities of light.
In the case where values for three variables, α, β and γ are zero, in other words, three light sources are turned off, there are three variables, a, b and c. Thus, it is sufficient if three different states are provided during one monitoring period. This is as described above with reference to FIGS. 3 and 4.
Third Embodiment
FIG. 10 schematically shows a light emitting device 10C of the third embodiment according to the present invention. In the third embodiment, the light emitting device 10C includes: a light source unit 1C provided with a plurality of light-emitting sources, comprising two types of light sources 2 a and 2 c; a light guide plate 3 for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the light source unit 1C; a second light source unit 6 including a light source 2 b of a type different from the above light sources; a light guide plate 7 for uniformly irradiating a plane with light from the second light source unit 6; an optical sensor 4 as a light detection means; and light emission control means 11 or 12 which receives emission intensity information of the light sources obtained by performing light emission control of the three types of the light sources for monitoring during a monitoring period as monitoring results from the optical sensor 4, and performs light emission control of the three types of the light sources so as to have a predetermined emission intensity based on the emission intensity information. The optical sensor 4 for monitoring intensity of light transmitted through two light guide plates 3 and 7: is provided on the center of the two light guide plates 3 and 7 upper portions such that the optical sensor 4 bridges over the light guide plates 3 and 7. Thus, the optical sensor 4 receives light equally from two light guide plates 3 and 7.
In the third embodiment, the components are separately illustrated and the sizes of the components are different from the actual sizes. Further, it should be noted that FIG. 10 shows only the minimum components required for description. For example, a light mixing part may be provided between the first light source unit 1C and the light guide plate 3 and/or between the second light source unit 6 and the light guide plate 7 in order to reduce the color unevenness of light from multiple types of light sources 2 a, 2 b and 2 c.
One optical sensor 4 is provided as described above, for the sake of reducing cost. If there is no problem in terms of cost, one optical sensor can be provided for each of the light guide plates 3 and 7. In the case of providing one optical sensor 4, it is not necessary that the optical sensor 4 is provided in the center of the upper portions of the light guide plates 3 and 7. The optical sensor 4 may lean to either the light guide plate 3 or 7. Further, the optical sensor 4 may be provided on lower portions instead of upper portions as shown in FIG. 10. In short, the optical sensor 4 may be fixed to any position as long as such a state can be defined as an initial state and the emission intensities of the light sources can be adjusted.
In the light-emitting device 10C of FIG. 10, for example, the light source 2 a is a red LED, the light source 2 b is a green LED, and the light source 2 c is a blue LED. In the first light source unit 1C, red and blue LEDs are provided, and, in the second light source unit 6, green LEDs are provided. Light emitted from the LEDs passes the light guide plates 3 and 7, and emits in a direction indicated by the arrow in the figure. Use of two light guide plates as described above allows the light sources to be located on both sides, and thus it is effective in enhancing the intensities of light.
It is also possible to locate light-emitting sources comprising red, green and blue LEDs on both sides of the light guide plates. However, in view of the emission efficiency of the current state, it is appropriate to provide LEDs such that their ratio in numbers among colors is 1:2:1 for emission adjustment in order to reproduce white light from three colors, red, green and blue. Taking this into account, to locate red and blue LEDs on one side and green LEDs on the other side as shown in FIG. 10 has a big merit. The reason for this is described below.
In the case where the red, green and blue light sources are located on one side of the light guide plate, since the emission intensity detected by the optical sensor is the sum of the light from the light sources on one side of the light guide plate, the sum of the emission intensities for each of the colors can be obtained but the emission intensity of each of the light sources cannot be obtained as it is. Therefore, for individually adjusting the emission intensities of the light sources on one side, any of the monitoring methods described with reference to FIGS. 7-9 should be performed for the light sources on both sides, i.e., should be repeated twice. On the other hand, in the case where the red and blue light sources are provided on one side of the light guide plate and the green light sources are provided on the other side of the light guide plate, the emission intensities of the light sources can be obtained by performing any of the monitoring methods described with reference to FIGS. 7-9 only once. Although the current values flowing through the light sources can be recognized for a certain degree, as it is impossible to precisely grasp the changes including changes of the light source over time, changes in the states due to heat generation, and the like, monitoring method for monitoring the emission intensities of the light sources and the observations feeding back have a technically significant meaning.
A display apparatus is formed by locating a liquid crystal panel in front of the light emitting device 10B or 10C as shown in FIG. 6 or 10. Light having the adjusted emission intensity passes through the liquid crystal panel and displays characters and images. The light-emitting device may be placed behind the liquid crystal panel to be used as a backlight, or may be located in front of the reflective type liquid crystal panel to be used as a front light.
In the case where the light emitting device 10B or 10C is used as a front light of the reflective type liquid crystal panel, if the values of α, β and γ are equal to or greater than the threshold values, it is determined that outside light (ambient light, illuminance of ambient circumstance) is sufficient and the LEDs of the lights sources may be completely turned off. In the case where the light emitting device 10B or 10C is employed in a display of a digital camera, or a mobile phone with a built-in camera, the optical sensor of the present invention may be applied for determining whether to use a strobe light or a flashlight. This is because the optical sensor and peripheral circuits are originally designed with high precision such that they can also be used for photometry, and thus, they can be used as an optical sensor for comparing with the threshold values, such as infrared remote control, obstruction detection, determination of sunset, or the like.
In a studio for recording a TV program, amusement facility or the like, one large display apparatus, which is formed by combining a plurality of relatively small display apparatuses, may be used. For example, if 16 of 30-type displays are arranged into four rows and four columns, one 120-type display can be implemented. In this case an optical sensor may be provided in each of the small display apparatuses. The present invention is effective for absorbing individual differences among the display apparatuses in a so-called multi-monitoring system.
In the liquid crystal display apparatus which has a screen size of 30 or 40, a plurality of small backlight units may be arranged to form one plane light source for simplifying assembly, maintenance, or the like. In such a case, a sensor may be provided for each of the backlight units. Even though heat radiating conditions in the units provided on the lower side and those in the units provided on the upper side do not match due to the influence of the gravitational field of the earth, air convection or the like, the sensors absorbs such differences. Thus, it is not necessary to be careful about thermal design, place of installment; or the like.
Fourth Embodiment
The light emitting device 10A. 10B, and 10C which has been described above can be applied to a read apparatus. In the fourth embodiment, the above-described light emitting device 10A, 10B, or 10C is applied to a read apparatus.
FIG. 11 shows an example; (a) schematically shows a read apparatus, and (b) schematically shows the light emitting device according to the present invention.
As shown in FIG. 11( a), the read apparatus 11 includes: a read portion 8 which operates as a scanner, copying machine or the like; a read copy holder 9 as a stage for putting a copy to be read, and a light-emitting device 10 for illuminating the copy.
As shown in FIG. 11( b), the light-emitting device 10 is formed of a light emitting portion 10 a for emitting light so as to uniformly illuminate the copy, and a light source unit 10 b in which multiple types of light sources are located. The light source unit 10 b incorporates red, green and blue light sources and an optical sensor (not shown) for monitoring emission intensities of these light sources. When the red, green, and blue LEDs are used as light sources, an illumination with more vivid colors compared to a cold cathode fluorescent tube or white LED can be implemented. A copy placed on the read copy holder 9 is illuminated with light from the light-emitting device 10 having the above-described structure, reflects the light with vivid colors, and is read in the read portion 8. For adjusting the emission intensities of the light sources in the light source unit 10 b, any of the monitoring methods described with reference to FIGS. 7-9 may be used.
Among the optical sensors, an optical sensor for controlling luminance and chromaticity and a licensor for reading a copy may be of the same type. It may be needless to say that operations must be controlled in a time-divisional manner so that the operations do not conflict.
Currently, a photocell, a photo-multiplier, a photodiode, and the like are known as an optical sensor element so suitable for photometry applications. Hereinafter, the characteristics of these elements will be described.
In a photocell which is sensitive to visible light, CdS (cadmium sulfide) is used. If a photocell is employed, it becomes difficult to use in view of the low degree of environmental load, compared to a CRT (cathode ray tube) using lead glass, or a CCFL (cold cathode fluorescent lamp) using mercury. If an obligation to recycle products using cadmium exists in the future, the cost will rise. There is also a possibility that use of cadmium itself will be banned.
A photo-multiplier has too-large a scale for this application. Not only inexpensive cost, but also in that the ease of maintenance is at a low level.
The other element is a photodiode. This can be divided into several groups depending on the materials. Amorphous silicon photodiodes show spectral sensitivity characteristics similar to the luminosity factor of a human. However, the mobility of a carrier in a semiconductor is small and the response speed is slow Thus, it is difficult to use a photodiode for the purpose of the present invention. On the other hand, a single crystal silicon photodiode does not have a problem of a response speed, but has a defect that it has sensitivity to infrared radiation.
In the present invention, it is sufficient if outputs of red, green, and blue lamps are controlled at constant levels. Thus, generally, there is no problem even if the spectral sensitivity of an optical sensor is somewhat different from the luminosity factor of a human. It is rather preferable that the spectral sensitivity characteristics are flat because an S/N ratio (signal to noise ratio) is higher.
In the case where LEDs are employed for lamps as light sources, the spectral sensitivity characteristics of the optical sensor from red to infrared radiation cannot be ignored. This is because AlGaInP (aluminum gallium indium phosphide) type red LED is more sensitive to temperature change in a junction than green or blue LEDs of GaInN (gallium indium nitride), and has unstable luminance and also emission wavelength. In other words, the emission wavelength becomes longer as the temperature increases. This wavelength shift is so large that it cannot be disregarded in this application.
Even though the temperature at the junction increases, for obtaining an output proportional to the luminance, the spectral sensitivity of the optical sensor has to match the luminosity factor characteristics of a human. Thus, a luminosity factor filter is inserted between a light guide plate and the optical sensor to block the infrared radiation. As shown in FIG. 14, the spectral sensitivity from the red light to the infrared radiation should match the luminosity factor. Thus, even if the emission frequency of the red light changes due to self heat generation, a change in ambient temperature, or the like, the optical sensor can track the change. In other words, even if the wavelength becomes longer, the gain of the sensor can be decreased In proportion to the luminosity factor of a human.
FIG. 14 is a graph depicting a portion of concern for the sake of understanding. Actually, it is sufficient if the spectral sensitivity of the optical sensor approximately matches the luminosity factor of a human, in the vicinity of the emission wavelength of the red LED.
It is also found that an effect of feed back control of the present invention changes due to the spectral sensitivity of the sensor from read light to infrared radiation, and thus, the light emitting device which handles this is added. It is optimum to adjust the spectral sensitivity of the optical sensor to the luminosity factor of a human with the emission wavelength of the AlGaInP type red LED. FIG. 14 is a graph for illustrating this.
There are a variety of luminosity factor filters on the points of price, transmittance of light (sensitivity of the sensor), resistance to environment (temperature under burning or scorching, temperature at soldering for mounting, or the like), and other properties due to degree of precision with which they are produced. It is needless to say that the temperature characteristic of a luminosity factor has to be sufficiently smaller than the temperature characteristic of the LEDs. For a display apparatus used for applications such as a television receiver, word processor, terminal device for e-mail, technical drawing, or the like, it is much more important that stability is high and maintenance is not necessary rather than pursuing high precision.
It is confirmed by experimentation that, if a material is selected with attention to the spectral sensitivity characteristics, the present invention provides sufficient characteristics in practical use. FIG. 15 shows the results actually measured by using two types of sensors.
Without feedback control of the present invention (without feedback), the relative luminance after the backlight is lit increases by about 25%. This can be perceived easily and it is beyond the tolerance limit. In the case where a sensor with sensitivity to infrared radiation, which does not have a luminosity factor filter, is used, a change in luminance is improved to about 10%. In the case where infrared radiation is blocked by the luminosity factor filter, a change in luminance is suppressed to 4%. Accordingly, if the spectral sensitivity of the optical sensor is taken into consideration, the luminance can be stabilized at a speed faster than not only a CRT but also a CCFL. As described above, a specific effect of the feedback control of the present invention (FIG. 15) was confirmed by experimentation.
The fourth embodiment of a light emitting device, and a display apparatus and a read apparatus using the light emitting device as an auxiliary light source has been described above. However, the present invention is not limited to the first through fourth embodiments. Hereinafter, variations of the first through fourth embodiments of the present invention will be listed.
(1) Regarding light source, any light source may be used instead of the LEDs. However, in the present invention, the light sources are turned on and off in short time. Thus, a light source which can-be driven at a fast rate such as an LED is preferable.
(2) The light-emitting device shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 emits white light. Thus, the light source unit 1 includes light sources which emit light of red, green and blue colors. However, the number and the types of the light sources forming the light source unit 1 may be determined depending on which of the colors it is desired to be emitted by the light emitting device. For example, in the light-emitting device for emitting magenta light, red and green light sources are provided in the light source unit, and the LEDs are turned off in turn one type at a time during a monitoring period.
(3) In FIGS. 1 and 2, the optical sensor 4 is located on the light guide plate 3 so as to oppose the light source unit 1. However, the position of the optical sensor 4 is not limited to this, and may be located at any position on the guiding plate 3. Further, the optical sensor 4 may be located on the light source unit 1 or the light mixing part 2.
(4) A time period during which the LEDs are being turned on or off in the monitoring period is not limited to 1/200 second. An appropriate length for the period may be selected in accordance with the types and the number of the light sources.
(5) It is not necessary to feed back the monitoring results by optical sensor 4 to the light sources in every monitoring period. It is also possible to appropriately process the monitoring results over a plurality of subsequent monitoring periods before feeding back to enhance the precision.
(6) The order to drive the multiple types of light sources emitting light of different colors during one monitoring period is arbitrary, and, not limited to the order of red, green, and blue as described above.
(7) It is not necessary to complete monitoring of all the light sources within one monitoring period. Monitoring of one type of light source may be completed in one monitoring period to complete monitoring of all the light sources in a plurality of sequential monitoring periods,
(8) The light emitting device means not only an auxiliary light source for a display apparatus or read apparatus but also an illumination light source for irradiating a space.
As can be seen from the description of one embodiment of a display device of the present invention, and a display apparatus using the display device as an auxiliary light source, according to the present invention there is provided a light emitting device comprising multiple types of light source emitting light of different colors, which comprises light emission control means for allowing at least one light source among the multiple light sources to emit light during a predetermined period for monitoring emission intensities at an emission intensity different from that in the period other than the predetermined period. Thus, the following significant effects are provided.
(1) The emission Intensities of the light sources can be monitored with the optical sensor(s) of a number fewer than the types of the optical sources, and a light emitting device without variance can be obtained at low cost.
(2) Since the emission intensities of the at least one light source among multiple types of light sources are controlled using the result monitored during the predetermined period, the light emitting device which can adjust the white point and/or emission intensities can be obtained.
(3) Emission properties of the light sources can be adjusted without causing a substantial influence in appearance during the operating period of the light sources.
(4) A light emitting device using any combination of the light sources can be adjusted suitably at an appropriate time. Thus, the light emitting device can always be operated in a suitable state.
(5) Since the emission intensities of the light sources are controlled by current values or light emitting time, the light emitting device which can readily control the emission intensities can be obtained.
(6) The emission luminance and/or emission chromaticity are controlled to desired values by controlling the emission intensities of the light sources. Thus, the light emitting device providing stable luminance and chromaticity can be obtained.
(7) By using, for example, LEDs as multiple types of the light sources, the light emitting device having high color purity can be obtained.
(8) By using the light emitting device according to the present invention, display apparatus and read apparatus which have controllable white point and/or emission intensity can be obtained.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
In the field of a light emitting device including light sources which emit light of multiple colors, display apparatus using the light emitting device, and a read apparatus using the light emitting device, emission intensities of multiple types of the light sources can be monitored with fewer types of the optical sensors, and white point and/or luminance properties can be controlled.
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Classifications
U.S. Classification362/231, 315/149, 315/312, 362/613, 315/307
International ClassificationH05B37/02, G02F1/00, G02F1/133, H05B33/08, G06T1/00, G09G3/34, F21V9/00
Cooperative ClassificationG09G2360/145, G09G2310/0235, G09G2320/0606, G09G2320/0666, G09G3/3406, H05B33/0818, H05B33/0857
European ClassificationG09G3/34B, H05B33/08D1C4H, H05B33/08D3K
Legal Events
DateCodeEventDescription
28 Oct 2004ASAssignment
Owner name: SHARP KABUSHIKI KAISHA, JAPAN
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST;ASSIGNORS:IWAUCHI, KENICHI;YAMANAKA, ATSUSHI;SEO, MITSUYOSHI;AND OTHERS;REEL/FRAME:015933/0742
Effective date: 20040928
29 Aug 2012FPAYFee payment
Year of fee payment: 4
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Air pollution
Due to a heterogeneous group of gaseous and particulate components.
A complex mixture that varies in concentration and composition related time in place and is greatly influenced by weather.
It includes particulate and gaseous primary pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide which are released directly into the atmosphere as well as secondary pollutants such as ozone that are formed in the atmosphere.
The main gaseous pollutants are ozone, carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and sulfur dioxide.
Additional components of air pollution are volatile and semi volatile organic aerosols such as benzene, toluene, xylene, 1,3 -butadiene, and polycyclic era mode aromatic hydrocarbons.
A consequence of modern societies.
WHO estimates that 91% of the worlds population resides in places were annual mean air pollution levels exceed 10 µg per cubic millimeter.
Air pollution includes outdoor ambient and indoor household pollution.
Ambient air pollution arises principally from fossil fuel combustion.
Pollutants released into the atmosphere from stationary sources such as call powered plants and steel mills and from mobile sources such as cars, trucks, and ships, ate the principal contributors to ambient air pollution.
Air pollution is responsible for shortening people’s lives worldwide on a large scale, and the world is facing an air pollution pandemic.
Ambient particulate matter, is the main component of air pollutants and is the main reason for the adverse effects of air pollution on health, triggering arrhythmias, hypertension, thrombosis, and progression of atherosclerosis.
Particular manner is the most important environmental risk factor contributing to global cardiovascular mortality and disability and particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of less than 10 µm is associated with worse clinical outcomes.
Particulate matter is categorized into coarse particles less than 10 µm, fine particles less than 2.5 µm, and ultrafine particles less than 0.1 µm.
In low income countries household air pollution is caused mainly by bio mass fuel combustion-wood, cold, straw, dunk, and charcoal in home cook stoves and disproportionately affects women and children.
In high income countries, sources of household air pollution include natural gas compression combustion, wood-burning stove, fireplaces, incense, candles, aerosol sprays, and volatile cleaning products.
Household air pollution is amplified in poorly designed buildings with inadequate ventilation.
Black Americans are exposed to higher annual levels of the air pollution, containing fine particulate matter.
Higher income Black persons, low income white persons, and low income Black persons may benefit from lower PM25 levels than higher income White persons.
Pollution is the unwarranted material released into the environment by human activity, and overlooked risk factor, for Cardiovascular Disease.
Air pollution is the worlds fourth leading cause of death and disease.
Globally, approximately 246,000 annual deaths are attributable to traffic-related air pollution (PM2.5).
Deaths from household air pollution are declining, but deaths attributable to ambient air pollution have increased and continue to rise.
Exposure to higher levels of outdoor air pollution is associated with reduced lung function, asthma exacerbation, myocardial infarction, emergency department visits, hospital admissions and even deaths, primarily from respiratory and cardiovascular causes.
It is estimated that pollution was responsible for 9 million deaths worldwide in 2019, 62% of which were due to cardiovascular disease, including ischemic heart disease and stroke.
Fine particulate matter < 2.5 µm in diameter is a heterogeneous mixture of compounds including carbon, sulfates, nitrates, and metals derived principally from combustion of fossil fuels.
Particulate matter includes inhalable particles with an aerodynamic diameter of 10 µm or less and fine particles with aerodynamic diameter of 2.5 micro µm or less omitted from combustion sources or form to atmospheric chemical transformation.
The main particulate matter (PM) pollutants are defined according to their aerodynamic diameter.
Aerodynamic diameters of 10 micro molar or less is referred to as PM10, and those 2.5 micro molar or less PM2.5.
The daily and annual mean concentrations of PM10 and PM 2.5 are regulated according to WHO air quality guidelines.
PM25 levels are associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction, stroke, and death from cardiovascular disease.
Long term PM25 exposure is associated with increased carotid intima mediate thickness, coronary artery calcification, abdominal aortic calcification, susceptibility to atherosclerotic plaque formation, left ventricular hypertrophy, progression of chronic kidney disease, insulin resistance and type2 diabetes.
The above associations extend down to pollution levels below 5 µg per cubicmm³.
Globally airborne PM 25 pollution is estimated to contribute about 3.2 million incident cases of diabetes each year and 197,000 deaths from diabetes.
The risk of these events increases by 0.1 to 1.0% for each short term increment of 10 µg per cubicmm³ in the p.m. 25 level.
Each increment in the PM 25 level of 10 µg per cubic millimeter is associated with a 2.12% increase in the risk of hospitalization or death from heart failure.
WHO air quality guidelines: recommended no more than an annual mean of 10 µg per meter/ cubed for PM 2.5 and 40 µg/meter cubed for N02.
Air pollution is associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation and ventricular arrhythmias.
Ambient PM 25 pollution has been closely linked to cardiovascular risk factors most notably hypertension and diabetes.
Air pollution from different sources, such as vehicular exhaust, industrial emissions, and coal smoke, may differ in health risk, which is a reflection of chemical composition, toxic metal content, and oxidative potential.
Traffic related air pollution contains large quantities of ultrafine particles, which may contribute disproportionately to cardiovascular toxic effects.
Air pollution induces systemic prooxidative and pro inflammatory effects, and exposure to air pollutants increases the risk of cardiovascular mortality myocardial infarction, heart failure and other cardiovascular diseases.
An elevated risk of death is associated with Ozone and fine particulate matter less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter exposure in patients with COPD and a faster decline in lung function associated with long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollutants in healthy populations.
In 2016, and estimated 64,200 premature US deaths were related to adverse effects of outdoor fine particulate matter.
In the US minority populations in those living in poverty are more likely to be exposed to air pollution.
Estimated that air pollution is responsible for 800,000 premature deaths annually worldwide.
Black carbon is a component of atmospheric particulate matter that has a diameter of less than 2.5 micromilliliters.
These particles tend to stay in the air longer, because of their small size, and are prone to be inhaled.
Long-term exposure to black carbon has been associated with adverse health outcomes including: respiratory disease, diabetes, atherosclerosis, stroke, decline in cognitive function and probable increased intraocular pressure.
Short term exposure associated with increased in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality as a result of ischemia, arrhythmias and heart failure.
Long term exposure increases risk of cardiovascular deaths by 79%.
Industrialized countries have cardiovascular disease as their leading cause of mortality and is associated with significant morbidity and these countries have high pollution levels.
Decreased ambient pollution levels is associated with a decrease in bronchitic symptoms in children.
Epidemiologic studies have demonstrated associations between air pollution levels and human health based on hospital admissions, overall mortality, including pulmonary or cardiovascular mortality.
Biologic factors including: advanced stage, prior cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factors, pulmonary disease, and immunosuppression can increase of person susceptibility to air pollution.
All of the main air pollutants, except for ozone on significantly associated with a near term increase in myocardial risk on the basis of a systematic review and meta-analysis (Mustafic H et al).
Relationship with cardiovascular disease strongest for fine particulate matter of less than 2.5 µm in aerodynamic diameter, of which combustion derived nonparticulate in diesel exhaust is a significant component.
Association between fine particulate matter and mortality has no threshold.
Reducing particulate matter decreases mortality.
Associations between particulate matter and respiratory related morbidity and mortality may be greater in persons with preexisting respiratory disease.
Daily changes in ambient fine particulate matter air pollution is associated with higher risk of acute cardiovascular events, excess hospitalization and deaths in (Brook RD et al).
Cardiovascular effects of particulate matter of air pollution is mediated through autonomic, hemostatic, inflammatory, and vascular endothelial disturbances and changes in cardiac and vascular function.
Social determinants of health including: income and inequality, poverty, food deserts, reduced tree cover, proximity to highways and industrial facilities are associated with increased pollutant exposure and population related carrdiovascular disease.
In air, 3–7% of the particulate matter (PM2.5) is estimated to consist of tire wear and tear, indicating that it may contribute to the global health burden of air pollution.
PM exposure increases myocardial infarction risk by 1-2% within days, because of enormous number of individuals continuously exposed, it can account for the instigation of up to 4% of all events in a population (Nawrot TS et al and).
In a large prospective study of older women by levels of long-term exposure to particulate matter was associated with significant fast cognitive decline (Weuve J et al).
Patients with the highest exposure to nitrogen dioxide, are 40% more likely to have Parkinson’s disease.
Several studies, but not all have linked air pollutants and stroke.
Low to middle income countries subject to severe air pollution have a disproportionate burden of global stroke mortality.
Exposure to PM2.5 increases the risk of ischemic stroke onset within hours of exposure Wellenius GA et al)
Air pollution from the burning of fossil fuels may increase the risk of Parkinson’s disease.
Patients with the highest exposure to nitrogen dioxide, were 40% more likely to have ((Parkinson’s disease)).
Nitrogen dioxide is commonly released by vehicles and power plants.
Evidence suggests exposure to pollutants and chemicals in the environment plays an important role in the development of Parkinson’s disease.
Air pollution is responsible for shortening people’s lives worldwide on a large scale, and the world is facing an air pollution pandemic.
Parkinson’s disease has become much more common , now affecting 6 million people around the world.
Each day, an average of about 200 people are diagnosed with the condition in the United States,
The disease is most prevalent in regions with high levels of air pollution, such as Europe and North America.
Rates are lowest in non-industrialized areas of Africa.
Parkinson’s diseases rates are growing fastest in parts of the world that are being developed quickly, such as China and India.
Previous studies have also linked Parkinson’s with exposure to pesticides and industrial chemicals.
People who had been exposed to the highest levels of nitrogen dioxide over a 5-year period were about 40% more likely to have Parkinsons disease than were people with the lowest levels of exposure.
The study found no link between the disease and five other pollutants, including ozone, particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide.
The environment, and nitrogen dioxide specifically, contribute to Parkinson’s disease.
A 2016 study in Denmark linked exposure to traffic-related pollution with a higher risk of Parkinson’s.
People often lose their sense of smell 10 to 20 years before they have the tremors and other classic symptoms of PD.
Suggesting breathing in pollutants and chemicals may damage the olfactory system before the brain begins to decline.
Air pollution has been linked to: stroke, cancer, and Alzheimer’s disease.
Exposure to high levels of air pollution reduces lifespan by nearly 3 years worldwide.
decreasing air pollution may slow cognitive decline.
Climate change exacerbates adverse effects of air pollution on health with: higher temperatures enhancing ground level ozone information, increased risk of wildfires and dust storms.
PM 25 from wildfire smoke and the storms increase the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Higher temperatures increase the demand for electricity, which increases fossil fuel combustion and pollution.
Studies suggest a link between ambient air pollution as well as traffic related air pollution in prostate cancer risk.
High levels of particulate air pollution associated with increased risk of breast cancer incidence.
Air pollution is a trigger of asthma attacks in children with the disease, and is also a cause of asthma.
Air pollution is a risk factor for respiratory infections, bronchitis, impaired lung growth and function.
Children with higher exposure to air pollution have more severe asthma symptoms and lower levels of regulatory T cells.
Air pollution is strongly associated with increased risk of infant death and adverse birth outcomes.
Worldwide preterm births in 2019 estimated at 2 million were attributed to the ambient PM25 exposure:such births are associated with lower respiratory infections, asthma in childhood and long-term intellectual disabilities.
Prenatal and postnatal exposure to various air pollutants is associated with reduce cognition, attention problems, ADHD, and autistic traits in childhood.
Children with elevated exposure to air pollutants before birth or during childhood have structural and functional changes in their brains.
Air pollution may be a risk factor for mental health conditions in children and adolescents with associated depression and anxiety.
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Oct 23, 2008
OpenSplice DDS Podcasts on YouTube
I've started to post a series of podcast covering OpenSplice DDS on YouTube. The Porcast Channel is http://www.youtube.com/user/OpenSpliceDDS, here I'll post at least one recording per week covering one specific aspect of OpenSplice DDS. There are a few Podcast already avaiable, and why not starting with the first one?
Cheers,
@ngelo
May 31, 2008
Extensible and Dynamic Topic Types for DDS
here The OMG DDS standard has been designed to effectively support statically defined data models. This assumption ensures that topics data types are known at compile time, that every member of the DDS global data space agrees precisely on the same topic-type association, and that extensions are captured by either DLRL classes inheritance, or by DCPS IS-A relations. Although this model allows for good properties such as static type checking and very efficient, low-overhead, implementation of the standard it also suffers a few drawbacks. Namely, it is hard to cope with data models evolving over time unless all the elements of the system are upgraded consistently. It is also complex to deal with dynamically defined topics, although in some case this is achievable by means of proprietary APIs.
These limitation are currently being addressed in the scope of the OMG RFP mars/2008-05-03, which is looking to extend the DDS standard with the following features:
Extensible Topic Type System. This will define an abstract type system for DDS Topics Type, that shall provide built-in support for extensibility, as well as support for complex types such as object maps, and sparse data.
Dynamic DDS API. A Dynamic DDS API, to be used as an alternative to existing API, that shall allow to define, read, take, access, and write, Topics whose types are not know at compile time.
Data Encapsulation Format. New data encapsulation format, or extend existing, so to efficiently support extensible and dynamic types.
The RFP is available here.
Cheers,
@angelo
May 20, 2008
Webcasts: System Wide Interoperability for Next-Generation Air Navigation Systems - May 21st, 2008
Air Navigation Systems are increasingly being challenged by significant increases in traffic volume, which are projected to double by 2025. These systems also demand seamless information sharing to enable new operational requirements, such as ubiquitous and real-time access to flight data information and improved gate-to-gate services. Several programs in Europe and USA, such as the CoFlight European Flight Data Processor (eFDP), ICOG, SWIM, SESAR, and NEXT-GEN, are investigating how these challenges can be addressed from a technological and operational perspective. The OMG Data Distribution Service (DDS)—already embraced by programs such as CoFlight and ICOG-2—is emerging as a key standard technology for enabling system-wide interoperability since it can ensure the performance, availability, and determinism required by Air Navigation Systems. The webcasts will (1) explain what is motivating the swift adoption of DDS in next-generation Air Navigation Systems and (2) provide concrete examples of using OpenSplice DDS to solve challenging Air Navigation Scenarios.
--
I am running this webcast tomorrow, hope to see you there!
Cheers,
@ngelo
May 12, 2008
What is DDS?
In short, the Data-Distribution Service for Real-Time Systems (DDS), is QoS-enabled data-centric (topic-based) publish subscribe middleware. In order to understand what this means, let's try to explain every relevant bit of the above definition
Publish/Subscribe (P/S): P/S is a communication paradigm under which different parties, namely publishers and subscribers, can asynchronously and anonymously exchange information based on their interest. Under this communication paradigm Publishers produce data, while Subscribers consume the portion of data they are interested in. The interest is usually captured under the form of a subscription, and depending on how subscriptions are expressed we usually distinguish between Topic-based P/S, Content-based P/S, Subject-based P/S, etc. In Topic-based P/S, subscription are expressed by means of topics, which usually are identified by means of unique names and an associated (dynamic) type. On the other hand, in Content-based P/S subscriptions are defined by a matching-expression which identifies the property of produced data that are of interest for a subscriber.
Data-Centric: DDS is Data-Centric in the sense that it makes it possible to organize its Topics in a relational model, thus providing support for identity and relations. As such, for each Topic can be defined one or more primary keys, and one or more foreign keys representing respectively the instance and the relationships with other Topics. In a sense, a DDS Topic can be thought as specifying a database table, where the Topic key(s) uniquely identify a row, and the topic attribute define the table columns. In DDS jargon a database row is called a Topic Instance, while the stream of update to a specific Topic Instance are called Topic Sample.
In DDS subscription are referred to a Topic, to a content-filtered Topic or a MultiTopic. A Topic subscription is pretty straightforward as express the interest to receive all the instance for a specific topic. A content-based Topic subscription allows to subscribe to a Topic but to receive only the samples the match the provided SQL92 filter. Finally, a multi-topic subscription provides a mean to subscribe to the JOIN of two or more Topics.
Since DDS supports relational data-modeling, it should not come at surprise that it also provides an Object/Relational Mapping (ORM), which in this context is called Data Local Reconstruction Layer(DLRL). But to avoid overloading you with information I'll explore this in another post, for the time being it is good to know that such a feature is available!
QoS-Enabled: DDS provides an extremely rich set of Quality of Service Policies that allow to control the most important non-functional properties of the Topics, as well as of the entities that generate and consume them. As an example, it is possible to control the timeliness properties, such as, deadline, time-based-filter, and latency-budget, it is possible to control the importance of data, is durability, etc.
I believe this is enough information for the time being. I'll provide more detailed explanation in later posts, but this should (hopefully) give a first idea of what DDS is capable of. Before I forget, some useful resources on the DDS can be found at:
- DDS Standard Portal
- DDS Forum
There are also a few intro paper that have been written by various folks, one of the latest it this.
@ngelo
Why a DDS Blog?
It is now a few months that I was feeling the urge to start a blog on this extra cool new standard called "The Real-Time Data Distributions Service for Real-Time Systems", or DDS for short. I've been involved with DDS for the past few years, have had a chance to exploit it in rather challenging applications. There are a few goal I had in mind when creating this blog, and these were roughly (1) share what I've learned in applying DDS in mission- and business-critical distributes systems, (2) help in understanding what lays under the DDS iceberg tip, and (3) give heads-up on what's coming-up in the next standard revisions.
@ngelo
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What should I do when my sensor is not recognized by the OS?
07-24-2019
Please perform the following steps to fix the issue:
1. Connect the sensor to another USB hub and re-start Palette Master Element.
2. Reboot the OS.
3. Install the latest version of Palette Master Element.
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Diagnosed with Cancer? Your two greatest challenges are understanding cancer and understanding possible side effects from chemo and radiation. Knowledge is Power!
Learn about conventional, complementary, and integrative therapies.
Dealing with treatment side effects? Learn about evidence-based therapies to alleviate your symptoms.
Click the orange button to the right to learn more.
GERD and Diet
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Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease, GERD and diet- what you eat, day in, day out, makes a difference in your risk of Barrett’s Esophagus (BE) and your risk of Esophageal Cancer (EC).
As the first article linked and excerpted below states, “GERD occurs when the contents, especially acid, of the stomach back up into the esophagus, leading to symptoms or lesions of the esophageal mucosa.” Therefore, every time you feel that burning, your stomach contents are causing lesions of the esophageal mucosa.
I am a long-term cancer survivor with a side effect called radiation-induced dysphagia. Radiation to my neck due to my cancer and damaged my neck muscles. This damage weakened the sphincter at the juncture of my esophagus and stomach. As a result of the weakened sphincter, if I’m not careful, stomach acids will enter my esophagus and cause GERD.
Experience has taught me that prevention is preferable to trying to cure problems once they occur. While I can feel stomach acid entering my esophagus once-in-a-while, preventing this feeling and damage is preferable.
My point is GERD and diet is an important therapy. I think the articles below will teach GERD patients a lot about what to eat and what not to eat.
Do you have GERD? If you’d like to learn more about both conventional and non-conventional therapies send me an email at [email protected]
Hang in there,
David Emerson
• Cancer Survivor
• Cancer Coach
• Director PeopleBeatingCancer
How Does Diet Affect Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease?
“What dietary recommendations are appropriate for gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)? While 85% of patients identify at least one food associated with reflux symptoms, misconceptions about diet in GERD are widespread
GERD occurs when the contents, especially acid, of the stomach back up into the esophagus, leading to symptoms or lesions of the esophageal mucosa.
…several hygienic-dietary rules are integrated into the therapeutic management of GERD. Some, such as elevating the head of the bed and allowing a 2- to 3-hour gap between meals and bedtime, have proven effective.
Diet and obesity also play a role in the onset of GERD symptoms. Thus, hygienic-dietary rules are an integral part of current recommendations.
“Weight loss is effective in reducing reflux symptoms and should be recommended,” stated Frank Zerbib, MD, head of Hepatology, Gastroenterology, and Digestive Oncology at University Hospital of Bordeaux in France, during the presentation.”
Furthermore, most patients with GERD identify foods that may trigger their symptoms, even if there is no evidence to support this in the literature. However, it has been shown that reducing the consumption of these foods is effective…
Caloric Intake and Lipid Content
A high-calorie meal slows gastric emptying, thus prolonging gastric distension, reducing LES tone, and promoting the onset of TLESRs. Several studies have emphasized that at equivalent caloric intake, lipid composition has no impact on LES tone and the number of TLESRs in healthy patients or those with GERD. However, with equivalent caloric intake, and thus equivalent acid exposure, the presence of lipids in the meal increases the perception of reflux. This “reflux hypersensitivity” effect induced by lipids is caused by the endogenous release of CCK and its action on vagal afferents. This effect also is observed in the perception of functional dyspepsia symptoms.
Several studies have established a correlation between saturated fat consumption and the presence of GERD symptoms.
The Role of Carbohydrates
While the protein component of a meal has little impact on esophagogastric physiology, carbohydrates produce effects on esophagogastric motility that are mediated by their fermentation products, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), which are synthesized in the colon. Colonic perfusion of these SCFAs leads to fundus relaxation, reduced LES tone, and increased TLESRs. Moreover, in patients with GERD, adding prebiotics (fructo-oligosaccharide) to the meal content increases the number of TLESRs, acid reflux, and symptoms by amplifying colonic fermentation and SCFA production.
Several studies have evaluated low-carbohydrate diets in GERD. A small study of eight patients with morbid obesity on a very low–carbohydrate diet observed benefits on symptoms and esophageal acid exposure in pH probe testing.
A randomized French study of 31 patients with refractory GERD found no significant difference between a low fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols diet and usual dietary advice.
A recent American study of 95 veterans found an improvement in pH in the group reducing simple sugars but symptomatic improvement in all groups reducing sugar consumption in general.
Therefore, based on all these data, according to Zerbib, “high-calorie meals, rich in fats or carbohydrates, promote the onset of reflux episodes and their perception. Diets low in fats and carbohydrates should be recommended…”
Acid Reflux Diet: 8 Foods to Avoid & Eat
“8 Foods to Avoid With Acid Reflux
Acid reflux foods to avoid:
1. Chocolate — Everyone’s favorite treat comes with a dark side; chocolate contains caffeine, cocoa, and plant chemicals that can all trigger heartburn. Also, a chemical in cocoa relaxes the LES, making it easier for stomach contents to leak into your esophagus.
2. Peppermint — Known for soothing an irritable bowel, peppermint has the opposite effect on acid reflux. Peppermint relaxes the muscles used for digestion, and a relaxed LES is a leaky LES.
3. Fatty foods — If you feel like fatty foods make you sluggish, you’re right. They relax your LES and are slower to digest than other foods. When food sits in your stomach longer, your body responds by making more acid. Fried foods like onion rings are obvious culprits, but meats like prime rib or bacon, and whole milk dairy products also cause symptoms.
4. Spicy foods — Spicy foods make acid reflux worse in two ways. First, the capsaicin in many spicy foods can slow digestion. But before it even gets that far, it can irritate an already irritated esophagus on its way down.
5. Acidic foods and drinks — Acidic foods are common triggers of acid reflux. Foods like citrus fruits and juices, tomatoes and tomato products, pineapple, and vinaigrette salad dressings all have a high acid content, contributing to an already acidic environment.
6. Garlic — Garlic, especially raw, is known to cause heartburn and upset stomach in healthy people. That makes it even more likely to cause issues for those who suffer from acid reflux.
7. Onions — Raw onions don’t just make you cry; they stimulate acid production. That extra acid puts you at risk for heartburn.
8. Drinks containing alcohol, caffeine, or carbonation — Alcohol and caffeine both relax the LES, allowing acid to leak up your esophagus. The bubbles in carbonation expand your stomach, pushing stomach contents up against the LES. That makes soda, coffee and tea, and alcoholic beverages all triggers. Be especially careful with mixed drinks, which could combine triggers.
8 Foods That Help Acid Aeflux
Here is a list of foods to eat with acid reflux:
1. Vegetables and non-citrus fruits — Aside from the “bad” foods listed above, nearly all fruits and vegetables help reduce stomach acid. They’re also low fat, low sugar, and provide fiber and important nutrients. Bananas, melons, broccoli, asparagus, and green beans are low in acid and known to reduce stomach acid levels.
2. Whole grains — High fiber, whole-grains like brown rice, oatmeal, and whole-grain breads help stop symptoms. They are a good source of fiber and may help absorb stomach acid, reducing the risk of symtoms.
3. Lean protein — Low-fat, lean sources of protein also reduce symptoms of acid reflux. Good choices are chicken, seafood, tofu, and egg whites. The best ways to prepare them are baked, broiled, poached, or grilled.
4. Beans, peas, and lentils — Along with being good sources of fiber, beans, peas, and lentils also provide protein, vitamins and minerals.
5. Nuts and seeds — Many nuts and seeds provide fiber and nutrients and may help absorb stomach acid. Almonds, peanuts, chia, pomegranate, and flaxseeds are all healthy choices.
6. Yogurt — Not only is yogurt soothing to an irritated esophagus, but it provides probiotics that support your digestive tract. It’s also good source of protein.
7. Healthy fats — Fat is a necessary nutrient but eating too many fatty foods can trigger symptoms. Replacing unhealthy fats with unsaturated fats can help. Avocados, olive oil, walnuts, and soy products are good choices for healthy fats.
8. Ginger — Ginger has anti-inflammatory properties and has been used throughout history for gastrointestinal problems. Ginger can be added to smoothies, soups, stir fry, or other dishes, or steeped as a tea.
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Sensitive Teeth
Solutions for Sensitive Teeth from Montgomery Dental Care in Woodbury, MN
What is the Remedy for Sensitive Teeth?
Answer From Marc L, Montgomery, D.D.S.
If you notice new or increased tooth sensitivity and it doesn’t go away in about 30 seconds, visit your dentist.
A professional can diagnose the underlying cause and not leave you at risk. A correct and early diagnosis is your best remedy for sensitive teeth. The solution will vary depending on the cause. Feeling sharp or temporary pain in your teeth is your signal to take immediate action. Constant throbbing tooth pain can be a significant distraction and prevent you from doing other things, such as working productively and sleeping. The sharp pain usually requires immediate dental assistance. Don’t wait until it is consistent pain.
To gain the most from this article, we’ll start by answering basic questions.
What is Tooth Sensitivity?
Tooth sensitivity is a type of tooth pain that is often called toothache. It refers to the symptom of discomfort or pain coming from a tooth (or teeth). In the world of dentistry, it is known as dentin hypersensitivity. It is a painful experience that happens when the inner (dentin) layer of your tooth gets exposed.
You can be observant of which daily activities cause you to feel tooth pain. If performing ordinary activities like flossing, brushing, or eating causes unbearable pain, call your dentist immediately.
What makes a person aware of dental hypersensitivity?
Things that may trigger your awareness of a dental hypersensitivity issue:
• When you brush your teeth.
• When you are chewing (and if it is something sticky or hard).
• If you are drinking something hot or cold.
• If air suddenly hits your teeth.
• If touching your cheek near a sensitive tooth.
• If it occurs when the problem tooth touches another tooth (above or below).
• If an older crown is loose.
• A too-aggressive tooth bleaching or whitening process.
Oral sensitivity to hot and cold shouldn’t be ignored since it can be a signal of an abscess, cavity, inflamed tooth pulp, cracked tooth or receding gums.
Will Tooth Sensitivity go Away?
Tooth sensitivity can come and go over time. A person can be misleading about the severity of an issue by relying on over-the-counter desensitizing kinds of toothpaste without seeing their dentist. They can block off the nerve endings in the exposed dentin and leave the cause of your tooth discomfort undiagnosed. In many cases, this means that the source of your tooth pain is likely to get worse over time.
A dental patient may experience some normal teeth sensitivity after fillings, teeth cleanings, a smile design, and dental restoration placement. Sensitivity caused by a dental procedure is common, temporary, and usually goes away in two-four weeks or more. For example, a diabetic patient or someone with an additional health complexity issue may need longer.
Sensitivity following oral procedures may require additional dental appointments to ensure that the healing process is well underway. If not, our dental team may seal or fill around the neck of an exposed tooth at your gum line. By covering exposed dentine, it has a good chance of resolving. In more extensive cases needing restorative dental procedures, it may be helpful to root-fill the tooth.
What Causes Tooth Sensitivity?Understanding tooth sensitivity and finding the best remedy for you.
Common factors that cause tooth discomfort:
• A cavity.
• Plaque buildup.
• Worn or thinning tooth enamel.
• If something cracked or chipped your tooth.
• An older tooth filling that wears out.
• Receding gums or if you are developing periodontal (gum) disease.
• Tooth sensitivity due to a recent dental implant that is still stabilizing.
• Flossing too aggressively.
• The continuous use of mouthwash that contains acid.
• If something is stuck in between your teeth, or Invisalign aligners.
Dentin hypersensitivity may cause tooth pain when tubules found within dentin become exposed, most commonly caused by gingival recession or enamel wear. Tooth sensitivity is a common complaint of dental patients. “Studies have demonstrated dentinal hypersensitivity to affect 10–30% of the population,” according to Danielle Clark, writing for NIH. The October 31, 2020 Non-surgical management of tooth hypersensitivity article discusses medical theories regarding sensitivity.
For individuals seeking a deeper understanding, the ‘hydrodynamic theory’, proposed by Brannstrom and Astrom, considers the following.
“…thermal, osmotic or physical stimuli create movement of fluid within the dentinal tubules, causing the activation of nerve endings. These nerve endings are thought to be at the border of the dentin and the pulp. The activation of nerve endings causes a distinguishing sharp and rapid pain, and many treatments have been created to relieve these symptoms.”
No one solution fits every person’s needs. At Montgomery Dental Care we review appropriate treatment options for dentinal hypersensitivity that are based on your individual situation. To establish the best treatment plan we consider the initial cause of the sensitivity and your risk factors. As with all oral health conditions, we start with determining the cause and then select the least invasive option available with the highest probability of a successful outcome.
Does Demineralization of Dental Enamel Cause Sensitive Teeth?
Yes. A demineralization process occurs before a tooth begins to decay and form cavities or other problems. Plaque build-up breaks down tooth enamel which contributes to demineralization, which makes the tooth’s interior dentin and sensitive root more vulnerable.
“Tooth demineralization takes seconds to begin, while tooth remineralization can take hours. When demineralization is overtaking remineralization, we risk sensitivity and damage to the tooth structure, especially when acidic foods and drinks contain refined sugar. Statistics show that one out of every eight Americans suffer from teeth sensitivity—otherwise known as dentinal hypersensitivity—but few of us talk to a dentist about it.” – James Keddington DDS, assistant professor and section head of dental conservation and restoration at the University of Utah School of Dentistry
Keddington points out that sour candy often has a pH similar to that of battery acid! If that is your go-to treat, you may want to replace it. The same is true with drinking soda. “Each sip leads to increased demineralization,” according to the 17 December 2017 The Perils of Sensitive Teeth article.
Talk to your dentist if you experience dentinal hypersensitivity
You may be doing everything you can think of to maintain good oral hygiene and eliminate a high intake of acidic foods, and still experience a tooth reacting to hot or cold. Talk with your doctor. Simple solutions and ruling out more serious symptoms can keep you smiling.
What might my Dentist Recommend to Reduce Tooth Sensitivity?
There are several helpful dental procedures that typically reduce sensitivity:
1. Dental bonding is useful to overlay and protect exposed root surfaces.
2. Surgical gum graft.
3. Tooth fluoride varnishes that are professionally applied to your exposed tooth roots.
4. Dentin sealers that add a protective cover to exposed teeth root surfaces.
5. Root canal.
Next, we’ll cover each procedure in more in-depth.
1. Desensitizing or dental bonding:
Occasionally, exposed root surfaces can be treated by applying bonding resin to the sensitive root surfaces. A local anesthetic might be needed. Dental bonding will use that extra layer of the composite coating to keep extreme temperatures away from the enamel, thus eliminating severe sensitivity. The composite resin will bond with the enamel and ensure that it is protected from anything that might cause discomfort or harm.
2. Surgical gum graft:
If your tooth root experiences receeding gum tissue, a small amount of tissue can be taken from elsewhere in your mouth and attached where needed. This can protect exposed roots and reduce sensitivity. Gum grafting surgery is used to permanently covers exposed tooth roots, This helps to reduce discomfort, restore the gum to good health, and improve appearance.
3. Professional tooth fluoride varnishes:
Fluoride treatments come in liquid, gel, foam, or varnish formats. Tooth fluoride varnishes are brushed onto your teeth or placed in a small tray that conveniently fits over your teeth. Fluoride is actually a naturally occurring mineral that helps prevent cavities; it can even reverse the initial stages of tooth enamel breakdown. For people with sensitivity issues, it may be helpful for tooth enamel erosion.
4. Dentin sealers:
Dental erosion happens when the surface quality of a person’s teeth is lost after touching acid. Dental erosion is preventable with a good diet, oral hygiene, and regular dental cleanings. Individuals experiencing more severe dentinal hypersensitivity may have dentin sealers recommended by their dentist. They are thin plastic coatings applied to your molars, root surfaces, exposed dentin, and/or gum recession to reduce sensitivity where food is likely to contact the pits and fissures when chewing.
5. Root canal:
If your sensitive teeth generate consistent and severe pain, and other treatments aren’t effective, your dentist may recommend a root canal. This is a common dental procedure used to treat problems in the tooth’s soft core (dental pulp). Broadly, it’s considered the most successful technique for eliminating tooth sensitivity.
If you are experiencing severe pain or pain in one or two teeth, your dentist may use a process called differential diagnosis. This helps to determine the source of your dental hypersensitivity. Visual exams, X-rays, and CBCT scans for diagnosing tooth problems are part of the process. Differential diagnosis simply means that your dentist will ask you questions about your pain and dental habits. It’s part of the process of elimination to discover the exact tooth — that’s causing the pain and why.
How can I Avoid Tooth Sensitivity?
Ways you can reduce sensitive tooth pain:
Most importantly, going forward, take better care of your teeth.
Maintain good oral health: Your dentist will review your oral health history with you. Your daily diet and at-home oral care routine also play a significant role in keeping overly sensitive tooth issues at bay. Consider taking extra care when eating or drinking acidic foods and drinks. If you like carbonated drinks, citrus fruits, coffee, and/or wine — all of these can remove small amounts of tooth enamel over time. If you drink acidic liquids multiple times per day, use a straw to limit contact with your teeth. After consuming an acidic substance, drink water to balance the acid levels in your mouth. Or better yet, go brush and floss your teeth.
Drink only water before bed: Never drink something other than water after you brush before bed and before falling asleep. This can leave something acidic in direct contact with your tooth enamel all night.
Try desensitizing toothpastes: contain compounds such as potassium nitrate or strontium chloride. These ingredients work to reduce pain signals transmitted between the surface of your tooth and the inside nerves. Commonly, several applications of toothpaste are needed before you will feel a noticeable difference. Prescription-strength tubes of toothpaste are an option for more severe and prolonged cases of tooth sensitivity. Ask our dentist to recommend a toothpaste for your needs.
Avoid grinding your teeth: Many people are unaware that they are grinding or clenching their teeth while sleeping. Regular dental checkups help your dentist identify if something signals a protection problem. Your dentist may suggest wearing a mouthguard at night if the problem is tooth grinding. There are many options when seeking the best TMJ mouth guard.
Increase dential checkups as you age: Tooth sensitivity is a common problem as people age. Tooth enamel naturally thins and can expose a person’s dentin to outside elements. “The risk of cavities, root caries, and more commonly observed tooth sensitivity or dry mouth increases with age,” according to NIH’s article on Oral health in the elderly patient and its impact on general well-being. As gum tissues may recede, good daily dental hygiene is vital to maintain good oral health and quality of life in older people.
SUMMARY
Tooth pain shouldn’t interfere with your ability to enjoy a great day. Dr. Marc L. Montgomery is an expert in the different treatments available and can best decide which treatments are appropriate and when they should be utilized. We’re here to help you determine what’s causing your sensitive teeth and recommend the best treatment to address the issue.
Call 651-738-1880 to gain the right answer for you!
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__label__pos
| 0.977626 |
MediaWiki master
SqlModuleDependencyStore.php
Go to the documentation of this file.
1 <?php
22
23 use InvalidArgumentException;
27
43 private $lb;
44
48 public function __construct( ILoadBalancer $lb ) {
49 $this->lb = $lb;
50 }
51
52 public function retrieveMulti( $type, array $entities ) {
53 $dbr = $this->getReplicaDb();
54
55 $depsBlobByEntity = $this->fetchDependencyBlobs( $entities, $dbr );
56
57 $storedPathsByEntity = [];
58 foreach ( $depsBlobByEntity as $entity => $depsBlob ) {
59 $storedPathsByEntity[$entity] = json_decode( $depsBlob, true );
60 }
61
62 $results = [];
63 foreach ( $entities as $entity ) {
64 $paths = $storedPathsByEntity[$entity] ?? [];
65 $results[$entity] = $this->newEntityDependencies( $paths, null );
66 }
67
68 return $results;
69 }
70
71 public function storeMulti( $type, array $dataByEntity, $ttl ) {
72 // Avoid opening a primary DB connection when it's not needed.
73 // ResourceLoader::saveModuleDependenciesInternal calls this method unconditionally
74 // with empty values most of the time.
75 if ( !$dataByEntity ) {
76 return;
77 }
78
79 $dbw = $this->getPrimaryDb();
80 $depsBlobByEntity = $this->fetchDependencyBlobs( array_keys( $dataByEntity ), $dbw );
81
82 $rows = [];
83 foreach ( $dataByEntity as $entity => $data ) {
84 [ $module, $variant ] = $this->getEntityNameComponents( $entity );
85 if ( !is_array( $data[self::KEY_PATHS] ) ) {
86 throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Invalid entry for '$entity'" );
87 }
88
89 // Normalize the list by removing duplicates and sortings
90 $paths = array_values( array_unique( $data[self::KEY_PATHS] ) );
91 sort( $paths, SORT_STRING );
92 $blob = json_encode( $paths, JSON_UNESCAPED_SLASHES | JSON_UNESCAPED_UNICODE );
93
94 $existingBlob = $depsBlobByEntity[$entity] ?? null;
95 if ( $blob !== $existingBlob ) {
96 $rows[] = [
97 'md_module' => $module,
98 'md_skin' => $variant,
99 'md_deps' => $blob
100 ];
101 }
102 }
103
104 // @TODO: use a single query with VALUES()/aliases support in DB wrapper
105 // See https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/insert-on-duplicate.html
106 foreach ( $rows as $row ) {
107 $dbw->upsert(
108 'module_deps',
109 $row,
110 [ [ 'md_module', 'md_skin' ] ],
111 [
112 'md_deps' => $row['md_deps'],
113 ],
114 __METHOD__
115 );
116 }
117 }
118
119 public function remove( $type, $entities ) {
120 // Avoid opening a primary DB connection when it's not needed.
121 // ResourceLoader::saveModuleDependenciesInternal calls this method unconditionally
122 // with empty values most of the time.
123 if ( !$entities ) {
124 return;
125 }
126
127 $dbw = $this->getPrimaryDb();
128 $disjunctionConds = [];
129 foreach ( (array)$entities as $entity ) {
130 [ $module, $variant ] = $this->getEntityNameComponents( $entity );
131 $disjunctionConds[] = $dbw->makeList(
132 [ 'md_skin' => $variant, 'md_module' => $module ],
134 );
135 }
136
137 if ( $disjunctionConds ) {
138 $dbw->delete(
139 'module_deps',
140 $dbw->makeList( $disjunctionConds, $dbw::LIST_OR ),
141 __METHOD__
142 );
143 }
144 }
145
151 private function fetchDependencyBlobs( array $entities, IDatabase $db ) {
152 $modulesByVariant = [];
153 foreach ( $entities as $entity ) {
154 [ $module, $variant ] = $this->getEntityNameComponents( $entity );
155 $modulesByVariant[$variant][] = $module;
156 }
157
158 $disjunctionConds = [];
159 foreach ( $modulesByVariant as $variant => $modules ) {
160 $disjunctionConds[] = $db->makeList(
161 [ 'md_skin' => $variant, 'md_module' => $modules ],
163 );
164 }
165
166 $depsBlobByEntity = [];
167
168 if ( $disjunctionConds ) {
169 $res = $db->newSelectQueryBuilder()
170 ->select( [ 'md_module', 'md_skin', 'md_deps' ] )
171 ->from( 'module_deps' )
172 ->where( $db->makeList( $disjunctionConds, $db::LIST_OR ) )
173 ->caller( __METHOD__ )->fetchResultSet();
174
175 foreach ( $res as $row ) {
176 $entity = "{$row->md_module}|{$row->md_skin}";
177 $depsBlobByEntity[$entity] = $row->md_deps;
178 }
179 }
180
181 return $depsBlobByEntity;
182 }
183
187 private function getReplicaDb() {
188 return $this->lb
189 ->getConnectionRef( DB_REPLICA, [], false, ( $this->lb )::CONN_TRX_AUTOCOMMIT );
190 }
191
195 private function getPrimaryDb() {
196 return $this->lb
197 ->getConnectionRef( DB_PRIMARY, [], false, ( $this->lb )::CONN_TRX_AUTOCOMMIT );
198 }
199
204 private function getEntityNameComponents( $entity ) {
205 $parts = explode( '|', $entity, 2 );
206 if ( count( $parts ) !== 2 ) {
207 throw new InvalidArgumentException( "Invalid module entity '$entity'" );
208 }
209
210 return $parts;
211 }
212 }
const LIST_OR
Definition: Defines.php:46
const LIST_AND
Definition: Defines.php:43
$modules
Track per-module dependency file paths that are expensive to mass compute.
newEntityDependencies(array $paths=[], $asOf=null)
Track per-module file dependencies in the core module_deps table.
retrieveMulti( $type, array $entities)
Get the currently tracked dependencies for a set of entities.
storeMulti( $type, array $dataByEntity, $ttl)
Set the currently tracked dependencies for a set of entities.
Helper class used for automatically marking an IDatabase connection as reusable (once it no longer ma...
Definition: DBConnRef.php:29
Basic database interface for live and lazy-loaded relation database handles.
Definition: IDatabase.php:36
This class is a delegate to ILBFactory for a given database cluster.
newSelectQueryBuilder()
Create an empty SelectQueryBuilder which can be used to run queries against this connection.
makeList(array $a, $mode=self::LIST_COMMA)
Makes an encoded list of strings from an array.
const DB_REPLICA
Definition: defines.php:26
const DB_PRIMARY
Definition: defines.php:28
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__label__pos
| 0.981538 |
Why do I need an MRCP scan?
0
33
1. MRI and MRCP scans are common tests to help diagnosed bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma).
2. It can show up a tumour in the bile ducts and other problems such as infection or inflammation.
Thus, What is the cost of MRCP test? MRCP Test cost ranges from Rs 3000 to Rs 8000 in India. It is a non-invasive and painless MRI scan which uses magnetic imaging for the scan. The total scan takes about 30-40 minutes.
Additionally How long does it take to get MRCP results? Examination results are published on the website through candidates’ My MRCP(UK) accounts 4 weeks after the examination. Candidates will also receive an email containing their results letter on the date of results release.
How do I prepare for a MRCP scan? Preparing for Your Abdominal MRI With MRCP At scheduling, you will be given your arrival time: you do not need to come before that time. Please have nothing to eat or drink for 8 hours prior to the start time of your exam. Sips of water with medication are OK.
Can you drive after MRCP? That’s why it’s important that you have someone come with you to the test so they can drive you home safely. There are not usually any special instructions to follow after an MRCP, and the test itself does not cause side effects.
When do you take MRCP?
make their first attempt at the Part 1 Examination within 12 to 24 months of graduation. make their first attempt at the Part 2 Written Examination within 36 months of graduation. delay their first attempt at the Part 2 Clinical Examination, PACES, until 36 months after graduating.
Can MRCP detect gallstones?
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP): MRCP is an MRI exam that produces detailed images of the liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas and pancreatic duct. It identifies gallstones and can show gallbladder or bile duct inflammation or blockage.
How do I prepare for MRCP?
Preparing for Your Abdominal MRI With MRCP
1. Please have nothing to eat or drink for 8 hours prior to the start time of your exam.
2. Sips of water with medication are OK.
How much does MRCP cost?
MRCP Test cost ranges from Rs 3000 to Rs 8000 in India. It is a non-invasive and painless MRI scan which uses magnetic imaging for the scan. The total scan takes about 30-40 minutes.
What comes after MRCP?
Career Opportunities After MRCP Become a medicine specialist. Become an assistant professor. Pursue a super-specialization. Become an internal medicine specialist.
Why do I need a MRCP scan?
MRI and MRCP scans are common tests to help diagnosed bile duct cancer (cholangiocarcinoma). It can show up a tumour in the bile ducts and other problems such as infection or inflammation.
Is CT or MRI better for pancreas?
Results. CT showed a diagnostic accuracy of 83.3%, with sensitivity and specificity of 81.4% and 43% respectively. MRI showed superior diagnostic accuracy compared to CT (89,1%). However, EUS demonstrated the best diagnostic value in PC (accuracy of 92,7%).
Do you need to fast for MRCP?
Please have nothing to eat or drink for 8 hours prior to the start time of your exam. Sips of water with medication are OK.
Does MRCP show liver cirrhosis?
Background and aims: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) is often used for imaging of the biliary tree and is required by surgeons before liver transplantation. Advanced liver cirrhosis and ascites in patients however present diagnostic problems for MRCP.
Can pancreatic tumor be seen on a CT scan?
Computed tomography (CT) scan The CT scan makes detailed cross-sectional images of your body. CT scans are often used to diagnose pancreatic cancer because they can show the pancreas fairly clearly. They can also help show if cancer has spread to organs near the pancreas, as well as to lymph nodes and distant organs.
Can pancreatitis be missed on a CT scan?
Severe acute pancreatitis This usually becomes evident a few days after the onset of symptoms, and can therefore be missed if the patient is imaged too early [5]. Areas of non-enhancement, especially when >3 cm or >30% of the pancreatic volume, are considered a reliable CT sign for necrosis.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.998773 |
मैं निम्नलिखित समस्या में 3 पंक्तियों के बीच भरना चाहता हूं। यहाँ कोड है:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline
# Construct lines
# x > 0
x = np.linspace(0, 20, 2000)
# C1
y1 = (36-2*x)/6
# C2
y2 = (30-5*x)/3
# C3
y3 = (40-8*x)/2
# C4
# y4 = 0*x
# Make plot
plt.plot(x, y1, label=r'$2 x_{1} + 6 x_{2}\leq 36$')
plt.plot(x, y2, label=r'$x_{1} + 3 x_{2}\leq 30$')
plt.plot(x, y3, label=r'$x_{1} + 2 x_{2}\leq 40$')
# plt.plot(x, y4, label=r'$x_{1}, x_{2}\geq 0$')
plt.xlim((0, 16))
plt.ylim((0, 11))
plt.xlabel(r'$x_1$')
plt.ylabel(r'$x_2$')
# Fill feasible region
y5 = np.minimum(0, 0)
y6 = np.maximum(y2, y3)
plt.fill_between(x, y1, y2, color='grey', alpha=0.5,
interpolate=True)
plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc=2, borderaxespad=0.)
मैं नीचे दी गई छवि (y1, y2, y3 और शून्य के बीच) में लाल रंग में रची गई सामग्री को भरना चाहता हूंयहां छवि विवरण दर्ज करें
1
AGH 15 सितंबर 2020, 07:37
2 जवाब
सबसे बढ़िया उत्तर
आप शून्य और न्यूनतम तीन वक्रों के बीच भर सकते हैं:
import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
x = np.linspace(0, 20, 2000)
y1 = (36 - 2 * x) / 6
y2 = (30 - 5 * x) / 3
y3 = (40 - 8 * x) / 2
plt.plot(x, y1, label=r'$2 x_{1} + 6 x_{2}\leq 36$')
plt.plot(x, y2, label=r'$x_{1} + 3 x_{2}\leq 30$')
plt.plot(x, y3, label=r'$x_{1} + 2 x_{2}\leq 40$')
plt.xlim((0, 16))
plt.ylim((0, 11))
plt.xlabel(r'$x_1$')
plt.ylabel(r'$x_2$')
plt.fill_between(x, y1, y2, color='grey', alpha=0.5,
interpolate=True)
plt.fill_between(x, 0, np.min([y1, y2, y3], axis=0), color='red', alpha=0.5, hatch='//',
interpolate=True, label='$intersection$')
plt.legend(bbox_to_anchor=(1.05, 1), loc=2, borderaxespad=0.)
plt.tight_layout()
plt.show()
resulting plot
3
JohanC 15 सितंबर 2020, 09:28
ध्यान दें कि:
1. np.vstack([y1, y2, y3]) आपके 3 "y" सरणियों से एक 3-पंक्ति सरणी बनाता है।
2. ….min(0) प्रत्येक कॉलम के साथ न्यूनतम गणना करता है, इसलिए यह वास्तव में है आपके कम से कम 3 स्रोत सरणियाँ (उच्च x के लिए नकारात्मक मानों के साथ भी)।
3. ….clip(min=0) उपरोक्त नकारात्मक तत्वों को 0 में बदल देता है।
तो अपने कोड में जोड़ें:
plt.fill_between(x, 0, np.vstack([y1, y2, y3]).min(0).clip(min=0),
color='yellow', alpha=0.5, interpolate=True)
जैसे आपके पहले भरने_के बीच के बाद।
आपके डेटा के लिए, और उपरोक्त निर्देश के साथ कोड जोड़ा गया, मुझे मिला:
enter image description here
यदि आप चाहें, तो अपनी आवश्यकताओं के अनुरूप भरने वाले रंग को बदल दें।
2
Valdi_Bo 15 सितंबर 2020, 10:11
|
__label__pos
| 0.944132 |
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A B C D E F G H I J K LM N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z 0-9
(A-Z listing includes diseases, conditions, tests and procedures)
Liver Scan
(Liver-Spleen Scan, Liver Scintigraphy)
What is a liver scan?
A liver scan is a specialized radiology procedure used to examine the liver to identify certain conditions or to assess the function of the liver. A liver scan may also be used to follow the progress of treatment of certain conditions. This procedure may also be referred to as a liver-spleen scan because the spleen often is examined as well due to its proximity and close functional relationship to the liver.
A liver scan is a type of nuclear medicine procedure. This means that a tiny amount of a radioactive substance is used during the procedure to assist in the examination of the liver. The radioactive substance, called a radiopharmaceutical or radioactive tracer, is formed by the addition of a radioactive atom (radionuclide) to a molecule absorbed by normal liver tissue. The remainder of the radioactive substance is absorbed by the spleen and bone marrow.
The radionuclide used in liver scans is usually a form of technetium. Once absorbed into the liver tissue, the radionuclide emits a type of radiation, called gamma radiation. The gamma radiation is detected by a scanner, which processes the information into a picture of the liver.
By measuring the behavior of the radionuclide in the body during a nuclear scan, the doctor can assess and diagnose various conditions, such as tumors, abscesses, hematomas, organ enlargement, or cysts. A nuclear scan may also be used to assess organ function and blood circulation.
The areas where the radionuclide collects in greater amounts are called "hot spots." The areas that do not absorb the radionuclide and appear less bright on the scan image are referred to as "cold spots."
Other related procedures that may be used to diagnose problems of the liver include abdominal X-rays, abdominal ultrasound, computed tomography (CT scan) of the abdomen or liver, or a liver biopsy.
Anatomy of the liver
Anatomy of the liver and biliary system with blood vessels
Click image to enlarge
The liver is the largest organ in the body. This dark reddish brown organ is located in the upper right side of the abdomen, beneath the diaphragm, and on top of the stomach, right kidney, and intestines.
The wedge-shaped liver is made up of 2 main lobes. Each lobe is made up of thousands of lobules. These lobules are connected to small ducts that connect with larger ducts to ultimately form the hepatic duct. The hepatic duct moves the bile (fluid that helps break down fats and gets rid of wastes in the body) that is made by the liver cells to the gallbladder and duodenum (the first part of the small intestine).
The liver carries out many important functions, such as:
• Making bile. Bile is a fluid that helps break down fats and gets rid of wastes in the body
• Changing food into energy
• Clearing the blood of drugs and other poisonous substances
• Producing certain proteins for blood plasma
• Regulating blood clotting
The spleen, an egg-shaped organ that lies between the stomach and the diaphragm on the left side of the body, helps to keep the blood healthy. The spleen plays a role in the production of lymphocytes (white blood cells that fight infection and disease), destruction of red blood cells, and filtration and storage of blood.
The biliary system is made up of the organs and ducts (bile ducts, gallbladder, and associated structures) that make and transport bile.
What are the reasons for a liver scan?
A liver scan may be done to check for diseases such as liver cancer, hepatitis, or cirrhosis. Lesions such as tumors, abscesses, or cysts of the liver or spleen may be seen on a liver scan. A liver scan may be done to assess the condition of the liver and/or spleen after trauma to the abdomen or when there is unexplained pain in the right upper quadrant of the abdomen. Enlargement of the liver or spleen may be seen on a liver scan.
A liver scan may also be used to assess response to therapy for liver disease and/or to monitor the course of liver disease. Portal hypertension (elevated blood pressure within the liver's circulation) may be detected with a liver scan when more of the radionuclide is absorbed by the spleen rather than the liver.
There may be other reasons for your doctor to recommend a liver scan.
What are the risks of a liver scan?
The amount of the radionuclide injected into your vein for the procedure is small enough that there is no need for precautions against radioactive exposure. The injection of the radionuclide may cause some slight discomfort. Allergic reactions to the radionuclide are rare, but may occur.
For some patients, having to lie still on the scanning table for the length of the procedure may cause some discomfort or pain.
Patients who are allergic to or sensitive to medications, contrast dyes, or latex should notify their doctor.
If you are pregnant or suspect that you may be pregnant, you should notify your health care provider due to the risk of injury to the fetus from a liver scan. If you are lactating, or breastfeeding, you should notify your health care provider due to the risk of contaminating breast milk with the radionuclide.
There may be other risks depending on your specific medical condition. Be sure to discuss any concerns with your doctor prior to the procedure.
Certain factors or conditions may interfere with the accuracy of a liver scan. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:
• Presence of a radionuclide in the body from a previous nuclear medicine procedure within a certain period of time
• Barium remaining in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract from a recent barium procedure
How do I prepare for a liver scan?
PRECAUTIONS: If you are pregnant or think you might be pregnant, please check with your doctor before scheduling the exam. We will discuss other options with you and your doctor.
BREASTFEEDING: If you are breastfeeding, you should notify your health care provider due to the risk of contaminating breast milk with the tracer.
CLOTHING: You may be asked to change into a patient gown. A gown will be provided for you. Lockers are provided to secure your personal belongings. Please remove all piercings and leave all jewelry and valuables at home.
EAT/DRINK: Generally, no prior preparation, such as fasting or sedation, is required prior to a liver scan.
ALLERGIES: Notify the radiologist or technologist if you are allergic to or sensitive to medications, contrast dyes or iodine. The injection of the radiotracer may cause some slight discomfort. Allergic reactions to the radiotracer are rare, but may occur.
• Based on your medical condition, your doctor may request other specific preparation.
What happens during a liver scan?
A liver scan may be performed on an outpatient basis or as part of your stay in a hospital. Procedures may vary depending on your condition and your doctor's practices.
Generally, a liver scan follows this process:
1. You will be asked to remove any clothing, jewelry, or other objects that may interfere with the procedure.
2. You will be asked to remove clothing and will be given a gown to wear.
3. An intravenous (IV) line will be started in the hand or arm for injection of the radionuclide.
4. The radionuclide will be injected into your vein. The radionuclide will be allowed to concentrate in the liver tissue for approximately 30 minutes.
5. You will be asked to lie still on a scanning table, as any movement may affect the quality of the scan.
6. The scanner will be placed over the right upper quadrant of the abdomen in order to detect the gamma rays emitted by the radionuclide in the liver tissue.
7. You may be repositioned during the scan in order to obtain views of all the surfaces of the liver.
8. When the scan has been completed, the IV line will be removed.
While the liver scan itself causes no pain, having to lie still for the length of the procedure might cause some discomfort or pain, particularly in the case of a recent injury or invasive procedure such as surgery. The technologist will use all possible comfort measures and complete the procedure as quickly as possible to minimize any discomfort or pain.
What happens after a liver scan?
You should move slowly when getting up from the scanner table to avoid any dizziness or lightheadedness from lying flat for the length of the procedure.
You may be instructed to drink plenty of fluids and empty your bladder frequently for about 24 hours after the procedure to help flush the remaining radionuclide from your body.
The IV site will be checked for any signs of redness or swelling. If you notice any pain, redness, and/or swelling at the IV site after you return home following your procedure, you should notify your doctor as this may indicate an infection or other type of reaction.
You may resume your usual diet and activities, unless your doctor advises you differently. Your doctor may give you additional or alternate instructions after the procedure, depending on your particular situation.
Find a physician at another Johns Hopkins Member Hospital:
Connect with a Treatment Center:
Find Additional Treatment Centers at:
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__label__pos
| 0.736744 |
December 8, 2013
Hepatocellular Carcinoma and Hepatitis B Virus: Family Matters
Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
Volume 11, Issue 12 , Pages 1646-1647, December 2013
Brian J. McMahon, MD, MACP
published online 03 June 2013.
In much of the world, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related death, especially in men. In sub-Saharan Africa, most of eastern and southeast Asia, and the Pacific Islands, chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) is the primary etiology for HCC, where the prevalence of chronic HBV infection ranges from 2% to more than 10% of the population.1 Several demographic, viral, and environmental factors have been found to increase the risk of HCC in HBV infection, which can help to identify those persons who should be targeted for regular surveillance to detect this tumor early, at a more treatable stage. More than 30 years ago, several case-control studies found family history of HCC to be a risk factor in relatives who were infected with HBV,2 but the magnitude of the risk previously was unknown. In this issue ofClinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology3 is an important article that takes advantage of a large population-based cohort study conducted in Taiwan, the REVEAL study, to better define and quantify the risk of family history of HCC. Briefly, the investigators screened more than 22,000 residents of 7 townships in Taiwan for HBV seromarkers and found almost 4000 to be positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). They then followed up those persons positive for HBsAg prospectively for 16 years and have written multiple publications regarding risk factors associated with HCC and cirrhosis that were found in this cohort.4, 5, 6
In this analysis, they examined the effect of a family history of HCC on the incidence of HCC in the entire population who were screened for HBV seromarkers. At baseline, all participants had filled out a questionnaire that included information on alcohol history and family history of HCC. All participants had a unique national health registration number that was used to link them to the National Cancer Registry. This allowed the investigators to identify cases of HCC both in the HBV-infected persons they were following up prospectively and the HBsAg-negative persons who were not tracked routinely after initial enrollment. The authors performed a multivariate analysis of other risk factors they had collected in the HBV-infected cohort including viral load, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) status, and HBV genotype. They used a statistical method called RERI to examine the excessive risk caused by the interaction between HBV infection and family history of HCC, as well as looking at the attributable proportion that was the result of the interaction (AP) and the synergy index, which examines whether a synergistic or antagonistic interaction exists. They found a synergistic interaction between HBsAg positivity and family history, with highest risk of HCC found in those with both factors. When they examined RERI, AP, and synergy index they found evidence of a multiplicative interaction between family history of HCC and HBsAg positivity. The investigators previously showed that high levels of HBV DNA greater than 10,000 copies/mL and the presence of HBeAg at baseline were independent risk factors for HCC.4, 5 Their analysis in this article found that family history was significant and synergistic in HBV-infected patients who were HBeAg positive, HBeAg negative, or had HBV DNA levels greater than or less than the 10,000 copies/mL cut-off value. This means that a family history of HCC is a strong risk factor for the development of HCC in an HBsAg-positive person independent of viral load or HBeAg status. The authors found that the highest risk of all occurred in HBV-infected persons who had a family history of HCC and were HBeAg positive, in whom the cumulative risk of developing HCC during the follow-up period was 40%.
Previously, these investigators had found that basal core promoter and HBV genotype C compared with HBV genotype B (Asia) were independent risk factors for HCC and the precore mutation reduced the risk of HCC.7 Although the findings in this study again found that the basal core promoter and HBV genotype C were independent risk factors for HCC, and again, precore mutation was associated negatively with subsequent risk of HCC, none of the 3 significantly modified the effect of family history on HCC incidence.
The importance of this study is that it was a population-based longitudinal cohort study that showed the influence of family history on risk of HCC. Furthermore, it highlighted the magnitude of the risk of HCC that family history carries. The study provided strong evidence to support the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases practice guidelines, which recommend regular surveillance for HCC every 6 months, with ultrasound of the liver for HBsAg-positive persons with a family history of HCC regardless of their age.8 Detecting HCC tumors early in HBV-infected persons, when they are smaller than 3 cm, allows for the use of potentially curable treatment with either radiofrequency ablation or surgical resection, which have been shown to prolong both tumor-free and overall survival. Tumors larger than 3 cm but smaller than 6 cm can be resected surgically, or, if Milan Criteria for liver transplant in HCC is met, could be treated by liver transplantation, which also is associated with good tumor-free long-term survival. Thus, active surveillance of those HBsAg-positive persons with a family history of HCC is a must.
The introduction of universal hepatitis B vaccination in children in most countries has shown that immunization against HBV can result in the prevention of HCC caused by this viral infection, as has been shown in population-based studies conducted in children in Taiwan, Thailand, and Alaska.9, 10, 11 However, the incidence of HCC in HBV chronically infected persons is low before infected males reach their late 30s and females reach their late 40s.12 Thus, it will take several decades for a large segment of endemic populations who received HBV vaccine in infancy and early childhood to reach middle age before we may witness a substantial global reduction in the incidence of HCC. In the meantime, a reduction in the rate of death from HCC, decompensated cirrhosis, and liver-related death could be accomplished by treating HBV-infected persons who are found to have cirrhosis, which has been shown in a randomized placebo-controlled trial of patients with compensated cirrhosis caused by HBV that also was conducted in Taiwan.13 Practice guidelines also recommend treating those with active liver inflammation and moderate fibrosis.14 It is not known whether treatment before the development of advanced fibrosis might reduce the future risk of HCC, but it would be unethical to conduct a randomized placebo-controlled trial to answer this question. However, population-based studies could be conducted to examine the effect of treating patients who fulfill criteria for therapy by evidenced-based practice guidelines on the incidence of HCC. These could be performed in population cohorts in whom the incidence of and risk factors for developing HCC have been reported previously and examining the incidence of HCC reported previously compared with that found subsequently after aggressive identification and HBV DNA suppression with antiviral agents of high-risk patients. This study raises the question, because risk of HCC in those with a family history is so high, should antivirals be used in those individuals who do not meet treatment guidelines to completely suppress HBV DNA, in hopes of decreasing the risk? This could be studied using a longitudinal cohort design in populations, such as the REVEAL cohort and the cohort of Alaska native persons with chronic HBV, which have sufficient numbers of HBsAg-positive patients with a family history of HCC.2, 15 A reasonable approach might be to suppress HBV DNA to undetectable levels with 1 of the 2 potent antiviral reverse-transcriptase inhibitors currently available, tenofovir or entecavir, and follow up these persons to see if the incidence would be reduced to less than that reported previously in these populations. Perhaps the subgroup that might yield the fastest answer to this question of earlier therapy might be those with a family history who are also HBeAg positive, in whom the authors found a 40% cumulative risk over a 16-year follow-up period.
In conclusion, the persuasive finding from this study is that persons infected with chronic HBV infection who have a family history of HCC deserve special attention, including regular surveillance for HCC, monitoring for active liver inflammation and fibrosis, and starting antiviral therapy as soon as they have met practice guidelines criteria. In addition, studies to determine if earlier administration of antiviral therapy to completely suppress HBV DNA in those HBV-infected persons with a family history of HCC are urgently needed.
References
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| 0.966627 |
2
$\begingroup$
I am going through this imagenet example.
And, in line 88, the module DistributedDataParallel is used. When I searched for the same in the docs, I haven’t found anything. However, I found the documentation for DataParallel.
So, would like to know what is the difference between the DataParallel and DistributedDataParallel modules.
$\endgroup$
• $\begingroup$ well, by docs I think they are totally same. Aren't they? $\endgroup$ – Frank Jan 10 at 5:47
5
$\begingroup$
As the Distributed GPUs functionality is only a couple of days old [in the v2.0 release version of Pytorch], there is still no documentation regarding that. So, I had to go through the source code's docstrings for figuring out the difference. So, the docstring of the DistributedDataParallel module is as follows:
Implements distributed data parallelism at the module level. This container parallelizes the application of the given module by splitting the input across the specified devices by chunking in the batch dimension. The module is replicated on each machine and each device, and each such replica handles a portion of the input. During the backwards pass, gradients from each node are averaged. The batch size should be larger than the number of GPUs used locally. It should also be an integer multiple of the number of GPUs so that each chunk is the same size (so that each GPU processes the same number of samples).
And the docstring for the dataparallel is as follows:
Implements data parallelism at the module level. This container parallelizes the application of the given module by splitting the input across the specified devices by chunking in the batch dimension. In the forward pass, the module is replicated on each device, and each replica handles a portion of the input. During the backwards pass, gradients from each replica are summed into the original module. The batch size should be larger than the number of GPUs used. It should also be an integer multiple of the number of GPUs so that each chunk is the same size (so that each GPU processes the same number of samples).
This reply in the Pytorch forums was also helpful in understanding the difference between the both,
$\endgroup$
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| 0.974154 |
Learn About The Brain
Do you know how the brain works?
Do you know what a brain looks like? Here is an English video lesson which provides a fascinating look at the brain and how it works.
This video lesson answers these questions … with a twist.
Jill Bolte Taylor is a brain scientist who had a stroke. In this 20-minute presentation, we get the insider’s perspective on how the brain works and what happens when the brain shuts down. Her description of right brain-left brain functions is useful for teachers, as is her presentation of a real human brain. I didn’t know it looked like that.
Sit back and enjoy because her presentation is remarkable.
Informative. Wonderful. Inspirational.
1 thought on “Learn About The Brain”
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__label__pos
| 0.892288 |
Verilog also provides support for transistor level modeling although it is rarely used by designers these days as the complexity of circuits have required them to move to higher levels of abstractions rather than use switch level modeling.
NMOS/PMOS
module des (input d, ctrl,
output outn, outp);
nmos (outn, d, ctrl);
pmos (outp, d, ctrl);
endmodule
module tb;
reg d, ctrl;
wire outn, outp;
des u0 (.d(d), .ctrl(ctrl), .outn(outn), .outp(outp));
initial begin
{d, ctrl} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t d=%0b ctrl=%0b outn=%0b outp=%0b", $time, d, ctrl, outn, outp);
#10 d <= 1;
#10 ctrl <= 1;
#10 ctrl <= 0;
#10 d <= 0;
end
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=0 d=0 ctrl=0 outn=z outp=0
T=10 d=1 ctrl=0 outn=z outp=1
T=20 d=1 ctrl=1 outn=1 outp=z
T=30 d=1 ctrl=0 outn=z outp=1
T=40 d=0 ctrl=0 outn=z outp=0
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
CMOS Switches
module des (input d, nctrl, pctrl,
output out);
cmos (out, d, nctrl, pctrl);
endmodule
module tb;
reg d, nctrl, pctrl;
wire out;
des u0 (.d(d), .nctrl(nctrl), .pctrl(pctrl), .out(out));
initial begin
{d, nctrl, pctrl} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t d=%0b nctrl=%0b pctrl=%0b out=%0b", $time, d, nctrl, pctrl, out);
#10 d <= 1;
#10 nctrl <= 1;
#10 pctrl <= 1;
#10 nctrl <= 0;
#10 pctrl <= 0;
#10 d <= 0;
#10;
end
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=0 d=0 nctrl=0 pctrl=0 out=0
T=10 d=1 nctrl=0 pctrl=0 out=1
T=20 d=1 nctrl=1 pctrl=0 out=1
T=30 d=1 nctrl=1 pctrl=1 out=1
T=40 d=1 nctrl=0 pctrl=1 out=z
T=50 d=1 nctrl=0 pctrl=0 out=1
T=60 d=0 nctrl=0 pctrl=0 out=0
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Bidirectional Switches
tran
module des (input io1, ctrl,
output io2);
tran (io1, io2);
endmodule
module tb;
reg io1, ctrl;
wire io2;
des u0 (.io1(io1), .ctrl(ctrl), .io2(io2));
initial begin
{io1, ctrl} <= 0;
$monitor ("T=%0t io1=%0b ctrl=%0b io2=%0b", $time, io1, ctrl, io2);
#10 io1 <= 1;
#10 ctrl <= 1;
#10 ctrl <= 0;
#10 io1 <= 0;
end
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=0 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=0
T=10 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=1
T=20 io1=1 ctrl=1 io2=1
T=30 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=1
T=40 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=0
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
tranif0
module des (input io1, ctrl,
output io2);
tranif0 (io1, io2, ctrl);
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=0 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=0
T=10 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=1
T=20 io1=1 ctrl=1 io2=z
T=30 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=1
T=40 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=0
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
tranif1
module des (input io1, ctrl,
output io2);
tranif1 (io1, io2, ctrl);
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=0 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=z
T=10 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=z
T=20 io1=1 ctrl=1 io2=1
T=30 io1=1 ctrl=0 io2=z
T=40 io1=0 ctrl=0 io2=z
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
Power and Ground
module des (output vdd,
output gnd);
supply1 _vdd;
supply0 _gnd;
assign vdd = _vdd;
assign gnd = _gnd;
endmodule
module tb;
wire vdd, gnd;
des u0 (.vdd(vdd), .gnd(gnd));
initial begin
#10;
$display ("T=%0t vdd=%0d gnd=%0d", $time, vdd, gnd);
end
endmodule
Simulation Log
ncsim> run
T=10 vdd=1 gnd=0
ncsim: *W,RNQUIE: Simulation is complete.
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__label__pos
| 0.999051 |
$message = New-Object -ComObject wscript.shell $dhcpServer = Read-Host "DHCP Server IP / Name" $scopeId = Read-Host "DHCP Scope Address for Remove IP Addresses" # select ip adresses which are not rezervation and are android, Apple Iphone or galaxy mobile $ipList = Get-DhcpServerv4Lease -ComputerName $dhcpServer -ScopeId $scopeId | where {($_.HostName -like 'android*' -or $_.HostName -like '*phone*' -or $_.HostName -like '*galaxy*') -and $_.AddressState -NOTlike '*Reservation*'} Write-Host "Count of will Remove IP Addresses" Write-Host "Android Count: " + ($ipList | where {$_.HostName -like 'android*' -or $_.HostName -like '*galaxy*'}).Count Write-Host "IPhone Count: " + ($ipList | where {$_.HostName -like '*phone*'}).Count Write-Host "Total: " + $ipList.Count $confirm = $message.popup("IP Adresses will remove from DHCP, are you sure?",0 ,"Remove IP Adresses", 4) if ($confirm -eq 6) { $ipList | Remove-DhcpServerv4Lease -ComputerName $dhcpServer $message.Popup("IP Adresses removed.", 0, "Info", 0) }
|
__label__pos
| 0.982548 |
The limiting absorption principle for periodic differential operators and applications to nonlinear Helmholtz equations (bibtex)
by Mandel, Rainer
Reference:
The limiting absorption principle for periodic differential operators and applications to nonlinear Helmholtz equations (Mandel, Rainer), Technical report 2017/26, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 2017.
Bibtex Entry:
@techreport {10.5445/IR/1000075756,
AUTHOR = {Mandel, Rainer},
TITLE = {The limiting absorption principle for periodic differential
operators and applications to nonlinear {H}elmholtz equations},
YEAR = {2017},
MONTH = {oct},
INSTITUTION = {Karlsruhe Institute of Technology},
TYPE = {CRC 1173 Preprint},
ISSN = {2365-662X},
NUMBER = {2017/26},
DOI = {10.5445/IR/1000075756},
URL = {https://www.waves.kit.edu/downloads/CRC1173_Preprint_2017-26.pdf},
PUBURL = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s00220-019-03363-1},
}
Powered by bibtexbrowser
|
__label__pos
| 0.975127 |
Aumento de cresta
What is a ridge augmentation?
A ridge augmentation is a common dental procedure often performed following a tooth extraction to help recreate the natural contour of the gums and jaw that may have been lost due to bone loss as a result of a tooth extraction, or for another reason.
The alveolar ridge of the jaw is the bone that surrounds the roots of teeth. When a tooth is removed, an empty socket is left in the alveolar ridge bone. Usually this empty socket will heal on its own, filling with bone and tissue, but typically at a smaller dimension then when the tooth was present. Sometimes when a tooth is removed, the bone surrounding the socket breaks, and it unable to heal on its own. The previous height and width of the socket will continue to deteriorate.
Rebuilding the original height and width of the alveolar ridge is not medically necessary, but may be required for dental implant placement, or for aesthetic purposes. Dental implants require bone to support their structure, and a ridge augmentation can help rebuild this bone to accommodate the implant.
Ready to have the smile you've always wanted? Contact our office today to schedule an appointment!
Plantation Florida Office Phone Number (954) 473-1806 Book Online
How is a ridge augmentation accomplished?
A ridge augmentation is accomplished by placing bone graft material in the tooth socket. It is often done immediately after the tooth is removed, to avoid the need for a second procedure later. Next, the gum tissue is placed over the socket and secured with sutures. Dr. grenier may choose to use a space-maintaining product over the top of the graft to help restore the height and width of the space created by the tooth and bone loss, and into which new bone should grow. Once the socket has healed, the alveolar ridge can be prepared for dental implant placement.
A ridge augmentation procedure is typically performed in Dr. Grenier’s office under local anesthesia. Some patients may also request sedative medication in addition.
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__label__pos
| 0.854181 |
Ptake on the 200 nm particles by cells could occur through endocytosis of their spheres, and even though getting held in endosomes they may be not conveniently ionized, which benefits in their low cytotoxic effect. In contrast, uptake on the 10 nm AgNPs occurred easily by way of the cell membrane for the cytoplasm. Nevertheless, the cytoplasmic atmosphere would boost the ionization of AgNPs, allowing the Ag ions to induce a strong cytotoxic impact. By the same mechanism, the outcomes shown in Figure three indicated that ROS generation in cells exposed to 10 nm AgNPs was significantly elevated when compared with manage cells for the reason that of this ionization. Dissolution of AgNPs and ion release are often connected to their cytotoxicity; it has been discovered that the smaller sized nanoparticles are extra toxic for the reason that of their larger surface location which induces quicker dissolution and ion release [34,35]. On the other hand, the PVP coating of AgNPs could improve the stability in the nanoparticles (NPs) and decrease the quantity of released Ag ions inside the culture medium [36]. Therefore, the difference in the created cytotoxic impact of ten nm and 200 nm AgNPs might be as a result of a combination of both ion release in the nanoparticles and unique techniques of cellular uptake and uptake ratios. TNF is highly expressed and is involved in many acute and chronic inflammatory diseases and cancer; in addition, it induces many unique signal transduction pathways that regulate cellular responses [37,38]. Considering the fact that our goal was to investigate the effects of exposure to distinct sizes of AgNPs beneath diseased G��s Inhibitors MedChemExpress states, we made use of TNF as a DNA damage-inducing agent. The relationship involving AgNPs of different sizes plus the TNF-induced DNA Oga Inhibitors MedChemExpress damage response was analyzed. The outcomes of DNA harm analysis by BTG2 response (Figure 4), gene expression by PCR array (Table 1), and RT-PCR (Figure five) were all consistent together with the ROS generation following exposure in the cells to 10 and 200 nm AgNPs. All results confirmed that the 200 nm AgNPs lowered TNF-induced DNA harm. In contrast, 10 nm AgNPs could induce DNA harm by their very own action with out affecting that induced by TNF. These final results suggest that the 200 nm AgNPs can lower DNA damage in diseased conditions that occurs via TNF. So that you can comprehend the molecular mechanism from the adjust in TNF-induced DNA damage response by the differently sized AgNPs, TNFR1 localization was determined by confocal microscopy. TNFR1 can be a receptor of TNF, and once they bind with each other TNF signal transduction is induced. Thus, TNFR1 might play a role within the diverse effects with the 10 and 200 nm AgNPs. As shown in Figure six, in cells exposed to TNF only, TNFR1 was distributed on the cell membrane surface with handful of aggregations. Also, in cells exposed to TNF and 10 nm AgNPs with each other, TNFR1 was distributed homogenously around the cell membrane. In contrast, TNFR1 was localized mainly inside cells with incredibly couple of receptors scattered on the membrane surface throughout exposure to both TNF and 200 nm AgNPs. These outcomes prompted us to propose the molecular mechanism shown in Figure 7. In cells exposed to TNF only, TNF specifically binds to TNFR1 by receptor/ligand binding, and they move collectively into cells to release TNF and free the receptors to return for the cell membraneInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20,9 ofInt. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, x FOR PEER REVIEW9 ofto bind much more TNF. This standard binding cycle induces TNF signal transduction, leading to the the nanoparticles may well attach to TNFR1/TNF toin cellsaexposed to both TN.
|
__label__pos
| 0.894582 |
Based on morphological similarities, Jack Garrick in 1982 grouped this species with the bignose shark (C. altimus) and the sandbar shark (C. plumbeus), while Leonard Compagno in 1988 placed it as the sister species of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos). A phylogenetic analysis based on allozyme data, published by Gavin Naylor in 1992, indicated that the Caribbean reef shark is the sister taxon to a clade formed by the Galapagos shark (C. galapagensis), dusky shark (C. obscurus), oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus), and the blue shark (Prionace glauca). However, more work is required to fully resolve the interrelationships within Carcharhinus.[3]
Based on morphological similarities, Jack Garrick in 1982 grouped this species with the bignose shark (C. altimus) and the sandbar shark (C. plumbeus), while Leonard Compagno in 1988 placed it as the sister species of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos). A phylogenetic analysis based on allozyme data, published by Gavin Naylor in 1992, indicated that the Caribbean reef shark is the sister taxon to a clade formed by the Galapagos shark (C. galapagensis), dusky shark (C. obscurus), oceanic whitetip shark (C. longimanus), and the blue shark (Prionace glauca). However, more work is required to fully resolve the interrelationships within Carcharhinus.[3]
Dutch ichthyologist Pieter Bleeker first described the grey reef shark in 1856 as Carcharias (Prionodon) amblyrhynchos, in the scientific journal Natuurkundig Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch-Indië. Later authors moved this species to the genus Carcharhinus. The type specimen was a 1.5 metres (4.9 ft)-long female from the Java Sea.[4] Other common names used for this shark around the world include black-vee whaler, bronze whaler, Fowler's whaler shark, graceful shark, graceful whaler shark, grey shark, grey whaler shark, longnose blacktail shark, school shark, and shortnose blacktail shark. Some of these names are also applied to other species.[2]
Socially, they are mostly loners unless living in a threatening ecosystem. These are the first and the only species of sharks that are known to “sleep” on the ocean floor or within reef caves. It is believed that these sharks are not actually sleeping but merely resting. These sharks have actually been given the nickname “sleeping sharks” because of their habit of lying motionless at the sea bottom. This is a somewhat unusual and unique behavior of these sharks.
Grey reef sharks were the first shark species known to perform a threat display, a stereotypical behavior warning that it is prepared to attack.[3] The display involves a "hunched" posture with characteristically dropped pectoral fins, and an exaggerated, side-to-side swimming motion. Grey reef sharks often do so if they are followed or cornered by divers to indicate they perceive a threat. This species has been responsible for a number of attacks on humans, so should be treated with caution, especially if they begin to display. They are caught in many fisheries and are susceptible to local population depletion due to their low reproduction rate and limited dispersal. As a result, the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed this species as Near Threatened.
My home in the coral reefs is being damaged by ocean acidification—which occurs when the ocean absorbs carbon and becomes acidified. I love living among thriving reefs, but increasing acidification degrades the physical structure of these reefs, putting my habitat and food supply at risk. This affects all the creatures living among the reef—not just my team of fellow blacktip reef sharks.
Caribbean reef sharks are sometimes seen resting motionless on the sea floor or inside caves; it is the first active shark species in which such a behavior was reported. In 1975, Eugenie Clark investigated the famed "sleeping sharks" inside the caves at Isla Mujeres off the Yucatan Peninsula, and determined that the sharks were not actually asleep as their eyes would follow divers. Clark speculated that freshwater upwellings inside the caves might loosen parasites on the sharks and produce an enjoyable "narcotic" effect.[8] If threatened, Caribbean reef sharks sometimes perform a threat display, in which they swim in a short, jerky fashion with frequent changes in direction and repeated, brief (1–1.2 second duration) drops of the pectoral fins. This display is less pronounced than the better-known display of the grey reef shark (C. amblyrhynchos).[8][9]
Most observed displays by grey reef sharks have been in response to a diver (or submersible) approaching and following it from a few meters behind and above. They also perform the display towards moray eels, and in one instance towards a much larger great hammerhead (which subsequently withdrew). However, they have never been seen performing threat displays towards each other. This suggests the display is primarily a response to potential threats (i.e. predators) rather than competitors. As grey reef sharks are not territorial, they are speculated to be defending a critical volume of "personal space" around themselves. Compared to sharks from French Polynesia or Micronesia, grey reef sharks from the Indian Ocean and western Pacific are not as aggressive and less given to displaying.[3]
Every year, Reef Check trains thousands of citizen scientist divers who volunteer to survey the health of coral reefs around the world, and rocky reef ecosystems along the entire coast of California. The results are used to improve the management of these critically important natural resources. Reef Check programs provide ecologically sound and economically sustainable solutions to save reefs, by creating partnerships among community volunteers, government agencies, businesses, universities and other nonprofits.
Typically a solitary animal, juvenile blacktip reef sharks will commonly conjugate in shallow regions during high tide. Vulnerable to larger predators, they will reside in shallower areas until larger in size. Blacktip reef sharks tend to be more active during dawn and dusk, but like most sharks they are opportunistic feeders. Their diet consists of crustaceans, squid, octopus, and bony fish.
The Caribbean reef shark has an interdorsal ridge from the rear of the first dorsal fin to the front of the second dorsal fin. The second dorsal fin has a very short free rear tip. The snout of C. perezi is moderately short and broadly rounded. It has poorly developed, low anterior nasal flaps and relatively large circular eyes. Caribbean reef sharks also have moderately long gill slits with the third gill slit lying above the origin of the pectoral fin. Comparison to similar sharks:
Walk through an amazing tropical entryway and be transported to a Long Beach hideaway. Fresh seafood, prime cuts, and innovative fare with a subtle Polynesian twist, The Reef on the Water puts a classy and delectable spin on California’s surf and turf cuisine. Bask in the beautiful California sun by day and experience the twinkling lights of the Long Beach Harbor by night. The Reef offers an unforgettable culinary experience with unmatchable views of the Long Beach skyline that is sure to impress.
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__label__pos
| 0.833412 |
Mechanisms of noise robust representation of speech in primary auditory cortex
Nima Mesgarani, Stephen V. David, Jonathan B. Fritz, Shihab A. Shamma
Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review
57 Scopus citations
Abstract
Humans and animals can reliably perceive behaviorally relevant sounds in noisy and reverberant environments, yet the neural mechanisms behind this phenomenon are largely unknown. To understand how neural circuits represent degraded auditory stimuli with additive and reverberant distortions, we compared single-neuron responses in ferret primary auditory cortex to speech and vocalizations in four conditions: clean, additive white and pink (1/f) noise, and reverberation. Despite substantial distortion, responses of neurons to the vocalization signal remained stable, maintaining the same statistical distribution in all conditions. Stimulus spectrograms reconstructed from population responses to the distorted stimuli resembled more the original clean than the distorted signals. To explore mechanisms contributing to this robustness, we simulated neural responses using several spectrotemporal receptive field models that incorporated either a static nonlinearity or subtractive synaptic depression and multiplicative gain normalization. The static model failed to suppress the distortions. A dynamic model incorporating feedforward synaptic depression could account for the reduction of additive noise, but only the combined model with feedback gain normalization was able to predict the effects across both additive and reverberant conditions. Thus, both mechanisms can contribute to the abilities of humans and animals to extract relevant sounds in diverse noisy environments.
Original languageEnglish (US)
Pages (from-to)6792-6797
Number of pages6
JournalProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
Volume111
Issue number18
DOIs
StatePublished - May 6 2014
Keywords
• Cortical
• Hearing
• Phonemes
• Population code
ASJC Scopus subject areas
• General
Fingerprint Dive into the research topics of 'Mechanisms of noise robust representation of speech in primary auditory cortex'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
|
__label__pos
| 0.927121 |
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