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High‐Carb Diets Improve Blood Sugar Control
Back in 1927, an American physician named Shirley Sweeney recruited some healthy male medical students for a study of how diet affects blood sugar control. That study showed that you could make healthy young men seem diabetic by feeding them too much fat or too much protein or nothing at all for only two days.
Sweeney divided his volunteers into four groups. He asked the members of each group to eat a particular test diet for two days. One group ate mainly carbohydrates (starch and sugar). Another ate mainly protein. A third group ate mainly fats. The fourth group fasted for two days. On the morning of the third day, before the subjects had eaten or drunk anything else, they had a glucose tolerance test. They drank a beverage with a known amount of the sugar called glucose. Then, their blood sugar (blood glucose) levels were measured over the following few hours.
During the glucose tolerance test, the men who had been eating nothing but carbohydrates for two days had remarkably stable blood sugar levels. But the other men’s blood sugar levels spiked to abnormally high levels. The men who had been eating nothing but fat got results that suggested severe diabetes. Remember, these were healthy young men who had been eating an abnormal diet for only two days.
From these results, Sweeney concluded that a high‐carbohydrate diet helps to improve the body’s ability to tolerate carbohydrates. In contrast, high‐protein diets, high‐fat diets, and fasting undermine the body’s ability to control blood sugar. In a follow‐up article, Sweeney suggested that some patients might have abnormal glucose tolerance test results because of the diet that their doctors had been urging them to follow, rather than because of some underlying medical problem.
Sweeney was not the only researcher to show that high‐fat diets cause problems with blood sugar control. In the 1930s, a British physician named Sir Harold Percival Himsworth did similar studies and got similar results.
Starting in the late 1930s, a German émigré physician named Walter Kempner started applying these lessons to the treatment of patients at Duke University. Kempner started off by trying to find a dietary solution to severely high blood pressure. Back then, no effective drugs were available to reduce blood pressure. Kempner reasoned that since heart and kidney disease were rare in societies that ate a rice‐based diet, his patients should eat a rice‐based diet.
Because his patients had kidney problems and atherosclerosis, Kempner designed a diet to be as low as possible in protein and fat. So he told his patients to eat nothing but rice, fruit, and fruit juice. If they lost too much weight on that low‐fat diet, they were told to add some pure sugar. This diet produced dramatic improvements in patients with heart and kidney disease. It also did wonders for patients with diabetes.
Patients with what is now called type 2 diabetes, which is a complication of being overweight, lost weight and became undiabetic. Patients with type 1 diabetes, which results when the immune system destroys the pancreas’s ability to make insulin, had much better control of blood sugar levels and could get by on much smaller insulin doses. Even their eyes were healthier. (Diabetes is a major cause of blindness.)
The fact that high‐carb diets are good for diabetics has been known since the 1920s. Nevertheless, many doctors in the United States are still urging their overweight and diabetic patients to avoid eating carbs. Unfortunately, a low‐carb diet can make even a healthy young person look diabetic within a matter of days. Fortunately, a high‐carb diet can cure the most common form of diabetes and can improve the health of people with the incurable form of diabetes.
Note: This article was originally posted on my Where Do Gorillas Get Their Protein? blog (www.gorillaprotein.com).
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How Does The Common Starling Affect The Ecosystem
How Does The Common Starling Affect The Ecosystem
The Common Starling, also known as Sturnus vulgaris, is an interesting bird species. They have a big effect on ecosystems everywhere. These little, nimble creatures are vital for keeping ecological balance and protecting biodiversity.
These feathered friends have sharp beaks and keen eyesight. This helps them eat insects, fruits, and seeds. As insectivores, starlings help by gobbling up lots of harmful insects. Also, their diet includes fruits and seeds, so they can help spread different plant species. This relationship helps new plants to grow, resulting in a balanced ecosystem.
Moreover, starlings are really social. They form large flocks while migrating or breeding. This lets them swap genetic material. This genetic diversity helps the population to adapt. Moving between habitats also helps with pollination. They spread pollen from one flower to another while looking for nectar.
To make sure starlings have a positive effect on the ecosystem, some tips can be used. Firstly, it’s important to protect natural habitats like woodlands and grasslands. These give the birds a place to nest and food. Creating protected areas or wildlife reserves can save these environments from human development.
Secondly, raising awareness about starlings is key. Educating people with informative campaigns, workshops, or documentaries can make people appreciate these birds. Knowing more means protecting their habitats from destruction or pollution.
Lastly, supporting scientific research on starlings is important too. Understanding their breeding patterns, migratory routes, and nesting behaviors can help with conservation efforts. This can help with habitat management and targeted conservation actions.
Description of the Common Starling
The Common Starling, known as Sturnus vulgaris, is a medium-sized bird in the starling family. It is recognisable by its black plumage with purple and green sheens. These birds are found in Europe and Asia, and have been introduced to North America, Australia and New Zealand.
Details of the Common Starling:
• Size: 8-9 inches (20-24 cm)
• Weight: 75 g
• Plumage: Black with metallic purple and green iridescence
• Bill: Short and pointed
• Wingspan: 15-17 inches (37-42 cm)
• Lifespan: Up to 5-6 years in the wild, over 10 years in captivity
Common Starlings are highly social birds, forming large flocks at certain times of the year. They are renowned for their vocal skills and mimicry. Their diet consists of insects, fruits, seeds and grains.
These birds can have a negative impact on ecosystems where they are not native. Though they can provide benefits, such as insect control, they can compete with other native birds for nesting sites and food.
To reduce this impact, we can:
1. Encourage habitat diversity, providing different nest options.
2. Promote native plant diversity, attracting a range of insects and birds.
3. Limit pesticide use, maintaining insect populations.
By following these suggestions, we can minimise the ecological impact of Common Starlings while still enjoying their unique characteristics.
Overview of the Ecosystem
The Common Starling is an important species for the ecosystem. It helps maintain balance across various ecological processes.
To understand the Common Starling’s role, here’s a look at its habitat:
Characteristics Importance
Diet Omnivorous – eats insects, fruits, seeds, and grains
Habitat Highly adaptable – survives in diverse environments
Breeding Habits Colonies nest in tree cavities or man-made structures
Predation Steals from other bird nests and competes for food
Plus, it has other impacts:
• The species is social and forms huge flocks during migration and winter. This affects other birds by increasing competition for resources.
• Feeding habits may cause economic damage, e.g. eating cherries and grapes.
• It has positive effects too – controlling pest populations by eating harmful insects like grasshoppers and beetles.
Research shows that some ecosystems rely on the Common Starling’s predatory behavior to maintain biodiversity.
Fun Fact: National Geographic Society estimates a single flock of Common Starlings can consume tons of insects daily.
The presence of this bird has both good and bad consequences. More research is needed to understand these dynamics and create effective conservation practices.
Impact of the Common Starling on the Ecosystem
The Common Starling, also known as the European Starling, has a great effect on its surroundings. Here’s how:
1. Competition for food: These birds eat a variety of things – insects, fruits, seeds, and grains. This can cause other bird species to compete for limited resources.
2. Displacement of natives: Aggressive behavior of the Common Starlings can drive away other bird species from nesting sites. This can influence their populations and diversity.
3. Agricultural damage: In groups, the Starlings eat a lot of fruits and grains, lowering farmers’ yields.
4. Invasive plants: Droppings of these birds spread the seeds of some plants, introducing them to new habitats.
5. Ecological alteration: Nesting activities of these birds create additional structures in the environment, changing it for other wildlife.
To reduce the effects of the Common Starling, it is important to implement targeted habitat management strategies. An example of this is building nest boxes for native birds, stopping them from occupying areas of the Starlings. Additionally, sound devices that produce distress calls or predator sounds can discourage them from gathering in large numbers.
Positive Effects of the Common Starling on the Ecosystem
Common Starlings are amazing creatures! They bring many benefits to their surroundings. For instance, they help keep crop productivity up by controlling agricultural pests such as insects and beetles. They also consume large quantities of weed seeds, reducing weed growth.
Plus, they provide shelter to other small bird species, promoting nesting diversity in ecosystems. Their consumption of fruits and berries helps with the dispersal of seeds over wide areas, aiding plant regeneration.
A study from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology found that the presence of Common Starlings can even increase local bird biodiversity. This is because other bird species can utilize shared resources more efficiently.
Furthermore, these birds can adapt to urban environments, offering ecological services. Recent research at the University of Illinois further highlights the importance of their contribution to the ecosystem’s functionality.
Efforts to Manage the Common Starling Population
The Common Starling population has seen a huge growth due to humans providing them with food and nesting sites. This has raised concerns about their impact on native bird species, agricultural crops, and urban environments. So, to manage their numbers and lessen their effects, various measures are in place.
These measures include:
• Nest box installation
• Scare tactics
• Habitat modification
• Culling programs
Conservationists want to maintain biological diversity and reduce disruption caused by starlings. These strategies recognize the complexities of managing a wide-spread and adaptable species like the Common Starling. Research is ongoing to refine these strategies for more efficient population management.
Overall, addressing the Common Starling issue requires a multifaceted approach that takes both ecological and societal impacts into account. Through research and collaboration, sustainable methods can be developed to manage the population while preserving ecosystems.
Conclusion
The common starling can have a huge effect on the environment. Their diet and how they make their nests can affect other birds and plants. Also, starlings living in large groups can compete for food and take away the homes of other birds. On the bright side, they eat lots of bugs, which helps to control pests.
To manage starling populations, try blocking their entrance points and using devices like spikes or netting to stop them from nesting.
Frequently Asked Questions
FAQs: How Does The Common Starling Affect The Ecosystem
1. What is the common starling?
The common starling (Sturnus vulgaris) is a small to medium-sized bird belonging to the family Sturnidae. It is known for its highly social nature and remarkable ability to mimic various sounds.
2. Why are common starlings considered invasive?
Common starlings are considered invasive in many regions because they have been introduced outside their native range. They often outcompete native bird species for nesting cavities and food resources, disrupting the balance of ecosystems.
3. How do common starlings affect agriculture?
Common starlings can have a significant impact on agriculture. They often feed on agricultural crops, such as fruits, grains, and vegetables, causing damage and economic losses to farmers. Their large flocks can quickly strip fields of their produce.
4. Do common starlings have any positive effects on the ecosystem?
While common starlings are generally considered detrimental to ecosystems, they do have some positive effects. They feed on large numbers of insects, including agricultural pests, which helps control populations of harmful bugs. Additionally, they act as seed dispersers while foraging on fruits.
5. Can common starlings transmit diseases?
Yes, common starlings can transmit diseases. They often gather in large flocks, creating conditions ideal for the spread of avian diseases. Their droppings can contaminate water sources and cause health risks to humans and other animals.
6. What can be done to manage common starling populations?
Various techniques can be employed to manage common starling populations. These include modifying habitats to reduce suitable nesting sites, using deterrents such as noise devices or bird spikes, and population control methods like trapping. It is important to work with trained professionals to ensure effective and ethical management practices.
Julian Goldie - Owner of ChiperBirds.com
Julian Goldie
I'm a bird enthusiast and creator of Chipper Birds, a blog sharing my experience caring for birds. I've traveled the world bird watching and I'm committed to helping others with bird care. Contact me at [email protected] for assistance.
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blob: 07f472374ee2abda68493b8a62d853ad2dd3818d [file] [log] [blame]
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Animal Detection Using Image Processing
Von Brandt, "Moving Object Recognition Using an Adaptive Background Memory", Time-Varying Image Processing and Moving Object Recognition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1990. Generally, to avoid confusion, in this bibliography, the word database is used for database systems or research and would apply to image database query techniques rather than a database containing images for use in specific applications. Once the camera or the video image processing modules are set, detection zones are superimposed onto the video image. So how can i use that detector for particular moving object from live video. Detection Using Image Processing and Data Mining", International Journal of Innovative Research in Computer and Ctional Journal and Communication Engineering, Vol. Step 4: Full connection. The inventive method calculates a position of the center of the eyeball as a fixed displacement from an origin of a facial coordinate system established by detection of three points on the face, and computes a vector therefrom to the center of the pupil. BANUPRIYA, S. When a sensor detects motion, it sends a signal to your security system’s control panel, which connects to your. Stack RNN U-Net is an anomaly detection model based on the reconstruction errors between a predicted frame and the ground-truth. 43(2):453-459. The motivation for this project is to build a system for automatically detecting and recognizing wild animals for the animal researchers & wild life photographers. Food analysis is the discipline dealing with the development, application and study of analytical procedures for characterizing the properties of foods and their constituents. The animal detection and recognition is important area which haan s. The most simple, and maybe the best approach to start with, is using static rules. 1 Euclidian Distance 49-51 Chapter Two Foreground Detection Approach 52-72 4 System Design 53. For example, CNNs have achieved a CDR of 99. A motion sensor uses one or multiple technologies to detect movement in an area. Millions trust Grammarly’s free writing app to make their online writing clear and effective. In the new model, a gray intensity. coli bacteria have been restricted. Akpojaro, J & Bel lo, R-W. The third session of the workshop, chaired by Chuck Stewart (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), discussed issues related to image processing, such as imaging platforms, color and illumination correction, segmentation, recognition, and species detection. This imagery can also feed Artificial intelligence algorithms information for animal detection and counting, saving time and making more accurate predictions. Use our Face Detection API to detect the location of human faces in your images with optional extra features like Age and Gender. Such a wealth of fuel would provide an almost unlimited pool of clean energy at relatively low cost. ECZEMA, BACK PAIN, EXTERNAL INFECTION ION,EPILEPSY,STROKE,KIDNEY. Interacting Galaxies. Image Annotation Image Classification Image Processing Inbox India Information Retrieval internationalization Internet of Things Interspeech IPython Journalism jsm jsm2011 K-12 Kaggle KDD Keyboard Input Klingon Korean Labs Linear Optimization localization Low-Light Photography Machine Hearing Machine Intelligence Machine Learning. However, there are several factors that complicate the process of the detection and recognition such as: the absorbency of thermal energy by the environment and the victim's clothes, the existence of identical thermal sources such as fire or another living creature (e. To browse the world's most extensive collection of astronomical imagery visit AstroPix. 20% of the images were set aside. Adjustable optics and adjustable sensitivity. Pydipati et al. Giving equal importance to each region of the image makes no sense, since we should mainly focus on the regions that are most likely to contain a picture. Using Scanova QR Code generator for a demo, here is how you can create a QR Code from an image: 1. Panse2 1Student, M Tech Electronics, 2Professor 1, 2Department of Electrical Engineering, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai. thermally detected targets of interest that would allow automated processing of thermal image data to enumerate birds, bats, and insects. SARANYA, RASHMI SWAMINATHAN, SANCHITHAA HARIKUMAR, SUKITHA PALANISAMY [7] An analysis of Convolutional Neural Networks for Image Classification. The power spectral can be. Bavirisetti and R. Both CCD and CMOS image sensors convert light into electrons. coli bacteria have been restricted. 124 shots* 1. In Image Processing. One observation was that one of the females was wearing a white scarf on. DSP DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING 2019. Ready-to-use Models. The state-of-the-art methods can be categorized into two main types: one-stage methods and two stage-methods. Excellent signal-to-noise ratio. Many developed countries as well as. Original papers Automatic recognition of lactating sow behaviors through depth image processing F. Abstract—Due to increased usage of digital technologies in all sectors and in almost all day to day activities to store and pass. 1696 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON IMAGE PROCESSING, VOL. Tejashri jadhav 1, Neha Chavan 2, Shital jadhav 3, Vishakha Dubhele 4. In the first part of today's post on object detection using deep learning we'll discuss Single Shot Detectors and MobileNets. Detection can be achieved using various features like color, intensity, region of attack, size, shape, dimensions etc. This gives computer a vision to detect and recognize the things and take actions accordingly. See full list on towardsdatascience. Installation Instructions. Egg Processing Systems In-Line Processing Egg processing occurs at the same location as the egg production facility. You will also learn to restore damaged images, perform noise reduction, smart-resize images, count the number of dots on a dice, apply facial detection, and much more, using scikit-image. Tests made on a standard database show that the algorithm works very fast and it is reliable. Face detection is a type of computer vision technology that is able to identify people’s faces within digital images. Islam N, Rashid MM, Wibowo S, Xu C-Y, Morshed A, Wasimi SA, Moore S, Rahman SM. OpenCV is a free open source library used in real-time image processing. Scholar, 2Assistant Professor I. from 2D top-view images recorded in a roofed cow shed. Tanguilig III International Journal of Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol. With its much importance in disease detection, the performance of this phase depends on previous steps like data acquisition, the preprocessing step, the segmentation of infected area and final feature extraction and selection. Mehta, 2Shital Solanki 1M. Here we use PIR sensor and Arduino to detect the motion of a hand. It describes a completely new. TensorFlow includes a special feature of image recognition and these images are stored in a specific folder. Click on Layers in the menu bar. There are various approaches. The immunoassay is performed first and is often used as a screening method. There are variations in different illumination con-ditions. ML Kit’s processing happens on-device. It is used in autonomous vehicle driving to detect pedestrians walking or jogging on the street to avoid accidents. Eggs are delivered from the egg production facility to the egg processing facility by an enclosed and refrigerated conveyor system. Some animals are used in lab experiments for research purposes. The supported file formats are MPEG-4 and MOV. Medical imaging is the procedure used to attain images of the body parts for medical uses in order to identify or study diseases. Object detection and tracking is one of the most relevant computer technologies related to computer vision and image processing. image processing to automatically classify animals in images from remote, motion-triggered camera traps. perform animal detection. " In the resulting competition, top entrants were able to score over 98% accuracy by using modern deep learning techniques. Image processing has lot of applications like Face detection & recognition, thumb impression, augmented reality, OCR. BiologicallyDerivedProduct BiologicallyDerivedProduct. SIP appeared first, SIVP as a friendly fork of SIP. type: String: The delivery type of the asset. Akpojaro, J & Bel lo, R-W. Biometric techniques including fingerprinting, face, iris and hand recognition are being used extensively in law enforcement and security. It also works while offline and can be used for processing images and text that need to remain on the device. The oscillator network is not restricted to any particular device but is intended to demonstrate the application of such a network towards image processing. As a pre-processing step, all the images are first resized to 50×50 pixel images. Whole slide scanning service. Here you can change the path for image storage as per your choice. The motivation for this project is to build a system for automatically detecting and recognizing wild animals for the animal researchers & wild life photographers. You will also learn to restore damaged images, perform noise reduction, smart-resize images, count the number of dots on a dice, apply facial detection, and much more, using scikit-image. For reference, a 60% classifier improves the guessing probability of a 12-image HIP from 1/4096 to 1/459. 3 Subtracting Background From Gray Scale Image 47 4. 2002 International Conference on, volume 1, pages I–900. The inventive method calculates a position of the center of the eyeball as a fixed displacement from an origin of a facial coordinate system established by detection of three points on the face, and computes a vector therefrom to the center of the pupil. thermally detected targets of interest that would allow automated processing of thermal image data to enumerate birds, bats, and insects. 1,2,3,4 BE Student, Dept. Here we use PIR sensor and Arduino to detect the motion of a hand. Viola and Jones achieved an increased detection rate while reducing computation time using Cascading Classifiers. rss Thu, 30 Mar 2017 22:19:24 +0300 GMT Weblog Editor 2. Use of ISBN Prefix. Close your left eye and look at the dot with your right eye. Feature detection (pictured: edge detection) helps AI compose informative abstract structures out of raw data. The main idea is that we take an animal audio signal and transform it into a visual image. Image Processing; Now we will perform some image processing functions on the image we have loaded, pgmagick provides a variety of functions. Biometric techniques including fingerprinting, face, iris and hand recognition are being used extensively in law enforcement and security. When combined together these methods can be used for super fast, real-time object detection on resource constrained devices (including the Raspberry Pi, smartphones, etc. convolution neural network (DRNN) for CMD detection in cassava leaf images. grayscale image by searching characteristic features of the eyes and eye sockets. In Conference Proceedings of Neural Network Applications in Electrical Engineering, Serbia pp. Here are the results. Object detection is technique to identify objects inside image and its location inside the image. Gentoo Xara Xtreme Nginx djbdns Mutt Firefox JACK LINUX Zmanda Managing Backups AND Restorations! Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community SEPTEMBER 2008 ISSUE 173. On desktop platforms, FaceSDK delivers true 60-fps performance on video streams, while video processing on mobile platforms such as Apple iPhone 6 is performed at 30 fps in landscape. [Image appears of people handling and releasing a fish, and text appears: We are using DNA from individual juvenile SBT…] [Image appears of the deck of a boat with men placing an object into a box and text appears: as a genetic fingerprint that is an invisible life-long tag]. Processing that commences with sensory receptors registering environmental information and sending it to the brain for analysis and interpretation is known as _____ processing Optic nerve Electrochemical impulses activate bipolar cells which then activate ganglion cells. Some animals are used in lab experiments for research purposes. Enter Image Path: Enter an image path like data/horses. This opposite double dissociation of awareness firstly allows stripping away the long inherent ambiguity when interpreting the processes governing animal behavior. Industries. Object detection is technique to identify objects inside image and its location inside the image. 77% using the MNIST database of handwritten digits [5], a CDR of 97. Dulari Bosamiya 1M. I'm a newbie to MATLAB and I'm kinda struck with a project which detects the animals from the given thermal image. Feature detection is a process in which the brain detects specific elements of visuals, such as lines, edges or movement. QuPath, especially for digital pathology or whole slide image analysis Finally, the goal of this handbook is to give enough background to make it possible to progress quickly in bioimage analysis. The animal is detected using image detection circuit. Aim To detect the blood cancer cells through the microscopic examination of patient's blood smear using different techniques of image processing. GPU GRAPHICS PROCESSING UNIT 2019. The automated Leukaemia detection system analyses the microscopic image and overcomes these drawbacks. He has been organizing several scientific workshops (VAIB 2012, VIGTA 2012 and 2013) and is a guest editor for the related special issues. Slowly move your head closer to the image. So how can i use that detector for particular moving object from live video. ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS. See full list on hackster. Custom object detection in the browser using TensorFlow. Abu Dhabi, UAE. Thus, spatial and temporal analysis technologies are very useful in generating scientifically based statistical spatial data for understanding the land ecosystem dynamics. Image processing techniques tend to be well suited to “pixel-based” recognition applications such as:. com, [email protected] Tools for image processing. 76-million-dot electronic viewfinder provides high-precision, high-brightness and high-contrast visibility, reproducing fine detail with 1. False detection because of environmental conditions: By using the image pre-processing algorithms as smoothening, noise removal, and edge detection, the layers present on the image can be cleaned up for further analysis to avoid false detection due to environmental conditions such as night, fog, rain, etc. BiologicallyDerivedProduct BiologicallyDerivedProduct. A system for oestrus detection using image analysis was developed by Tsai et al. Net for Engineering Students. [6] ANIMAL DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM N. 3, minNeighbors=10, minSize=(75, 75)). Mehta, 2Shital Solanki 1M. Mehta1, 2Prof. Animal Detection Based on Thresholding Segmentation Method Target extraction from background can be performed by using threshold segmentation method. Cablevey Conveyors is a tubular drag conveyor manufacturer that has…. Keywords Traffic light control, Embedded module, Electronic sensors, Image Processing, Image matching. Animal Detection - IOT based Agricutlural : IOT and ML: 64: Food Calorie Estimation - Incrdient based and Image Processing: image processing: 65: Natural Language Based on Robot's Questions and Answers - Chatbot with DL: deep learning: 66: Skin Lesion Classification using CNN and Transfer Learning : deep learning: 67: Face recognition and. It was founded in 1986 and has been a major center of government- and industry-sponsored research in computer vision and machine learning. As of april 2012, SIP has 74 help pages, compared to 55 from SIVP and 53 from IPD. This annotation type is commonly deployed to locate facial features like eyes, noses, and lips. We use non-local, resource-rich, public/private cloud systems to train the machine learning models, and "in-the-•eld," resource-constrained edge systems to perform classi•cation near the IoT sensing devices (cameras). Object detection and tracking is one of the most relevant computer technologies related to computer vision and image processing. This tiny computer can be used for a variety of functions, but our focus today will be on using the Pi 4 for image processing in a small package and low power. Reason: in a binary image, each pixel color can assume two values only: 0x00 (black) or 0xFF (white). Our vision is based on. We proposed a novel saliency detection method based on histogram contrast algorithm and images captured with WMSN (wireless multimedia sensor network) for practical wild animal monitoring purpose. Enhance Customer Service. This section addresses basic image manipulation and processing using the core scientific modules NumPy and SciPy. Deep neural networks have been shown in the literature to demonstrate state-of-the-art performance in various image processing tasks [31,32,33]. Full Story. In the first part of today's post on object detection using deep learning we'll discuss Single Shot Detectors and MobileNets. Object detection with HOG/SVM. Updated on Oct 28, 2019. See full list on towardsdatascience. This research aims to classify and detect the plant's diseases automatically especially for the tomato plant. Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the central nervous system. The object tracking was based on template matching and the sum of absolute differences. Detection of cancer cells over blood microscopy images based on shape anomaly. [6] ANIMAL DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM N. of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, Shivajirao S. Additional features in Microsoft Face API include emotion recognition for faces that can detect emotions such as anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness among other things. International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Data Science (ICCIDS 2018) by Neha Sharma, Vibhor Jain, Anju Mishra. Gender and Age Detection with OpenCV. 2002 International Conference on, volume 1, pages I–900. Object detection is also useful in applications such as video surveillance or image retrieval systems. I should classify the objects into three classes. Using this method, we found that a nonhuman species—the rhesus monkey—exhibits the very same behavioral signature of both nonconscious and conscious processing. Dual, Non Over-Lapping, Digital PIR. Step 4: Full connection. ¶ For the image above, bounding boxes with class labels will become [23, 74, 295, 388, 'dog'], [377, 294, 252, 161, 'cat'], and [333, 421, 49, 49, 'sports ball']. Automated animal detection is an important area related to intelligent highway safety as drivers can be informed about the presence of animal on the road whe. It describes a completely new. Thereafter, it classifies each region using class-specific linear Support Vector Machines (SVMs). The resulting list of image urls can be downloaded using code. If you need to access images in other formats you’ll need to install ImageMagick. Then, the output will be of size x where, We can calculate the padding required so that the input and the output dimensions are the same by setting in the above equation and solving for P. You will also learn to restore damaged images, perform noise reduction, smart-resize images, count the number of dots on a dice, apply facial detection, and much more, using scikit-image. For example, CNNs have achieved a CDR of 99. As a result of that, they open-sourced the pre-trained model for detecting, if “animal” or “human”, is present on the image, called “ MegaDetector. The traffic is controlled according to percentage of matching. Default: image. It is a mix of Image Detection and Classification. Use of ISBN Prefix. Object detection using SIFT. When combined together these methods can be used for super fast, real-time object detection on resource constrained devices (including the Raspberry Pi, smartphones, etc. Human detection robot is not a new technology. therapies, small animals are used in molecular imaging applications. coli bacteria have been restricted. To investigate this issue, we assess the performance of two state-of-the-art CNN algorithms. However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. Brown-Brandlb, J. 1,2,3,4 BE Student, Dept. Some cameras use complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology instead. So, an algorithm that can classify animals based on their images can help researchers monitor them more efficiently. By default, YOLO only displays objects detected with a confidence of. Image processing was applied to define the presence of mating and oestrus events by capturing occurrences of following behaviour and mounting behaviour. However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. In cell 8 (in the image below) I further pre-process the input data by scaling the data points from [0, 255] (the minimum and maximum RGB values of the image) to the range [0, 1]. Anomaly detection can be approached in many ways depending on the nature of data and circumstances. Anesthesia is a combination of the endpoints (discussed above) that are reached by drugs acting on different but overlapping sites in the central nervous system. 14 analyzed tumor tissue microarrays (TMAs) containing samples from 442 patients using the Aperio Color Deconvolution Algorithm to quantify areas of weak,. Additional Criteria. an input signal to a detection unit, either onboard the camera or integrated into a standard 19-inch rack. It can be challenging for beginners to distinguish between different related computer vision tasks. (Refer the Fig 2,3,4) Fig 2. False detection because of environmental conditions: By using the image pre-processing algorithms as smoothening, noise removal, and edge detection, the layers present on the image can be cleaned up for further analysis to avoid false detection due to environmental conditions such as night, fog, rain, etc. 3 Issue 9, September 2014. Accepted Answer: Image Analyst. Abstract — Intelligent farm surveillance system takes us to video level processing techniques to identify the objects from farms video. The Object Detection module is available only using a ZED2 camera. Even though infrared images may have a different appearance compared to visual images, similar techniques can still be applied. There you can select one of the available workflows: Pixel Classification , Autocontext , Object Classification , Tracking , Animal Tracking , Density Counting , Carving ), Boundary-based Segmentation with Multicut. Enhancing the image when the contrast is. Amazon Rekognition. It then computes the features for each proposal using a large CNN. 000214 Abstract. Additional features in Microsoft Face API include emotion recognition for faces that can detect emotions such as anger, contempt, disgust, fear, happiness among other things. x, a filter of size. Data cleaning is required as challenging terrains and conditions make sensors fail (Dietterich, 2009). and you are using stride. Hello, my name is Patrick. F 1 INTRODUCTION O BJECT detection is an important computer vision task that deals with detecting instances of visual objects of a certain class (such as humans, animals, or cars) in digital images. BiologicallyDerivedProduct BiologicallyDerivedProduct. In this paper, we address the problem of car detection from aerial images using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). This file was created by the Typo3 extension sevenpack version 0. 1) Humans 2) Animals 3) Others (cars). One serious problem that all the developed nations are facing today is death and injuries due to road accidents. OpenCV is an open-source library for image processing and computer vision used for. Computer vision is a …. The supported file formats are MPEG-4 and MOV. This field of computer science developed in the 1950s at academic institutions such as the MIT A. Image Recognition using TensorFlow. Citation: Mohanty SP, Hughes DP and Salathé M (2016) Using Deep Learning for Image-Based Plant Disease Detection. It is the re-distribution of gray level values uniformly. Build skills with courses from top universities like Yale, Michigan, Stanford, and leading companies like Google and IBM. Animal Detection Based on Thresholding Segmentation Method Target extraction from background can be performed by using threshold segmentation method. To get started, load your data using the data selection applet. _httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH01bd59a0306155a72adb0239 _httpdomain__httpcollection_/document/HASH0102f5ea6c8b728733e1c7ea. Amazon’s Rekognition API is another nearly plug-and-play API. It contributes to almost 17% of the GDP. The phylogenetic trees were constructed by the maximum likelihood method using IQ-TREE with substitution model selection (ModelFinder implemented in IQ-TREE) option and 1000 bootstrap (Nguyen et al. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement (), unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. This helps a lot the image processing in order to require even less "computing power" to apply image processing techniques in the next steps. Abstract—Due to increased usage of digital technologies in all sectors and in almost all day to day activities to store and pass. MR - Refuse-Derived Fuel Market Growth, Trends, Absolute Opportunity and Value Chain 2021-2031 - published on openPR. com/samples/ Samples - buy essay online cheap gen201 r4 academic success done Sun, 09 Apr 2017 22:23:50 +0300 GMT. Two-stage methods prioritize detection accuracy, and example models include Faster R-CNN. infection detection is made through image processing technique image because image from important data and information in biological science digital image processing and image analysis technology based on advance in micro electronics and computer has many applications in biology. MNAD and OGNet are latest unsupervised anomaly detection methods. giving an image a label rather than an object, and detection means finding the bounding box of an object in a specific category. 124 shots* 1. The latter core offers parallel processing and is better suited to detection in images. destroyAllWindows() Feeding the image to the network. A method for finding the distance of the animal in real-world units from the camera mounted vehicle is also presented. Object detection (3) provides the tools for doing just that – finding all the objects in an image and drawing the so-called bounding boxes around them. Object detection with deep learning and OpenCV. Ta Fa Leave a comment Projects Animal migration optimization, Image Processing, Image segmentation, Multilevel thresholding, Optimization algorithm Thresholding is an important and well-known technique that plays a major role in distinguishing the image objects from its background. The Journal of Biomedical Optics (JBO) is an open access journal that publishes peer-reviewed papers on the use of novel optical systems and techniques for improved health care and biomedical research. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Haftka, Raphael T. Here’s a very pretty picture taken by Peter Overmann, who led image processing development in Mathematica: Here’s what they look like processed through three image processing functions: LaplacianFilter applies a form of edge detection, ImageAdjust tweaks the brightness and contrast, and then Dilation expands the bright areas to emphasize them. 1 Foreground Detection (29 papers): This section groups all the references that I found on foreground detection. During the natural calamities like earthquakes, it is difficult to rescue the human beings under the buildings. 32474/CIACR. Object detection using dlib, opencv and python. Note: Use the video resource type for all video assets as well as for audio files, such as. In this paper we implemented image processing using MATLAB to detect the weed areas in an image we took from the fields. 13 Behavior Analysis 49 4. Object detection is a key technology behind advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that enable cars to detect driving lanes or perform pedestrian detection to improve road safety. setting up the detection system. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement (), unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. Kairos Face Recognition. CreateBytes enables you to analyse images to perform functions like Object Detection, Recognition and Identification, Real-Time Video processing & Data Labeling. Full Story. In the first step, we’re selecting from the image interesting regions. Automated animal detection is an important area related to intelligent highway safety as drivers can be informed about the presence of animal on the road whe. Gentoo Xara Xtreme Nginx djbdns Mutt Firefox JACK LINUX Zmanda Managing Backups AND Restorations! Since 1994: The Original Magazine of the Linux Community SEPTEMBER 2008 ISSUE 173. Valid values: image, raw, and video. Eggs are delivered from the egg production facility to the egg processing facility by an enclosed and refrigerated conveyor system. For your convenience, the Vision API can perform feature detection directly on an image file located in Google Cloud Storage or on the Web without the need to send the contents of the image file in the body of your request. Our system (1) resizes the input image to 448 448, (2) runs a single convolutional net-work on the image, and (3) thresholds the resulting detections by the model’s confidence. is it scaled up or down, which can help to better find the faces in the image. Specifically for car detection, if you know they will be seen at a certain angle (head on, for example) i. there could be 1 or more ROIs in the image which are to be selected by us. Google Scholar. http://eedocks. Animals have no control over their owners. You can also decide to find your own image of an animal. SIP appeared first, SIVP as a friendly fork of SIP. 506, 701, and 1017. Image processing. Example: Object detection and classification of human shapes via a security camera. Because, for this first example, we will use the feature called Label Detection to have Google analyse the image and tell us what it is (what animal it is). Image analysis (IA) is the identification of attributes within an image via digital image processing techniques to make the IA process more accurate and cost-effective. 05 (5% increase) or raised to values such as 1. Processing Real Images Most image processing operators do not care what colorspace an image is using, it just applies its operations to the channel data regardless of its colorspace. A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system because it detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn’t be. Von Brandt, "Moving Object Recognition Using an Adaptive Background Memory", Time-Varying Image Processing and Moving Object Recognition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1990. 7-megapixcel files at your own uninterrupted shooting rhythm. The motis i-vation for this project is to build a system for automatically detecting and recognizing wild animals for the ani-mal researchers & wild life photographers. Virtual Instrumentation Based Breast Cancer Detection and Classification Using Image-Processing. It is healthy, delicious, but has very limited shelf life. and a zero padding of size. The Landsat satellites make loops around the Earth and are constantly collecting images of the surface through the use of a variety of sensing devices. Once we have the test image, we will prepare the image to be sent into the model by converting its resolution to 64x64 as the model only excepts that resolution. 1) Humans 2) Animals 3) Others (cars). Tools for image processing. com/samples/ Samples - buy essay online cheap gen201 r4 academic success done Sun, 09 Apr 2017 22:23:50 +0300 GMT. Computer vision is a …. Detect Labels in a remote image. Model () labels, boxes, scores = model. Object detection using SIFT. "The model is as intelligent as you train it to be". Ray Tracing Gems: High-Quality and Real-Time Rendering with DXR and Other APIs - Ebook written by Eric Haines, Tomas Akenine-Möller. In any computer vision. Image Analysis. 2002 International Conference on, volume 1, pages I–900. For this image, close your right eye. Animal Detection Based on Thresholding Segmentation Method Target extraction from background can be performed by using threshold segmentation method. Rainer Lienhart and Jochen Maydt. We developed the project where you can supply the input as: video, image, or even live camera. Hello everyone. It has some other features which make it useful for video processing, however. the machine learning model you built and the task you are trying to achieve are not the same. The system is powered with a 12V power supply. The camera will then send the image for processing and classification of animal whether it is threat or not. Viola and Jones achieved an increased detection rate while reducing computation time using Cascading Classifiers. The test_image holds the image that needs to be tested on the CNN. The object tracking was based on template matching and the sum of absolute differences. The following features are found in many image recognition software offerings. (Open embryos image via Select File → Open Samples → Embryos) Draw line over the scale bar and select Analyze → Set Scale. A Comparison of Image Processing Techniques for Bird Detection Elsa Reyes Orchard fruits and vegetable crops are vulnerable to wild birds and animals. ) have been applied. Object detection with deep learning and OpenCV. Contractors, Business A. Industries. Digital image processing was applied in an experimental model to study the feasibility of intravenous angiocardiography for the detection of cardiac lesions with left-to-right. We will try to cover most of these functions. Department, SSEC Bhavnagar 1akash. Animal Detection Using Image Processing. Leukemia Blood Cancer Detection Using Image Processing Matlab Project Code Matlab Projects. This model achieves a mean average precision of 53. 1: Normal blood and cancer cell Blood cancer occurs due to…. Complex image processing algorithms are used in applications ranging from detection of soldiers or vehicles, to missile guidance and object recognition and reconnaissance. Then we’re classifying those regions using convolutional neural networks. 14 fps up to approx. This paper deals with object detection using red color parameter both for still image and real time Images. areas where weed is present. Mundada1, Dr. 1 Student, M Tech Electronics, 2 Professor 1, 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, India. What's more, the dual memory card slots and new optional MB-N11. To investigate this issue, we assess the performance of two state-of-the-art CNN algorithms. In pattern and image recognition applications, the best possible correct detection rates (CDRs) have been achieved using CNNs. Matlab code: Histogram equalization without using histeq function. HELLO ALL !!!Thanks for Watching My VideoHope you Understood the concept clearlyPlease Hit Like and Subscribe to My Channel to Support me for making. About 60 years ago, scientists discovered that each vision cell’s receptive field is activated when light hits a tiny region in the center of the field and inhibited when light hits the area surrounding the center. Step # 1: First of all, we need to import the OpenCV library. As per Wikipedia- Object detection is a computer technology, which is related to computer vision and image processing that deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (like humans, buildings, cars or animals, etc. This work will implement a face detector in MATLAB that will detect human faces in the training images. Existing datasets that contain relationships were designed for improving object detection [6] or image retrieval [8] and hence, don’t contain 1 In natural language processing [2{5], relationships are de ned as hsubject - predicate - objecti. How? Joseph Redmon works on the YOLO (You Only Look Once) system, an open-source method of object detection that can identify objects in images and. Surveillance System for Animal Detection in Image Processing Using Combined GMM, Template Matching and Optical Flow Method Rumel M S Pir Assistant Professor Leading University, Sylhet Bangladesh _____ Abstract - Using Surveillance systems we get video level processing techniques so that we can recognize the items or objects from any video file. Feature detection is a process in which the brain detects specific elements of visuals, such as lines, edges or movement. Development of the capability to design, modify, and deploy thermal image processing techniques and tools would provide the scientific community with a tool to proof large. This section addresses basic image manipulation and processing using the core scientific modules NumPy and SciPy. In the code the main part is played by the function which is called as SIFT detector, most of the processing is done by this function. In this simple example, we will use a Haar feature-based cascade classifier for the face detection. Numerous other studies have used Aperio Image Analysis tools in evaluation of potential prognostic markers, using populations of breast cancer patients. The animal is detected using image detection circuit. $37 / hr (Avg Bid). In particular, this paper focuses on rabbit cartilage since this is an. 124 shots* 1. It may mean the detection of an object within a frame and classify it (human, animal, vehicle, building, etc) by the use of some algorithms. Whole slide scanning service. EE368 Digital Image Processing 11 6 Gender Detection This was probably the trickiest part of the project. OpenCV is an open-source library for image processing and computer vision used for. A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system because it detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn’t be. 3 Subtracting Background From Gray Scale Image 47 4. These samples include human tissues, animal tissues as well as cell lines. 47% with the NORB dataset of 3D objects [6], and a CDR of 97. Start learning today with flashcards, games and learning tools — all for free. Deep Learning And Artificial Intelligence (AI) Training. Dulari Bosamiya 1M. I'm working on a science project that I want to build a stick of fruit maturity detection using image processing combined with arduino. General anesthesia (as opposed to sedation or regional anesthesia) has three main goals: lack of movement (), unconsciousness, and blunting of the stress response. For example, CNNs have achieved a CDR of 99. In order to pursue high detection rate but low time and energy consumption, a double-stage detection system is proposed. FISH FRESHNESS DETECTION BY DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING ABSTRACT Fish is a great food to consume. Search Criteria. Rapid progress of the machine vision-based systems enables automated and autonomous rail track detection and railway infrastructure monitoring and inspection with flexibility and ease of use. Image processing techniques are used to extract information from a moving or fixed image captured ISSN: 2637-4676 DOI: 10. IPD appeared more recently. In this method, the livestock body weight and its body size were estimated. So image detection and processing using MATLAB. As per Wikipedia- Object detection is a computer technology, which is related to computer vision and image processing that deals with detecting instances of semantic objects of a certain class (like humans, buildings, cars or animals, etc. Then the image is sent to the image processing processor and algorithm to classify the kind of. Click on Layers in the menu bar. The detection works in real-time on desktop and mobile, which allows performing smooth real-time tracking and transformations of facial features in live video. 226 - 240 Article Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar. So how can i use that detector for particular moving object from live video. 13 Behavior Analysis 49 4. while crossing the road. Object detection with HOG/SVM. The scaleFactor controls how the input image is scaled prior to detection, e. Object detection with deep learning and OpenCV. The new Nikon Z 6II, powered by NIKKOR Z, lets you create both with more confidence. Reverse the process. setting up the detection system. 1 Student, M Tech Electronics, 2 Professor 1, 2 Department of Electrical Engineering, Veermata Jijabai Technological Institute, Mumbai, India. Using object detection to identify and locate vehicles. A weed is a plant which grows in wrong place at the wrong time and doing more harm than good. The traffic is controlled according to percentage of matching. Through proper image processing and rendering, the measured 3D object can be reconstructed. The first is the introduction of a new image representation called the “Integral Image” which allows the features used by our de-tector to be computed very quickly. DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF ANIMAL DETECTION ALGORITHM USING IMAGE PROCESSING A Thesis. FACE DETECTION USING DIGITAL IMAGE PROCESSING. Existing datasets that contain relationships were designed for improving object detection [6] or image retrieval [8] and hence, don’t contain 1 In natural language processing [2{5], relationships are de ned as hsubject - predicate - objecti. ), you'll notice two files:. Landsat data is free and available to anyone on the planet. Using object detection to identify and locate vehicles. Enter Image Path: Enter an image path like data/horses. This detection can be used to operate electronic equipment. MATLAB in Face Recognition. prior to processing, but should not be frozen or kept at ambient temperatures. Finally sends notification to farm owner and forest officials using GSM. com Abstract—intelligent farm surveillance system for animal detection refers to video level processing techniques for recognition of. Then, the output will be of size x where, We can calculate the padding required so that the input and the output dimensions are the same by setting in the above equation and solving for P. A motion sensor (or motion detector) is the linchpin of your security system because it detects when someone is in your home when they shouldn’t be. MATLAB CODE: GIm=imread ('tire. To feed image into the network, we have to convert the image to a blob. Von Brandt, "Moving Object Recognition Using an Adaptive Background Memory", Time-Varying Image Processing and Moving Object Recognition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 1990. Default: image. Dual EXPEED 6 image-processing engines allow continuous shooting at approx. Motion-sensor cameras in natural habitats offer the opportunity to inexpensively and unobtrusively gather vast amounts of data on animals in the wild. Mehta, 2Shital Solanki 1M. The first option is the grayscale image. We employed HPF for edge detection before. In cell 8 (in the image below) I further pre-process the input data by scaling the data points from [0, 255] (the minimum and maximum RGB values of the image) to the range [0, 1]. Automated animal detection is an important area related to intelligent highway safety as drivers can be informed about the presence of animal on the road whe. Electricity. Download the image into the code directory; then read the image with OpenCV and show it: image = cv2. The resulting list of image urls can be downloaded using code. Steps to create a QR Code. These wild birds and animals can cause critical damage to the produce. When you subsequently provide a new image as input to the model, it will output the probabilities of the image representing each of the types of animal it was trained on. This Motion detection has been done using spatio-temporal differencing. ukexportnews. In the task of salient object detection [35,48], we demonstrate that SOS can help improve accuracy by iden-. NASA Technical Reports Server (NTRS) Haftka, Raphael T. Enter Image Path: Enter an image path like data/horses. Narang and Utpal Shrivastava}, journal={International Journal of Computer Applications}, year={2016}, volume={137}, pages={34-39} }. The images might contain many objects that aren’t human faces, like buildings, cars, animals, and so on. There are studies in the literature related to the top ic. Open a QuickBooks Cash account for business banking right inside QuickBooks. Information for operators and miners to minimize the spread of Coronavirus/COVID-19. Image Recognition Using Traditional Image Processing Techniques. Once the camera or the video image processing modules are set, detection zones are superimposed onto the video image. I have made up to moving object detector for detecting moving animal. Using this application, the pattern or geometry of an object can be detected. face location, age, race, gender etc. ) in digital images and videos. Saboo Siddik College Of Engineering. Or if you are more interested in Microprocessors you can use a embedded computer such as the Raspberry Pi (RPi) or Beaglebone (BB) which is more suitable for powerful image processing projects. This research aims to classify and detect the plant's diseases automatically especially for the tomato plant. Tools for image processing. On a higher level, there are two elements to consider when approaching human detection in an image using computer vision applications. Contractors, Business A. The code for this and other Hello AI world tutorials is available on GitHub. This problem presents additional challenges as compared to car (or any object) detection from ground images because features of vehicles from aerial images are more difficult to discern. Pydipati et al. Slowly move your head closer to the image. FPGA FIELD PROGRAMMABLE GATE ARRAY 2019. In agricultural field the detection of pest in paddy. "The model is as intelligent as you train it to be". 226 - 240 Article Download PDF View Record in Scopus Google Scholar. The processing of faces in the brain is known as a "sum of parts" perception. Feature detection (pictured: edge detection) helps AI compose informative abstract structures out of raw data. Updated on Oct 23, 2019. Image analysis (IA) is the identification of attributes within an image via digital image processing techniques to make the IA process more accurate and cost-effective. Face detection is a type of computer vision technology that is able to identify people’s faces within digital images. Therefore, most of the methods of production are approximate. Step 4: Full connection. Content-based image retrieval, also known as query by image content and content-based visual information retrieval (CBVIR), is the application of computer vision techniques to the image retrieval problem, that is, the problem of searching for digital images in large databases (see this survey for a scientific overview of the CBIR field). low-cost system for automatic animal detection on highways for preventing animal-vehicle collision using image processing and computer vision techniques is presented. image processing using advanced machine learning techniques as "black boxes") into an end-to-end sys-tem for wildlife monitoring, A distributed IoT architecture that is customized for this application domain, which leverages edge cloud systems to implement image and sensor data process-ing and storage near where the data is generated, and. Here we use PIR sensor and Arduino to detect the motion of a hand. of Electronic & Telecommunication Engineering, Shivajirao S. Let's say you have an input of size. The above images show a comparison of typical night time driving compared to using the PathFindIR II thermal imager. This system can be installed just about anywhere in a commercial building, malls and at many more public places for fire detection. With its much importance in disease detection, the performance of this phase depends on previous steps like data acquisition, the preprocessing step, the segmentation of infected area and final feature extraction and selection. The XImagePAQ extension for Thermo Scientific Amira Software provides a large variety of advanced image processing and quantification tools. ANALYSIS OF FOOD PRODUCTS. coli bacteria have been restricted. The third session of the workshop, chaired by Chuck Stewart (Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute), discussed issues related to image processing, such as imaging platforms, color and illumination correction, segmentation, recognition, and species detection. Traditional image processing based approaches often referred to as image segmentation (filtering, watershedding, thresholding, etc. Animal Detection - IOT based Agricutlural : IOT and ML: 64: Food Calorie Estimation - Incrdient based and Image Processing: image processing: 65: Natural Language Based on Robot's Questions and Answers - Chatbot with DL: deep learning: 66: Skin Lesion Classification using CNN and Transfer Learning : deep learning: 67: Face recognition and. Click on Layers in the menu bar. His current research interests are domain-specific image retrieval, collection of image-based ground-truth annotations, discovering the illumination in a scene, object detection and recognition. Lab, originally as a branch of artificial intelligence. So how can i use that detector for particular moving object from live video. PROCESSING,this Paper is based on, detection disorder in plant leaf using image processing. 1 Basic Idea. Learn how to build an Android app that can automatically process an image using on-device and in-the-cloud machine learning. Human α 1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a serine proteinase inhibitor produced primarily by hepatocytes, macrophages, and bronchial epithelial cells [1]. I suggest you read about template matching or more generally about Object recognition. Open the program and in ‘Manage’ mode, navigate to the desired folder where you have stored your images. The first one is a raw video recorded using the Zenmuse X4S camera. We will try to cover most of these functions. Loaded with a ProGrade Digital CFexpress Type B 325GB memory card, the EOS-1D X Mark III captured a burst of 150 JPEG files in 9. Tiny YOLOv2 is trained on the Pascal. Therefore, most deep learning models trained to solve this problem are CNNs. Close your left eye and look at the dot with your right eye. Challenges with aptamer-based biosensors Aptasensors have the advantages of DNA/RNA based sensors in terms of chemical stability and the ability to be reproducibly synthesized making them attractive for targeted binding. uk/news/5042/Lucas-Is-The-Oldest-Continually-Trading-Automotive-Brand-In-The-World Throughout automotive history Lucas has been at the. the model tries to solve a classification task while your goal is to detect an object inside the image, which is an object detection task. As usual, we will start by including the modules needed for the image processing. However, the individual parts of the face must be processed first in order to put all of the pieces together. We can consider a fixed background. What's more, the dual memory card slots and new optional MB-N11. As soon as the theft/ motion is detected in front of the camera. A Comparison of Image Processing Techniques for Bird Detection Elsa Reyes Orchard fruits and vegetable crops are vulnerable to wild birds and animals. Bogren HG, Bürsch JH, Brennecke R, Heintzen PH. For example, CNNs have achieved a CDR of 99. Download the image into the code directory; then read the image with OpenCV and show it: image = cv2. Possible tasks: Design and implement a universal crop monitoring system (NDVI index + AI) Develop an algorithm to detect weeds. Cause of blood cancer The range of normal white blood corpuscles is 4300 to 10,800 white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood. Different data types use very different processing techniques. We can use preexisting image in memory or we can also feed the images via a camera. The motivation for this project is to build a system for automatically detecting and recognizing wild animals for the animal researchers & wild life photographers. >>read More Read More Icon The Department Of Licenses And Inspections (L&I) Helps People Comply With Building Safety Standards And Other Code Requirements. This field of computer science developed in the 1950s at academic institutions such as the MIT A. 6 times higher resolution than α7R III. Extended grow algorithm is limited only for counting and identification of pests and only 90% of the counting and identification is done using this. The researchers also have tried to find whether the presence of animal in the image scene will change the power spectral of the image or not. [6] ANIMAL DETECTION USING DEEP LEARNING ALGORITHM N. Then feature extraction is allotted. Face Detection technology has importance in many fields like marketing and security. coli detection. to perform processing on an image. Interacting Galaxies. It is possible to achieve face recognition using MATLAB code. IEEE project titles Image processing 2017 2018 1. Original papers Automatic recognition of lactating sow behaviors through depth image processing F. Pest Detection and Extraction Using Image Processing Techniques. 77% using the MNIST database of handwritten digits [5] , a CDR of 97. This means that the EOS R5 can accurately detect and track the eyes, face, and body of dogs, cats, and even birds. The motis i-vation for this project is to build a system for automatically detecting and recognizing wild animals for the ani-mal researchers & wild life photographers. The input is an image/video from surveillance camera. If you've read How Solar Cells Work, you already understand one of the pieces of technology used to perform the. It contributes to almost 17% of the GDP. Even though automatic image and video processing techniques become more and more important for the detection and identification of animals, only few publications do exist dealing with that topic. To overcome these challenges, an animal intrusion alert system is designed by employing wireless sensors for sending an. Object detection and recognition based on image processing is vastly concentrating field in research. The supported formats include TIFF, GIF, JPEG, BMP, DICOM, FITS, and raw images. We can consider a fixed background. Landsat data is free and available to anyone on the planet. In image processing, to calculate convolution at a particular location , we extract. There you can select one of the available workflows: Pixel Classification , Autocontext , Object Classification , Tracking , Animal Tracking , Density Counting , Carving ), Boundary-based Segmentation with Multicut. Note that you can also use transfer learning to identify new classes of images by using a pre-existing model. In computer vision, this technique is used in applications such as picture retrieval, security cameras, and autonomous vehicles. Classification with a few off-the-self classifiers. 7-megapixcel files at your own uninterrupted shooting rhythm. Xind,⇑ a Network Center, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China bUSDA-ARS Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, NE, USA cIowa Select Farms, Iowa Falls, IA, USA d Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Iowa. Keywords: FOD, object detection, image processing, high resolution camera. Virtual Instrumentation Based Breast Cancer Detection and Classification Using Image-Processing. Identifying patterns and extracting features on images are what deep learning models can do, and they do it very well. "The model is as intelligent as you train it to be". For reference, a 60% classifier improves the guessing probability of a 12-image HIP from 1/4096 to 1/459. Infrared Zoo. 6% on ~5600 images of more than 10 objects [7]. Skin Diseases Detection Models using Image Processing: A Survey @article{Yadav2016SkinDD, title={Skin Diseases Detection Models using Image Processing: A Survey}, author={Nisha Yadav and V. Amazon Rekognition. It is possible to achieve face recognition using MATLAB code. This tiny computer can be used for a variety of functions, but our focus today will be on using the Pi 4 for image processing in a small package and low power. Two-stage methods prioritize detection accuracy, and example models include Faster R-CNN. About 60 years ago, scientists discovered that each vision cell’s receptive field is activated when light hits a tiny region in the center of the field and inhibited when light hits the area surrounding the center. processing speed, high efficiency, and fast learning. Now save the code. These ROIs create a positive sample of datasets that are trained in the Image Labler and it has to be exported in the Matlab for the use of the Positive Samples. Abstract: One serious problem that all the developed nations are facing today is death and injuries due to road accidents. Animals have no possessions. Machine perception [134] is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras (visible spectrum or infrared), microphones, wireless signals, and active lidar , sonar, radar, and tactile sensors ) to deduce aspects of the world. Amazon Rekognition Image currently supports the JPEG and PNG image formats. In this system, the authors used the color threshold. The collision of an animal with the vehicle on the highway is one such big issue, which leads to such road accidents.
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Synthomir goes online with esp8266 wifi modul
Synthomir goes online with esp8266 wifi modul
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ESP82660000DSCF5999DSCF6000DSCF6001
This version did not work with putty, and linux, working from windows terminal
file.remove("init.lua")
file.open("init.lua","w")
file.writeline([[print("####################################################")]])
file.writeline([[print("Radiona ESP8266 module for Synthomir")]])
file.writeline([[print("Version: v0.1")]])
file.writeline([[print("Presented by.: Igor(Synthomir),Davor(Lua),Goran(ESP)")]])
file.writeline([[print("Wait for 5 sec for IP adress")]])
file.writeline([[print("Telnet to port 80, and send A to Blink LED")]])
file.writeline([[print("Blink is set to 1000 micro seconds, becouse it will be used as Synthomir button")]])
file.writeline([[print("####################################################")]])
file.writeline([[tmr.alarm(10000, 0, function() dofile("get_IP.lua") end )]])
file.close()
file.remove("get_IP.lua")
file.open("get_IP.lua","w")
file.writeline([[print("Current IP is: ")]])
file.writeline([[print(wifi.sta.getip())]])
file.writeline([[tmr.alarm(1000, 0, function() dofile("start_Server.lua") end )]])
file.close()
file.remove("start_Server.lua")
file.open("start_Server.lua","w")
file.writeline([[dofile("blink_Led.lua")]])
file.writeline([[print("Starting server")]])
file.writeline([[print("Creating a server")]])
file.writeline([[print("Server listen on 80, if data received checks for letter A, if A is recieved LED blinks.")]])
file.writeline([[sv=net.createServer(net.TCP, 30)]])
file.writeline([[sv:listen(80,function(c)]])
file.writeline([[ c:on("receive", function(sck, pl) if (pl=="a") then dofile("TurnLedOn.lua") elseif (pl=="b") then dofile("TurnLedOff.lua") else print("Caracter is not A, send A to blink LED") end end)]])
file.writeline([[ end)]])
file.writeline([[print("Server started")]])
file.close()
file.remove("TurnLedOn.lua")
file.open("TurnLedOn.lua","w")
file.writeline([[print("Setting GPIO4 to HIGH -- pin1")]])
file.writeline([[gpio.write(10, gpio.HIGH)]])
file.close()
file.remove("TurnLedOff.lua")
file.open("TurnLedOff.lua","w")
file.writeline([[print("Setting GPIO4 to LOW -- pin1")]])
file.writeline([[gpio.write(10, gpio.LOW)]])
file.close()
file.remove("blink_Led.lua")
file.open("blink_Led.lua","w")
file.writeline([[dofile("TurnLedOn.lua")]])
file.writeline([[for i=1,10000 do]])
file.writeline([[ tmr.wdclr()]])
file.writeline([[end]])
file.writeline([[dofile("TurnLedOff.lua")]])
file.close()
This version is working from putty, just type ON and press ENTER to turn led ON
file.remove("start_Server.lua")
file.open("start_Server.lua","w")
file.writeline([[dofile("blink_Led.lua")]])
file.writeline([[print("Starting server")]])
file.writeline([[sv=net.createServer(net.TCP, 30)]])
file.writeline([[sv:listen(80,function(c)]])
file.writeline([[ c:on("receive", function(sck, pl) print(pl)]])
file.writeline([[ if string.find (pl,"ON") then dofile ("TurnLedOn.lua") c:send("LED ON\n\r")]])
file.writeline([[ elseif string.find (pl,"OFF") then dofile ("TurnLedOff.lua") c:send("LED OFF\n\r")]])
file.writeline([[ else print("\n\r")]])
file.writeline([[ end]])
file.writeline([[ end)]])
file.writeline([[ c:send("Welcome to Synthomir server, type letter a to press button down, and letter b to relese button\n\r")]])
file.writeline([[ end)]])
file.writeline([[print("Server started")]])
file.close()
on router with openwrt I have installed lua, and write a script that pings range of adress
ip_tables = {}
ip_tables_count = 0
for i=1,254 do
ping_success=os.execute('ping -c 1 -4 -w 1 10.254.221.' ..i.. '>/dev/null')
if (ping_success == 0) then
ip_tables[ip_tables_count] = '10.254.221.' ..i
ip_tables_count = ip_tables_count + 1
-- print("Pinging 10.254.221." ..i.. " success")
else
-- print("Pinging 10.254.221." ..i.. " failed")
end
end
print("There are " ..ip_tables_count.. " active clients")
for i=1,ip_tables_count do
os.execute("/scripts/blink_LED.sh")
end
ip_tables = {}
ip_tables_count = 0
and blinks no. of connected clients
printf "ON" | telnet 10.254.184.235 80
sleep 1
printf "OFF" | telnet 10.254.184.235 80
sleep 1
Processing sample is work in progress …
import processing.net.*;
import controlP5.*;
ControlP5 cp5;
boolean lEDStatus = false;
Client c;
void setup()
{
size(200, 200);
cp5 = new ControlP5(this);
cp5.addButton("buttonA")
.setPosition(50,50)
.setImages(loadImage("Arrow-Left.png"), loadImage("Arrow-Right.png"), loadImage("Refresh.png"))
.updateSize();
frameRate(10); // Slow it down a little
// Connect to the server's IP address and port
c = new Client(this, "10.254.184.235", 80); // Replace with your server's IP and port
}
void draw()
{
// Receive data from server
if (c.available() > 0) {
}
}
public void controlEvent(ControlEvent theEvent) {
println(theEvent.getController().getName());
if (lEDStatus){
c.write("OFF" + "\n");
lEDStatus=false;
}
else{
c.write("ON" + "\n");
lEDStatus=true;
}
}
https://github.com/nodemcu/nodemcu-firmware/wiki/nodemcu_api_en
http://scargill.wordpress.com/
http://esp8266.ru/wp-content/uploads/esp8266-gpio.jpg
http://esp8266.ru/
Podijeli
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__label__pos
| 0.611301 |
WordPress.org
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__label__pos
| 0.664173 |
//===--- CheckerManager.h - Static Analyzer Checker Manager -----*- C++ -*-===// // // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure // // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // // Defines the Static Analyzer Checker Manager. // //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// #ifndef LLVM_CLANG_SA_CORE_CHECKERMANAGER_H #define LLVM_CLANG_SA_CORE_CHECKERMANAGER_H #include "clang/Analysis/ProgramPoint.h" #include "clang/Basic/LangOptions.h" #include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/AnalyzerOptions.h" #include "clang/StaticAnalyzer/Core/PathSensitive/Store.h" #include "llvm/ADT/DenseMap.h" #include "llvm/ADT/SmallVector.h" #include namespace clang { class Decl; class Stmt; class CallExpr; namespace ento { class CheckerBase; class CheckerRegistry; class ExprEngine; class AnalysisManager; class BugReporter; class CheckerContext; class ObjCMethodCall; class SVal; class ExplodedNode; class ExplodedNodeSet; class ExplodedGraph; class ProgramState; class NodeBuilder; struct NodeBuilderContext; class MemRegion; class SymbolReaper; template class CheckerFn; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *, P1, P2, P3, P4, P5); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()(P1 p1, P2 p2, P3 p3, P4 p4, P5 p5) const { return Fn(Checker, p1, p2, p3, p4, p5); } }; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *, P1, P2, P3, P4); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()(P1 p1, P2 p2, P3 p3, P4 p4) const { return Fn(Checker, p1, p2, p3, p4); } }; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *, P1, P2, P3); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()(P1 p1, P2 p2, P3 p3) const { return Fn(Checker, p1, p2, p3); } }; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *, P1, P2); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()(P1 p1, P2 p2) const { return Fn(Checker, p1, p2); } }; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *, P1); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()(P1 p1) const { return Fn(Checker, p1); } }; template class CheckerFn { typedef RET (*Func)(void *); Func Fn; public: CheckerBase *Checker; CheckerFn(CheckerBase *checker, Func fn) : Fn(fn), Checker(checker) { } RET operator()() const { return Fn(Checker); } }; /// \brief Describes the different reasons a pointer escapes /// during analysis. enum PointerEscapeKind { /// A pointer escapes due to binding its value to a location /// that the analyzer cannot track. PSK_EscapeOnBind, /// The pointer has been passed to a function call directly. PSK_DirectEscapeOnCall, /// The pointer has been passed to a function indirectly. /// For example, the pointer is accessible through an /// argument to a function. PSK_IndirectEscapeOnCall, /// The reason for pointer escape is unknown. For example, /// a region containing this pointer is invalidated. PSK_EscapeOther }; // This wrapper is used to ensure that only StringRefs originating from the // CheckerRegistry are used as check names. We want to make sure all check // name strings have a lifetime that keeps them alive at least until the path // diagnostics have been processed. class CheckName { StringRef Name; friend class ::clang::ento::CheckerRegistry; explicit CheckName(StringRef Name) : Name(Name) {} public: CheckName() {} CheckName(const CheckName &Other) : Name(Other.Name) {} StringRef getName() const { return Name; } }; class CheckerManager { const LangOptions LangOpts; AnalyzerOptionsRef AOptions; CheckName CurrentCheckName; public: CheckerManager(const LangOptions &langOpts, AnalyzerOptionsRef AOptions) : LangOpts(langOpts), AOptions(AOptions) {} ~CheckerManager(); void setCurrentCheckName(CheckName name) { CurrentCheckName = name; } CheckName getCurrentCheckName() const { return CurrentCheckName; } bool hasPathSensitiveCheckers() const; void finishedCheckerRegistration(); const LangOptions &getLangOpts() const { return LangOpts; } AnalyzerOptions &getAnalyzerOptions() { return *AOptions; } typedef CheckerBase *CheckerRef; typedef const void *CheckerTag; typedef CheckerFn CheckerDtor; //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // registerChecker //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// \brief Used to register checkers. /// /// \returns a pointer to the checker object. template CHECKER *registerChecker() { CheckerTag tag = getTag(); CheckerRef &ref = CheckerTags[tag]; if (ref) return static_cast(ref); // already registered. CHECKER *checker = new CHECKER(); checker->Name = CurrentCheckName; CheckerDtors.push_back(CheckerDtor(checker, destruct)); CHECKER::_register(checker, *this); ref = checker; return checker; } template CHECKER *registerChecker(AnalyzerOptions &AOpts) { CheckerTag tag = getTag(); CheckerRef &ref = CheckerTags[tag]; if (ref) return static_cast(ref); // already registered. CHECKER *checker = new CHECKER(AOpts); checker->Name = CurrentCheckName; CheckerDtors.push_back(CheckerDtor(checker, destruct)); CHECKER::_register(checker, *this); ref = checker; return checker; } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Functions for running checkers for AST traversing.. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// \brief Run checkers handling Decls. void runCheckersOnASTDecl(const Decl *D, AnalysisManager& mgr, BugReporter &BR); /// \brief Run checkers handling Decls containing a Stmt body. void runCheckersOnASTBody(const Decl *D, AnalysisManager& mgr, BugReporter &BR); //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Functions for running checkers for path-sensitive checking. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// /// \brief Run checkers for pre-visiting Stmts. /// /// The notification is performed for every explored CFGElement, which does /// not include the control flow statements such as IfStmt. /// /// \sa runCheckersForBranchCondition, runCheckersForPostStmt void runCheckersForPreStmt(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const Stmt *S, ExprEngine &Eng) { runCheckersForStmt(/*isPreVisit=*/true, Dst, Src, S, Eng); } /// \brief Run checkers for post-visiting Stmts. /// /// The notification is performed for every explored CFGElement, which does /// not include the control flow statements such as IfStmt. /// /// \sa runCheckersForBranchCondition, runCheckersForPreStmt void runCheckersForPostStmt(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const Stmt *S, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false) { runCheckersForStmt(/*isPreVisit=*/false, Dst, Src, S, Eng, wasInlined); } /// \brief Run checkers for visiting Stmts. void runCheckersForStmt(bool isPreVisit, ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const Stmt *S, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false); /// \brief Run checkers for pre-visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForPreObjCMessage(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const ObjCMethodCall &msg, ExprEngine &Eng) { runCheckersForObjCMessage(/*isPreVisit=*/true, Dst, Src, msg, Eng); } /// \brief Run checkers for post-visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForPostObjCMessage(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const ObjCMethodCall &msg, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false) { runCheckersForObjCMessage(/*isPreVisit=*/false, Dst, Src, msg, Eng, wasInlined); } /// \brief Run checkers for visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForObjCMessage(bool isPreVisit, ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const ObjCMethodCall &msg, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false); /// \brief Run checkers for pre-visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForPreCall(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const CallEvent &Call, ExprEngine &Eng) { runCheckersForCallEvent(/*isPreVisit=*/true, Dst, Src, Call, Eng); } /// \brief Run checkers for post-visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForPostCall(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const CallEvent &Call, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false) { runCheckersForCallEvent(/*isPreVisit=*/false, Dst, Src, Call, Eng, wasInlined); } /// \brief Run checkers for visiting obj-c messages. void runCheckersForCallEvent(bool isPreVisit, ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const CallEvent &Call, ExprEngine &Eng, bool wasInlined = false); /// \brief Run checkers for load/store of a location. void runCheckersForLocation(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, SVal location, bool isLoad, const Stmt *NodeEx, const Stmt *BoundEx, ExprEngine &Eng); /// \brief Run checkers for binding of a value to a location. void runCheckersForBind(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, SVal location, SVal val, const Stmt *S, ExprEngine &Eng, const ProgramPoint &PP); /// \brief Run checkers for end of analysis. void runCheckersForEndAnalysis(ExplodedGraph &G, BugReporter &BR, ExprEngine &Eng); /// \brief Run checkers on end of function. void runCheckersForEndFunction(NodeBuilderContext &BC, ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, ExplodedNode *Pred, ExprEngine &Eng); /// \brief Run checkers for branch condition. void runCheckersForBranchCondition(const Stmt *condition, ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, ExplodedNode *Pred, ExprEngine &Eng); /// \brief Run checkers for live symbols. /// /// Allows modifying SymbolReaper object. For example, checkers can explicitly /// register symbols of interest as live. These symbols will not be marked /// dead and removed. void runCheckersForLiveSymbols(ProgramStateRef state, SymbolReaper &SymReaper); /// \brief Run checkers for dead symbols. /// /// Notifies checkers when symbols become dead. For example, this allows /// checkers to aggressively clean up/reduce the checker state and produce /// precise diagnostics. void runCheckersForDeadSymbols(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, SymbolReaper &SymReaper, const Stmt *S, ExprEngine &Eng, ProgramPoint::Kind K); /// \brief True if at least one checker wants to check region changes. bool wantsRegionChangeUpdate(ProgramStateRef state); /// \brief Run checkers for region changes. /// /// This corresponds to the check::RegionChanges callback. /// \param state The current program state. /// \param invalidated A set of all symbols potentially touched by the change. /// \param ExplicitRegions The regions explicitly requested for invalidation. /// For example, in the case of a function call, these would be arguments. /// \param Regions The transitive closure of accessible regions, /// i.e. all regions that may have been touched by this change. /// \param Call The call expression wrapper if the regions are invalidated /// by a call. ProgramStateRef runCheckersForRegionChanges(ProgramStateRef state, const InvalidatedSymbols *invalidated, ArrayRef ExplicitRegions, ArrayRef Regions, const CallEvent *Call); /// \brief Run checkers when pointers escape. /// /// This notifies the checkers about pointer escape, which occurs whenever /// the analyzer cannot track the symbol any more. For example, as a /// result of assigning a pointer into a global or when it's passed to a /// function call the analyzer cannot model. /// /// \param State The state at the point of escape. /// \param Escaped The list of escaped symbols. /// \param Call The corresponding CallEvent, if the symbols escape as /// parameters to the given call. /// \param Kind The reason of pointer escape. /// \param ITraits Information about invalidation for a particular /// region/symbol. /// \returns Checkers can modify the state by returning a new one. ProgramStateRef runCheckersForPointerEscape(ProgramStateRef State, const InvalidatedSymbols &Escaped, const CallEvent *Call, PointerEscapeKind Kind, RegionAndSymbolInvalidationTraits *ITraits); /// \brief Run checkers for handling assumptions on symbolic values. ProgramStateRef runCheckersForEvalAssume(ProgramStateRef state, SVal Cond, bool Assumption); /// \brief Run checkers for evaluating a call. /// /// Warning: Currently, the CallEvent MUST come from a CallExpr! void runCheckersForEvalCall(ExplodedNodeSet &Dst, const ExplodedNodeSet &Src, const CallEvent &CE, ExprEngine &Eng); /// \brief Run checkers for the entire Translation Unit. void runCheckersOnEndOfTranslationUnit(const TranslationUnitDecl *TU, AnalysisManager &mgr, BugReporter &BR); /// \brief Run checkers for debug-printing a ProgramState. /// /// Unlike most other callbacks, any checker can simply implement the virtual /// method CheckerBase::printState if it has custom data to print. /// \param Out The output stream /// \param State The state being printed /// \param NL The preferred representation of a newline. /// \param Sep The preferred separator between different kinds of data. void runCheckersForPrintState(raw_ostream &Out, ProgramStateRef State, const char *NL, const char *Sep); //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Internal registration functions for AST traversing. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Functions used by the registration mechanism, checkers should not touch // these directly. typedef CheckerFn CheckDeclFunc; typedef bool (*HandlesDeclFunc)(const Decl *D); void _registerForDecl(CheckDeclFunc checkfn, HandlesDeclFunc isForDeclFn); void _registerForBody(CheckDeclFunc checkfn); //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Internal registration functions for path-sensitive checking. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// typedef CheckerFn CheckStmtFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckObjCMessageFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckCallFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckLocationFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckBindFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckEndAnalysisFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckEndFunctionFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckBranchConditionFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckDeadSymbolsFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckLiveSymbolsFunc; typedef CheckerFn ExplicitRegions, ArrayRef Regions, const CallEvent *Call)> CheckRegionChangesFunc; typedef CheckerFn WantsRegionChangeUpdateFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckPointerEscapeFunc; typedef CheckerFn EvalAssumeFunc; typedef CheckerFn EvalCallFunc; typedef CheckerFn CheckEndOfTranslationUnit; typedef bool (*HandlesStmtFunc)(const Stmt *D); void _registerForPreStmt(CheckStmtFunc checkfn, HandlesStmtFunc isForStmtFn); void _registerForPostStmt(CheckStmtFunc checkfn, HandlesStmtFunc isForStmtFn); void _registerForPreObjCMessage(CheckObjCMessageFunc checkfn); void _registerForPostObjCMessage(CheckObjCMessageFunc checkfn); void _registerForPreCall(CheckCallFunc checkfn); void _registerForPostCall(CheckCallFunc checkfn); void _registerForLocation(CheckLocationFunc checkfn); void _registerForBind(CheckBindFunc checkfn); void _registerForEndAnalysis(CheckEndAnalysisFunc checkfn); void _registerForEndFunction(CheckEndFunctionFunc checkfn); void _registerForBranchCondition(CheckBranchConditionFunc checkfn); void _registerForLiveSymbols(CheckLiveSymbolsFunc checkfn); void _registerForDeadSymbols(CheckDeadSymbolsFunc checkfn); void _registerForRegionChanges(CheckRegionChangesFunc checkfn, WantsRegionChangeUpdateFunc wantUpdateFn); void _registerForPointerEscape(CheckPointerEscapeFunc checkfn); void _registerForConstPointerEscape(CheckPointerEscapeFunc checkfn); void _registerForEvalAssume(EvalAssumeFunc checkfn); void _registerForEvalCall(EvalCallFunc checkfn); void _registerForEndOfTranslationUnit(CheckEndOfTranslationUnit checkfn); //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Internal registration functions for events. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// typedef void *EventTag; typedef CheckerFn CheckEventFunc; template void _registerListenerForEvent(CheckEventFunc checkfn) { EventInfo &info = Events[getTag()]; info.Checkers.push_back(checkfn); } template void _registerDispatcherForEvent() { EventInfo &info = Events[getTag()]; info.HasDispatcher = true; } template void _dispatchEvent(const EVENT &event) const { EventsTy::const_iterator I = Events.find(getTag()); if (I == Events.end()) return; const EventInfo &info = I->second; for (unsigned i = 0, e = info.Checkers.size(); i != e; ++i) info.Checkers[i](&event); } //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// // Implementation details. //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===// private: template static void destruct(void *obj) { delete static_cast(obj); } template static void *getTag() { static int tag; return &tag; } llvm::DenseMap CheckerTags; std::vector CheckerDtors; struct DeclCheckerInfo { CheckDeclFunc CheckFn; HandlesDeclFunc IsForDeclFn; }; std::vector DeclCheckers; std::vector BodyCheckers; typedef SmallVector CachedDeclCheckers; typedef llvm::DenseMap CachedDeclCheckersMapTy; CachedDeclCheckersMapTy CachedDeclCheckersMap; struct StmtCheckerInfo { CheckStmtFunc CheckFn; HandlesStmtFunc IsForStmtFn; bool IsPreVisit; }; std::vector StmtCheckers; typedef SmallVector CachedStmtCheckers; typedef llvm::DenseMap CachedStmtCheckersMapTy; CachedStmtCheckersMapTy CachedStmtCheckersMap; const CachedStmtCheckers &getCachedStmtCheckersFor(const Stmt *S, bool isPreVisit); std::vector PreObjCMessageCheckers; std::vector PostObjCMessageCheckers; std::vector PreCallCheckers; std::vector PostCallCheckers; std::vector LocationCheckers; std::vector BindCheckers; std::vector EndAnalysisCheckers; std::vector EndFunctionCheckers; std::vector BranchConditionCheckers; std::vector LiveSymbolsCheckers; std::vector DeadSymbolsCheckers; struct RegionChangesCheckerInfo { CheckRegionChangesFunc CheckFn; WantsRegionChangeUpdateFunc WantUpdateFn; }; std::vector RegionChangesCheckers; std::vector PointerEscapeCheckers; std::vector EvalAssumeCheckers; std::vector EvalCallCheckers; std::vector EndOfTranslationUnitCheckers; struct EventInfo { SmallVector Checkers; bool HasDispatcher; EventInfo() : HasDispatcher(false) { } }; typedef llvm::DenseMap EventsTy; EventsTy Events; }; } // end ento namespace } // end clang namespace #endif
|
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| 0.615329 |
All Title Author
Keywords Abstract
Atmospheric rivers: a mini-review
DOI: 10.3389/feart.2014.00002
Keywords: atmospheric rivers, transport of moisture, atmospheric branch of the hydrological cycle, intense precipitation, extratropical cyclones
Full-Text Cite this paper Add to My Lib
Abstract:
Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are narrow regions responsible for the majority of the poleward water vapor transport across the midlatitudes. They are characterized by high water vapor content and strong low level winds, and form a part of the broader warm conveyor belt of extratropical cyclones. Although the meridional water vapor transport within ARs is critical for water resources, ARs can also cause disastrous floods especially when encountering mountainous terrain. They were labeled as atmospheric rivers in the 1990s, and have since become a well-studied feature of the midlatitude climate. We briefly review the conceptual model, the methods used to identify them, their main climatological characteristics, their impacts, the predictive ability of numerical weather prediction models, their relationship with large-scale ocean-atmosphere dynamics, possible changes under future climates, and some future challenges.
Full-Text
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__label__pos
| 0.976654 |
Message Boards Message Boards
stl export problem
GROUPS:
I am able to export an STL file of a combination of cuboids (Menger sponge).
But when I do
yyy = Graphics3D[Tetrahedron[{{0, 0, 0}, {1/2, Sqrt[3]/2, 0},
{1, 0, 0}, {1/2, Sqrt[3]/4, 3/4}}], Axes -> True]
Export["yyy.stl", yyy]
I get
Export::nodta: Graphics3D contains no data that can be exported to the STL format. >>
Is there a way of exporting terahedrons to STL
POSTED BY: Erich Neuwirth
Answer
3 years ago
Different graphics formats store things in different ways. This isn't usually a major problem with 2D graphics, but it's more serious with 3D graphics.
For STL, the documentation notes:
[STL] Stores a solid 3D object as a surface formed by a collection of adjacent triangles.
So for some reason Tetrahedron doesn't convert over to a list of triangles. It's not a very commonly used graphics primitive. There's a lot of ways we could go construct this shape, but this is what I would do:
pts = {{0, 0, 0}, {1/2, Sqrt[3]/2, 0}, {1, 0, 0}, {1/2, Sqrt[3]/4, 3/4}}
Polygon /@ Subsets[pts, {3}]
Graphics3D[Polygon /@ Subsets[pts, {3}]]
This does export to Stl since Polygons are relatively straightforward to export to STL
POSTED BY: Sean Clarke
Answer
3 years ago
Group Abstract Group Abstract
|
__label__pos
| 0.96584 |
Origins of Life and Evolution of Biospheres
, Volume 38, Issue 6, pp 535–547
Astrobiological Phase Transition: Towards Resolution of Fermi’s Paradox
Article
DOI: 10.1007/s11084-008-9149-y
Cite this article as:
Ćirković, M.M. & Vukotić, B. Orig Life Evol Biosph (2008) 38: 535. doi:10.1007/s11084-008-9149-y
Abstract
Can astrophysics explain Fermi’s paradox or the “Great Silence” problem? If available, such explanation would be advantageous over most of those suggested in literature which rely on unverifiable cultural and/or sociological assumptions. We suggest, instead, a general astrobiological paradigm which might offer a physical and empirically testable paradox resolution. Based on the idea of James Annis, we develop a model of an astrobiological phase transition of the Milky Way, based on the concept of the global regulation mechanism(s). The dominant regulation mechanisms, arguably, are γ-ray bursts, whose properties and cosmological evolution are becoming well-understood. Secular evolution of regulation mechanisms leads to the brief epoch of phase transition: from an essentially dead place, with pockets of low-complexity life restricted to planetary surfaces, it will, on a short (Fermi–Hart) timescale, become filled with high-complexity life. An observation selection effect explains why we are not, in spite of the very small prior probability, to be surprised at being located in that brief phase of disequilibrium. In addition, we show that, although the phase-transition model may explain the “Great Silence”, it is not supportive of the “contact pessimist” position. To the contrary, the phase-transition model offers a rational motivation for continuation and extension of our present-day Search for ExtraTerrestrial Intelligence (SETI) endeavours. Some of the unequivocal and testable predictions of our model include the decrease of extinction risk in the history of terrestrial life, the absence of any traces of Galactic societies significantly older than human society, complete lack of any extragalactic intelligent signals or phenomena, and the presence of ubiquitous low-complexity life in the Milky Way.
Keywords
Biogenesis Extraterrestrial intelligence Mass extinctions Evolutionary contingency Catastrophism Galaxy evolution
Copyright information
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2008
Authors and Affiliations
1. 1.Astronomical Observatory of BelgradeBelgradeSerbia
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| 0.550303 |
Robust and high current cold electron source based on carbon nanotube field emitters and electron multiplier microchannel plate
Raghunandan Seelaboyina, Florida International University
Abstract
The aim of this research was to demonstrate a high current and stable field emission (FE) source based on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and electron multiplier microchannel plate (MCP) and design efficient field emitters. In recent years various CNT based FE devices have been demonstrated including field emission displays, x-ray source and many more. However to use CNTs as source in high powered microwave (HPM) devices higher and stable current in the range of few milli-amperes to amperes is required. To achieve such high current we developed a novel technique of introducing a MCP between CNT cathode and anode. MCP is an array of electron multipliers; it operates by avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons, which are generated when electrons strike channel walls of MCP. FE current from CNTs is enhanced due to avalanche multiplication of secondary electrons and in addition MCP also protects CNTs from irreversible damage during vacuum arcing. Conventional MCP is not suitable for this purpose due to the lower secondary emission properties of their materials. To achieve higher and stable currents we have designed and fabricated a unique ceramic MCP consisting of high SEY materials. The MCP was fabricated utilizing optimum design parameters, which include channel dimensions and material properties obtained from charged particle optics (CPO) simulation. Child Langmuir law, which gives the optimum current density from an electron source, was taken into account during the system design and experiments. Each MCP channel consisted of MgO coated CNTs which was chosen from various material systems due to its very high SEY. With MCP inserted between CNT cathode and anode stable and higher emission current was achieved. It was ∼25 times higher than without MCP. A brighter emission image was also evidenced due to enhanced emission current. The obtained results are a significant technological advance and this research holds promise for electron source in new generation lightweight, efficient and compact microwave devices for telecommunications in satellites or space applications. As part of this work novel emitters consisting of multistage geometry with improved FE properties were was also developed.
Subject Area
Materials science
Recommended Citation
Seelaboyina, Raghunandan, "Robust and high current cold electron source based on carbon nanotube field emitters and electron multiplier microchannel plate" (2007). ProQuest ETD Collection for FIU. AAI3388203.
https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/dissertations/AAI3388203
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| 0.961341 |
Skip to content
How to customize the printed output of a "tbl" subclass? This vignette shows the various customization options. Customizing the formatting of a vector class in a tibble is described in vignette("pillar", package = "vctrs"). An overview over the control and data flow is given in vignette("printing").
This vignette assumes that the reader is familiar with S3 classes, methods, and inheritance. The “S3” chapter of Hadley Wickham’s “Advanced R” is a good start.
To make use of pillar’s printing capabilities, create a class that inherits from "tbl", like tibble (classes "tbl_df" and "tbl"), dbplyr lazy tables ("tbl_lazy" and "tbl") and sf spatial data frames ("sf", "tbl_df" and "tbl"). Because we are presenting various customization options, we create a constructor for an example data frame with arbitrary subclass.
example_tbl <- function(class) {
vctrs::new_data_frame(
list(
a = letters[1:3],
b = data.frame(c = 1:3, d = 4:6 + 0.5)
),
class = c(class, "tbl")
)
}
The "default" class doesn’t have any customizations yet, and prints like a regular tibble.
example_tbl("default")
#> $a
#> [1] "a" "b" "c"
#>
#> $b
#> c d
#> 1 1 4.5
#> 2 2 5.5
#> 3 3 6.5
#>
#> attr(,"class")
#> [1] "default" "tbl" "data.frame"
Tweak header
The easiest customization consists of tweaking the header. Implement a tbl_sum() method to extend or replace the information shown in the header, keeping the original formatting.
tbl_sum.default_header_extend <- function(x, ...) {
default_header <- NextMethod()
c(default_header, "New" = "A new header")
}
example_tbl("default_header_extend")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> # New: A new header
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
tbl_sum.default_header_replace <- function(x, ...) {
c("Override" = "Replace all headers")
}
example_tbl("default_header_replace")
#> # Override: Replace all headers
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
Restyle header
To style the header in a different way, implement a tbl_format_header() method. The implementation is responsible for the entire formatting and styling, including the leading hash.
tbl_format_header.custom_header_replace <- function(x, setup, ...) {
cli::style_italic(names(setup$tbl_sum), " = ", setup$tbl_sum)
}
example_tbl("custom_header_replace")
#> A data frame = 3 × 2
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
Similarly, to add information the footer, or to replace it entirely, implement a tbl_format_footer() method. Here, as in all tbl_format_*() methods, you can use the information contained in the setup object, see ?new_tbl_format_setup for the available fields. Again, the implementation is responsible for the entire formatting and styling, including the leading hash if needed.
tbl_format_footer.custom_footer_extend <- function(x, setup, ...) {
default_footer <- NextMethod()
extra_info <- "and with extra info in the footer"
extra_footer <- style_subtle(paste0("# ", cli::symbol$ellipsis, " ", extra_info))
c(default_footer, extra_footer)
}
print(example_tbl("custom_footer_extend"), n = 2)
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> # ℹ 1 more row
#> # … and with extra info in the footer
tbl_format_footer.custom_footer_replace <- function(x, setup, ...) {
paste0("The table has ", setup$rows_total, " rows in total.")
}
print(example_tbl("custom_footer_replace"), n = 2)
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> The table has 3 rows in total.
Compute additional info beforehand
If the same information needs to be displayed in several parts (e.g., in both header and footer), it is useful to compute it in tbl_format_setup() and store it in the setup object. New elements may be added to the setup object, existing elements should not be overwritten. Exception: the tbl_sum element contains the output of tbl_sum() and can be enhanced with additional elements.
tbl_format_setup.extra_info <- function(x, width, ...) {
setup <- NextMethod()
cells <- prod(dim(x))
setup$cells <- cells
setup$tbl_sum <- c(setup$tbl_sum, "Cells" = as.character(cells))
setup
}
tbl_format_footer.extra_info <- function(x, setup, ...) {
paste0("The table has ", setup$cells, " cells in total.")
}
example_tbl("extra_info")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> # Cells: 6
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
#> The table has 6 cells in total.
Row IDs
By implementing the generic ctl_new_rowid_pillar(), printing of the row ID column can be customized. In order to print Roman instead of Arabic numerals, one could use utils::as.roman() to generate the corresponding sequence and build up a row ID pillar using new_pillar() and associated methods as has been introduced previously.
ctl_new_rowid_pillar.pillar_roman <- function(controller, x, width, ...) {
out <- NextMethod()
rowid <- utils::as.roman(seq_len(nrow(x)))
width <- max(nchar(as.character(rowid)))
new_pillar(
list(
title = out$title,
type = out$type,
data = pillar_component(
new_pillar_shaft(list(row_ids = rowid),
width = width,
class = "pillar_rif_shaft"
)
)
),
width = width
)
}
example_tbl("pillar_roman")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> I a 1 4.5
#> II b 2 5.5
#> III c 3 6.5
Body
Tweak pillar composition
Pillars consist of components, see ?new_pillar_component for details. Extend or override the ctl_new_pillar() method to alter the appearance. The example below adds table rules of constant width to the output.
ctl_new_pillar.pillar_rule <- function(controller, x, width, ..., title = NULL) {
out <- NextMethod()
new_pillar(list(
top_rule = new_pillar_component(list("========"), width = 8),
title = out$title,
type = out$type,
mid_rule = new_pillar_component(list("--------"), width = 8),
data = out$data,
bottom_rule = new_pillar_component(list("========"), width = 8)
))
}
example_tbl("pillar_rule")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> ======== ======== ========
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> -------- -------- --------
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
#> ======== ======== ========
To make the width adaptive, we implement a "rule" class with a format() method that formats rules to prespecified widths.
rule <- function(char = "-") {
stopifnot(nchar(char) == 1)
structure(char, class = "rule")
}
format.rule <- function(x, width, ...) {
paste(rep(x, width), collapse = "")
}
ctl_new_pillar.pillar_rule_adaptive <- function(controller, x, width, ..., title = NULL) {
out <- NextMethod()
if (is.null(out)) {
return(NULL)
}
new_pillar(list(
top_rule = new_pillar_component(list(rule("=")), width = 1),
title = out$title,
type = out$type,
mid_rule = new_pillar_component(list(rule("-")), width = 1),
data = out$data,
bottom_rule = new_pillar_component(list(rule("=")), width = 1)
))
}
example_tbl("pillar_rule_adaptive")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> = = =
#> a b$c $d
#> <chr> <int> <dbl>
#> - - -
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> 3 c 3 6.5
#> = = =
Tweak display of compound pillars
Compound pillars are created by ctl_new_pillar_list() for columns that contain a data frame, a matrix or an array. The default implementation also calls ctl_new_pillar() shown above. The (somewhat artificial) example hides all data frame columns in a column with the type "<hidden>".
ctl_new_pillar_list.hide_df <- function(controller, x, width, ..., title = NULL) {
if (!is.data.frame(x)) {
return(NextMethod())
}
if (width < 8) {
return(NULL)
}
list(new_pillar(
list(
title = pillar_component(new_pillar_title(title)),
type = new_pillar_component(list("<hidden>"), width = 8),
data = new_pillar_component(list(""), width = 1)
),
width = 8
))
}
example_tbl("hide_df")
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> <hidden>
#>
#> 1 <hidden>
#> 2
#> 3 <hidden>
Restyle body
Last but not least, it is also possible to completely alter the display of the body by overriding tbl_format_body(). The example below uses plain data frame output for a tibble.
tbl_format_body.oldskool <- function(x, setup, ...) {
capture.output(print.data.frame(setup$df))
}
print(example_tbl("oldskool"), n = 2)
#> # A data frame: 3 × 2
#> a b.c b.d
#> 1 a 1 4.5
#> 2 b 2 5.5
#> # ℹ 1 more row
Note that default printed output is computed in tbl_format_setup(), this takes a considerable amount of time. If you really need to change the output for the entire body, consider providing your own tbl_format_setup() method.
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| 0.996764 |
2021 1.3 - Projection Mapping for In-Situ Surgery Planning by the Example of DIEP Flap Breast Reconstruction/ClipID:37927 previous clip next clip
Recording date 2021-11-12
* Automated closed captions generated with Whisper Open AI
Via
Free
Language
English
Organisational Unit
Lehrstuhl für Informatik 9 (Graphische Datenverarbeitung)
Producer
Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg
Format
lecture
Nowadays, many surgical procedures require preoperative planning, mostly relying on data from 3D imaging techniques like computed tomography or magnetic resonance imaging. However, preoperative assessment of this data is carried out on the PC (using classical CT/MR viewing software) and not on the patient's body itself. Therefore, surgeons need to transfer both their overall understanding of the patient's individual anatomy and also specific markers and labels for important points from
the PC to the patient only with the help of imaginative power or approximative measurement. In order to close the gap between preoperative planning on the PC and surgery on the patient, we propose a system to directly project preoperative knowledge to the body surface by projection mapping. As a result, we are able to display both assigned labels and a volumetric and view-dependent view of the 3D data in-situ. Furthermore, we offer a method to interactively navigate through the data and add 3D markers directly in the projected volumetric view. We demonstrate the benefits of our approach using DIEP flap breast reconstruction as an example. By means of a small pilot study, we show that our method outperforms standard surgical planning in accuracy and can easily be understood and utilized even by persons without any medical knowledge.
More clips in this category "Technische Fakultät"
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| 0.700535 |
Introduction:
Epoxy coatings stand as pillars of durability and protection in various industrial applications. Central to their effectiveness is the curing agent, which plays a pivotal role in determining the final properties of the coating. Among the diverse array of curing agents available, cycloaliphatic amine hardeners have emerged as a compelling choice, offering unique attributes that elevate the performance of epoxy coatings. This article aims to delve into the advancements, applications, and benefits of cycloaliphatic amine hardeners in epoxy coatings.
Understanding Cycloaliphatic Amine Hardeners:
Cycloaliphatic amine hardeners are a class of curing agents derived from cyclic aliphatic compounds. Their distinct molecular structure, characterized by cyclic rings, imparts unique properties to epoxy coatings. These hardeners facilitate the curing process by crosslinking with epoxy resins, resulting in coatings with exceptional durability, chemical resistance, and mechanical strength.
Advantages of Cycloaliphatic Amine Hardeners:
1. Enhanced Chemical Resistance: Cycloaliphatic amine hardeners offer superior chemical resistance compared to traditional curing agents. The crosslinked networks formed during curing provide a robust barrier against corrosive substances, solvents, and harsh chemicals, ensuring long-term protection for coated surfaces in demanding environments.
2. Improved UV Stability: The cyclic nature of cycloaliphatic amine hardeners enhances the UV stability of epoxy coatings, mitigating issues such as yellowing, chalking, or degradation upon exposure to sunlight. This attribute makes them well-suited for outdoor applications where resistance to UV radiation is crucial, such as architectural coatings, marine coatings, and aerospace components.
3. Low Volatility and Low Toxicity: Cycloaliphatic amine hardeners exhibit low volatility and low toxicity, enhancing workplace safety and environmental compatibility. Their reduced emissions and minimal odor make them suitable for use in confined spaces or sensitive environments, aligning with stringent regulatory requirements and sustainability initiatives.
Applications of Cycloaliphatic Amine Hardeners:
1. Protective Coatings: Cycloaliphatic amine-cured epoxy coatings find extensive use in protective coating applications, including tank linings, pipeline coatings, structural steel, and concrete protection. These coatings offer exceptional chemical resistance, adhesion, and durability, providing reliable protection against corrosion, abrasion, and environmental factors.
2. Flooring Systems: In industrial and commercial flooring systems, cycloaliphatic amine-based epoxy coatings deliver superior performance, durability, and resistance to chemicals and abrasion. These coatings create seamless, easy-to-maintain surfaces that withstand heavy traffic, chemical spills, and mechanical stress, making them ideal for warehouses, manufacturing facilities, and automotive garages.
3. Adhesives and Sealants: Cycloaliphatic amine hardeners are also utilized in epoxy adhesives and sealants, offering fast cure times, high bond strength, and excellent chemical resistance. These adhesives find applications in construction, aerospace, automotive, and electronics industries, where reliable bonding and sealing solutions are essential.
Conclusion:
Cycloaliphatic amine hardeners represent a versatile and effective class of curing agents for epoxy coatings, offering superior chemical resistance, UV stability, and mechanical properties. Their wide-ranging applications in protective coatings, flooring systems, adhesives, and sealants underscore their significance in various industries requiring high-performance and durable coatings. As research and development efforts continue to drive innovation in epoxy chemistry, cycloaliphatic amine hardeners are poised to remain at the forefront of advancements in coating technology, providing solutions for the evolving needs of the industry.
Request your samples today click here
|
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| 0.996684 |
32. Inter-Application Communication
Spring Cloud Stream enables communication between applications. Inter-application communication is a complex issue spanning several concerns, as described in the following topics:
32.1 Connecting Multiple Application Instances
While Spring Cloud Stream makes it easy for individual Spring Boot applications to connect to messaging systems, the typical scenario for Spring Cloud Stream is the creation of multi-application pipelines, where microservice applications send data to each other. You can achieve this scenario by correlating the input and output destinations of “adjacent” applications.
Suppose a design calls for the Time Source application to send data to the Log Sink application. You could use a common destination named ticktock for bindings within both applications.
Time Source (that has the channel name output) would set the following property:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.destination=ticktock
Log Sink (that has the channel name input) would set the following property:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.input.destination=ticktock
32.2 Instance Index and Instance Count
When scaling up Spring Cloud Stream applications, each instance can receive information about how many other instances of the same application exist and what its own instance index is. Spring Cloud Stream does this through the spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount and spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex properties. For example, if there are three instances of a HDFS sink application, all three instances have spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount set to 3, and the individual applications have spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex set to 0, 1, and 2, respectively.
When Spring Cloud Stream applications are deployed through Spring Cloud Data Flow, these properties are configured automatically; when Spring Cloud Stream applications are launched independently, these properties must be set correctly. By default, spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount is 1, and spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex is 0.
In a scaled-up scenario, correct configuration of these two properties is important for addressing partitioning behavior (see below) in general, and the two properties are always required by certain binders (for example, the Kafka binder) in order to ensure that data are split correctly across multiple consumer instances.
32.3 Partitioning
Partitioning in Spring Cloud Stream consists of two tasks:
32.3.1 Configuring Output Bindings for Partitioning
You can configure an output binding to send partitioned data by setting one and only one of its partitionKeyExpression or partitionKeyExtractorName properties, as well as its partitionCount property.
For example, the following is a valid and typical configuration:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExpression=payload.id
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionCount=5
Based on that example configuration, data is sent to the target partition by using the following logic.
A partition key’s value is calculated for each message sent to a partitioned output channel based on the partitionKeyExpression. The partitionKeyExpression is a SpEL expression that is evaluated against the outbound message for extracting the partitioning key.
If a SpEL expression is not sufficient for your needs, you can instead calculate the partition key value by providing an implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy and configuring it as a bean (by using the @Bean annotation). If you have more then one bean of type org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy available in the Application Context, you can further filter it by specifying its name with the partitionKeyExtractorName property, as shown in the following example:
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExtractorName=customPartitionKeyExtractor
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionCount=5
. . .
@Bean
public CustomPartitionKeyExtractorClass customPartitionKeyExtractor() {
return new CustomPartitionKeyExtractorClass();
}
[Note]Note
In previous versions of Spring Cloud Stream, you could specify the implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy by setting the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionKeyExtractorClass property. Since version 2.0, this property is deprecated, and support for it will be removed in a future version.
Once the message key is calculated, the partition selection process determines the target partition as a value between 0 and partitionCount - 1. The default calculation, applicable in most scenarios, is based on the following formula: key.hashCode() % partitionCount. This can be customized on the binding, either by setting a SpEL expression to be evaluated against the 'key' (through the partitionSelectorExpression property) or by configuring an implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionSelectorStrategy as a bean (by using the @Bean annotation). Similar to the PartitionKeyExtractorStrategy, you can further filter it by using the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorName property when more than one bean of this type is available in the Application Context, as shown in the following example:
--spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorName=customPartitionSelector
. . .
@Bean
public CustomPartitionSelectorClass customPartitionSelector() {
return new CustomPartitionSelectorClass();
}
[Note]Note
In previous versions of Spring Cloud Stream you could specify the implementation of org.springframework.cloud.stream.binder.PartitionSelectorStrategy by setting the spring.cloud.stream.bindings.output.producer.partitionSelectorClass property. Since version 2.0, this property is deprecated and support for it will be removed in a future version.
32.3.2 Configuring Input Bindings for Partitioning
An input binding (with the channel name input) is configured to receive partitioned data by setting its partitioned property, as well as the instanceIndex and instanceCount properties on the application itself, as shown in the following example:
spring.cloud.stream.bindings.input.consumer.partitioned=true
spring.cloud.stream.instanceIndex=3
spring.cloud.stream.instanceCount=5
The instanceCount value represents the total number of application instances between which the data should be partitioned. The instanceIndex must be a unique value across the multiple instances, with a value between 0 and instanceCount - 1. The instance index helps each application instance to identify the unique partition(s) from which it receives data. It is required by binders using technology that does not support partitioning natively. For example, with RabbitMQ, there is a queue for each partition, with the queue name containing the instance index. With Kafka, if autoRebalanceEnabled is true (default), Kafka takes care of distributing partitions across instances, and these properties are not required. If autoRebalanceEnabled is set to false, the instanceCount and instanceIndex are used by the binder to determine which partition(s) the instance subscribes to (you must have at least as many partitions as there are instances). The binder allocates the partitions instead of Kafka. This might be useful if you want messages for a particular partition to always go to the same instance. When a binder configuration requires them, it is important to set both values correctly in order to ensure that all of the data is consumed and that the application instances receive mutually exclusive datasets.
While a scenario in which using multiple instances for partitioned data processing may be complex to set up in a standalone case, Spring Cloud Dataflow can simplify the process significantly by populating both the input and output values correctly and by letting you rely on the runtime infrastructure to provide information about the instance index and instance count.
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| 0.962392 |
SST 12.0.1
StructuralSimulationToolkit
elementbuilder.h
1 // Copyright 2009-2022 NTESS. Under the terms
2 // of Contract DE-NA0003525 with NTESS, the U.S.
3 // Government retains certain rights in this software.
4 //
5 // Copyright (c) 2009-2022, NTESS
6 // All rights reserved.
7 //
8 // This file is part of the SST software package. For license
9 // information, see the LICENSE file in the top level directory of the
10 // distribution.
11
12 #ifndef SST_CORE_ELI_ELEMENTBUILDER_H
13 #define SST_CORE_ELI_ELEMENTBUILDER_H
14
15 #include "sst/core/eli/elibase.h"
16
17 #include <type_traits>
18
19 namespace SST {
20 namespace ELI {
21
22 template <class Base, class... Args>
23 struct Builder
24 {
25 typedef Base* (*createFxn)(Args...);
26
27 virtual Base* create(Args... ctorArgs) = 0;
28
29 template <class NewBase>
30 using ChangeBase = Builder<NewBase, Args...>;
31 };
32
33 template <class Base, class... CtorArgs>
35 {
36 public:
37 using BaseBuilder = Builder<Base, CtorArgs...>;
38
39 BuilderLibrary(const std::string& name) : name_(name) {}
40
41 BaseBuilder* getBuilder(const std::string& name)
42 {
43 auto iter = factories_.find(name);
44 if ( iter == factories_.end() ) { return nullptr; }
45 else {
46 return iter->second;
47 }
48 }
49
50 const std::map<std::string, BaseBuilder*>& getMap() const { return factories_; }
51
52 void readdBuilder(const std::string& name, BaseBuilder* fact) { factories_[name] = fact; }
53
54 bool addBuilder(const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* fact)
55 {
56 readdBuilder(elem, fact);
57 return addLoader(name_, elem, fact);
58 }
59
60 template <class NewBase>
61 using ChangeBase = BuilderLibrary<NewBase, CtorArgs...>;
62
63 private:
64 bool addLoader(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* fact);
65
66 std::map<std::string, BaseBuilder*> factories_;
67
68 std::string name_;
69 };
70
71 template <class Base, class... CtorArgs>
73 {
74 public:
75 using Library = BuilderLibrary<Base, CtorArgs...>;
76 using BaseFactory = typename Library::BaseBuilder;
77 using Map = std::map<std::string, Library*>;
78
79 static Library* getLibrary(const std::string& name)
80 {
81 if ( !libraries ) { libraries = new std::map<std::string, Library*>; }
82 auto iter = libraries->find(name);
83 if ( iter == libraries->end() ) {
84 auto* info = new Library(name);
85 (*libraries)[name] = info;
86 return info;
87 }
88 else {
89 return iter->second;
90 }
91 }
92
93 template <class NewBase>
94 using ChangeBase = BuilderLibraryDatabase<NewBase, CtorArgs...>;
95
96 private:
97 // Database - needs to be a pointer for static init order
98 static Map* libraries;
99 };
100
101 template <class Base, class... CtorArgs>
102 typename BuilderLibraryDatabase<Base, CtorArgs...>::Map* BuilderLibraryDatabase<Base, CtorArgs...>::libraries = nullptr;
103
104 template <class Base, class Builder, class... CtorArgs>
106 {
107 BuilderLoader(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, Builder* builder) :
108 elemlib_(elemlib),
109 elem_(elem),
110 builder_(builder)
111 {}
112
113 void load() override
114 {
115 BuilderLibraryDatabase<Base, CtorArgs...>::getLibrary(elemlib_)->readdBuilder(elem_, builder_);
116 }
117
118 private:
119 std::string elemlib_;
120 std::string elem_;
121 Builder* builder_;
122 };
123
124 template <class Base, class... CtorArgs>
125 bool
126 BuilderLibrary<Base, CtorArgs...>::addLoader(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* fact)
127 {
128 auto loader = new BuilderLoader<Base, BaseBuilder, CtorArgs...>(elemlib, elem, fact);
129 return ELI::LoadedLibraries::addLoader(elemlib, elem, loader);
130 }
131
132 template <class Base, class T>
134 {
135 static bool isLoaded() { return loaded; }
136
137 static const bool loaded;
138 };
139
140 template <class Base, class T>
141 const bool InstantiateBuilder<Base, T>::loaded = Base::Ctor::template add<T>();
142
143 template <class Base, class T, class Enable = void>
144 struct Allocator
145 {
146 template <class... Args>
147 T* operator()(Args&&... args)
148 {
149 return new T(std::forward<Args>(args)...);
150 }
151 };
152
153 template <class Base, class T>
155 {
156 template <class... Args>
157 Base* operator()(Args&&... ctorArgs)
158 {
159 if ( !cached_ ) { cached_ = new T(std::forward<Args>(ctorArgs)...); }
160 return cached_;
161 }
162
163 static Base* cached_;
164 };
165 template <class Base, class T>
166 Base* CachedAllocator<Base, T>::cached_ = nullptr;
167
168 template <class T, class Base, class... Args>
169 struct DerivedBuilder : public Builder<Base, Args...>
170 {
171 Base* create(Args... ctorArgs) override { return Allocator<Base, T>()(std::forward<Args>(ctorArgs)...); }
172 };
173
174 template <class T, class U>
175 struct is_tuple_constructible : public std::false_type
176 {};
177
178 template <class T, class... Args>
179 struct is_tuple_constructible<T, std::tuple<Args...>> : public std::is_constructible<T, Args...>
180 {};
181
183 {
184 template <class T, class... Args>
185 static BuilderLibrary<T, Args...>* getLibrary(const std::string& name)
186 {
188 }
189 };
190
191 template <class Base, class CtorTuple>
193 {};
194
195 template <class Base, class... Args>
196 struct ElementsBuilder<Base, std::tuple<Args...>>
197 {
198 static BuilderLibrary<Base, Args...>* getLibrary(const std::string& name)
199 {
201 }
202
203 template <class T>
204 static Builder<Base, Args...>* makeBuilder()
205 {
206 return new DerivedBuilder<T, Base, Args...>();
207 }
208 };
209
210 /**
211 @class ExtendedCtor
212 Implements a constructor for a derived base as usually happens with subcomponents, e.g.
213 class U extends API extends Subcomponent. You can construct U as either an API*
214 or a Subcomponent* depending on usage.
215 */
216 template <class NewCtor, class OldCtor>
218 {
219 template <class T>
220 using is_constructible = typename NewCtor::template is_constructible<T>;
221
222 /**
223 The derived Ctor can "block" the more abstract Ctor, meaning an object
224 should only be instantiated as the most derived type. enable_if here
225 checks if both the derived API and the parent API are still valid
226 */
227 template <class T>
228 static typename std::enable_if<OldCtor::template is_constructible<T>::value, bool>::type add()
229 {
230 // if abstract, force an allocation to generate meaningful errors
231 return NewCtor::template add<T>() && OldCtor::template add<T>();
232 }
233
234 template <class T>
235 static typename std::enable_if<!OldCtor::template is_constructible<T>::value, bool>::type add()
236 {
237 // if abstract, force an allocation to generate meaningful errors
238 return NewCtor::template add<T>();
239 }
240
241 template <class __NewCtor>
242 using ExtendCtor = ExtendedCtor<__NewCtor, ExtendedCtor<NewCtor, OldCtor>>;
243
244 template <class NewBase>
245 using ChangeBase = typename NewCtor::template ChangeBase<NewBase>;
246 };
247
248 template <class Base, class... Args>
250 {
251 template <class T>
252 using is_constructible = std::is_constructible<T, Args...>;
253
254 template <class T>
255 static bool add()
256 {
257 // if abstract, force an allocation to generate meaningful errors
258 auto* fact = new DerivedBuilder<T, Base, Args...>;
259 return Base::addBuilder(T::ELI_getLibrary(), T::ELI_getName(), fact);
260 }
261
262 template <class NewBase>
263 using ChangeBase = SingleCtor<NewBase, Args...>;
264
265 template <class NewCtor>
266 using ExtendCtor = ExtendedCtor<NewCtor, SingleCtor<Base, Args...>>;
267 };
268
269 template <class Base, class Ctor, class... Ctors>
270 struct CtorList : public CtorList<Base, Ctors...>
271 {
272 template <class T> // if T is constructible with Ctor arguments
273 using is_constructible = typename std::conditional<
275 std::true_type, // yes, constructible
276 typename CtorList<Base, Ctors...>::template is_constructible<T> // not constructible here but maybe later
277 >::type;
278
279 template <class T, int NumValid = 0, class U = T>
280 static typename std::enable_if<std::is_abstract<U>::value || is_tuple_constructible<U, Ctor>::value, bool>::type
281 add()
282 {
283 // if abstract, force an allocation to generate meaningful errors
284 auto* fact = ElementsBuilder<Base, Ctor>::template makeBuilder<U>();
285 Base::addBuilder(T::ELI_getLibrary(), T::ELI_getName(), fact);
286 return CtorList<Base, Ctors...>::template add<T, NumValid + 1>();
287 }
288
289 template <class T, int NumValid = 0, class U = T>
290 static typename std::enable_if<!std::is_abstract<U>::value && !is_tuple_constructible<U, Ctor>::value, bool>::type
291 add()
292 {
293 return CtorList<Base, Ctors...>::template add<T, NumValid>();
294 }
295
296 template <class NewBase>
297 using ChangeBase = CtorList<NewBase, Ctor, Ctors...>;
298 };
299
300 template <int NumValid>
302 {
303 static constexpr bool atLeastOneValidCtor = true;
304 };
305
306 template <>
308 {};
309
310 template <class Base>
311 struct CtorList<Base, void>
312 {
313 template <class T>
314 using is_constructible = std::false_type;
315
316 template <class T, int numValidCtors>
317 static bool add()
318 {
320 }
321 };
322
323 } // namespace ELI
324 } // namespace SST
325
326 #define ELI_CTOR(...) std::tuple<__VA_ARGS__>
327 #define ELI_DEFAULT_CTOR() std::tuple<>
328
329 #define SST_ELI_CTORS_COMMON(...) \
330 using Ctor = ::SST::ELI::CtorList<__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__, void>; \
331 template <class __TT, class... __CtorArgs> \
332 using DerivedBuilder = ::SST::ELI::DerivedBuilder<__LocalEliBase, __TT, __CtorArgs...>; \
333 template <class... __InArgs> \
334 static SST::ELI::BuilderLibrary<__LocalEliBase, __InArgs...>* getBuilderLibraryTemplate(const std::string& name) \
335 { \
336 return ::SST::ELI::BuilderDatabase::getLibrary<__LocalEliBase, __InArgs...>(name); \
337 } \
338 template <class __TT> \
339 static bool addDerivedBuilder(const std::string& lib, const std::string& elem) \
340 { \
341 return Ctor::template add<0, __TT>(lib, elem); \
342 }
343
344 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_CTORS(...) \
345 SST_ELI_CTORS_COMMON(ELI_FORWARD_AS_ONE(__VA_ARGS__)) \
346 template <class... Args> \
347 static bool addBuilder( \
348 const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, SST::ELI::Builder<__LocalEliBase, Args...>* builder) \
349 { \
350 return getBuilderLibraryTemplate<Args...>(elemlib)->addBuilder(elem, builder); \
351 }
352
353 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_CTORS_EXTERN(...) SST_ELI_CTORS_COMMON(ELI_FORWARD_AS_ONE(__VA_ARGS__))
354
355 // VA_ARGS here
356 // 0) Base name
357 // 1) List of ctor args
358 #define SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(...) \
359 using BaseBuilder = ::SST::ELI::Builder<__VA_ARGS__>; \
360 using BuilderLibrary = ::SST::ELI::BuilderLibrary<__VA_ARGS__>; \
361 using BuilderLibraryDatabase = ::SST::ELI::BuilderLibraryDatabase<__VA_ARGS__>; \
362 template <class __TT> \
363 using DerivedBuilder = ::SST::ELI::DerivedBuilder<__TT, __VA_ARGS__>;
364
365 #define SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS() \
366 static BuilderLibrary* getBuilderLibrary(const std::string& name) \
367 { \
368 return BuilderLibraryDatabase::getLibrary(name); \
369 } \
370 static bool addBuilder(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* builder) \
371 { \
372 return getBuilderLibrary(elemlib)->addBuilder(elem, builder); \
373 }
374
375 // I can make some extra using typedefs because I have only a single ctor
376 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_CTOR(...) \
377 using Ctor = ::SST::ELI::SingleCtor<__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__>; \
378 SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__) \
379 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS()
380
381 #define SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS_EXTERN() \
382 static BuilderLibrary* getBuilderLibrary(const std::string& name); \
383 static bool addBuilder(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* builder);
384
385 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_CTOR_EXTERN(...) \
386 using Ctor = ::SST::ELI::SingleCtor<__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__>; \
387 SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__); \
388 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS_EXTERN()
389
390 #define SST_ELI_DEFINE_CTOR_EXTERN(base) \
391 bool base::addBuilder(const std::string& elemlib, const std::string& elem, BaseBuilder* builder) \
392 { \
393 return getBuilderLibrary(elemlib)->addBuilder(elem, builder); \
394 } \
395 base::BuilderLibrary* base::getBuilderLibrary(const std::string& elemlib) \
396 { \
397 return BuilderLibraryDatabase::getLibrary(elemlib); \
398 }
399
400 // I can make some extra using typedefs because I have only a single ctor
401 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_DEFAULT_CTOR() \
402 using Ctor = ::SST::ELI::SingleCtor<__LocalEliBase>; \
403 SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(__LocalEliBase) \
404 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS()
405
406 #define SST_ELI_DECLARE_DEFAULT_CTOR_EXTERN() \
407 SST_ELI_DEFAULT_CTOR_COMMON() \
408 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS_EXTERN()
409
410 #define SST_ELI_EXTEND_CTOR() using Ctor = ::SST::ELI::ExtendedCtor<LocalCtor, __ParentEliBase::Ctor>;
411
412 #define SST_ELI_SAME_BASE_CTOR() \
413 using LocalCtor = __ParentEliBase::Ctor::ChangeBase<__LocalEliBase>; \
414 SST_ELI_EXTEND_CTOR() \
415 using BaseBuilder = typename __ParentEliBase::BaseBuilder::template ChangeBase<__LocalEliBase>; \
416 using BuilderLibrary = __ParentEliBase::BuilderLibrary::ChangeBase<__LocalEliBase>; \
417 using BuilderLibraryDatabase = __ParentEliBase::BuilderLibraryDatabase::ChangeBase<__LocalEliBase>; \
418 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS()
419
420 #define SST_ELI_NEW_BASE_CTOR(...) \
421 using LocalCtor = ::SST::ELI::SingleCtor<__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__>; \
422 SST_ELI_EXTEND_CTOR() \
423 SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(__LocalEliBase, __VA_ARGS__) \
424 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS()
425
426 #define SST_ELI_DEFAULT_BASE_CTOR() \
427 using LocalCtor = ::SST::ELI::SingleCtor<__LocalEliBase>; \
428 SST_ELI_EXTEND_CTOR() \
429 SST_ELI_BUILDER_TYPEDEFS(__LocalEliBase) \
430 SST_ELI_BUILDER_FXNS()
431
432 #endif // SST_CORE_ELI_ELEMENTBUILDER_H
Definition: elementbuilder.h:175
Definition: elementbuilder.h:192
Definition: elementbuilder.h:105
Definition: elementbuilder.h:270
Definition: elementbuilder.h:34
Definition: elementbuilder.h:169
Definition: elementbuilder.h:182
Definition: elementbuilder.h:301
Definition: elibase.h:119
Definition: elementbuilder.h:144
Definition: elementbuilder.h:133
Definition: elementbuilder.h:72
Definition: elementbuilder.h:249
Definition: elementbuilder.h:23
Implements a constructor for a derived base as usually happens with subcomponents, e.g.
Definition: elementbuilder.h:217
Definition: elementbuilder.h:154
static bool addLoader(const std::string &lib, const std::string &name, LibraryLoader *loader)
Definition: elibase.cc:28
static std::enable_if< OldCtor::template is_constructible< T >::value, bool >::type add()
The derived Ctor can "block" the more abstract Ctor, meaning an object should only be instantiated as...
Definition: elementbuilder.h:228
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RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES, VOL. 21, ES2004, doi:10.2205/2021ES000761, 2021
Ice thickening caused by freezing of tidal jet
A. V. Marchenko1,2,3, E. G. Morozov4, A. V. Ivanov5, T. G. Elizarova5, D. I. Frey4
1Svalbard University Center, Longyearbyen, Spitsbergen, Norway
2Zubov State Oceanographic Institute, Moscow, Russia
3Sustainable Arctic Marine and Coastal Technology (SAMCoT)), Centre for Research-Based Innovation (CRI), Trondheim, Norway
4Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia
5Keldysh Institute of Applied Mathematics, Moscow, Russia
Abstract
We observed freezing of strong tidal jet of ice-free water as it flows under the ice in Lake Vallunden in the Van Mijen Fjord, Spitsbergen. The size of Lake Vallunden is approximately 1.2 km by 650 m, and its depth is 10 m. It is connected to the Van Mijen Fjord by a channel 100 long and 10 m wide. Due to strong tides, periodical tidal current in the channel exceeds 1 m/s. In winter, water temperature in the channel is close to freezing. It strongly cools while propagating along the ice-free channel. The jet of high velocity from the channel continues into the lake and its velocity decreases in the lake. As the strong current diverges and slows down in the lake, the water freezes in close vicinity of the channel. Ice thickness was measured over the entire lake. Intense freezing occurs approximately at a distance of 100 m from the channel where the velocity of the tidal jet decreases. The ice thickness in this region reaches 120 cm, whereas in the entire lake it is 70 cm. A mathematical model is suggested showing the velocity field of diverging and circulating tidal flow in the lake. The model for numerical simulation is based on a system of shallow water equations together with the transport equation.
1. Introduction
Fig 1
Figure 1
Lake Vallunden is a lake in Spitsbergen approximately 1200 m long, its width is 600–650 m. The mean depth of the lake is 10–11 m. The lake is located near the shallow summit of the fjord at a distance of 55 km from the open ocean. The lake is connected to the Van Mijen Fjord by a channel 100 long and 10 m wide [Marchenko et al., 2013]. Strong tidal currents develop in this channel because the sea level in the fjord changes with the tidal periods. The amplitude of sea surface height in the fjord is approximately $\pm 1$ m. Due to strong tides, periodical tidal current in the channel exceeds 1 m/s. The lake and the fjord are covered with ice in winter, but the channel usually remains ice-free even in very cold winters because of the strong tidal flow in the channel. In winter, water temperature in the ice-free channel is close to freezing. Water strongly cools while propagating along the channel. The jet of high velocity from the channel continues into the lake and its velocity decreases in the lake approximately over a distance of 100 m. Field works were performed in the shallow area located in the end of the Van Mijen Fjord [Marchenko and Morozov, 2013, 2016a]. A chart of the region is shown in Figure 1. We study the continuation of the strong flow from the channel between the Van Mijen Fjord and Lake Vallunden near the Svea settlement (77° 53' N, 16° 46' E). In our previous studies [Marchenko and Morozov, 2013; Morozov et al., 2019] we observed a strong tidal flow in the channel connecting the Van Mijen Fjord and Lake Vallunden (and in Lake Vallunden). This tidal flow generates short period internal waves [Marchenko and Morozov, 2016b; Morozov and Pisarev, 2002; Morozov et al., 2019].
The goal of our research is to investigate the influence of very cold-water current on sea ice, which can cause changes in the ice thickness. The strong tidal currents in the channel continue into the lake preventing ice freezing along a narrow strip during relatively warm weather.
2. Experiment
Fig 2
Figure 2
Field works were performed in 2019 in Lake Vallunden (Spitsbergen) near the channel connecting the lake with the fjord. A narrow ($\sim $1–2 m wide) strip of water in the continuation of the flow from the strip does not freeze (Figure 2). We found an interesting phenomenon: ice thickness at the end of the ice-free strip appeared notably greater than in the lake. The mean ice thickness in the lake was approximately 70 cm.
Fig 3
Figure 3
To make a detailed map of the ice thickness near the channel in the northern part of the lake we performed a survey of ice thickness by drilling holes in the ice and measuring ice thickness with a graduated rod. The survey showed that the characteristic size of the region, in which thicker ice was found, is $\sim 100$ m. The region of thicker ice is located immediately near the end of the non-freezing tidal stream and around it. The maximum ice thickness in this region reaches 120 cm. At the border of this region, a significant gradient of ice thickness was found. Ice thickness sharply decreases over several meters to 80–90 cm and then gradually decreases to 70 cm, which is typical for the ice thickness throughout the lake (Figure 3).
We interpret this phenomenon as follows. When water flows into the lake along the non-freezing channel, the water temperature drops almost to the freezing point, and ice crystals and larger slash formations appear at the surface of the stream. This near-freezing water flows under the ice and ice crystals and slash join the ice sheet in the lake.
Strongly varying ice thickness near the strip was revealed by drilling measurements [Morozov et al., 2019]. Ice thickness near the ice-free strip sharply increased from 25 cm at the ice edge to 40–50 cm at about 1 m from the ice edge. At a distance of 5–8 m from the ice edge, the ice was as thick as 60 cm. In the continuation of the narrow strip, the ice thickness was almost 120 cm and then the thickness gradually decreased to about 70 cm in the entire lake. We explain the growth of ice thickness by the transport of small ice pieces and freezing water under the ice cover by the strong current and their accumulation under ice where the current speed decreases [Morozov et al., 2019].
3. Model
A system of regularized shallow water equations (RSWE) described in [Bulatov and Elizarova, 2011] has been used for numerical simulation of hydrodynamic processes in Lake Vallunden:
\begin{equation} \tag*{(1)} \frac{\partial h}{\partial t} + {\mathrm{div}} {\vec{j}}_m = 0, \end{equation} \begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\partial h\vec{u}}{\partial t} + {\mathrm{div}} \left( {\vec{j}}_m \otimes \ \vec{u}\right) + \vec{\nabla } \frac{gh^2}{2} = \end{eqnarray*}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(2)} h^* \left( \vec{f} - g\vec{\nabla} b \right) + {\mathrm{div}} \Pi , \end{equation}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(3)} h^* = h - \tau {\mathrm{div}} \left( h\vec{u} \right), \end{equation}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(4)} {\vec{j}}_m = h\left( \vec{u} - \vec{w} \right), \end{equation}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(5)} \vec{w} = \frac{\tau}{h} \left[ {\mathrm{div}} \left( h\vec{u} \otimes \vec{u} \right) + gh \vec{\nabla} \left(b + h \right) - h \vec{f} \right], \end{equation} \begin{eqnarray*} \Pi = \Pi_{\mathrm{NS}} + \tau \vec{u} \otimes \left[ h\left( \vec{u} \cdot \vec{\nabla} \right) \vec{u} + \right. \end{eqnarray*}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(6)} \left. gh\vec{\nabla} \left( b + h\right) - h\vec{f} \right] + \tau I\left[ gh\, {\mathrm{div}} \left( h\vec{u} \right) \right], \end{equation}
Fig 4
Figure 4
where, $h(x,y,t)$ is the thickness of the water layer measured from the bottom, $b(x,y)$ is the bathymetry function; therefore, $\xi(x,y,t) = h(x,y,t) + b(x,y)$ is the level of water surface (Figure 4), $\vec{u} = \{u_x,u_y\}$ is the vector of horizontal velocity, $g=9.81$ m/s$^2$ is the acceleration due to gravity, $\vec{f} (x,y,t)$ is the vector of external volume force; $\tau > 0$ is regularization parameter, whose dimension is time. Besides, $\Pi_{\mathrm{NS}}$ is the Navier–Stokes viscous stress tensor, which, in a number of problems is considered as an additional regularizer and can be included or dropped, see, for example, [Bulatov and Elizarova, 2011; Sheretov, 2016].
The coefficient of kinematic viscosity of fluid $\mu$ is considered artificial; it is calculated from parameter $\tau$:
\begin{eqnarray*} \Pi_{NS} = \mu h \left[ \left( \vec{\nabla} \otimes \ \vec{u} \right) + \left( \vec{\nabla} \otimes \ \vec{u}\right)^{T} \right], \end{eqnarray*}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(7)} \mu =\tau gh. \end{equation}
Besides, a simplified model of the passive scalar transport is used to calculate the distribution of the inflowing cold water over the lake. Thus, the inflowing cold water is considered as an "impurity", where its concentration $C(x,y,t)$ could be proportional to the ice thickness. Concentration $C(x,y,t)$ is specified in dimensionless units. This model is based on the solution of the regularized transport equation:
\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\partial Ch}{\partial t} + {\mathrm{div}} \left( {\vec{j}}_mC\right) = \end{eqnarray*}
\begin{equation} \tag*{(8)} {\mathrm{div}} \left( Dh\vec{\nabla}C + \tau \vec{u}h\left(\vec{u}\cdot \vec{\nabla }C\right)\right), \end{equation}
together with the RSWE system. The methods of deriving and solving the system of equations (1)–(8) are described in [Elizarova and Ivanov, 2020].
External volume force is represented by the Coriolis force
\begin{eqnarray*} \vec{f} = \left\{f_x,f_y\right\},\; f_x = f^c u_y, \; f_y = {-f}^cu_x. \end{eqnarray*}
The Coriolis force may be important because circular currents are formed in the lake and the Coriolis force can influence their formation. The Coriolis parameter is $f^c = 2\Omega \sin\varphi$, where $\Omega = 7.2921\times 10^{-5}$ s$^{-1}$ is the angular velocity of the Earth's rotation, which was assumed constant in the entire domain of simulations at latitude $\varphi = 77.87\mbox{°}$.
Before considering the model of bathymetry, let us describe the following designations: $\eta (x,y,t) = \xi(x,y,t)-\xi_0$ is the deviation of water level, where $\xi_0$ is the mean water level; $B(x,y) = b(x,y)-\xi_0$ is the depth of the lake measured from the mean level $\xi_0$.
Fig 5
Figure 5
Since the exact bathymetry data of Lake Vallunden has not been measured, an approximate bathymetry model, which is consistent with observations, has been developed, Figure 5. The shape of the lake was reproduced by transforming a satellite image, and the bathymetry was built on the assumption that the bottom 10-m deep is approximately flat, and the slopes at the coasts are very steep. In the northern part, there is an inlet channel, whose depth is 1.5 m, but there is a stone bar at the end of the channel where the depth reaches 1 m, Figure 5b. The width of the channel is approximately 10–15 m, the length is approximately 100 m. The height of the shores above the lake is 3–5 m.
Since the $y$-axis coincides with the direction of the normal to the boundary of the computational domain, the following boundary conditions were set to simulate the flow of cold water into the lake, at the boundary of the channel flowing into the lake ($x = 1250$ m, Figure 5b)
\begin{eqnarray*} \frac{\partial h}{\partial y} =0, \; \; u_y= -\sin \left( \frac{\pi t}{6}\right)(1-e^{-t/6}) {\mathrm{m/s}}, \end{eqnarray*} \begin{eqnarray*} u_x =0 {\mathrm{m/s}},\; C=1, \end{eqnarray*}
Fig 6
Figure 6
where $t$ is given in hours. The profile of the normal velocity component at the channel boundary is shown in Figure 6.
The "dry bottom" condition was used at the other boundaries, as the boundary condition. The cutoff parameter $\varepsilon$ represents the minimum water level. Below this level, i.e., in the regions of the dry bottom, the liquid is at rest; therefore, a constraint is imposed on $\tau$ and $\vec{u}$ in the form
\begin{eqnarray*} \tau = \left\{ \begin{array}{c} \displaystyle{\frac{\alpha \sqrt{\Delta x \Delta y}} {\sqrt{gh}}},\; h > \varepsilon; 0, \qquad \qquad \; h \leq \varepsilon, \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray*} \begin{eqnarray*} {\mathrm{if}} \: h< \varepsilon,\; {\mathrm{then}}\; h=\varepsilon \; {\mathrm{and}} \; \vec{u} =\vec {0}, \end{eqnarray*}
where $\Delta x, \Delta y$ are spatial grid steps. A similar problem without taking into account the propagation of impurities was considered using the system of regularized shallow water equations; its solution, as well as a description of the method for calculating the zones of flooding/drying are given in [Bulatov and Elizarova, 2016].
Since we consider cold water transport, it can be assumed that function $C$ is the temperature, and $D$ is the coefficient of thermal diffusivity of water. This coefficient is very small (at 0° C, $D \approx 13.2\times 10^{-8}$ m$^2$/s); therefore, it can be neglected. The currents in the lake are low (about 10 cm/s); therefore, the regularizer on the right-hand side of (8), represented by the dissipative term of the order of $\sim \tau hu^2$, is insufficient to ensure the stability of the numerical solution. That is why, in addition to the Navier–Stokes regularizer (7) in
equation (6), an artificial term $\delta \mu$ was introduced to coefficient $D$ in the transport equation (8) of the model, where $\delta$ is a dimensionless coefficient chosen from the conditions of stability and calculation accuracy, and $\mu$ is the viscosity coefficient taken from (7):
\begin{eqnarray*} D \rightarrow D +\delta \mu, \;\; \mu = \tau gh. \end{eqnarray*}
The first-order Euler scheme for time derivatives and second-order scheme for spatial derivatives were used for the numerical solution of the system of equations (1)–(8). A uniform rectangular grid with the following parameters was used:
\begin{eqnarray*} N_x=247, \; \Delta x = 4.1\; {\mathrm{m}}; \end{eqnarray*} \begin{eqnarray*} N_y=234, \; \Delta y = 5.4 \; {\mathrm{m}}; \end{eqnarray*} \begin{eqnarray*} \alpha = 0.3, \; \delta =0.1, \; \varepsilon =0.01 \;{\mathrm{m}}. \end{eqnarray*}
The time step was chosen in accordance with the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy condition:
\begin{eqnarray*} \Delta t = \beta \frac{\left(\Delta x + \Delta y\right)} {2\sqrt{gh_{\max}}},\; \beta=0.2. \end{eqnarray*}
Fig 7
Figure 7
We start modeling when the water is at rest. The inflow velocity is set (Figure 6) to gradually establish the water circulation in the lake. However, the periodical variations in the inflow velocity cause sea level fluctuations in the lake, which are established only from the 40-th model hour (Figure 7), and the mean water level increases up to about 20 cm. This can be explained by many factors. First, it should be noted that there are no drains in the lake, and its slopes are very steep. The narrow and shallow channel does not enable the water to completely flow from the lake during low tide. Part of the water remains in the lake due to which the total water level gradually increases during the first 50–60 model hours. Besides, during the numerical experiments, it was revealed that the shape and depth of the channel also play an important role. Various variants of the model approximations of the channel were considered in the simulations, for example, if we increased the width of the deep part of the channel, the water level in the lake changed with an amplitude of 1 m. The current view of the channel model agrees well with satellite images and experimental observations, and provides an amplitude of the water level change in the lake equal to $\pm 20$ cm, which is consistent with experimental observations.
Fig 8
Figure 8
As a result of several numerical experiments, it was found that the change in the mean water level almost did not have any effect on the circulation in the lake. The distribution of the concentration of coldest water is repeated with a periodicity of 12 h, which corresponds to the period of changes in the boundary conditions. A typical example of cold water propagation is shown in Figure 8. One can see a region with a radius of about 100 m and a larger region with a radius of about 300 m.
Fig 9
Figure 9
Figure 9 shows the pattern of the flow and streamlines of the magnitude of velocity $|u| = \sqrt{u_x^2 + u_y^2}$ for the inflow (Figure 9a) and outflow (Figure 9b). The distribution of the velocity (of the order of several centimeters per second) far from the channel is consistent with the field measurements [Morozov et al., 2019]. A pattern of the formation of a circular cyclonic eddy with a diameter of 200–300 m is seen, which is also consistent with observations.
The concentration of the inflowing cold water determines the formation and distribution of ice thickness when the lake freezes. An eddy is formed in the solution. However, the form of the eddy and its relative location to the channel depends on small variations in the location of the channel and bottom topography near the channel. These variations almost do not influence the size of the eddy. The numerical experiments have shown that the presence of the Coriolis force does not affect the formation of circulation, i.e., circulation is caused solely due to the shape of the lake and the position of the inflow. The low influence of the Coriolis force is explained by the small spatial scale of the phenomenon. The effect of the Earth's rotation becomes important when the time scales of the motion are comparable with the inertial period. The size of the eddy in the lake is of the order of $\sim 100$ m and the velocity scale of motion in the lake is of the order of $\sim 0.1$ m/s. Hence, the time scale is of the order of $\sim 1000$ s, which is much smaller than the inertial period at latitude 78° N ($\sim 12$ h). Cold water is concentrated near the outflow from the channel to the lake (Figure 8). This corresponds to the real pattern of ice thickness distribution: ice is much thicker in the region of the eddy near the channel.
Let us compare the map of ice thickness in the inflow region with the circulation pattern. Figure 9 combines maps of ice thickness and currents in the lake, calculated using a numerical model. In the region of the lake, which is located close to the channel, the ice thickness is thicker, and a cyclonic eddy is formed by the inflowing tidal flow here. The size of the region of thick ice is the same as the region of high velocities near the channel as well as the size of the region of impurity (very cold water) in Figure 9a, Figure 9c.
4. Conclusions
Ice thickness in the region of the tidal jet flowing from the Van Mijen Fjord to Lake Vallunden was investigated in the winter season. The ice in the continuation of the ice-free strip is much thicker than in the lake. The ice-free continuation of the flow in the lake was about 2 m wide and 100 m long. Strong currents of almost freezing water penetrate under ice transporting ice crystals and slash, which attach to the ice cover from below, and thus ice thickness increases in the continuation of the flow. A numerical simulation allowed us to model the structure of currents in the lake when the tidal current flows into the lake. The flow initially forms an eddy which expands over the basin of the lake with decreasing velocities.
Acknowledgments
This field research was supported by the Norwegian Research Council (NFR) (project no. 196138/S30) and by the State Task of the Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (0128-2021-0002). Analysis of ice thickness was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project no. 21-17-00278), model simulations were supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (project nos. 19-57-60001 and 19-01-00262).
References
Bulatov, O. V., T. G. Elizarova (2011) , Regularized shallow water equations and an efficient method for numerical simulation of shallow water flow, Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 51, no. 1, p. 160–173, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965542511010052.
Bulatov, O. V., T. G. Elizarova (2016) , Regularized shallow water equations for numerical simulation of flows with a moving shoreline, Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 56, no. 4, p. 661–679, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965542516040047.
Elizarova, T. G., A. V. Ivanov (2020) , Numerical modeling of passive scalar transport in shallow water based on the quasi-gasdynamic approach, Computational Mathematics and Mathematical Physics, 60, no. 7, p. 1208–1227, https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965542520070064.
Marchenko, A. V., E. G. Morozov (2013) , Asymmetric tide in Lake Vallunden (Spitsbergen), Nonlinear Processes in Geophysics, 20, p. 935–944, https://doi.org/10.5194/npg-20-935-2013.
Marchenko, A. V., E. G. Morozov (2016a) , Surface manifestations of the waves in the ocean covered with ice, Russ. J. Earth Sci., 16, p. ES1001, https://doi.org/10.2205/2016ES000561.
Marchenko, A. V., E. G. Morozov (2016b) , Seiche oscillations in Lake Vallunden (Spitsbergen), Russ. J. Earth. Sci., 16, p. ES2003, https://doi.org/10.2205/2016ES000567.
Marchenko, A. V., E. G. Morozov, S. V. Muzylev (2013) , Measurements of sea ice flexural stiffness by pressure characteristics of flexural-gravity waves, Annals of Glaciology, 54, p. 51–60, https://doi.org/10.3189/2013AoG64A075.
Morozov, E. G., S. V. Pisarev (2002) , Internal tides at the Arctic latitudes (numerical experiments), Oceanology, 42, no. 2, p. 153–161.
Morozov, E. G., A. V. Marchenko, K. V. Filchuk, et al. (2019) , Sea ice evolution and internal wave generation due to a tidal jet in a frozen sea, Applied Ocean Research, 87, p. 179–191, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2019.03.024.
Sheretov, Yu. V. (2016) , Regularized Hydrodynamic Equations, 222 pp., Tver State University, Tver, R.F (in Russian).
Received 25 February 2021; accepted 9 March 2021; published 9 April 2021.
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Citation: Marchenko A. V., E. G. Morozov, A. V. Ivanov, T. G. Elizarova, D. I. Frey (2021), Ice thickening caused by freezing of tidal jet, Russ. J. Earth Sci., 21, ES2004, doi:10.2205/2021ES000761.
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Patent application title: Transparently Increasing Power Savings in a Power Management Environment
Inventors: Naresh Nayar (Rochester, MN, US) Karthik Rajamani (Austin, TX, US) Freeman L. Rawson, Iii (Austin, TX, US)
Assignees: International Business Machines Corporation
IPC8 Class: AG06F132FI
USPC Class: 713321
Class name: Computer power control power conservation programmable calculator with power saving feature
Publication date: 2012-08-16
Patent application number: 20120210152
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Abstract:
A mechanism is provided for transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions. Responsive to the existence of the non-folded resource on an originating resource chip, the virtualization mechanism determines whether there is a destination resource chip to either exchange operations of the non-folded resource with a folded resource on the destination chip or migrate operations of the non-folded resource to a non-folded resource on the destination chip. Responsive to the existence of the folded resource on the destination resource chip, the virtualization mechanism transparently exchanges the operations of the non-folded resource from the originating resource chip to the folded resource on the destination resource chip, where the folded resource remains folded on the originating resource chip after the exchange. Responsive to the absence of another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, the vitalization mechanism places the originating resource chip into a deeper power saving mode.
Claims:
1. A method, in a logically partitioned data processing system, for transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions, the method comprising: determining, by a virtualization mechanism in the logically partitioned data processing system, whether there is a non-folded resource on an originating resource chip in a set of resource chips, wherein the non-folded resource is associated with a logical partition that has entered a power saving mode in a set of logical partitions; responsive to the existence of the non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether there is a destination resource chip to either exchange operations of the non-folded resource with a folded resource on the destination chip or migrate operations of the non-folded resource to a non-folded resource on the destination chip; responsive to the existence of the folded resource on the destination resource chip, transparently exchanging, by the virtualization mechanism, the operations of the non-folded resource from the originating resource chip to the folded resource on the destination resource chip, wherein the folded resource remains folded on the originating resource chip after the exchange; determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether there is another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip; and responsive to the absence of another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, placing, by the Virtualization mechanism, the originating resource chip into a deeper power saving mode, wherein the deeper power saving mode saves additional power as compared to the cumulative power savings of all resources in the plurality of resources on the destination resource being in a individual power saving mode.
2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: responsive to the existence of the non-folded resource on. the destination resource chip, transparently migrating, by the virtualization mechanism, the operations of the non-folded resource from the originating resource chip to the non-folded resource on the destination resource chip, thereby causing the non-folded resource on the originating resource chip to fold; determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether there is another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip; and responsive to the absence of another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, placing, by the virtualization mechanism, the originating resource chip into a deeper power saving mode, wherein the deeper power saving mode saves additional power as compared to the cumulative power savings of all resources in the plurality of resources on the destination resource being in a individual power saving mode.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein the resource is at least one of a processor core or a logical memory block, wherein, if the resource is the processor core, the originating resource chip and the destination resource chip are multi-core processors, and wherein, if the resource is the logical memory block, the originating resource chip and the destination resource chip are memory arrays.
4. The method of claim 1, further comprising: recording, by the virtualization mechanism, resource assignments of the logical partition prior to transparently exchanging or migrating the operations of the non-folded resource from the originating resource chip to either the folded resource or non-folded resource on the destination resource chip.
5. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether the logical partition has exited the power saving mode; responsive to the logical partition exiting the power saving mode, identifying, by the virtualization mechanism, resource assignments of the logical partition; waking up, by the virtualization mechanism, one or more resource chips in the set of resource chips associated with the resource assignments; determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether one or more resources associated with the logical partition has had their operations transparently exchanged with or migrated to another resource chip; and responsive to identifying one or more resources associated with the logical partition that have had their operations transparently exchanged with or migrated to the another resource chip, restoring, by the virtualization mechanism, the operations of each resource to its originating resource chip.
6. The method of claim 1, further comprising: receiving, by the virtualization mechanism, a request to assign one or more additional resources to the logical partition; determining, by the. virtualization mechanism, whether the logical partition is in the power saving mode; and responsive to the logical partition being in the power saving mode, recording, by the virtualization mechanism, an-assignment of the one or more additional resources in order to assign the one or more additional resources upon the logical partition exiting the power saving mode.
7. The method of claim 6, further comprising: determining, by the virtualization mechanism, whether the logical partition has exited the power saving mode; responsive to the logical partition exiting the power saving mode, assigning, by the virtualization mechanism, the one or more additional resources to the logical partition; and sending, by the virtualization mechanism, a signal to an operation system of the logical partition informing the operating system of the one or more additional resources.
8-21. (canceled)
Description:
BACKGROUND
[0001] The present application relates generally to an improved data processing apparatus and method and more specifically to mechanisms for transparently increasing power savings in a power management environment.
[0002] There is an emerging customer requirement for better power and thermal management in server systems. Customers increasingly expect systems to behave in such a way as to be power-efficient. Customers also want the ability to set policies that trade off power and performance in order to meet their particular objectives. For example, customers want to be able to over-provision their installations relative to the nominal maximum power and temperature values of the systems that they install but be able to take advantage of the variability in workloads and utilization to ensure that the systems operate correctly and within the limits of the available power and cooling.
[0003] IBM®s EneruScale® controls the power and temperature of running systems in a performance-aware manner under the direction of a set of policies and objectives specified through EnergyScale®'s user interfaces. To do so, EnergyScale® implements detailed, periodic measurement of processor core power and temperature, measurement of the power consumed by the entire system board as well as any plugged-in processor cards and measurement of the memory power and temperature to the system. EnergyScale® uses the results of these measurements to adjust the system's operation and configuration to meet specified objectives for power, temperature, and performance by using closed-loop feedback control operating in real time.
[0004] One of the tools used by EnergyScale® to control power is to adjust the frequency and voltage of the processor chips and cores in the system to control the power dissipation as a function of the user specified energy scale policy. Early
[0005] EnergyScale® designs required that the voltage and frequency of all central processing units (CPUs) in the system maintained at the same value. As the EnergyScale® design and implementation became more sophisticated, it became possible to have cores in a system running at different frequencies and voltages and allowed the implementation of more sophisticated power savings algorithms.
SUMMARY
[0006] In one illustrative embodiment, a method, in a data processing system, is provided for transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions. The illustrative embodiment determines whether there is a non-folded resource on an originating resource chip in a set of resource chips. In the illustrative embodiment, the non-folded resource is associated with a logical partition that has entered a power saving mode in a set of logical partitions. The illustrative embodiment determines whether there is a destination resource chip to either exchange operations of the non-folded resource with a folded resource on the destination chip or migrate operations of the non-folded resource to a non-folded resource on the destination chip in response to the existence of the non-folded resource on the originating resource chip. The illustrative embodiment transparently exchanges the operations of the non-folded resource from the originating resource chip to the folded resource on the destination resource chip, wherein the folded resource remains folded on the originating resource chip after the exchange in response to the existence of the folded resource on the destination resource chip. The illustrative embodiment determines whether there is another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip. The illustrative embodiment places the originating resource chip into a deeper power saving mode, wherein the deeper power saving mode saves additional power as compared to the cumulative power savings of all resources in the plurality of resources on the destination resource being in a individual power saving mode in response to the absence of another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip.
[0007] In other illustrative embodiments, a computer program product comprising a computer useable or readable medium having a computer readable program is provided. The computer readable program, when executed on a computing device, causes the computing device to perform various ones, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment.
[0008] In yet another illustrative embodiment, a system/apparatus is provided. The system/apparatus may comprise one or more processors and a memory coupled to the one or more processors. The memory may comprise instructions which, when executed by the one or more processors, cause the one or more processors to perform various ones, and combinations of, the operations outlined above with regard to the method illustrative embodiment.
[0009] These and other features and advantages of the present invention will be described in, or will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in view of, the following detailed description of the example embodiments of the present invention,
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] The invention, as well as a preferred mode of use and further objectives and advantages thereof, will best be understood by reference to the following detailed description of illustrative embodiments when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein:
[0011] FIG. 1 depicts a block diagram of a data processing system with which aspects of the illustrative embodiments may advantageously be utilized;
[0012] FIG. 2 depicts a block diagram of an exemplary logically partitioned platform in which the illustrative embodiments may be implemented;
[0013] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary block diagram illustrating a data processing system with a virtualized environment in accordance with an illustrative embodiment;
[0014] FIG. 4 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism to transparently consolidate resources of logical partitions that enter a power saving mode in accordance with a illustrative embodiment;
[0015] FIG. 5 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism to transparently consolidate resources of logical partitions that exit a power saving mode in accordance with a illustrative embodiment; and
[0016] FIG. 6 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism o assign resources to a logical partition that is in a power saving mode in accordance with an illustrative embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0017] A side-effect of the more sophisticated EnergyScale® implementation is that energy savings opportunities increase with the increasing granularity of energy scale algorithm, For example, greater energy may be saved if all cores of a processor chip are turned off versus the same number of cores being turned off on two different processor chips. In other words, the greatest energy savings opportunities arise when the system resources are packed, for example, the processor cores and memory for the logical partitions are allocated to the smallest number of processor and memory chips in the system.
[0018] The illustrative embodiments provide a mechanism for transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions that are in static power saving mode. Through processor and memory virtualization technologies, a virtualization mechanism may exchange one or more allocated non-folded virtual processors and/or memory of idle logical partitions transparently with other allocated virtual processors and/or memory on fewer active processor and memory chips or migrate one or more allocated non-folded virtual processors and/or memory of idle logical partitions to unallocated portions of the fewer active processor and memory chips. Transparent means that the operating system running in the logical partition is not aware that its allocated processor cores and logical memory blocks have has their operations exchanged or migrated by the virtualization mechanism. The purpose of the exchange or migration of operations is to pack active processor cores and logical memory blocks of active logical partitions in static power saving mode onto as few processor and memory chips as possible. With the active processor cores and logical memory blocks packed onto fewer active processor and memory chips, the initial processor cores and logical memory blocks may then be folded and those resources corresponding to the folded resources may be placed into a highest energy scale saving mode. The key point is that the virtualization mechanism has active processors and memory consolidated onto fewer processor and memory chips. The processor and memory chips that have consolidated resources are expending more power than they were before the consolidation, but the other processor and memory chips that correspond to the folded resources may now be placed into deeper power saving mode, so the net effect is that additional power is saved using the consolidation techniques.
[0019] Thus, the illustrative embodiments may be utilized in many different types of data processing environments including a distributed data processing environment, a single data processing device, or the like. In order to provide a context for the description of the specific elements and functionality of the illustrative embodiments, FIGS. 1 and 2 are provided hereafter as example environments in which aspects of the illustrative embodiments may be implemented. While the description following FIGS. 1 and 2 will focus primarily on a single data processing device implementation of a mechanism that transparently consolidates resources of logical partitions that are in static power saving mode onto as few as processor and memory chips as possible, this is only an example and is not intended to state or imply any limitation with regard to the features of the present invention. To the contrary, the illustrative embodiments are intended to include distributed data processing environments and embodiments in which resources of logical partitions that are in static power saving mode may be transparently consolidated onto as few as processor and memory chips as possible.
[0020] With reference now to the figures and in particular with reference to FIGS. 1-2, example diagrams of data processing environments are provided in which illustrative embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. It should be appreciated that FIGS. 1-2 are only examples and are not intended to assert or imply any limitation with regard to the environments in which aspects or embodiments of the present invention may be implemented. Many modifications to the depicted environments may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
[0021] In the illustrative embodiments, a computer architecture is implemented as a combination of hardware and software, The software part of the computer architecture may be referred to as microcode or millicode. The combination of hardware and software creates an instruction set and system architecture that the rest of the computer's software operates on, such as Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), Virtual Machine Monitors (VMM), Hypervisors, applications, etc. The computer architecture created by the initial combination is immutable to the computer software (BIOS, etc), except through defined interfaces which may be few.
[0022] Referring now to the drawings and in particular to FIG. 1, there is depicted a block diagram of a data processing system with which aspects of the illustrative embodiments may advantageously be utilized. As shown, data processing system 100 includes processor units 111a-111n. Each of processor units 111a-111n includes a processor and a cache memory. For example, processor unit 111a contains processor 112a and cache memory 113a, and processor unit 111n contains processor 112n and cache memory 113n.
[0023] Processor units 111a-111n are connected to main bus 115. Main bus 115 supports system planar 120 that contains processor units 111a-111n and memory cards 123. System planar 120 also contains data switch 121 and memory controller/cache 122. Memory controller/cache 122 supports memory cards 123 that include local memory 116 having multiple dual in-line memory modules (DIMMs).
[0024] Data switch 121 connects to bus bridge 117 and bus bridge 118 located within native I/O (NIO) planar 124. As shown, bus bridge 118 connects to peripheral components interconnect (PCI) bridges 125 and 126 via system bus 119. PCI bridge 125 connects to a variety of I/O devices via PCI bus 128. As shown, hard disk 136 may be connected to PCI bus 128 via small computer system interface (SCSI) host adapter 130. Graphics adapter 131 may be directly or indirectly connected to PCI bus 128. PCI bridge 126 provides connections for external data streams through network adapter 134 and adapter card slots 135a-135n via PCI bus 127.
[0025] Industry standard architecture (ISA) bus 129 connects to PCI bus 128 via ISA bridge 132. ISA bridge 132 provides interconnection capabilities through NIO controller 133 having serial connections Serial 1 and Serial 2. A floppy drive connection, keyboard connection, and mouse connection are provided by NIO controller 133 to allow data processing system 100 to accept data input from a user via a corresponding input device. In addition, non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) 140, connected to ISA bus 129, provides a non-volatile memory for preserving certain types of data from system disruptions or system failures, such as power supply problems. System firmware 141 is also connected to ISA bus 129 for implementing the initial Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) functions. Service processor 144 connects to ISA bus 129 to provide functionality for system diagnostics or system servicing.
[0026] The operating system (OS) is stored on hard disk 136, which may also provide storage for additional application software for execution by a data processing system. NVRAM 140 is used. to store system variables and error information for field replaceable unit (FRU) isolation. During system startup, the bootstrap program loads the operating system and initiates execution of the operating system. To load the operating system, the bootstrap program first locates an operating system kernel image on hard disk 136, loads the OS kernel image into memory, and jumps to an initial address provided by the operating system kernel. Typically, the operating system is loaded into random-access memory (RAM) within the data processing system. Once loaded and initialized, the operating system controls the execution of programs and may provide services such as resource allocation, scheduling, input/output control, and data management.
[0027] The illustrative embodiment may be embodied in a variety of data processing systems utilizing a number of different hardware configurations and software such as bootstrap programs and operating systems. The data processing system 100 may be, for example, a stand-alone system or part of a network such as a local-area network (LAN) or a wide-area network (WAN). As stated above, FIG. 1 is intended as an example, not as an architectural limitation for different embodiments of the present invention, and therefore, the particular elements shown in FIG. 1 should not be considered limiting with regard to the environments in which the illustrative embodiments of the present invention may be implemented.
[0028] With reference now to FIG. 2, a block diagram of an exemplary logically partitioned platform is depicted in which the illustrative embodiments may be implemented, The hardware in logically partitioned platform 200 may be implemented, for example, using the hardware of data processing system 100 in FIG. 1.
[0029] Logically partitioned platform 200 includes partitioned hardware 230, operating systems 202, 204, 206, 208, and virtual machine monitor 210. Operating systems 202, 204, 206, and 208 may be multiple copies of a single operating system or multiple heterogeneous operating systems simultaneously run on logically partitioned platform 200. These operating systems may be implemented, for example, using OS/400, which is designed to interface with a virtualization mechanism, such as partition management firmware, e.g., a hypervisor. OS/400 is used only as an example in these illustrative embodiments. Of course, other types of operating systems, such as AIX® and Linux®, may be used depending on the particular implementation. Operating systems 202, 204, 206, and 208 are located in logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209, respectively.
[0030] Hypervisor software is an example of software that may be used to implement platform (in this example, virtual machine monitor 210) and is available from International Business Machines Corporation. Firmware is "software" stored in a memory chip that holds its content without electrical power, such as, for example, a read-only memory (ROM), a programmable ROM (PROM), an erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), and an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM).
[0031] Logically partitioned platform 200 may also make use of IBM®'s PowerVM® Active Memory® Sharing (AMS), which is an IBM® PowerVM® advanced memory virtualization technology that provides system memory virtualization capabilities to IBM Power Systems, allowing multiple logical partitions to share a common pool of physical memory. The physical memory of IBM Power Systems® may be assigned to multiple logical partitions either in a dedicated or shared mode. A system administrator has the capability to assign some physical memory to a logical partition and some physical memory to a pool that is shared by other logical partitions. A single partition may have either dedicated or shared memory. Active Memory® Sharing may be exploited to increase memory utilization on the system either by decreasing the system memory requirement or by allowing the creation of additional logical partitions on an existing system.
[0032] Logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 also include partition firmware loader 211, 213, 215, and 217. Partition firmware loader 211, 213, 215, and 217 may be implemented using IPL or initial boot strap code, IEEE-1275 Standard Open Firmware, and runtime abstraction software (RTAS), which is available from International Business Machines Corporation.
[0033] When logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 are instantiated, a copy of the boot strap code is loaded into logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 by virtual machine monitor 210. Thereafter, control is transferred to the boot strap code with the boot strap code then loading the open firmware and RTAS. The processors associated or assigned to logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 are then dispatched to the logical partition's memory to execute the logical partition firmware.
[0034] Partitioned hardware 230 includes a plurality of processors 232-238, a plurality of system memory units 240-246, a plurality of input/output (I/O) adapters 248-262, and storage unit 270. Each of the processors 232-238, memory units 240-246, NVRAM storage 298, and I/O adapters 248-262 may be assigned to one of multiple logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 within logically partitioned platform 200, each of which corresponds to one of operating systems 202, 204, 206, and 208.
[0035] Virtual machine monitor 210 performs a number of functions and services for logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209 to generate and enforce the partitioning of logical partitioned platform 200. Virtual machine monitor 210 is a firmware implemented virtual machine identical to the underlying hardware, Thus, virtual machine monitor 210 allows the simultaneous execution of independent OS images 202, 204, 206, and 208 by virtualizing all the hardware resources of logical partitioned platform 200.
[0036] Service processor 290 may be used to provide various services, such as processing of platform errors in logical partitions 203, 205, 207, and 209. Service processor 290 may also act as a service agent to report errors back to a vendor, such as International Business Machines Corporation. Operations of the different logical partitions may be controlled through a hardware system console 280. Hardware system console 280 is a separate data processing system from which a system administrator may perform various functions including reallocation of resources to different logical partitions.
[0037] Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that the hardware in FIGS. 1-2 may vary depending on the implementation. Other internal hardware or peripheral devices, such as flash memory, equivalent non-volatile memory, or optical disk drives and the like, may be used in addition to or in place of the hardware depicted in FIGS. 1-2. Also, the processes of the illustrative embodiments may be applied to a multiprocessor data processing system, without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
[0038] On a logically partitioned system such as logically partitioned platform 200 of FIG. 2, the allocation of processor and memory resources is highly dependent on the partition configuration. In general, multiple partitions have processor and memory resources allocated from a single processor chip (cores on the processor chip and the memory behind the memory controllers on the chip). It is also possible that a partition may have resources allocated from multiple chips in the system. In general, the processor and memory allocation policies are geared towards optimal system performance, The processor and memory resources are allocated so that there is good affinity between a partition's processors and memory. However, these allocation policies may conflict with the EnergyScale® savings policy of packing processor and memory resources to save power.
[0039] When a set of logical partitions on a system are in a power saving mode, such as static power save where the customer desire is to save as much as power as possible for the given set of logical partitions, logical partitions will fold memory and processors in response to the static power saving mode. Processor folding is a technique used by an operating system to steer work away from one or more of its allocated processors. That is, as the processor utilization of a logical partition decreases below a threshold, the operating system will fold an allocated processor such that no work is dispatched and no interrupts are directed to the folded processor. Folding/unfolding decisions are evaluated by the operating system on a time-scale of seconds. Processor folding in micro-partitions helps with the performance of the shared processor pool by reducing dispatching. Processor folding in dedicated processor partitions helps with power savings and/or improved temporary allocation to the shared processor pool. Memory folding is a technique used by an operating system to steer memory allocation away from one or more of its logical memory blocks. As the memory utilization of a logical partition decreases below a threshold, the operating system will fold memory. Memory folding in a dedicated memory partition also helps with power savings. Similarly, for shared memory pool, the virtualization mechanism hypervisor may fold memory when the utilization of the pool falls below a certain threshold.
[0040] On an implementation such as IBM's POWER7 Systems®, a folded virtual processor from a logical partition's viewpoint corresponds to "sleep" mode of the central processing unit. Similarly the folded memory of the logical partition may be in self-time refresh (a deep memory power saving mode) if a big enough chunk of contiguous memory has been folded. However, a logical partition always has some processors that are not folded and some amount of memory that is not folded. The number of processors and the amount of processors that are folded by a logical partition are a function of the workload in the logical partition. However, even an idle logical partition will not fold away its last virtual processor and all of its memory because it has to be responsive to external or timer interrupts that may generate work for the logical partition, Since there could be tens to hundreds of logical partitions on the system that are in static power saving mode, and multiple logical partitions have the resources allocated in every chip in the system, the opportunity of using deeper energy scale modes for the hardware (sleep for cores and self-time refresh for memory) are limited by the fact that every logical partition has active processors and memory and, typically, multiple logical partitions have resources allocated from a chip.
[0041] FIG. 3 depicts an exemplary block diagram illustrating a data processing system with a virtualized environment in accordance with an illustrative embodiment. Logically partitioned data processing system 300 has a plurality of logical partitions (LPARs) 310, 320, 330 and 340, which may also be referred to as clients or initiators. LPAR 310 has an instance of an operating system (OS) 312 with a set of application programming interfaces (APIs) 314 and one or more applications 316 running. LPAR 320 has OS 322 with APIs 324 and one or more applications 326. LPAR 330 has OS 332 with APIs 334 and one or more applications 336. LPAR 340 has OS 342 with APIs 344 and one or more applications 346. While logically partitioned data processing system 300 illustrates only LPARs 310, 320, 330, and 340., the illustrative embodiments are not limited to such. Rather, any number of LPARs may be utilized with the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
[0042] LPARs 310, 320. 330, and 340 may communicate with one another through virtualization mechanism 350. Virtualization mechanism 350 may be software that performs communications and resource management to allow multiple instances of OSs 312, 322, 332, and 342 to run on logically partitioned data processing system 300 at the same time. Virtualization mechanism 350 performs tasks such as processor time slice sharing, memory allocation, or the like. Virtualization mechanism 350 may be, for example, a hypervisor or a virtual machine monitor, such as virtual machine monitor 210 of FIG. 2.
[0043] In this example, logically partitioned platform 300 may comprise LPARs 310, 320, 330, and 340 as well as processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 and memory 362, 364, 366, and 368 within partitioned hardware 370 under control of virtualization mechanism 350. Each of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 may further comprise two or more processor cores. In this example, each of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 comprise eight processor cores 352a-352h, 354a-354h, 356a-356h, and 358a-358h, respectively. Additionally, although memory allocation is rarely contiguous, in order to simplify the current example, memory 362, 364, 366, and 368 is illustrated to comprise logical memory blocks 362a-362h, 364a-364h, 366a-356h, and 368a-368h, respectively. When a logical partition is created, virtualization mechanism 350 allocates a portion of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 and a portion of memory 362, 364, 366, and 368, as well as other resources to the logical partition.
[0044] For example, during the creation of LPAR 310, virtualization mechanism 350 allocates processor cores 352a-352d and logical memory blocks 362a-362c to LPAR 310. During the creation of LPAR 320, virtualization mechanism 350 allocates processor cores 354a-354c and logical memory blocks 364a-364c to LPAR 320, During the creation of LPAR 330, virtualization mechanism 350 allocates processor cores 356a-356f and logical memory blocks 366a-366h to LPAR 330. Finally, during the creation of LPAR 340, virtualization mechanism 350 allocates processor cores 358a-358e and logical memory blocks 362a-362d to LPAR 340. Although the exemplary allocations show various processor core and one logical memory block allocations to each logical partition, one of ordinary skill in the art will recognize that any number of processor cores and logical memory blocks may be allocated to a logical partition up to the capacity of resources available in the logically partitioned data processing system. Further, while normal allocation of processors and memory would not be as simplified as illustrated, this example is provided for ease of illustration to one of ordinary skill in the art.
[0045] In order for virtualization mechanism 350 to transparently consolidate resources, such as processor cores and logical memory blocks, of the logical partitions in static power saving mode onto as few processor and memory chips as possible, virtualization mechanism 350 monitors each of the resources in partitioned hardware 370. As work decreases and one or more of LPARs 310, 320, 330, and 340 become idle and are slotted for static power saving mode, operating systems 312, 322, 332, and 342 may respectively steer work away from one or more of their own allocated processor cores. Using processor cores as an example, as processor utilization decreases below a threshold for a set of allocated processor cores, the operating system may fold one or more of the allocated processor cores such that no additional work is sent to particular processor cores, those processor cores finish any currently allocated work and, once complete, the operating system may fold those processor cores and place the processor cores into a static power saving mode. The operating system may also perform a similar operation as the use of memory decreases so that logical memory blocks are folded and placed into a static power saving mode. The static power saving mode is such that a customer desires to save as much as power as possible for a given set of logical partitions while trading off some response time.
[0046] However, even in an idle state, each LPAR may leave one active non-folded processor core and some number of non-folded logical memory blocks. Thus, each of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 and memory 362, 364, 366, and 368 are not able to enter the highest power saving mode possible. For example, if LPARs 310, 320, and 330 are idle and slotted for static power saving mode, operating systems 312, 322, and 332 may fold many of their processor cores and logical memory blocks and place those processor cores and logical memory blocks into a static power saving mode. However, operating systems 312, 322, and 332 may still leave processor cores 352a, 354a, and 356a, and logical memory blocks 362a, 364a, and 366a, respectively, in an active state. Virtualization mechanism 350 monitors each of LPARs 310, 320, 330, and 340 and partitioned hardware 370, such as processor cores 352a-352h, 354a-354h, 356a-356h, and 358a-358h and logical memory blocks 362a-362h, 364a-364h, 366a-356h, and 368a-368h. Virtualization mechanism 350 identifies the static power saving mode of LPAR 310, 320, and 330 and records the resource assignment of each of LPAR 310, 320, and 330.
[0047] If virtualization mechanism 350 determines that exchange or migration of operations of non-folded processor cores and logical memory blocks may save additional power, then virtualization mechanism 350 may transparently exchange operations of an allocated processor core with operation of an allocated but folded processor core on another one of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 or migrate the operations of an allocated processor core to an unallocated processor core on another one of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358. For example, in the ease of an exchange, if LPAR 340 has folded one or more of allocated processor cores, such as a processor core 358d and 358e, virtualization mechanism 350 may exchange the operations of processor 358d with processor core 352a and exchange the operations of processor core 358e with the operations of 354a. Thus, virtualization mechanism 350 performs a transparent exchange of operations between processor cores and provides for a deeper power savings mode. As an example of the migration of operations, if processor cores 358f, 358g, and 358h are unallocated processor cores, then virtualization mechanism 350 may transparently migrate the operations of processor core 352a to processor core 358f, the operations of processor core 354a to processor core 358g, and the operations of processor core 356a to processor core 358h. Virtualization mechanism 350 then updates the assignments for the migrated processor cores of LPAR 310, 320, and 330,
[0048] In logically partitioned system 300, virtualization mechanism 350 virtualizes all or parts of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 to LPARs 310, 320, 330, and 340, for both dedicated and shared processor partitions. The virtualization of processors 352, 354, 356, and 358 allows virtualization mechanism 350 to exchange or migrate allocated portions of the processor operations from one processor chip to another processor chip. Virtualization mechanism 350 controls the state of virtual processor cores via a virtualization timer interrupt whereby the state of each virtual processor core is saved when a LPAR 310, 320, 330, and/or 340, enters a static power saving mode. Virtualization mechanism 350 may then restore the state of the virtual processor on an idle processor core when the static power saving mode is exited and the virtual processor resumes execution from the next processor instruction after the one that was executed prior to the saving of the state.
[0049] Virtualization mechanism 350 may also transparently exchange or migrate the operations of logical memory blocks 362a, 364a, and 366a to logical memory blocks 368e, 368f, and 368g, respectively. Virtualization mechanism 350 may exchange or migrate logical memory blocks by temporarily placing an associated virtual processor core of a logical partition into a mode where data storage and instruction storage interrupts are directed to virtualization mechanism 350. The mode, along with mechanisms to control the DMA writes of I/O devices, allows virtualization mechanism 350 to exchange or migrate memory transparently. Using transparent exchange or migration of operations, virtualization mechanism 350 does not inform operating systems 312, 322, and 332 of the exchange or migration of the respective processor cores and/or memory blocks operations. That is, since performance loss is acceptable in static power saving mode, the performance loss associated with not notifying the operating systems about affinity changes is acceptable. With processors 352, 354, and 356 offloaded of any active processor cores and memory 362, 364, and 366 offloaded of any active logical memory blocks, virtualization mechanism 350 may place processors 352, 354, and 356 as well as memory 362, 364, and 366 into a deeper energy scale mode, such as sleep mode for processors and self-time refresh for memory. In another embodiment, processor and memory consolidation may occur in other energy scale modes and virtualization mechanism 350 may notify an operation system of a logical partition to adjust affinity properties in such modes. Even further, since memory consolidation is time consuming, virtualization mechanism 350 may only perform processor consolidation depending on the requested energy scale mode.
[0050] The key point of this illustrative embodiment is that virtualization mechanism 350 has consolidated active processor cores and active logical memory blocks onto fewer processor and memory chips. While processor 358 and memory 368 that have the consolidated resources are expending more power than they were before the consolidation, processors 352, 354, and 356 as well as memory 362, 364, and 366 are in deep power saving modes that are saving much more power so that the net effect is that additional power is saved through the use of the consolidation techniques. The same consolidation technique may also be used for multi-node (multi-board) data processing systems. That is, if a sufficiently large number of logical partitions have folded processor cores and logical memory blocks, a supervisory virtualization mechanism may pack the processor cores and logical memory blocks onto the smallest number of nodes possible.
[0051] When a LPAR is taken out of static power saving mode, the operations of the resources of the logical partitions may be left at the current assignments or may be exchanged or migrated back to the original resource assignments. That is, when LPAR 310, 320, and 330 are slotted to come out of static power saving mode, virtualization mechanism 350 wakes processors 352, 354, and 356 as well as memory 362, 364, and 366. Virtualization mechanism 350 may then restore the original resource assignments by exchanging or migrating the operations of processor cores as well as exchanging or migrating the operations of logical memory blocks. Restoring the original assignments restores the correctness of the affinity strings and ensures that all of the performance outside of static power saving mode is restored.
[0052] In addition, if additional resources are allocated to a logical partition while the logical partition is static power saving mode, the affinity strings are reported as if the resources would have been allocated outside of static power saving mode. That is, virtualization mechanism 350 records the resource assignments and restores the resources when the logical partition exits the static power saving mode. This ensures that the performance associated with the new resource(s) is optimal when the logical partition exits static power saving mode.
[0053] Thus, the above technique performed by virtualization mechanism 350 transparently increases power savings in logically partitioned data processing system 300 in certain energy scale modes for the logical partitions without compromising the performance outside of the energy scale modes. Additionally, the above illustrated embodiments may be applied in any active memory sharing and micro-partition environment, where a virtualization mechanism provides folding and migration of operations, such as IBM®'s PowerVM® Active Memory® Sharing (AMS) system. Further, the above illustrated embodiments may be applied on a per-partition basis or a sub-set of partitions based on the energy scale mode enacted on those partitions.
[0054] As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, the present invention may be embodied as a system, method, or computer program product. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment (including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or an embodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may all generally be referred to herein as a "circuit," "module" or "system." Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of a computer program product embodied in any one or more computer readable medium(s) having computer usable program code embodied thereon.
[0055] Any combination of one or more computer readable medium(s) may be utilized. The computer readable medium may be a computer readable signal medium or a computer readable storage medium. A computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer readable medium would include the following: an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CDROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of this document, a computer readable storage medium may be any tangible medium that can contain or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
[0056] A computer readable signal medium may include a propagated data signal with computer readable program code embodied therein, for example, in a baseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may take any of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to, electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. A computer readable signal medium may be any computer readable medium that is not a computer readable storage medium and that can communicate, propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device.
[0057] Computer code embodied on a computer readable medium may be transmitted using any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless, wireline, optical fiber cable, radio frequency (RF), etc., or any suitable combination thereof.
[0058] Computer program code for carrying out operations for aspects of the present invention may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Java®, Smalltalk®, C++, or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the "C" programming language or similar programming languages. The program code may execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user's computer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on the remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may be connected to the user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider).
[0059] Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems) and computer program products according to the illustrative embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented by computer program instructions. These computer program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
[0060] These computer program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer readable medium produce an article of manufacture including instructions that implement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
[0061] The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other devices to produce a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide processes for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.
[0062] Referring now to FIGS. 4-6, these figures provide flowcharts outlining example operations of transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions that are in a power saving mode. FIG. 4 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism to transparently consolidate resources of logical partitions that enter a power saving mode in accordance with a illustrative embodiment. The following description uses resource as a generic term to that of a more specific processor core, logical memory block, or the like, as the operation is the same for many types of resources as would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art. As the operation begins, the virtualization mechanism monitors a set of logical partitions and a set of partitioned resources (step 402). During monitoring, the virtualization mechanism determines whether one or more of the set of logical partitions has entered into a power saving mode (step 404). if at step 404 the virtualization mechanism fails to identify a logical partition that has entered a power saving mode, then the operation returns to step 402. However, if at step 404 the virtualization mechanism determines that a logical partition is idle and has entered a power saving mode, the virtualization mechanism records the resource assignments of the logical partition (step 406).
[0063] The virtualization mechanism then determines whether there is a non-folded resource associated with the logical partition on an originating resource chip in a set of resource chips (step 408). If at step 408 the virtualization mechanism determined that there fails to be any non-folded resource, then the operation returns step 402. If at step 408 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is a non-folded resource, then the virtualization mechanism determines whether there is a destination resource chip that the operations of the non-folded resource could be transparently exchanged with or migrated to (step 410). If at step 410 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is not any destination resource chip that the operations of the non-folded resource could be exchanged with or migrated to, then the operation returns to step 402. If at step 410 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is a destination resource chip that the operations of the non-folded resource chip can exchange with or migrate to, then the virtualization mechanism transparently exchanges the operations of the resource from the originating resource chip with a folded resource on the destination resource chip where the exchange causes the folded resource to remain folded on the originating chip or migrates the operations of the resource from the originating resource chip to the destination resource chip, where the migration causes the resource on the originating chip to fold (step 412).
[0064] The virtualization mechanism then determines whether there is another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip (step 414). If at step 414 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, then the operation returns to step 402. If at step 414 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is not another non-folded resource on the originating resource chip, then the virtualization mechanism places the originating resource chip into a deeper power saving mode (step 416), with the operation returning to step 402 thereafter. The deeper power saving mode saves additional power as compared to the cumulative power savings of all resources in the plurality of resources on the destination resource being in a individual power saving mode.
[0065] FIG. 5 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism to transparently consolidate resources of logical partitions that exit a power saving mode in accordance with a illustrative embodiment. Again, the following description uses resource as a generic term to that of a more specific processor core, logical memory block, or the like, as the operation is the same for many types of resources as would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art. As the operation begins, the virtualization mechanism determines whether a logical partition has exited a power saving mode (step 502). If at step 502 the virtualization mechanism determines that a logical partition has not exited a power saving mode, then the operation returns to step 502, If at step 502 the virtualization mechanism determines that the logical partition determines that a logical partition has exited a power saving mode, then the virtualization mechanism identifies the resource assignments of the logical partition (step 504). The virtualization mechanism then wakes up any resource chips associated with the resource assignments (step 506). The virtualization mechanism then determines whether any resource associated with the logical partition has had its operations transparently exchanged with or migrated to another resource chip (step 508). If at step 508 the virtualization mechanism determines that a resource has had its operations transparently exchanged with or migrated to another resource chip, the virtualization mechanism restores the resource to its originating resource chip (step 510). The virtualization mechanism then determines whether there is another resource that needs to be restored (step 512). If at step 512 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is another resource that needs to be restored, then the operation returns to step 510. If at step 512 the virtualization mechanism determines that there is not another resource that needs to be restored or if at step 508 the virtualization mechanism determines that no resource has had its operations transparently exchanged with or migrated to another resource chip, then the operation returns to step 502.
[0066] FIG. 6 depicts the operation performed by a virtualization mechanism to assign resources to a logical partition that is in a power saving mode in accordance with a illustrative embodiment. Again, the following description uses resource as a generic term to that of a more specific processor core, logical memory block, or the like, as the operation is the same for many types of resources as would be evident to one of ordinary skill in the art. As the operation begins, the virtualization mechanism receives a request to assign one or more additional resources to a logical partition (step 602), The virtualization mechanism determines whether the logical partition is in a power saving mode (step 604). If at step 604 the virtualization mechanism determines that the logical partition is not in a power saving mode, then the virtualization mechanism assigns the one or more additional resources to the logical partition and sends a signal to the operation system of the logical partition informing the operating system of the additional resources (step 606), with the operation returning to step 602 thereafter. If at step 604 the virtualization mechanism determines that the logical partition is in a power saving mode, then the virtualization mechanism records the assignment of the one or more additional resources in order to assign the one or more additional resources upon the logical partition exiting the power saving mode (step 608). The virtualization mechanism then determines if the logical partition has exited the power saving mode (step 610). If at step 610 the virtualization mechanism determines that the logical partition has not exited the power saving mode, then the operation returns to step 610. If at step 610 the virtualization mechanism determines that the logical partition has exited the power saving mode, then the operation proceeds to step 606.
[0067] The flowchart and block diagrams in the figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowchart or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustration, can be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions.
[0068] Thus, the illustrative embodiments provide mechanisms for transparently consolidating resources of logical partitions that are in static power saving mode. Through processor and memory virtualization technologies, a virtualization mechanism may exchange operations with folded virtual processors and memory or migrate operations of non-folded virtual processors and memory of idle logical partitions transparently to fewer active processor and memory chips. With the active processor cores and logical memory blocks packed onto active processor and memory chips the initial processor cores and logical memory blocks may then he folded and those resources corresponding to the folded resources may be placed into a highest energy scale saving mode. The key point is that the virtualization mechanism has active processors and memory consolidated onto fewer processor and memory chips. The processor and memory chips that have consolidated resources are expending more power than they were before the consolidation, but the other processor and memory chips that correspond to the folded resources may now be placed into deeper power saving mode, so the net effect is that additional power is saved through the use of the consolidation techniques.
[0069] As noted above, it should be appreciated that the illustrative embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment or an embodiment containing both hardware and software elements. In one example embodiment, the mechanisms of the illustrative embodiments are implemented in software or program code, which includes but is not limited to firmware, resident software, microcode, etc.
[0070] A data processing system suitable for storing and/or executing program code will include at least one processor coupled directly or indirectly to memory elements through a system bus. The memory elements can include local memory employed during actual execution of the program code, bulk storage, and cache memories which provide temporary storage of at least some program code in order to reduce the number of times code must be retrieved from bulk storage during execution.
[0071] Input/output or I/O devices (including but not limited to keyboards, displays, pointing devices, etc.) can be coupled to the system either directly or through intervening I/O controllers. Network adapters may also be coupled to the system to enable the data processing system to become coupled to other data processing systems or remote printers or storage devices through intervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems and Ethernet cards are just a few of the currently available types of network adapters.
[0072] The description of the present invention has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications and variations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention for various embodiments with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated.
Patent applications by Freeman L. Rawson, Iii, Austin, TX US
Patent applications by Naresh Nayar, Rochester, MN US
Patent applications by International Business Machines Corporation
Patent applications in class Programmable calculator with power saving feature
Patent applications in all subclasses Programmable calculator with power saving feature
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LLVM mainline
IntrinsicInst.h
Go to the documentation of this file.
00001 //===-- llvm/IntrinsicInst.h - Intrinsic Instruction Wrappers ---*- C++ -*-===//
00002 //
00003 // The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
00004 //
00005 // This file is distributed under the University of Illinois Open Source
00006 // License. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
00007 //
00008 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
00009 //
00010 // This file defines classes that make it really easy to deal with intrinsic
00011 // functions with the isa/dyncast family of functions. In particular, this
00012 // allows you to do things like:
00013 //
00014 // if (MemCpyInst *MCI = dyn_cast<MemCpyInst>(Inst))
00015 // ... MCI->getDest() ... MCI->getSource() ...
00016 //
00017 // All intrinsic function calls are instances of the call instruction, so these
00018 // are all subclasses of the CallInst class. Note that none of these classes
00019 // has state or virtual methods, which is an important part of this gross/neat
00020 // hack working.
00021 //
00022 //===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
00023
00024 #ifndef LLVM_IR_INTRINSICINST_H
00025 #define LLVM_IR_INTRINSICINST_H
00026
00027 #include "llvm/IR/Constants.h"
00028 #include "llvm/IR/Function.h"
00029 #include "llvm/IR/Instructions.h"
00030 #include "llvm/IR/Intrinsics.h"
00031 #include "llvm/IR/Metadata.h"
00032
00033 namespace llvm {
00034 /// IntrinsicInst - A useful wrapper class for inspecting calls to intrinsic
00035 /// functions. This allows the standard isa/dyncast/cast functionality to
00036 /// work with calls to intrinsic functions.
00037 class IntrinsicInst : public CallInst {
00038 IntrinsicInst() = delete;
00039 IntrinsicInst(const IntrinsicInst&) = delete;
00040 void operator=(const IntrinsicInst&) = delete;
00041 public:
00042 /// getIntrinsicID - Return the intrinsic ID of this intrinsic.
00043 ///
00044 Intrinsic::ID getIntrinsicID() const {
00045 return getCalledFunction()->getIntrinsicID();
00046 }
00047
00048 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00049 static inline bool classof(const CallInst *I) {
00050 if (const Function *CF = I->getCalledFunction())
00051 return CF->isIntrinsic();
00052 return false;
00053 }
00054 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00055 return isa<CallInst>(V) && classof(cast<CallInst>(V));
00056 }
00057 };
00058
00059 /// DbgInfoIntrinsic - This is the common base class for debug info intrinsics
00060 ///
00061 class DbgInfoIntrinsic : public IntrinsicInst {
00062 public:
00063
00064 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00065 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00066 switch (I->getIntrinsicID()) {
00067 case Intrinsic::dbg_declare:
00068 case Intrinsic::dbg_value:
00069 return true;
00070 default: return false;
00071 }
00072 }
00073 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00074 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00075 }
00076
00077 static Value *StripCast(Value *C);
00078 };
00079
00080 /// DbgDeclareInst - This represents the llvm.dbg.declare instruction.
00081 ///
00082 class DbgDeclareInst : public DbgInfoIntrinsic {
00083 public:
00084 Value *getAddress() const;
00085 DILocalVariable *getVariable() const {
00086 return cast<DILocalVariable>(getRawVariable());
00087 }
00088 DIExpression *getExpression() const {
00089 return cast<DIExpression>(getRawExpression());
00090 }
00091
00092 Metadata *getRawVariable() const {
00093 return cast<MetadataAsValue>(getArgOperand(1))->getMetadata();
00094 }
00095 Metadata *getRawExpression() const {
00096 return cast<MetadataAsValue>(getArgOperand(2))->getMetadata();
00097 }
00098
00099 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00100 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00101 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::dbg_declare;
00102 }
00103 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00104 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00105 }
00106 };
00107
00108 /// DbgValueInst - This represents the llvm.dbg.value instruction.
00109 ///
00110 class DbgValueInst : public DbgInfoIntrinsic {
00111 public:
00112 const Value *getValue() const;
00113 Value *getValue();
00114 uint64_t getOffset() const {
00115 return cast<ConstantInt>(
00116 const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(1)))->getZExtValue();
00117 }
00118 DILocalVariable *getVariable() const {
00119 return cast<DILocalVariable>(getRawVariable());
00120 }
00121 DIExpression *getExpression() const {
00122 return cast<DIExpression>(getRawExpression());
00123 }
00124
00125 Metadata *getRawVariable() const {
00126 return cast<MetadataAsValue>(getArgOperand(2))->getMetadata();
00127 }
00128 Metadata *getRawExpression() const {
00129 return cast<MetadataAsValue>(getArgOperand(3))->getMetadata();
00130 }
00131
00132 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00133 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00134 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::dbg_value;
00135 }
00136 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00137 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00138 }
00139 };
00140
00141 /// MemIntrinsic - This is the common base class for memset/memcpy/memmove.
00142 ///
00143 class MemIntrinsic : public IntrinsicInst {
00144 public:
00145 Value *getRawDest() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(0)); }
00146 const Use &getRawDestUse() const { return getArgOperandUse(0); }
00147 Use &getRawDestUse() { return getArgOperandUse(0); }
00148
00149 Value *getLength() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(2)); }
00150 const Use &getLengthUse() const { return getArgOperandUse(2); }
00151 Use &getLengthUse() { return getArgOperandUse(2); }
00152
00153 ConstantInt *getAlignmentCst() const {
00154 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(3)));
00155 }
00156
00157 unsigned getAlignment() const {
00158 return getAlignmentCst()->getZExtValue();
00159 }
00160
00161 ConstantInt *getVolatileCst() const {
00162 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(4)));
00163 }
00164 bool isVolatile() const {
00165 return !getVolatileCst()->isZero();
00166 }
00167
00168 unsigned getDestAddressSpace() const {
00169 return cast<PointerType>(getRawDest()->getType())->getAddressSpace();
00170 }
00171
00172 /// getDest - This is just like getRawDest, but it strips off any cast
00173 /// instructions that feed it, giving the original input. The returned
00174 /// value is guaranteed to be a pointer.
00175 Value *getDest() const { return getRawDest()->stripPointerCasts(); }
00176
00177 /// set* - Set the specified arguments of the instruction.
00178 ///
00179 void setDest(Value *Ptr) {
00180 assert(getRawDest()->getType() == Ptr->getType() &&
00181 "setDest called with pointer of wrong type!");
00182 setArgOperand(0, Ptr);
00183 }
00184
00185 void setLength(Value *L) {
00186 assert(getLength()->getType() == L->getType() &&
00187 "setLength called with value of wrong type!");
00188 setArgOperand(2, L);
00189 }
00190
00191 void setAlignment(Constant* A) {
00192 setArgOperand(3, A);
00193 }
00194
00195 void setVolatile(Constant* V) {
00196 setArgOperand(4, V);
00197 }
00198
00199 Type *getAlignmentType() const {
00200 return getArgOperand(3)->getType();
00201 }
00202
00203 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00204 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00205 switch (I->getIntrinsicID()) {
00206 case Intrinsic::memcpy:
00207 case Intrinsic::memmove:
00208 case Intrinsic::memset:
00209 return true;
00210 default: return false;
00211 }
00212 }
00213 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00214 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00215 }
00216 };
00217
00218 /// MemSetInst - This class wraps the llvm.memset intrinsic.
00219 ///
00220 class MemSetInst : public MemIntrinsic {
00221 public:
00222 /// get* - Return the arguments to the instruction.
00223 ///
00224 Value *getValue() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(1)); }
00225 const Use &getValueUse() const { return getArgOperandUse(1); }
00226 Use &getValueUse() { return getArgOperandUse(1); }
00227
00228 void setValue(Value *Val) {
00229 assert(getValue()->getType() == Val->getType() &&
00230 "setValue called with value of wrong type!");
00231 setArgOperand(1, Val);
00232 }
00233
00234 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00235 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00236 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memset;
00237 }
00238 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00239 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00240 }
00241 };
00242
00243 /// MemTransferInst - This class wraps the llvm.memcpy/memmove intrinsics.
00244 ///
00245 class MemTransferInst : public MemIntrinsic {
00246 public:
00247 /// get* - Return the arguments to the instruction.
00248 ///
00249 Value *getRawSource() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(1)); }
00250 const Use &getRawSourceUse() const { return getArgOperandUse(1); }
00251 Use &getRawSourceUse() { return getArgOperandUse(1); }
00252
00253 /// getSource - This is just like getRawSource, but it strips off any cast
00254 /// instructions that feed it, giving the original input. The returned
00255 /// value is guaranteed to be a pointer.
00256 Value *getSource() const { return getRawSource()->stripPointerCasts(); }
00257
00258 unsigned getSourceAddressSpace() const {
00259 return cast<PointerType>(getRawSource()->getType())->getAddressSpace();
00260 }
00261
00262 void setSource(Value *Ptr) {
00263 assert(getRawSource()->getType() == Ptr->getType() &&
00264 "setSource called with pointer of wrong type!");
00265 setArgOperand(1, Ptr);
00266 }
00267
00268 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00269 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00270 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memcpy ||
00271 I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memmove;
00272 }
00273 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00274 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00275 }
00276 };
00277
00278
00279 /// MemCpyInst - This class wraps the llvm.memcpy intrinsic.
00280 ///
00281 class MemCpyInst : public MemTransferInst {
00282 public:
00283 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00284 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00285 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memcpy;
00286 }
00287 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00288 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00289 }
00290 };
00291
00292 /// MemMoveInst - This class wraps the llvm.memmove intrinsic.
00293 ///
00294 class MemMoveInst : public MemTransferInst {
00295 public:
00296 // Methods for support type inquiry through isa, cast, and dyn_cast:
00297 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00298 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::memmove;
00299 }
00300 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00301 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00302 }
00303 };
00304
00305 /// VAStartInst - This represents the llvm.va_start intrinsic.
00306 ///
00307 class VAStartInst : public IntrinsicInst {
00308 public:
00309 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00310 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::vastart;
00311 }
00312 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00313 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00314 }
00315
00316 Value *getArgList() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(0)); }
00317 };
00318
00319 /// VAEndInst - This represents the llvm.va_end intrinsic.
00320 ///
00321 class VAEndInst : public IntrinsicInst {
00322 public:
00323 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00324 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::vaend;
00325 }
00326 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00327 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00328 }
00329
00330 Value *getArgList() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(0)); }
00331 };
00332
00333 /// VACopyInst - This represents the llvm.va_copy intrinsic.
00334 ///
00335 class VACopyInst : public IntrinsicInst {
00336 public:
00337 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00338 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::vacopy;
00339 }
00340 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00341 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00342 }
00343
00344 Value *getDest() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(0)); }
00345 Value *getSrc() const { return const_cast<Value*>(getArgOperand(1)); }
00346 };
00347
00348 /// This represents the llvm.instrprof_increment intrinsic.
00349 class InstrProfIncrementInst : public IntrinsicInst {
00350 public:
00351 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00352 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::instrprof_increment;
00353 }
00354 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00355 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00356 }
00357
00358 GlobalVariable *getName() const {
00359 return cast<GlobalVariable>(
00360 const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(0))->stripPointerCasts());
00361 }
00362
00363 ConstantInt *getHash() const {
00364 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(1)));
00365 }
00366
00367 ConstantInt *getNumCounters() const {
00368 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(2)));
00369 }
00370
00371 ConstantInt *getIndex() const {
00372 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(3)));
00373 }
00374 };
00375
00376 /// This represents the llvm.instrprof_value_profile intrinsic.
00377 class InstrProfValueProfileInst : public IntrinsicInst {
00378 public:
00379 static inline bool classof(const IntrinsicInst *I) {
00380 return I->getIntrinsicID() == Intrinsic::instrprof_value_profile;
00381 }
00382 static inline bool classof(const Value *V) {
00383 return isa<IntrinsicInst>(V) && classof(cast<IntrinsicInst>(V));
00384 }
00385
00386 GlobalVariable *getName() const {
00387 return cast<GlobalVariable>(
00388 const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(0))->stripPointerCasts());
00389 }
00390
00391 ConstantInt *getHash() const {
00392 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(1)));
00393 }
00394
00395 Value *getTargetValue() const {
00396 return cast<Value>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(2)));
00397 }
00398
00399 ConstantInt *getValueKind() const {
00400 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(3)));
00401 }
00402
00403 // Returns the value site index.
00404 ConstantInt *getIndex() const {
00405 return cast<ConstantInt>(const_cast<Value *>(getArgOperand(4)));
00406 }
00407 };
00408 } // namespace llvm
00409
00410 #endif
|
__label__pos
| 0.961808 |
php.net | support | documentation | report a bug | advanced search | search howto | statistics | random bug | login
Bug #60376 Discrepency with var_dump
Submitted: 2011-11-24 20:57 UTC Modified: 2011-11-24 22:15 UTC
Votes:1
Avg. Score:2.0 ± 0.0
Reproduced:0 of 0 (0.0%)
From: yann-gael at gueheneuc dot net Assigned:
Status: Wont fix Package: Testing related
PHP Version: Irrelevant OS: Windows 7 and AmigaOS v3.1
Private report: No CVE-ID: None
Have you experienced this issue?
Rate the importance of this bug to you:
[2011-11-24 20:57 UTC] yann-gael at gueheneuc dot net
Description:
------------
Hello,
I compiled PHP 4.2.3 for m68k-amigaos and the test case tests/lang/029.php fails. I tracked what could be a related bug: https://bugs.php.net/bug.php?id=7515. Could someone tell me more about what has been changed into the Zend engine to fix this earlier bug so that I can track this change and the bug? Or could someone explain me the meaning of the "&" in that particular case.
Code to execute:
class obj {
function method() {
}
}
$o->root=new obj();
var_dump($o);
$o->root->method();
var_dump($o);
and its output with PHP 4.2.3 compiled for m68k-amigaos:
object(stdClass)(1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)(0) {
}
}
object(stdClass)(1) {
["root"]=>
&object(obj)(0) {
}
}
(note the ampersand in the second dump), while, with PHP 5.2.14 on Windows 7, the output is:
object(stdClass)#2 (1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)#1 (0) {
}
}
object(stdClass)#2 (1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)#1 (0) {
}
}
Does it make sense that in the second statement "$o->root->method();", the method is viewed as a reference to an object?
Please forgive me if my question is silly, I am a newbie in OO PHP.
Thanks,
Tygre
Test script:
---------------
class obj {
function method() {
}
}
$o->root=new obj();
var_dump($o);
$o->root->method();
var_dump($o);
Expected result:
----------------
object(stdClass)#2 (1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)#1 (0) {
}
}
object(stdClass)#2 (1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)#1 (0) {
}
}
Actual result:
--------------
object(stdClass)(1) {
["root"]=>
object(obj)(0) {
}
}
object(stdClass)(1) {
["root"]=>
&object(obj)(0) {
}
}
Patches
Add a Patch
Pull Requests
Add a Pull Request
History
AllCommentsChangesGit/SVN commitsRelated reports
[2011-11-24 22:15 UTC] [email protected]
That output is indeed strange; however:
1) PHP 4.2.3 was released more than 9 years ago and is no longer supported.
2) This is not a support forum.
In any case, I'll advise to look at http://php.net/manual/en/faq.migration5.php
One of the most significant changes related to objects was that a level of indirection was added.
[2011-11-24 22:15 UTC] [email protected]
-Status: Open +Status: Wont fix
[2011-11-24 22:57 UTC] yann-gael at gueheneuc dot net
Thank you Cataphract, I will have a look at the URL you gave. Right now, I am keen on PHP 4.2.3 only because it has already been compiled for m68k-amigaos: I am trying to reproduce the whole compilation tool chain before attacking the next, much more interesting challenge indeed: compiling PHP 5 :-)
PHP Copyright © 2001-2019 The PHP Group
All rights reserved.
Last updated: Thu Sep 19 11:01:36 2019 UTC
|
__label__pos
| 0.991384 |
JOIN OUR NEWSLETTER
Macular Degeneration Disease
Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Definition of Macular Degeneration
Macular Degeneration Disease
Age related macular degeneration is a common condition affecting patients 50 years and older that may be associated with no vision loss or may be associated with central vision loss such as loss of the ability to read, to drive a car, or see someone’s face. The macula refers to the central portion of the retina or the thin layer of tissue that retains the vision cells in the back of the eye. The retina is similar to film inside a camera. The macula is the central focus point of the retina that allows someone to see fine details such as reading a book. Although age related macular degeneration can cause central vision loss, it does not lead to complete blindness. Many patients with age related macular degeneration have no visual symptoms whatsoever and 20/20 vision. A minority of patients will lose central vision and the ability to read and drive a car.
There are two major types of age related macular degeneration. The dry type is the most common form of AMD and affects 90% of patients. The wet type affects only a small percentage of patients, approximately 10%. However, wet AMD accounts for the majority of central vision loss due to AMD. The wet type implies leakage and bleeding in the macula due to abnormal blood vessels known as choroidal neovascularization (choroidal neovascularization is abnormal blood vessels beneath the macula that leak and bleed and cause central vision loss, blurring of vision, or distortion of vision).
The dry form of AMD is characterized by drusen, and these are little yellow age deposits that are noted in the macula on clinical examination. Drusen are the hallmark of AMD. Most patients with drusen do not have significant visual changes or vision loss, although it is common for patients to note the need for increased lighting, fluctuating vision, or blurred vision. A minority of patients with dry AMD will advance to central vision loss due to geographic atrophy (geographic atrophy is loss of drusen and other tissues in the macula that are required for good central vision). Unfortunately, there is no cure for geographic atrophy.
There is significant interest in the treatment of the wet form of AMD. New treatments are in evolution for wet AMD to try and reduce leakage and bleeding from choroidal neovascularization. Injection therapies or laser therapies are the mainstays of treatment of wet AMD. In 2006, Lucentis was approved by the US FDA and shown to be the first treatment to improve central vision on average in patients with wet AMD.
Causes and Associations of Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
There are no known proven causes of AMD. It is a degenerative condition that occurs over time and is arbitrarily diagnosed in patients 50 years or older, although drusen can be seen in younger patients. There tends to be familial associations, although just because a family member or blood relative has Macular Degeneration does not destine someone to have it as well. Over time, the macula accumulates drusen and pigmentary changes, and if choroidal neovascularization or geographic atrophy is avoided, then vision tends to remain good. In a minority of patients, progression to advanced AMD is observed, characterized by geographic atrophy or choroidal neovascularization (wet AMD) and subsequent central vision loss.
There are modifiable risk factors for patients with AMD: Age Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
There are many associations of the risk factors of AMD that are similar to risk factors for heart disease. Clearly, a physically active, healthy lifestyle and well balanced nutrition are believed to be good for both your eyes and your heart.
Bucci Laser Vision
Wilkes-Barre, PA
Vance Thompson Vision
Sioux Falls, SD
|
__label__pos
| 0.891448 |
Skip to content
Advertisement
• Research
• Open Access
On the existence of solution to a boundary value problem of fractional differential equation on the infinite interval
Boundary Value Problems20152015:241
https://doi.org/10.1186/s13661-015-0509-z
• Received: 9 October 2015
• Accepted: 8 December 2015
• Published:
Abstract
This work deals with a boundary value problem for a nonlinear multi-point fractional differential equation on the infinite interval. By constructing the proper function spaces and the norm, we overcome the difficulty following from the noncompactness of \([0, \infty)\). By using the Schauder fixed point theorem, we show the existence of one solution with suitable growth conditions imposed on the nonlinear term.
Keywords
• fractional differential equation
• boundary value problem
• infinite interval
• fixed point theorem
MSC
• 34B10
• 34B15
1 Introduction
In this paper, we consider the existence of solution of boundary value problem for a nonlinear multi-point fractional differential equation,
$$\begin{aligned}& D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=f\bigl(t, u(t), D^{\alpha-1}_{0+}u(t) \bigr),\quad t\in J:=[0, +\infty), \end{aligned}$$
(1.1)
$$\begin{aligned}& u(0)=0,\qquad u'(0)=0,\qquad D^{\alpha-1}_{0+}u(+ \infty)= \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}u( \xi_{i}), \end{aligned}$$
(1.2)
where \(2<\alpha\leq3\) is a real number, \(f\in C(J\times R\times R, R)\) and \(\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha -1}\neq0\).
Due to the intensive development of the theory of fractional calculus itself as well as its applications, such as in the fields of physics, chemistry, aerodynamics, polymer rheology, etc., many papers and books on fractional calculus, fractional differential equations have appeared (see [116]).
For example, Bai [11] established the existence results of positive solutions for the problem
$$\begin{aligned}& D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)+f\bigl(t,u(t)\bigr)=0,\quad 0\leq t\leq1, \\& u(0)=0,\qquad u(1)=\beta u(\eta),\quad \eta\in(0,1). \end{aligned}$$
In [13], the authors considered the three-point boundary value problem of a coupled system of the nonlinear fractional differential equation
$$\begin{aligned}& D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=f\bigl(t, v(t), D^{p}v(t)\bigr), \quad 0\leq t\leq1, \\& D^{\beta}_{0+}v(t)=f\bigl(t, u(t), D^{q}u(t)\bigr), \quad 0\leq t\leq1, \\& u(0)=v(0)=0,\qquad u(1)=\gamma u(\eta),\qquad v(1)=\gamma u(\eta), \end{aligned}$$
under the conditions \(0<\gamma\eta^{\alpha-1}<1\), \(0<\gamma\eta ^{\beta -1}<1\). By using the Schauder fixed point theorem, they obtained at least one solution of this problem.
The theory of boundary value problems on infinite intervals arises naturally and has many applications; see [17]. The existence and multiplicity of solutions to boundary value problems of fractional differential equations on the infinite interval have been investigated in recent years [1821].
Agarwal et al. [22] established existence results of solutions for a class of boundary value problems involving the Riemann-Liouville fractional derivative on the half line by using the nonlinear alternative of Leray-Schauder type combined with the diagonalization process.
Arara et al. [23] considered boundary value problems involving the Caputo fractional derivative on the half line,
$${}^{c}D^{\alpha}u(t)=f\bigl(t,u(t)\bigr), \quad t\in J:=[0, \infty ), u(0)=u_{0}, u\mbox{ is bounded on }J. $$
By using fixed point theorem combined with the diagonalization process, they obtained the existence of solutions.
Liang and Zhang [24] consider the m-point boundary value problem of fractional differential equation on the infinite interval
$$\begin{aligned}& D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)+a(t)f\bigl(t, u(t)\bigr)=0,\quad 0< t< +\infty, \\& u(0)=0,\qquad u'(0)=0,\qquad D^{\alpha-1}_{0+}u(+\infty)= \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i}u( \xi_{i}), \end{aligned}$$
where \(2<\alpha\leq3\), \(D^{\alpha}_{0+}\) is the standard Riemann-Liouville derivative. Using a fixed point theorem for operators on a cone, sufficient conditions for the existence of multiple positive solutions were established. We point out that the nonlinear term of the equation does not depend on the lower order derivative of the unknown function.
In this paper, by constructing the proper function spaces and the norm to overcome the difficulty of the noncompactness of \([0, \infty)\) and using the Schauder fixed point theorem, we show the existence of one solution with suitable growth conditions imposed on the nonlinear term. Our method is different from [22, 23] in essence.
2 Preliminaries and lemmas
For convenience of the reader, we present the necessary definitions from fractional calculus theory [1].
Definition 2.1
The Riemann-Liouville fractional integral of order \(\alpha>0\) of a function \(u(t):R\rightarrow R\) is given by
$$I^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{\alpha-1}u(s)\,ds $$
provided the right side is point-wise defined on \((0, \infty)\).
Definition 2.2
The fractional derivative of order \(\alpha>0\) of a continuous function \(u(t):R\rightarrow R\) is given by
$$D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=\frac{1}{\Gamma(n-\alpha)}\biggl(\frac {d}{dt} \biggr)^{n} \int ^{t}_{0}\frac{u(s)}{(t-s)^{\alpha-n+1}}\,ds $$
where \(n=[\alpha]+1\), provided that the right side is point-wise defined on \((0, \infty)\).
Lemma 2.1
Assume that \(u\in C(0,1)\cup L(0,1)\), and \(D^{\alpha }_{0+}\in C(0,1)\cup L(0,1)\). Then
$$I^{\alpha}_{0+}D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=u(t)+C_{1}t^{\alpha -1}+C_{2}t^{\alpha -2}+ \cdots +C_{N}t^{\alpha-N}, $$
for some \(C_{i}\in R\), \(i=1, 2, \ldots, N\), where N is the smallest integer greater than or equal to α.
Lemma 2.2
Given \(y(t)\in L[0, \infty)\). The problem
$$\begin{aligned}& D^{\alpha}_{0+}u(t)=y(t), \quad 0< t< \infty, 2< \alpha< 3, \\& u(0)=u'(0)=0,\qquad D^{\alpha-1}u(+\infty)=\sum ^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i}u(\xi_{i}), \end{aligned}$$
is equivalent to
$$\begin{aligned} u(t)={}& \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}y(s)\,ds- \frac {t^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha-1}} \int^{\infty}_{0}y(s)\,ds \\ &{}+\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}t^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}} \int^{\xi _{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}y(s)\,ds. \end{aligned}$$
Proof
By Lemma 2.1, we have
$$u(t)= \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}y(s)\,ds+c_{1}t^{\alpha-1}+c_{2}t^{\alpha-2}+c_{3}t^{\alpha-3}. $$
The boundary condition \(u(0)=u'(0)=0\) implies that \(c_{2}=c_{3}=0\).
Considering the boundary condition \(D^{\alpha-1}u(+\infty)= \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}u(\xi_{i})\), we have
$$c_{1}=\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}y(s)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}y(s)\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}. $$
The proof is completed. □
Define the function spaces
$$X=\biggl\{ u(t)\in C(J,R): \sup_{t\in J}\frac{|u(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha -1}}< + \infty\biggr\} $$
with the norm
$$\|u\|_{X}= \sup_{t\in J}\frac{|u(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-1}} $$
and
$$Y= \biggl\{ u(t)\in X:u'(t), D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\in C(J,R), \sup _{t\in J}\frac{|u'(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}< +\infty, \sup_{t\in J}\bigl|D^{\alpha -1}u(t)\bigr|< + \infty \biggr\} $$
with the norm
$$\|u\|_{Y} =\max\biggl\{ \sup_{t\in J} \frac{|u(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}, \sup_{t\in J}\frac{|u'(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}, \sup _{t\in J}\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\bigr|\biggr\} . $$
Lemma 2.3
\((X, \|\cdot\|_{X})\) is a Banach space.
Proof
Let \(\{u_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) be a Cauchy sequence in the space \((X, \|\cdot\|_{X})\), then \(\forall\varepsilon>0\), \(\exists N>0\) such that
$$\biggl|\frac{u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{m}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|< \varepsilon $$
for any \(t\in J\) and \(n, m>N\). Thus, \(\{u_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) converges uniformly to a function \(\frac{v(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}\) and we can verify easily that \(v(t)\in X\). Then \((X, \|\cdot\|_{X})\) is a Banach space. □
Lemma 2.4
\((Y, \|\cdot\|_{Y})\) is a Banach space.
Proof
Let \(\{u_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) be a Cauchy sequence in the space \((Y, \|\cdot\|_{Y})\), then \(\{u_{n}\}_{n=1}^{\infty}\) is also a Cauchy sequence in \((X, \|\cdot\|_{X})\). Thus there exists a function \(v(t)\in X\) such that
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}=\frac {u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}. $$
Moreover,
$$\lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{u'_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}=\frac {v(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}, \qquad\lim _{n\rightarrow+\infty}D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}=w(t), $$
and
$$\sup_{t\in J}\frac{|v(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}< +\infty,\qquad \sup _{t\in J} \bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t) \bigr|< +\infty. $$
It is easy to check that \(v=u'(t)\). Next we need to ensure that \(w=D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\).
In view of the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem and the uniform convergence of \(\{D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(t)\}^{\infty}_{n=1}\), there exists a positive constant \(M>0\) such that \(\frac{|u_{n}(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}\leq M\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) . Then
$$w(t)= \lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(t)= \frac {1}{\Gamma (2-\alpha)} \lim_{n\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{d}{dt} \int ^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{1-\alpha}(1+s)^{\alpha+1} \frac{u_{n}(s)}{1+s^{\alpha}}\,ds $$
together with
$$\begin{aligned} & \int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{1-\alpha}(1+s)^{\alpha+1} \frac {u_{n}(s)}{1+s^{\alpha}}\\ &\quad\leq M \int^{t}_{0}(t-s)^{1-\alpha } \bigl(1+s^{\alpha-1}\bigr)\,ds \\ &\quad=M\biggl[t^{2-\alpha} \int^{1}_{0}(1-\tau)^{1-\alpha}\,d\tau+t \int ^{1}_{0}\tau ^{\alpha-1}(1- \tau)^{1-\alpha}\,d\tau\biggr]=\frac{M}{2-\alpha }t^{2-\alpha }+B(\alpha,\ 2- \alpha)Mt \end{aligned}$$
ensures that \(w=D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\).
Thus \((Y \|\cdot\|_{Y})\) is a Banach space. □
Because the Arzela-Ascoli theorem fails to work in Y, we need a modified compactness criterion to prove the compactness of the operator.
Lemma 2.5
Let \(Z\subseteq Y\) be a bounded set and the following conditions hold:
1. (i)
for any \(u(t)\in Z\), \(\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}\), \(\frac {u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}\) and \(D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\) are equicontinuous on any compact interval of J;
2. (ii)
given \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists a constant \(T=T(\varepsilon )>0\) such that
$$\begin{aligned}& \biggl|\frac{u(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {u(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr|< \varepsilon,\qquad \biggl|\frac{u'(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-2}}- \frac {u'(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-2}} \biggr|< \varepsilon,\quad\textit{and} \\& \bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t_{1})-D^{\alpha-1}u(t_{2}) \bigr|< \varepsilon \end{aligned}$$
for any \(t_{1}, t_{2}>T\) and \(u(t)\in Z\). Then Z is relatively compact in Y.
Proof
We need to prove that Z is totally bounded. First we consider the case \(t\in[0, T]\). Define
$$Z_{[0, T]}=\bigl\{ u(t): u(t)\in Z, t\in[0, T]\bigr\} . $$
It is easy to check that \(Z_{[0, T]}\) with the norm \(\|u\|_{\infty }= \sup_{t\in[0, T]} |\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}} |\) is a Banach space. Then condition (i) combined with the Arzela-Ascoli theorem indicates that \(Z_{[0, T]}\) is relatively compact. Thus for any positive number ε, there exist finitely many balls \(B_{\varepsilon}(u_{i})\) such that
$$Z_{[0, T]}\subset\bigcup_{i=1}^{n} B_{\varepsilon}(u_{i}), $$
where
$$B_{\varepsilon}(u_{i})= \biggl\{ u(t)\in Z_{[0, T]}: \|u-u_{i}\|_{\infty }= \sup_{t\in[0, T]} \biggl| \frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {u_{i}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}} \biggr|< \varepsilon \biggr\} . $$
Similarly, the space
$$Z^{1}_{[0, T]}=\bigl\{ u'(t): u(t)\in Z, t\in[0, T] \bigr\} $$
with the norm \(\|u'\|= | \frac{u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}} |\) and
$$Z^{\alpha-1}_{[0, T]}=\bigl\{ D^{\alpha-1}u(t): u(t)\in Z, t\in[0, T] \bigr\} $$
with the norm
$$\bigl\| D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr\| = \sup_{t\in[0, T]}\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)\bigr| $$
are Banach spaces. Then
$$\begin{aligned}& Z^{1}_{[0, T]}\subset\bigcup^{m}_{j=1} B_{\varepsilon}\bigl(v'_{j}\bigr),\\& Z^{\alpha-1}_{[0, T]}\subset\bigcup^{k}_{p=1} B_{\varepsilon }\bigl(D^{\alpha-1}w_{p}\bigr), \end{aligned}$$
where
$$\begin{aligned}& B_{\varepsilon}\bigl(v'_{j}\bigr)= \bigl\{ u'(t)\in Z_{[0, T]}^{1}: \bigl\| u'-v'_{j} \bigr\| < \varepsilon \bigr\} ,\\& B_{\varepsilon}\bigl(D^{\alpha-1}w_{p} \bigr)= \bigl\{ D^{\alpha -1}u-w\in Z_{[0, T]}^{\alpha1}: \bigl\| D^{\alpha-1}u-D^{\alpha-1}w_{j}\bigr\| < \varepsilon \bigr\} . \end{aligned}$$
Next we define
$$Z_{ijp}=\bigl\{ u(t)\in Z, u_{[0, T]}\in B_{\varepsilon}(u_{i}), u_{[0, T]}'\in B_{\varepsilon}\bigl(v'_{j} \bigr), D^{\alpha-1}u_{[0, T]}\in B_{\varepsilon}\bigl(D^{\alpha-1}w_{p} \bigr)\bigr\} . $$
Now we take \(u_{ijp}\in Z_{ijp}\). Then Z can be covered by the balls \(B_{5\varepsilon}(u_{ijp})\), \(i=1,2,\ldots,n\), \(j=1,2,\ldots ,m\), \(p=1,2,\ldots,k\), where
$$B_{5\varepsilon}(u_{ijp})=\bigl\{ u(t)\in Z:\|u-u_{ijp} \|_{Y}< 5\varepsilon\bigr\} . $$
In fact, for \(t\in[0, T]\),
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] &\biggl|\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|\\ &\quad\leq \biggl| \frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{i}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u_{i}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{ij}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u_{ij}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {u_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr| \\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+\varepsilon=3\varepsilon, \end{aligned}\\& \begin{aligned}[b] &\biggl|\frac{u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac{u'_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr|\\ &\quad\leq \biggl| \frac{u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {u'_{i}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u'_{i}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {u'_{ij}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u'_{ij}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {u'_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr|\\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+\varepsilon=3\varepsilon, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned} &\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(t)\bigr|\\ &\quad\leq\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(t)\bigr| +\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u_{i}(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ij}(t)\bigr| +\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u_{ij}(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(t)\bigr|\\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+\varepsilon=3\varepsilon. \end{aligned}$$
For \(t\in[T, +\infty]\), we have
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] &\biggl|\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|\\ &\quad\leq \biggl|\frac{u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u(T)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|+ \biggl|\frac{u(T))}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac{u_{ijp}(T)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u_{ijp}(T)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {u_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|\\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+3\varepsilon=5\varepsilon, \end{aligned}\\& \begin{aligned}[b] &\biggl|\frac{u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac{u'_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \biggl|\frac{u'(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}- \frac{u'(T)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| + \biggl|\frac{u'(T)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac{u'_{ijp}(T)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| + \biggl| \frac{u'_{ijp}(T)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {u'_{ijp}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr|\\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+3\varepsilon=5\varepsilon, \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] &\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(t)\bigr|\\ &\quad\leq\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(t)-D^{\alpha-1}u(T)\bigr| +\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(T)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(T)\bigr| +\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(T)-D^{\alpha-1}u_{ijp}(t)\bigr|\\ &\quad< \varepsilon+\varepsilon+3\varepsilon=5\varepsilon. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
These ensure that
$$\bigl\| u(t)-u_{ijp}(t)\bigr\| _{Y}< 5\varepsilon. $$
□
3 Main results
Define the operator T by
$$\begin{aligned} Tu(t)={}& \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma (\alpha)}f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr)\,ds \\ &{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s))\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s))\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha )- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}t^{\alpha-1}. \end{aligned}$$
Theorem 3.1
Assume that \(f: J\times R\times R\rightarrow R\) is continuous. Then problem (1.1)-(1.2) has at least one solution under the assumption that
1. (H)
there exist nonnegative functions \(a(t)(1+t^{\alpha-1}), b(t), c(t)\in L^{1}(J)\), such that
$$\bigl\| f(t,x,y)\bigr\| \leq a(t)|x|+b(t)|y|+c(t), $$
where \(\int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt<+\infty\).
Proof
First of all, in view of
$$\begin{aligned}& \begin{aligned}[b] Tu'(t)={}& \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-2}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}f\bigl(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\,ds \\ &{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}(\alpha-1)t^{\alpha-2}, \end{aligned} \\& \begin{aligned}[b] &D^{\alpha-1} Tu(t)\\ &\quad=\int^{t}_{0}f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha -1}}\Gamma(\alpha), \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$
together with the continuity of f, we see that \(T'u(t)\) and \(D^{\alpha -1}Tu(t)\) are continuous on J.
In the following we divide the proof into several steps.
Step 1 Choose the positive number
$$R>\max\{R_{1}, R_{2}, R_{3}\}, $$
where
$$\begin{aligned}& R_{1}= \frac{ \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\int^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt +\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int ^{\xi _{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}c(t)\,dt +\frac{1}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt}{1- \frac{1}{\Gamma (\alpha )}\int^{1}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt -\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int ^{\xi _{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt -\frac{1}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt}, \\& R_{2}= \frac{ \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\int^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt +\frac{\alpha-1}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i}\int ^{\xi_{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}c(t)\,dt +\frac{\alpha-1}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt}{1- \frac {1}{\Gamma (\alpha)}\int^{1}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt -\frac{\alpha-1}{\Gamma(\alpha)\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i}\int ^{\xi_{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt -\frac{\alpha-1}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt}, \\& R_{3}=\frac{ \int^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt -+ \frac{1}{\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}c(t)\,dt +\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt}{1- \int ^{1}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt - \frac{1}{\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} (\xi_{i}-t)^{\alpha-1}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt -\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda}\int^{\infty}_{0}(a(t)+b(t))\,dt}, \end{aligned}$$
and \(\Lambda=\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha -1}\).
Let set
$$U=\bigl\{ u(t)\in Y:\bigl\| u(t)\bigr\| _{Y}\leq R\bigr\} . $$
Then, \(A:U\rightarrow U\). In fact, for any \(u(t)\in U\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} &\frac{|Tu(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}\\ &\quad= \biggl|\int ^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)(1+t^{\alpha -1})}f\bigl(s,\ u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha -1}}\frac{t^{\alpha-1}}{(1+t^{\alpha-1})} \biggr|\\ &\quad\leq\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{t}_{0}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{1}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha -1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi _{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\quad\leq\frac{\|u\|_{Y}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{1}_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+ \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\|u\|_{Y}}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+ \frac {1}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\|u\|_{Y}}{\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta _{i} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} \frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\bigl(a(t)+b(t) \bigr)\,dt+\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} \frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}c(t)\,dt\\ &\quad\leq R, \\ & \frac{|T'u(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}\\ &\quad= \int^{t}_{0}\frac {(t-s)^{\alpha-2}}{\Gamma(\alpha)(1+t^{\alpha-2})}f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s)\bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha -1}}\\ &\qquad{}\times\frac{(\alpha-1)t^{\alpha-2}}{(1+t^{\alpha-2})}\\ &\quad\leq\frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{t}_{0}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\alpha -1}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+(\alpha-1)\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}\bigl(a(s)\bigl|u(s)\bigr|+b(s)\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr|+c(s) \bigr)\,ds\\ &\quad\leq \frac{\|u\|_{Y}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{1}_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+ \frac{1}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \int ^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{(\alpha-1)\|u\|_{Y}}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty }_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+ \frac{\alpha-1}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{(\alpha-1)\|u\|_{Y}}{\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1} \beta_{i} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} \frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\bigl(a(t)+b(t) \bigr)\,dt \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{(\alpha-1) \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0} \frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}c(t)\,dt\\ &\quad\leq R, \\ & \bigl|D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t)\bigr|\\ &\quad\leq \int^{t}_{0}\bigl|f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\bigr|\,ds +\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{k=1}\beta _{i}\xi _{i}^{\alpha-1}} \int^{t}_{0}\bigl|f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\bigr|\,ds\\ &\qquad{}+\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}} \int^{\xi _{i}}_{0}(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}\bigl|f \bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s)\bigr)\bigr|\,ds\\ &\quad\leq R* \int^{1}_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+ \int^{1}_{0}c(t)\,dt \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)R}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt+\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}R}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi _{i}}_{0}(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1} \bigl(a(t)+b(t)\bigr)\,dt +\frac{ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}}{\Lambda} \int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}c(t)\,dt\\ &\quad\leq R. \end{aligned}$$
Hence, \(\|Tu(t)\|_{Y}\leq R\), which shows that \(A:U\rightarrow U\).
Step 2 Let V be a nonempty subset of U. We will show that TV is relative compact. Let \(I\subset J\) be a compact interval, \(t_{1}, t_{2}\in I\) and \(t_{1}< t_{2}\). Then for any \(u(t)\in V\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl|\frac{Tu(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {Tu(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \\ &\quad= \biggl| \int^{t_{2}}_{0}\frac {(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)(1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1})}f\bigl(s, u,\ D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha -1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{\Gamma (\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}\frac {t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}{(1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1})} \\ &\qquad{}- \int^{t_{1}}_{0}\frac{(t_{1}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma (\alpha)(1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1})}f\bigl(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\,ds \\ &\qquad{}-\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha -1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{\Gamma (\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}\frac {t_{1}^{\alpha-1}}{(1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1})} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \int^{t_{1}}_{0}\biggl|\frac{(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma (\alpha)(1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1})}- \frac{(t_{1}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma (\alpha )(1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1})}\biggr|\bigl|f\bigl(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\bigr|\,ds\\ &\qquad{} + \int^{t_{2}}_{t_{1}}\frac{(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )}\bigl|f\bigl(s,\ u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\biggl|\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s))\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{\Gamma (\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}}\biggr| \\ &\qquad{}\times\biggl|\frac{t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {t_{1}^{\alpha -1}}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr|, \\ & \biggl|\frac{T'u(t_{2})}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {T'u(t)_{1}}{1+t^{\alpha -2}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \biggl| \int^{t_{2}}_{0}\frac{(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha-2}}{\Gamma (\alpha )(1+t_{2}^{\alpha-2})}f\bigl(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\,ds- \int ^{t_{1}}_{0}\frac{(t_{1}-s)^{\alpha-2}}{\Gamma(\alpha )(1+t_{1}^{\alpha -2})}f\bigl(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u\bigr)\,ds \biggr| \\ &\qquad{}+(\alpha-1) \biggl|\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha -1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{\Gamma (\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \\ &\qquad{}\times\biggl|\frac{t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}- \frac{t_{1}^{\alpha -1}}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\begin{aligned} & \bigl|D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t_{2})-D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t_{1}) \bigr| \\ &\quad\leq \biggl| \int^{t_{2}}_{0}f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\,ds- \int ^{t_{1}}_{0}f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\,ds \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \int^{t_{2}}_{t_{1}} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha -1}u(s) \bigr)\,ds \bigr|. \end{aligned}$$
Note that for any \(u(t)\in V\), we have \(f(t, u(t), D^{\alpha-1}u(t))\) is bounded on I. Then it is easy to see that \(\frac{|Tu(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}\), \(\frac{|T'u(t)|}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}\), and \(D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t)\) are equicontinuous on I.
Considering the condition H, for given \(\varepsilon>0\), there exists a constant \(L>0\) such that
$$\int^{+\infty}_{L}\bigl|f\bigl(t, u(t), D^{\alpha-1}u(t) \bigr)\bigr|< \varepsilon. $$
On the other hand, since \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\frac {t^{\alpha -1}}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}=1\), there exists a constant \(T_{1}>0\) such that \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq T_{1}\),
$$\biggl|\frac{t_{1}^{\alpha-1}}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {t_{2}^{\alpha -1}}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr|< \varepsilon. $$
Similarly, in view of \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\frac {(t-L)^{\alpha-1}}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}=1\), there exists a constant \(T_{2}>L>0\) such that \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq T_{2}\) and \(0\leq s\leq L\),
$$\biggl|\frac{(t_{1}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha -1}}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}\biggr|< \varepsilon. $$
In view of \(\lim_{t\rightarrow+\infty}\frac{(t-L)^{\alpha -2}}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}=1\), there exists a constant \(T_{3}>L>0\) such that \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq T_{3}\), and \(0\leq s\leq L\),
$$\biggl|\frac{(t_{1}-s)^{\alpha-2}}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {(t_{2}-s)^{\alpha -2}}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-2}}\biggr|< \varepsilon. $$
Now choose \(T>\max\{T_{1}, T_{2}, T_{3}\}\). Then for \(t_{1}, t_{2}\geq T\), we have
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl|\frac{Tu(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {Tu(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq\frac{\max_{t\in [0,L],u\in V}|f(t, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)|}{\Gamma(\alpha)}L\varepsilon +\frac{2}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\varepsilon \\ &\qquad{}+ \biggl|\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha -1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac{(\xi _{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{ \Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|\varepsilon, \\ & \biggl|\frac{T'u(t_{2})}{1+t_{2}^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {T'u(t_{1})}{1+t_{1}^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq\frac{\max_{t\in [0,L],u\in V}|f(t, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)|}{\Gamma(\alpha)}L\varepsilon +\frac{2}{\Gamma(\alpha)}\varepsilon \\ &\qquad{}+(\alpha-1) \biggl|\frac{- \int^{\infty}_{0}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds+ \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\int^{\xi_{i}}_{0}\frac {(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)}f(s, u, D^{\alpha-1}u)\,ds}{ \Gamma(\alpha)- \sum^{m-2}_{i=1}\beta_{i}\xi_{i}^{\alpha -1}} \biggr|\varepsilon, \end{aligned}$$
and
$$\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t_{2})-D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t_{1}) \bigr|\leq \int ^{t_{2}}_{t_{1}} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u(s), D^{\alpha-1}u(s) \bigr)\,ds \bigr| < \varepsilon. $$
Consequently, Lemma 2.5 shows that TV is relative compact.
Step 3 \(T:U\rightarrow U\) is a continuous operator.
Let \(u_{n}, u\in U\), \(n=1,2,\ldots\) , and \(\|u_{n}-u\| _{Y}\rightarrow0\) as \(n\rightarrow\infty\). Then, we have
$$\begin{aligned} & \biggl|\frac{Tu_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}}-\frac {Tu(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-1}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )(1+t^{\alpha -1})} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{t^{\alpha-1}}{(1+t^{\alpha-1})\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1} \beta _{i} \int_{0}^{\xi_{i}}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)\\ &\qquad{}-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{t^{\alpha-1}}{(1+t^{\alpha-1})\Lambda} \int^{\infty }_{0} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{2}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{4}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int ^{\infty}_{0}\bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{4}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{8}{\Lambda }\biggr)R \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl[\bigl(1+t^{\alpha-1} \bigr)a(t)+b(t)\bigr]\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\biggl( \frac{4}{\Gamma (\alpha)}+\frac{8}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt, \\ & \biggl|\frac{T'u_{n}(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}}-\frac {T'u(t)}{1+t^{\alpha-2}} \biggr| \\ &\quad\leq \int^{t}_{0}\frac{(t-s)^{\alpha-2}}{\Gamma(\alpha )(1+t^{\alpha -1})} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{(\alpha-1)t^{\alpha-2}}{(1+t^{\alpha-2})\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{i=1} \beta_{i} \int_{0}^{\xi_{i}}\frac{(\xi{i}-s)^{\alpha -1}}{\Gamma(\alpha)} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)\\ &\qquad{}-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{(\alpha-1)t^{\alpha-2}}{(1+t^{\alpha-2})\Lambda } \int^{\infty}_{0} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s,\ u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{2}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{4(\alpha -1)}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{4}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{8(\alpha -1)}{\Lambda}\biggr)R \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl[\bigl(1+t^{\alpha-1} \bigr)a(t)+b(t)\bigr]\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\biggl( \frac {4}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{8(\alpha-1)}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt, \\ &\bigl|D^{\alpha-1}Tu_{n}(t)-D^{\alpha-1}Tu(t)\bigr| \\ &\quad\leq \int ^{\infty}_{0} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s,\ u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda} \sum^{m-2}_{k=1} \beta _{i} \int_{0}^{\xi_{i}}\frac{(\xi_{i}-s)^{\alpha-1}}{\Gamma(\alpha )} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\qquad{}+\frac{\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda} \int^{\infty}_{0} \bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{2}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{2+2\Gamma(\alpha )}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl|f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha -1}u_{n}(s)\bigr)-f\bigl(s, u_{n}(s), D^{\alpha-1}u_{n}(s)\bigr) \bigr|\,ds \\ &\quad\leq\biggl( \frac{4}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{4+4\Gamma(\alpha )}{\Lambda}\biggr)R \int^{\infty}_{0}\bigl[\bigl(1+t^{\alpha-1} \bigr)a(t)+b(t)\bigr]\,dt\\ &\qquad{}+\biggl( \frac {4}{\Gamma(\alpha)}+\frac{4+4\Gamma(\alpha)}{\Lambda}\biggr) \int ^{\infty}_{0}c(t)\,dt. \end{aligned}$$
Then the operator T is continuous in view of the Lebesgue dominated convergence theorem. Thus by Schauder’s fixed point theorem we conclude that the problem (1.1)-(1.2) has at least one solution in U and the proof is completed. □
Declarations
Acknowledgements
The work is sponsored by the NSFC (11201109), Anhui Provincial Natural Science Foundation (1408085QA07), the Higher School Natural Science Project of Anhui Province (KJ2014A200), and the outstanding talents plan of Anhui High school.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
College of Mathematics and Statistics, Hefei Normal University, Hefei, 230061, P.R. China
(2)
College of Mathematical Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230000, P.R. China
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The Community for Technology Leaders
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Issue No.01 - January-March (2008 vol.7)
pp: 2-4
Published by the IEEE Computer Society
Roy Want , Intel Research
ABSTRACT
When I hear the phrase “human-implantable electronics,” I must confess that I feel a bit queasy. It conjures up a more extreme image of pervasive computing than is usually justified. However, putting my emotional reaction aside, when I think about the possibilities of implantable technology, it actually begins to sound pretty cool.
When I hear the phrase "human-implantable electronics," I must confess that I feel a bit queasy. It conjures up a more extreme image of pervasive computing than is usually justified. However, my perspective is that of a relatively healthy person in his 40s, without any physical handicaps. If my hearing was impaired or my heartbeat arrhythmic, I might be keen to find a remedy—and, at this time, an electronic implant would probably be the way to go. Putting my emotional reaction aside, when I think about the possibilities of implantable technology, it actually begins to sound pretty cool.
Still Science Fiction
In the '70s, I often watched the Six Million Dollar Man, a popular TV series based on Martin Caidin's science fiction novel Cyborg. Many of you might not have seen this old show (although now airing is an updated version of the spin-off, The Bionic Woman). The storyline centers on an astronaut and test pilot who loses both of his legs, an arm, and one eye in a plane crash. A top-secret government organization is tasked with rebuilding him using the best technology available, including nuclear batteries, high-resolution cameras, and electronic actuation for muscles, all in natural-looking prosthetic forms. The organization succeeds, running up a bill of six million dollars. The kicker to the story is that he wasn't just rebuilt; he became better, stronger, and faster than any ordinary person, leading to many exciting adventures on behalf of the US government.
The prospect of advanced implantable devices replacing body components and performing better than nature is intriguing. However, we're a long way from this vision—even if we had six million dollars to spend. It's usually hard to improve on nature and to create solutions that are both functional and durable, standing the test of time.
For real-world use, the latter is a challenging requirement. We currently build implants from inorganic materials, and as such, implants can't repair themselves when they become worn out or damaged, so we must design them to withstand decades of stress. Given that the average lifespan in the western world is 80 years or so, an implant installed in our youth might need to last 70 years. There aren't many things we can build that last even close to that.
Future technology will likely improve dramatically, so replacements and upgrades will be a necessary part of the implantation process. For electronic devices embedded in our bodies, this means periodic surgery, which doesn't represent a convenient, one-time fix for the problem the device was designed to solve.
Considering Trade-Offs
In addition to implants that support failing bodily functions, we're beginning to see more controversial implantable technologies, such as Verichip's human RFID tag. The tag, encapsulated in a small rugged glass vial the size of a grain of rice, is injected under the skin. It has wide application, from tagging children in case they're abducted or lost, to helping Alzheimer's patients who might wander off, putting themselves at risk.
More recently VeriChip produced VeriMed, and in April 2002, the FDA approved its use. This implantable tag has a unique identity code that is used as an index into a medical database, providing rapid access to medical records, treatment histories, medication regimes, and known allergies. The advantage is associating medical information with a person so that emergency medical staff can easily access it—even if the person is unconscious. Furthermore, unlike a bracelet, you can't easily separate it from a person's body, making it more likely to survive an emergency situation.
There are disadvantages, of course, such as the risk of privacy violation or of the implanted materials causing medical complications. As with most things in life, we need to consider the cost-benefit trade-off.
Research Lays the Groundwork
Some researchers have begun to experiment with implantable RFID as a means to control and interact with the environment. The best known example is Kevin Warwick, professor of cybernetics at the University of Reading, UK. In February 2000, Wired ran an article ("Cyborg 1.0") about his experiment in which he inserted an RFID tag under the skin of his arm. The tag let him control electronic door locks (the ultimate access control), lights, and other equipment nearby. He later took this idea to the next level, using a subdermal chip with 100 electrodes to make a direct connection to his median nerve. By electronically interpreting the recorded signals, he could remotely control a robotic arm through the Internet at another site in the university.
Researchers at Brown University extended this concept by demonstrating that an implant in a Rhesus monkey's brain could control the position of a computer's cursor. Philip Kennedy, a neurologist and founder of Neural Signals Inc., has similarly demonstrated this approach in humans. He found that disabled people, using implants, could control a computer cursor with their thoughts and type words on a graphic representation of a keyboard, with a typing speed of about three words per minute. Although these are early results, they show that direct neural implants are tractable and will one day provide a routine treatment for severely disabled people—a worthy goal for these experiments.
As part of the effort to overcome deafness and restore sight, research also proceeds on implants that send information directly into our nervous system. One approach to vision restoration has been to directly stimulate neurons in the visual cortex in response to an image captured by an electronic camera. Researchers have conducted crude versions of these experiments since 1978. However, a significant milestone came in 2002 when biomedical researcher William Dobelle partially restored sight to Jens Naumann, blinded in adulthood. With this treatment, Naumann achieved basic obstacle avoidance and navigation.
Beware of the Borg?
Between these two approaches, it's clear that implants open up the potential for two-way communication between our neurons and computational components. This leads us to speculate whether we can create electronic extensions to our brains, building additional neural networks and storage modules to augment our brain functions. In combination with digital communication networks, networking neural functions between people might be possible.
We don't yet know how to do this, but it makes me wonder. What are the technical limits, if any? Could this lead to direct wireless communication so that some day I'll be able to share my thoughts with another person? As we move beyond prosthetic implants to deliberate human augmentation, this research will certainly trigger debate on what's ethical practice in this area. Linking our brains directly with a computing infrastructure, or using the infrastructure to directly influence our thoughts, might be going too far.
I began this article talking about an inspiring TV show that depicted a bionic man with superior capabilities, but the latter discussion reminds me of another show depicting a race of people living a far-from-desirable life. On the assumption that many of you are fans of Star Trek: The Next Generation, you'll remember the archenemy, the Borg. These beings were augmented by implants wirelessly linking them together in a network they called "the collective." They aimed to assimilate all other races with their technology, adding to their own capabilities in the process. Not an image I want to leave you with today!
Conclusion
Pervasive computing is about embedding computation in the world around us to make its use implicit and for it to naturally fit our work practices. Mark Weiser said it even better, "The most profound technologies are those that disappear. They weave themselves into the fabric of everyday life until they are indistinguishable from it." Implantable technology takes this notion to the next logical step, enabling us to become part of the computational infrastructure and indistinguishable from it. You can argue that this actually subsumes pervasive computing's goals.
Although this all sounds like science fiction now, we're laying the groundwork for what will one day be a radical new relationship between man, computation, and the world. However, in this special issue, we present a far more grounded view of current research into implantable technology.
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The heat-transfer characteristics of a partially enclosed rotating disk have been investigated experimentally by means of a mass-transfer analog. Mass-transfer rates to air from naphthalene coated disks of 4 and 8 in. diameter were measured at speeds between zero and 10,000 rpm and the influence of the spacing between the rotating disk and its housing was investigated with and without source flow. From the experimental results a dimensionless correlation equation suitable for predicting average heat and mass-transfer coefficients for rotating disks with source flow in turbulent flow at rotational Reynolds numbers up to 4 × 105 was deduced. The flow pattern was investigated by means of a hot wire, a smoke visualization technique, and the china clay method.
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Patents
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Publication numberUS4366821 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 06/187,503
Publication dateJan 4, 1983
Filing dateSep 15, 1980
Priority dateSep 15, 1980
Publication number06187503, 187503, US 4366821 A, US 4366821A, US-A-4366821, US4366821 A, US4366821A
InventorsEdward A. Wittmaier, Joseph A. Kretschmer
Original AssigneeMarie C. Kercheval
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Breath monitor device
US 4366821 A
Abstract
A breath monitor device useful for monitoring the inhaling and exhaling of patients and particularly patients on a breathing apparatus, the device being constructed to have a sensor element positioned in the path of the breath flow to respond to the breath and to the constituants thereof, the breathing apparatus including structure for supporting the sensor element, and a control circuit connected to the sensor element including a circuit portion for amplifying responses produced by the sensor element, a circuit portion for establishing threshold conditions for indicating whether the individual patient being monitored is inhaling or exhaling and that the patient is using the oxygen being breathed at a set minimum rate, a control panel connected to the control circuit including a first indicator for indicating when the patient is inhaling, a second indicator for indicating when the patient is exhaling, and a control element adjustable to establish minimum safe breathing rate conditions including an alarm device for producing an alarm condition when a breathing rate being monitored either falls below the minimum safe rate or ceases indicating a respiratory blockage or breathing failure. A counter circuit for counting the breath rate of the patient is also provided.
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Claims(51)
What is claimed is:
1. A breath monitor device comprising means for sensing the chemical composition of exhaled gases and inhaled gases of a patient, means responsive to said sensing means for timing the respective intervals between successive sensed exhaled gases and between successive sensed inhaled gases and means responsive to said timing means including means for generating a warning signal when at least one of the sensed intervals exceeds a predetermined time.
2. The breath monitor device of claim 1 further comprising means responsive to said sensing means for separately indicating the exhaling and inhaling of a patient being monitored.
3. The breath monitor device of claim 2 further comprising counting means including means for counting at least one of the exhalings and inhalings of a patient in a preselected time period, and display means including means for displaying the number counted by said counting means.
4. The breath monitor device of claim 1 wherein said timing means includes means for adjusting the duration of the predetermined time interval.
5. The breath monitor device of claim 1 further comprising comparator means operatively connected to said sensing means, said comparator means including adjustment means adjustable to establish a threshold condition which when exceeded by the output of the sensing means distinguishes between inhalings and exhalings of the patient.
6. The breath monitor device of claim 5 wherein said comparator means includes a zener diode.
7. A breath monitor device for use with an apparatus assisting the breathing of a patient, said breath monitor device comprising;
sensor means located in said breath assisting apparatus to respond to the breathing of the patient and for sensing utilization of gases being breathed by a patient;
relay means including associated circuit means energizable and deenergizable in response to said sensor means, said relay means having a first condition when said sensor means senses inhaled gases and a second condition when said sensor means senses at least a a preset change in the oxygen of the exhaled gases from the inhaled gases when the patient is exhaling;
an inhale circuit operatively connected to said relay means including an indicator which is energized when said relay means is in its first condition;
a first time delay circuit operatively connected to the relay means, said first time delay circuit having a first operative condition which occurs while the relay means is in its first condition and a second operative condition for a first predetermined period of time after the relay means is in its second condition for the first predetermined length of time;
an exhale circuit operatively connected to said relay means including an indicator which is energized when said relay means are in its second condition;
a second time delay circuit operatively connected to the relay means, said second time delay circuit having a first operative condition which occurs while the relay means is in its second condition for a second predetermined period of time and a second operative condition after the relay means has been in its first condition for the second predetermined length of time; and
warning signal means operatively connected to said first and second time delay circuits, said warning signal means being deenergized when said first and second time delay circuits are in their respective first operative conditions and said warning signal means being energized to produce a warning condition when at least one of said first and second time delay circuits is in its second operative condition.
8. The breath monitor device of claim 7 further comprising adjustable means operatively connected to said first and second time delay circuits, said adjustable means including means having a plurality of setting positions for simultaneously changing the predetermined times associated with said first and second time delay circuits.
9. The breath monitor of claim 7 further comprising comparator means operatively connected to an output of said sensor means, said comparator means including adjustment means adjustable for establishing a threshold condition which, when exceeded by said sensor means output, distinguishes changes of the exhaled and inhaled gases from a preset level.
10. The breath monitor device of claim 9 wherein said comparator means includes a zener diode.
11. The breath monitor device of claim 7 further comprising a remote unit at a location removed from the patient being monitored and operatively connected to said relay means and to said first and second time delay circuits, said remote unit including a second inhale indicator which is energized when said relay means is in its first condition, a second exhale indicator energized when said relay means is in its second condition, and second warning signal means deenergized whenever said first and second time delay circuits are in their respective first operating conditions, said second warning signal means being energized to produce a warning condition at the remote location when at least one of said first and second time delay circuits is in its second operating condition.
12. The breath monitor device of claim 7 further including counting means operatively connected to said relay means, said counting means including means for counting and storing the number of times said relay means changes from one of its conditions to the other of its conditions, and means operatively connected to said counting means including means for displaying the number stored by said counting means.
13. The breath monitor device of claim 12 further including means operatively connected to said counting means including means for periodically resetting the number stored by said counting means to some minimum condition, and means operatively connected to said counting means for displaying a number related to the number stored by said counting means representative of the number of breaths taken by the patient within a given period of time.
14. An apparatus for monitoring the breathing of a patient comprising a tracheal tube for installing in the throat of a patient whose breath is to be monitored, said tracheal tube having an open ended passageway therethrough for breath to pass during inhaling and exhaling, an adapter including means for attaching to the tracheal tube to form an extension of the passageway, said adapter having means therein forming a chamber adjacent the tube that communicates with the passageway, and a sensor element positioned in the chamber, said sensor element including means for producing an electric response which varies with the chemical composition of the gases moving through the passageway contacting the sensor element as the patient breathes.
15. The apparatus defined in claim 14 including electric circuit means operatively connected to the sensor element, said electric circuit means including a first circuit portion for responding to gases inhaled by the patient and a second circuit portion for responding to gases exhaled by the patient, and means responsive to predetermined changes in the electric responses produced by the sensor element for switching between actuation of the first and second portions.
16. The apparatus defined in claim 15 including means operatively connected to said means responsive to predetermined changes for counting the predetermined changes that take place in the sensor element.
17. The apparatus defined in claim 16 including means to reset the counting means at predetermined time intervals, and means to display the count in the counting means.
18. The apparatus defined in claim 15 including means for establishing a predetermined threshold level for the electric response produced by the sensor element and means for comparing the electric response produced by the sensor element with said predetermined threshold level.
19. A breath monitor device comprising;
a breathing assistance apparatus having an air passage through which a patient breathes, said breathing assistance apparatus having means allowing access to the air passage,
a sensor circuit having an electric sensing element the impedance of which decreases in the presence of exhaled gases as compared to inhaled gases located in the air passage so that gases breathed by the patient pass adjacent to and in contact with the sensing element, said sensor circuit including an output having a relatively high voltage when the sensing elements senses exhaled gases and a relatively low voltage when the sensing element senses inhaled gases,
a voltage comparator circuit connected to the output of said sensor circuit including means for producing a threshold voltage, means for adjusting the level of said threshold voltage, means for comparing the output voltage of the sensor circuit with the threshold voltage, and a comparator output terminal, said comparator circuit producing a first voltage condition on the output terminal when said sensor circuit output voltage is higher than the threshold voltage and a second voltage condition on the comparator output terminal when said sensor circuit output voltage is less than the threshold voltage,
a relay circuit having an input connected to the comparator output terminal of the voltage comparator circuit, said relay circuit including means for going between first and second operating conditions in response respectively to the presence of the first and second voltage conditions at the comparator output terminal,
an exhale circuit including an exhale time delay circuit operatively connected to the relay circuit, said exhale time delay circuit including means for establishing a predetermined first delay time period,
an inhale circuit including an inhale time delay circuit operatively connected to the relay circuit, said inhale time delay circuit establishing a second predetermined delay time period,
said exhale circuit being operative when said relay circuit is in its first operating condition, and said inhale circuit being operative when the relay circuit is in its second operating condition,
a warning device having operative connections to the exhale and to the inhale time delay circuits, said warning device being deenergized before the expiration of either of the first or second predetermined delay time periods, and being energized upon the expiration of either of the first or second predetermined delay time periods.
20. The breath monitor device of claim 19 wherein said exhale time delay circuit has a first operating condition between the energizing of said exhale circuit and the expiration of said predetermined first delay time period and a second operating condition after the expiration of said predetermined first delay time period, said inhale time delay circuit having a first operating condition between the energizing of said inhale circuit and the expiration of said predetermined second delay time period and a second operating condition after the expiration of said predetermined second delay time period, said warning device being deenergized whenever said inhale and exhale time delay circuits are in their first operating conditions, and said warning device being energized whenever at least one of said exhale and inhale time delay circuits is in its second operating condition.
21. The breath monitor device of claim 20 wherein said exhale and inhale time delay circuits each includes respective indicating means energizable when its respective time delay circuit is in its second operating condition.
22. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including exhale indicator means operatively connected to said relay circuit and energizable when said relay means is in its first operating condition, and inhale indicator means operatively connected to said relay circuit and energizable when said relay means is in its second operating condition.
23. The breath monitor device of claim 11 wherein said warning device includes means for producing an audible warming signal.
24. The breath monitor device of claim 14 wherein said voltage comparator circuit includes a zener diode.
25. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including a remote unit at a location removed from the patient whose breath is being monitored and operatively connected to said relay circuit and said inhale and exhale circuits, said remote unit having an exhale indicating means connected to said relay circuit and energizable when said relay circuit is in its first operative condition, an inhale indicating means connected to said relay circuit and energizable when said relay circuit is in its second operative condition, and a second warning device connected to the exhale and inhale time delay circuits producing a warning condition when energized, said second warning device being deenergized when said exhale and inhale time delay circuits are in their first operating conditions and being energized to produce a warning condition at the remote location when at least one of said exhale and inhale time delay circuits is in its second operating condition.
26. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including a test circuit operatively connected to the input of said relay circuit, said test circuit having a first operative condition allowing said relay circuit to be in one of its first and second operating conditions, and a second operative condition holding said relay circuit in its second operating condition.
27. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including a test circuit operatively connected to said exhale and inhale circuits for simultaneously energizing both of said inhale and exhale circuits.
28. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including adjustable means operatively connected to said exhale and inhale time delay circuits, said adjustable means having a plurality of settings for simultaneously controlling the predetermined operation of the time periods established by said exhale and inhale time delay circuits.
29. The breath monitor device of claim 19 wherein said electrical sensor circuit includes means for displaying the voltage output of said sensor circuit.
30. The breath monitor device of claim 29 wherein said voltage output displaying means includes means for recording the voltage output of said sensor circuit.
31. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including an open-sensor circuit operatively connected to the input of said relay circuit, said open-sensor circuit including means for holding said relay circuit in its second operating condition in absence of an output voltage of said sensing element.
32. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including a turn-on circuit operatively connected to said relay circuit for transferring the relay circuit to its first operating condition for a predetermined time after said turn-on circuit is initially energized, said relay circuit going to its second operating condition at the end of said predetermined time, and an on/off switch operatively connected between said warning device and said inhale and exhale circuits for deactivating the warning device the predetermined time after the turn-on circuit is energized.
33. The breath monitor device of claim 19 wherein said breathing assistance apparatus includes a tracheal tube.
34. The breath monitor device of claim 19 including counting means operatively connected to the relay circuit, said counting means including means for counting the number of times said relay circuit changes from one of its operating conditions to the other, and means operatively connected to said counting means for displaying a number representing the number of breaths taken in a preselected time interval.
35. The breath monitor device of claim 34 including means operatively connected to said counting means for periodically resetting the counting means to some predetermined count.
36. A breath monitor device comprising sensor means for sensing at least one gas component of the breath of a patient, support means for positioning said sensor means in the flow of breath of the patient, circuit means operatively connected to said sensor means including threshold means for determining the initial level of said breath gas component and comparator means responsive to changes in said breath gas component as sensed by the sensor means for indicating changes of said breath gas component from said initial level, means responsive to predetermined changes in the breath gas component as sensed by the sensor means for counting the breaths that occur per unit of time, and warning means responsive to said comparator means and to said means for giving a warning if the breath gas component changes from said initial level.
37. The breath monitor device of claim 37 wherein said sensor means includes a resistive element whose resistance has a first value in the presence of oxygen and whose resistance decreases in response to depletion of oxygen.
38. The breath monitor device of claim 36 wherein the sensor means includes a resistive element whose resistance changes depending on whether the patient is inhaling or exhaling, the direction of the change in the resistance of the resistive element changing at times when the patient changes between inhaling and exhaling.
39. A breath monitor device comprising sensing means in the air stream of a patient during at least one of exhaling and inhaling, said sensing means including means responsive to the composition of the breath, circuit means operatively connected to said sensing means including means for generating an output each time the sensing means senses a change in the composition of the breath as sensed by the sensing means due to the patient changing between inhaling and exhaling, counting means operatively connected to said circuit means including means for counting the changes sensed by the sensing means, and display means operatively connected to said counting means for displaying a number related to the number of changes that are counted in a predetermined time interval.
40. The breath monitor device of claim 39 wherein said circuit means includes reset means operatively connected to said counting means for resetting the counting means to some predetermined reset condition, and means to establish a predetermined time period between succeeding operations of the reset means.
41. The breath monitor device of claim 40 including means operatively connected to said counting means for recording the count therein.
42. An apparatus for monitoring the breathing of a patient comprising a tracheal tube for installing in the throat of a patient whose breath is to be monitored, said tracheal tube having an open ended passageway therethrough for breath to pass during inhaling and exhaling, an adaptor including means for attaching to the tracheal tube to form an extension of the passageway, said adaptor having means therein forming a chamber adjacent the tube that communicates with the passageway, a sensor element positioned in the chamber, said sensor element including means for producing an electric response which varies with the chemical composition of the gases moving through the passageway contacting the sensor element as the patient breathes, electric circuit means operatively connected to the sensor element, said electric circuit means including a first circuit portion for responding to gases inhaled by the patient and a second circuit portion for responding to gases exhaled by the patient, other circuit means including means responsive to predetermined changes in the electric response produced by the sensor element for switching between actuation of the first and second portions, each of said first and second circuit portions including time delay means, and an alarm device operatively connected to at least one of said first and second circuit portions, said one of said first and second circuit portions including means to energize the alarm device whenever the time of duration of the inhaled or exhaled gases associated with said second circuit portion exceeds some predetermined time period as established by the associated time delay means.
43. The apparatus defined in claim 42 including means operatively connected to said other circuit means for counting the predetermined changes that take place in the sensor element.
44. The apparatus defined in claim 43 including means to reset the counting means at predetermined time intervals, and means to display the count in the counting means.
45. The apparatus defined in claim 42 including means for establishing a predetermined electric response, and means for comparing the electric response produced by the sensor element with said predetermined threshold level.
46. A breath monitor device comprising sensor means for sensing at least one gas component of the breath of a patient, support means for positioning said sensor means in the flow of breath of the patient, circuit means operatively connected to said sensor means including threshold means for determining the initial level of said breath gas component and comparator means responsive to changes in said breath gas component as sensed by the sensor means for indicating changes in said breath gas component from said initial level, and warning means responsive to said comparator means for giving a warning if the breath gas component changes from said initial level, said sensor means including a resistive element whose resistance has a first value in the presence of oxygen and whose resistance decreases in response to depletion of oxygen, said threshold means including means for establishing a threshold voltage, said comparator means including a voltage comparator circuit having an input operatively connected to said sensor means, said input having an input voltage which varies inversely with the decrease in resistance of the resistive element, and said warning means producing a warning condition whenever the input voltage as determined by the resistance of the resistive element is less than said threshold voltage.
47. The breath monitor device of claim 46 wherein said voltage comparator circuit includes a zener diode connected in circuit with the resistive element.
48. The breath monitor device of claim 46 including timing circuit means operatively connected to the warning means, said timing circuit means including means for establishing a predetermined period of time, said warning means producing a warning condition whenever the input voltage is less than the threshold voltage at least once within said predetermined period of time.
49. The breath monitor device of claim 48 including means in the timing circuit means adjustable to establish the predetermined time period.
50. A method of monitoring breathing comprising providing a passageway for the flow of breath by a patient during inhaling and exhaling
passing the breath as it flows through the passageway in contact with means which are responsive to the oxygen content of exhaled and inhaled gases, providing means associated with the responsive means to enable distinguishing between when the patient is inhaling and when exhaling based on the oxygen content of the breath,
providing means for timing the intervals between successive ones of said inhalings and successive ones of the exhalings, and
producing a warning condition if any one of said time intervals exceed a respective predetermined time period.
51. A method for monitoring the composition of the breath during breathing comprising
passing the exhaled breath through a passageway and adjacent to an element positioned therein in position to be exposed to the exhaled breath, which element produces a response that is related to the chemical composition of the breath,
establishing a threshold condition for comparing with the response produced by said element,
comparing to said threshold condition the response produced by the element, and
producing a warning when the comparison has a particular relationship.
Description
BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Breathing apparatus such as tracheal and endotracheal tubes and oxygen masks are frequently used to facilitate the breathing or persons in distress. In such cases it is important to be able to monitor the breathing during exhaling and inhaling including monitoring the breathing rate and the composition of the breath to know if the person is receiving sufficient breath, to know if the breath rate, i.e. number of breaths per minute is being maintained or if the breathing rate during inhaling and during exhaling should fall below some minimum safe rate and to know that the person is receiving an accepted rate of oxygen. It is also important for the doctor or nurse to be able to establish minimum breathing conditions for each patient taking into account the patient's history and physical condition, and it is important to be able to reassess a breathing rate from time-to-time to take into account different factors such as the patient's ability to use free oxygen in the air the patient is breathing. The present device has these and other capabilities and also includes means which enable a doctor or nurse to be continuously made aware at the bedside or at a remote location of the patient's breathing and changes in breathing and it enables periodic adjustment of the monitored conditions to take into account changes that occur. The present device also includes means to produce an alarm if the breathing rate deteriorates below some preestablished condition and this can be adjusted taking into account the condition of the patient. The present device is therefore a very sensitive and versatile monitor which is relatively easy to adjust and use.
The present device is useful in monitoring various breathing conditions of patients such as apnia in which the patient ceases to breath, the breath rate of the patient, and cachypneic in which the patient begins to breath too rapidly. The monitoring of the breathing conditions is particularly useful in the treatment of various conditions and diseases such as emphysema, stroke, drug overdose, sleep apnia in children and pulmonary embolus.
It is therefore a principal object of the present invention to provide accurate adjustable means for monitoring the breath, breath rate and breath composition and especially of persons equipped with breathing apparatus such as tracheal tubes.
Another object is to be able to continuously and selectively monitor the exhaling and inhaling of a person.
Another object is to provide a breathing monitor instrument especially for use in hospitals and other places where the vital functions are monitored.
Another object is to provide a breathing monitor instrument for monitoring the breath, breath rate and breath composition at a location remote from the patient being monitored.
Another object is to increase the information that is available about persons who have breathing difficulties.
Another object is to provide a relatively inexpensive yet highly reliable breath monitoring device which can be used to monitor the breathing of persons whose normal breathing function may be inpaired or obstructed for some reason.
Another object is to provide means for monitoring the breathing functions which can be adjusted to establish desired minimum safe breathing rate conditions, and to produce an alarm under conditions that can be selected and adjusted as desired.
Another object is to establish separate minimum conditions and criteria for inhaling and exhaling to produce alarm conditions.
Another object is to establish a predetermined delay period before an alarm will be produced to indicate that a particular condition of a persons' breathing represents a danger.
Another object is to provide a breath monitor of the breath.
Another object is to provide a device capable of separately monitoring the chemical composition and breathing rate during inhaling and exhaling.
Another object is to provide a breath monitoring device that can operate compatibly with other devices used to assist the breathing.
Another object is to provide a breath monitoring device that provides a warning if the breath sensor element becomes disconnected or fails in either the shorted or open condition.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
These and other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent after considering the following detailed specification which discloses a preferred embodiment of the subject breath monitor device on conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein;
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a person on a tracheal tube equipped with an adapter for accomodating a breath responsive sensor element connected to a control device for monitoring breath, all of which are constructed according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing the details of a tracheal tube and an adapter for a sensor element for use therewith;
FIG. 3 is a front elevational view of a control panel for use with a breath monitor device constructed according to the present invention; and
FIGS. 4A and 4B together show a schematic circuit diagram of a control circuit for the present breath monitor means.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Referring to the drawings more particularly by reference numbers, number 10 refers to a tracheal or endotracheal tube equipped with an adapter 12 for accommodating a sensor element 14 used to monitor the breath of a person equipped with the tube 10. The construction and operation of the tracheal (or endotracheal) tube 10 may be conventional and are not part of the present invention as such except in so far as they provide a means for the controlled passage of air past, adjacent, or through the sensor 14 during inhaling and exhaling. An oxygen or other like mask could likewise be constructed with an adaptor having means for controlled passage of air past or through the sensor during inhaling and exhaling breath. This is necessary for best operation of the present device because the inhaling and exhaling breath must move by, through and adjacent to the sensor device 14 for the device to operate most effectively. A mask can also be constructed for a patient receiving nasal oxygen wherein the mask has means for holding the sensor 14 wherein the breath of the patient moves over the sensor 14 when the patient exhales. It is also important to the operation of the present device to be able to adjust the sensitivity of the device to establish threshold conditions tailored to each particular person whose breath is being monitored. For example, different persons such as smokers and non-smokers will have different breath characteristics including different breathing rates and different breath composition all of which will effect the sensor 14. These and other factors can be taken into account by the subject monitor by properly setting or adjusting the various controls as will be explained. A remote connector 45 may also be provided for transmitting monitoring and warning signals to a remote location.
Referring to FIG. 2, the tracheal tube 10 is shown including an elongated curved open ended tubular portion 16 which has one end 18 that is constructed to be positioned in the throat or other breathing passage. The tube 10 has an opposite end 20 which is connected to a tubular fitting member 22. The fitting 22 has an enlarged tubular portion 23 which extends into one end of the T shape adapter 12, and the opposite end of the adapter 12 is connected to a source of air or oxygen such as to oxygen supply line 24. The adapter 12 also has a sidewardly extending tubular portion 26 which has an inside diameter that is large enough to receive the sensor element 14 as shown in dotted outline in FIG. 2. The sensor element 14 should extend far enough into the adaptor portion 26 to be in the stream of air flowing through the tracheal tube 10. The sensor 14 may have a screen or perforated portion 27 which surrounds a sensor element which element may be of a known construction. The sensor 14 also has a resistive element 29 and a heater element 30 having electrical connection prongs 28 which cooperate with female connection means in socket member 31. The socket 31 is in turn connected by leads 32 to another connector member 44 which connects the leads 32 to control circuit 34 for the subject device (FIGS. 4A and 4B).
The tracheal tube 10 may be of a commercially available construction including having an inflatable collapsible plastic sleeve portion 36 which communicates through a small tube 38 and a fitting 40 with a one way valve 42. When the fitting 40 is connected to a source of air it inflates the inflatable sleeve 36. This is done so that when the tracheal tube 10 is positioned in the throat, leakage thereby will be prevented. This is common practice with commercially available tracheal tubes, and is not part of the present invention as such.
The present device includes a control panel 46 (FIG. 3) positioned at a convenient location taking into account the circumstances and location of the person whose breath is to be monitored. This will usually be near the bed of the person or at some remote location such as at a nurses' station. The control panel 46 includes a number of dials, indicators and switches including a lighted power switch 48 for turning the device on and off, which switch is illuminated whenever power is being supplied to the device. The control panel 46 also has an exhale indicator light 50 which, when the panel is in a monitoring mode and properly adjusted, is illuminated whenever the person being monitored is exhaling, and an inhale indicator light and associated test switch 52, labeled Inhale/Test, which device is illuminated whenever the patient is inhaling. The switch portion of the indicator light and test switch 52 controls a normally open switch which, when closed, tests the relay circuit of the control circuit 34 as will be explained later. A meter 54 and an associated meter scale control 56 shown as a knob having three setting positions labeled 3, 4, and 6 are mounted on the control panel 46 and will be described later. Also, another adjustable control 58 is positioned on the panel 46 above the meter scale control 56 and is labeled alarm rate. The control 58 adjusts a pair of potentiometers in the circuit 34 that are used to establish a minimum safe breathing rate below which the person being monitored is considered to be in some danger and should be checked. A rate adjust control 60 is provided to set a threshold for the sensor 14 to differentiate between the composition of gases in the breath of the monitored patient during inhaling and exhaling. A female receptacle 62 for receiving the male plug 44 on the opposite end of the leads or cable 32 is also provided on the control panel 46. An alarm on/off switch 64 is provided on the control panel 46 for deenergizing an alarm device in the circuit 34 and will be described later. The various circuits and circuit connections to the control panel are shown in the schematic circuit diagram of FIGS. 4A and 4B.
Turning now to FIGS. 4A and 4B, the control circuit 34 has a turn-on circuit 70, a relay circuit 72, a sensor circuit 74 having a voltage comparator circuit 76 and an open-sensor warning circuit 78, an exhale delay circuit 80, an inhale delay circuit 82, an audio warning device or buzzer 84, and a respiration rate counter circuit 86. As will be explained further, the sensor 14 is connected to the sensor circuit 74 and detects gas components present in the breath of a patient to determine if the patient is inhaling or exhaling. This detection activates a relay or similar device in relay circuit 72 to switch the relay from activating one of the delay circuits 80 or 82 to the other. If the state of the relay of the relay circuit 72 is not changed within a preset length of time determined by the setting of the adjustable control 58 of FIG. 3, the last activated delay circuit 80 or 82 will energize and sound the warning buzzer 84.
The voltage comparator circuit 76 compares the output voltage on the sensor 14, which may be a gas sensor, to a threshold voltage which is adjusted by the control 60. The control 60 is therefore provided for adjusting the level of the threshold voltage to a particular level depending upon the chemical composition of the breath of the particular patient being monitored. The control 60 will be set differently for smokers and non-smokers for example. The open-sensor warning circuit 78 is provided to produce an audible warning if the sensor 14 should become disconnected from the socket 31 or if the sensor 14 should fail or become defective in the open circuit condition.
A preferred type of sensor 14 for use with the present device is a gas electric sensor which has a resistive element 29 whose resistance decreases in the presence of certain exhaled gases or upon a depletion of free oxygen in the air around or passing over the sensor 14. The sensor 14 also has the heater element or filament 30 which requires some time period to heat the resistive element 29 for the sensor 14 to become stabilized in ambient air conditions. For this purpose the turn-on circuit 70 is provided to switch the relay circuit 72 from one condition to another for a length of time sufficient to give the gas sensor 14 an opportunity to reach its stabilized condition. After this time period, the relay circuit 72 switches back to its initial condition so that the control circuit 34 may begin its monitoring functions. This switching back of the relay circuit 72 gives a positive indication that the turn-on or warm-up cycle is complete.
The control circuit 34 is powered by a power supply 88 through an on/off switch 90. An incandescent bulb 92 is connected to the on/off switch 90 such that when the circuit 34 is turned on, bulb 92 is illuminated. The switch 90 is the switch portion and its bulb 92 is the light producing portion of the lighted power switch 48 shown in FIG. 3. Power is supplied to the turn-on circuit 70 through a diode 94 which is connected to one side of a grounded capacitor 96 connected to the positive supply. The capacitor 96 is included to shunt noise and other transients to ground. When the switch 90 is closed, another capacitor 98 immediately starts to charge through a resistor 100 and a diode 102 such that a transistor 104, whose base is connected to the positive terminal of the capacitor 98 through a resistor 106, is turned on almost immediately after the capacitor 98 begins to charge. The collector of the transistor 104 is connected to the base of another transistor 108 through a resistor 110 such that the turning on of the transistor 104 also turns on the transistor 108 thereby energizing a relay coil 112 in the relay circuit 72. The energizing of the relay coil 112 switches a movable contact in relay contacts 114 from operation with the inhale delay circuit 82 to operation with the exhale delay circuit 80. The importance of this switchover will be explained more in detail hereinafter.
The turning on of the switch 90 also begins the charging of another capacitor 116 through a resistor 118 and of still another capacitor 120 through resistors 118 and 122. After a predetermined time period as determined by the values of the resistors 118 and 122 and the capacitors 116 and 120, another transistor 124 will turn on thereby also turning on transistor 126. A resistor 128 is included in the circuit to properly bias the transistor 124. The turning on of the transistor 126 grounds the anode of the diode 102 so that the capacitor 98 may no longer be charged. The capacitor 98 thereafter discharges through the base-emitter junction of the transistor 104 to ground. When the capacitor 98 is discharged sufficiently, the transistor 104 will turn off thereby also turning off the transistor 108. This causes the relay coil 112 to be deenergized returning the movable contact of the relay contacts 114 from operation with the exhale delay circuit 80 to operation with the inhale delay circuit 82. The entire time delay required for the turning on of the circuit 70 is usually about 25 seconds following the closing of the switch 90. This can be broken down to about two seconds to charge the capacitor 120 and about 23 seconds to discharge the capacitor 98 and this time period is required to give sensor 14 sufficient time to stabilize. After the initial action of turning on the circuit 70 as previously described, further energizing and deenergizing of the relay coil 112 is controlled by another transistor shown in FIG. 4B as PNP transistor 130. A diode 132 is connected across the terminals of the relay coil 112 to help dissipate stored electro-magnetic energy in the relay coil 112 whenever the relay coil 112 is deenergized.
A positive power supply lead 134 is connected from the relay circuit 72 to terminal 3 of a female sensor connector 136 shown as female receptacle 62 in FIG. 3. A control lead 138 extends from the base of the transistor 130 to the sensor circuit 74 and is used in turning the transistor 130 on and off. A resistor 140 connected between the leads 134 and 138 provides a forward bias between the emitter-base junction of transistor 130 such that grounding of the control lead 138 can occur through any of several circuits including the circuits that include any one of resistors 142, 144 or 146. This therefore provides various possibilities for turning on of the transistor 130 to energize the relay coil 112.
Turning now to the sensor circuit 74, the resistive element 29 of the sensor 14 is connected between terminals 2 and 3 of the female connector 136, and the heater element 30 of the sensor 14 is connected between terminals 1 and 3 of the connector 136 as shown in FIG. 4B. Terminal 2 of the connector 136 is the output connection of the sensor 14 and is grounded through a resistor 148 and a diode 150. Terminal 1 of the connector 136 is also connected to ground through the diode 150 as shown. Once the sensor 14 stabilizes after initially being turned on, the current output of the sensor 14 is dependent on the presence of free oxygen and certain exhaled gases in the air passing around the sensor 14. The breath of a patient when he exhales is characterized by a depletion of free oxygen and an increase in the amount of other gases which will lower the resistance of the resistive element 29 in the sensor 14. This will increase the current flowing out at the terminal 2 of the connector 136. Thus when the patient exhales, the voltage across the resistor 148 and the diode 150 will increase. The voltage drop across the resistor 148 and the diode 150 is the voltage output of the sensor 14. The female connector 136 receives the male connector of plug 44.
Terminal 2 of the connector 136 is also connected to the anode of a zener diode 152 which has its cathode connected to the common sides of resistors 154 and 156. The other side of the resistor 154 is connected to a positive terminal 158 and the other side of the resistor 156 is connected to the base element of a transistor 160. The emitter of the transistor 160 is connected to one side of a resistor 162, the opposite side of which is grounded. The collector of the transistor 160 is connected to the control lead 138 of the relay circuit 72 through the resistor 144. Thus it can be seen that when the transistor 160 is turned on, current will flow from the base of the transistor 130 through the resistors 144 and 162 to ground, turning on the transistor 130 and energizing the relay coil 112.
The positive voltage at the terminal 158 reverse biases the zener diode 152 above its zener voltage throughout the range of the output voltages produced by the sensor 14. It will thus be understood that the voltage applied to the base of the transistor 160 includes the output voltage of the sensor 14 plus the voltage across the resistor 148 due to the reverse current flowing throughout the zener diode 152 added to the zener voltage of the diode 152. If this voltage is higher than the voltage which appears at the emitter of the transistor 160, the transistor 160 will turn on and the relay coil 112 will be energized as previously explained. The voltage at the emitter of the transistor 160 is determined by the output current of a transistor 164 flowing through the resistor 162. It is therefore necessary to understand the operation of the transistor 164. The base of the transistor 164 is connected to the adjustable tap of a potentiometer 166, the collector of the transistor 164 is connected to the high potential side 168 of the potentiometer 166, and the emitter of the transistor 164 is connected to the emitter of the transistor 160 and also to one side of the resistor 162. This circuit construction reverse biases the collector-base junction of the transistor 164 and forward biases the base-emitter junction placing the transistor 164 in its active operating region. Thus, changing the setting of potentiometer 166 by means of the control 60 shown in FIG. 3, changes the amount of current from the transistor 164 that flows through the resistor 162, thereby also effecting the voltage at the emitter of the transistor 160.
It can thus be seen that the transistors 160 and 164 form the voltage comparator circuit 76 wherein the varying or operative portion of the comparison voltage which appears on the base of the transistor 160 is the output voltage produced by the sensor 14. This voltage which is referred to as the comparison voltage is compared to a threshold voltage which is established by the setting of the potentiometer 166. When the comparison voltage is greater than the threshold voltage, the transistor 160 will turn on or conduct to energize the relay coil 112. The control 60 of potentiometer 166 is adjusted for each individual patient being monitored to make sure than the relay circuit 72 switches each time the patient exhales. This control provides that not only will the warning buzzer 84 be sounded if the patient's breathing ceases or slows below a rate established by the setting of the control 58 as described, but that the warning buzzer 84 will also sound if the gas components of the patient's breath when he exhales do not raise the output voltage of the sensor 14 sufficiently to exceed the threshold voltage established by the setting of the control 60 indicating that the patient's ability to use free oxygen during breathing is decreasing. This is an important bodily function that has not heretofore been easily or accurately monitored.
In the case of a patient who begins to breathe very rapidly, if the accelerated rate of breathing floods the gas sensor 14 with exhaled gases resulting in the comparison voltage on the base of transistor 160 not dropping below the threshold voltage on the emitter of the transistor 160 when the patient inhales, and if this condition persists for a period of time longer than the period of time determined by the setting of control 58, the warning buzzer 84 will be energized by the exhale delay circuit 80 to give a warning. If, on the other hand, the gas composition of the patient's exhaled breath during this condition is not sufficient to give a comparison voltage higher than the threshold voltage as described, the inhale delay circuit 82 will remain energized, and if this condition persists for a period of time longer than the period of time determined by the setting of control 58, the warning buzzer 84 will be energized by the inhale delay circuit 82 to give a warning.
The open-sensor warning circuit 78 includes other transistors 170 and 172 connected as shown. The base of the transistor 170 is connected to terminal 2 of the sensor connector 136 through a resistor 174, the emitter of the transistor 170 is grounded, and the collector is connected to the base of the transistor 172 and also to the positive voltage supply lead 134 through a resistor 176. The emitter of the transistor 172 is grounded and its collector is connected to the control lead 138 of the relay circuit 72 through the resistor 146. As long as there is output current from terminal 2 of the connector 136, the transistor 170 will be turned on, grounding the base of the transistor 172 and holding the transistor 172 in its cutoff condition. If the sensor 14 is disconnected from connector 136 or if sensor 14 fails in an open circuit condition, the transistor 170 will turn off and the transistor 172 will turn on grounding the base of the transistor 130 through the resistor 146 thereby turning on the transistor 130 and energizing the relay coil 112. This will place the movable relay contact 114 in position to activate the exhale delay circuit 80.
If on the other hand the sensor 14 fails in the shorted condition, the voltage output thereof will rise to the positive supply voltage, turning on the transistor 160 and energizing the relay coil 112 and placing the movable contact 114 in position to activate the exhale delay circuit 80. Either type failure of the sensor 14 will hold the control circuit 34 in the exhale mode until the failed sensor is replaced or the trouble in the circuit is remedied.
A relay test switch 178 is connected between ground and the control lead 138 through the resistor 142. Closing the relay test switch 178 energizes the relay coil 112 thereby switching the movable contact of the relay contacts 114 to operation with the exhale delay circuit 80 instead of the inhale delay circuit 82 and is used to test the operation of the relay circuit 72. The relay test switch 178 is included as the switch portion of the element 52 of FIG. 3.
The exhale delay circuit 80 and the inhale delay circuit 82 are similar in construction and are connected to the relay contacts 114 by control leads 180 and 182 respectively. The movable contact of the relay contacts 114 is connected to the positive side of the power supply 88 through the switch 90, and the relay contacts 114 connects one or the other of the control leads 180 and 182 to the positive power supply depending upon the condition of the relay coil 112. When the relay coil 112 is deenergized, the inhale delay circuit 82 is connected to the positive power supply, and when the relay coil 112 is energized the exhale delay circuit 80 is so connected.
The exhale delay circuit 80 includes a light source 184 which is energized whenever the control lead 180 is connected to the positive power supply for indicating that a monitored patient is exhaling. The light source 184 is identified as element 50 in FIG. 3. The control lead 180 is connected to the base of a transistor 186 through a resistor 188. The emitter of the transistor 186 is grounded, and the collector is connected to a positive voltage supply terminal 190 through a resistor 192. Also connected to the positive terminal 190 through the resistor 192 is a diode 194 which is connected to charge a capacitor 196 when the transistor 186 is turned off. The charging of the capacitor 196 from the terminal 190 through the resistor 192 and the diode 194 almost immediately turns on another transistor 198 whose collector is connected to the base of still another transistor 200 such that when the transistor 198 turns on, the base of the transistor 200 is grounded holding the transistor 200 in its cutoff condition. When the transistor 186 is turned on, the anode of the diode 194 is grounded, and the diode 194 no longer conducts. As a result the capacitor 196 begins to discharge through a resistor 202 and the base-emitter junction of the transistor 198 and through a potentiometer 204 at a rate controlled by the setting of the potentiometer 204. When the capacitor 196 has sufficiently discharged, the transistor 198 will turn off, turning on the transistor 200, and completing a circuit to energize the warning buzzer 84 through a diode 206 when an on/off switch 208, identified as switch 64 in FIG. 3, is closed. A resistor 210 and a diode 212 are connected between the positive terminal 190 and the base and the collector of the transistor 200 respectively to hold the transistor 200 in the on condition after it has turned on. A light emitting diode 214 and a resistor 216 are provided between the collector of the transistor 200 and the positive voltage supply terminal 190 to give a visual indication when the exhale delay circuit 80 has completed the circuit to the warning buzzer 84 and the switch 208. The on/off switch 208 is located between the warning buzzer 84 and the delay circuits 80 and 82 to turn off the warning buzzer 84 during the start up period, as will be explained.
The control lead 182 of the inhale delay circuit 82 is connected both to a light source 218 and to the base of transistor 220 through a resistor 222. When the movable relay contact 114 is in electrical contact with the lead 182, the transistor 220 is turned on. The light source 218 is the inhale indicator light portion of the element 52 shown in FIG. 3. A capacitor 224 is charged through a diode 226 and a resistor 228 from a positive supply terminal 230 almost immediately turning on a transistor 232 whose emitter is connected to the base of still another transistor 234 thereby holding the transistor 234 in its cutoff condition. When the transistor 220 is turned on, the anode of the diode 226 is grounded and the capacitor 224 begins to discharge through a resistor 236 and the base-emitter junction of the transistor 232 and through a potentiometer 238 at a rate controlled by the setting of the potentiometer 238. When the capacitor 224 is discharged sufficiently, the transistor 232 turns off, turning on the transistor 234 to complete the circuit to energize the warning buzzer 84 through a diode 240 when the switch 208 is closed. A resistor 242 and a diode 244 are supplied between the positive terminal 230 and the base and the collector of the transistor 234 respectively to hold the transistor 234 in the on condition once it has been turned on. A light emitting diode 246 is connected in series with a resistor 248 between the collector of the transistor 234 and the positive supply terminal 230 to give a visual indication when the inhale delay circuit 82 has completed the circuit to the warning buzzer 84 and the switch 208. It can thus be seen that the light source 218 is turned on immediately upon connection of the control lead 182 to the positive supply of power supply 88 through relay contacts 114. After a preset time period which is determined by the setting of potentiometer 238, the light emitting diode 246 is turned on and, if switch 208 is closed, the warning buzzer 84 is energized.
The potentiometers 204 and 238 are ganged together as shown by dotted lines 250 such that both of the potentiometers 204 and 238 are adjusted together so that the discharge rates of the capacitors 196 and 224 are identical. The control of the ganged potentiometers 204 and 238 is shown as the adjustable control 58 in FIG. 3.
Delay circuit test switches 252 and 254 allow the testing of the components of the delay circuits 80 and 82, and are connected such that both of the switches 252 and 254 are operated together. The normal positions of switches 252 and 254 are shown in FIG. 4B wherein the switch 252 is closed and the switch 254 is opened. When, the switch 252 is opened, any current flowing through the relay coil 112 is interrupted such that the movable relay contact 114 goes to its normal position as shown wherein the control lead 182 is connected to the positive power supply. Closing the switch 254 connects the control lead 180 to the positive power supply. Thus switching the delay circuit test switches 252 and 254 to their transferred positions energizes both of the inhale and the exhale delay circuits 80 and 82, energizing their respective light sources 184 and 218 and turning off the the transistors 186 and 220 to begin the discharge of the capacitors 196 and 224. After the time period set by the potentiometers 204 and 238, the light emitting diodes 214 and 246 are turned on, and the warning buzzer 84 will be energized if the switch 208 is closed thereby giving a positive test to the elements of the delay circuits 80 and 82.
The meter scale adjustment 56 and the meter 54 shown in both of FIGS. 3 and 4B are provided to measure the voltage drop across the resistor 148 and the diode 150 of the sensor circuit 74 as shown. The meter scale adjustment 56 includes a three position switch member 256 which switches different value resistors 56A, 56B, and 56C in series with the meter 54 to change the meter scale. A recording type voltmeter may optionally be used in place of voltmeter 54 to make a permanent recording of the excursions of the output voltage of the sensor 14. Such recordings may be studied by a physician to determine the breathing rate of a monitored patient, the deepness of his breaths, and other characteristics of the patient's breathing.
The respiration rate counter circuit 86 of FIG. 4A is connected to count the number of operations of the relay circuit 72 over a period of time such as over a minute, and includes means to display the resultant number. The circuit 86 is optional and is in addition to, or in lieu of, the meter 54. The respiration rate counter circuit 86 has a lead 258 connecting the control lead 180 to a multiplier circuit 260 whose output is connected to the input of a counter circuit 262. The counter circuit 262 counts the number of output pulses it receives from the multiplier circuit 260 and supplies this number at its output terminals in a binary coded decimal format. The output terminals of the counter circuit 262 are connected to a latch circuit 264 which accepts and stores the binary number it receives from the counter circuit 262, and drives a digital display device 266 to display this number. A clock input 268 is connected through a delay circuit 270 to the reset of the counter circuit 262. The clock input 268 is also connected to store input 271 of the latch circuit 264. The clock input 268 issues a train of time spaced clock pulses. Each clock pulse causes the latch circuit 264 to enter and store the number present at the output terminals of the counter circuit 262. A set period of time after each clock pulse from the clock input 268, the delay circuit 270 pulses the reset input of the counter circuit 262 to reset the number in the counter circuit 262 to zero thereby starting the counting cycle over again. The time delay of the delay circuit 270 allows the latch circuit 264 sufficient time to store the number present at the output terminals of the counter circuit 262 before the counter circuit 262 is reset.
The multiplier circuit 260 multiplies the number of operations of the relay circuit 72 in accordance with the period of time between pulses of the clock input 268 in order to display the respiration rate in breaths per minute. For instance, if the period of the clock input 268 is thirty seconds, the multiplier circuit 260 will multiply by two because there are two thirty second periods per minute. A recording display device 272 may be used instead of or in conjunction with the digital display device 266 to make a permanent record of the respiration rate of the patient.
The lead 258 could be connected to the control lead 182 instead of the control lead 180 as shown. In that instance, the respiration rate circuit 86 would count and display a number related to the number of times the patient inhales rather than a number related to the number of times the patient exhales.
When the power switch 90 is first closed, the light 92 is illuminated and the capacitor 98 begins to charge turning on the transistors 104 and 108 thereby energizing the relay coil 112 to switch the movable contact of the relay contacts 114 from operation with the inhale delay circuit 82 to operation with the exhale delay circuit 80. The activation of the relay circuit 72 energizes the exhale light source 184 and turns on the transistor 186. Since the capacitor 196 is not charged at this time, the transistor 198 will be in the off condition allowing the transistors 200 to turn on thereby completing the circuit to the light emitting diode 214 and energizing the warning buzzer 84 if the switch 208 is closed. The switch 208 may be opened if desired so that the alarm buzzer 84 is not energized during the turn-on sequence.
The energizing of the relay coil 112 allows the capacitor 224 of the inhale delay circuit 82 to be charged almost instantly turning on the transistor 232 and holding the transistor 234 and the light emitting diode 246 in their off conditions. Simultaneously with the charging of the capacitor 224, the capacitors 116, 120 and 98 of the turn-on circuit 70 begin to charge. When the capacitor 120 has charged sufficiently, the transistor 124 will turn on thereby turning on the transistor 126 grounding the anode of the diode 102. The capacitor 98 then begins to discharge through the base-emitter junction of the transistor 104 until the transistor 104 is turned off, thereby turning off the transistor 108 and deenergizing the relay coil 112. This returns the movable relay contact 114 back to operation with the inhale delay circuit 82 and starts the operation of the breath monitor circuit in its breath sensing function. The time delay provided by the turn-on circuit 70 thus gives sufficient time for the capacitor 224 to charge and for the sensor 14 to be stabilized.
Once the turn-on function is complete, the voltage comparator circuit 76 may be adjusted by adjusting the control 60 of the potentiometer 166 to set the threshold voltage on the base of the transistor 160 to be just below the comparison voltage on the emitter of the transistor 160 such that the movable relay contact 114 will switch from operation with the inhale circuit 80 to operation with the exhale circuit 82 each time the patient exhales. The alarm rate adjustment is made by adjusting the control 58 of the potentiometers 204 and 238 to the minimum number of breaths the patient must take per minute before the alarm is sounded. The alarm switch 208 may then be moved to the on condition to place the warning buzzer 84 in the circuit. The respiration rate counter circuit 86 then counts, displays and/or records the breaths per minute taken by the patient.
The meter scale switch 56 is also adjusted such that the meter 54 displays and/or records the output voltage of the sensor 14. When the control circuit 34 is first turned on, the sensor output voltage will commence to rise until the sensor heating element 30 heats the resistive sensor element 29 to some desired operating temperature. Once the resistance of the element 29 is stabilized for the ambient air conditions, the output voltage of the sensor 14 will stabilize at some normal level. This stabilized voltage can be observed on the meter 54 and should occur before the turn-on cycle of the turn-on circuit 70 is complete. After the cycle of the turn-on circuit 70 is complete, the relay circuit 72 should be in its normal operating condition with the inhale light source 218 of the inhale/test element 52 energized as previously described.
If the sensor 14 fails in either the shorted or in the open circuit condition the relay coil 112 will remain energized as aforesaid, and the movable relay contact 114 will not switch from operation of the exhale circuit 80 to operation of the inhale circuit 82. The type of failure of the sensor 14 in either case may also be determined by observing the meter 54. If the sensor 14 has failed in the shorted condition, the meter 54 will show a high voltage reading, and if the sensor 14 has failed in the open circuit condition, the meter 54 will show no voltage.
The remote monitor connector 45 shown in FIG. 1 has a number of conductors one of which is connected to circuit location 274 for supplying a voltage to a remote light source for being energized when the control circuit 34 is turned on. The remote connector 45 also has a conductor connected to circuit connected point 276 for supplying a voltage to a remote exhale indicator and respiration rate counter circuit when the exhale delay circuit 80 is energized, a conductor connected to circuit point 278 for supplying a voltage to a remote inhale indicator when the inhale delay circuit 82 is energized, and a conductor connected to circuit point 280 for completing the circuit to a remote warning device for sounding a warning at the remote location such as at a nurses station when the warning buzzer 84 is energized as earlier described. The remote connector 45 also includes a conductor connected to circuit point 282 (FIG. 4B) for connecting to a remote voltage measuring and/or recording device (not shown) to allow remote monitoring of the output voltage of the sensor 14, and a conductor connected to point 284 for providing a remote relay test switch for remote testing of the relay circuit 72 such as described in conjunction with the relay test switch 178. An optional remote control switch 286 can also be provided to switch out the circuit of transistor 164, and switch in a similar circuit (not shown) connected to circuit lead 287 and located at the remote location to provide for setting the threshold voltage of the comparator circuit 76 from the remote location. Other optional remote control switches can also be included in control circuit 34 at points 288 and 290 to switch the breathing rate adjustment of control 58 of the circuit 34 to the remote location if desired. These switches (not shown) can also be connected at points 288 and 290 to allow for switching in a pair of remotely positioned ganged potentiometers similar to the potentiometers 204 and 278 to be used remotely to change the delay period of the circuits 80 and 82 as described earlier. This would be in place of the potentiometers 204 and 238.
Although the circuit and circuit operation are shown and described in terms of discrete circuit components and their operation, the circuit could be constructed using integrated circuitry or other technologies without departing from the basic concepts. The various functions of the circuit could also be embodied in a microprocessor.
Thus there has been shown and described a breath monitor device which fulfills all of the objects and advantages sought therefor. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art, however, that many changes, modifications, variations, and other uses and applications for the subject device are possible. All such changes, modifications, variations and other uses and applications which do not depart from the spirit and scope of the invention are deemed to be covered by the invention which is limited only by the claims which follow.
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EP0403324A1 *May 25, 1990Dec 19, 1990Societe Civile D'etudes Et De Recherche Revo'airMoving air detector utilizing microwaves, especially for controlling and monitoring respiration
EP1374940A2 *Jun 17, 1998Jan 2, 2004Fisher & Paykel Healthcare LimitedRespiratory humidification system
WO2001033457A1 *Oct 27, 2000May 10, 2001Strategic Visualization IncApparatus and method for providing medical services over a communication network
Classifications
U.S. Classification600/532, 340/573.1, 600/537
International ClassificationA61B5/113, A61M16/00, A61M16/04
Cooperative ClassificationA61M16/04, A61B5/113, A61M2205/3561, A61M16/0051
European ClassificationA61B5/113, A61M16/00K
Legal Events
DateCodeEventDescription
Mar 15, 1983CCCertificate of correction
Feb 16, 1989ASAssignment
Owner name: WITTMAIER, EDWARD A., STATE OF MO, MISSOURI
Free format text: ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST.;ASSIGNOR:KERCHEVAL, MARIE C.;REEL/FRAME:005018/0984
Effective date: 19890206
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MOSQUITOS
Mosquito
Most Common Types of Mosquitos
There are over 3,000 species of mosquitoes in the world and about 160 different species in the United States.
What Do Mosquitos Look Like?
Mosquitos have a slender elongated body covered with scales. Most mosquitos are very fragile looking.
Habits and Habitats
Some types of mosquitos favor land that has flooded, while others are found in salt marshes. Other types of mosquitos prefer polluted water like storm sewers and others rain-filled locations. Mosquitoes can be found on all continents except Antarctica.
Where Do Mosquitos Nest?
Mosquitoes lay their eggs in standing or slow-moving water. Weeds, tall grass, and bushes provide an outdoor home for adult mosquitoes.
Steps to Prevent
To prevent mosquitos, be sure to empty any containers that have may have collected rainwater around your house, including clogged downspouts, and be sure to flush any birdbaths with clean water on a frequent basis.
Are Mosquitos Harmful?
Yes, the most common irritation from mosquitoes is small, itchy, red bumps from their bites. However, there is more danger of which one should be aware as well. Mosquitoes are responsible for nearly 1,000,000 deaths worldwide each year. The most common diseases they spread in the U.S. include West Nile Virus (WNV), Saint Louis Encephalitis (SLE), Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE) and Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE).
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Dissolved oxygen laboratory report essay
dissolved oxygen laboratory report essay Home essays algae lab algae lab dependent- dissolved oxygen reading environmental systems bio-cylinder lab report planning.
Pond lab report essays in the pond water lab experiment causing them to grow and spread, so they consume all of the dissolved oxygen in the water. Oxygen essays: over 180,000 oxygen essays, oxygen term papers, oxygen research paper, book reports 184 990 essays, term and research papers available for unlimited access. 1 based on the dissolved oxygen values for the three distilled water samples at different temperatures, it appears that there is a relationship between water temperature and do. Essay on cellular respiration lab report 520 words | 3 pages cellular respiration lab report iintroduction in this lab we are measuring the amount of oxygen used in both germinating and. Free essay: determination of maximal oxygen consumption (vo2max) lab report introduction background: in this lab, we explored the theory of maximal oxygen. Explore the latest articles, projects, and questions and answers in dissolved oxygen, and find dissolved oxygen experts. Determination of dissolved oxygen in the cryosphere: a comprehensive laboratory and field evaluation of we report the first comprehensive. Report this essay view full essay dissolved oxygen 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 based on the information in table 2, (in the lab manual.
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Winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis this lab report winkler method for dissolved oxygen analysis and other 63,000+ term papers, college essay examples and free essays are available. Esci 322 - oceanography laboratory laboratory manual a laboratory report is a document in the form of a and dissolved oxygen in bellingham, bay, wa, in. Report abuse transcript of ap biology lab 12: dissolved o2 and primary productivity determined the dissolved oxygen of all samples by performing steps 8 through. Lab 1 introduction to science exercise 1 the scientific method dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid report this essay open document. Measurement of diel changes in dissolved oxygen concentrations of freshwater syst essay writing service diel oxygen measurements - lab report example.
Dissolved oxygen introduction oxygen oxygen gas is dissolved in water by a variety of if you are going to take readings after returning to the laboratory. The ecoproject search eco-column lab leaf litter bugs mineral nutrition lab sitemap eco-column lab dissolved oxygen is proportional to the amount of co2. Read this essay on oxygen dissolving lab come browse our large digital measuring dissolved oxygen in a body of water is necessary to determine whether or.
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Dissolved oxygen laboratory report essay
Report this essay view full essay dissolved oxygen is oxygen that is trapped in a fluid, such as water ashford - sci207 - week 1 lab weekly lab. The data used in this report shows that as more light was limited, there was less dissolved oxygen present in continue reading ap sample lab 12 dissolved oxygen. 7 the dissolved oxygen essay examples from #1 writing service eliteessaywriters™ get more argumentative, persuasive the dissolved oxygen essay samples and other research papers after sing.
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dissolved oxygen laboratory report essay Home essays algae lab algae lab dependent- dissolved oxygen reading environmental systems bio-cylinder lab report planning.
Dissolved oxygen laboratory report essay
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CRE - Consulting Reservoir Engineering
bbox2 is an extension CavBox. It is a numerical simulation program for gas storage in salt caverns or porous media. For gas storage in porous media the program has an interface to TOUGH2.
bbox2 simulation of porous media storage
bbox2 simulation of salt caverns and surface facilities
Below the currently implemented modules for the simulation of the storage process are listed:
Gas / Equations of State
In principle, any gas or mixture of gases can be used as the working medium. However it is recommended to use inert gases (with respect to corrosion), such as nitrogen or natural gas. Natural gas is particularly suited due to its molecular structure and the resulting high heat capacity. Whereby if air is used as a working medium, corrosion to the plant facilities due to oxygen will occur over time, and thus components will need to be replaced at some point with related additional costs.
For the calculations, the composition of the gas must be specified. All common components including water can be used. The z factors, heat capacities, adiabatic exponent and dissolved water are calculated with the standard Equations of State.
The water dissolved in the gas is calculated in terms of possible formation of gas hydrates.
Cavern
For the calculations of the state in the caverns the knowledge and experience gained during the past several decades in natural gas storage is implemented [6], all relevant operations such as convergence or heat conduction are included.
Wells
Pressure losses and head temperatures are calculated for the cavern wells. Several wells per cavern can be defined.
Pipe
The loss of any pressure and/or temperature changes are calculated for the pipes.
Free Water Separator (FWS) / Free Water Knock-Out (FWKO)
The amount of water that is released at a certain temperature and pressure within the gas is calculated, so that the free water can be removed from the gas stream.
Compressor
The compression of the gas can be achieved through several varying specifications. Either the outlet pressure or the outlet temperature can be specified. The compressor can also be operated in a way that the outlet pressure is equivalent to the well head pressure of the low pressure cavern. Pressure, temperature and water content are calculated as well as compression energy, power and other relevant parameters.
Turbine
The calculations in the expansion turbine are similar to those during the compression.
Heater/Cooler with heat storage
The gas flow can be cooled or heated. A heat storage facility can be connected to the heater/cooler, where the heat is stored during compression and accordingly during expansion can be fed back into the gas stream.
Splitter/Joint
The gas flow can be split and/or merged again using splitter and jointing technology. This subsequently allows either the use of 2 parallel wells in a cavern or several compressors simultaneously.
Choke
The gas flow can be throttled to adapt to any existing restrictions in natural gas storage operations.
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The Coding Wombat The Coding Wombat - 3 months ago 9
Java Question
Input Dialog without icon and only OK option
I'm trying to make a JOptionPane with input area that only has an OK button.
When trying to do this, there is no icon but an additional cancel button:
String name = (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Please enter your name", "Name required", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null, null, "name");
And when I do this there's an icon:
String name = (String) JOptionPane.showInputDialog(null, "Please enter your name", "Name required", JOptionPane.OK_OPTION, null, null, "name");
Is there a way to combine the two? I don't understand how the latter works because I used null where you'd place an icon.
Answer
Something like this:
JTextField field = new JTextField(20);
JLabel label = new JLabel("Enter your text here");
JPanel p = new JPanel(new BorderLayout(5, 2));
p.add(label, BorderLayout.WEST);
p.add(field);
JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, p, "Name required", JOptionPane.PLAIN_MESSAGE, null);
String text = field.getText();
System.out.println("You've entered: " + text);
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; string-search: boyer-moore (define-syntax assert (syntax-rules () ((assert expr result) (if (not (equal? expr result)) (for-each display `( #\newline "failed assertion:" #\newline expr #\newline "expected: " ,result #\newline "returned: " ,expr #\newline)))))) (define (test-search search) (assert (search "Programming Praxis" "Programming Praxis") 0) (assert (search "Praxis" "Programming Praxis") 12) (assert (search "Prax" "Programming Praxis") 12) (assert (search "praxis" "Programming Praxis") #f) (assert (search "P" "Programming Praxis") 0) (assert (search "P" "Programming Praxis" 5) 12) ) (define (bm-search pat str . s) (define (ord str s) (char->integer (string-ref str s))) (let* ((plen (string-length pat)) (slen (string-length str)) (skip (make-vector 256 plen))) (do ((p 0 (+ p 1))) ((= p plen)) (vector-set! skip (ord pat p) (- plen p 1))) (let loop ((p (- plen 1)) (s (if (null? s) (- plen 1) (+ (car s) plen -1)))) (cond ((negative? p) (+ s 1)) ((<= slen s) #f) ((char=? (string-ref pat p) (string-ref str s)) (loop (- p 1) (- s 1))) (else (loop (- plen 1) (+ s (vector-ref skip (ord str s))))))))) (test-search bm-search)
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Unleashing the Power of ChatGPT: A Comprehensive Exploration
Introduction
Chat GPT stands as a pinnacle of language models in the ever-evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, permeating our social feeds, emails, and applications. The query arises: Can it truly "Chat"? The resounding answer is yes, and in a manner that transcends conventional expectations.
Decoding ChatGPT
Chat GPT, developed by OpenAI, is a cutting-edge language model that excels at understanding natural language and producing responses that closely resemble human fluency. The model uses complex algorithms to analyse conversation contexts and identify patterns in the language used by the other person.
This incredible language model goes beyond basic functionality; it possesses a dynamic learning ability. Regular updates to training data and algorithms by OpenAI fuel its evolution, allowing it to handle complex tasks and nuanced conversations with ease.
Unveiling the AI-ML Dichotomy
Before delving further into ChatGPT, let's illuminate the distinction between Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML). While often intertwined, AI encompasses a broad spectrum of tasks mirroring human intelligence. This ranges from pattern recognition to complex decision-making, language translation, and creative pursuits like art and music.
In contrast, Machine Learning (ML) is a subset of Artificial Intelligence (AI), focusing on training machines through data assimilation. ML algorithms, leveraging statistical models, analyse and learn from data, evolve to recognise patterns, make predictions, and enhance performance over time.
ChatGPT: A Glimpse into the Future
ChatGPT, being an advanced language model, has the potential to revolutionise our interaction with technology. Its ability to understand natural language and generate responses that sound like they were made by humans, makes it useful in various fields ranging from customer service and technical support to personal assistants and content creation.
The convenience offered by ChatGPT is undeniable, but it also poses a risk to cybersecurity. The model's capability to produce responses that seem genuine is a cause for concern about advanced phishing attacks. Therefore, it is crucial to keep up with the latest developments in AI and natural language processing to ensure a robust defence mechanism against emerging threats.
The Role of Machine Learning in Cybersecurity
Machine learning, epitomised by tools like ChatGPT, emerges as a formidable ally in cybersecurity. Beyond its application in natural language understanding, machine learning can fortify cybersecurity measures.
Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
Since the 1990s, machine learning algorithms have been instrumental in IDS, analysing network traffic to pinpoint anomalous behaviour indicative of intrusion or attack. These systems, continually advancing, showcase the enduring role of machine learning in fortifying digital perimeters.
Malware Detection, Threat Hunting, and User Behavior Analysis
Armed with vast datasets, machine learning algorithms identify new and unknown threats through malware detection. Moreover, they scrutinise user behaviour, uncovering suspicious activities signalling a potential security breach.
The Deep Learning Leap
Recent strides in cybersecurity leverage deep learning techniques, notably neural networks. These enhance the precision and efficacy of machine learning algorithms, uncovering intricate patterns and relationships elusive to traditional methods.
Embracing the Future
In summary, ChatGPT symbolises a paradigm shift in human-computer interaction. Its ubiquity marks a milestone, with potential implications echoing across diverse sectors. Acknowledging the symbiotic relationship between machine learning and cybersecurity becomes imperative as we traverse this technological frontier. Machine learning, fortified by models like ChatGPT, is a linchpin in safeguarding digital landscapes, ensuring interaction and secure coexistence.
So yes, Chat GPT can chat, but machine learning is an integral area of cyber security development and keeps you and your systems safe.
Join the conversation on our social platforms to share your thoughts on machine learning and ChatGPT!
The Core of IT V4
CyCognito partners with Core to Cloud
All businesses are digital businesses, to varying extents. Whether you have an email address or a fully-fledged eCommerce platform, you have an IT presence that allows you to communicate, collaborate, and conduct business anywhere, at any time. The problem? The more...
Improving Endpoint Security and Quick Remediation during M&A Processes with GYTPOL
Enhancing M&A Security with GYTPOL: Your Endpoint Security Solution Navigating the intricate world of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), where cybersecurity and compliance reign supreme, demands unwavering attention to endpoint security and swift gap resolution....
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Rust vs. Crystal
• 23K
• 60.1K
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• 3.76K
• 0
What is Rust?
Rust is a systems programming language that combines strong compile-time correctness guarantees with fast performance. It improves upon the ideas of other systems languages like C++ by providing guaranteed memory safety (no crashes, no data races) and complete control over the lifecycle of memory.
What is Crystal?
Crystal is a programming language that resembles Ruby but compiles to native code and tries to be much more efficient, at the cost of disallowing certain dynamic aspects of Ruby.
Why do developers choose Rust?
Why do you like Rust?
Why do developers choose Crystal?
Why do you like Crystal?
What are the cons of using Rust?
Downsides of Rust?
What are the cons of using Crystal?
Downsides of Crystal?
Want advice about which of these to choose?Ask the StackShare community!
What companies use Rust?
50 companies on StackShare use Rust
What companies use Crystal?
10 companies on StackShare use Crystal
What tools integrate with Rust?
21 tools on StackShare integrate with Rust
What tools integrate with Crystal?
3 tools on StackShare integrate with Crystal
What are some alternatives to Rust and Crystal?
• C - One of the most widely used programming languages of all time
• Swift - Swift is an innovative new programming language for Cocoa and Cocoa Touch.
• Python - Python is a clear and powerful object-oriented programming language, comparable to Perl, Ruby, Scheme, or Java.
• Haskell - An advanced purely-functional programming language
See all alternatives to Rust
Rust 로 복잡한 매크로를 작성하기: 역폴란드 표기법
Writing complex macros in Rust: Reverse Polish Notation
Evolving Our Rust With Milksnake
Send SMS messages with Crystal
Interest Over Time
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includes方法 - 如何检查字符串是否包含JavaScript中的子字符串?
js string substring (30)
通常我会期望一个String.contains()方法，但似乎没有。
检查这个的合理方法是什么？
String.prototype.indexOf()String.prototype.search()
正如其他人已经提到的，JavaScript字符串同时具有String.prototype.indexOfsearch方法。
两者之间的关键区别在于indexOf仅用于普通子串，而search也支持正则表达式。 当然，使用indexOf的好处是它更快。
另请参见在JavaScript中，indexOf（）和search（）之间有什么区别？
实现自己的String.prototype.contains()方法
如果你想为每个字符串添加你自己的contains方法，那么最好的方法就是的方法：
if (!String.prototype.contains) {
String.prototype.contains = function (arg) {
return !!~this.indexOf(arg);
};
}
你会像这样使用它：
'Hello World'.contains('orl');
实现自定义实用程序库
例如，通常不赞成将自己的自定义方法添加到JavaScript中的标准对象，因为它可能会破坏兼容性。
如果您真的需要自己的contains方法和/或其他自定义字符串方法，最好创建自己的实用程序库并将自定义字符串方法添加到该库：
var helper = {};
helper.string = {
contains : function (haystack, needle) {
return !!~haystack.indexOf(needle);
},
...
};
你会像这样使用它：
helper.string.contains('Hello World', 'orl');
使用第三方实用程序库
如果您不想创建自己的自定义帮助程序库，当然 - 始终可以选择使用第三方实用程序库。 正如所提到的，最受欢迎的是LodashLodash
在Lodash中，你可以使用_.includes() ，你可以这样使用：
_.includes('Hello World', 'orl');
_.str.include() ，您可以使用_.str.include() ，您可以像这样使用：
_.str.include('Hello World', 'orl');
String.prototype.includes()是在ES6中引入的。
确定是否可以在另一个字符串中找到一个字符串，并根据需要返回true或false。
句法
var contained = str.includes(searchString [, position]);
参数
searchString
要在此字符串中搜索的字符串。
position
此字符串中开始搜索searchString默认为0。
var str = "To be, or not to be, that is the question.";
console.log(str.includes("To be")); // true
console.log(str.includes("question")); // true
console.log(str.includes("To be", 1)); // false
注意
这可能需要旧版浏览器中的ES6垫片。
ES6中有一个string.includes
"potato".includes("to");
> true
请注意，您可能需要加载es6-shim或类似内容才能在旧版浏览器上使用它。
require('es6-shim')
JavaScript的
var str = "My big string contain apples and oranges";
var n = str.indexOf("apples");
alert(n); //will alert 22, -1 if not found
jQuery的
<p>My big string contain apples and oranges</p>
alert($("p:contains(apples)")[0] != undefined); //will alert true if found
以下列出了当前的可能性：
1.（ES6） includes - 去回答
var string = "foo",
substring = "oo";
string.includes(substring);
2. ES5和更老的indexOf
var string = "foo",
substring = "oo";
string.indexOf(substring) !== -1;
String.prototype.indexOf返回另一个字符串中字符串的位置。 如果未找到，则返回-1
3. search - 去回答
var string = "foo",
expr = /oo/;
string.search(expr);
4. lodash包括 - 去回答
var string = "foo",
substring = "oo";
_.includes(string, substring);
5. RegExp - 去回答
var string = "foo",
expr = /oo/; // no quotes here
expr.test(string);
6.匹配 - 去回答
var string = "foo",
expr = /oo/;
string.match(expr);
性能测试表明，如果速度很重要， indexOf可能是最佳选择。
你可以使用jQuery :contains selector。
$("div:contains('John')")
在这里检查： contains-selector
使用内置且最简单的一个，即字符串上的match() 。 要实现您期待的目标，请执行以下操作：
var stringData ="anyString Data";
var subStringToSearch = "any";
// This will give back the substring if matches and if not returns null
var doesContains = stringData.match(subStringToSearch);
if(doesContains !=null) {
alert("Contains Substring");
}
var a = "Test String";
if(a.search("ring")!=-1){
//exist
} else {
//not found
}
ES5中
var s = "foo";
alert(s.indexOf("oo") > -1);
ES6中有三种新方法： includes()startsWith()endsWith()
var msg = "Hello world!";
console.log(msg.startsWith("Hello")); // true
console.log(msg.endsWith("!")); // true
console.log(msg.includes("o")); // true
console.log(msg.startsWith("o", 4)); // true
console.log(msg.endsWith("o", 8)); // true
console.log(msg.includes("o", 8)); // false
ES6中 ，我们有一些调用包含 ，它完全符合你的要求：所以你可以这样做：
'str1'.includes('str2');
同样在ES5中 ，如果你广泛使用它，你可以简单地添加它：
String.prototype.includes = String.prototype.includes || function(str) {
return this.indexOf(str) > -1;
}
在JavaScript中编写contains方法的常用方法是：
if (!String.prototype.contains) {
String.prototype.contains = function (arg) {
return !!~this.indexOf(arg);
};
}
按位求反运算符（ ~ ）用于将-1变为0 （假），所有其他值将为非零（真值）。
double boolean negation运算符用于将数字转换为布尔值。
在数组中使用contains方法的JavaScript代码：
<html>
<head>
<h2>Use of contains() method</h2>
<script>
Array.prototype.contains = function (element) {
for (var i = 0; i < this.length; i++) {
if (this[i] == element) {
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
arr1 = ["Rose", "India", "Technologies"];
document.write("The condition is "+arr1.contains("India")+"<br>");
</script>
</head>
<b>[If the specified element is present in the array, it returns true otherwise
returns false.]</b>
</html>
在给定的代码中， contains方法确定指定的元素是否存在于数组中。 如果指定的元素存在于数组中，则返回true，否则返回false。
如上所述，您需要使用大写“O”调用indexOf。 还应该注意，在JavaScript类中是保留字，您需要使用className来获取此数据属性。 它可能失败的原因是因为它返回一个空值。 您可以执行以下操作来获取类值...
var test = elm.getAttribute("className");
//or
var test = elm.className
如果你正在寻找一种替代方法来编写丑陋的-1检查，那么你可以先添加一个〜代替。
if (~haystack.indexOf('needle')) alert('found');
Joe Zimmerman - 你会看到使用~on -1将它转换为0.数字0是一个假值，意味着它在转换为布尔值时会计算为false。 这可能看起来不像是一个很大的洞察力，但是当找不到查询时，记住像indexOf这样的函数将返回-1。 这意味着不要写类似于此的东西：
if (someStr.indexOf("a") >= 0) {
// Found it
} else {
// Not Found
}
您现在可以在代码中使用更少的字符，因此您可以像这样编写它：
if (~someStr.indexOf("a")) {
// Found it
} else {
// Not Found
}
更多细节在这里
您可以使用JavaScript search()方法。
语法是： string.search(regexp)
它返回匹配的位置，如果未找到匹配则返回-1。
参见那里的例子： jsref_search
您不需要复杂的正则表达式语法。 如果您不熟悉它们，可以使用简单的st.search("title") 。 如果您希望测试不区分大小写，那么您应该进行st.search(/title/i)
您可以使用以下语句轻松地将contains方法添加到String：
String.prototype.contains = function(it) { return this.indexOf(it) != -1; };
注意：请参阅以下注释，了解不使用此参数的有效参数。 我的建议：用你自己的判断。
或者：
if (typeof String.prototype.contains === 'undefined') { String.prototype.contains = function(it) { return this.indexOf(it) != -1; }; }
您可以使用经过充分测试和记录的库，而不是使用网络上此处和此处找到的代码段。 我建议的两个选项：
第一个选项：使用Lodash ：它有一个includes方法：
_.includes('foobar', 'ob');
// → true
Lodash是npm最受欢迎的javascript库依赖项，并且有大量方便的javascript实用程序方法。 因此，对于许多项目，无论如何你都会想要这个;-)
第二个选项：或者使用Underscore.string ：它有一个include方法：
_.str.include('foobar', 'ob');
// → true
这里是Underscore.string的描述，它只增加了9kb，但是为您提供了经过充分测试和记录的库具有over copy'n'paste代码片段的所有优点：
Underscore.string是用于使用字符串进行舒适操作的JavaScript库，受Prototype.js，Right.js，Underscore和漂亮的Ruby语言启发的Underscore.js的扩展。
Underscore.string为您提供了几个有用的函数：capitalize，clean，includes，count，escapeHTML，unescapeHTML，insert，splice，startsWith，endsWith，titleize，trim，truncate等。
请注意，Underscore.string受Underscore.js的影响，但可以在没有它的情况下使用。
最后不是最少：使用JavaScript版本ES6内置includes方法：
'foobar'.includes('ob');
// → true
大多数现代浏览器已经支持它，请关注ES6兼容性表
您正在寻找.indexOf String.prototype.indexOf
indexOf将返回匹配的子字符串的索引。 索引将与子字符串的开始位置相关联。 如果没有匹配，则返回-1。 以下是该概念的简单演示
var str = "Hello World"; // For example, lets search this string,
var term = "World"; // for the term "World",
var index = str.indexOf(term); // and get its index.
if (index != -1) { // If the index is not -1 then the term was matched in the string,
alert(index); // and we can do some work based on that logic. (6 is alerted)
}
您的代码存在的问题是JavaScript区分大小写。 你的方法调用
indexof()
应该是
indexOf()
尝试修复它，看看是否有帮助：
if (test.indexOf("title") !=-1) {
alert(elm);
foundLinks++;
}
收集某种有效的解决方案：
var stringVariable = "some text";
var findString = "text";
//using `indexOf()`
var containResult1 = stringVariable.indexOf(findString) != -1;
document.write(containResult1+', ');
//using `lastIndexOf()`
var containResult2 = stringVariable.lastIndexOf(findString) != -1;
document.write(containResult2+', ');
//using `search()`
var containResult3 = stringVariable.search(findString) != -1;
document.write(containResult3+', ');
//using `split()`
var containResult4 = stringVariable.split(findString)[0] != stringVariable;
document.write(containResult4+'');
有一种更流畅，更好的方法，它使用（BitWise NOT）运算符。
if(~"John".indexOf("J")) {
alert("Found")
}
else {
alert("Not Found");
}
按位不将“x”转换为 - （x + 1）所以，如果x从indexOf方法变为-1，那么它将转换为 - （-1 + 1）= -0这是一个假值。
由于存在关于使用原型的抱怨，并且因为使用indexOf会使您的代码可读性降低，并且因为regexp是过度杀伤：
function stringContains(inputString, stringToFind) {
return (inputString.indexOf(stringToFind) != -1);
}
这就是我最终要做的妥协。
由于这个问题非常受欢迎，我认为我可以为代码添加一些现代风格。
// const : creates an immutable constant
const allLinks = document.getElementsByTagName("a");
// [].reduce.call : gives access to the reduce method on a HTMLCollection
// () => {} : ES6 arrow function
const foundLinks = [].reduce.call(allLinks, (sum, link) => {
// bitwise OR : converts the boolean value to a number
return sum + (link.classList.contains("title") | 0);
}, 0);
// template literal
console.log(`Found ${foundLinks || "no"} title class`);
顺便说一句，正确的答案是拼写错误的indexOf或非标准的String.contains 。 加载外部库（特别是如果代码是用纯JavaScript编写的）或搞乱String.prototype或使用正则表达式有点矫枉过正。
简单的解决方法
if (!String.prototype.contains) {
String.prototype.contains= function() {
return String.prototype.indexOf.apply(this, arguments) !== -1;
};
}
你可以用以下方式使用
"hello".contains("he") // true
"hello world".contains("lo w")//true
"hello world".contains("lo wa")//false
"hello world".contains(" ")//true
"hello world".contains(" ")//false
MDN参考
这对我有用。 它选择不包含术语“已删除：”的字符串
if (eventString.indexOf("Deleted:") == -1)
这样做的另一个选择是：
您可以使用匹配功能，即：
x = "teststring";
if (x.match("test")) {
// Code
}
match（）也可以使用正则表达式：
x = "teststring";
if (x.match(/test/i)) {
// Code
}
这段代码应该运行良好：
var str="This is testing for javascript search !!!";
if(str.search("for") != -1) {
//logic
}
var index = haystack.indexOf(needle);
|
__label__pos
| 0.957484 |
Method and apparatus for reducing the word length of a digital input signal and method and apparatus for recovering a digital input signal
R.M. Aarts (Inventor)
Research output: PatentPatent publication
31 Downloads (Pure)
Abstract
A method and signal processing apparatus for reducing the number of bits of a digital input signal (M.sub.i), includes adding a pseudo-random noise signal (N.sub.a) to the digital input signal (M.sub.i) to obtain an intermediate signal (D.sub.i), the pseudo-random noise signal (N.sub.a) being defined by noise parameters (N.sub.p), and quantizing the intermediate signal (D.sub.i), having a word length of n bits, to a reduced word-length signal (M.sub.e) having a word length of m bits, n being larger than or equal to m. The method further includes quantizing the intermediate signal (D.sub.i) using a first transfer function which is non-linear, the first transfer function being defined by non-linear device parameters (NLD.sub.p).
Original languageEnglish
Patent numberUS7088779
Publication statusPublished - 8 Aug 2006
Fingerprint
Dive into the research topics of 'Method and apparatus for reducing the word length of a digital input signal and method and apparatus for recovering a digital input signal'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Cite this
|
__label__pos
| 0.62391 |
What is Vacuum Diode, Construction, Working and Applications:
Construction of Vacuum Diode – Vacuum diode is the simplest form of the electron tube for the production and control of free electrons. A typical vacuum diode is shown in Fig. 5.1. It consists of two electrodes—a cathode and an anode (or plate) mounted on a base and enclosed within a highly evacuated envelope of glass or metal. Cathode serves as an emitter of electrons and anode (or plate) surrounds the cathode and acts as a collector of electrons. The cathode may be a simple filament of tungsten or thoriated tungsten. Alternatively, it may be a nickel tube coated with barium oxide or strontium oxide and heated by an insulated filament, as illustrated in Fig. 5.1(c).
Vacuum Diode
The greatest emission efficiencies are available with oxide-coated cathodes, but filament cathodes are toughest. Anode is usually a hollow metallic cylinder. In low-power tubes the anode is usually of nickel or iron but in case of high-power tubes, tantalum, molybdenum, or graphite may be employed because they do not deteriorate as rapidly as iron or nickel at high temperatures. The anode is made large enough to dissipate heat without excessive rise in temperature. Often the anode is fitted with cooling fins so as to remove the heat produced at the anode. Further the anode surface is usually blackened and roughened for easy removal of heat. The necessary pin connections are brought out at the bottom of the tube through airtight seals. The basic structure and circuit symbol of a vacuum diode are given in Figs. 5.1 (a) and (b) respectively.
Working of Vacuum Diode:
The operation of a diode is based on the basic law of electricity which states that like charges repel each other and unlike charges attract each other. Electrons emitted from the cathode of an electron tube are negative electric charges. These charges may be either attracted to or repelled from the anode of a diode tube, depending on whether the anode is positively or negatively charged.
Vacuum Diode
When a metallic cathode is heated sufficiently (directly or indirectly) an invisible cloud of electrons is set free in the space to form the space charge. The space charge exerts a repelling force on the electrons being emitted from the cathode. If the anode (or plate) is made positive w.r.t. cathode (by connecting anode to the positive terminal of an ht battery and cathode to the negative terminal, as illustrated in Fig. 5.2), an electric field is created extending from anode to cathode and the electrons from the space charge are attracted by the anode and consequently a current flows through the tube.
Upon reaching the plate the electrons continue to flow through the external circuit made up of connecting wire, milliammeter and the battery. The arriving electrons are absorbed into the +ve terminal of the battery and equal number of electrons flow out from -ve terminal of battery and return to the cathode, thus replenishing the supply of electrons lost by emission. As long as cathode of the tube is maintained at emitting temperature and the anode remains positive, electrons will continue to flow from cathode to anode within the tube and from anode back to cathode through external circuit. It should be noted that the direction of flow of electrons is opposite to the assumed or conventional direction of flow of current in the circuit. In case the anode is made negative with respect to cathode; electrons would be driven back to the cathode and no current would flow in the circuit. This is because neither the plate is made of suitable material for electron emission nor it is hot enough to emit electrons.
The operation of a vacuum diode may be concluded as follows:
• The diode conducts only when the anode or plate is made positive w.r.t. cathode. It will not conduct in opposite direction i.e. when anode is negative w.r.t. cathode.
• Electron flow within a diode takes place only from cathode to anode and never from anode to cathode. This unidirectional conduction enables the diode to act like a switch or valve, automatically starting or stopping conduction depending upon whether the plate is +ve or -ve with respect to cathode. This property permits the diode to act as a rectifier.
Characteristics of Vacuum Diode:
The magnitude of current that flows through a tube, known as anode or plate current, depends on both the number of electrons emitted by the cathode and the ability of the anode (or plate) to attract the electrons. The number of electrons emitted from the cathode depends on its temperature, which in turn depends on the strength of current flowing through the cathode or its heater. The ability of plate to attract the emitted electrons depends on the voltage between anode and cathode known as plate voltage. Thus the plate current of a diode depends on two factors (i) plate voltage and (ii) cathode temperature.
The circuit diagram for determining the characteristics of a diode is shown in Fig. 5.3.
Vacuum Diode
The most important characteristic of a vacuum diode is the plate characteristic which provides the relation between plate voltage, Ep and plate current, Ip. It can be determined by keeping the cathode temperature constant, varying the plate voltage with the help of movable tap over the potentiometer as shown, noting the corresponding values of plate current and plotting the curves between plate voltage and plate current. Different curves are obtained with different values of cathode temperature, as shown in Fig. 5.4.
Vacuum Diode
From the plate current-plate voltage characteristics shown in Fig. 5.4, it is seen that plate current Ip increases up to point `a’ with the increase in plate voltage, attains its maximum value at ‘a’ and if the plate voltage is further increased the plate current becomes almost constant as represented by flat curve ac. The reason of it is that when the plate voltage is low, all electrons emitted by cathode are not attracted by anode and they remain in the space between the cathode and anode and as the plate voltage is increased more and more electrons are attracted by the plate and consequently plate current increases with the increase in plate voltage. At point ‘a’ on the curve i.e. when the plate current attains its maximum all the electrons emitted by cathode are attracted by anode and further increase in plate voltage will not cause any appreciable increase in plate current so that the Ip – Ep characteristic curve of a diode becomes approximately a horizontal line, as shown in the figure. If the cathode temperature is increased from T1 to T2 or to T3 absolute by increasing the heater current the plate current will further increase as shown by the curves drawn for temperatures T2 and T3 respectively. Thus at low values of plate voltage the plate current is limited by space charge and varies according to Child’s three halves power i.e. Ip = k Ep3/2 where k is a constant depending upon the shape of the electrodes and geometry of the tube.
Thus we see that there are two major regions of the plate characteristics of a diode—the space charge limited region, and the temperature-limited region. The diode is operated in its space-charge limited region when more electrons are being produced at the cathode than are being drawn to the plate.
Vacuum Diode
The static characteristics of a vacuum diode providing relation between plate current and cathode temperature can be determined by using the circuit shown in Fig. 5.3. Curves are drawn between plate current and cathode temperature keeping plate voltage constant. Two or three similar curves are obtained for different values of plate voltage, as shown in Fig. 5.5. From the plate current—cathode temperature characteristics it is obvious that the plate current increases rapidly with the increase in cathode temperature. For a particular value of plate voltage a temperature is reached when the plate current does no longer increase with temperature but becomes constant due to space charge saturation. If plate voltage is increased, the space charge saturation will occur at some higher point.
Diode Plate Resistance:
From plate characteristics of a vacuum diode (Fig. 5.4) we see that plate current, Ip varies with the variations in plate voltage, Ep. So, a diode may be considered to have an internal resistance limiting the magnitude of plate current. This internal resistance offered by the diode is known as its plate resistance. The plate resistance of a diode is mainly due to negative space charge and to a lesser extent depends upon the physical size and spacing of the electrodes. This resistance is not the same for dc and ac and so like any other vacuum tube, diode has two types of resistances, viz. dc plate resistance and ac plate resistance.
Vacuum Diode
The resistance offered by a diode to direct current is called the dc plate resistance, Rp. It can be determined by determining the ratio of total dc plate voltage across diode to the plate current. At any point P on the plate characteristic curve (Fig. 5.6), the plate voltage is OA and the corresponding plate current is OB.
Then by Ohm’s law, dc plate resistance,
DC plate resistance is not constant but depends on the operating point on plate characteristic of the diode. It is different at different points, as illustrated in Fig. 5.6. This is because the plate characteristic of the diode is not a straight line.
The resistance offered by a diode to alternating current is known as ac plate resistance, rp. It is defined as the ratio of a small change in plate voltage across a diode to the resulting change in plate current i.e.,
AC plate resistance,
For the operating point P on the plate characteristic, the inverse of the slope of the tangent line to the characteristic at point P provides ac plate resistance.
As the tubes are generally operated with ac, therefore, ac plate resistance is much more important than dc plate resistance. The ac plate resistance can be determined from plate characteristic by considering a small change of plate voltage half way on each side of the operating point. The ac plate resistance of a diode is also called its dynamic resistance.
|
__label__pos
| 0.996387 |
heart palpitations
heart palpitations
Heart Palpitations - Get information and read articles on Heart Palpitations signs, symptoms, causes, treatment, prevention and diagnosis at onlymyhealth.com, your complete health guide.
• How does it feel living with heart palpitations?
How does it feel living with heart palpitations?
Heart palpitation are harmless and usually go away on their own. To treat them at home, you need to avoid their triggers such as strong emotions, vigorous physical activity, certain medicines, caffeine, and certain medical conditions.
• Know all about heart palpitations
Know all about heart palpitations
Palpitations are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast. You may have these feelings in your chest, throat, or neck.
• How can one prevent Heart Palpitations?
How can one prevent Heart Palpitations?
Palpitations are feelings that your heart is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast. You can take steps to prevent palpitations such as trying to reduce anxiety and avoiding stimulants.
• Who is at risk from Heart Palpitations?
Who is at risk from Heart Palpitations?
Women who are pregnant, menstruating, or perimenopausal also may be at higher risk because hormonal changes can cause palpitations.
• Things that Indicate an Abnormal Heartbeat
Things that Indicate an Abnormal Heartbeat
Your heart may be sending you signals about looming danger but, you may not be paying much heed to it. This may happen because you are not aware of the symptoms that indicate an unhealthy heart. Don’t risk your life due to unawareness. Learn about arrhythmia here.
• Heart Palpitations: What Causes Them
Heart Palpitations: What Causes Them
Many things can cause palpitations. There can be various reasons for your heart to palpitate and it rarely happens that the cause of palpitations can’t be found. Learn here what could be the reason behind your racing heart.
• Know How to Treat Heart Palpitations
Know How to Treat Heart Palpitations
Treatment for heart palpitation depends on its cause. Your doctor may advise you to avoid the things that trigger them.
• What is the diagnosis of Heart Palpitations?
What is the diagnosis of Heart Palpitations?
The cause of palpitations may be hard to diagnose, especially if symptoms don't occur regularly.
• Points to remember: Heart Palpitations
Points to remember: Heart Palpitations
Palpitations are very common. They usually aren't serious or harmful, but they can be bothersome.
• What is the treatment of Heart Palpitations?
What is the treatment of Heart Palpitations?
Treatment depends on the cause of the palpitations. Most palpitations are harmless and go away on their own.
Total Articles on Heart Palpitations :11
More for you
Heart Palpitations
Heart Palpitations - Get information and read articles on Heart Palpitations signs, symptoms, causes, treatment, prevention and diagnosis at onlymyhealth.com, your complete health guide.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999949 |
Skip to main content
Translate
Designing Services Marketing
Personal Protective Equipment
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) refers to the specialized equipment and clothing worn by individuals to protect themselves from potential hazards and risks in various settings, such as workplaces, healthcare facilities, and hazardous environments. PPE serves as a crucial line of defense against physical, chemical, biological, and radiological hazards, ensuring the safety and well-being of the wearer.
The primary objective of PPE is to create a barrier between the user and potential dangers, minimizing the risk of injury, illness, or exposure to harmful substances. It acts as a protective shield by preventing contact between the body and hazardous materials, airborne particles, chemicals, heat, radiation, and other potential threats. PPE plays a vital role in reducing the transmission of infectious diseases, safeguarding healthcare professionals and individuals in high-risk environments.
Various types of PPE are designed to cater to specific hazards and provide appropriate protection. Here are some common examples:
Respiratory Protection: Respirators, such as N95 masks, provide respiratory protection by filtering out harmful airborne particles, including dust, smoke, biological agents, and chemical contaminants. They are crucial in industries where workers may be exposed to respiratory hazards or in healthcare settings during infectious disease outbreaks.
Eye and Face Protection: Safety goggles, face shields, and safety glasses protect the eyes and face from impacts, chemical splashes, flying debris, and hazardous radiation. They are commonly used in construction, manufacturing, laboratories, and medical settings.
Head Protection: Hard hats are worn to protect the head from falling objects, electrical hazards, and other potential impacts. They are widely used in construction sites, mining operations, and industrial settings.
Hand Protection: Gloves are available in various materials and designs to protect against chemical exposure, cuts, abrasions, and biological hazards. Different types of gloves, such as nitrile, latex, or leather gloves, are used in healthcare, laboratories, manufacturing, and other industries.
Body Protection: Coveralls, aprons, and protective clothing safeguard the body against chemical splashes, biological agents, heat, flames, and other hazards. They are commonly used in healthcare, manufacturing, and hazardous material handling.
Foot Protection: Safety shoes, boots, or steel-toe footwear protect the feet from impacts, punctures, electrical hazards, and chemical spills. They are essential in construction, heavy industries, and workplaces with potential foot injuries.
It is crucial to select the appropriate PPE based on the specific hazards present and ensure proper fitting, training, and maintenance. Regular inspection, cleaning, and replacement of PPE components are necessary to maintain their effectiveness. Additionally, proper education and training on the correct use and disposal of PPE are essential to maximize safety.
During public health emergencies or pandemics, like the COVID-19 outbreak, PPE becomes particularly vital in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. Healthcare workers and individuals in direct contact with patients or contaminated surfaces rely on PPE to minimize the risk of transmission.
In summary, Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is a vital component of safety measures in various settings. It serves as a protective barrier against potential hazards and plays a crucial role in safeguarding individuals from injury, illness, and exposure to harmful substances. By utilizing the appropriate PPE, individuals can work and operate in hazardous environments with greater confidence and reduced risk.
Comments
|
__label__pos
| 0.999689 |
Commit 6ea5c56d authored by Dries's avatar Dries
parent 6e145281
......@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@
#
# Protect files and directories from prying eyes:
<Files ~ "(\.(conf|inc|module|pl|sh|sql|theme)|Entries|Repositories|Root|scripts|updates)$">
<Files ~ "(\.(conf|inc|module|pl|sh|sql|theme|engine|xtmpl)|Entries|Repositories|Root|scripts|updates)$">
order deny,allow
deny from all
</Files>
......
......@@ -732,7 +732,8 @@ INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/node.module','node','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/page.module','page','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/story.module','story','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/taxonomy.module','taxonomy','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/xtemplate/xtemplate.theme','xtemplate','theme','Internet explorer, Netscape, Opera',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/bluemarine/xtemplate.xtmpl','bluemarine','theme','themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine','xtemplate','theme_engine','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO users (uid, name, mail) VALUES ('0', '', '');
INSERT INTO users_roles (uid, rid) VALUES (0, 1);
......@@ -743,7 +744,7 @@ INSERT INTO role (rid, name) VALUES (2, 'authenticated user');
INSERT INTO permission VALUES (2,'access comments, access content, post comments, post comments without approval',0);
REPLACE variable SET name='update_start', value='s:10:"2004-02-21;"';
REPLACE variable SET name='theme_default', value='s:9:"xtemplate";';
REPLACE variable SET name='theme_default', value='s:10:"bluemarine";';
REPLACE blocks SET module = 'user', delta = '0', status = '1';
REPLACE blocks SET module = 'user', delta = '1', status = '1';
......
......@@ -717,10 +717,11 @@ INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/node.module','node','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/page.module','page','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/story.module','story','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('modules/taxonomy.module','taxonomy','module','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/xtemplate/xtemplate.theme','xtemplate','theme','Internet explorer, Netscape, Opera',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/bluemarine/xtemplate.xtmpl','bluemarine','theme','themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine','xtemplate','theme_engine','',1,0,0);
INSERT INTO variable(name,value) VALUES('update_start', 's:10:"2004-02-21";');
INSERT INTO variable(name,value) VALUES('theme_default','s:9:"xtemplate";');
INSERT INTO variable(name,value) VALUES('theme_default','s:10:"bluemarine";');
INSERT INTO users(uid,name,mail) VALUES(0,'','');
INSERT INTO users_roles(uid,rid) VALUES(0, 1);
......
......@@ -74,7 +74,8 @@
"2004-08-10" => "update_100",
"2004-08-11" => "update_101",
"2004-08-12" => "update_102",
"2004-08-17" => "update_103"
"2004-08-17" => "update_103",
"2004-08-19" => "update_104"
);
function update_32() {
......@@ -1522,6 +1523,34 @@ function update_103() {
return $ret;
}
function update_104() {
$ret = array();
if (variable_get('theme_default', 'xtemplate') == 'chameleon') {
$ret[] = update_sql("DELETE FROM {system} WHERE name = 'chameleon'");
$ret[] = update_sql("INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/chameleon/chameleon.theme','chameleon','theme','',1,0,0)");
$ret[] = update_sql("INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/chameleon/marvin/style.css','marvin','theme','themes/chameleon/chameleon.theme',1,0,0)");
if (variable_get("chameleon_stylesheet", "themes/chameleon/pure/chameleon.css") == "themes/chameleon/marvin/chameleon.css") {
variable_set('theme_default', 'chameleon/marvin');
}
else {
variable_set('theme_default', 'chameleon');
}
}
elseif (variable_get('theme_default', 'xtemplate') == 'xtemplate') {
$ret[] = update_sql("DELETE FROM {system} WHERE name = 'xtemplate'");
$ret[] = update_sql("INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/bluemarine/bluemarine.theme','bluemarine','theme','themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine',1,0,0)");
$ret[] = update_sql("INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/pushbutton/pushbutton.theme','pushbutton','theme','themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine',1,0,0)");
$ret[] = update_sql("INSERT INTO system VALUES ('themes/engines/xtemplate/xtemplate.engine','xtemplate','theme_engine','',1,0,0)");
if (variable_get('xtemplate_template', 'default') == 'pushbutton') {
variable_set('theme_default', 'pushbutton');
}
else {
variable_set('theme_default', 'bluemarine');
}
}
return $ret;
}
function update_sql($sql) {
$edit = $_POST["edit"];
$result = db_query($sql);
......
......@@ -87,9 +87,7 @@ function drupal_get_html_head() {
$output = "<meta http-equiv=\"Content-Type\" content=\"text/html; charset=utf-8\" />\n";
$output .= "<base href=\"$base_url/\" />\n";
$output .= "<style type=\"text/css\" media=\"all\">\n";
$output .= "@import url(misc/drupal.css);\n";
$output .= "</style>\n";
$output .= theme('stylesheet_import', 'misc/drupal.css');
return $output . drupal_set_html_head();
}
......
......@@ -437,7 +437,7 @@ function file_scan_directory($dir, $mask, $nomask = array('.', '..', 'CVS'), $ca
}
elseif (ereg($mask, $file)) {
$name = basename($file);
$files["$dir/$file"]->path = "$dir/$file";
$files["$dir/$file"]->filename = "$dir/$file";
$files["$dir/$file"]->name = substr($name, 0, strrpos($name, '.'));
if ($callback) {
$callback("$dir/$file");
......
......@@ -33,16 +33,52 @@ function theme_help($section) {
* The name of the currently selected theme.
*/
function init_theme() {
global $user;
global $user, $custom_theme, $theme_engine, $theme_key;
$themes = list_themes();
// Only select the user selected theme if it is available in the
// list of enabled themes.
$theme = $user->theme && $themes[$user->theme] ? $user->theme : variable_get('theme_default', 0);
$theme = $user->theme && $themes[$user->theme] ? $user->theme : variable_get('theme_default', 'bluemarine');
include_once($themes[$theme]->filename);
// Allow modules to override the present theme... only select custom theme
// if it is available in the list of enabled themes.
$theme = $custom_theme && $themes[$custom_theme] ? $custom_theme : $theme;
// Store the identifier for retrieving theme settings with.
$theme_key = $theme;
// If we're using a style, load its appropriate theme,
// which is stored in the style's description field.
// Also load the stylesheet using drupal_set_html_head().
// Otherwise, load the theme.
if (strpos($themes[$theme]->filename, '.css')) {
// File is a style; put it in the html_head buffer
// Set theme to its template/theme
drupal_set_html_head(theme('stylesheet_import', $themes[$theme]->filename));
$theme = $themes[$theme]->description;
}
else {
// File is a template/theme
// Put the css with the same name in html_head, if it exists
if (file_exists($stylesheet = dirname($themes[$theme]->filename) .'/style.css')) {
drupal_set_html_head(theme('stylesheet_import', $stylesheet));
}
}
if (strpos($themes[$theme]->filename, '.theme')) {
// file is a theme; include it
include_once($themes[$theme]->filename);
}
elseif (strpos($themes[$theme]->description, '.engine')) {
// file is a template; include its engine
include_once($themes[$theme]->description);
$theme_engine = basename($themes[$theme]->description, '.engine');
if (function_exists($theme_engine .'_init')) {
call_user_func($theme_engine .'_init', $themes[$theme]);
}
}
return $theme;
}
......@@ -74,13 +110,42 @@ function list_themes($refresh = FALSE) {
return $list;
}
/**
* Provides a list of currently available theme engines
*
* @param $refresh
* Whether to reload the list of themes from the database.
* @return
* An array of the currently available theme engines.
*/
function list_theme_engines($refresh = FALSE) {
static $list;
if ($refresh) {
unset($list);
}
if (!$list) {
$list = array();
$result = db_query("SELECT * FROM {system} where type = 'theme_engine' AND status = '1' ORDER BY name");
while ($engine = db_fetch_object($result)) {
if (file_exists($engine->filename)) {
$list[$engine->name] = $engine;
}
}
}
return $list;
}
/**
* Generate the themed representation of a Drupal object.
*
* All requests for themed functions must go through this function. It examines
* the request and routes it to the appropriate theme function. If the current
* theme does not implement the requested function, then the base theme function
* is called.
* theme does not implement the requested function, then the current theme
* engine is checked. If neither the engine nor theme implement the requested
* function, then the base theme function is called.
*
* For example, to retrieve the HTML that is output by theme_page($output), a
* module should call theme('page', $output).
......@@ -94,14 +159,21 @@ function list_themes($refresh = FALSE) {
*/
function theme() {
global $theme;
global $theme_engine;
$args = func_get_args();
$function = array_shift($args);
if (($theme != '') && (function_exists($theme .'_'. $function))) {
if (($theme != '') && function_exists($theme .'_'. $function)) {
// call theme function
return call_user_func_array($theme .'_'. $function, $args);
}
elseif (($theme != '') && isset($theme_engine) && function_exists($theme_engine .'_'. $function)) {
// call engine function
return call_user_func_array($theme_engine .'_'. $function, $args);
}
elseif (function_exists('theme_'. $function)){
// call Drupal function
return call_user_func_array('theme_'. $function, $args);
}
}
......@@ -117,6 +189,113 @@ function path_to_theme() {
return dirname($themes[$theme]->filename);
}
/**
* Retrieve an associative array containing the settings for a theme.
*
* The final settings are arrived at by merging the default settings,
* the site-wide settings, and the settings defined for the specific theme.
* If no $key was specified, only the site-wide theme defaults are retrieved.
*
* The default values for each of settings are also defined in this function.
* To add new settings, add their default values here, and then add form elements
* to system_theme_settings() in system.module.
*
* @param $key
* The template/style value for a given theme.
*
* @return
* An associative array containing theme settings.
*/
function drupal_get_theme_settings($key = NULL) {
$defaults = array(
'primary_links' => '',
'secondary_links' => l('edit secondary links', 'admin/themes/settings'),
'mission' => '',
'default_logo' => 1,
'logo_path' => '',
'toggle_logo' => 1,
'toggle_name' => 1,
'toggle_search' => 1,
'toggle_slogan' => 0,
'toggle_mission' => 1,
'toggle_primary_links' => 1,
'toggle_secondary_links' => 1,
'toggle_node_user_picture' => 0,
'toggle_comment_user_picture' => 0,
);
foreach (node_list() as $type) {
$defaults['toggle_node_info_' . $type] = 1;
}
$settings = array_merge($defaults, variable_get('theme_settings', array()));
if ($key) {
$settings = array_merge($settings, variable_get(str_replace('/', '_', 'theme_'. $key .'_settings'), array()));
}
return $settings;
}
/**
* Retrieve a setting for the current theme.
* This function is designed for use from within themes & engines
* to determine theme settings made in the admin interface.
*
* Caches values for speed (use $refresh = TRUE to refresh cache)
*
* @param $setting_name
* The name of the setting to be retrieved.
*
* @param $refresh
* Whether to reload the cache of settings.
*
* @return
* The value of the requested setting, NULL if the setting does not exist.
*/
function drupal_get_theme_setting($setting_name, $refresh = FALSE) {
global $theme_key;
static $settings;
if (empty($settings) || $refresh) {
$settings = drupal_get_theme_settings($theme_key);
$themes = list_themes();
$theme_object = $themes[$theme_key];
if ($settings['mission'] == '') {
$settings['mission'] = variable_get('site_mission', '');
}
if (!$settings['toggle_mission']) {
$settings['mission'] = '';
}
if ($settings['toggle_logo']) {
if ($settings['default_logo']) {
$settings['logo'] = dirname($theme_object->filename) .'/logo.png';
}
elseif ($settings['logo_path']) {
$settings['logo'] = $settings['logo_path'];
}
}
if ($settings['toggle_primary_links']) {
if (!$settings['primary_links']) {
$settings['primary_links'] = theme('links', link_page());
}
}
else {
$settings['primary_links'] = '';
}
if (!$settings['toggle_secondary_links']) {
$settings['secondary_links'] = '';
}
}
return isset($settings[$setting_name]) ? $settings[$setting_name] : NULL;
}
/**
* @defgroup themeable Themeable functions
* @{
......@@ -476,6 +655,22 @@ function theme_mark() {
return '<span class="marker">*</span>';
}
/**
* Import a stylesheet using @import.
*
* @param $stylesheet
* The filename to point the link at.
*
* @param $media
* The media type to specify for the stylesheet
*
* @return
* A string containing the HTML for the stylesheet import.
*/
function theme_stylesheet_import($stylesheet, $media = 'all') {
return '<style type="text/css" media="'. $media .'">@import "'. $stylesheet .'";</style>';
}
/**
* Return a themed list of items.
*
......
......@@ -379,6 +379,11 @@ tr.light .form-item, tr.dark .form-item {
.node-form .poll-form fieldset {
display: block;
}
img.screenshot {
border: 1px solid #808080;
display: block;
margin: 2px;
}
#tracker td.replies {
text-align: center;
}
......
This diff is collapsed.
This diff is collapsed.
<!-- BEGIN: header --><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>{head_title}</title>
{head}
<link type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="{directory}/xtemplate.css" />
</head>
<body{onload_attributes}>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="header">
<tr>
<td id="logo">
<a href="./">{logo}</a>
</td>
<td id="menu">
<div id="secondary">{secondary_links}</div>
<div id="primary">{primary_links}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: search_box -->
<form action="{search_url}" method="post">
<div id="search">
<input class="form-text" type="text" size="15" value="" name="keys" alt="{search_description}" />
<input class="form-submit" type="submit" value="{search_button_text}" />
</div>
</form>
<!-- END: search_box -->
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="content">
<tr>
<!-- BEGIN: blocks -->
<td id="sidebar-left">
{blocks}
</td>
<!-- END: blocks -->
<td valign="top">
<!-- BEGIN: mission -->
<div id="mission">{mission}</div>
<!-- END: mission -->
<div id="main">
<!-- BEGIN: title -->
{breadcrumb}
<h1 class="title">{title}</h1>
<!-- BEGIN: tabs -->
<div class="tabs">{tabs}</div>
<!-- END: tabs -->
<!-- END: title -->
<!-- BEGIN: help -->
<div id="help">{help}</div>
<!-- END: help -->
<!-- BEGIN: message -->
{message}
<!-- END: message -->
<!-- END: header -->
<!-- BEGIN: node -->
<div class="node {sticky}">
<!-- BEGIN: picture -->
{picture}
<!-- END: picture -->
<!-- BEGIN: title -->
<h2 class="title"><a href="{link}">{title}</a></h2>
<!-- END: title -->
<span class="submitted">{submitted}</span>
<!-- BEGIN: taxonomy -->
<span class="taxonomy">{taxonomy}</span>
<!-- END: taxonomy -->
<div class="content">{content}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: links -->
<div class="links">» {links}</div>
<!-- END: links -->
</div>
<!-- END: node -->
<!-- BEGIN: comment -->
<div class="comment">
<!-- BEGIN: picture -->
{picture}
<!-- END: picture -->
<h3 class="title">{title}</h3><!-- BEGIN: new --><span class="new">{new}</span><!-- END: new -->
<div class="submitted">{submitted}</div>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: links -->
<div class="links">» {links}</div>
<!-- END: links -->
</div>
<!-- END: comment -->
<!-- BEGIN: box -->
<div class="box">
<h2 class="title">{title}</h2>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
</div>
<!-- END: box -->
<!-- BEGIN: block -->
<div class="block block-{module}" id="block-{module}-{delta}">
<h2 class="title">{title}</h2>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
</div>
<!-- END: block -->
<!-- BEGIN: footer -->
</div><!-- main -->
</td>
<!-- BEGIN: blocks -->
<td id="sidebar-right">
{blocks}
</td>
<!-- END: blocks -->
</tr>
</table>
<!-- BEGIN: message -->
<div id="footer">
{footer_message}
</div>
<!-- END: message -->
{footer}
</body>
</html>
<!-- END: footer -->
<!-- BEGIN: header --><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en">
<head>
<title>{head_title}</title>
{head}
</head>
<body{onload_attributes}>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="header">
<tr>
<td id="logo">
<!-- BEGIN: logo -->
<a href="./" title="Home"><img src="{logo}" alt="Home" border="0" /></a>
<!-- END: logo -->
<!-- BEGIN: site_name -->
<h1 class='site-name'><a href="./" title="Home">{site_name}</a></h1>
<!-- END: site_name -->
<!-- BEGIN: site_slogan -->
<div class='site-slogan'>{site_slogan}</div>
<!-- END: site_slogan -->
</td>
<td id="menu">
<div id="secondary">{secondary_links}</div>
<div id="primary">{primary_links}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: search_box -->
<form action="{search_url}" method="post">
<div id="search">
<input class="form-text" type="text" size="15" value="" name="keys" alt="{search_description}" />
<input class="form-submit" type="submit" value="{search_button_text}" />
</div>
</form>
<!-- END: search_box -->
</td>
</tr>
</table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" id="content">
<tr>
<!-- BEGIN: blocks -->
<td id="sidebar-left">
{blocks}
</td>
<!-- END: blocks -->
<td valign="top">
<!-- BEGIN: mission -->
<div id="mission">{mission}</div>
<!-- END: mission -->
<div id="main">
<!-- BEGIN: title -->
{breadcrumb}
<h1 class="title">{title}</h1>
<!-- BEGIN: tabs -->
<div class="tabs">{tabs}</div>
<!-- END: tabs -->
<!-- END: title -->
<!-- BEGIN: help -->
<div id="help">{help}</div>
<!-- END: help -->
<!-- BEGIN: message -->
{message}
<!-- END: message -->
<!-- END: header -->
<!-- BEGIN: node -->
<div class="node {sticky}">
<!-- BEGIN: picture -->
{picture}
<!-- END: picture -->
<!-- BEGIN: title -->
<h2 class="title"><a href="{link}">{title}</a></h2>
<!-- END: title -->
<span class="submitted">{submitted}</span>
<!-- BEGIN: taxonomy -->
<span class="taxonomy">{taxonomy}</span>
<!-- END: taxonomy -->
<div class="content">{content}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: links -->
<div class="links">» {links}</div>
<!-- END: links -->
</div>
<!-- END: node -->
<!-- BEGIN: comment -->
<div class="comment">
<!-- BEGIN: picture -->
{picture}
<!-- END: picture -->
<h3 class="title">{title}</h3><!-- BEGIN: new --><span class="new">{new}</span><!-- END: new -->
<div class="submitted">{submitted}</div>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
<!-- BEGIN: links -->
<div class="links">» {links}</div>
<!-- END: links -->
</div>
<!-- END: comment -->
<!-- BEGIN: box -->
<div class="box">
<h2 class="title">{title}</h2>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
</div>
<!-- END: box -->
<!-- BEGIN: block -->
<div class="block block-{module}" id="block-{module}-{delta}">
<h2 class="title">{title}</h2>
<div class="content">{content}</div>
</div>
<!-- END: block -->
<!-- BEGIN: footer -->
</div><!-- main -->
</td>
<!-- BEGIN: blocks -->
<td id="sidebar-right">
{blocks}
</td>
<!-- END: blocks -->
</tr>
</table>
<!-- BEGIN: message -->
<div id="footer">
{footer_message}
</div>
<!-- END: message -->
{footer}
</body>
</html>
<!-- END: footer -->
<?php
// $Id$
function chameleon_help($section) {
$output = '';
switch ($section) {
case 'admin/themes#description':
$output = t('A fast PHP theme with different stylesheets.');
break;
}
return $output;
}
function chameleon_settings() {
/*
** Compile a list of the available style sheets:
*/
$fd = opendir('themes/chameleon');
while ($file = readdir($fd)) {
if (is_dir("themes/chameleon/$file") && !in_array($file, array('.', '..', 'CVS'))) {
$files["themes/chameleon/$file/chameleon.css"] = "themes/chameleon/$file/chameleon.css";
}
}
closedir($fd);
$output = form_select(t('CSS stylesheet'), 'chameleon_stylesheet', variable_get('chameleon_stylesheet', 'themes/chameleon/pure/chameleon.css'), $files, t('Selecting a different stylesheet will change the look and feel of your site.'));
return $output;
}
function chameleon_page($content, $title = NULL, $breadcrumb = NULL) {
if (isset($title)) {
drupal_set_title($title);
}
if (isset($breadcrumb)) {
drupal_set_breadcrumb($breadcrumb);
}
$output = "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd\">\n";
$output .= "<html xmlns=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\" lang=\"en\" xml:lang=\"en\">\n";
$output .= "<head>\n";
$output .= " <title>". ($title ? $title ." | ". variable_get("site_name", "drupal") : variable_get("site_name", "drupal") ." | ". variable_get("site_slogan", "")) ."</title>\n";
$output .= drupal_get_html_head();
$output .= " <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"themes/chameleon/common.css\" />\n";
$output .= " <link rel=\"stylesheet\" type=\"text/css\" href=\"". variable_get("chameleon_stylesheet", "themes/chameleon/pure/chameleon.css") ."\" />\n";
$output .= "</head>";
$output .= "<body". theme_onload_attribute() .">\n";
$output .= " <div id=\"header\">";
$output .= " <h1 class=\"title\">". l(variable_get("site_name", "drupal"), ""). "</h1>";
$output .= " </div>\n";
$output .= " <table>\n";
$output .= " <tr>\n";
if ($blocks = theme_blocks("left")) {
$output .= " <td id=\"sidebar-left\">$blocks</td>\n";
}
$output .= " <td id=\"main\">\n";
if ($title = drupal_get_title()) {
$output .= theme("breadcrumb", drupal_get_breadcrumb());
|
__label__pos
| 0.994898 |
Advertisement
Intensive Care Medicine
, Volume 29, Issue 4, pp 526–529 | Cite as
Pulmonary vascular resistance
A meaningless variable?
• Robert Naeije
Physiological Note
Introduction
Almost 20 years ago, Adriaan Versprille published an editorial in this journal to explain why, in his opinion, the calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) is meaningless [1]. The uncertainties of PVR were underscored a year later by McGregor and Sniderman in the American Journal of Cardiology [2]. Obviously, both papers failed to convince. A Medline search from 1985 to the end of 2002 reveals no less than 7,158 papers with PVR calculations. What is it that could be wrong in all this literature?
What is a resistance calculation?
A resistance calculation derives from a physical law first developed by the French physiologist Poiseuille in the early nineteenth century. Poiseuille invented the U-tube mercury manometer. He used the device to show that blood pressure does not decrease from large to small arteries to the then existing limit of cannula size of about 2 mm, and rightly concluded that the site of systemic vascular resistance could only be at smaller-sized...
References
1. 1.
Versprille A (1984) Pulmonary vascular resistance. A meaningless variable. Intensive Care Med 10:51–53PubMedGoogle Scholar
2. 2.
McGregor M, Sniderman A (1985) On pulmonary vascular resistance: the need for more precise definition. Am J Cardiol 55:217–221PubMedGoogle Scholar
3. 3.
Landis EM (1982) The capillary circulation. In: Fishman AP, RichardsDW (eds) Circulation of the Blood. Men and Ideas. American Physiological Society, Bethesda, Maryland, pp 355–406Google Scholar
4. 4.
Permutt S, Bromberger-Barnea B, Bane HN (1962) Alveolar pressure, pulmonary venous pressure and the vascular waterfall. Med Thorac 19:239–260Google Scholar
5. 5.
Zhuang FY, Fung YC, Yen RT (1983) Analysis of blood flow in cat's lung with detailed anatomical and elasticity data. J Appl Physiol 55:1341–1348PubMedGoogle Scholar
6. 6.
Mélot C, Delcroix M, Lejeune P, Leeman M, Naeije R (1995) Starling resistor versus viscoelastic models for embolic pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol 267 (Heart Circ Physiol 36:H817–827)Google Scholar
7. 7.
Nelin LD, Krenz GS, Rickaby DA, Linehan JH, Dawson CA (1992) A distensible vessel model applied to hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction in the neonatal pig. J Appl Physiol 73:987–994PubMedGoogle Scholar
8. 8.
Zapol WM, Snider MT (1977). Pulmonary hypertension in severe acute respiratory failure. N Engl J Med 296:476–480PubMedGoogle Scholar
9. 9.
Kafi A S, Mélot C, Vachiéry JL, Brimioulle S, Naeije R (1998) Partitioning of pulmonary vascular resistance in primary pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 31:1372–1376CrossRefPubMedGoogle Scholar
10. 10.
Pagnamenta A, Fesler P, Vandivinit A, Brimioulle S, Naeije R (2003) Pulmonary vascular effects of dobutamine in experimental pulmonary hypertension. Crit Care Med (in press)Google Scholar
Copyright information
© Springer-Verlag 2003
Authors and Affiliations
1. 1.Department of PhysiologyFaculty of Medicine of the Free University of Brussels, Erasme CampusBrusselsBelgium
Personalised recommendations
|
__label__pos
| 0.745562 |
class Rinda::WaitTemplateEntry
Documentation?
Attributes
found[R]
Public Class Methods
new(place, ary, expires=nil) click to toggle source
Calls superclass method Rinda::TupleEntry.new
# File lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb, line 187
def initialize(place, ary, expires=nil)
super(ary, expires)
@place = place
@cond = place.new_cond
@found = nil
end
Public Instance Methods
cancel() click to toggle source
Calls superclass method Rinda::TupleEntry#cancel
# File lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb, line 194
def cancel
super
signal
end
read(tuple) click to toggle source
# File lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb, line 203
def read(tuple)
@found = tuple
signal
end
signal() click to toggle source
# File lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb, line 208
def signal
@place.synchronize do
@cond.signal
end
end
wait() click to toggle source
# File lib/rinda/tuplespace.rb, line 199
def wait
@cond.wait
end
|
__label__pos
| 0.588658 |
Understanding Traumatic Brain Injury
09 March 2018
Share
Traumatic Brain Injury, also known as TBI, is often similar to other injuries with the main difference that TBI has severe lifelong consequences for the individual and it can be triggered by any unfortunate event such as a car accident, a sports accident or during any other situation where a strong blow to the head is delivered...
The most important organ in the human body, the brain, is contained inside the skull and it is also suspended within a substance called cerebrospinal fluid, which acts as a protector against impacts. When an injury occurs, the blow can either penetrate the cranium or it causes the brain to crash against the inside of the skull, damaging brain cells and tearing arteries and veins that provide them with blood supply.
People with a TBI can experience symptoms such as headaches, nausea and vomiting. But after those initial manifestations, a string of events will begin to unfold leading to further damage; this succeeding stage is usually called the secondary injury. Cells that have been injured by the initial impact begin to release toxic substances that can harm other surrounding cells. This is why it is important to seek medical assistance as soon as possible, since although this collateral damage may take a few weeks to develop, it can occur within minutes of an injury being sustained, if an accident is sufficiently severe.
Part of the problem is that the brain is not good at repairing itself, so the consequences of traumatic brain injury are often long lasting or even permanent. Some of the long-term issues related to this injury include psychiatric disorders, such as anxiety and depression, physical problems, and other, more subtle cognitive changes.
Current treatment issues
Because TBI is so common and has the potential to inflict such a great impact on the quality of life of a head injury victim, various experimental drugs have been developed over the years in an to attempt to manage the condition. These treatments were born out of efforts to control both the original injury as well as the secondary injury. Nevertheless, despite some encouraging results from preclinical through to Phase II trials, none of these therapies have come to clinical fruition yet.
In fact, over thirty controlled trials have been conducted for potential TBI treatments, and despite a few promising outcomes they have all failed to find a successful treatment. Some of the recent attempts that have failed include brain and body cooling (hypothermia), progesterone, dexanabinol, and citicoline.
One of the biggest challenges in developing successful treatments for conditions like TBI is that animals are very different from the human patients they are intended to model. Human patients present with a wide spectrum of injuries, so each case is unique. In addition, human patients often present with comorbidities, which means there are also other medical conditions besides their brain trauma. These comorbidities can involve wounds on different regions of the body, oxygen deprivation, and additional chronic conditions like diabetes. Also, drug doses designed for animals might not be right for a human, and the timing of medication might also need to be adjusted for human use. All of these factors are a far cry from a well-controlled, highly stereotyped animal experiment.
Another possible reason for these failures is that scientists may not be making the right measurements for assessing recovery. Clinical trials for TBI normally limit themselves to assessing survival and death rates, and there is also the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), which measures changes in the level of consciousness. These instruments can tell doctors if the patients survived or not, but precious information such as whether tasks of day to day living, general functioning and well-being have changed in the weeks or months following the initial insult are not captured.
Clinical examinations designed to assess new TBI treatments should be incorporating these measurements and they need to be adequately sensitive to detect subtle and small differences between patients.
Innovative evaluation systems as a potential solution
Thankfully, new methods and tools like these are now being developed, meaning doctors and other healthcare professionals can better evaluate their patients’ day-to-day functioning and quality of life after TBI. Most of these tests are also using up-to-date mobile technologies and computer-based testing.
One of these tools is the NIH Toolbox, a collection of testing tools designed by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to evaluate patients’ psychological health, reasoning abilities, motor function, and other relevant information. These assessments include both objective measures and self-reported measures.
Another recent NIH creation is the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS), a system of self-reported measures that can cover different health areas such as mental health, physical health, and social well-being. This assessment tool has been developed to test patients on a wide range of diseases, and it has been designed by taking individuals from the general population.
An aspect of PROMIS is the use of Computerized Adaptive Testing (CAT). The questions directed in the evaluation will be automatically adjusted or adapted for each individual based on their answers to previous questions. The PROMIS adaptive system creates a profile for each patient that weighs them across nine health domains.
NIH has also introduced the Neuro-Quality of Life assessment (Neuro-QoL), which is similar to the PROMIS system but specific for neurological conditions. A similar system known as the TBI-QoL is currently under development. The TBI-QoL is an improvement of the Neuro-QoL because it has been specifically calibrated employing TBI patients, rather than random individuals from the general population.
The Experience Sampling Method (ESM) is also a new method that might be useful for the assessment of behavioral and cognitive issues that TBI patients often have. ESM requires patients to send specific information about their symptoms while in their everyday environments. As an example, a patient suffering from depression could report moment to moment how they are feeling during their normal daily activities. Recent studies have found that a mobile application integrated with ESM is useful for the long-term monitoring of TBI patients. Researchers have also been developing new methods for delivering these tests to the patients. Some of these include auto-enrollment, geofencing, and the integration of patient analysis into hospital electronic systems.
If we take a step back from the bedside and go to the laboratory, better mazes for mice are part of a solution I am personally tackling. Researchers use mazes to test an animal’s mental functions, such as memory and attention. During much of the last 100 years, mazes forced rodents to solve complex puzzles to explore their cognition. Today’s mazes have become much simpler, mostly for ease of use, but with the trade-off that we are able to learn less and cannot probe the subtleties of cognition or issues like inability to walk or remember basic traits. However, because researchers increasingly want to look at lots of animals in each experiment and to collect as many behavioral traits as possible, increasing complexity and automation has become a necessity in lock-step with each other. Newer mazes that are complex, driven by artificial intelligence, and run themselves hold the key to better understanding the subtle effects of a drug or disease.
By integrating these new assessments and tests and new findings from the laboratory, clinical trials should be more successful at finding the effects new treatments may have on the patients. Much the same as how the microscope enabled researchers to have a deeper perception of the world, having better quality of life tools with smartphone applications can change the way we comprehend patients with TBI. As a result, these tests may expand the number of positive results in clinical trials, propelling the advance of the much required new medications for the huge number of people suffering from TBI.
Comments
Add a comment
|
__label__pos
| 0.929785 |
Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation technique was utilized
Finally, the molecular dynamics simulation technique was utilized to investigate into the binding interactions between the H5N1 receptor and the nine analogs, with a focus on the binding pocket, intermolecular surfaces and hydrogen bonds. This study may be used as a guide for mutagenesis Volasertib cell line studies for designing new inhibitors against H5N1.”
“Ischemic cardiomyopathy results from severe extensive coronary artery disease, which
is associated with left ventricular dysfunction and also, in many cases, with significant left ventricular dilatation. Mortality is high, especially in patients who satisfy myocardial viability criteria but who have not undergone revascularization. Although age, exercise capacity and comorbidity influence survival, the most important prognostic
factors are the extent of the ischemia, myocardial viability and left ventricular remodeling, all of which can be successfully evaluated by gated myocardial perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).”
“Background: Familial involvement is common in dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) and >40 genes have been implicated in causing disease. However, the role of genetic testing in clinical practice find more is not well defined. We examined the experience of clinical genetic testing in a diverse DCM population to characterize the prevalence and predictors of gene mutations.
Methods and Results: We studied 264 unrelated adult and pediatric DCM index patients referred to I reference lab for clinical genetic testing. Up to 10 genes were analyzed (MYH7, TNNT2, TNN13, TPM1, MYBPC3, ACTC, LMNA, PLN, TAZ, and LDB3), and 70% of patients were tested for all genes. The mean age was 26.6 +/- 21.3 years, and 52% had a family history of DCM. Rigorous criteria were used to classify DNA variants as clinically relevant (mutations), variants of unknown clinical significance (VUS), or presumed benign. Mutations were found in 17.4% of patients, commonly involving MYH7, LMNA, or
TNNT2 (78%). An additional 10.6% of patients had VUS. Genetic testing was rarely positive in older patients without a family history of DCM. Conversely in pediatric patients, family history did not increase the sensitivity of genetic testing.
Conclusions: Using rigorous criteria Smoothened Agonist supplier for classifying DNA variants, mutations were identified in 17% of a diverse group of DCM index patients referred for clinical genetic testing. The low sensitivity of genetic testing in DCM reflects limitations in both current methodology and knowledge of DCM-associated genes. However, if mutations are identified, genetic testing can help guide family management. (J Cardiac Fail 2012;18:296-303)”
“Dysfunction in alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), a member of the Cys-loop ligand-gated ion channel superfamily, is responsible for attentional and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer’s disease (AD).
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What is Bulimia?
Bulimia is a serious eating disorder characterised by a cycle of severe overeating marked by a feeling of losing self-control and followed by drastic behaviors intended to negate the overeating episode, such as intense and excessive exercise, self-induced/forced vomiting, use of laxatives or diuretics with the purpose of expelling the consumed food, or a combination of these actions.
Bulimia can continue for many years without the knowledge of family or friends as sufferers often appear to eat normally and don’t necessarily lose much weight.
Signs & Symptoms of Bulimia
The observable signs of Bulimia are not as readily apparent as those of Anorexia, as individuals with Bulimia usually maintain a relatively normal bodyweight. Certain behaviors, such as those suggesting binge eating, frequently excusing oneself to the restroom or other private area immediately after eating are indicative of bulimia. Other signs and symptoms include:
• Isolation or social withdrawal
• Unusual preoccupation with tracking calorie intake and weight or body image
• Changes in dentition
• Reports of unexplained gastrointestinal distress and/or heartburn
• Excessively strict and/or rigorous approaches to exercise are some of the possible signs of bulimia
• Depression and anxiety frequently co-occur with bulimia.
In addition to emotional and psychological distress, bulimia has severe medical/physical health implications that can be life-threatening, most notably severe electrolyte imbalances that can result in heart attack or stroke. Other medical complications include dehydration, tooth decay, and a range of serious gastrointestinal problems. Individuals who may be suffering with bulimia should have a complete evaluation by qualified healthcare and mental healthcare practitioners.
Contributing Factors to Bulimia
There is no single cause of bulimia. As with other eating disorders, bulimia may be preceded by or mark the onset of psychological conditions such as depression and anxiety. Like anorexia, in some cases bulimic behaviors may onset as a maladaptive coping response to extreme stressors or as an attempt to reestablish a sense of control when an individual is experiencing extreme feelings of helplessness or anxiety.
How to Recover from Bulimia
As with other psychological and eating disorders, Bulimia treatment includes intensive psychotherapy in a range of modalities, support from family and friends, and medical monitoring and treatment. Individuals with bulimia will likely benefit from participating in therapy for an extended period of time, beyond the cessation of eating disordered behaviors. Medications, counseling, and social support can play key roles in recovery from Bulimia. For additional educational information on Bulimia, visit the National Health Service at www.nhs.uk.
Page last reviewed and clinically fact-checked | December 10, 2019
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Felix Hoppe-Seyler
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Felix Hoppe-Seyler
Felix Hoppe-Seyler.jpg
Felix Hoppe-Seyler
BornErnst Felix Immanuel Hoppe
(1825-12-26)December 26, 1825
Freyburg an der Unstrut in the Province of Saxony
DiedAugust 10, 1895(1895-08-10) (aged 69)
Wasserburg am Bodensee, German Empire
NationalityGerman
Scientific career
Fieldsphysiology
chemistry
InstitutionsHalle
Leipzig
Ernst Felix Immanuel Hoppe-Seyler (26 December 1825 – 10 August 1895), né Felix Hoppe, was a German physiologist and chemist, and the principal founder of the disciplines of biochemistry and molecular biology.
Hoppe-Seyler was born in Freyburg an der Unstrut in the Province of Saxony. He originally trained to be a physician in Halle and Leipzig, and received his medical doctorate from Berlin in 1851. Afterwards, he was an assistant to Rudolf Virchow at the Pathological Institute in Berlin. Hoppe-Seyler preferred scientific research to medicine, and later held positions in anatomy, applied chemistry, and physiological chemistry in Greifswald, Tübingen and Strasbourg. At Strasbourg, he was head of the department of biochemistry, the only such institution in Germany at the time.[1]
His work also led to advances in organic chemistry by his students and by immunologist Paul Ehrlich. Among his students and collaborators were Friedrich Miescher (1844–1895) and Nobel laureate Albrecht Kossel (1853–1927).[1]
Background[edit]
He was the son of the Freiburg superintendent (bishop) Ernst August Dankegott Hoppe. His mother died when he was six years old, and his father three years later. After he became an orphan, he lived for some time in the home of his older sister Klara and her husband, the Annaburg pastor Georg Seyler, a member of the noted Seyler family, a son of the pharmacist and Illuminati member Abel Seyler the Younger and a grandson of the theatre director Abel Seyler. He eventually entered the orphan asylum at Halle, where he attended the gymnasium. In 1864 he was formally adopted by Georg Seyler[2] and added the Seyler name to his birth name.[3][4]
In 1858 he married Agnes Franziska Maria Borstein, and they had one son, Georg Hoppe-Seyler, who became a professor of medicine in Kiel.
Contributions[edit]
Physiologische Chemie, 1877
Felix Hoppe-Seyler, a physiologist and chemist, became the principal founder of biochemistry. His text Physiological Chemistry became the standard text for this new branch of applied chemistry.[5]
His numerous investigations include studies of blood, hemoglobin, pus, bile, milk, and urine. Hoppe-Seyler was the first scientist to describe the optical absorption spectrum of the red blood pigment and its two distinctive absorption bands. He also recognized the binding of oxygen to erythrocytes as a function of hemoglobin, which in turn creates the compound oxyhemoglobin. Hoppe-Seyler was able to obtain hemoglobin in crystalline form, and confirmed that it contained iron.
He also became the elected member to the French Academy of Sciences, despite the unfavorable political terms between France and Germany at that time, this helped him gain an international reputation as the keen promoter of science.[6]
Hoppe-Seyler performed important studies of chlorophyll. He is also credited with the isolation of several different proteins (which he referred to as "proteids"). In addition, he was the first scientist to purify lecithin and establish its composition. In 1877 he founded the Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie (Journal for Physiological Chemistry), and was its editor until his death in 1895.[1] He died in Wasserburg am Bodensee in the Kingdom of Bavaria.
Selected written works[edit]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
1. ^ a b c Jones, Mary Ellen (September 1953). "Albrecht Kossel, A Biographical Sketch". Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. 26: 80–97. PMC 2599350. PMID 13103145.
2. ^ Neue deutsche Biographie Vol. 9 S. 615
3. ^ Theologischer Jahresbericht, Vol. 2, p. 200–201
4. ^ Albert P. Mathews, "The Life and Work of Felix Hoppe-Seyler," in Popular Science Monthly, Volume 53, August 1898
5. ^ "Hoppe-Seyler, Felix". Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
6. ^ "Biological Chemistry". 1878-01-01. Retrieved 2018-04-19.
External links[edit]
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How to charge the iPad Air 2 from a power outlet in Lesotho
Using a USB Lightning cable with a Type M power charger to power your iPad Air 2 from a Basotho power outlet.
Basotho power outlet
Varying different combinations of standards and plugs can often be confusing when planning to travel to a different country especially for the first time traveller. However this isn't as complicated as it first appears, with only a handful of different types of sockets used in the world this guide shows exactly what you'll need in advance to power your iPad Air 2 in Lesotho. This page has been specifically written to assist travellers wanting to charge their iPad Air 2 when they are staying abroad.These instructions shows exactly how to power the iPad Air 2 when travelling to Lesotho by using the standard 220 volt 50Hz Type M Basotho plug outlet. Most power supplies vary from region to region so we suggest that you read our Wikiconnections world power supplies page for a complete list of powering devices in different destinations. If travelling to Lesotho from another region please check that your iPad Air 2 can be used with a 240v supply. If it was purchased in a country which uses a lower voltage such as 120v make sure that the iPad Air 2 is dual voltage (marked with a 100-240 volt notation) otherwise you may need to use an additional power converter to prevent the device from over-heating whilst powering it up. These instructions assume that you've downloaded Apple iOS 7 or greater on an iPad Air 2.
Charging an iPad Air 2 in Lesotho
Can you use an iPad Air 2 in Lesotho?
Yes, you can use an iPad Air 2 in Lesotho.
What is the best travel adapter for recharging an iPad Air 2 in Lesotho?
When you are travelling with more than just your iPad Air 2 then the best international travel power adapter for Lesotho to buy is a multiple USB port adapter which includes compatible plugs like a 4 port USB travel charger. Because these chargers are supplied with interchangeable pins and handle 100 to 240 volts will mean that you can travel to over 100 countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Africa just by changing the included plugs. If your iPad Air 2 is compatible with Fast Charge (not all USB devices will) then you'll benefit from much faster recharging times by using one of these types of USB travel chargers plus support for certain power demanding devices. Unlike other travel adapters this means you can power multiple devices at once without needing to pack seperate power chargers on your trip to Lesotho or occupying additional power outlets. Only bringing a single travel charger will help keep the size down, making it ideal to fold up in hand luggage whilst travelling. Due to their flexibility these types of travel chargers can be used at home as well as abroad so when you're not travelling they can sit under your bedside table charging multiple tablets, phones and speakers without needing an additional power outlet.
If you travel frequently we recommend buying an adaptable power charger like this online, the multipurpose travel adapter illustrated here is the 4 Port USB Wall Charger which has been successfully tested with multiple USB devices in numerous countries.
Alternative travel adapter for Lesotho
The 4 port USB travel charger is the most compact option for travellers from around the world who only have USB devices such as the iPad Air 2, however for those also wishing to use their domestic plugs the following power converters provide larger but more versatile solutions. All three power strips offer surge protection which is crucial for travellers to regions with unstable power grids to prevent damage to any connected devices from voltage spikes. These power adapters come supplied with interchangeable type C, I and G plugs which cover both Lesotho and over 150 countries around the world:
• BESTEK Portable International Travel Voltage Converter - The BESTEK travel adaptor has 4 USB charging ports with 3 AC power outlets and is the best selling portable power converter for travellers originating from North America going to Lesotho using 3 pinned type B US plug sockets.
• ORICO Traveling Outlet Surge Protector Power Strip - Similarly having 4 USB ports but only 2 AC power outlets the Orico travel adapter is also aimed at travellers from the US using type B plugs and gives the same functionality as the BESTEK with just 1 less AC outlet at almost half the price.
• BESTEK International USB Travel Power Strip - This power strip has 2 AC outlets but offers a more generous 5 USB charging ports. This versatile power strip is compatible with both American plugs and popular plug types A, D,E/F, G, H, I, L and N making it ideal for most travellers from around the world visiting Lesotho. [6] [AD]
What is the best travel adapter for recharging an iPad Air 2 in Lesotho?
How to use a Type M power charger for charging your iPad Air 2 from a Basotho power outlet
Using an Apple Lightning cable with a 3 pinned Type M USB charger to recharge your iPad Air 2 from a Basotho power outlet.
1. To supply power to an iPad Air 2 using a Basotho power outlet you will need to buy a Type M USB power adapter [4] and a USB to Apple Lightning cable [5] (this cable is usually already supplied with the iPad Air 2 by Apple).
2. Start the process by plugging the Type M USB power adapter in the power supply. You can recognise the plug outlet by 3 holes in a triangle shape for live, neutral and ground pins.
3. Then connect one end of the cord into the USB adapter and the other end into the Lightning connector on an iPad Air 2. The iPad Air 2 lightning connector is situated at the bottom of the iPad Air 2.
4. Turn on the Basotho power outlet.
5. The battery icon which appears in the top right hand corner of the iPad Air 2 will display a charging icon to indicate that the iPad Air 2 is charging which typically takes roughly 1 to 4 hours to fully recharge to 100% capacity.
How to use a Type M power charger for charging your iPad Air 2 from a Basotho power outlet
See also
We endeavour to ensure that links on this page are periodically checked and correct for suitability. This website may receive commissions for purchases made through links on this page. As an Amazon Associate WikiConnections earn from qualifying purchases. For more details please read the disclaimers page.
1. Wikipedia - wikipedia.org page about Lesotho
2. Apple - official iPad user guide
3. iec.ch - Type M power outlet
4. Type M USB power adapter - South African Type M USB chargers have three large circular pins in a triangular shape with the top earthed pin longer and larger in diameter, between $10 to $15 USD (£5-£10 GBP / around C$15).
5. USB to Apple Lightning cable - The Apple Lightning cable is a charging and syncing cable for more recent Apple devices and connects compatible iPhones and iPads to a USB port, between $10 to $15 USD (£10-£15 GBP / under C$15).
6. 4 Port USB Wall Charger - A universal USB charger capable of charging up to 4 USB devices with swappable international adapters, between $15 to $20 USD (under £15 GBP / under C$20).
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#!/usr/bin/perl -wT #-*-perl-*- =pod =head1 SYNOPSIS B<ipcalc> I<host> [netmask] =head1 DESCRIPTION B<ipcalc> provides network calcualtions about an IP address =cut use strict; use Net::Netmask; use Socket; my ($VERSION) = '$Revision: 1.0 $' =~ /([.\d]+)/; my $warnings = 0; $SIG {__WARN__} = sub { # Print a usuage message on an + unknown if ( substr ( # option. Borrowed from abiga +il. $_ [0], 0, 14 ) eq "Unknown option" ) { die "Usage" }; require File::Basename; $0 = File::Basename::basename ( $0 ); $warnings = 1; warn "$0: @_"; }; $SIG {__DIE__} = sub { require File::Basename; $0 = File::Basename::basename ( $0 ); if ( substr ( $_ [0], 0, 5 ) eq "Usage" ) { die <<EOF; $0 (Perl bin utils) $VERSION $0 address [netmask] EOF } die "$0: @_"; }; die "Usage" unless $ARGV[0]; my ( $foo, $corge ) = ipSanity ( $ARGV[0] ); my $profferedMask = $ARGV[1] || $corge; =pod =head1 EXAMPLES Provide information about a network C:\home\idnopheq\scripts>ipcalc 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0 CIDR = 192.168.1.0/24 net addr = 192.168.1.0 mask = 255.255.255.0 ffffff00 hostmask = 0.0.0.255 mask bits = 24 net size = 256 max mask = 24 bcast = 192.168.1.255 next net = 192.168.2.0 first host = 192.168.1.1 last host = 192.168.1.254 or C:\home\idnopheq\scripts>ipcalc 192.168.1.128/25 CIDR = 192.168.1.128/25 net addr = 192.168.1.128 mask = 255.255.255.128 ffffff80 hostmask = 0.0.0.127 mask bits = 25 net size = 128 max mask = 25 bcast = 192.168.1.255 next net = 192.168.2.0 first host = 192.168.1.129 last host = 192.168.1.254 Provide information about a host C:\home\idnopheq\scripts>ipcalc 192.168.1.100 CIDR = 192.168.1.100/32 net addr = 192.168.1.100 mask = 255.255.255.255 ffffffff hostmask = 0.0.0.0 mask bits = 32 net size = 1 net pos :0 dot dec:192.168.1.100 hex addr:c0a80164 dec addr:3232235876 bin addr:11000000101010000000000101100100 =cut my $block = new Net::Netmask( $foo, # address $profferedMask # netmask dec-dot ); my $inetAddr = $block->base(); my $mask = $block->mask(); my $pos = $block->match ( $foo ) + 0; print "CIDR = " , $block->desc() , "\n"; print "net addr = " , $inetAddr , "\n"; print "mask = " , $mask , " "; print unpack ( 'H8H8H8H8', inet_aton ( $mask ) ) , "\n"; print "hostmask = " , $block->hostmask() , "\n"; print "mask bits = " , $block->bits() , "\n"; print "net size = " , $block->size() , "\n"; if ( $block->size() != 1 ){ print "max mask = " , $block->maxblock() , "\n"; print "bcast = " , $block->broadcast() , "\n"; print "next net = " , $block->next() , "\n"; print "first host = " , $block->nth(1) , "\n"; print "last host = " , $block->nth(-2) , "\n"; } if ( $inetAddr ne $foo || $block->size() == 1 ) { print "net pos :" , $pos , "\t"; print "dot dec:" , $foo , "\n"; print "hex addr:" , unpack ( 'H8H8H8H8', inet_aton ( $foo ) ) , " "; print "dec addr:" , unpack ( 'N8N8N8N8', inet_aton ( $foo ) ) , "\n"; print "bin addr:" , unpack ( 'B8B8B8B8', inet_aton ( $foo ) ) , "\n"; } =head1 ENVIRONMENT The working of B<ipcalc> is not influenced by any environment variable +s. =cut sub ipSanity { my $ip = shift; my $count = 0; my $separator = ' '; my $mask; $separator = '/' if $ip =~ /\//; $separator = ':' if $ip =~ /:/; ( $ip, $mask ) = split /$separator/, $ip if $separator ne ' '; $mask = int2quad ( imask ( $mask ) ) if $separator =~ /\//; $count++ while $ip =~ /\./g; die "Invalid format $ip!\n" if ( $count != 3 && $ip =~ /:/ ); my ( $baz, $bitMask, $netMask ); while ( $count < 3 ) { $ip .= ".0"; $count++; } unless ( $ip =~ # sanity check the $remote IP a +ddress m{ # this is so cool, I'm still disecting ^ ( \d | [01]?\d\d | 2[0-4]\d | 25[0-5] ) \. ( \d | [01]?\d\d | 2[0-4]\d | 25[0-5] ) \. ( \d | [01]?\d\d | 2[0-4]\d | 25[0-5] ) \. ( \d | [01]?\d\d | 2[0-4]\d | 25[0-5] ) $ # from the Perl Cookbook, Recipe 6.23, }xo # pages 218-9, as fixed in the +01/00 ) { # reprint die "Invalid IP address $ip!\n"; } return ( $ip, $mask ); } sub imask { return (2**32 -(2** (32- $_[0]))); } sub int2quad { return join('.',unpack('C4', pack("N", $_[0]))); } __END__ =pod =head1 BUGS B<ipcalc> suffers from no known bugs at this time. Believed to work on Windows NT, Windows 2K, Solaris, Linux, and NetBSD +. Anywhere Net::Netmask will install. =head1 REVISION HISTORY ipcalc Revision 1.0 2001/05/03 10:34:03 idnopheq Initial revision =head1 AUTHOR The Perl implementation of B<ipcalc> was written by Dexter Coffin, I<[email protected]>. =head1 COPYRIGHT and LICENSE Copyright 2001 Dexter Coffin. All rights reserved. Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are + met: Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright notice, + this list of conditions and the following disclaimer. Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above copyright noti +ce, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer in the documentat +ion and/or other materials provided with the distribution. THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY DEXTER COFFIN ``AS IS'' AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARR +ANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED +. IN NO EVENT SHALL DEXTER COFFIN BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, B +UT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, +DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY + OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS SOF +TWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE. The views and conclusions contained in the software and documentation +are those of the author and should not be interpreted as representing offi +cial policies, either expressed or implied, anywhere. =head1 SEE ALSO =head1 NEXT TOPIC =cut
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Cloud Pak for Data Group
Send and receive streaming data via REST with IBM Streams
By NATASHA D'SILVA posted Mon December 07, 2020 07:48 PM
When you use IBM Streams to analyze data in real time, your application typically produces a continuous stream of the results. For example, you might use Streams to monitor financial transactions in real time, and then flag potentially fraudulent transactions as they occur.
Two common questions from Streams developers are, “How can I access the results of the Streams application”, and , “How can I send data to the Streams application?” Continuing the fraud application example, you might want to access the latest results to display it in a dashboard, like shown above. Or you might wish to send new data to the Streams application for processing.
Streams Jobs as a Service
Prior to Cloud Pak for Data 3.5, the answer was to send the data from Streams to one of the over a dozen supported messaging systems and databases, like Apache Kakfa, or RabbitMQ, and then connect to that system to retrieve the results. This method still works and scales very well.
In the latest version of Streams on Cloud Pak for Data, you can now enable REST access to the data from a running Streams application, or job. This is done by allowing Streams jobs to become services in Cloud Pak for Data. Once the job is running as a service, it provides REST API endpoints that can be used to send/receive data.
This post has a demo of this feature as well as some code examples for using it in SPL and Python applications.
Table of contents
See it in action
Watch this video to see how to enable REST access to the data in a Streams application running in Cloud Pak for Data 3.5.
How to use it
To enable a job as a Cloud Pak for Data service, you must invoke one of the new EndpointSource/EndpointSink operators to the application.
These operators can be invoked from SPL and Python applications. When a job containing at least one of the new operators is submitted, the Streams runtime enables REST API access to the job from outside the OpenShift cluster. Data retrieved from the Streams application is in JSON format, as must be any data sent to the application. Each Streams tuple consumed or produced by the application is a JSON object.
These are the 3 basic steps to start sending/receiving data via REST.
1. Use the operators to enable the REST endpoints:
• Modify the Streams application to add the EndpointSink or EndpointSource operator.
For example, to enable REST access to the stream ResultStream, add the following code snippet:
() as RESTSink = EndpointSink(ResultStream){
}
• Build and submit the application, noting the job id
2. Get the URLs from the service instance in the CPD UI: Once the application is running, find the REST endpoints.
1. From the Cloud Pak for Data console, go to Services > Instances.
2. Find the new job service in the list of instances. Under Type it will have "streams-application" and the Name will be of the form <streams_instance.space_name.jobid>, where streams_instance is the instance name, space_name is the deployment space name, and job_id is the id of the submitted job.
3. Click the job service to go to the Swagger Documentation page.
4. Find the URL for the GET or POST endpoint(s) listed under Data access endpoints.
3. Use the URL to access data, the final URL will be <CPD_URL> + <GET/POST URL>.
Note: In this initial release, only the user who submits the job can see the job service in their Instances list. Other users can access the data via the REST API URL. To have access, each user needs to be added to the deployment space where the job was submitted. See the documentation to learn how to add a user to a deployment space.
Examples
SPL example
Make data avaialble via REST:
For example, to make the data on the ScoredDataStream available via REST, send it to the EndpointSink operator:
stream<DataSchemaOut> ScoredDataStream = com.ibm.spss.streams.analytics::SPSSScoring(data)
{
}
() as RESTSink = EndpointSink(ScoredDataStream)
{
//optional, comment out to use buffer size
/*param
bufferSize: 10000; //number of tuples to keep in memory
*/
}
Python example
Make data avaialble via REST:
Use the EndpointSink class. Note that the input stream to the EndpointSink must have a StructuredSchema. This means that it must use a named tuple as its schema, or an instance of StreamSchema.
Below is an example of using a named tuple.
from streamsx.service import EndpointSink
class Readings(typing.NamedTuple):
reading: float
index: int
address: str
timeStamp: int
def readings() -> typing.Iterable[Readings] :
counter = 0
while True:
#time.sleep(0.1)
address = "A7" + str(random.randint(14, 40)) + "_"+ chr(random.randint(65,123))
timeStamp = int(datetime.datetime.now().timestamp())
yield Readings(random.randint(1,100), counter, address, timeStamp)
counter = counter + 1
source = sender_topology.source(readings)
## Send the stream to the Endpoint Sink
source.for_each(EndpointSink(buffer_size=100000), name="REST Sink")
You can follow one of the following tutorials for more complete examples. The documentation also has more code snippets.
Tutorials
Here are some tutorials to get started:
Documentation
The documentation has more examples and more information about how this feature works.
#Highlights
#Highlights-home
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Does CPU Fan Push Or Pull Air Across Computer Heatsinks?
How can I make my computer run cooler? What is the best way to cool down my computer? Do CPU fans push or pull air across heatsinks? These questions are important to know if you want to keep your computer running at its best. The answers to these questions will help you decide which fan will be the most effective for cooling your computer.
For many years, computer fans have been pushed across the heatsinks of computers. This has been the most common way of cooling a computer. Nowadays, with the advent of liquid cooling systems, there is a new way of cooling a computer. This method is called air pushing. In this article, we will discuss the pros and cons of both methods.
Does the air flow in the CPU heatsink push or pull across the heatpipes? This is a question that I get asked quite often, and for a long time I didn’t have an answer. I always assumed that the air would be pushed across by the fans. But as I started to research, I found that there was some debate over this issue. The truth is that it really doesn’t matter which way the air flows. In fact, it’s not even a factor. What matters is how fast the air moves across the heatsink.
Should a CPU fan be blowing air into a heatsink, or away from the heatsink?
There’s a simple rule that applies to any CPU fan that’s blowing air across a heatsink. It’s that a CPU fan should push air away from the heatsink, not toward it. Why is that important? Because it allows for better cooling and longer lifespan for your computer. The reason why this matters is because the hotter your computer gets, the more likely it is to fail. The hotter your computer gets, the more likely it is to fail. The hotter your computer gets, the more likely it is to fail. If you want to learn more about why this is true, read How Hot Is Too Hot for Your Computer?
See Also How to Make Gaming Thumbnail
Is there a difference if the CPU fan pulls air through the heatsink instead of pushing?
What if I told you that there is a difference between a CPU fan that pushes air across the heatsink and one that pulls it? And what if I told you that the former is better than the latter? Well, you’d probably think that the former is more effective at cooling the CPU. And you’d be right. In fact, if you were to compare the performance of two identical systems with the same heat load, the fan that pushes air across the heatsink will perform better than the fan that pulls it. That’s because the fan that pushes air across the heatsink forces the hot air to move across the heatsink, where it can dissipate into the air. The fan that pulls air across the heat sink, on the other hand, simply pulls the hot air directly into the computer case.
Does the fan direction for the CPU cooling make a difference?
The best way to cool down a computer is to keep the heat source out of direct contact with the processor. As the CPU heats up, the computer’s fans will kick into action to push air across the heatsink and dissipate the heat. The best way to get the most out of your computer’s cooling system is to ensure that the fan is pushed or pulled by the right direction. If you want to know whether the direction of the fan matters, then read on to find out.
I’m sure that you’ve heard of the fan direction for the CPU cooling. The fan direction is usually either “pull” or “push”. There are pros and cons to each fan direction. In this article, we’ll take a look at the pros and cons of the fan direction for the CPU cooling and how it impacts your computer.
See Also Why Laptop Gets Hot When Gaming
Is it necessary for a fan to sit directly on the heat sink for CPU cooling?
The CPU heatsink is an important part of the computer system. It is where the heat generated by the CPU is dissipated. A well-designed heatsink should be placed in close proximity to the CPU, and a fan should be installed to help keep the heatsink cool.
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Difference Between Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table
Main Difference – Mendeleev vs Modern Periodic Table
The periodic table is the arrangement of chemical elements according to their chemical and physical properties. The modern periodic table was created after a series of different versions of the periodic table. The Russian Chemist/Professor Dmitri Mendeleev was the first to come up with a structure for the periodic table with columns and rows. This feature is the main building block for the modern periodic table as well. Mendeleev was able to identify that chemical properties of the elements began repeating each time after a certain number of elements. Hence, the term ‘periods’ came into use, resembling this character of repetition. The columns in the periodic table are called groups, and they group together elements with similar properties. The rows in the periodic table are called periods, and they represent sets of elements that get repeated due the possession of similar properties. The main difference between Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table is that Mendeleev’s periodic table orders the elements based on their atomic mass whereas Modern periodic table orders the elements based on their atomic number.
What is Mendeleev Periodic Table
The basis of Mendeleev’s periodic table was categorizing the elements according to their physical and chemical characteristics with regard to their atomic weights. There were other scientists who have worked on tabulating information of the elements even before Mendeleev, however, he was the first scientist to come up with a periodic trend to predict the properties of elements which were not discovered at that time. Therefore, Mendeleev’s periodic table had empty spaces/gaps, so that these elements, once found can be then included. Gallium and Geranium were two such elements.
Also in some cases, Mendeleev didn’t strictly follow the rule of ordering the atoms according to their atomic weights; he placed the elements giving priority to their chemical properties, so they can be grouped accurately. The elements Tellurium and Iodine is a good example for this. Mendeleev’s first periodic table had the elements with similar properties grouped in rows. He then released a second version of his periodic table where the elements were grouped in columns numbered l-Vlll, depending on element’s oxidation state. However, Mendeleev’s periodic table didn’t support the existence of the isotopes. They are the atoms of the same element with differing weights.
Main Difference - Mendeleev vs Modern Periodic Table
Mendeleev Periodic Table
What is Modern Periodic Table
The basis of the modern periodic table is the atomic number of elements; the physical and chemical properties of the elements are treated as periodic functions of their atomic numbers. Therefore, it gives meaning to the electronic configuration of each element. The modern periodic table consists of 18 columns called groups and 7 rows called periods. The Lanthanides and the Actinides are arranged into different blocks. Therefore, the modern periodic table can also be viewed as blocks. It is built of four different blocks. The first two columns belong to the S block; columns 3-12 are in the d block, 13-18 are the elements of the p block, and finally the Lanthanides and the Actinides belong to the f block. The division into blocks is based on the orbital where the final electron gets filled up.
The periodic table has special trends and can be labelled for further differentiation. For instance, group 17 is called the halogens, and the group 18 is the noble gases. The first group is the alkali metals; the second is called the alkali earth metals, the d block of elements are known as the transition series. Around 4/5ths of the periodic table elements are metals. All the elements in the transition series and the f block, as well as the elements of the first two groups, are metals. The metallic character decreases when going from the left to right along a period of the periodic table. The atomic radius decreases, and the electronegativity increases when going from the left to the right along a period. The size of the atoms increases when going down any column of the periodic table.
Difference Between Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table
Modern Periodic Table
Difference Between Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table
Definition
Mendeleev’s periodic table was created on the basis of periodic functions of the elements, leaving room for future findings of the missing elements at that time.
The modern periodic table is the one used at the moment, as a collective improvement of the works of so many chemists and scientists in an effort to order the chemical elements to resemble the similarities in their properties.
Basis of Ordering
Mendeleev’s periodic table orders the elements based on their atomic weight.
Modern periodic table orders the elements based on their atomic number.
Gaps for Missing Elements
Mendeleev’s periodic table had gaps for the missing elements at that time.
Modern periodic table has no concept as such.
Number of Columns and Rows
Mendeleev’s periodic table has 8 vertical columns called groups and 12 horizontal rows called periods.
Modern periodic table has 18 columns called groups and 7 rows called periods.
Characteristics of Grouped Elements
Mendeleev’s periodic table has elements with dissimilar properties in the same group sometimes.
Modern periodic table’s elements have similar properties repeated at regular intervals.
Existence of Isotopes
Mendeleev periodic table doesn’t support the fact of the existence of isotopes.
Modern periodic table supports this fact as the classification is based upon the atomic number, rather than the atomic weight of the element.
Defining Atomic Structure
Mendeleev periodic table doesn’t support the concept of the atomic structure.
Modern periodic table supports this fact by grouping the elements in such a manner that their electronic configuration can be deduced easily.Difference Between Mendeleev and Modern Periodic Table- infographic
Image Courtesy:
“Mendelejevs periodiska system 1871” by Original uploader was Den fjättrade ankan at sv.wikipedia – Källa:Dmitrij Ivanovitj Mendelejev (1834 – 1907). (Public Domain) via Commons
“Periodic table (polyatomic)” by DePiep – Own work — “inspired by” free versions on Wikipedia/Commons.(CC BY-SA 3.0) via Commons
About the Author: admin
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Link List output
This is a discussion on Link List output within the C Programming forums, part of the General Programming Boards category; what's wrong with this code trying to rad from a file using link list .... the output is something like ...
1. #1
Unregistered
Guest
Link List output
what's wrong with this code trying to rad from a file using link list ....
the output is something like this
787878789898988
6
6456
56
56
56
56
56
something that is not on the txt file.
void traverse (void);
/* Structure for printing the id.txt file */
struct id_card
{
int ID;
struct id_card *nextptr;
};
typedef struct id_card node;
void traverse (void)
{
FILE *fp;
node list1;
node *newptr, *currptr, *prevptr;
int NUM, i, ch ,j=0;
int NUM_2 = 6;
newptr= (node*)malloc(sizeof(node));
fp = fopen("id.txt","r");
if (fp == NULL)
{
printf("Unabale to open id.txt file \n");
exit(1);
}
currptr = newptr;
for ( i = 1; i<=8; i++)
{
NUM = getc(fp);
NUM = NUM-48;
newptr->ID = NUM;
printf ("%d",NUM);
newptr->nextptr=(node*)malloc(sizeof(node));
newptr=newptr->nextptr;
}
if(newptr !=NULL){
newptr->ID = NUM_2;
newptr->nextptr=currptr;
currptr=newptr;
}
else
{
printf("\n %d not inserted. No memory available.\n",NUM_2);
}
do{
j++;
printf("\n");
printf("%d", currptr->ID);
currptr=currptr->nextptr;
}
while(j<=8);
fclose(fp);
}
pls help !!!
2. #2
and the hat of mystery Salem's Avatar
Join Date
Aug 2001
Location
The edge of the known universe
Posts
31,433
Code:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
void traverse(void);
/* Structure for printing the id.txt file */
struct id_card {
int ID;
struct id_card *nextptr;
};
typedef struct id_card node;
void traverse(void) {
FILE *fp;
node *newptr = NULL, *currptr = NULL;
int NUM, i, j=0;
int NUM_2 = 6;
newptr= (node*)malloc( sizeof(node) );
fp = fopen( "id.txt","r" );
if(fp == NULL) {
printf( "Unabale to open id.txt file \n" );
exit( 1 );
}
currptr = newptr;
for(i = 1; i<=8; i++) {
NUM = getc( fp );
NUM = NUM-48;
/*!! this is the problem - newptr isn't pointing at a valid node */
/*!! so trying to dereference it is a bad idea */
/*!! you've got to malloc a node before trying to store data in it */
newptr->ID = NUM;
printf( "%d",NUM );
newptr->nextptr=malloc( sizeof(node) );
newptr=newptr->nextptr;
}
if(newptr != NULL) {
newptr->ID = NUM_2;
newptr->nextptr=currptr;
currptr=newptr;
} else {
printf( "\n %d not inserted. No memory available.\n",NUM_2 );
}
do {
j++;
printf( "\n" );
printf( "%d", currptr->ID );
currptr=currptr->nextptr;
}
while(j<=8);
fclose( fp );
}
3. #3
Registered User
Join Date
Nov 2001
Posts
8
Do you have any suggestion on how i can do that ?
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Fun Xenarthra Facts For Kids
Moumita Dutta
May 03, 2023 By Moumita Dutta
Originally Published on Aug 06, 2021
Edited by Jacob Fitzbright
Fact-checked by Yashvee Patel
For kids, there are some fascinating facts about Xenarthra.
?
Age: 3-18
Read time: 10.1 Min
Anteaters, armadillos, and sloths form a living group of New World mammals that originated in South America, and this group is termed Xenarthra. There are also some extinct species such as glyptodons and ground sloths.
There is a total of 31 species and 13 genera included in the order Xenarthra.
Although pangolins have some similar characteristics, they are still not included as xenarthrans. Formerly the xenarthran mammals were considered to be similar to the order Edentata occurring both as New and Old World species.
However, this common classification of the order Edentata was split up due to taxonomic differences, and the superorder Xenarthra was formed comprising some New World species of Cingulata and Pilosa order that have some similar characteristics. Most anteaters, sloths, and armadillos are found inhabiting almost all kinds of habitats between Central and South America.
Temperature plays a great role in the habitat choice of armadillos as they cannot thrive at all in cold lands because of low metabolic rate and lack of fat storage.
The Xenarthra gets its name from its typical body adaptation. To know more about their order, you can go through these amazing facts about the Xenarthra.
For similar content check out giant ground sloth facts and giant armadillo facts
Xenarthra Interesting Facts
What type of animal are Xenarthrans?
The name Xenarthra refers to a large monophyletic group of many placental mammals that are believed to have the same ancestral lineage as they show some similar taxonomic Xenarthra characteristics.
What class of animals do Xenarthrans belong to?
The xenarthrans of order Pilosa and order Cingulata are all warm-blooded animals that belong to the class of mammal or Mammalia.
How many Xenarthrans are there in the world?
The total population of all xenarthrans is a bit difficult to determine as it is a combination of different orders. Many of the xenarthrans have even gone extinct millions of years ago with only three living species. Even the population of the living xenarthrans shows a large variation among its different subspecies.
Where do Xenarthrans live?
The xenarthrans developed millions of years ago in the Cenozoic era during the Paleocene in South America. From there a large number of sloths, anteaters, and armadillos started to migrate to different parts of central and North America since the late Pliocene.
At present all the living species are restricted to Central and South America with only one type of armadillo, the nine-banded armadillo, occurring in the south of the United States.
Extinct xenarthrans like giant armadillos and ground sloths were found to occur in North America in the past. The xenarthran distribution ranged from South America up to Alaska in the north where some fossil remains of extinct sloths have been discovered.
What is a Xenarthran's habitat?
The xenarthran habitat ranges according to the adaptation of its living species. All anteaters, armadillos, and sloths are commonly found in tropical rainforests.
Some species of anteaters are specialized for arboreal environments while others are extremely terrestrial and are found inhabiting savanna grasslands. These animals are well adapted for living in areas of dry tropical forests, grasslands, savannas, as well as rainforests.
Some typical species of anteaters can be found in the hottest and driest parts of Latin America. Unlike the anteaters and present sloths, armadillos are also found in temperate habitats along with the scrublands and forest floors of tropical regions.
Sometimes their range extends to grasslands and savannas around woody regions. The most common species of armadillos, the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), cannot thrive in dry or arid habitats.
They prefer to live near water in swampy or marshy riparian habitats. These placental mammals have a habit of staying away from human habitations, therefore, are found in interior forests.
Sloths are of two kinds, ground sloths, and arboreal sloths. The ground sloths went extinct a million years ago.
At present, they are only limited to the Central and South American warm, humid, tropical forest. Unlike the ground sloths, the current population of arboreal sloths prefers a tree with a large canopy which helps in the lateral movement of the species as well as shelters them from predators.
Who do Xenarthrans live with?
Xenarthrans are generally solitary animals. However, armadillos are sometimes seen traveling in groups or pairs. They stay alone in underground burrows. All present Xenarthra species the sloths, anteaters, and armadillos are polygamous. The males leave after mating.
How long do Xenarthrans live?
Different species live for different periods. The representative Xenarthra species like the nine-banded armadillo live for 12-15 years while the giant anteaters live for 14-16 years. The lifespan of sloths ranges between five and nine years.
How do they reproduce?
All the living Xenarthra species are polygamous that is they mate with different partners. They are mammals in nature and courtship between the male and female gives birth to live young.
Sloths give birth to a single baby while anteaters can produce up to two. However, the armadillos after a gestation period of 60-120 days can give birth to a litter of up to eight offspring, and in some cases even 12. The mothers take care of the babies and nourish them until they become independent.
What is their conservation status?
The conservation status of different xenarthrans depends on the availability of the particular mammal. The IUCN Red List has accordingly categorized every species of sloth, armadillo, and anteater ranging from Least Concern to Extinct species.
For example, the IUCN status for the three-toed sloth and the giant anteater, the representative species of sloths and anteaters is Vulnerable while the representative species of armadillos, the nine-banded armadillo is of Least Concern in the IUCN Red List.
Xenarthra Fun Facts
What do Xenarthrans look like?
Sloth hanging by a tree
The most common feature of the bodies of all xenarthrans is the Xenarthrous joints present on the lower backbone that strengthens the hips. Due to evolution and adaptation, this feature has however been eliminated from present sloths.
Sloths have tiny heads with slim bodies and tiny tails. They are covered with long and rough furs that are either gray or brown.
The sedimentation of algae on the outer hair makes it look green. They have long claws that help them to climb and hang from a tree.
Unlike other xenarthrans, the species of sloth are either three-toed or two-toed and are respectively called the three-toed sloths and the two-toed sloths. Anteaters have small heads with elongated snouts and the long thin tongue can be extended twice the length of its head. The color of their fur is either black or brown.
On the other hand, another living Xenarthra, the armadillos have a tail made up of bony scales like its armor. Hair growth is less and present in between the shell.
The most common species of armadillo, the nine-banded armadillo, has more or less nine visible bands that are separated by an epidermal layer and hair. The shell color varies from yellow to brown.
How cute are they?
The appearance of xenarthrans is not that appealing. However, all animals play an equally important role in the ecosystem.
How do they communicate?
The xenarthrans have poor eyesight. Most of the communication occurs through sound and smell.
How big are Xenarthrans?
The length of each living xenarthran is different from the others. For example, the sloths grow about 16-31.5 in (40-80 cm) in size while the armadillo's length ranges from 5-59 in (13-150 cm). The anteaters show a large variation in their size measuring from 14-71 in (35-180 cm).
How fast can Xenarthrans run?
An anteater is generally a sluggish mammal that can move at a speed of 30 mph (48 kph) when necessary. Armadillos can travel at the same speed as anteaters. Sloth is the slowest mammal on earth moving 1 ft (30 cm) in a minute. For this reason, they are called sloths.
How much do Xenarthrans weigh?
The weights of the living xenarthrans, the sloth, anteater, and armadillo range respectively between 8-17 lb (3.6-7.7 kg), up to 66 lb (30 kg), and 0.2-119 lb (0.085-54 kg).
What are their male and female names of the species?
The species of Xenarthra do not have any particular name for a male or female of any animal.
What would you call a baby Xenarthran?
The babies of an anteater and armadillo are called pups while sloth babies are called cubs.
What do they eat?
Armadillos and anteaters are strictly insectivorous and their diet is based on insects, ants, and termites. However, sloths are omnivorous and can eat fruits, insects, lizards, carrion, and leaves.
Are they dangerous?
Yes, the xenarthrans can turn out to be quite furious when they feel threatened. They can attack and kill human beings with their sharp claws. However, generally, they are peaceful and do not show much aggression.
Would they make a good pet?
Petting any animal of Xenarthra order is not at all recommended not only because they are wild animals that belong in the forests but also because it is impossible to provide them with their natural habitat in a captive environment. Although some may be found in zoos under experienced supervision.
Did you know...
The term xenarthrans are pronounced as 'zen-arth-ranz'.
Different Types Of Xenarthra
The mammal group Xenarthra consists of three living species, anteaters, armadillos, and sloths. The sloths are slow-moving lazy animals that spend most of their lives hanging from the tree with their long limbs and are not involved in nest building.
They barely come down on the ground and feed on the thick algae that grow on their fur by licking it off.
The preference for their tree depends on the availability of food and inheritance of their home range. The giant anteater on the other hand uses only their tongue to lick their food as they do not possess the peculiar Xenarthra teeth.
The giant anteater stays on land while the pygmy anteaters climb trees using their prehensile tail.
The armadillos are more or less terrestrial that dig burrows and rest underground in rainforests or deciduous forests. The armadillos show a large variation in their size and the size of their body armor ranges accordingly.
Most of the armadillo's body is covered by the armor and hair growth is less in comparison to a sloth or an anteater.
Some species of anteater like the silky anteater are found as north as the southern part of Mexico while the giant anteaters cover Central America. They are also found in Uruguay and eastern Brazil.
Similarly, the sloth population is also restricted to Central and South America.
The three-toed sloth is the most common sloth species covering the largest range of all sloths including countries like Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Costa Rica, and Panama. The nine-banded armadillo is the only xenarthran that is found in North America extending to Florida and North Carolina in the east.
Xenarthra Main Characteristics
All the mammals of the order Cingulata like armadillos and the mammals of the order Pilosa like anteaters and sloths along with some extinct animals formerly belonged to the order Edentata.
However, due to some physical and taxonomical differences, the living species of anteaters, sloths, and armadillos along with the extinct species like glyptodon, and ground sloths formed a higher classification called Xenarthra and came to be known as xenarthrans.
These placental mammals have some physical characteristics that are different from other mammals.
The Xenarthra animals get their name from a typical structure of their lower backbone. The lumbar vertebrae of their body show Xenarthrous joints which means strange joints.
The current species of sloths have lost this articulation as an adaptation for climbing trees, however, in the fossils of extinct sloths, the presence of the additional articulations of the lumbar vertebrae was noticed. The extinct Glyptodons also had armadillo-like armor.
The hard body armor gives extra protection to the body and helps in digging.
The armadillos, glyptodons, and other Cingulata animals have more physical resemblance with the earliest xenarthran mammals than the anteaters and sloths. They have long digits on their hands and all of them end in claws.
Apart from the two-toed and three-toed sloth, all other xenarthrans have five digits on their hind leg. The earliest xenarthrans were smaller in size and their body gradually grew with evolution.
The xenarthran dental formation is unique among mammals. They do not have any milk teeth and their teeth lack enamel.
It is believed that the ancient mammal ancestor from which they evolved already lost their milk teeth during evolution.
However, anteaters are toothless while armadillos and sloths have continuously growing teeth. It is also believed that the xenarthran ancestors were underground living mammals with reduced eyesight since the present xenarthrans have a monochrome vision.
Here at Kidadl, we have carefully created lots of interesting family-friendly animal facts for everyone to discover! Learn more about some other mammals from our two-toed sloth facts and giant armadillo facts pages.
You can even occupy yourself at home by coloring in one of our free printable Xenarthra coloring pages.
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Sources
https://www.britannica.com/animal/xenarthran
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/mammal/xenarthra.html
https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/xenarthra-sloths-anteaters-and-armadillos
https://www.activewild.com/xenarthra/
https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Cingulata/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/immunology-and-microbiology/xenarthra
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Written by Moumita Dutta
Bachelor of Arts specializing in Journalism and Mass Communication, Postgraduate Diploma in Sports Management
Moumita Dutta picture
Moumita DuttaBachelor of Arts specializing in Journalism and Mass Communication, Postgraduate Diploma in Sports Management
A content writer and editor with a passion for sports, Moumita has honed her skills in producing compelling match reports and stories about sporting heroes. She holds a degree in Journalism and Mass Communication from the Indian Institute of Social Welfare and Business Management, Calcutta University, alongside a postgraduate diploma in Sports Management.
Read full bio >
Fact-checked by Yashvee Patel
Bachelor of Business Management
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Yashvee PatelBachelor of Business Management
Yashvee has won awards for both her writing and badminton skills. She holds a business administration honors degree and has previously interned with social media clients and worked on content for an international student festival. Yashvee has excelled in academic competitions, ranking in the top 100 in the Unified International English Olympiad and placing second in an essay-writing competition. Additionally, she has won the inter-school singles badminton title for two consecutive years.
Read full bio >
|
__label__pos
| 0.917321 |
US6767693B1 - Materials and methods for sub-lithographic patterning of contact, via, and trench structures in integrated circuit devices - Google Patents
Materials and methods for sub-lithographic patterning of contact, via, and trench structures in integrated circuit devices Download PDF
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Publication number
US6767693B1
US6767693B1 US10208370 US20837002A US6767693B1 US 6767693 B1 US6767693 B1 US 6767693B1 US 10208370 US10208370 US 10208370 US 20837002 A US20837002 A US 20837002A US 6767693 B1 US6767693 B1 US 6767693B1
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Prior art keywords
layer
photoresist
process
fig
acid
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Expired - Fee Related
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US10208370
Inventor
Uzodinma Okoroanyanwu
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GlobalFoundries Inc
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Advanced Micro Devices Inc
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• GPHYSICS
• G03PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
• G03FPHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
• G03F7/00Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
• G03F7/26Processing photosensitive materials; Apparatus therefor
• HELECTRICITY
• H01BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
• H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
• H01L21/00Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
• H01L21/02Manufacture or treatment of semiconductor devices or of parts thereof
• H01L21/027Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34
• H01L21/033Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34 comprising inorganic layers
• H01L21/0334Making masks on semiconductor bodies for further photolithographic processing not provided for in group H01L21/18 or H01L21/34 comprising inorganic layers characterised by their size, orientation, disposition, behaviour, shape, in horizontal or vertical plane
• H01L21/0338Process specially adapted to improve the resolution of the mask
• HELECTRICITY
• H01BASIC ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
• H01LSEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
• H01L21/00Processes or apparatus adapted for the manufacture or treatment of semiconductor or solid state devices or of parts thereof
• H01L21/70Manufacture or treatment of devices consisting of a plurality of solid state components formed in or on a common substrate or of parts thereof; Manufacture of integrated circuit devices or of parts thereof
• H01L21/71Manufacture of specific parts of devices defined in group H01L21/70
• H01L21/768Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics
• H01L21/76801Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing
• H01L21/76802Applying interconnections to be used for carrying current between separate components within a device comprising conductors and dielectrics characterised by the formation and the after-treatment of the dielectrics, e.g. smoothing by forming openings in dielectrics
Abstract
An integrated circuit fabrication process including exposing a photoresist layer and providing a hydrophilic layer above the photoresist layer. The photoresist layer is exposed to a pattern of electromagnetic energy. The polymers in the hydrophilic layer can diffuse into the photoresist layer after provision of the hydrophilic layer. The diffusion can lead to plasticization of the photoresist layer polymers in exposed regions relative to unexposed regions. The process can be utilized to form a large variety of integrated circuit structures including via holes, trenches, contact holes and other features with wide process latitude and smooth feature side walls.
Description
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is related to U.S. application Ser. No. 10/224,876 by Okoroanyanwu et al., entitled “Materials and Methods for Sub-Lithographic Patterning of Gate Structures in Integrated Circuit Devices,” filed on Aug. 21, 2002 and assigned to the Assignee of the present application.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates generally to integrated circuits (ICs). More particularly, the present application relates to systems for and processes of patterning of contact, via, and trench structures on a layer or substrate utilized in IC fabrication.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The semiconductor or integrated circuit (IC) industry aims to manufacture ICs with higher and higher densities of devices on a smaller chip area to achieve greater functionality and to reduce manufacturing costs. This desire for large scale integration requires continued shrinking of circuit dimensions and device features. The ability to reduce the size of structures, such as, trenches, contact holes, vias, gate lengths, doped regions, and conductive lines, is driven by lithographic performance.
IC fabrication often utilizes a mask or reticle to form an image or pattern on one or more layers comprising a semiconductor wafer. Electromnagnetic energy such as radiation is transmitted through or reflected off the mask or reticle to form the image on the semiconductor wafer. The wafer is correspondingly positioned to receive the radiation transmitted through or reflected off the mask or reticle. The radiation can be light at a wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), deep ultraviolet (DUV), or extreme ultraviolet (EUV) range. The radiation can also be a particle beam such as an x-ray beam, an electron beam, etc.
Typically, the image on the mask or reticle is projected and patterned onto a layer of photoresist material disposed over the wafer. The areas of the photoresist material upon which radiation is incident undergo a photochemical change to become suitably soluble or insoluble in a subsequent development process. In turn, the patterned photoresist layer is used to define doping regions, deposition regions, etching regions, and/or other structures comprising the IC.
As integrated circuit device dimensions continue to shrink to increase the speed and density of devices, it becomes necessary to print contact hole and via features as well as gate and trench features with dimensions that are smaller than the resolution limit of conventional lithographic techniques. Sub-lithographic patterning of contact holes, gate conductors, trenches and vias is extremely difficult because of mask error enhancement factor (MEEF). MEEF increases as the exposure wavelength decreases. In general, lithographic resolution (w) is governed by three parameters: wavelength of light used in the exposure system (λ), numerical aperture of exposure system (NA), and a k1 factor which is a measure of the level of difficulty of the process. Lithographic resolution can be defined by the following equation: w = k 1 λ NA
Figure US06767693-20040727-M00001
Resolution can be improved by an improvement in any of these factors or a combination of these factors (i.e., reducing the exposure wavelength, increasing the NA, and decreasing the k1 factor). However, reducing the exposure wavelength and increasing the NA are expensive and complex operations.
Sub-lithographic resolution has been achieved using photoresist modification processes. Conventional photoresist modification processes typically pattern the photoresist in a conventional lithographic process and use chemical or heat procedures after development of the photoresist to reduce the size of the patterned features or to decrease the size of contact holes. One such process is a resist enhancement lithography assisted by chemical shrink (RELACS) process. The RELACS process can use polymers with an R2 coating and R200 developer to shrink the size of contact holes. Another such process is a heat reflow process, in which photoresist is partially liquified to reduce the diameter of contact holes and vias. Yet another such process reduces feature sizes by chemical etching.
Processes which manipulate the photoresist pattern after it is formed can be susceptible to unpredictable mechanical deformation as well as poor mechanical stability. For example, mechanical deformations can be caused by capillary forces, inadequate inherent mechanical stability, and/or the impact of etch and species. Accordingly, there is still a need to increase the resolution available through lithography.
Thus, there is a need to improve the resolution of lithography by decreasing the k1 factor. Further, there is a need to achieve sub-lithographic patterning of contact holes, via features, trenches and gates. Further still, there is a need to reduce feature sizes without the use of RELACS chemical etch, heat flow and/or processes. Further still, there is a need for an inexpensive process for improving (reducing) the size of features or holes in features which can be lithographically patterned. Yet further, there is a need to lithographically pattern photoresist using lower doses of radiation.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
An exemplary embodiment relates to an integrated circuit fabrication process. The process includes exposing a photoresist layer to a pattern and providing an hydrophilic layer above the photoresist layer. The pattern is a matter of electromagnetic energy. The polymers in the hydrophilic layer diffuse into the exposed region of the photoresist layer upon baking the photoresist/hydrophilic overlayer film structure. The diffusion causes plasticization of photoresist layer in exposed regions relative to unexposed regions.
Another exemplary embodiment relates to a method of patterning a photoresist layer for an integrated circuit. The method includes steps of providing a pattern of electromagnetic energy to a photoresist layer, baking the photoresist layer, coating a hydrophilic layer above the photoresist layer, baking the photoresist/hydrophilic overlayer film structure, and developing the photoresist layer. The polymers in the hydrophilic overlayer diffuse into the exposed region of the photoresist layer upon baking. The diffusion causes the plasticization of the photoresist layer in the exposed regions relative to the unexposed regions. The photoresist layer is developed to form a photoresist pattern similar to the pattern of electromagnetic energy. Resolution is increased due to at least in part to the overlayer.
Still another exemplary embodiment relates to the lithographic medium. The lithographic medium includes a patterned photoresist material including first regions of exposure to electromagnetic energy and second regions of non-exposure to the electromagnetic energy. The medium also includes a layer of hydrophilic material.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The exemplary embodiments will become more fully understood from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein like reference numerals denote like elements, in which:
FIG. 1 is a flow diagram showing a photoresist patterning process for an integrated circuit wafer including a photoresist layer in accordance with an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of a system for patterning the photoresist layer in accordance with the process illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing an application step for the photoresist layer;
FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing an electromagnetic energy patterning step for the photoresist layer;
FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing an overlayer deposition step for the photoresist layer;
FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a baking step for the photoresist layer;
FIG. 7 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a development step for the photoresist layer;
FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer for use in the process illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a trench formation step;
FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a via hole formation step above a substrate;
FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a wafer illustrated in FIG. 1, showing a via hole formation step above a metal layer;
FIGS. 11A-C are representations of three micrographs showing contact holes, the contact holes are formed according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, according to a conventional double baked process and according to a conventional single bake process, respectively;
FIG. 12 is a representation of a micrograph including via structures formed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention before etch patterning;
FIG. 13 is a representation of a micrograph showing via structures formed in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention after etch patterning;
FIG. 14 is a graph showing process windows for patterning 130 nm vias using both the process illustrated in FIG. 1 and a standard process.
FIG. 15 is a graph showing process windows for patterning 100 nm vias using both the process illustrated in FIG. 1 and a standard process.
FIG. 16 is a comparison of lithographic contrast curves for a conventional lithographic process and a process according to an exemplary embodiment;
FIG. 17A shows a representation of a micrograph illustrating trench structures obtained with a conventional process; and
FIG. 17B shows a representation of a micrograph illustrating trench structures obtained with a hydrophilic overlayer process according to an exemplary embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
In one embodiment of the present invention, an advantageous process for forming features patterned on a photoresist layer is provided. The features allow holes, trenches, or other structures to be formed at dimensions smaller than conventionally possible. As used in the present application, the term feature can refer to a hole in a photoresist material, an island of photoresist material, or other lithographically formed structure associated with photoresist materials.
Preferably, the process can be implemented in an inexpensive fashion using available tools and materials. The process can be used to form extremely small (e.g., sublithographic) contact holes, vias, and trench structures with wide process latitude and smooth feature side walls. Further, the process can prevent exposure lens contamination due to top coat materials. Further still, the process can advantageously allow for the use of low exposure dose imaging, which in turn enhances exposure tool throughput relative to conventional processes.
The advantageous process comprises exposing (e.g., treating) a photoresist layer to a pattern of electromagnetic energy. A hydrophilic layer is provided above the photoresist layer that has been exposed to the pattern of electromagnetic energy. According to one embodiment, the hydrophilic layer diffuses into the photoresist layer upon baking, leading to plasticization of polymers in the exposed portion of the photoresist layer. Plasticization of the exposed regions of the photoresist enhances the diffusion of the photogenerated acids, leading to enhanced deprotection of the protecting groups of the photoresist. This phenomenon allows a lower dose of electromagnetic energy to be used to pattern the photoresist layer, thereby increasing resolution of the features. The lower dose can be utilized because diffusion from the hydrophilic layer ensures that the photoresist completely reacts to the pattern of electromagnetic energy.
Since the advantageous process may be implemented one or more times and at various points within an integrated circuit (IC) fabrication process, several embodiments will be described. However, the process of the present invention is not limited to the formation of any particular structure, hole, or region, and can be used in any process where photoresist is patterned.
A process flow 40 (FIG. 1) for lithographically patterning a structure in or on an IC wafer includes a photoresist application step 42, a soft bake step 44, an exposure step 46, a bake step 48, a hydrophilic layer coating step 50, a bake step 52, a photoresist developing step 54, and a processing step 56. In general, process 40 or portions of the process can be performed in a lithographic system 10. An exemplary lithographic system 10 is shown in FIG. 2.
Lithographic system 10 includes a chamber 12, a light source 14, a condenser lens assembly 16, a mask or a reticle 18, an objective lens assembly 20, and a stage 22. Lithographic system 10 is configured to transfer a pattern or image provided on mask or reticle 18 to a wafer 24 positioned in lithography system 10. Wafer 24 includes a layer of photoresist material.
Lithographic system 10 may be a lithographic camera or stepper unit. For example, lithographic system 10 may be a PAS 5500/900 series machine manufactured by ASML, a microscan DUV system manufactured by Silicon Valley Group, or an XLS family microlithography system manufactured by Integrated Solutions, Inc. of Korea. Preferably, chamber 12 and system 10 comprise a UV chamber designed for patterning with 248 nm, 193 nm, 157 nm, and 13.4 nm wavelength light.
Chamber 12 of lithographic system 10 can be a vacuum or low pressure chamber for use in ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), deep ultraviolet (DUV), extreme ultraviolet (EUV), x-ray, or other types of lithography. Chamber 12 can contain any of numerous types of atmospheres, such as, nitrogen, etc. Alternatively, chamber 12 can be configured to provide a variety of other patterning schemes.
Light source 14 provides electromagnetic energy (e.g., light, radiation, particle beams, etc.) through condenser lens assembly 16, mask or reticle 18, and objective lens assembly 20 to photoresist layer 30 in step 46 (FIG. 1). Light source 14 provides electromagnetic energy at a wavelength of 193 nm, although other wave lengths and light sources can be utilized. A light source having a wavelength of 365 nm, 248 nm, 157 nm, or 126 nm, or a soft x-ray source having a wavelength of 13.4 nm can also be utilized. Alternatively, light source 14 may be a variety of other energy sources capable of emitting electromagnetic energy, such as radiation having a wavelength in the ultraviolet (UV), vacuum ultraviolet (VUV), deep ultraviolet (DUV), extreme ultraviolet (EUV), x-ray or other wavelength range or electromagnetic energy, such as e-beam energy, particle beam energy, etc.
Assemblies 16 and 20 include lenses, mirrors, collimators, beam splitters, and/or other optical components to suitably focus and direct a pattern of radiation (i.e., radiation from light source 14 as modified by a pattern or image provided on mask or reticle 18) onto photoresist layer 30. Stage 22 supports wafer 24 and can move wafer 24 relative to assembly 20.
System 10 is not described in a limiting fashion. Process 40 can be implemented utilizing any type of conventional lithographic equipment or modifications thereof. Further, future advances in lithographic equipment, such as those related to EUV and VUV technologies can be utilized to carry out process 40. Process 40 can utilize any equipment capable of patterning layer 30 with electromagnetic energy without departing from the scope of the invention.
With reference to FIG. 3, wafer 24 includes a substrate 26 and a photoresist layer 30. Wafer 24 can be an entire integrated circuit (IC) wafer or a part of an IC wafer. Wafer 24 can be a part of an IC, such as, a memory, a processing unit, an input/output device, etc. Substrate 26 can be a semiconductor substrate, such as, silicon, gallium arsenide, germanium, or other substrate material. Substrate 26 can include one or more layers of material and/or features, such as lines, interconnects, vias, doped regions, etc., and can further include devices, such as, transistors, microactuators, microsensors, capacitors, resistors, diodes, etc.
Although photoresist layer 30 is shown disposed directly over substrate 26, intermediate layers can be provided between layer 30 and substrate 26. For example, layer 30 can be applied over an insulative layer, a conductive layer, a barrier layer, an anti-reflective coating (ARC), a mask layer or other layer of material to be etched, doped, or layered. In one embodiment, one or more layers of materials, such as, a polysilicon stack comprised of a plurality of alternating layers of titanium silicide, tungsten silicide, cobalt silicide materials, etc., can be between substrate 26 and layer 30.
In another embodiment, a hard mask layer, such as a silicon nitride layer or a metal layer, can be provided between substrate 26 and layer 30. The hard mask layer can serve as a patterned layer for processing substrate 26 or for processing a layer upon substrate 26. In yet another embodiment, an anti-reflective coating (ARC) can be provided between substrate 26 and layer. 30.
Further, layer 30 can be provided over dielectric and conductive layers associated with interconnect or metal layers (e.g., metal 1, 2, 3, etc., ILP0, ILP1, ILP2, etc.). Substrate 26 and layers above it are not described in a limiting fashion, and can each comprise any conductive, semiconductive, or insulative material.
Photoresist layer 30 can comprise a variety of photoresist chemicals suitable for lithographic applications. Photoresist layer 30 is selected to have photochemical reactions in response to electromagnetic energy emitted from light source 14. Materials comprising photoresist layer 30 can include, among others, a matrix material or resin, a sensitizer or inhibitor, and a solvent. Photoresist layer 30 is preferably a chemically or non-chemically amplified, positive tone photoresist. Photoresist layer 30 preferably includes a hydrophobic polymer and appropriate photoacid generator (PAG).
Photoresist layer 30 may be, but is not limited to, an acrylate-based polymer, an alicyclic-based polymer, a phenolic-based polymer, or a cyclo-olefin-based polymer. For example, photoresist layer 30 may comprise PAR-721 photoresist manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Company.
Photoresist layer 30 is deposited, for example, by spin-coating over layer 28 in step 42 in FIG. 1. Photoresist layer 30 can be provided at a thickness of less than 1.0 μm. Layer 30 preferably has a nominal thickness (e.g., preferably 400 nm thick).
After application to substrate 26 or a layer above it, layer 30 is baked in step 44 (FIG. 1). Layer 30 can be soft baked to remove or dry out non-aqueous solvent associated with layer 30 (e.g., a pre-bake step). Preferably, layer 30 can be soft baked at a temperature of a few degrees lower than the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the photoresist polymer resin.
Mask or reticle 18 is a phase shift mask in one embodiment. For example, mask or reticle 18 may be an attenuating phase shift mask, or other type of mask such as a binary mask or reticle. In a preferred embodiment, mask or reticle 18 is a dark field mask when system 10 is employed to fabricate contact holes or trenches.
In another embodiment, mask or reticle 18 is a binary mask including a translucent substrate (e.g., glass or quartz) and an opaque or absorbing layer (e.g., chromium or chromium oxide). The absorbing layer provides a pattern or image associated with a desired circuit pattern, features, or devices to be projected onto photoresist layer 30.
With reference to FIG. 4, electromagnetic energy 60 from source 14 (FIG. 2) is effectively blocked by portions 62 of reticle 18. Preferably, reticle 18 is a dark field mask in this embodiment. However, electromagnetic energy 64 strikes layer 30 according to a pattern (e.g., portions 62) associated with reticle 18. The exposure to electromagnetic energy 64 provides a pattern in layer 30 of exposed regions 66 and unexposed regions 70. Alternatively, other techniques of and systems for providing patterned electromagnetic energy can be utilized.
As shown in FIG. 4, exposed regions 66 are generally wider at a top end 72 than a bottom end 74 due to attenuation of the electromagnetic energy by absorption in the photoresist. Regions 66 have an increased concentration of photoacid due to the photoacid generated by being exposed to electromagnetic energy 64.
After exposure to electromagnetic energy 64, layer 30 is baked in step 48. Preferably, a post-exposure bake at an appropriate temperature is utilized in step 48. Photoresist layer 30 is baked to enhance diffusion of the photoacid in region 66. In addition, the baking step causes thermolysis of the acid-labile protecting groups of the polymers in layer 30.
With reference to FIG. 5, layer 30 is coated with a hydrophilic layer 76. In addition, layer 30 can be provided with a surfactant from an appropriate solvent on top of layer 30. Layer 30 preferably has a thickness of 300-1000 nm and is deposited by spin-coating.
The provision of surfactants preferably improves the weting, leveling and flow characteristics of layer 76 disposed over layer 30. Suitable surfactants include, but are not limited to, fluorosurfactants like 3M™ fluorad™ and 3M™ fluorosurfactant FC-4430™. Alternative surfactants can be utilized.
Preferably, hydrophilic layer 76 is a polymeric hydrophilic overlayer (HOL) and has a lower glass transition temperature (Tg) than the polymer in photoresist layer 30. In one embodiment, layer 76 is able to diffuse into the polymer of the exposed portion of the photoresist layer 30 upon baking and is preferably phase compatible with the polymer in photoresist layer 30. Suitable materials for layer 76 include, but are not limited to polymers and co-polymers of: fluoroalkyl methacrylic acid, fluoroalkyl acrylic acid, alpha and/or beta.-monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing acid functionality, such as monomers containing at least one carboxylic acid group including acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, (meth)acryloxpropionic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride acid, crotonic acid, monoalkyl maleates, monoakyl fumerates and monoalkyl itaconates; acid substituted (meth)acrylates, sulfoethyl methacrylate and phosphoethyl (meth)acrylate; acid substituted (meth)acrylamides, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid and ammonium salts of such acid functional and acid-substituted monomers; basic substituted (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylamides, such as amine substituted methacrylates including dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tertiary-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide; acrylonitrile; (meth)acrylamide and substituted (meth)acrylarnide, such as diacetone acrylamide; (meth)acrolein; and methyl acrylate.
The above list for materials in layer 76 is not exhaustive. Layer 76 can include compositions or combinations of layers and materials. For example, layer 76 can be a multilayer or a composite layer comprised of combinations of materials listed above.
With reference to FIG. 6, wafer 24 is subject to baking in step 52. Preferably, layer 76 and layer 30 are baked at any temperature above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of layer 76 but below the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the polymer associated with layer 30.
Baking preferably enhances the diffusion of melted/glassy hydrophilic polymers and the surfactant into the polymer of photoresist layer 30, leading to plasticization of the polymer in exposed regions 66 of layer 30 relative to unexposed regions of layer 30.
Plasticization decreases the glass transition temperature (Tg) and enhances diffusion of the photoacid (as represented by arrows 67 in FIG. 6) within the exposed region 66 of layer 30 relative to unexposed portions. Increased diffusion of the photoacid increases the de-protection of the hydrophobic protecting groups like t-butyl ester group of the plasticized polymer of layer 30, thereby leading to increased formation of hydrophilic moieties like carboxylic acid moieties within the polymer of photoresist layer 30 relative to an exposed area of the same layer 30 without the use of layer 76. Accordingly, due to the increased diffusion of photoacid due to layer 76, a significantly lower exposure energy can be used to accurately and completely pattern layer 30.
The degree of diffusion of the hydrophilic polymer from layer 76 into the hydrophobic polymer of layer 30 is temperature dependent. The greater the temperature, the greater the degree of plasticization and diffusion. Also, the diffusion is a self-limiting process as it terminates when melted hydrophilic polymer concentration from layer 76 is exhausted. Therefore, the thicker hydrophilic polymer (the thicker layer 76) results in greater diffusion into the polymer of photoresist layer 30 and consequently greater plasticization of the polymer of layer 30 and greater enhancement of diffusion of the photoacid within the polymer of layer 30.
As discussed above, greater enhancement of the diffusion of the photoacid within layer 30 results in greater enhancement of the de-protection reaction. Therefore, the baking temperature of step 52 and exposure dose of step 46 can be used to control the critical dimensions of the structure to be patterned. Therefore, baking temperatures, the thickness of layers 76 and 30, and energy dosages can be adjusted in, accordance with the system parameters and design criteria.
With reference to FIG. 7, layer 30 is developed to provide features 32 defining holes or apertures 82 in step 54. Apertures 82 can be utilized in a variety of integrated circuit processing including trench formation, contact formation, via formation, as well as doping windows, or other integrated circuit fabrication processes.
In a preferred embodiment, layer 76 is removed in the developing process (step 54). Alternatively, layer 76 can be stripped before step 54 and after step 52. Layer 76 can be stripped by simply rinsing in de-ionized water.
Layer 30 is preferably developed in an aqueous basic solution such as 0.24N tetramethylammonium hydroxide. The aqueous basic solvent dissolves and washes away exposed regions 66 of the resist which include carboxylic acid moieties. Due to the preferential diffusion of layer 76 into exposed region 66 (FIG. 6) of layer 30 (enhanced de-protection of the photoresist polymer in regions 66), dissolution contrast is enhanced in exposed region 66 (FIG. 6) at significantly lower exposure doses. This provides improved critical dimension reduction, improved processing windows and exposure latitudes as well as smoother side walls, and line edge profiles of features 32 of layer 30 relative to features processed according to conventional fashions.
With reference to FIG. 8, substrate 26 is further processed in accordance with features 32 (FIG. 7) to form trenches 88 in substrate 26 according to step 56 (FIG. 1). Trenches 88 can be formed by etching in a conventional process. Alternatively, in FIG. 9, a dielectric layer above substrate 26 can be processed to include vias 92 such as vias for contacts through a dielectric layer 94. Vias 92 can be formed using the process described above with reference to FIGS. 1-7.
In yet another alternative in FIG. 10, contacts 96 can be formed above substrate 26 using the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-7 and via holes or apertures 98 can be formed in a photoresist layer above a conductive layer 99 above dielectric layer 94 using the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-7. Conductive vias can be provided in apertures 98 to form contacts to layer 99.
With reference to FIG. 11 A-C, a representations of scanning electron microscope (SEM) micrographs of vias in layer 30 fabricated by different processes can be compared. With reference to FIG. 11B, a representation of SEM micrograph 202 includes via structures 204 formed by the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-6. With reference to FIG. 11A, a representation of an SEM micrograph 208 includes via structures 210. Via structures 210 are formed in accordance with a conventional double-baked process at 130° C. With reference to FIG. 11C, a representation of a micrograph 212 includes via structures 214 formed in accordance with a conventional lithographic process.
Via structures 204, 210 and 214 in FIGS. 11 A-C were formed at best focus with a 12 mJ exposure dose, and a post-exposure bake temperature of approximately 130° C. As can be seen in FIGS. 11 A-C, via structures 204, formed in accordance with the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-7 are rounder, smoother and larger than those obtained with conventional single-bake and double-bake processes (vias 210 and 214). The rounder, smoother nature of vias 204 indicates a greater potential for forming smaller features than conventional processes.
With reference to FIG. 12, a representation of a micrograph 218 includes dense via structures 220, isolated via structures 224, and string via structures 226 formed according to the process described above with reference to FIGS. 1-6. With reference to FIG. 13, a representation of a micrograph 229 shows dense via structures 224, isolated structures 225 and string via structures 227. Vias structures 221, 225 and 227 have a dimension of approximately 120 nm following photoresist processings and are formed using via structures 220, 224 and 226, respectively. The dimensions of via structures 220, 224, and 226 are approximately 90 nm.
With reference to FIGS. 14 and 15, graphs 300 and 320 show the process windows of 130 nm and 100 nm vias patterned using the HOL process and a standard process, using KrF (248 nm laser) lithography. The resist used was DXP 6270P from Clariant Corporation. The bake temperature for both the HOL and the standard process was 130° C. The Y-axes 312, 322 represent exposure latitude in percent, and the X-axes 314, 324 represent depth of focus in micrometers of the via structures. The process window is the area under each line 316, 318, 326, 328. The process window obtained with the HOL process (e.g., the process window under lines 316 and 326) is much larger than that obtained with the standard process (e.g., the process window under lines 318 and 328) for both the 130 nm and 100 run vias.
With reference to FIG. 16, contrast curves for PAR-721 resists patterned in accordance with the process described above with reference to FIGS. 1-6 and for PAR-721 resist patterned by conventional process are shown. Graph 350 (the logarithmic sensitivity plot) shows thickness versus exposure energy. The contrast is defined as the linear slope of the transition region and describes the ability of the resist to distinguish between exposed and non-exposed areas.
A line 352 represents a process described with reference to FIGS. 1-6 and a line 354 represents a conventional process. A Y-axis 356 represents a percentage of resist thickness and an X-axis 358 is the logarithm of the exposure dose in mJ. As shown by lines 352 and 354, a smaller exposure dose is able to expose and de-protect the entire thickness of photoresist when using the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-6.
Graph 350 shows that the contrast curve of the process described with reference to FIGS. 1-6 is superior to a conventional process. Curve 352 shows the remaining resist of a uniformly-illuminated photoresist versus the logarithm of the applied exposure dose.
With reference to FIGS. 17 A-B, representations of two micrographs 380 A-B show trench structures 382 and 384. Trench structures 382 were formed with a conventional process (dose equals 30 mJ/cm2, PEB equals 130° C./90s), while trench structures 384 were formed using a hydrophilic overlayer process (dose equals 23.5 mJ/cm2, PEB equals 130° C./60s, bake temperature equals 125° C./60s). The exposure process utilized an ASML 5500/900 scanner, NA equals 0.63, partial coherence equals 0.5 using a resist of PAR707. The hydrophilic overlayer structures 384 as shown are sharper and require a lower dose to print them to a desired critical dimension than is required for conventional structures 382.
It is understood that although the detailed drawings, specific examples, and particular values describe the exemplary embodiments of the present invention, they are for purposes of illustration only. The exemplary embodiments of the present invention are not limited to the precise details and descriptions described herein. For example, although particular materials or chemistries are described, other materials or chemistries can be utilized. Further, although the formation of contacts and trenches are described, the process can be applied to any lithographic process. Various modifications may be made in the details disclosed without departing from the spirit of the invention as defined in the following claims.
Claims (20)
What is claimed is:
1. An integrated circuit fabrication process, the process comprising:
exposing a photoresist layer to a pattern, of electromagnetic energy above a substrate; and
providing a hydrophilic layer above the photoresist layer, whereby polymers in the hydrophilic layer diffuse into the photoresist layer after provision of the hydrophilic layer, thereby leading to plasticization of photoresist layer polymers in exposed regions relative to unexposed regions.
2. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic layer includes at least one of polymer or copolymer selected from the groups of fluoroalkyl methacrylic acid, fluoroalkyl acrylic acid, alpha., beta.-monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing acid functionality, such as monomers containing at least one carboxylic acid group including acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, (meth)acryloxypropionic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, monoalkyl maleates, monoalkyl fumerates and monoalkyl itaconates; acid substituted (meth)acrylates, sulfoethyl methacrylate and phosphoethyl (meth)acrylate; acid substituted (meth)acrylamides, 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid and ammonium salts of such acid functional and acid-substituted monomers; basic substituted (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylamides, amine substituted methacrylates including dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tertiary-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide; acrylonitrile; (meth)acrylamide and substituted (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide; (meth)acrolein; and methyl acrylate.
3. The process of claim 1, wherein the hydrophilic layer is provided with a surfactant.
4. The process of claim 1, further comprising baking the photoresist layer and the hydrophilic layer.
5. The process of claim 4, further comprising developing the photoresist layer in an aqueous solvent.
6. The process of claim 5, wherein the aqueous solvent is a basic solvent.
7. A method of patterning a photoresist layer for an integrated circuit, the method comprising steps of:
providing a pattern of electromagnetic energy to a photoresist layer;
providing a hydrophilic overlayer above the photoresist layer after the providing a pattern step;
diffusing polymers into the photoresist layer, thereby leading to plasticization of photoresist layer polymers according to the pattern; and
developing the photoresist layer to form a photoresist pattern similar to the pattern of electromagnetic energy, whereby resolution and process window is increased due at least in part to the overlayer.
8. The method of claim 7, further comprising baking the overlayer and the photoresist layer to cause hydrophilic polymers in the overlayer to diffuse into the photoresist layer.
9. The method of claim 7, wherein the providing a pattern step utilizes a low dose of radiation.
10. The method of claim 9, wherein the pattern defines trenches or contact holes.
11. The method of claim 7, wherein the developing step removes the overlayer.
12. The method of claim 7, wherein the overlayer includes at least one of polymer or copolymer selected from the groups of fluoroalkyl methacrylic acid, fluoroalkyl acrylic acid, alpha., beta.-monoethylenically unsaturated monomers containing acid functionality, and monomers containing at least one carboxylic acid group including acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, (meth)acryloxypropionic acid, itaconic acid, maleic acid, maleic anhydride, fumaric acid, crotonic acid, monoalkyl maleates, monoalkyl fumerates and monoalkyl itaconates; acid substituted (meth)acrylates, sulfoethyl methacrylate and phosphoethyl (meth)acrylate; acid substituted (meth)acrylamides, such as 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropylsulfonic acid and ammonium salts of such acid functional and acid-substituted monomers; basic substituted (meth)acrylates and (meth)acrylamides, amine substituted methacrylates including dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate, tertiary-butylaminoethyl methacrylate and dimethylaminopropyl methacrylamide; acrylonitrile; (meth)acrylamide and substituted (meth)acrylamide, diacetone acrylamide, (meth)acrolein, and methyl acrylate.
13. A method of patterning an integrated circuit, the method comprising:
providing a lithographic medium including a patterned photoresist material including first regions of exposure to electromagnetic energy and second regions of non-exposure to the electromagnetic energy;
providing an overlayer of hydrophilic material after providing the patterned photoresist material;
diffusing polymeric constituents of the hydrophilic layer into the photoresist material according to the first regions and the second regions; and
developing the photoresist material, whereby resolution and process window are increased.
14. The method of claim 13, wherein the photoresist material includes chemically amplified or non-chemically amplified positive tone photoresist material including a hydrophobic polymer.
15. The method of claim 14, wherein the patterned photoresist material defines trenches or contact holes.
16. The method of claim 14, wherein the first regions represent gate conductor or contact lines, trenches or contact holes on an integrated circuit.
17. The method of claim 16, further comprising a surfactant adjacent the hydrophilic layer.
18. The method of claim 13, wherein the hydrophilic layer is a thin layer.
19. The method of claim 13, wherein the photoresist material has a higher glass transition temperature than the photoresist material with the polymeric constituents.
20. The method of claim 13, wherein the first regions define contact holes or trenches.
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US20040229409A1 (en) * 2003-05-13 2004-11-18 National Chiao Tung University Method for fabricating nanometer gate in semiconductor device using thermally reflowed resist technology
US6943068B2 (en) * 2003-05-13 2005-09-13 National Chiao Tung University Method for fabricating nanometer gate in semiconductor device using thermally reflowed resist technology
US20070005052A1 (en) * 2005-06-15 2007-01-04 Kampa Gregory J Treatment and diagnostic catheters with hydrogel electrodes
US20070215874A1 (en) * 2006-03-17 2007-09-20 Toshiharu Furukawa Layout and process to contact sub-lithographic structures
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US8257912B2 (en) 2006-08-02 2012-09-04 Nxp B.V. Photolithography
US20090311623A1 (en) * 2006-08-02 2009-12-17 Nxp, B.V. Photolithography
DE102006051766A1 (en) * 2006-11-02 2008-05-08 Qimonda Ag Structured photo resist layer, on a substrate, uses selective illumination with separate acids and bakings before developing
US8753738B2 (en) 2007-03-06 2014-06-17 Micron Technology, Inc. Registered structure formation via the application of directed thermal energy to diblock copolymer films
US20080274413A1 (en) * 2007-03-22 2008-11-06 Micron Technology, Inc. Sub-10 nm line features via rapid graphoepitaxial self-assembly of amphiphilic monolayers
US8784974B2 (en) 2007-03-22 2014-07-22 Micron Technology, Inc. Sub-10 NM line features via rapid graphoepitaxial self-assembly of amphiphilic monolayers
US20100163180A1 (en) * 2007-03-22 2010-07-01 Millward Dan B Sub-10 NM Line Features Via Rapid Graphoepitaxial Self-Assembly of Amphiphilic Monolayers
US8557128B2 (en) 2007-03-22 2013-10-15 Micron Technology, Inc. Sub-10 nm line features via rapid graphoepitaxial self-assembly of amphiphilic monolayers
US8801894B2 (en) * 2007-03-22 2014-08-12 Micron Technology, Inc. Sub-10 NM line features via rapid graphoepitaxial self-assembly of amphiphilic monolayers
US9276059B2 (en) 2007-04-18 2016-03-01 Micron Technology, Inc. Semiconductor device structures including metal oxide structures
US8956713B2 (en) 2007-04-18 2015-02-17 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming a stamp and a stamp
US20110232515A1 (en) * 2007-04-18 2011-09-29 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming a stamp, a stamp and a patterning system
US9768021B2 (en) 2007-04-18 2017-09-19 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming semiconductor device structures including metal oxide structures
US9142420B2 (en) 2007-04-20 2015-09-22 Micron Technology, Inc. Extensions of self-assembled structures to increased dimensions via a “bootstrap” self-templating method
US8609221B2 (en) 2007-06-12 2013-12-17 Micron Technology, Inc. Alternating self-assembling morphologies of diblock copolymers controlled by variations in surfaces
US9257256B2 (en) 2007-06-12 2016-02-09 Micron Technology, Inc. Templates including self-assembled block copolymer films
US8785559B2 (en) 2007-06-19 2014-07-22 Micron Technology, Inc. Crosslinkable graft polymer non-preferentially wetted by polystyrene and polyethylene oxide
US8999492B2 (en) 2008-02-05 2015-04-07 Micron Technology, Inc. Method to produce nanometer-sized features with directed assembly of block copolymers
US20100316849A1 (en) * 2008-02-05 2010-12-16 Millward Dan B Method to Produce Nanometer-Sized Features with Directed Assembly of Block Copolymers
US8641914B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2014-02-04 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of improving long range order in self-assembly of block copolymer films with ionic liquids
US9315609B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2016-04-19 Micron Technology, Inc. Thermal anneal of block copolymer films with top interface constrained to wet both blocks with equal preference
US8633112B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2014-01-21 Micron Technology, Inc. Thermal anneal of block copolymer films with top interface constrained to wet both blocks with equal preference
US9682857B2 (en) 2008-03-21 2017-06-20 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of improving long range order in self-assembly of block copolymer films with ionic liquids and materials produced therefrom
US8993088B2 (en) 2008-05-02 2015-03-31 Micron Technology, Inc. Polymeric materials in self-assembled arrays and semiconductor structures comprising polymeric materials
US8669645B2 (en) 2008-10-28 2014-03-11 Micron Technology, Inc. Semiconductor structures including polymer material permeated with metal oxide
US8900963B2 (en) 2011-11-02 2014-12-02 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming semiconductor device structures, and related structures
US9431605B2 (en) 2011-11-02 2016-08-30 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming semiconductor device structures
US9087699B2 (en) 2012-10-05 2015-07-21 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming an array of openings in a substrate, and related methods of forming a semiconductor device structure
US9229328B2 (en) 2013-05-02 2016-01-05 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming semiconductor device structures, and related semiconductor device structures
US9177795B2 (en) 2013-09-27 2015-11-03 Micron Technology, Inc. Methods of forming nanostructures including metal oxides
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Program Listing for File codecs.hpp
Holoscan 1.0.3
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/* * SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright (c) 2023 NVIDIA CORPORATION & AFFILIATES. All rights reserved. * SPDX-License-Identifier: Apache-2.0 * * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License"); * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License. * You may obtain a copy of the License at * * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 * * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS, * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied. * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and * limitations under the License. */ #include <array> #include <string> #include <vector> #include "./holoviz.hpp" #include "holoscan/core/codec_registry.hpp" #include "holoscan/core/endpoint.hpp" #include "holoscan/core/expected.hpp" namespace holoscan { // Define codec for ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View template <> struct codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View> { static expected<size_t, RuntimeError> serialize(const ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View& view, Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t total_size = 0; auto maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(view.offset_x_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(view.offset_y_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(view.width_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(view.height_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); bool has_matrix = view.matrix_.has_value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<bool>(has_matrix, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); if (has_matrix) { ContiguousDataHeader header; header.size = 16; header.bytes_per_element = sizeof(float); maybe_size = endpoint->write_trivial_type<ContiguousDataHeader>(&header); if (!maybe_size) { return forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = endpoint->write(view.matrix_.value().data(), header.size * header.bytes_per_element); if (!maybe_size) { return forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); } return total_size; } static expected<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View, RuntimeError> deserialize(Endpoint* endpoint) { ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View out; auto offset_x = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!offset_x) { forward_error(offset_x); } out.offset_x_ = offset_x.value(); auto offset_y = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!offset_y) { forward_error(offset_y); } out.offset_y_ = offset_y.value(); auto width = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!width) { forward_error(width); } out.width_ = width.value(); auto height = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!height) { forward_error(height); } out.height_ = height.value(); auto maybe_has_matrix = deserialize_trivial_type<bool>(endpoint); if (!maybe_has_matrix) { forward_error(maybe_has_matrix); } bool has_matrix = maybe_has_matrix.value(); if (has_matrix) { out.matrix_ = std::array<float, 16>{}; ContiguousDataHeader header; auto header_size = endpoint->read_trivial_type<ContiguousDataHeader>(&header); if (!header_size) { return forward_error(header_size); } auto result = endpoint->read(out.matrix_.value().data(), header.size * header.bytes_per_element); if (!result) { return forward_error(result); } } return out; } }; // Define codec for std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View> template <> struct codec<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>> { static expected<size_t, RuntimeError> serialize( const std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>& views, Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t total_size = 0; // header is just the total number of views size_t num_views = views.size(); auto size = endpoint->write_trivial_type<size_t>(&num_views); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } total_size += size.value(); // now transmit each individual view for (const auto& view : views) { size = codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>::serialize(view, endpoint); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } total_size += size.value(); } return total_size; } static expected<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>, RuntimeError> deserialize( Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t num_views; auto size = endpoint->read_trivial_type<size_t>(&num_views); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View> data; data.reserve(num_views); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_views; i++) { auto view = codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!view) { return forward_error(view); } data.push_back(view.value()); } return data; } }; // Define codec for serialization of ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec template <> struct codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec> { static expected<size_t, RuntimeError> serialize(const ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec& spec, Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t total_size = 0; auto maybe_size = codec<std::string>::serialize(spec.tensor_name_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<ops::HolovizOp::InputType>(spec.type_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(spec.opacity_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<int32_t>(spec.priority_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = codec<std::vector<float>>::serialize(spec.color_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(spec.line_width_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<float>(spec.point_size_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = codec<std::vector<std::string>>::serialize(spec.text_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = serialize_trivial_type<ops::HolovizOp::DepthMapRenderMode>( spec.depth_map_render_mode_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); maybe_size = codec<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>>::serialize(spec.views_, endpoint); if (!maybe_size) { forward_error(maybe_size); } total_size += maybe_size.value(); return total_size; } static expected<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec, RuntimeError> deserialize(Endpoint* endpoint) { ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec out; auto tensor_name = codec<std::string>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!tensor_name) { forward_error(tensor_name); } out.tensor_name_ = tensor_name.value(); auto type = deserialize_trivial_type<ops::HolovizOp::InputType>(endpoint); if (!type) { forward_error(type); } out.type_ = type.value(); auto opacity = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!opacity) { forward_error(opacity); } out.opacity_ = opacity.value(); auto priority = deserialize_trivial_type<int32_t>(endpoint); if (!priority) { forward_error(priority); } out.priority_ = priority.value(); auto color = codec<std::vector<float>>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!color) { forward_error(color); } out.color_ = color.value(); auto line_width = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!line_width) { forward_error(line_width); } out.line_width_ = line_width.value(); auto point_size = deserialize_trivial_type<float>(endpoint); if (!point_size) { forward_error(point_size); } out.point_size_ = point_size.value(); auto text = codec<std::vector<std::string>>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!text) { forward_error(text); } out.text_ = text.value(); auto depth_map_render_mode = deserialize_trivial_type<ops::HolovizOp::DepthMapRenderMode>(endpoint); if (!depth_map_render_mode) { forward_error(depth_map_render_mode); } out.depth_map_render_mode_ = depth_map_render_mode.value(); auto views = codec<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec::View>>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!views) { forward_error(views); } out.views_ = views.value(); return out; } }; // Define codec for serialization of std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec> template <> struct codec<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec>> { static expected<size_t, RuntimeError> serialize( const std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec>& specs, Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t total_size = 0; // header is just the total number of specs size_t num_specs = specs.size(); auto size = endpoint->write_trivial_type<size_t>(&num_specs); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } total_size += size.value(); // now transmit each individual spec for (const auto& spec : specs) { size = codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec>::serialize(spec, endpoint); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } total_size += size.value(); } return total_size; } static expected<std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec>, RuntimeError> deserialize( Endpoint* endpoint) { size_t num_specs; auto size = endpoint->read_trivial_type<size_t>(&num_specs); if (!size) { return forward_error(size); } std::vector<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec> data; data.reserve(num_specs); for (size_t i = 0; i < num_specs; i++) { auto spec = codec<ops::HolovizOp::InputSpec>::deserialize(endpoint); if (!spec) { return forward_error(spec); } data.push_back(spec.value()); } return data; } }; } // namespace holoscan
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lwx1284140 authored 2024-05-17 16:16 . add 0517
@Prop装饰器：父子单向同步
@Prop装饰的变量可以和父组件建立单向的同步关系。@Prop装饰的变量是可变的，但是变化不会同步回其父组件。
说明：
从API version 9开始，该装饰器支持在ArkTS卡片中使用。
从API version 11开始，该装饰器支持在元服务中使用。
概述
@Prop装饰的变量和父组件建立单向的同步关系：
• @Prop变量允许在本地修改，但修改后的变化不会同步回父组件。
• 当数据源更改时，@Prop装饰的变量都会更新，并且会覆盖本地所有更改。因此，数值的同步是父组件到子组件（所属组件)，子组件数值的变化不会同步到父组件。
限制条件
• @Prop装饰变量时会进行深拷贝，在拷贝的过程中除了基本类型、Map、Set、Date、Array外，都会丢失类型。例如PixelMap等通过NAPI提供的复杂类型，由于有部分实现在Native侧，因此无法在ArkTS侧通过深拷贝获得完整的数据。
• @Prop装饰器不能在@Entry装饰的自定义组件中使用。
装饰器使用规则说明
@Prop变量装饰器 说明
装饰器参数
同步类型 单向同步：对父组件状态变量值的修改，将同步给子组件@Prop装饰的变量，子组件@Prop变量的修改不会同步到父组件的状态变量上。嵌套类型的场景请参考观察变化
允许装饰的变量类型 Object、class、string、number、boolean、enum类型，以及这些类型的数组。
不支持any，支持undefined和null。
支持Date类型。
API11及以上支持Map、Set类型。
支持类型的场景请参考观察变化
API11及以上支持上述支持类型的联合类型，比如string | number, string | undefined 或者 ClassA | null，示例见Prop支持联合类型实例
注意
当使用undefined和null的时候，建议显式指定类型，遵循TypeScript类型校验，比如：@Prop a : string | undefined = undefined是推荐的，不推荐@Prop a: string = undefined
支持ArkUI框架定义的联合类型Length、ResourceStr、ResourceColor类型。 必须指定类型。
@Prop和数据源类型需要相同，有以下三种情况：
- @Prop装饰的变量和@State以及其他装饰器同步时双方的类型必须相同，示例请参考父组件@State到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
- @Prop装饰的变量和@State以及其他装饰器装饰的数组的项同步时 ，@Prop的类型需要和@State装饰的数组的数组项相同，比如@Prop : T和@State : Array<T>，示例请参考父组件@State数组中的项到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
- 当父组件状态变量为Object或者class时，@Prop装饰的变量和父组件状态变量的属性类型相同，示例请参考从父组件中的@State类对象属性到@Prop简单类型的同步
嵌套传递层数 在组件复用场景，建议@Prop深度嵌套数据不要超过5层，嵌套太多会导致深拷贝占用的空间过大以及GarbageCollection(垃圾回收)，引起性能问题，此时更建议使用@ObjectLink
被装饰变量的初始值 允许本地初始化。如果在API 11中和@Require结合使用，则必须父组件构造传参。
变量的传递/访问规则说明
传递/访问 说明
从父组件初始化 如果本地有初始化，则是可选的。没有的话，则必选，支持父组件中的常规变量（常规变量对@Prop赋值，只是数值的初始化，常规变量的变化不会触发UI刷新。只有状态变量才能触发UI刷新）、@State、@Link、@Prop、@Provide、@Consume、@ObjectLink、@StorageLink、@StorageProp、@LocalStorageLink和@LocalStorageProp去初始化子组件中的@Prop变量。
用于初始化子组件 @Prop支持去初始化子组件中的常规变量、@State、@Link、@Prop、@Provide。
是否支持组件外访问 @Prop装饰的变量是私有的，只能在组件内访问。
图1 初始化规则图示
zh-cn_image_0000001552972029
观察变化和行为表现
观察变化
@Prop装饰的数据可以观察到以下变化。
• 当装饰的类型是允许的类型，即Object、class、string、number、boolean、enum类型都可以观察到赋值的变化。
// 简单类型
@Prop count: number;
// 赋值的变化可以被观察到
this.count = 1;
// 复杂类型
@Prop title: Model;
// 可以观察到赋值的变化
this.title = new Model('Hi');
• 当装饰的类型是Object或者class复杂类型时，可以观察到第一层的属性的变化，属性即Object.keys(observedObject)返回的所有属性；
class ClassA {
public value: string;
constructor(value: string) {
this.value = value;
}
}
class Model {
public value: string;
public a: ClassA;
constructor(value: string, a: ClassA) {
this.value = value;
this.a = a;
}
}
@Prop title: Model;
// 可以观察到第一层的变化
this.title.value = 'Hi'
// 观察不到第二层的变化
this.title.a.value = 'ArkUi'
对于嵌套场景，如果class是被@Observed装饰的，可以观察到class属性的变化，示例请参考@Prop嵌套场景
• 当装饰的类型是数组的时候，可以观察到数组本身的赋值和数组项的添加、删除和更新。
// @State装饰的对象为数组时
@Prop title: string[]
// 数组自身的赋值可以观察到
this.title = ['1']
// 数组项的赋值可以观察到
this.title[0] = '2'
// 删除数组项可以观察到
this.title.pop()
// 新增数组项可以观察到
this.title.push('3')
对于@State和@Prop的同步场景：
• 使用父组件中@State变量的值初始化子组件中的@Prop变量。当@State变量变化时，该变量值也会同步更新至@Prop变量。
• @Prop装饰的变量的修改不会影响其数据源@State装饰变量的值。
• 除了@State，数据源也可以用@Link或@Prop装饰，对@Prop的同步机制是相同的。
• 数据源和@Prop变量的类型需要相同，@Prop允许简单类型和class类型。
• 当装饰的对象是Date时，可以观察到Date整体的赋值，同时可通过调用Date的接口setFullYear, setMonth, setDate, setHours, setMinutes, setSeconds, setMilliseconds, setTime, setUTCFullYear, setUTCMonth, setUTCDate, setUTCHours, setUTCMinutes, setUTCSeconds, setUTCMilliseconds 更新Date的属性。
@Component
struct DateComponent {
@Prop selectedDate: Date = new Date('');
build() {
Column() {
Button('child update the new date')
.margin(10)
.onClick(() => {
this.selectedDate = new Date('2023-09-09')
})
Button(`child increase the year by 1`).onClick(() => {
this.selectedDate.setFullYear(this.selectedDate.getFullYear() + 1)
})
DatePicker({
start: new Date('1970-1-1'),
end: new Date('2100-1-1'),
selected: this.selectedDate
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ParentComponent {
@State parentSelectedDate: Date = new Date('2021-08-08');
build() {
Column() {
Button('parent update the new date')
.margin(10)
.onClick(() => {
this.parentSelectedDate = new Date('2023-07-07')
})
Button('parent increase the day by 1')
.margin(10)
.onClick(() => {
this.parentSelectedDate.setDate(this.parentSelectedDate.getDate() + 1)
})
DatePicker({
start: new Date('1970-1-1'),
end: new Date('2100-1-1'),
selected: this.parentSelectedDate
})
DateComponent({ selectedDate: this.parentSelectedDate })
}
}
}
• 当装饰的变量是Map时，可以观察到Map整体的赋值，同时可通过调用Map的接口set, clear, delete 更新Map的值。详见装饰Map类型变量
• 当装饰的变量是Set时，可以观察到Set整体的赋值，同时可通过调用Set的接口add, clear, delete 更新Set的值。详见装饰Set类型变量
框架行为
要理解@Prop变量值初始化和更新机制，有必要了解父组件和拥有@Prop变量的子组件初始渲染和更新流程。
1. 初始渲染：
1. 执行父组件的build()函数将创建子组件的新实例，将数据源传递给子组件；
2. 初始化子组件@Prop装饰的变量。
2. 更新：
1. 子组件@Prop更新时，更新仅停留在当前子组件，不会同步回父组件；
2. 当父组件的数据源更新时，子组件的@Prop装饰的变量将被来自父组件的数据源重置，所有@Prop装饰的本地的修改将被父组件的更新覆盖。
说明：
@Prop装饰的数据更新依赖其所属自定义组件的重新渲染，所以在应用进入后台后，@Prop无法刷新，推荐使用@Link代替。
使用场景
父组件@State到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
以下示例是@State到子组件@Prop简单数据同步，父组件ParentComponent的状态变量countDownStartValue初始化子组件CountDownComponent中@Prop装饰的count，点击“Try again”，count的修改仅保留在CountDownComponent 不会同步给父组件ParentComponent。
ParentComponent的状态变量countDownStartValue的变化将重置CountDownComponent的count。
@Component
struct CountDownComponent {
@Prop count: number = 0;
costOfOneAttempt: number = 1;
build() {
Column() {
if (this.count > 0) {
Text(`You have ${this.count} Nuggets left`)
} else {
Text('Game over!')
}
// @Prop装饰的变量不会同步给父组件
Button(`Try again`).onClick(() => {
this.count -= this.costOfOneAttempt;
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct ParentComponent {
@State countDownStartValue: number = 10;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Grant ${this.countDownStartValue} nuggets to play.`)
// 父组件的数据源的修改会同步给子组件
Button(`+1 - Nuggets in New Game`).onClick(() => {
this.countDownStartValue += 1;
})
// 父组件的修改会同步给子组件
Button(`-1 - Nuggets in New Game`).onClick(() => {
this.countDownStartValue -= 1;
})
CountDownComponent({ count: this.countDownStartValue, costOfOneAttempt: 2 })
}
}
}
在上面的示例中：
1. CountDownComponent子组件首次创建时其@Prop装饰的count变量将从父组件@State装饰的countDownStartValue变量初始化；
2. 按“+1”或“-1”按钮时，父组件的@State装饰的countDownStartValue值会变化，这将触发父组件重新渲染，在父组件重新渲染过程中会刷新使用countDownStartValue状态变量的UI组件并单向同步更新CountDownComponent子组件中的count值；
3. 更新count状态变量值也会触发CountDownComponent的重新渲染，在重新渲染过程中，评估使用count状态变量的if语句条件（this.count > 0），并执行true分支中的使用count状态变量的UI组件相关描述来更新Text组件的UI显示；
4. 当按下子组件CountDownComponent的“Try again”按钮时，其@Prop变量count将被更改，但是count值的更改不会影响父组件的countDownStartValue值；
5. 父组件的countDownStartValue值会变化时，父组件的修改将覆盖掉子组件CountDownComponent中count本地的修改。
父组件@State数组项到子组件@Prop简单数据类型同步
父组件中@State如果装饰的数组，其数组项也可以初始化@Prop。以下示例中父组件Index中@State装饰的数组arr，将其数组项初始化子组件Child中@Prop装饰的value。
@Component
struct Child {
@Prop value: number = 0;
build() {
Text(`${this.value}`)
.fontSize(50)
.onClick(() => {
this.value++
})
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Index {
@State arr: number[] = [1, 2, 3];
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
Child({ value: this.arr[0] })
Child({ value: this.arr[1] })
Child({ value: this.arr[2] })
Divider().height(5)
ForEach(this.arr,
(item: number) => {
Child({ value: item })
},
(item: string) => item.toString()
)
Text('replace entire arr')
.fontSize(50)
.onClick(() => {
// 两个数组都包含项“3”。
this.arr = this.arr[0] == 1 ? [3, 4, 5] : [1, 2, 3];
})
}
}
}
}
初始渲染创建6个子组件实例，每个@Prop装饰的变量初始化都在本地拷贝了一份数组项。子组件onclick事件处理程序会更改局部变量值。
如果点击界面上的“1”六下，“2”五下、“3”四下，将所有变量的本地取值都变为“7”。
7
7
7
----
7
7
7
单击replace entire arr后，屏幕将显示以下信息。
3
4
5
----
7
4
5
• 在子组件Child中做的所有的修改都不会同步回父组件Index组件，所以即使6个组件显示都为7，但在父组件Index中，this.arr保存的值依旧是[1,2,3]。
• 点击replace entire arr，this.arr[0] == 1成立，将this.arr赋值为[3, 4, 5]；
• 因为this.arr[0]已更改，Child({value: this.arr[0]})组件将this.arr[0]更新同步到实例@Prop装饰的变量。Child({value: this.arr[1]})和Child({value: this.arr[2]})的情况也类似。
• this.arr的更改触发ForEach更新，this.arr更新的前后都有数值为3的数组项：[3, 4, 5] 和[1, 2, 3]。根据diff算法，数组项“3”将被保留，删除“1”和“2”的数组项，添加为“4”和“5”的数组项。这就意味着，数组项“3”的组件不会重新生成，而是将其移动到第一位。所以“3”对应的组件不会更新，此时“3”对应的组件数值为“7”，ForEach最终的渲染结果是“7”，“4”，“5”。
从父组件中的@State类对象属性到@Prop简单类型的同步
如果图书馆有一本图书和两位用户，每位用户都可以将图书标记为已读，此标记行为不会影响其它读者用户。从代码角度讲，对@Prop图书对象的本地更改不会同步给图书馆组件中的@State图书对象。
在此示例中，图书类可以使用@Observed装饰器，但不是必须的，只有在嵌套结构时需要此装饰器。这一点我们会在从父组件中的@State数组项到@Prop class类型的同步说明。
class Book {
public title: string;
public pages: number;
public readIt: boolean = false;
constructor(title: string, pages: number) {
this.title = title;
this.pages = pages;
}
}
@Component
struct ReaderComp {
@Prop book: Book = new Book("", 0);
build() {
Row() {
Text(this.book.title)
Text(`...has${this.book.pages} pages!`)
Text(`...${this.book.readIt ? "I have read" : 'I have not read it'}`)
.onClick(() => this.book.readIt = true)
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Library {
@State book: Book = new Book('100 secrets of C++', 765);
build() {
Column() {
ReaderComp({ book: this.book })
ReaderComp({ book: this.book })
}
}
}
从父组件中的@State数组项到@Prop class类型的同步
在下面的示例中，更改了@State 装饰的allBooks数组中Book对象上的属性，但点击“Mark read for everyone”无反应。这是因为该属性是第二层的嵌套属性，@State装饰器只能观察到第一层属性，不会观察到此属性更改，所以框架不会更新ReaderComp。
let nextId: number = 1;
// @Observed
class Book {
public id: number;
public title: string;
public pages: number;
public readIt: boolean = false;
constructor(title: string, pages: number) {
this.id = nextId++;
this.title = title;
this.pages = pages;
}
}
@Component
struct ReaderComp {
@Prop book: Book = new Book("", 1);
build() {
Row() {
Text(` ${this.book ? this.book.title : "Book is undefined"}`).fontColor('#e6000000')
Text(` has ${this.book ? this.book.pages : "Book is undefined"} pages!`).fontColor('#e6000000')
Text(` ${this.book ? this.book.readIt ? "I have read" : 'I have not read it' : "Book is undefined"}`).fontColor('#e6000000')
.onClick(() => this.book.readIt = true)
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Library {
@State allBooks: Book[] = [new Book("C#", 765), new Book("JS", 652), new Book("TS", 765)];
build() {
Column() {
Text('library`s all time favorite')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.backgroundColor('#0d000000')
.borderRadius(20)
.margin(12)
.padding({ left: 20 })
.fontColor('#e6000000')
ReaderComp({ book: this.allBooks[2] })
.backgroundColor('#0d000000')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.padding({ left: 20, top: 10 })
.borderRadius(20)
.colorBlend('#e6000000')
Divider()
Text('Books on loaan to a reader')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.backgroundColor('#0d000000')
.borderRadius(20)
.margin(12)
.padding({ left: 20 })
.fontColor('#e6000000')
ForEach(this.allBooks, (book: Book) => {
ReaderComp({ book: book })
.margin(12)
.width(312)
.height(40)
.padding({ left: 20, top: 10 })
.backgroundColor('#0d000000')
.borderRadius(20)
},
(book: Book) => book.id.toString())
Button('Add new')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.margin(12)
.fontColor('#FFFFFF 90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.allBooks.push(new Book("JA", 512));
})
Button('Remove first book')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.margin(12)
.fontColor('#FFFFFF 90%')
.onClick(() => {
if (this.allBooks.length > 0){
this.allBooks.shift();
} else {
console.log("length <= 0")
}
})
Button("Mark read for everyone")
.width(312)
.height(40)
.margin(12)
.fontColor('#FFFFFF 90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.allBooks.forEach((book) => book.readIt = true)
})
}
}
}
需要使用@Observed装饰class Book，Book的属性将被观察。 需要注意的是，@Prop在子组件装饰的状态变量和父组件的数据源是单向同步关系，即ReaderComp中的@Prop book的修改不会同步给父组件Library。而父组件只会在数值有更新的时候（和上一次状态的对比），才会触发UI的重新渲染。
@Observed
class Book {
public id: number;
public title: string;
public pages: number;
public readIt: boolean = false;
constructor(title: string, pages: number) {
this.id = nextId++;
this.title = title;
this.pages = pages;
}
}
@Observed装饰的类的实例会被不透明的代理对象包装，此代理可以检测到包装对象内的所有属性更改。如果发生这种情况，此时，代理通知@Prop，@Prop对象值被更新。
Video-prop-UsageScenario-one
@Prop本地初始化不和父组件同步
为了支持@Component装饰的组件复用场景，@Prop支持本地初始化，这样可以让@Prop是否与父组件建立同步关系变得可选。当且仅当@Prop有本地初始化时，从父组件向子组件传递@Prop的数据源才是可选的。
下面的示例中，子组件包含两个@Prop变量：
• @Prop customCounter没有本地初始化，所以需要父组件提供数据源去初始化@Prop，并当父组件的数据源变化时，@Prop也将被更新；
• @Prop customCounter2有本地初始化，在这种情况下，@Prop依旧允许但非强制父组件同步数据源给@Prop。
@Component
struct MyComponent {
@Prop customCounter: number;
@Prop customCounter2: number = 5;
build() {
Column() {
Row() {
Text(`From Main: ${this.customCounter}`).fontColor('#ff6b6565').margin({ left: -110, top: 12 })
}
Row() {
Button('Click to change locally !')
.width(288)
.height(40)
.margin({ left: 30, top: 12 })
.fontColor('#FFFFFF，90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.customCounter2++
})
}
Row() {
Text(`Custom Local: ${this.customCounter2}`).fontColor('#ff6b6565').margin({ left: -110, top: 12 })
}
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct MainProgram {
@State mainCounter: number = 10;
build() {
Column() {
Row() {
Column() {
// customCounter必须从父组件初始化，因为MyComponent的customCounter成员变量缺少本地初始化；此处，customCounter2可以不做初始化。
MyComponent({ customCounter: this.mainCounter })
// customCounter2也可以从父组件初始化，父组件初始化的值会覆盖子组件customCounter2的本地初始化的值
MyComponent({ customCounter: this.mainCounter, customCounter2: this.mainCounter })
}
}
Row() {
Column() {
Button('Click to change number')
.width(288)
.height(40)
.margin({ left: 30, top: 12 })
.fontColor('#FFFFFF，90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.mainCounter++
})
}
}
}
}
}
Video-prop-UsageScenario-two
@Prop嵌套场景
在嵌套场景下，每一层都要用@Observed装饰，且每一层都要被@Prop接收，这样才能观察到嵌套场景。
// 以下是嵌套类对象的数据结构。
@Observed
class ClassA {
public title: string;
constructor(title: string) {
this.title = title;
}
}
@Observed
class ClassB {
public name: string;
public a: ClassA;
constructor(name: string, a: ClassA) {
this.name = name;
this.a = a;
}
}
以下组件层次结构呈现的是@Prop嵌套场景的数据结构。
@Entry
@Component
struct Parent {
@State votes: ClassB = new ClassB('Hello', new ClassA('world'))
build() {
Column() {
Flex({ direction: FlexDirection.Column, alignItems: ItemAlign.Center }) {
Button('change ClassB name')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.margin(12)
.fontColor('#FFFFFF，90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.votes.name = "aaaaa"
})
Button('change ClassA title')
.width(312)
.height(40)
.margin(12)
.fontColor('#FFFFFF，90%')
.onClick(() => {
this.votes.a.title = "wwwww"
})
Text(this.votes.name)
.fontSize(16)
.margin(12)
.width(312)
.height(40)
.backgroundColor('#ededed')
.borderRadius(20)
.textAlign(TextAlign.Center)
.fontColor('#e6000000')
.onClick(() => {
this.votes.name = 'Bye'
})
Text(this.votes.a.title)
.fontSize(16)
.margin(12)
.width(312)
.height(40)
.backgroundColor('#ededed')
.borderRadius(20)
.textAlign(TextAlign.Center)
.onClick(() => {
this.votes.a.title = "openHarmony"
})
Child1({ vote1: this.votes.a })
}
}
}
}
@Component
struct Child1 {
@Prop vote1: ClassA = new ClassA('');
build() {
Column() {
Text(this.vote1.title)
.fontSize(16)
.margin(12)
.width(312)
.height(40)
.backgroundColor('#ededed')
.borderRadius(20)
.textAlign(TextAlign.Center)
.onClick(() => {
this.vote1.title = 'Bye Bye'
})
}
}
}
Video-prop-UsageScenario-three
装饰Map类型变量
说明：
从API version 11开始，@Prop支持Map类型。
在下面的示例中，value类型为Map<number, string>，点击Button改变message的值，视图会随之刷新。
@Component
struct Child {
@Prop value: Map<number, string> = new Map([[0, "a"], [1, "b"], [3, "c"]])
build() {
Column() {
ForEach(Array.from(this.value.entries()), (item: [number, string]) => {
Text(`${item[0]}`).fontSize(30)
Text(`${item[1]}`).fontSize(30)
Divider()
})
Button('child init map').onClick(() => {
this.value = new Map([[0, "a"], [1, "b"], [3, "c"]])
})
Button('child set new one').onClick(() => {
this.value.set(4, "d")
})
Button('child clear').onClick(() => {
this.value.clear()
})
Button('child replace the first one').onClick(() => {
this.value.set(0, "aa")
})
Button('child delete the first one').onClick(() => {
this.value.delete(0)
})
}
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct MapSample2 {
@State message: Map<number, string> = new Map([[0, "a"], [1, "b"], [3, "c"]])
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
Child({ value: this.message })
}
.width('100%')
}
.height('100%')
}
}
装饰Set类型变量
说明：
从API version 11开始，@Prop支持Set类型。
在下面的示例中，message类型为Set<number>，点击Button改变message的值，视图会随之刷新。
@Component
struct Child {
@Prop message: Set<number> = new Set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
build() {
Column() {
ForEach(Array.from(this.message.entries()), (item: [number, string]) => {
Text(`${item[0]}`).fontSize(30)
Divider()
})
Button('init set').onClick(() => {
this.message = new Set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
})
Button('set new one').onClick(() => {
this.message.add(5)
})
Button('clear').onClick(() => {
this.message.clear()
})
Button('delete the first one').onClick(() => {
this.message.delete(0)
})
}
.width('100%')
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct SetSample11 {
@State message: Set<number> = new Set([0, 1, 2, 3, 4])
build() {
Row() {
Column() {
Child({ message: this.message })
}
.width('100%')
}
.height('100%')
}
}
Prop支持联合类型实例
@Prop支持联合类型和undefined和null，在下面的示例中，animal类型为Animals | undefined，点击父组件Zoo中的Button改变animal的属性或者类型，Child中也会对应刷新。
class Animals {
public name: string;
constructor(name: string) {
this.name = name;
}
}
@Component
struct Child {
@Prop animal: Animals | undefined;
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Child's animal is ${this.animal instanceof Animals ? this.animal.name : 'undefined'}`).fontSize(30)
Button('Child change animals into tigers')
.onClick(() => {
// 赋值为Animals的实例
this.animal = new Animals("Tiger")
})
Button('Child change animal to undefined')
.onClick(() => {
// 赋值为undefined
this.animal = undefined
})
}.width('100%')
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Zoo {
@State animal: Animals | undefined = new Animals("lion");
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Parents' animals are ${this.animal instanceof Animals ? this.animal.name : 'undefined'}`).fontSize(30)
Child({animal: this.animal})
Button('Parents change animals into dogs')
.onClick(() => {
// 判断animal的类型，做属性的更新
if (this.animal instanceof Animals) {
this.animal.name = "Dog"
} else {
console.info('num is undefined, cannot change property')
}
})
Button('Parents change animal to undefined')
.onClick(() => {
// 赋值为undefined
this.animal = undefined
})
}
}
}
常见问题
@Prop装饰状态变量未初始化错误
@Prop需要被初始化，如果没有进行本地初始化的，则必须通过父组件进行初始化。如果进行了本地初始化，那么是可以不通过父组件进行初始化的。
【反例】
@Observed
class Commodity {
public price: number = 0;
constructor(price: number) {
this.price = price;
}
}
@Component
struct PropChild {
@Prop fruit: Commodity; // 未进行本地初始化
build() {
Text(`PropChild fruit ${this.fruit.price}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.fruit.price += 1;
})
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Parent {
@State fruit: Commodity[] = [new Commodity(1)];
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Parent fruit ${this.fruit[0].price}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.fruit[0].price += 1;
})
// @Prop本地没有初始化，也没有从父组件初始化
PropChild()
}
}
}
【正例】
@Observed
class Commodity {
public price: number = 0;
constructor(price: number) {
this.price = price;
}
}
@Component
struct PropChild1 {
@Prop fruit: Commodity; // 未进行本地初始化
build() {
Text(`PropChild1 fruit ${this.fruit.price}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.fruit.price += 1;
})
}
}
@Component
struct PropChild2 {
@Prop fruit: Commodity = new Commodity(1); // 进行本地初始化
build() {
Text(`PropChild2 fruit ${this.fruit.price}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.fruit.price += 1;
})
}
}
@Entry
@Component
struct Parent {
@State fruit: Commodity[] = [new Commodity(1)];
build() {
Column() {
Text(`Parent fruit ${this.fruit[0].price}`)
.onClick(() => {
this.fruit[0].price += 1;
})
// @PropChild1本地没有初始化，必须从父组件初始化
PropChild1({ fruit: this.fruit[0] })
// @PropChild2本地进行了初始化，可以不从父组件初始化，也可以从父组件初始化
PropChild2()
PropChild2({ fruit: this.fruit[0] })
}
}
}
other
1
https://gitee.com/openharmony/docs.git
[email protected]:openharmony/docs.git
openharmony
docs
docs
master
Search
53164aa7 5694891 3bd8fe86 5694891
|
__label__pos
| 0.994971 |
JPS53143625
Patent Translate
Powered by EPO and Google
Notice
This translation is machine-generated. It cannot be guaranteed that it is intelligible, accurate,
complete, reliable or fit for specific purposes. Critical decisions, such as commercially relevant or
financial decisions, should not be based on machine-translation output.
DESCRIPTION JPS53143625
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a conventional
microphone element, FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a conventional piezoelectric microphone with
the same microphone element, and FIGS. 3A and 3B are respectively the same The wave form
diagram of the input sound wave of a piezoelectric microphone and an output wave. Fig. 4 is a
view showing the basic configuration of another conventional piezoelectric microphone, Fig. 5 is
a perspective view of the same piezoelectric microphone, Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 are operation
explanatory diagrams of the same piezoelectric microphone, and Fig. 8 Figures A and B are
waveform diagrams of the input sound wave and the output wave of the same piezoelectric
microphone. FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a piezoelectric microphone according to an
embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 10 is a basic configuration diagram of the same
piezoelectric microphone, and FIGS. 11 and 12 are each an explanation of the operation of the
same piezoelectric microphone. Figure 13A. FIG. 14B is a waveform diagram of human-powered
acoustic waves and medium-force waves of the same piezoelectric type microphone, and FIG.
14A to FIG. 14B are schematic views of other embodiments Ω of the present invention. 8.8 ′
········· Frame, 9, 9 ′ ······ High molecular piezoelectric film, 10 ········ Case, Ml 2 M 2 ······ Microphone
element. 88 '\ M,' I, M21 '713 / 2-8θ' 1 λ
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a piezoelectric
microphone using a polymeric piezoelectric film, which improves sound pressure sensitivity and
reduces distortion. And vibration noise is intended to be removed. First, a conventional
piezoelectric microphone of this type will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 3. FIG. 1
shows a microphone element, and 1) is a polymer piezoelectric film 2.1 mm such as a
polyfluorinated vinylitin film, and a stain electrode is formed on both sides by vapor deposition,
etc. / C'G-- (2). A curved conductive frame 2 is adhered to one surface of the frame 20 along the
curvature of the polymeric piezoelectric film 1 or the frame 20. When the polymeric piezoelectric
film 1 is bonded to the frame 2, the electrode on one surface of the polymeric piezoelectric film 1
04-05-2019
1
and the conductive frame 2 are in a conducting state. 3, 31 are lead wires connected to the other
electrode of the polymeric piezoelectric film 1 and the frame 2, respectively. The microphone
element is attached to the opening surface of the case 4 as shown in FIG. 2 to become a
piezoelectric microphone. As shown in FIG. 2, when a high voltage P is applied to the polymeric
piezoelectric film 1, a signal is obtained between the lead wires 3 and 31. 3A shows the
waveform of the input sound wave applied to the polymer piezoelectric film 1, and FIG. 3B shows
the output waveform of the piezoelectric microphone. The polymer piezoelectric film 1 is curved,
The magnitude of the output voltage 3 is somewhat different between the extension direction
and the contraction direction of the polymer piezoelectric film 1, so that the output voltage is
distorted as shown in FIG. 3B. In addition, when the above-described conventional piezoelectric
microphone is used as a built-in microphone of a tape recorder, for example, there is a drawback
that vibration of a motor or the like is transmitted to generate vibration noise. Therefore, the
present inventors have already proposed a piezoelectric microphone shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 for
the purpose of improving sensitivity and preventing vibration noise. In FIGS. 4 and 5, M and M2
are microphone elements formed by bonding the polymer piezoelectric film 1 and 11 on one side
of the curved frame 2 and 2 °, respectively. Are fixed to the both open ends of the square
cylindrical case 6 respectively. 6 ° 6 'is a lead connected to one electrode of the polymeric
piezoelectric film 1, 11 respectively. Next, the operation of the piezoelectric microphone shown
in FIGS. 4 and 5 will be described with reference to FIGS. 6 and 7. FIG. 6.) As shown in FIG. 6,
when the sound pressure P is applied, a signal is generated in both microphone elements M1 and
M2, and an added output is generated between 46.6 'on the lead wire.
Thus, according to the piezoelectric microphone shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the sensitivity is
improved as compared with the piezoelectric microphone shown in FIGS. Further, according to
the piezoelectric microphone shown in FIGS. 4 and 6, vibration noise is not generated. That is, as
shown in FIG. 7, when vibration of F is applied to the piezoelectric microphone, each of the
polymeric piezoelectric films 1, 1 ′ ′ of each of the microphone elements M, M is in the
original position according to the law of inertia. Since one polymer piezoelectric film 1 is
stretched and the other polymer piezoelectric film 11 is compressed in order to solve the
problem, an opposite output is generated, and an output is not generated between the read wires
6 and 6 '. Noise due to vibration does not occur. As described above, according to the
piezoelectric microphone shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the sensitivity is improved, and the generation
of vibration noise can be prevented. However, this piezoelectric microphone can not eliminate
the occurrence of distortion −). 8A shows the waveform of the input sound wave applied to the
piezoelectric microphone, and FIG. 58B shows the output waveform generated between the lead
wires 6, 6 '. As apparent from FIG. 8B, in the piezoelectric microphones shown in FIGS. 4 and 5,
there is a difference in the magnitude of the output voltage between the extension direction and
the contraction direction of the polymer piezoelectric film 1, 1 ′ ′. Because of this, distortion
occurs. The present invention eliminates the above-mentioned conventional drawbacks, and one
embodiment of the present invention will be described below with reference to FIGS. 9 and 10. In
04-05-2019
2
FIGS. 9 and 10, 8.8 'is a curved frame, respectively, and polymeric piezoelectric films 9, 9' are
adhered to one side of this frame 8, 81 to form a microphone element M 5 M 2 There is. The
polarization direction of each of the polymeric piezoelectric films 9, 9 'is as shown in FIG. This
microphone element Ml1M. Are respectively attached to both openings of the square cylindrical
case 1o. The microphone elements M and M2 are disposed such that the curved surfaces of both
the microphone elements M and M2 are parallel to each other. 11 is connected to a frame 8 or a
lead wire, 12 is connected to one electrode of the polymer piezoelectric fiber 6 frame 9 'or a lead
wire, 13 is one of a frame 8' and a polymer piezoelectric film 9. It is a lead connected to the
electrode. Next, the operation of this embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 11 and
FIG. As shown in FIG. 11, when a sound pressure P is applied, one polymer piezoelectric film 9
"stretches" and the other polymer piezoelectric film 9 '"shrinks", and both microphone elements
M, M2 Voltage is generated between the lead wires 11.12 by adding both chamber pressures.
For this reason, the sensitivity is improved as compared with the conventional example using one
microphone element. Further, according to the present embodiment, since one polymer
piezoelectric film "stretches" and the other polymer piezoelectric film "shrinks" when a sound
pressure is applied, no distortion occurs. FIG. 13A shows the waveform of the input sound wave
applied to the piezoelectric microphone shown in FIG. 9 and FIG. 10, and FIG. 13B shows the
output waveform generated between the lead wires 11.12. 12) shows the operation when
vibration of F-- 'is added to the piezoelectric microphone of this embodiment, both 7 polymer
piezoelectric films 9, 91 are in the original position (dotted line) according to the law of inertia.
In order to try to stay in, both output voltages are canceled. As described above, according to this
embodiment, noise due to vibration does not occur. FIGS. 14A-0 respectively show other
embodiments of the present invention, and the operation of each of these embodiments is
completely the same as that of the previous embodiment. The present invention has a
configuration like that of the present invention. According to the present invention, the
sensitivity is improved, distortion is not generated, and vibration noise can be removed.
04-05-2019
3
|
__label__pos
| 0.862851 |
3
$\begingroup$
I have a system of coupled ODEs that I want to solve. The functions are A(x), B(x), C(x). It is a boundary values problem. I am using Matlab bvp4c.
So far I am not satisfied with my solutions. For the boundaries that are of interest for me, the solver fail (Matlab return "a singular Jacobian encountered"). For some other boundaries, the result depend of the initial guess. So I think that my system is ill defined. I am thinking of adding one constraint but I don't find how to implement it
How to enforce $\int_{a}^{b}d x(A(x)+B(x)+C(x))=N$ ?
$\endgroup$
1 Answer 1
6
$\begingroup$
You could augment your system of ODEs to include one more equation. If you let
\begin{align} I(x) = \int_{a}^{x}(A(s) + B(s) + C(s))\,\mathrm{d}s, \end{align}
then $I(a) = 0$, $I(b) = N$, $\dot{I}(x) = A(x) + B(x) + C(x)$, and you have another boundary value problem that you can solve in MATLAB using bvp4c.
$\endgroup$
1
• 1
$\begingroup$ Is the condition $I(a)=0$ necessary? Since $I(x)=\int_{a}^{x} (A(s)+B(s)+C(s)) ds$, then $I(a)=0$ comes by definition so it should not be required. I am asking this because I have now a system with too many boundary conditions since I added only one equation of first order but with two additional constraints ($I(a)$ and $I(b)$) $\endgroup$
– David
Commented Dec 23, 2014 at 14:33
Your Answer
By clicking “Post Your Answer”, you agree to our terms of service and acknowledge you have read our privacy policy.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged or ask your own question.
|
__label__pos
| 0.935639 |
Getting error for django and react native code Forbidden (CSRF token missing.):
I am working on a Django backend to handle some data manipulation, specifically appending and deleting data. My code works perfectly when tested with Postman, but I encounter a 403 Forbidden error when trying to access the /bookings/remove/ endpoint from my React Native frontend.
Here’s the error message I receive: Forbidden (CSRF token missing.): /bookings/remove/ "POST /bookings/remove/?booking_id=148/ HTTP/1.1" 403
Interestingly, all other endpoints are working fine without any CSRF-related issues. It’s only this specific endpoint that is causing problems.
Django Backend
i have my settings for cors as follows:
INSTALLED_APPS = [
'corsheaders',
"all other apps"
]
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = False
SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = None
SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 1209600
CORS_ALLOW_ALL_ORIGINS = True
MIDDLEWARE = [
'corsheaders.middleware.CorsMiddleware',
'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',
'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware',
'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',
'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware',
'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware',
'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware',
'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware',
]
REST_FRAMEWORK = {
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': [
'rest_framework.authentication.TokenAuthentication',
'rest_framework_simplejwt.authentication.JWTAuthentication',
],
'DEFAULT_PAGINATION_CLASS': 'rest_framework.pagination.PageNumberPagination',
'PAGE_SIZE': 10,
}
and my endpoint for which i am getting error is
@api_view(["POST"])
@permission_classes([IsAuthenticated])
@csrf_exempt
def cancel_the_booking(request, booking_id):
try:
if not booking_id:
return Response({"error": "Booking ID is required"}, status=status.HTTP_400_BAD_REQUEST)
booking = Booking.objects.get(booking_id=booking_id)
if booking.host_id != request.user.id:
return Response({"error": "You are not authorized to cancel this booking", "host": request.user.id}, status=status.HTTP_403_FORBIDDEN)
for date_price in booking.dates_price.all():
AdSpaceDates.objects.create(
ad_space=booking.space_id,
available_from=date_price.available_from,
available_to=date_price.available_to,
price=date_price.price
)
booking.delete()
return Response({"success": "Booking cancelled and dates are now available again"}, status=status.HTTP_200_OK)
except Booking.DoesNotExist:
return Response({"error": "Booking does not exist"}, status=status.HTTP_404_NOT_FOUND)
except Exception as e:
return Response({"error": str(e)}, status=status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR)
my urls.py for Booking app
path('remove/<int:booking_id>/', cancel_the_booking , name="cancel_the_booking")
and my project urls.py is
path("bookings/", include("Bookings.urls")),
to retrive the csrf
@api_view(["GET"])
@ensure_csrf_cookie
def get_csrf_token(request):
csrf_token = get_token(request)
return JsonResponse({'csrfToken': csrf_token})
path('api/get-csrf-token/', get_csrf_token, name='get_csrf_token'),
React Native code
const getCsrfToken = async () => {
try {
const response = await Api.get('/api/get-csrf-token/');
return response.data.csrfToken;
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error fetching CSRF token', error);
return null;
}
};
const handleConfirmButton = (booking) => {
Alert.alert(
'Cancel Booking',
'Are you sure you want to cancel this booking?',
[
{
text: 'No',
onPress: () => console.log('Cancel Pressed'),
style: 'cancel',
},
{
text: 'Yes',
onPress: () => handleBookingCancellation(booking),
},
],
{ cancelable: false }
);
};
const handleBookingCancellation = async (booking) => {
try {
const csrfToken = await getCsrfToken();
if (!csrfToken) {
Alert.alert('Error', 'Failed to fetch CSRF token');
return;
}
const response = await axios.post(`http://127.0.0.1:8000/bookings/remove/?booking_id=${booking.booking_id}/`, {
headers: {
'Authorization': `Bearer ${await SecureStore.getItemAsync('access')}`,
'X-CSRFToken': csrfToken
},
});
Alert.alert("Booking Cancelled", `Booking ID: ${booking.booking_id}`);
console.log(response);
} catch (error) {
console.error('Error cancelling booking', error);
Alert.alert('Error', 'There was an error cancelling the booking');
}
};
<TouchableOpacity style={styles.confirmButton } onPress={() => handleConfirmButton(item)} >
<Text style={styles.viewAllText}>Cancel Booking</Text>
<AntDesign name="delete" size={24} color="white" style={styles.icon} />
</TouchableOpacity>
I have tried multiple approaches to resolve the 403 Forbidden (CSRF token missing) error specifically for the /bookings/remove/ endpoint:
• Fetching the CSRF Token:
Implemented a CSRF token fetch from the backend using a dedicated endpoint (/api/get-csrf-token/). The token fetch works correctly and returns a valid CSRF token.
• Sending the CSRF Token in Requests:
Modified the fetch request in React Native to include the CSRF token in the headers. Expected the backend to accept the request and process the booking cancellation.
• Adjusting Django Settings:
Ensured CSRF_TRUSTED_ORIGINS and CORS_ALLOWED_ORIGINS include the frontend URLs. Enabled CORS_ALLOW_ALL_ORIGINS.
• Changing HTTP Method and Headers:
Tried using both POST and DELETE methods. Included necessary headers (Authorization, Content-Type, and X-CSRFToken).
Despite these efforts, the request to /bookings/remove/ consistently results in a 403 Forbidden (CSRF token missing) error. Other endpoints are functioning correctly without this issue, which is confusing.
I was expecting the request to succeed, cancel the booking, and return a confirmation response, but it fails at the CSRF validation stage.
I expected that after correctly fetching and including the CSRF token in the request headers, the backend would validate the token and allow the booking cancellation request to proceed without returning a 403 Forbidden error.
while everything working fine with postman.
|
__label__pos
| 0.930045 |
Flowers in Chania
Adaptive Radiations Across the Information Landscape
The new synthesis; wherein we have multi-dimensional selection acting on phenotypes, products of development, and followed by genes; has revolutionised how we think about the major themes of evolution biology. However, what is lost in this new synthesis is clarity as to how this rather more complicated view fits into evolutionary ecology. How does the information landscape relate to adaptive radiations? Can we model phenotypic diversification using an information theoretic perspective on the socio-ecological environment? What phylogenetic information dynamic processes mediate radiations? How can we improve cladistic methods to account for the new synthesis?
Flowers in Chania
The Evolution of Intelligence and Cognitive Diversity
What socio-ecological contexts select for intelligence? How do we model intelligence in evolutionary ecology? How can we account for trade-offs between intelligence and other methods of uncertainty management and belief assessment? How does intelligence differ functionally from these other methods?
Flowers in Chania
The Role of Cognitive Diversity in Societies
How does variation in cognitive and behavioural phenotypes influence societal structures? How do animals deal with the strategic uncertainties this diversity must generate in relationships and societies? By what evolutionary and developmental path does this variation emerge? What are the origins of cognitive diversity in human societies?
|
__label__pos
| 0.999981 |
Learn More
Genetic manipulation of a series of diverged arthropods is a highly desirable goal for a better understanding of developmental and evolutionary processes. A major obstacle so far has been the difficulty in obtaining marker genes that allow easy and reliable identification of transgenic animals. Here, we present a versatile vector set for germline(More)
Segmentation in Drosophila is based on a cascade of hierarchical gene interactions initiated by maternally deposited morphogens that define the spatially restricted domains of gap gene expression at blastoderm (reviewed in ref. 1). Although segmentation of the embryonic head is morphologically obscured, the repeated patterns of expression of the segment(More)
The Drosophila genes knirps (kni) and knirps-related (knrl) are located within the 77E1,2 region on the left arm of the third chromosome. They encode nuclear hormone-like transcription factors containing almost identical Cys2/Cys2 DNA-binding zinc finger motifs which bind to the same target sequence. kni is a member of the gap class of segmentation genes,(More)
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Transposon mutagenesis provides a fundamental tool for functional genomics. Here we present a non-species-specific, combined enhancer detection and binary expression system based on the transposable element piggyBac: For the different components of this insertional mutagenesis system, we used widely applicable transposons and distinguishable broad-range(More)
The Drosophila gene buttonhead (btd) encodes a zinc-finger protein related to the human transcription factor Sp1. btd is expressed in the syncytial blastoderm embryo in a stripe covering the anlagen of the antennal, intercalary and mandibular head segments. btd has been characterized as a head gap gene, since these segments are deleted in btd mutant(More)
We report efficient germ-line transformation in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti accomplished using the piggyBac transposable element vector pBac[3xP3-EGFP afm]. Two transgenic lines were established and characterized; each contained the Vg-Defensin A transgene with strong eye-specific expression of the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)(More)
P element-mediated mutagenesis has been used to disrupt an estimated 25% of genes essential for Drosophila adult viability. Mutation of all genes in the fly genome, however, poses a problem, because P elements show significant hotspots of integration. In addition, advanced screening scenarios often require the use of P element-based tools like the(More)
Insect transgenesis is mainly based on the random genomic integration of DNA fragments embedded into non-autonomous transposable elements. Once a random insertion into a specific location of the genome has been identified as particularly useful with respect to transgene expression, the ability to make the insertion homozygous, and lack of fitness costs, it(More)
BACKGROUND The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly method used in area-wide pest management of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann; Diptera: Tephritidae). Ionizing radiation used to generate reproductive sterility in the mass-reared populations before release leads to reduction of competitiveness. RESULTS Here,(More)
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FAQ: How To Replace Honda Michelin Pax Tires With Regular Tires?
Can you put regular tires on PAX wheels?
PAX wheels are specially designed to use with PAX tires ONLY, you can not fit any regular tires on those rims at all.
What are PAX tires?
The Michelin PAX is an automobile run-flat tire system that utilizes a special type of rim and tire to allow temporary use of a wheel if its tire is punctured. The core of Michelin’s PAX system is the semi-rigid ring installed onto the rim using special equipment.
How do you reset the PAX system warning on a 2006 Honda Odyssey?
Use the INFO button to scroll through to the PAX RESET screen, then press the SEL/ RESET button on the steering wheel. 4. Use the INFO button to scroll to the appropriate wheel, and then press the SEL/ RESET button on the steering wheel to reset the PAX warning system display. The screen should read PAX RESET COMPLETED.
How long is a tire good for?
There is a general consensus that most tires should be inspected, if not replaced, at about six years and should be absolutely be swapped out after 10 years, regardless of how much tread they have left. How do you know how old your tires are? There’s a code on the sidewall that you can read about here.
You might be interested: How To Install Michelin Blades On A Ford Escape 2010?
Does Michelin make a run flat tire?
MICHELIN ® Zero Pressure (ZP) tires provide run – flat technology that allows you to drive up to 50 miles at 50 mph with a flat tire.
Do Honda and Toyota have the same bolt pattern?
Hi there – no, your Honda rims (OEM at least) will not fit on your Toyota Corolla. Even though the bolt pattern is the same, the center bore on your Toyota rims is 54.1mm, but your Honda center bore is 56 or 64mm. The Toyota rims won’t fit on the Honda hub – center hole too small for the hub.
What is section width?
A tire’s section width, also known as cross section width, is the measurement of the tire’s linear width from sidewall to sidewall (excluding any raised letters, ornamentation, or protective ribs). This is printed on the sidewall itself along with other markings that give you information about the tire.
What tires come on a Honda Odyssey?
What size tires are on a Honda Odyssey? Usually a 235/60R18 or a 235/55R19, depending on the trim level.
How do you reset the TPMS light on a 2007 Honda Odyssey?
Press and hold the tpms button under the left side of the dashboard to reset the tpms before the low tire pressure / tpms indicator flashes twice. if the indicator does not blink, then again press and hold the button. after 20 minutes of continuous driving, the calibration completes at 30-60 mph.
How do I factory reset my Pax era?
Hold the PAX away from you 10 times by pressing the power button on the left side of the screen. The PAX will blink white 5 times if it succeeds. This goes back to factory settings.
You might be interested: Question: Which New Yorlk Michelin Star Restaurant Is Best?
What are the worst tires?
6 Worst Tire Brands to Avoid Purchasing
• Chaoyang.
• Goodride.
• Westlake.
• AKS Tires.
• Telluride.
• Compass Tires.
What are the longest lasting tires?
The longest lasting tires in Consumer Reports’ tests are the Pirelli P4 Four Seasons Plus. They claim 90,000 miles, and Consumer Reports estimates they’ll go 100,000.
How many miles is a 600 treadwear rating?
A tire rated 600 AA with a 70,000 mile warranty is quite likely to live up to it.
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Build Script
The build script are run before tests. To add or modify, click the Settings icon in the left sidebar and locate the Build Script section:
Build Script setting
The value in the build script and run command is they will be executed in various locations throughout the content, such as:
• When the user presses the primary (default: Run Code) button or
Ctrl / Cmd + Enter
• When the user runs an executable snippet
• When a test case is run
Your build script will be run with Bash and must complete in under 15 seconds. The build script supports templates.
Example
The build script will vary depending on the language. It is just used for compiled languages (not interpreted languages). Here is an example of a build script for C++:
rm -f a.out
g++ -Wall -std=c++0x {{filenames}}
This first line removes the previously generated executable (if there is one), then recompiles the files using the g++ compiler. If you wish to compile only specific files in the lab, you may replace {{filenames}} with a list of filenames separated by spaces.
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Do black bears in north east pennsylvania eat meat or vegetables?
The black bear in the United States in an omnivore, which means it eats both meat and plants. However, 80-90% of the its Spring diet is herbs and grasses. In the Summer and Autumn the bear will eat ripe berries, nuts, and acorns. When they do eat meat it is usually deer and smaller animals who did not survive the winter. In the northeast the black bear will prey on yearlings or sick deer as well as insects.
Tags: black bearvegetablesmeat
Wednesday, February 01 2012
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Thursday 28 May 2020
Can Spinal Fluid help in testing for Alzheimer’s?
testing for Alzheimer’s?
According to Alzheimer’s statistics, worldwide nearly 50 million people are suffering from Alzheimer’s or related dementia. Alzheimer’s represents the 6th leading cause of death in the American population. So, what exactly this disease is? And how does it damage an individual’s daily activities?
Alzheimer’s disease is a long-term brain disorder that causes brain cells to degenerate and die. Symptoms develop slowly, get severe with time and may affect day to day activities. Individuals may go through a continuous decline in thinking ability along with behavioral and social skills that incapacitate a person from functioning independently. The initial signs may be a failure to recall recent activity or event, and at the severe stage, a person may face severe memory impairment. Constant decline in memory, the onset of the disease over the age of 60 and feeling of inferior performance compared to the same age group are some characteristic features of Alzheimer’s. Individuals with a family history of Alzheimer’s are at a more considerable risk of developing the disease at some or the other instance of their life.
There have been consistent efforts in the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease. Diagnostic tests that lead to accurate diagnosis can assure quality care and treatment. One of the techniques involves the use of biological markers for confirming Alzheimer’s. Biological markers of specific proteins help to confirm Alzheimer’s. These biomarkers can be isolated in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) – the fluid that is the present brain and spinal cord that performs vital functions and provide mechanical and immunological protection. Amyloid plaques and tau tangles represent characteristics of Alzheimer’s. In July 2018, the breakthrough designation was assigned to the biomarker’s test for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease by the US FDA. These techniques are developed by Roche, a Swiss biotech company.
At the beginning of the 21st century, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning helped imaging amyloid protein. Not long-ago PET scan was successful in imaging tau protein as well. The excessive cost of a brain PET scan ($3000-$5000 per patient) makes it less likely to exploit this diagnostic technique.
Spinal tap or lumbar puncture technique provides an alternative or addition to the current diagnostic practices of Alzheimer’s. The spinal tap technique is minimally invasive. The spinal tap technique involves the insertion of a hollow needle between two vertebrae and a sample is withdrawn. This test enables health care professionals in protein detection. The results either confirm Alzheimer’s or the possibility of other dementia or some other medical condition causing a patient’s memory impairment.
To ensure proper use of the spinal tap technique for CSF testing, a multidisciplinary group of experts formulated a set of appropriate use criteria. The criteria were published in the November 2018 issue of Alzheimer’s & Dementia. The fundamental issue of the criteria is to clarify which patients should undergo a spinal tap to test CSF. According to these criteria, spinal tap technique is intended for only Alzheimer’s patients facing memory impairment. It is inappropriate to employ this technique to those Alzheimer’s patients, who suffer no cognitive impairment. It is also inappropriate to implement a spinal tap to detect the severity of the disease when the patient is already diagnosed with Alzheimer’s.
One thing is absolutely evident that Alzheimer’s has developed no cure. Drugs currently used to treat Alzheimer’s don’t stop the progression of the disease but may reduce the cognitive symptoms. So, what remains the point in the prompt diagnosis then? On average, Alzheimer’s patient lives for 4-8 years after diagnosis. But this time span can be extended to 20 years depending on other factors. Early diagnosis helps in improving the quality of life of the individual. Additionally, people can perceive what’s ahead in their lives and can plan accordingly.
Rebecca Edelmayer, director of scientific engagement at Alzheimer’s Association says that the Spinal tap is the only approved diagnostic test available at this point in the market. But the anticipation is, there will be numerous diagnostic tests available soon.
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Plum Voice Resource Center
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Solving the Alpha-Numeric Quandary for IVR
One of the best features of the telephone is its simplicity. You have ten digits to work with (plus the star and pound keys) and pretty much anyone over the age of four can make sense of basic phone concepts. While those ten digits make phone interactions simple, they also make it difficult to enter letter-based data. Sure, most of...
Code of the day
<form>
Forms are the key components of VoiceXML documents. A form contains:* A set of form items, elements that are visited in the main loop of the form interpretation algorithm. Form items are subdivided into input items that can be "filled" by user input and control items that cannot.* Declarations of non-form item variables.* Event handlers.* "Filled" actions, blocks of procedural logic that execute when certain combinations of input item variables are assigned.
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<vxml version="2.0">
<form id="firstform">
<block>
<prompt>
Welcome! Let's move to a form where we gather some input.
</prompt>
<!-- A "#" symbol followed by an identifier specifies a -->
<!-- form or menu ID to jump to. -->
<goto next="#thirdform"/>
</block>
</form>
<form id="secondform">
<block>
<prompt>
You've made it to the final form! Goodbye.
</prompt>
<disconnect/>
</block>
</form>
<form id="thirdform">
<field name="lucky_number" type="digits?length=1">
<prompt>
Enter your lucky number.
</prompt>
<filled>
<prompt>
Your lucky number is <value expr="lucky_number"/>. Let's move on to another form.
</prompt>
<goto next="#secondform"/>
</filled>
<catch event="nomatch noinput" count="1,2">
<prompt>
Your lucky number should be 1 digit. Let's try again.
</prompt>
<reprompt/>
</catch>
<catch event="nomatch noinput" count="3">
<prompt>
I guess you don't have a lucky number. Let's move on to the next form anyways.
</prompt>
<goto next="#secondform"/>
</catch>
</field>
</form>
</vxml>
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acyclic digraph
acyclic digraph
[ā¦sīk·lik ′dī‚graf]
(mathematics)
A directed graph with no directed cycles.
McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms, 6E, Copyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.
References in periodicals archive ?
Since every acyclic digraph has a vertex of indegree 0, B([[LAMBDA].sub.*] - [I.sub.l]) has a zero column, say i-th one.
However, the new approach in their work is mixing the concept of the reflexive acyclic digraph with fixed point results.
Then, M is the double competition multigraph of an acyclic digraph if and only if there exist an ordering ([v.sub.1],..., [v.sub.n]) of the vertices ofM and a double indexed edge clique partition {[S.sub.ij] | i, j [member of] [n]} of M such that the following conditions hold:
Acyclic Digraph. A directed graph is graph G, that is, a set of objects (called vertices or nodes) that are connected together, where all the edges are directed from one vertex to another.
If D is an acyclic digraph, then respecting intervals means preserving the partial order induced by D.
An activity network is an acyclic digraph, where the vertices represent events, and the direct edges represent the activities, to be performed in a project [1,2].
The running of process phases is subject to precedence restrictions whose there is associated the acyclic digraph G = (F,U), where if x, y [member of] F, then (x, y) [member of] U if and only if the beginning of the phase y need finishing of phase x.
The running of process phases is subject to precedence restrictions whose there is associated the acyclic digraph G = (F, U), where if x, y [member of] F, then (x, y) [member of] U if and only if the beginning of the phase y need finishing of phase x.
A DAP (directed acyclic partition) is a pair [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] where [pi] is a set partition, and [??] is an acyclic digraph with vertex set given by the blocks of [pi].
For illustration, recall that a vertex subset S [subset or equal to] V of a digraph G is a directed feedback vertex set, if removing S from G leaves an acyclic digraph. Off the cuff, we can devise an exact algorithm for minimum directed feedback vertex set on sparse digraphs.
Roberts [12] observed that any graph G together with sufficiently many isolated vertices is the competition graph of an acyclic digraph. The competition number k(G) of a graph G is defined to be the smallest nonnegative integer k such that G together with k isolated vertices added is the competition graph of an acyclic digraph.
Indeed, a network whose underlying interaction graph is an acyclic digraph can only eventually end up in a configuration that will never change over time (aka.
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| 0.891824 |
Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm trying to model projectile motion with air resistance.
This is my code:
function [ time , x , y ] = shellflightsimulator(m,D,Ve,Cd,ElAng)
% input parameters are:
% m mass of shell, kg
% D caliber (diameter)
% Ve escape velocity (initial velocity of trajectory)
% Cd drag coefficient
% ElAng angle in RADIANS
A = pi.*(D./2).^2; % m^2, shells cross-sectional area (area of circle)
rho = 1.2 ; % kg/m^3, density of air at ground level
h0 = 6800; % meters, height at which density drops by factor of 2
g = 9.8; % m/s^2, gravity
dt = .1; % time step
% define initial conditions
x0 = 0; % m
y0 = 0; % m
vx0 = Ve.*cos(ElAng); % m/s
vy0 = Ve.*sin(ElAng); % m/s
N = 100; % iterations
% define data array
x = zeros(1,N + 1); % x-position,
x(1) = x0;
y = zeros(1,N + 1); % y-position,
y(1) = y0;
vx = zeros(1,N + 1); % x-velocity,
vx(1) = vx0;
vy = zeros(1,N + 1); % y-velocity,
vy(1) = vy0;
i = 1;
j = 1;
while i < N
ax = -Cd*.5*rho*A*(vx(i)^2 + vy(i)^2)/m*cos(ElAng); % acceleration in x
vx(i+1) = vx(i) + ax*dt; % Find new x velocity
x(i+1) = x(i) + vx(i)*dt + .5*ax*dt^2; % Find new x position
ay = -g - Cd*.5*rho*A*(vx(i)^2 + vy(i)^2)/m*sin(ElAng); % acceleration in y
vy(i+1) = vy(i) + ay*dt; % Find new y velocity
y(i+1) = y(i) + vy(i)*dt + .5*ay*dt^2; % Find new y position
if y(i+1) < 0 % stops when projectile reaches the ground
i = N;
j = j+1;
else
i = i+1;
j = j+1;
end
end
plot(x,y,'r-')
end
This is what I am putting into Matlab:
shellflightsimulator(94,.238,1600,.8,10*pi/180)
This yields a strange plot, rather than a parabola. Also it appears the positions are negative values. NOTE: ElAng is in radians!
What am I doing wrong? Thanks!
share|improve this question
2
It looks like your input for ElAng is 10 radians, which is about 213 degrees. That would be a downward angle, and wouldn't yield a parabola. Are you sure you didn't want 10*pi/180 to get it in radians? – Sticky073 Nov 28 '12 at 1:59
Hmmm....it seems to have half fixed the problem. Now it's graphing a parabola to just below its maximum height, and then draws a straight line back to zero. – Erica Nov 28 '12 at 2:15
Is it going back to zero straight down, or back to the origin? And how many iterations is it going through before this happens? – Sticky073 Nov 28 '12 at 6:04
It goes straight back to the origin. And it looks like it goes through. It looks like it's doing all of the iterations that I specify, and then going back to zero. So if I up the iterations to 1000, it completes more of the parabola, but then still shows a straight line back to the orgin at the end. – Erica Nov 28 '12 at 16:24
1
It's because you're preallocating N+1 zeros, and only filling N of them, so the last remaining point will always be zero. – Sticky073 Nov 28 '12 at 21:16
1 Answer 1
up vote 1 down vote accepted
You have your vx and vy incorrect... vx= ve*sin(angle in radians) and opposite for vy. U also u do not need a dot in between ur initial velocity and the *... That is only used for element by element multiplication and initial velocity is a constant variable. However the dot multiplier will not change the answer, it just isn't necessary..
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| 0.950497 |
Using regular expressions in a routing rule | InterSystems Developer
Question
Lewis Greitzer · Jul 9, 2018
Using regular expressions in a routing rule
I would like to examine the contents of my OBX-5 field and not route the message if it contains alphabetic characters. I've tried various combinations of the Match and Contains functions, with no luck. Should I be using the COS ? operator or plaini regular expressions?
e.g.
OBX-5 Contains "\D"
OBX-5 Contains "?.A"
OBX-5 Contains "[A-Z]"
0
0 916
Discussion (17)4
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If you expect to be using regular expressions frequently, it might be worth your while to write a classmethod that extends Ens.Rule.FunctionSet and wraps $MATCH or $LOCATE in something that can be called from a business rule (or DTL for that matter).
/// Custom methods for business rules and DTLs
Class User.Rule.FunctionSet Extends Ens.Rule.FunctionSet
{
/// Accepts a string <var>pString</var> and regular expression pattern <var>pPattern</var>
/// as arguments; returns 0 for no match, and a positive integer indicating the match's
/// position if there is a match.
ClassMethod REMatch(pString As %String, pPattern As %String) As %Integer
{
Return $LOCATE(pString,pPattern)
}
}
You could use $MATCH instead of $LOCATE in the method above, but $MATCH() assumes the supplied pattern is begin- and end-anchored. In other words, $LOCATE("this","is") returns the positive integer 3, which for all Cache boolean purposes evaluates as true. $MATCH("this","is") returns 0 (false) since "^is$" does not match "this".
If the class you create extends Ens.Rule.FunctionSet and resides in your production's namespace, it will be selectable from the function dropdown list in both the Business Rule and DTL expression editors.
This is in a routing rule, so when I have:
when HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches "[a-z]"
and when I run a message through I get the following error:
ERROR <Ens>ErrBPTerminated: Terminating BP iSirona_Proc2 # due to error: ERROR <Ens>ErrException: <SYNTAX>zMatches+1 ^Ens.Util.FunctionSet.1 -- logged as '-'
number - @'
Quit $S(""=$g(pattern):""=$g(value), 1:$g(value)?@$g(pattern)) }'
> ERROR <Ens>ErrException: <SYNTAX>zMatches+1 ^Ens.Util.FunctionSet.1 -- logged as '-'
number - @'
Quit $S(""=$g(pattern):""=$g(value), 1:$g(value)?@$g(pattern)) }'
the Matches method uses the ? (question mark) syntax for pattern matching, not regular expressions. I much prefer the latter ...
Any hints on the syntax? I've tried
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches ?3N
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches ?"-"
The following: HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches "?.A"
gives me the following error:
ERROR <Ens>ErrBPTerminated: Terminating BP iSirona_Proc2 # due to error: ERROR <Ens>ErrException: <SYNTAX>zMatches+1 ^Ens.Util.FunctionSet.1 -- logged as '-'
number - @'
Quit $S(""=$g(pattern):""=$g(value), 1:$g(value)?@$g(pattern)) }'
> ERROR <Ens>ErrException: <SYNTAX>zMatches+1 ^Ens.Util.FunctionSet.1 -- logged as '-'
number - @'
Quit $S(""=$g(pattern):""=$g(value), 1:$g(value)?@$g(pattern)) }'
This question is more than 2 1/2 years old now, but I guess I missed it when it was posted. Regardless, the issue is that "?" is the match operator that "Matches" represents, and is not part of the pattern itself. Your match pattern should not include the "?" character.
Oops! Sorry I forgot it was for a rule. Also edited for redundancy as I see there's more comments now. Does the visual expression editor give any indication of failure?
The following attempts give me a syntax error "Error parsing expression" when I save the rule:
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches ?3N
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} Matches ?"-"
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)}?"-"
HL7.{OBXgrp(1).OBX:ObservationValue(1)} ?"-"
Are you wrapping your expression in quotes? This indicates that Matches only accepts strings as the pattern. If that doesn't work I'm really not sure what the issue is, and I would try to pass your values to a custom function where you can examine what's really going on, and see if you can replicate the problem. This is essentially what Jeffrey Drumm was suggesting.
What do you mean you're not having luck? For example, what happens when you call on the $match or $locate functions on your field? I can make regex on your three examples without issue for simple strings, like below which works:
$locate("123dsd534","[a-z]")
Nevermind. Ugh. Been a rough week.
HL7.{PID.7} Contains CurrentDateTime("YYYYMMDD")
As a general rule, I'd suggest using the StartsWith() function in the DTL wizard when comparing date fields. In your case, the Birthdate field very likely does not include a Time component at a resolution of seconds. If it did, though, you could run into many combinations where the date value from CurrentDateTIme() would match.
For example, Contains() would return true on the 19th or 20th of February 2020 against "20200220200219" ... February 20th 2020 at 8:02:19pm. This would certainly be a rare occurrence, but not impossible.
Nevermind. Ugh. Been a rough week.
HL7.{PID.7} Contains CurrentDateTime("YYYYMMDD")
Close, but not quite:
If you're really set on using the ? notation for pattern matching, see the "ObjectScript Pattern Matching" section of the documentation. In the pattern field of the Match function in the expression editor, you would enter the pattern without a leading question mark. For example, you can use the string ".A" to match any number of upper or lowercase characters, or ".AP" to match any number of upper/lowercase and punctuation characters.
I have a similar issue. I'm trying to look for kids born "today" for Newborn Screening. I've built a previous Rule Condition that looks a field in a Record Map and does a look up. If the record map field is not found in the list then the record is skipped.
But how do I code the condition to look at the PID.7 and if that is "today" Send it along?? I can get the field value. It's the "get today's date" I'm having trouble with.
I have this much so far "HL7.{PID.7}Contains" smiley
I have a routing rule that uses Matches e.g. Matches "1P4N1P1A5N1A1P" that matches against this string <0508:F00002R>
How do I include literals within the expression editor?
Pattern match doc indicates something like this 1P4N":F"5N"R"1P
Since within the expression is surrounded by double-quotes, that breaks the syntax in the editor.
Have tried many variations, none of which work.
Your syntax for the match argument is wrong. You need quantifiers for the literal strings: 1P4N1":F"5N1"R"1P. This is not obvious from the documentation ... I only discovered it through experimentation.
It appears as though the expression editor expects the pattern to be a quoted string, so you'll probably need to follow the syntax for quoting strings that contain quote characters: "1P4N1"":F""5N1""R""1P"
Correct. Adding the qualifiers and using double-quotes did the trick
For string: 0508:F00002R this works "4N1"":F""5N1""R"""
For string: 0508:CX00002R this works "4N1"":CX""5N1""R"""
Thanks!
|
__label__pos
| 0.545172 |
Skip to content
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• Research
• Open Access
Dereverberation and denoising based on generalized spectral subtraction by multi-channel LMS algorithm using a small-scale microphone array
EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing20122012:12
https://doi.org/10.1186/1687-6180-2012-12
• Received: 15 June 2011
• Accepted: 17 January 2012
• Published:
Abstract
A blind dereverberation method based on power spectral subtraction (SS) using a multi-channel least mean squares algorithm was previously proposed to suppress the reverberant speech without additive noise. The results of isolated word speech recognition experiments showed that this method achieved significant improvements over conventional cepstral mean normalization (CMN) in a reverberant environment. In this paper, we propose a blind dereverberation method based on generalized spectral subtraction (GSS), which has been shown to be effective for noise reduction, instead of power SS. Furthermore, we extend the missing feature theory (MFT), which was initially proposed to enhance the robustness of additive noise, to dereverberation. A one-stage dereverberation and denoising method based on GSS is presented to simultaneously suppress both the additive noise and nonstationary multiplicative noise (reverberation). The proposed dereverberation method based on GSS with MFT is evaluated on a large vocabulary continuous speech recognition task. When the additive noise was absent, the dereverberation method based on GSS with MFT using only 2 microphones achieves a relative word error reduction rate of 11.4 and 32.6% compared to the dereverberation method based on power SS and the conventional CMN, respectively. For the reverberant and noisy speech, the dereverberation and denoising method based on GSS achieves a relative word error reduction rate of 12.8% compared to the conventional CMN with GSS-based additive noise reduction method. We also analyze the effective factors of the compensation parameter estimation for the dereverberation method based on SS, such as the number of channels (the number of microphones), the length of reverberation to be suppressed, and the length of the utterance used for parameter estimation. The experimental results showed that the SS-based method is robust in a variety of reverberant environments for both isolated and continuous speech recognition and under various parameter estimation conditions.
Keywords
• hands-free speech recognition
• blind dereverberation
• multi-channel least mean squares
• GSS
• missing feature theory
1. Introduction
In a distant-talking environment, channel distortion drastically degrades speech recognition performance because of a mismatch between the training and testing environments. The current approach focusing on automatic speech recognition (ASR) robustness to reverberation and noise can be classified as speech signal processing, robust feature extraction, and model adaptation [13].
In this paper, we focus on speech signal processing in the distant-talking environment. Because both the speech signal and the reverberation are nonstationary signals, dereverberation to obtain clean speech from the convolution of nonstationary speech signals and impulse responses is very hard work. Several studies have focused on mitigating the above problem. A blind deconvolution-based approach for the restoration of speech degraded by the acoustic environment was proposed in [4]. The proposed scheme processed the outputs of two microphones using cepstra operations and the theory of signal reconstruction from the phase only. Avendano et al. [5, 6] explored a speech dereverberation technique for which the principle was the recovery of the envelope modulations of the original (anechoic) speech. They applied a technique that they originally developed to treat background noise [7] to the dereverberation problem. A novel approach for multimicrophone speech dereverberation was proposed in [8]. The method was based on the construction of the null subspace of the data matrix in the presence of colored noise, employing generalized singular-value decomposition or generalized eigenvalue decomposition of the respective correlation matrices. A reverberation compensation method for speaker recognition using SS, in which late reverberation is treated as additive noise, was proposed in [9, 10]. However, the drawback of this approach is that the optimum parameters for SS are empirically estimated from a development dataset and the late reverberation cannot be subtracted correctly as it is not modeled precisely.
In [1, 1113], an adaptive multi-channel least mean squares (MCLMS) algorithm was proposed to blindly identify the channel impulse response in a time domain. However, the estimation error of the impulse response was very large. Therefore, the isolated word recognition rate of the compensated speech using the estimated impulse response was significantly worse than that of unprocessed received distorted speech [14]. The reason might be that the tap number of the impulse response was very large and the duration of the utterance (that is, a word with duration of about 0.6 s) was very short. Therefore, the variable step-size unconstrained MCLMS (VSS-UMCLMS) algorithm in the time domain might not be convergent. The other problem with the algorithm in the time domain is the estimation cost. Previously, Wang et al. [14] proposed a robust distant-talking speech recognition method based on power SS employing the MCLMS algorithm (see Figure 1a). They treated the late reverberation as additive noise, and a noise reduction technique based on power SS was proposed to estimate the power spectrum of the clean speech using an estimated power spectrum of the impulse response. To estimate the power spectra of the impulse responses, we extended the VSS-UMCLMS algorithm for identifying the impulse responses in a time domain [1] to a frequency domain. The early reverberation was normalized by CMN.
Figure 1
Figure 1
Schematic diagram of blind dereverberation methods.
Power SS is the most commonly used SS method. A previous study has shown that GSS with a lower exponent parameter is more effective than power SS for noise reduction [15]. In this paper, instead of using power SS, GSS is employed to suppress late reverberation. We also investigate the use of missing feature theory (MFT) [16] to enhance the robustness to noise, in combination with GSS, since the reverberation cannot be suppressed completely owing to the estimation error of the impulse response. Soft-mask estimation-based MFT calculates the reliability of each spectral component from the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This idea is applied to reverberant speech. However, the reliability estimation is complicated in a distant-talking environment. In [17], reliability is estimated from the time lag between the power spectrum of the clean speech and that of the distorted speech. In this paper, reliability is estimated by the signal-to-reverberation ratio (SRR) since the power spectra of clean speech and the reverberation signal can be estimated by power SS or GSS using MCLMS. A diagram of the modified proposed method combining GSS with MFT is shown in Figure 1b.
The precision of impulse response estimation is drastically degraded when the additive noise is absent. The traditional method used two-stage processing progress, in which the reverberation suppression is performed after additive noise reduction. We present a one-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS. A diagram of the processing method is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2
Figure 2
Schematic diagram of a one-stage dereverberation and denoising method.
In this paper, we also investigate the robustness of the SS-based reverberation under various reverberant conditions for large vocabulary continuous speech recognition (LVCSR). We analyze the effect factors (numbers of reverberation windows and channels, length of utterance, and the distance between sound source and microphone) of compensation parameter estimation for dereverberation based on SS.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows: Section 2 describes the outline of blind dereverberation based on SS. A MFT for dereverberation is described in Section 3. A one-stage dereverberation and denoising method is proposed in Section 4, while Section 5 describes the experimental results of distant speech recognition in a reverberant environment. Finally, Section 6 summarizes the paper.
2. Outline of blind dereverberation
2.1 Dereverberation based on power SS
If speech s[t] is corrupted by convolutional noise h[t] and additive noise n[t], the observed speech x[t] becomes
x [ 1 ] = h [ t ] * s [ t ] + n [ t ] .
(1)
where * denotes the convolution operation. In this paper, additive noise is ignored for simplification, so Equation (1) becomes x[t] = h[t] * s[t].
If the length of the impulse response is much smaller than the size T of the analysis window used for short time Fourier transform (STFT), the STFT of the distorted speech equals that of the clean speech multiplied by the STFT of the impulse response h[t]. However, if the length of the impulse response is much greater than the analysis window size, the STFT of the distorted speech is usually approximated by
X ( f , ω ) S ( f , ω ) * H ( ω ) = S ( f , ω ) H ( 0 , ω ) + d = 1 D - 1 S ( f - d , ω ) H ( d , ω ) ,
(2)
where f is the frame index, H(ω) is the STFT of the impulse response, S(f, ω) is the STFT of clean speech s, D is number of reverberation windows, and H(d, ω) denotes the part of H(ω) corresponding to the frame delay d. That is, with a long impulse response, the channel distortion is no longer of a multiplicative nature in a linear spectral domain but is rather convolutional [3].
In [14], Wang et al. proposed a dereverberation method based on power SS to estimate the STFT of the clean speech Ŝ ( f , ω ) based on Equation (2). The spectrum of the impulse response for the SS is blindly estimated using the method described in Section 2.3. Assuming that phases of different frames is noncorrelated for simplification, the power spectrum of Equation (2) can be approximated as
| X ( f , ω | 2 | S ( f , ω | 2 | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 + d = 1 D 1 | S ( f d , ω ) | 2 | H ( d , ω ) | 2 .
(3)
The power spectrum of clean speech | Ŝ ( f , ω ) | 2 can be estimated as Equation (4),
| S ^ ( f , ω ) | 2 = max ( | X ( f , ω ) | 2 α d = 1 D 1 | S ^ ( f d , ω ) | 2 | H ( d , ω | 2 , β | X ( f , ω ) | 2 ) | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 ,
(4)
where H(d, ω), d = 0,1, ...,D-1 is the STFT of impulse response, which can be calculated from the known impulse response or can be blindly estimated.
Furthermore, the early reverberation is compensated by subtracting the cepstral mean of the utterance. As is well known, cepstrum of the input speech x(t) is calculated as:
C x = I D F T ( log ( | X ( ω ) | 2 ) )
(5)
where X(ω) is the spectrum of the input speech x(t).
The early reverberation is normalized by the cepstral mean C ¯ in a cepstral domain (linear cepstrum is used) and then it is converted into a spectral domain as:
| X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 = | e D F T ( C x - C ̄ ) | = | X ( f , ω ) | 2 | X ̄ ( f , ω ) | 2 ,
(6)
where X ̄ ( f , ω ) is the mean vector of X(f, ω). After this normalization processing, Equation (6) becomes as
| X ˜ ( f , ω ) | 2 = | X ( f , ω ) | 2 | X ¯ ( f , ω ) | 2 = S ( f , ω ) | 2 | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 | X ¯ ( f , ω ) | 2 + d = 1 D 1 { | S ( f d , ω | 2 | H ( d , ω ) | 2 | X ¯ ( f , ω ) | 2 } | S ( f , ω ) | 2 | S ¯ ( f , ω ) | 2 + d = 1 D 1 { | S ( f d , ω ) | 2 | S ¯ ( f , ω ) | 2 × | H ( d , ω ) | 2 | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 } = | S ˜ ( f , ω ) | 2 + d = 1 D 1 { | S ˜ ( f d , ω ) | 2 × | H ( d , ω ) | 2 } | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 ,
(7)
where | S ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 = | S ( f , ω ) | 2 | S ̄ ( f , ω ) | 2 , | X ̄ ( f , ω ) | 2 | S ̄ ( f , ω ) | 2 × | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 , and S ̄ ( f , ω ) is mean vector of S(f,ω). The estimated clean power spectrum | S ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 becomes as
| S ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 = | X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 - d = 1 D - 1 { | Ŝ ( f - d , ω ) | 2 × | H ( d , ω ) | 2 } | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 .
(8)
The SS is used to prevent the estimated clean power spectrum being negative value; Equation (8) is adopted as:
| Ŝ ( f , ω ) | 2 max ( | X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 - α d = 1 D - 1 { | Ŝ ( f - d , ω ) | 2 | H ( d , ω ) | 2 } | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 , β | X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 ) .
(9)
2.2 Dereverberation based on GSS
Previous studies have shown that GSS with an arbitrary exponent parameter is more effective than power SS for noise reduction. In this paper, we extend GSS to suppress late reverberation. Instead of the power SS-based dereverberation given in Equation (9), GSS-based dereverberation is modified as
| Ŝ ( f , ω ) | 2 n max { | X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 n - α d = 1 D - 1 { | S ̃ ( f - d , ω ) | 2 n | H ( d , ω ) | 2 n } | H ( 0 , ω ) 2 n , β | X ̃ ( f , ω ) | 2 n } ,
(10)
where n is the exponent parameter. For power SS, the exponent parameter n is equal to 1. In this paper, the exponent parameter n is set to 0.1 as this value yielded the best results in [15].
The methods given in Eqs. (9) and (10) are referred to as SS-based (original) and GSS-based (proposed) dereverberation methods, respectively.
2.3 Compensation parameter estimation for SS by multi-channel LMS algorithm
In [1], an adaptive multi-channel LMS algorithm for blind single-input multiple-output (SIMO) system identification was proposed.
In the absence of additive noise, we can take advantage of the fact that
x i * h j = s * h i * h j = x j * h i , i , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , N , i j ,
(11)
and have the following relation at time t:
x i T ( t ) h j ( t ) = x j T ( t ) h i ( t ) , i , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , N , i j ,
(12)
where h i (t) is the i-th impulse response at time t and
x i ( t ) = [ x i ( t ) x i ( t - 1 ) x i ( t - L + 1 ) ] T , i = 1 , 2 , . . . , N ,
where x i (t) is the speech signal received from the i-th channel at time t and L is the number of taps of the impulse response. Multiplying Equation (12) by x i (t) and taking expectation yields,
R x i x i ( t + 1 ) h j ( t ) = R x i x j ( t + 1 ) h i ( t ) , i , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , N , i j ,
(13)
where R x i x j ( t + 1 ) = E { x i ( t + 1 ) x j T ( t + 1 ) } . Equation (13) comprises N(N - 1) distinct equations. By summing up the N - 1 cross correlations associated with one particular channel h j (t), we get
i = 1 , i j N R x i x i ( t + 1 ) h j ( t ) = i = 1 , i j N R x i x j ( t + 1 ) h i ( t ) , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , N .
(14)
Over all channels, we then have a total of N equations. In matrix form, this set of equations is written as:
R x + ( t + 1 ) h ( t ) = 0 ,
(15)
where
R x + ( t + 1 ) = n 1 R x n x n ( t + 1 ) - R x 2 x 1 ( t + 1 ) - R x N x 1 ( t + 1 ) - R x 1 x 2 ( t + 1 ) n 2 R x n x n ( t + 1 ) - R x N x 2 ( t + 1 ) - R x 1 x N ( t + 1 ) - R x 2 x N ( t + 1 ) n N R x n x n ( t + 1 ) ,
(16)
h ( t ) = [ h 1 ( t ) T h 2 ( t ) T h N ( t ) T ] T ,
(17)
h n ( t ) = [ h n ( t , 0 ) h n ( t , 1 ) h n ( t , L - 1 ) ] T ,
(18)
where h n (t, l) is the l th tap of the n th impulse response at time t. If the SIMO system is blindly identifiable, the matrix Rx+is rank deficient by 1 (in the absence of noise) and the channel impulse responses can be uniquely determined.
When the estimation of channel impulse responses is deviated from the true value, an error vector at time t + 1 is produced by:
e ( t + 1 ) = R ̃ x + ( t + 1 ) ĥ ( t ) ,
(19)
R ̃ x + ( t + 1 ) = n 1 R ̃ x n x n ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x 2 x 1 ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x N x 1 ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x 1 x 2 ( x + 1 ) n 2 R ̃ x n x n ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x N x 2 ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x 1 x N ( t + 1 ) - R ̃ x 2 x N ( t + 1 ) n N R ̃ x n x n ( t + 1 ) ,
(20)
where R ̃ x i x j ( t + 1 ) = x i ( t + 1 ) x j T ( t + 1 ) , i , j = 1 , 2 , . . . , N and h ^ ( t ) is the estimated model filter at time t. Here, we put a tilde in R ̃ x i x j to distinguish this instantaneous value from its mathematical expectation R x i x j .
This error can be used to define a cost function at time t + 1
J ( t + 1 ) = | | e ( t + 1 ) | | 2 = e ( t + 1 ) T e ( t + 1 ) .
(21)
By minimizing the cost function J of Equation (21), the impulse response can be blindly derived. Wang et al. [14] extended this VSS-UMCLMS algorithm [1], which identifies the multi-channel impulse responses, for processing in a frequency domain with SS applied in combination.
3. Missing feature theory for dereverberation
MFT [16] enhances the robustness of speech recognition to noise by rejecting unreliable acoustic features using a missing feature mask (MFM). The MFM is the reliability corresponding to each spectral component, with 0 and 1 being unreliable and reliable, respectively. The MFM is typically a hard and a soft mask. The hard mask applies binary reliability values of 0 or 1 to each spectral component and is generated using the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The reliability is 0 when the SNR is greater than a manually-defined threshold, otherwise it is 1. The soft mask is considered a better approach than the hard mask and applies a continuous value between 0 and 1 using a sigmoid function.
In a distant-talking environment, it is difficult to estimate the reliability of each spectral component since it is difficult to estimate the spectral components of clean speech and reverberant speech. Therefore, in [17], the reliability was estimated from a priori information by measuring the difference between the spectral components of clean speech and reverberant speech at given times. In this paper, a soft mask is calculated using the signal-to-reverberation ratio (SRR). From Equation (10), the SRR is calculated as
SRR ( f , ω ) = 10 log 10 | Ŝ ( f , ω ) | 2 n d = 1 D - 1 | S ̃ ( f - d , ω ) | 2 n | H ( d , ω ) | 2 n .
(22)
The reliability r(f, ω) for the soft mask is generated as
r ( f , ω ) = 1 1 + e x p a ( SRR ( f , ω ) b ) ) ,
(23)
where a and b are the gradient and center of the sigmoid function, respectively, and are empirically determined. Finally, the estimated spectrum of clean speech from Equation (10) is multiplied by the reliability r(f, ω), and the inverse DFT of | Ŝ ( f , ω ) | 2 n r ( f , ω ) forms the dereverberant speech.
4. One-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS
The precision of impulse response estimation is drastically degraded when the additive noise is present. The traditional method used two-stage processing progress, in which the reverberation suppression is performed after additive noise reduction. We present a one-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS. A diagram of the processing method is shown in Figure 2. At first, the spectra of additive noise and impulse responses are estimated, and then the reverberation and additive noise are suppressed simultaneously. When additive noise is present, the power spectrum of Equation (2) becomes
| X ( f , ω ) | 2 | S ( f , ω ) | 2 | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 + d = 1 D - 1 | S ( f - d , ω ) | 2 | H ( d , ω ) | 2 + | N ̄ ( ω ) | 2 ,
(24)
where N ̄ ( ω ) is the mean of noise spectrum N(ω). To suppress the noise and reverberation simultaneously, Equation (10) is modified as
| S ^ ( f , ω ) 2 n max { | X N ( f , ω ) | 2 n X ¯ N ( f , ω ) | 2 n α 1 d = 1 D 1 { S ˜ ( f d , ω ) | 2 n | H ( d , ω ) | 2 n | H ( 0 , ω ) | 2 n , β 1 | X N ( f , ω ) | 2 n | X ¯ N ( f , ω ) | 2 n } ,
(25)
| X N ( f , ω ) | 2 n = max { | X ( f , ω ) | 2 n - α 2 | N ̄ ( ω ) | 2 n , β 2 | X ( f , ω ) | 2 n } ,
(26)
where X N (f, ω) is spectrum by subtracting the spectrum of observed speech with the spectrum of noise N ̄ ( ω ) and X ̄ N ( f , ω ) is mean vector of X N (f, ω).
5. Experiments
5.1 Experimental setup
Multi-channel distorted speech signals simulated by convolving multi-channel impulse responses with clean speech were used to evaluate our proposed algorithm. Fifteen kinds of multi-channel impulse responses measured in various acoustical reverberant environments were selected from the real world computing partnership (RWCP) sound scene database [18, 19] and the CENSREC-4 database [20]. Table 1 lists the details of 15 recording conditions. The illustration of microphone array is shown in Figure 3. For RWCP database, a 2-8 channel circular or linear microphone array was taken from a circular + linear microphone array (30 channels). The circle type microphone array had a diameter of 30 cm. The microphones of the linear microphone array were located at 2.83 cm intervals. Impulse responses were measured at several positions 2 m from the microphone array. For the CENSREC-4 database, 2 or 4 channel microphones were taken from a linear microphone array (7 channels) with the two microphones located at 2.125 cm intervals. Impulse responses were measured at several positions 0.5 m from the microphone array. The Japanese Newspaper Article Sentences (JNAS) corpus [21] was used as clean speech. Hundred utterances from the JNAS database convolved with the multi-channel impulse responses shown in Table 1 were used as test data. The average time for all utterances was about 5.8 s.
Table 1
Details of recording conditions for impulse response measurement
(a) RWCP database
Array number
Array type
Room
Angle
RT60
1
Linear
Echo room (panel)
150°
0.30
2
Circle
Echo room (cylinder)
30°
0.38
3
Linear
Tatami-floored room (S)
120°
0.47
4
Circle
Tatami-floored room (S)
120°
0.47
5
Circle
Tatami-floored room (L)
90°
0.60
6
Circle
Tatami-floored room (L)
130°
0.60
7
Linear
Conference room
50°
0.78
8
Linear
Echo room (panel)
70°
1.30
(b) CENSREC-4 database
Array number
Room
Room size
RT60 (s)
9
Office
9.0 × 6.0 m
0.25
10
Japanese style room
3.5 × 2.5 m
0.40
11
Lounge
11.5 × 27.0 m
0.50
12
Japanese style bath
1.5 × 1.0 m
0.60
13
Living room
7.0 × 3.0 m
0.65
14
Meeting room
7.0 × 8.5 m
0.65
15
Elevator hall
11.5 × 6.5 m
0.75
RT60 (second), reverberation time in room; S, small; L, large
Figure 3
Figure 3
Illustration of microphone array.
Table 2 gives the conditions for speech recognition. The acoustic models were trained with the ASJ speech databases of phonetically balanced sentences (ASJ-PB) and the JNAS. In total, around 20K sentences (clean speech) uttered by 132 speakers were used for each gender. Table 3 gives the conditions for SS-based dereverberation. The parameters shown in Table 3 were determined empirically. An illustration of the analysis window is shown in Figure 4. For the proposed dereverberation method based on SS, the previous clean power spectra estimated with a skip window were used to estimate the current clean power spectrum since the frame shift was half the frame length in this study a. The spectrum of the impulse response H(d, ω) was estimated for each utterance to be recognized. An open-source LVCSR decoder software "Julius" [22] that is based on word trigram and triphone context-dependent HMMs is used. The word accuracy for LVCSR with clean speech was 92.59% (Table 4).
Table 2
Conditions for speech recognition
Sampling frequency
16 kHz
Frame length
25 ms
Frame shift
10 ms
Acoustic model
5 states, 3 output probability left-to-right triphone HMMs
Feature space
25 dimensions with CMN (12MFCCs + Δ + Δpower)
Table 3
Conditions for SS-based dereverberation
Analysis window
Hamming
Window length
32 ms
Window shift
16 ms
Number of reverberant windows D
6
(192 ms)
Noise overestimation factor α
1.0 (Power SS)
0.1 (GSS)
Spectral floor parameter β
0.15 (both)
Soft-mask gradient parameter a
0.05 (Power SS)
0.01 (GSS)
Soft-mask center parameter b
0.0 (both)
Figure 4
Figure 4
Illustration of the analysis window for spectral subtraction.
Table 4
Channel number corresponding to Figure 3a using for dereverberation and denoising (RWCP database)
Linear array
Circle array
2 channels
17, 29
1, 9
4 channels
17, 21, 25, 29
1, 5, 9, 13
8 channels
17, 19, 21, 23,
1, 3, 5, 7, 9,
25, 27, 29, 30
11, 13, 15, 17
5.2 Effect factor analysis of compensation parameter estimation
In this section, we describe the use of four microphones b to estimate the spectrum of the impulse responses without a particular explanation. Delay-and-sum beamforming (BF) was performed on the 4-channel dereverberant speech signals. For the proposed method, each speech channel was compensated by the corresponding estimated impulse response. Preliminary experimental results for isolated word recognition showed that the SS-based dereverberation method significantly improved the speech recognition performance significantly compared with traditional CMN with beamforming [14].
In this paper, we also evaluated the SS-based dereverberation method on LVCSR with the experimental results shown in Figure 5. Naturally, the speech recognition rate deteriorated as the reverberation time increased. Using the SS-based dereverberation method, the reduction in the speech recognition rate was smaller than in conventional CMN, especially for impulse responses with a long reverberation time. For RWCP database, the SS-based dereverberation method achieved a relative word recognition error reduction rate of 19.2% relative to CMN with delay-and-sum beamforming. We also conducted an LVCSR experiment with SS-based dereverberation under different reverberant conditions (CENSREC-4), with the reverberation time between 0.25 and 0.75 s and the distance between microphone and sound source 0.5 m. A similar trend to the above results was observed. Therefore, the SS-based dereverberation method is robust to various reverberant conditions for both isolated word recognition and LVCSR. The reason is that the SS-based dereverberation method can compensate for late reverberation through SS using an estimated power spectrum of the impulse response.
Figure 5
Figure 5
Word accuracy for LVCSR.
In this section, we also analyzed the effect factor (number of reverberation windows D in Equation (9), channel number, and length of utterance) for compensation parameter estimation for the dereverberation method based on SS using RWCP database.
The effect of the number of reverberation windows on speech recognition is shown in Figure 6. The detail results based on different number of reverberation windows D and reverberant environments (that is, different reverberation times) were shown in Table 5. The results shown on Figure 6 and Table 5 were not performed delay-and-sum beamforming. The results show that the optimal number of reverberation windows D depends on the reverberation time. The best average result of all reverberant speech was obtained when D equals 6. The speech recognition performance with the number of reverberation windows between 4 and 10 did not vary greatly and was significantly better than the baseline.
Figure 6
Figure 6
Effect of the number of reverberation windows D on speech recognition.
Table 5
Detail results based on different number of reverberation windows D and reverberant environments (%)
Array number #
Number of reverberation windows D
2
4
6
8
10
1
81.45
80.43
79.94
79.67
79.98
2
43.89
55.71
57.69
54.06
51.98
3
23.40
32.02
33.46
33.29
32.81
4
28.77
38.42
39.69
39.88
38.92
5
22.89
30.26
33.34
33.59
31.71
6
21.01
27.46
31.79
31.32
28.97
7
15.89
20.55
23.32
23.92
22.54
8
14.26
17.94
21.41
21.12
20.24
Ave
31.44
37.85
40.08
39.61
38.39
The results with bold font indicate the best result corresponding to each array
We analyzed the influence of the number of channels on parameter estimation and delay-and-sum beamforming. Besides four channels, two and eight channels were also used to estimate the compensation parameter and perform beamforming. Channel numbers corresponding to Figure 3a shown in Table 4 were used. The results are shown in Figure 7. The speech recognition performance of the SS-based dereverberation method without beamforming was hardly affected by the number of channels. That is, the compensation parameter estimation is robust to the number of channels. Combined with beamforming, the more channels that are used and the better is the speech recognition performance.
Figure 7
Figure 7
Effect of the number of channels on speech recognition.
Thus far, the whole utterance has been used to estimate the compensation parameter. The effect of the length of utterance used for parameter estimation was investigated, with the results shown in Figure 8. The longer the length of utterance used, the better is the speech recognition performance. Deterioration in speech recognition was not experienced with the length of the utterance used for parameter estimation greater than 1 s. The speech recognition performance of the SS-based dereverberation method is better than the baseline even if only 0.1 s of utterance is used to estimate the compensation parameter.
Figure 8
Figure 8
Effect of length of utterance used for parameter estimation on speech recognition.
5.3 Experimental results of dereverberation and denoising
In this section, reverberation and noise suppression using only 2 speech channels is described. c
In both SS-based and GSS-based dereverberation methods, speech signals from two microphones were used to estimate blindly the compensation parameters for the power SS and GSS (that is, the spectra of the channel impulse responses), and then reverberation was suppressed by SS and the spectrum of dereverberant speech was inverted into a time domain. Finally, delay-and-sum beamforming was performed on the two-channel dereverberant speech. The schematic of dereverberation is shown in Figure 1.
Table 6 shows the speech recognition results for the original and proposed methods. "Distorted speech #" in Table 6 corresponds to "array no" in Table 1. The word accuracy by CMN without beamforming was 40.46%. The speech recognition performance was drastically degraded under reverberant conditions because the conventional CMN did not suppress the late reverberation. Delay-and-sum beamforming with CMN (41.91%) could not markedly improve the speech recognition performance because of the small number of microphones and the small distance between the microphone pair. In contrast, the power SS-based dereverberation using Equation (9) markedly improved the speech recognition performance. The GSS-based dereverberation using Equation (10) improved speech recognition performance significantly compared with the original proposed (power SS-based dereverberation) method and CMN for all reverberant conditions. The GSS-based method without MFT achieved an average relative word error reduction rate of 31.4% compared to the conventional CMN and 9.8% compared to the power SS-based method without MFT. When MFT was combined with both our methods, a further improvement was achieved. Finally, the GSS-based method with MFT achieved an average relative word error reduction rate of 32.6% compared to conventional CMN and 11.4% compared to the original proposed method [14].
Table 6
Word accuracy for LVCSR (%)
Distorted speech #
CMN only
Power SS
GSS (proposed)
w/o MFT
MFT
w/o MFT
MFT
2
44.35
63.34
65.15
65.95
66.47
4
27.59
40.79
44.03
49.16
47.56
5
25.61
42.55
45.75
49.29
48.31
11
73.90
79.26
78.17
80.77
80.96
12
27.06
42.28
44.91
45.38
47.83
13
29.62
50.78
54.60
56.13
58.87
15
65.24
71.67
68.31
74.35
75.93
Ave.
41.91
55.81
57.27
60.15
60.85
Delay-and-sum beamforming was performed for all methods
Table 7 gives a breakdown of the word error rates obtained by the power SS- and GSS-based methods. The power SS-based method improved the substitution and deletion error rates but degraded the insertion error rate compared with CMN. The GSS-based method improved all error rates compared with the power SS-based method and achieved almost the same word insertion error as CMN.
Table 7
Breakdown of speech recognition errors (%)
CMN only
Power SS
GSS (proposed)
w/o MFT
MFT
w/o MFT
MFT
Sub
40.61
30.48
29.37
27.39
27.42
Del
13.82
9.27
9.26
8.99
8.06
Ins
3.67
4.44
4.10
3.47
3.67
To evaluate the proposed one-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS, computer room noise was added to the reverberant speech at SNRs of 15, 20, 25, and 30 dB. The noise overestimation factors α1 and α2 and the spectral floor parameters β1 and β2 in Eqs. (25) and (26) were experimentally determined as 0.07, 0.4, 0.15, and 0.1, respectively. The average results of 7 kinds of reverberant environments shown in Table 6 based on one-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS were shown in Table 8. The one-stage dereverberation and denoising method improved the speech recognition performance under all reverberant and noisy speech at each SNR level and reverberation time. The one-stage dereverberation and denoising method based on GSS achieved a relative word error reduction rate of 12.8% compared to the conventional CMN with GSS-based additive noise reduction method. The improvement under the additive noise condition was smaller than that for the noise-free condition. The reason might be the difference between the estimated spectrum of impulse response H(d, ω) for each condition; we compared the estimated H(d, ω) for both by first denoting the estimated spectrum of the impulse response for each as H1(d,ω) and H2(d,ω) and defining their average values as
H ̄ 1 = d = 1 D H ̄ 1 ( d ) D = d = 1 D ω | H 1 ( d , ω ) | 2 D ,
(27)
H ̄ 2 = d = 1 D H ̄ 2 ( d ) D = d = 1 D ω | H 2 ( d , ω ) | 2 D .
(28)
Table 8
Word accuracy for one-stage dereverberation and denoising (%)
SNR
CMN only
CMN with GSS-based noise reduction
One-stage dereverberation and denoising based on GSS
15dB
18.05
31.98
38.51
20dB
29.61
39.79
46.09
25dB
37.57
42.49
51.37
30dB
41.53
44.98
54.10
Ave.
31.69
39.81
47.52
Delay-and-sum beamforming was performed for all methods
The normalized average difference H ̄ n between H1(d,ω) and H2(d,ω) is then defined as
H ̄ n = d = 1 D ω | H 1 ( d , ω ) - H 2 ( d , ω ) | 2 H ̄ 1 ( d ) H ̄ 2 ( d ) D .
(29)
The average values of these estimated spectra of impulse responses and their difference are shown in Table 9. In Table 9, only the multi-channel speech of array 2 was used to calculate the average values. The result showed that H1(d,ω) and H2(d,ω) were quit different.
Table 9
Average values of the estimated spectra of impulse responses from noise-free and additive noise conditions and their difference
H ̄ 1
H ̄ 2
H ̄ n
0.087
0.123
0.174
6. Conclusions
Previously, Wang et al. [14] proposed a blind dereverberation method based on power SS employing the multi-channel LMS algorithm for distant-talking speech recognition. Previous studies showed that GSS with an arbitrary exponent parameter is more effective than power SS for noise reduction. In this paper, GSS is applied instead of power SS to suppress late reverberation. However, reverberation cannot be completely suppressed owing to the estimation error of the impulse response. MFT is used to enhance the robustness of noise. Soft-mask estimation-based MFT calculates the reliability of each spectral component from SNR. In this paper, reliability was estimated through the signal-to-reverberation ratio. Furthermore, delay-and-sum beamforming was also applied to the multi-channel speech compensated by the reverberation compensation method. Our SS and GSS-based dereverberation methods were evaluated using distorted speech signals simulated by convolving multi-channel impulse responses with clean speech. When the additive noise was absent, the GSS-based method without MFT achieved an average relative word error reduction rate of 31.4% compared to conventional CMN and 9.8% compared to the power SS-based method without MFT. When MFT was combined with both our methods, further improvement was obtained. The GSS-based method with MFT achieved average relative word error reduction rates of 32.6 and 11.4% compared to conventional CMN and the original proposed method, respectively. The one-stage dereverberation and denoising method based on GSS achieved a relative word error reduction rate of 12.8% compared to the conventional CMN with GSS-based additive noise reduction method.
In this paper, we also investigated the effect factors (numbers of reverberation windows and channels, and length of utterance) for compensation parameter estimation. We reached the following conclusions: (1) the speech recognition performance with the number of reverberation windows between 4 and 10 did not vary greatly and was significantly better than the baseline, (2) the compensation parameter estimation was robust to the number of channels, and (3) degradation of speech recognition did not occur with the length of utterance used for parameter estimation longer than 1 s.
Endnotes
aFor example, to estimate the clean power spectrum of the 2i th window W2i, the estimated clean power spectra of the 2(i-1)th window W2(i-1), the 2(i-2)th window W2(i-2), ... were used. bFor RWCP database, 4 speech channels shown in Table 4 were used. For CENSREC-4 database, speech channels 1, 3, 5, and 7 shown in Figure 3b were used. cFor RWCP database, 2 speech channels shown in Table 4 were used. For CENSREC-4 database, speech channels 1 and 3 shown in Figure 3b were used.
Declarations
Authors’ Affiliations
(1)
Shizuoka University, Hamamatsu 432-8561, Japan
References
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Copyright
© Wang et al; licensee Springer. 2012
This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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ISSN 1000-1239 CN 11-1777/TP
Journal of Computer Research and Development ›› 2019, Vol. 56 ›› Issue (4): 719-729.doi: 10.7544/issn1000-1239.2019.20170898
Previous Articles Next Articles
A Simple and Efficient Cache Coherence Protocol Based on Self-Updating
He Ximing, Ma Sheng, Huang Libo, Chen Wei, Wang Zhiying
1. (College of Computer, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073)
• Online:2019-04-01
Abstract: As the number of cores in a chip multiprocessor increases, cache coherence protocols have become a performance bottleneck of the share-memory system. The overhead and complexity of current cache coherence protocols seriously restrict the development of the share-memory system. Specifically, directory protocols need high storage overhead to keep track of sharer list and snooping protocols consume significant network bandwidth to broadcast messages. Some coherence protocols, such as MESI (modified exclusive shared or invalid) protocol, are extremely complex and have numerous transient states and data race. This paper implements a simple and efficient cache coherence protocol named VISU (valid/invalid states based on self-updating) for data-race-free programs. VISU is based on a self-updating mechanism and only includes two stable states (valid and invalid). Furthermore, the VISU protocol eliminates the directory and indirection transactions and reduces significant overheads. First, we propose self-updating shared blocks at synchronization points for correction with the data-race-free guarantee of parallel programming. Second, taking advantage of techniques that dynamically classify private data (only accessed by one processor) and shared data, we propose write-back for private data and write-through for shared data. For private data, a simple write-back policy can reduce the unnecessary on-chip network traffic. In L1 cache, a write-through policy for shared data which can keep the newest shared data in LLC, would obviate almost all coherence states. Our approach implements a truly cost-less two-state coherence protocol. The VISU protocol does not require directory or indirect transfer and is easier to verify while at the same time obtains similar even better performance of MESI directory protocol.
Key words: shared memory, chip multiprocessors, cache coherence protocol, self-updating, VISU protocol
CLC Number:
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Convert word to bit (word to b)
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Word to Bit (word to b)
Word (Symbol or Abbreviation: word)
Word is one of units of information technology and data storage units. Word abbreviated or symbolized by word. The value of 1 word is equal to 16 bit. In its relation with bit, 1 word is equal to 16 bit.
Relation with other units
1 word equals to 16 bit
1 word equals to 4 nibble
1 word equals to 2 byte
1 word equals to 2 character
1 word equals to 0.5 MAPM-word
1 word equals to 0.25 quadruple-word
1 word equals to 0.0039062 block
1 word equals to 0.015625 kilobit
1 word equals to 0.0019531 kilobyte
1 word equals to 0.002 kilobyte (10^3 bytes)
1 word equals to 0.000015259 megabit
1 word equals to 0.0000019073 megabyte
1 word equals to 0.000002 megabyte (10^6 bytes)
1 word equals to 1.4901e-8 gigabit
1 word equals to 1.8626e-9 gigabyte
1 word equals to 2e-9 gigabyte (10^9 bytes)
1 word equals to 1.4552e-11 terabit
1 word equals to 1.819e-12 terabyte
1 word equals to 2e-12 terabyte (10^12 bytes)
1 word equals to 1.4211e-14 petabit
1 word equals to 1.7764e-15 petabyte
1 word equals to 2e-15 petabyte (10^15 bytes)
1 word equals to 1.3878e-17 exabit
1 word equals to 1.7347e-18 exabyte
1 word equals to 2e-18 exabyte (10^18 bytes)
1 word equals to 0.0000027441 floppy disk (3.5", DD)
1 word equals to 0.0000013721 floppy disk (3.5", HD)
1 word equals to 6.8603e-7 floppy disk (3.5", ED)
1 word equals to 0.0000054882 floppy disk (5.25", DD)
1 word equals to 0.0000016475 floppy disk (5.25", HD)
1 word equals to 1.9914e-8 Zip 100
1 word equals to 7.9656e-9 Zip 250
1 word equals to 1.8626e-9 Jaz 1GB
1 word equals to 9.3132e-10 Jaz 2GB
1 word equals to 2.9366e-9 CD (74 minute)
1 word equals to 2.7164e-9 CD (80 minute)
1 word equals to 3.9631e-10 DVD (1 layer, 1 side)
1 word equals to 2.1913e-10 DVD (2 layer, 1 side)
1 word equals to 1.9815e-10 DVD (1 layer, 2 side)
1 word equals to 1.0957e-10 DVD (2 layer, 2 side)
Bit (Symbol or Abbreviation: b)
Bit is one of units of information technology and data storage units. Bit abbreviated or symbolized by b. The value of 1 bit is equal to 1 bit. In its relation with word, 1 bit is equal to 0.0625 word.
Relation with other units
1 bit equals to 0.25 nibble
1 bit equals to 0.125 byte
1 bit equals to 0.125 character
1 bit equals to 0.0625 word
1 bit equals to 0.03125 MAPM-word
1 bit equals to 0.015625 quadruple-word
1 bit equals to 0.00024414 block
1 bit equals to 0.00097656 kilobit
1 bit equals to 0.00012207 kilobyte
1 bit equals to 0.000125 kilobyte (10^3 bytes)
1 bit equals to 9.5367e-7 megabit
1 bit equals to 1.1921e-7 megabyte
1 bit equals to 1.25e-7 megabyte (10^6 bytes)
1 bit equals to 9.3132e-10 gigabit
1 bit equals to 1.1642e-10 gigabyte
1 bit equals to 1.25e-10 gigabyte (10^9 bytes)
1 bit equals to 9.0949e-13 terabit
1 bit equals to 1.1369e-13 terabyte
1 bit equals to 1.25e-13 terabyte (10^12 bytes)
1 bit equals to 8.8818e-16 petabit
1 bit equals to 1.1102e-16 petabyte
1 bit equals to 1.25e-16 petabyte (10^15 bytes)
1 bit equals to 8.6736e-19 exabit
1 bit equals to 1.0842e-19 exabyte
1 bit equals to 1.25e-19 exabyte (10^18 bytes)
1 bit equals to 1.7151e-7 floppy disk (3.5", DD)
1 bit equals to 8.5754e-8 floppy disk (3.5", HD)
1 bit equals to 4.2877e-8 floppy disk (3.5", ED)
1 bit equals to 3.4301e-7 floppy disk (5.25", DD)
1 bit equals to 1.0297e-7 floppy disk (5.25", HD)
1 bit equals to 1.2446e-9 Zip 100
1 bit equals to 4.9785e-10 Zip 250
1 bit equals to 1.1642e-10 Jaz 1GB
1 bit equals to 5.8208e-11 Jaz 2GB
1 bit equals to 1.8354e-10 CD (74 minute)
1 bit equals to 1.6977e-10 CD (80 minute)
1 bit equals to 2.4769e-11 DVD (1 layer, 1 side)
1 bit equals to 1.3696e-11 DVD (2 layer, 1 side)
1 bit equals to 1.2385e-11 DVD (1 layer, 2 side)
1 bit equals to 6.848e-12 DVD (2 layer, 2 side)
How to convert Word to Bit (word to b):
Conversion Table for Word to Bit (word to b)
word (word) bit (b)
0.01 word 0.16 b
0.1 word 1.6 b
1 word 16 b
2 word 32 b
3 word 48 b
4 word 64 b
5 word 80 b
6 word 96 b
7 word 112 b
8 word 128 b
9 word 144 b
10 word 160 b
20 word 320 b
25 word 400 b
50 word 800 b
75 word 1,200 b
100 word 1,600 b
250 word 4,000 b
500 word 8,000 b
750 word 12,000 b
1,000 word 16,000 b
100,000 word 1,600,000 b
1,000,000,000 word 16,000,000,000 b
1,000,000,000,000 word 16,000,000,000,000 b
Conversion Table for Bit to Word (b to word)
bit (b) word (word)
0.01 b 0.000625 word
0.1 b 0.00625 word
1 b 0.0625 word
2 b 0.125 word
3 b 0.1875 word
4 b 0.25 word
5 b 0.3125 word
6 b 0.375 word
7 b 0.4375 word
8 b 0.5 word
9 b 0.5625 word
10 b 0.625 word
20 b 1.25 word
25 b 1.5625 word
50 b 3.125 word
75 b 4.6875 word
100 b 6.25 word
250 b 15.625 word
500 b 31.25 word
750 b 46.875 word
1,000 b 62.5 word
100,000 b 6,250 word
1,000,000,000 b 62,500,000 word
1,000,000,000,000 b 62,500,000,000 word
Steps to Convert Word to Bit (word to b)
1. Example: Convert 1024 word to bit (1024 word to b).
2. 1 word is equivalent to 16 bit (1 word is equivalent to 16 b).
3. 1024 word (word) is equivalent to 1024 times 16 bit (b).
4. Retrieved 1024 word is equivalent to 16384 bit (1024 word is equivalent to 16384 b).
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Arthritis
Arthritis is a very common disease found in almost all age groups and sexes. It is generally understood as different types of joint pains or joint disease. Arthritis is the most common cause of disability in the present world. More than 20 million individuals worldwide have Arthritis and make it very difficult for individuals to be physically active. The term Arthritis literally refers to the inflammation of joints.
What is Arthritis?
ARTHRITIS
Arthritis is a joint disorder featuring in the joint stiffness, joint damage or inflammation of one or more joints with the general symptoms of swelling, pain and burning sensation. There are different types of arthritis; around 200 conditions affect joints, the tissues surrounding the joint, and other connective tissue. It is a rheumatic condition, and another name for arthritis is wear and tear.
Types of Arthritis
There are more than 100 types of identified arthritis. Among these, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout are the most common types of arthritis.
Following are the major types of arthritis:
OsteoarthritisOsteoarthritis
Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis, caused by the wear-and-tear or damages to the joint’s cartilage surrounding the bone, which results in the reduced friction among the bones. It causes severe pain and a burning sensation at the joints. It can be prevented by taking a balanced diet, maintaining the healthy weight, staying active and by avoiding injuries and repetitive actions. This type of arthritis is seen in older women and other individuals with prior joint trauma, obesity, and a sedentary lifestyle.
Rheumatoid arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis is the long-lasting autoimmune disorder which affects the chronic inflammation of joints and other body parts. It is caused when the immune system of individuals attacks their own cartilage and joint lining capsule – a tough membrane that encloses all the joint parts. Rheumatoid arthritis results in the erosion of two opposing bones usually affect the joints of wrists, knees and elbows and are more often seen in the teenagers or people aged 20 and above.
Infectious arthritis
Infectious arthritis is another severe form of arthritis, caused by microbial infections, hence named as Infectious arthritis. The condition is caused by the invading of pathogens into the joints. This may lead to inflammation, swelling, and pain. The microbes that infect the joints are salmonella, shigella, Chlamydia, and gonorrhoea. Suitable treatment using antibiotics can cure the joint infection in many cases, but in rare cases, it may become critical to treat this Infectious arthritis.
Symptoms of Arthritis
Pain and burning sensation are common symptoms observed in all types of arthritis. Other symptoms include:
• Limping
• Poor sleep
• Deformity of joints
• Malaise and fatigue
• Tenderness of joints
• Muscle aches and pains
• Difficult in moving the joint
• Pain or ache around the joints
• Swelling and stiffness of joints
• Redness and warmth of the joints
In few cases, arthritis can also affect different types of joints and other organs in the body, leading to a variety of symptoms, including fever, fatigue, weight loss, swelling of glands, loss of flexibility, decreased aerobic fitness, weakness of the muscles.
Causes of Arthritis
There are many factors behind the cause of arthritis, and it depends on the type of arthritis. Women are more likely to experience osteoarthritis than men. Anything that damages the cartilage can result in Arthritis.
Few causes include:
• Old age
• Poor nutrition
• Improper Diet
• Immune attacks
• Family hereditary
• General wear and tear
• Metabolic abnormalities
• Infection attacks to the joints.
Treatment of Arthritis
There is no proper or complete cure for this disorder. However, there are several other treatments available for treating the inflammation of joints, and it varies with the different types of arthritis. Overall, the goal of treatment is to reduce pain and prevent further joint damage. The most commonly used treatments are:
• Medicines
• Physical Therapy
• Joint Replacement Surgery
• Massaging and Acupressure
• Non-pharmacologic therapies
Prevention of Arthritis
There are many things that can be done to prevent arthritis. By adopting and following healthy habits, there are chances of preventing these painful diseases. Some healthy habits are:
• Regular physical activities like walking, running, swimming.
• Having a well – balanced diet food
• Including foods rich in vitamin D.
• Maintaining a healthy body weight.
• Avoid injuries and repetitive joint actions.
• Do regular exercise that has an impact on the joints.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q1
1. Is it possible to prevent arthritis?
Yes. Arthritis can be prevented by following the preventive and safety measures along with the nutritious food. As we all know, there is no proper and permanent cure for arthritis. Therefore it is better to prevent arthritis before developing it. The preventive steps include:
1. Minimize the stress on the joints.
2. Maintaining a healthy body weight
3. Avoid accidents and other injuries to joints
4. Regular physical activities to increase bone density
5. Intake of more vitamin D to maintain the bone health
Q2
2. What are the best foods for Arthritis?
There is no strict diet to cure arthritis. There are certain food products, which have a number of health benefits and can also reduce inflammation in the body. These foods include fish, carrot, oranges, berries, grapes, green leafy vegetables, olives, and other food products rich in omega-3 fatty acids, calcium and vitamin C.
Q3
3. How does a doctor diagnose Arthritis?
There are three different types of tests used to diagnose arthritis inpatients. Based on the symptoms the diagnose differs.
1. Physical examinations- It is conducted to check the visible signs, stiffness and swelling of joints.
2. Imaging Tests- It includes X-ray, ultrasound and MRI for visualizing the joints.
3. Blood tests- Blood samples are collected to test the presence of pathogens, levels of inflammations, and for the presence of antibodies.
4. Joint fluid analysis – In this procedure, fluid from the joints are drawn to analysis the cause for the inflammations in the joints.
Q4
4. What is the best treatment for Arthritis?
Apart from painkillers, sprays and other medicines, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are prescribed by the doctors, which help in reducing both the pain and the inflammation.
Q5
5. What are the different types of Arthritis?
There are more than 100 different types of Arthritis. The most common types are:
1. Osteoarthritis
2. Rheumatoid arthritis
3. Infectious arthritis
This was a brief introduction to the Arthritis, its types, symptoms, causes, and treatments. Stay tuned with BYJU’S to know more in detail about arthritis, and other related topics @ BYJU’S Biology.
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1. Informative article
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Excel - auto number generation
Last Edited By Krjb Donovan
Last Updated: Mar 05, 2014 09:27 PM GMT
Question
Auto Generated Number
I am looking for a formula that will auto generate sequential numbers in a list starting at 2000. It would be based on the Header cell to its left when information is in the cell directly to that cells left. Make sense? See attached
Answer
So the new number needs to be specific? like the one above it, +1 ?
if so, something like this, assume the thing on the left is col C, and the numbers will need to be in col D.
=IF(LEN(C5)>0,D4+1,"")
or do you mean a random #, in that case use the same method about if length>0 , but use the RAND formula.
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Régularisation
Dans le cours STT5100, on voit des techniques de sélection de variables comme la technique de Subset Selection qui permet sélectionner un certain nombre de variables parmi \(p-1\) variables et permutant toutes les possibilités des variables dans notre modèle. Toutefois, cette tecgnique devient vite infaisable lorsque \(p\) est grand. On a aussi vu la technique Stepwise Selection, où à chaque step, une variable est considérée pour être ajoutée ou soustraite à l’ensemble des variables explicatives \(p-1\) en fonction d’un critère prédéfini (AIC), BIC, ou \(R^2\) ajusté…etc.
Avoir un riche ensemble de prédicteurs à la régression est une bonne chose, mais n’oublions pas le principe de simplicité; L’explication la plus simple repose sur le plus petit nombre de variables qui modélisent bien les données.
Idéalement, nos régressions devraient sélectionner les variables les plus importantes et les ajuster, mais la fonction objective dont nous avons parlé tente seulement de minimiser l’erreur de somme des carrés.
Nous devons donc modifier notre fonction objective. Comme alternative, nous pouvons ajuster un modèle contenant tous les \(p-1\) prédicteurs en utilisant une technique qui contraint ou “régularise” les estimations de coefficient \(\hat{\beta}\), ou de manière équivalente, qui réduit les estimations de coefficient autour zéro.
Les deux techniques les plus connues pour réduire les coefficients de régression vers zéro sont la régression de Ridge et le Lasso.
Ridge
La régularisation est l’astuce qui consiste à ajouter des termes secondaires à la fonction objectif pour favoriser les modèles qui gardent des coefficients faibles (ou tout près de 0).
Nous avons vu au chapitre précédent que la procédure d’ajustement des moindres carrés estime \(\beta_{0}, \beta_{1}, \ldots, \beta_{p}\) en utilisant les valeurs qui minimisent $\( \mathrm{RSS}=\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2} \)$
La régularisation est l’astuce qui consiste à ajouter des termes secondaires à la fonction objectif pour favoriser les modèles qui gardent des coefficients faibles. Supposons que nous généralisons notre fonction de perte avec un deuxième ensemble de termes qui sont fonction des coefficients, et non les données d’entrainement.
\[\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2}+\lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j}^{2}=\mathrm{RSS}+\lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j}^{2}\]
Dans cette équation, nous payons une pénalité proportionnelle à la somme des carrés des coefficients utilisés dans le modèle. En élevant les coefficients au carré, nous ignorons le signe et nous nous concentrons sur la magnitude.
Le paramètre \(\lambda >0\) est le paramètre de réglage (ou le tuning parameter), il module la force relative des contraintes de régularisation. Plus \(\lambda\) est élevée, plus l’optimisation s’efforcera de réduire la taille des coefficients, au détriment de l’augmentation des résidus. Il devient finalement plus intéressant de fixer le coefficient d’une variable non corrélée à zéro, plutôt que de l’utiliser pour surajuster l’ensemble d’entrainement.
Lorsque \(\lambda=0\), le terme de pénalité n’a aucun effet, et la régression de Ridge produira les estimations des moindres carrés. Cependant, quand \(\lambda \rightarrow \infty\), l’impact de la pénalité de rétrécissement augmente, et les estimations du coefficient de régression Ridge s’approcheront de zéro. Contrairement aux moindres carrés, qui ne génèrent qu’un seul ensemble d’estimations de coefficients, la régression Ridge produira un ensemble différent de coefficients estimations,\(\hat{\beta}_{\lambda}^{R}\) , pour chaque valeur de \(\lambda\). Le choix de valeur pour \(\lambda\) est essentiel, et cela se fait avec la validation croisée.
La pénalisation de la somme des coefficients carrés, comme dans la fonction de perte ci-dessus, est appelée régression de Ridge ou régularisation de Tikhonov. En supposant que les variables dépendantes ont toutes été correctement normalisées à zéro. L’équation ci-dessous montre la solution de forme fermée (où \(\mathbf{A}\) est la matrice d’identité \((n × n)\) sauf avec un \(0\) dans la cellule supérieure gauche, correspondant au terme de biais).
\[\hat{\beta}=\left(\mathbf{X}^{T} \cdot \mathbf{X}+\lambda \mathbf{A}\right)^{-1} \cdot \mathbf{X}^{T} \cdot \mathbf{y}\]
Exemple Credit Data
Regardons l’exemple à la section 6.2.1 du livre [JWHT13]:
df_credit=pd.read_csv("https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nmeraihi/data/master/islr/Credit.csv")
df_credit.head()
Unnamed: 0 Income Limit Rating Cards Age Education Gender Student Married Ethnicity Balance
0 1 14.891 3606 283 2 34 11 Male No Yes Caucasian 333
1 2 106.025 6645 483 3 82 15 Female Yes Yes Asian 903
2 3 104.593 7075 514 4 71 11 Male No No Asian 580
3 4 148.924 9504 681 3 36 11 Female No No Asian 964
4 5 55.882 4897 357 2 68 16 Male No Yes Caucasian 331
On doit ignorer la première colonne Unnamed: 0;
df_credit=df_credit.iloc[:,1:]
df_credit.head()
Income Limit Rating Cards Age Education Gender Student Married Ethnicity Balance
0 14.891 3606 283 2 34 11 Male No Yes Caucasian 333
1 106.025 6645 483 3 82 15 Female Yes Yes Asian 903
2 104.593 7075 514 4 71 11 Male No No Asian 580
3 148.924 9504 681 3 36 11 Female No No Asian 964
4 55.882 4897 357 2 68 16 Male No Yes Caucasian 331
Transformons les variables catégorielles en category;
df_credit["Gender"] = df_credit["Gender"].astype('category')
df_credit["Student"] = df_credit["Student"].astype('category')
df_credit["Married"] = df_credit["Married"].astype('category')
df_credit["Ethnicity"] = df_credit["Ethnicity"].astype('category')
from sklearn.preprocessing import scale
y = df_credit.Balance
X = df_credit[df_credit.columns.difference(['Balance'])]
X = pd.get_dummies(X, drop_first=True)
X_scaled = scale(X)
X.head(3)
Age Cards Education Income Limit Rating Ethnicity_Asian Ethnicity_Caucasian Gender_Female Married_Yes Student_Yes
0 34 2 11 14.891 3606 283 0 1 0 1 0
1 82 3 15 106.025 6645 483 1 0 1 1 1
2 71 4 11 104.593 7075 514 1 0 0 0 0
from sklearn.linear_model import Ridge
../_images/Regularization_23_0.png
La figure de droite affiche les mêmes estimations du coefficient Ridge que celle de gauche, mais au lieu d’afficher \(\lambda\) sur l’axe \(x\), nous affichons maintenant \(||\hat{\beta}_{\lambda}^{R}||_{2} / ||\hat{\beta}||_{2},\)\(\hat{\beta}\) désigne le vecteur des estimations du coefficient des moindres carrés. La notation \(\|\beta\|_{2}\) désigne la norme \(\ell_{2}\) (prononcée “ell 2”) d’un vecteur, et est définie comme \(\|\beta\|_{2}=\sqrt{\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j}^{2}}\). Il mesure la distance de \(\beta\) par rapport à zéro. Plus \(\lambda\) augmente, plus la norme de \(\ell_{2}\) de \(\hat{\beta}_{\lambda}^{R}\) diminuera toujours, tout comme \(||\hat{\beta}_{\lambda}^{R}||_{2} / ||\hat{\beta}||_{2},\).
../_images/Regularization_25_0.png
Cette dernière quantité va de 1 (lorsque \(\lambda=0,\), auquel cas l’estimation du coefficient de régression Ridge est la même que celle des moindres carrés, et donc leurs normes \(\ell_{2}\) sont les mêmes) à \(0\) (lorsque \(\lambda=\infty\), auquel cas l’estimation du coefficient de régression de Ridge est un vecteur de zéros, avec la norme \(\ell_{2}\) égale à zéro). Par conséquent, nous pouvons considérer l’axe \(x\) dans la figure de sroite comme le
../_images/Regularization_28_0.png
LASSO
La régression Ridge est optimisée pour sélectionner de petits coefficients. En raison de la fonction de coût de la somme des carrés, elle “punit” particulièrement les plus grands coefficients.
Bien que la régression Ridge soit efficace pour réduire l’ampleur des coefficients, ce critère ne les pousse pas vraiment à zéro et élimine totalement la variable du modèle.
Une autre solution consiste à essayer de minimiser la somme des valeurs absolues des coefficients, ce qui permet de faire baisser les plus petits coefficients comme les plus grands.
La régression LASSO (pour “Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator”) est une alternative relativement récente à la régression de Ridge qui surpasse cet inconvénient. Les coefficients du lasso, \(\hat{\beta}_{\lambda}^{L}\), minimisent la quantité
\[ \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2}+\lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p}\left|\beta_{j}\right|=\mathrm{RSS}+\lambda \sum_{j=1}^{p}\left|\beta_{j}\right| \]
On peut remarquer une grande similitude entre l’équation Lasso et Ridge. La seule différence est que le terme \(\beta_{j}^{2}\) dans la pénalité de régression Ridge a été remplacé par \(\left|\beta_{j}\right|\) dans la pénalité du Lasso.
En effet, la régression Lasso répond à ce critère : minimiser la métrique \(\ell_{1}\) sur les coefficients au lieu de la métrique \(\ell_{2}\).
Avec LASSO, nous spécifions une contrainte explicite \(s\) quant à ce que peut être la somme des coefficients, et l’optimisation minimise la somme des erreurs quadratiques sous cette contrainte.
\[ \underset{\beta}{\operatorname{minimize}}\left\{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2}\right\} \quad \text { subject to } \sum_{j=1}^{p}\left|\beta_{j}\right| \leq s \]
En langage statistique, la technique Lasso utilise une pénalité \(\ell_{1}\) au lieu d’une pénalité \(\ell_{2}\). La norme \(\ell_{1}\) d’un vecteur de coefficient \(\beta\) est donnée par \(\|\beta\|_{1}=\sum\left|\beta_{j}\right|\).
Lors que la régression Ridge on tente de résoudre:
\[ \underset{\beta}{\operatorname{minimize}}\left\{\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2}\right\} \quad \text { subject to } \quad \sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j}^{2} \leq s \]
La propriété de sélection variable du lasso
Mais pourquoi LASSO fait-elle activement passer les coefficients à zéro ? Cela a à voir avec la forme du cercle de la métrique \(\ell_{1}\).
Comme illustré dans la figure ci-dessous, la forme du cercle \(\ell_{1}\) (l’ensemble des points équidistants de l’origine) n’est pas ronde, mais possède des sommets et des caractéristiques de dimension inférieure comme des arêtes et des faces.
Si nos coefficients \(\beta\) sont contraints de se trouver à la surface d’un cercle de rayon-\(s\) \(\ell_{1}\), cela signifie qu’il est probable qu’il touche l’une de ces caractéristiques à plus faible dimension, ce qui signifie que les dimensions non utilisées obtiennent des coefficients nuls.
../_images/Regularization_41_0.png
Une caractéristique importante de la régression lasso est qu’elle tend à éliminer complètement les poids des caractéristiques les moins importantes (c’est-à-dire à les mettre à zéro). Par exemple, la ligne pointillée dans le graphique ci-dessus de la figure (avec \(\lambda=10e-07\)) semble quadratique, presque linéaire : tous les poids des caractéristiques polynomiales de haut degré sont égaux à zéro. En d’autres termes, la régression lasso effectue automatiquement la sélection des variables.
../_images/Regularization_44_0.png
Sur le graphique de gauche, les contours de fond (ellipses) représentent une fonction de coût non régularisée du MSE \(\lambda=0\), et les cercles blancs montrent la trajectoire BGD sur cette fonction de coût. Les contours d’avant-plan (losanges) représentent la pénalité \(\ell_{1}\), et les triangles (jaunes) montrent la trajectoire BGD pour cette pénalité \((\lambda \rightarrow \infty)\).
Remarquez comment la trajectoire en premier plan atteint \(\beta_1=0\), puis descend doucement jusqu’à ce qu’elle atteigne \(\beta_2=0\). Sur le graphique en haut à droite, les contours représentent la même fonction de coût plus une pénalité de \(\ell_{1}\) avec \(\lambda=0.5\). Le minimum global se trouve sur l’axe \(\beta_2=0\). BGD atteint d’abord \(\beta_2=0\), puis descend doucement jusqu’à ce qu’elle atteigne le minimum global. Les deux graphiques du bas montrent la même chose, mais utilisent une pénalité de \(\ell_{2}\) à la place. Le minimum régularisé est plus proche de \(\beta_2=0\) que le minimum non régularisé, mais les poids ne sont pas totalement éliminés.
Elastic Net
Une généralisation du modèle du lasso est Elastic Net, introduit par [ZH05], qui combine à la fois les pénalités de \(\ell_{1}\) et \(\ell_{2}\). Le terme de régularisation est un simple mélange des termes de régularisation de Ridge et du Lasso, et vous pouvez contrôler le rapport de mélange \(r\). Lorsque \(r = 0\), le Elastic Net est équivalent à la régression de la Ridge, et lorsque \(r = 1\), il est équivalent à la régression du Lasso
\( \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left(y_{i}-\beta_{0}-\sum_{j=1}^{p} \beta_{j} x_{i j}\right)^{2}+r \lambda \sum_{j=1}^{n}\left|\beta_{j}\right|+\frac{1-r}{2} \beta \sum_{j=1}^{n} \beta_{j}^{2}= \operatorname{RSS}+r \lambda \sum_{j=1}^{n}\left|\beta_{j}\right|+\frac{1-r}{2} \beta \sum_{j=1}^{n} \beta_{j}^{2} \)
Sélection des paramètres calibrage
section 6.2.3 dans [JWHT13]
La validation croisée est un moyen simple de pour choisir le bon \(\lambda\). Nous choisissons une grille de valeurs de \(\lambda\), et nous calculons l’erreur de validation croisée pour chaque valeur de \(\lambda\).
Nous sélectionnons ensuite cette valeur pour laquelle l’erreur de validation croisée est la plus faible. Enfin, le modèle est réajusté en utilisant toutes les observations disponibles et la valeur sélectionnée du paramètre de réglage.
from sklearn.linear_model import LinearRegression, Ridge, RidgeCV, Lasso, LassoCV
from sklearn.linear_model import RidgeCV
lambdas = np.logspace(0.5, -4, 100)
ridgeCV = RidgeCV(alphas=lambdas, store_cv_values=True)
ridgeCV.fit(X_scaled, y)
MSE_alphas = np.mean(ridgeCV.cv_values_, axis=0)
fig, ax = plt.subplots(1, 1, figsize=(15,4))
ax.plot(lambdas, MSE_alphas)
ax.axvline(ridgeCV.alpha_, color='k', linestyle='--')
ax.set_xscale('log')
ax.set_xlabel(r"Lambda ($\lambda$)")
ax.set_ylabel('CV MSE');
../_images/Regularization_53_0.png
ridgeCV.alpha_
0.3511191734215131
Dans la figure ci-dessus, réalise un modèle Ridge avec validation croisée sur l’ensemble des données du Crédit. La droite verticale en pointillée indique la valeur sélectionnée de \(\lambda=0.3511\).
En optimisant ces modèles sur une large gamme de valeurs pour le paramètre de régularisation approprié \(s\), nous obtenons un graphique de l’erreur d’évaluation en fonction de \(s\) comme dans l’exemple précédent.
Un bon ajustement aux données d’entrainement avec peu/petits paramètres est plus robuste qu’un ajustement légèrement meilleur avec de nombreux paramètres.
Plusieurs métriques ont été développées pour aider à la sélection des modèles. Les plus importants sont les critères d’information Akaike (AIC) et les critères d’information Baysian (BIC). ces métriques sont un moyen de comparer des modèles avec un nombre différent de paramètres.
Même si la régression LASSO/ridge punit les coefficients basés sur les poids, elle ne les met pas explicitement à zéro si vous voulez exactement \(k\) paramètres. Vous devez ensuite supprimer les variables inutiles de votre modèle.
Les variables à supprimer en premier lieu doivent être celles qui présentent:
• de petits coefficients,
• une faible corrélation avec la fonction objectif,
• une corrélation élevée avec une autre caractéristique du modèle et
• aucune relation évidente justifiable avec la variable réponse.
JWHT13(1,2)
Gareth James, Daniela Witten, Trevor Hastie, and Robert Tibshirani. An introduction to statistical learning. Volume 112. Springer, 2013.
ZH05
Hui Zou and Trevor Hastie. Regularization and variable selection via the elastic net. Journal of the royal statistical society: series B (statistical methodology), 67(2):301–320, 2005.
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I set up .htaccess / .htpassword and It works, except when I type the password incorrectly it still logs me in.. If I use a completely different password, doesn't work. A different user name, it doesn't work.
But if I use the proper user name and mostly the right password, it works?
Example:
password I'm using is "firefight", and "firefighter" seems to work. "Hose" won't.
Any clue?
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2
Please show the htaccess and htpasswd files – Pekka 웃 Sep 4 '10 at 13:57
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2 Answers
up vote 7 down vote accepted
From the htpasswd page:
When using the crypt() algorithm, note that only the first 8 characters of the password are used to form the password. If the supplied password is longer, the extra characters will be silently discarded.
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This is something i never knew about crypt, +1 – RobertPitt Sep 4 '10 at 14:00
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Only the first 8 characters are taken into consideration.
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Stack Overflow is a community of 4.7 million programmers, just like you, helping each other. Join them; it only takes a minute:
Looking for a way to hook into the client side fail condition for the form.
I need to re-enable a submit button if the validation fails so they can try again.
I found the following: Using unobtrusive validation in ASP.NET MVC 3, how can I take action when a form is invalid? which might work but I was hoping to do this from a central place as the form can be submitted from several places.
Update:
This function seems to work well assuming you have an input tag with the class ".goButton".
<script language="javascript" type="text/javascript">
$(".goButton").click(function () {
if (!$(this).closest("form").valid()) {
return false;
}
$(".goButton").after("Please wait...");
$(".goButton").hide();
});
</script>
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1 Answer 1
up vote 18 down vote accepted
Then you can hook ALL forms from a central place - just be aware all forms will be hooked. Instead of using $("#formId") in the sample, simply use $("form").submit() and that delegate will be called for any form's submit and in that method you can call your validate check and return true (to submit the form) or false to prevent it.
Something like this off the top of my head
$("form").submit(function () {
if (!$(this).valid()) {
return false;
}
else
{
return true;
}
});
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Thank you, I believe that is what I was looking for. – David Thompson Jun 29 '11 at 14:44
Calling $(this).valid() here actually runs the validation logic which was exactly what i was looking for. I was having trouble gaining a count of .form-validation-error elements within a $(form).submit() event until calling $(this).valid(). Thx much! – Dylan Hayes May 31 '13 at 18:23
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bone marrow transplants replaces blood cells
1956: the first successful bone marrow transplantation
acrf
In 1956, the first successful bone marrow transplant was performed by Dr E. Donnall Thomas in Cooperstown, New York. This milestone involved identical twins, with bone marrow taken from the healthy twin, and given to the other, who had leukaemia.
This ground-breaking treatment paved the way for a life-saving therapy that is now standard for patients with blood cell disorders, such as leukaemia, sickle cell anaemia and inherited immune system disorders.
Bone marrow and cancer
Bone marrow is a spongy tissue found in the centre of bones. It contains cells called haematopoietic (or blood-making) stem cells. These stem cells produce millions of blood cells, such as red cells, white cells and platelets, every day. These blood cells are relatively transient; they are produced as required, and when no longer needed, they die.
Haematological (blood cell) cancers, such as leukaemia, usually arise in the bone marrow. A single blood cell that has been mutated (damaged) begins to divide uncontrollably, producing copies of itself that eventually fill the bone marrow and spread through the blood system. Chemotherapy (and sometimes radiotherapy) is used to kill these cancer cells.
Before the advent of bone marrow transplantation, high doses of chemotherapy, sufficient to kill all the cancer cells, could not be used, as they also killed the normal cells in the bone marrow. With the demonstration of successful bone marrow transplantation however, doctors were able to use higher, more effective doses of chemotherapy and radiation. These higher doses also kill normal bone marrow cells, but now these cells can be replaced with donor cells.
Where do donor cells come from?
The first bone marrow transplants were performed in identical twins, and then in siblings, because cells from unrelated donors were rejected by patients. Subsequent research revealed that bone marrow donors and recipients can be unrelated, however their blood cells must be sufficiently similar, or “matched” to avoid transplant rejection. Where possible, it is preferable for matched siblings or other close relatives to act as bone marrow donors. When a matched relative is unavailable, international Bone Marrow Donor Registries exist to match unrelated donors with patients.
Bone marrow is not the only source of haematological stem cells. Blood left behind in a newborn baby’s umbilical cord is also rich in these cells. Cord blood stem cells have some advantages, for example they can be stored when a baby is born, and quickly accessed when needed. There are more than 100 Cord Blood Banks worldwide.
Another source of stem cells is from a donor’s blood, or from the patient’s own blood. This is called a “peripheral blood stem cell transplant”. Collecting stem cells from blood is easier than collecting it from bone marrow, and large numbers of cells can be harvested. Peripheral blood stem cell transplants are increasingly replacing bone marrow transplants. However a doctor will take into account many factors when deciding which type of transplant is most appropriate for each patient.
Since the first bone marrow transplant in 1956, over one million stem cell transplants have been performed worldwide. Thousands of people with blood cell cancers now benefit from this treatment every year.
Related links:
http://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/treatment/types/stem-cell-transplant/stem-cell-fact-sheet
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/cancers-in-general/treatment/transplant/bone-marrow-transplants
http://biotechlearn.org.nz/themes/biotech_therapies/timeline_for_bone_marrow_transplants
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Cube Actions
Pyramid supports numerous "cube actions" that have been defined in MS OLAP, Tabular, and BW models. A cube action provides a springboard for end users to access additional functions and applications - based on the results of a query or metadata selections.
Note: Actions are not available in the Pyramid Community edition.
To access cube actions, right click on a data point and select the required action from the context menu:
URL: any URL actions attached to any part of the cube (the cube itself, dimensions, levels, members and cells) can be launched from the client. The application will open a secondary browser window with the URL address.
Action for Cell: similar to URL actions, any reporting service actions attached to the cube will be launched from the client via a secondary browser pop-up window.
Drill Through: any drill through queries attached to a data cell in a query can be executed WITHIN the client. The result set is returned WITHIN the application in a data grid in the Drill Through dialog, which can be re-sized. By default, the result set is limited to 1000 records. However, users can resubmit the query and increase the maximum number of rows returned. Results can also be exported to Excel from the grid.
Rowset: any rowset relational queries attached to a cube will be executed WITHIN the client (similar to DRILLTHROUGH). The result set is returned WITHIN the application in a data grid. Results can be exported to Excel from the grid. Using this action, it is possible for cube designers to expose "drill-to-relational-detail" functionality using SQL queries to end users through the Pyramid application.
To learn how to build actions using the Actions wizard, click here.
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| 0.645472 |
8
\$\begingroup\$
I need to perform few tasks inside a Windows Service I am writing in parallel. I am using VS2013, .NET 4.5 and this post shows that TPL is the way to go.
I was wondering if anyone can tell me if I have done it correctly.
public partial class FtpLink : ServiceBase
{
private readonly CancellationTokenSource _cancellationTokenSource = new CancellationTokenSource();
private readonly ManualResetEvent _runCompleteEvent = new ManualResetEvent(false);
public FtpLink()
{
InitializeComponent();
// Load configuration
WebEnvironment.Instance.Initialise();
}
protected override void OnStart(string[] args)
{
Trace.TraceInformation("DatabaseToFtp is running");
try
{
RunAsync(_cancellationTokenSource.Token).Wait();
}
finally
{
_runCompleteEvent.Set();
}
}
protected override void OnStop()
{
Trace.TraceInformation("DatabaseToFtp is stopping");
_cancellationTokenSource.Cancel();
_runCompleteEvent.WaitOne();
Trace.TraceInformation("DatabaseToFtp has stopped");
}
private async Task RunAsync(CancellationToken cancellationToken)
{
while (!cancellationToken.IsCancellationRequested)
{
Trace.TraceInformation("Working");
// Do the actual work
var tasks = new List<Task>
{
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => new Processor().ProcessMessageFiles(), cancellationToken),
Task.Factory.StartNew(() => new Processor().ProcessFirmware(), cancellationToken)
};
Task.WaitAll(tasks.ToArray(), cancellationToken);
// Delay the loop for a certain time
await Task.Delay(WebEnvironment.Instance.DatabasePollInterval, cancellationToken);
}
}
}
\$\endgroup\$
• 2
\$\begingroup\$ Seems odd to me that you run something asynchronously and then wait. Seems to be defeating the purpose. The purpose of async is to run something that takes an unknown amount of time to complete, due to depending on something not under your control (often network or disk IO), and being able to still perform other tasks during that time -- not just waiting for it to be done. \$\endgroup\$ – Snowbody Apr 9 '15 at 2:55
• \$\begingroup\$ @Snowbody, all I want to do is be able to call ProcessMessageFiles and ProcessFirmware methods in parallel and once both are done, sleep for a set time defined by DatabasePollInterval before I call them again. What modifications should I make then? P.S. Sorry about double comments, I get a notification with only 1 user will be notified. \$\endgroup\$ – WRACK Apr 9 '15 at 3:37
• 1
\$\begingroup\$ It's not a matter of "modifications"; it's a matter of design philosophy. You seem to be completely misunderstanding the purpose and uses of async; that's not something that can be fixed with modifications. In short: What problem are you trying to solve, and why do you think async solves this problem? Based on what you say, plain ol' threads seem like a better match. \$\endgroup\$ – Snowbody Apr 9 '15 at 4:40
• \$\begingroup\$ Maybe with an Event that both threads wait on so they both start at the same time. \$\endgroup\$ – Snowbody Apr 9 '15 at 4:41
5
\$\begingroup\$
The general design of your example is correct, however there are some problems with how you have implemented the async code. Most notibly
• Calling .Wait() on the Task returned by RunAsync() will block 'OnStart()'. Instead it should be done after cancellation in the OnStop() method. This would eliminate the need to use a ManualResetEvent
• Task.WaitAll() should be replace with await Task.WhenAll()
More importantly you can achieve the desired behaviour much more simply by using a System.Threading.Timer. The TPL is needed only to perform parallel processing.
public partial class FtpLink : ServiceBase
{
private Timer _timer;
public FtpLink()
{
WebEnvironment.Instance.Initialise();
}
protected override void OnStart(string[] args)
{
Trace.TraceInformation("DatabaseToFtp service started.");
_timer = new Timer(Process, null, 0, WebEnvironment.Instance.DatabasePollInterval);
}
protected override void OnStop()
{
_timer.Dispose();
Trace.TraceInformation("DatabaseToFtp service stopped.");
}
private void Process(object state)
{
Trace.TraceInformation("Processing message files and firmware...");
Parallel.Invoke(
() => new Processor().ProcessMessageFiles(),
() => new Processor().ProcessFirmware());
Trace.TraceInformation("Processing complete.");
}
}
If you want to ensure that the service waits for processing to complete before exiting, you can use a simple Monitor as shown in the answer to this question.
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\$\endgroup\$
Your Answer
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__label__pos
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Huxley, Hugh Esmor ( born Feb. 25, 1924 , Birkenhead, Cheshire, Eng.English molecular biologist whose study (with Jean Hanson) of muscle ultrastructure using the techniques of X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy led him to propose the sliding-filament theory of muscle contraction. An explanation for the conversion of chemical energy to mechanical energy on the molecular level, the theory states that two muscle proteins, actin and myosin, arranged in partially overlapping filaments, slide past each other through the activity of the energy-rich compound adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , during muscle contraction.
Huxley worked on the development of radar equipment for the Royal Air Force (1943–47), for which he was made a member Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE). After the war he received his returned to the University of Cambridge, where he had begun his studies in 1941, and received a Ph.D. from Cambridge University in molecular biology (1952), and . He then worked at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1952–54), Cambridge (1953–56), and University College , London (1956–61). In 1962 he became a member of the Medical Research Council’s Laboratory of Molecular Biology at Cambridge. He was appointed professor of biology at Brandeis University in Waltham, Mass., in 1987 and became director of the university’s Rosenstiel Basic Medical Sciences Research Center (1988–94). After his term as director of the research centre, Huxley remained at Brandeis, where he continued to investigate the mechanics of muscular function using time-resolved low-angle X-ray diffraction.
Huxley was appointed to the National Academy of Sciences in 2003.
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I recently took a simple skills test to which I was given the feedback:
"There is one small indexing optimisation which could improve performance."
The skills test involved creating a birthday e-card online app; users sign up, then on their birthday an email is sent to them. I was to presume this is on a Linux server running a mysql database with around 4 million records.
I've tried my best to research further issues with indexing on my database, but to my best research and knowledge, im struggling to find any improvements. I'd really appreciate any pointers here so I can learn where I went wrong;
Database:
CREATE TABLE `birthdayCard`
(
`Email` VARCHAR(255),
`FirstName` CHAR(30),
`LastName` CHAR(30),
`Dob` DATE,
PRIMARY KEY (Email),
INDEX(Dob)
);
Query:
SELECT * FROM `birthdayCard`
WHERE MONTH(Dob) = MONTH(NOW())
AND DAY(Dob) = DAY(NOW());
share|improve this question
2
How are you querying the table? (A compound index might speed things up.) – middaparka Aug 4 '13 at 20:45
I've edited the post to reflect the query too - "SELECT * FROM birthdayCard WHERE MONTH(Dob) = MONTH(NOW()) AND DAY(Dob) = DAY(NOW());";" Thanks :) – kirgy Aug 4 '13 at 20:49
1
Maybe the index on Dob is not used while querying the DB? Have to test it. Have you the query plan at hand? – Sylvain Leroux Aug 4 '13 at 20:49
You need month + day in an index without year – Ebbe M. Pedersen Aug 4 '13 at 20:52
@EbbeM.Pedersen Yeah! That was what I suspected too. On the original query the index on Dob is not used sqlfiddle.com/#!2/c7edc/2 – Sylvain Leroux Aug 4 '13 at 20:53
add comment
4 Answers
As explained in the comment above, the INDEX(Dob) is not used -- since this is an index on year-month-day. You have to create an index on month-day.
Probably not the most elegant solution, but:
CREATE TABLE `birthdayCard`(`Email` VARCHAR(255), `FirstName` CHAR(30), `LastName` CHAR(30),
`Mob` int, `Dob` int,
PRIMARY KEY (Email), INDEX(`Mob`, `Dob`));
See http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/db82ff/1
For a better( ?) answer: as MySQL does not support computed columns, you might need triggers to populate a "month-day" columns, and have an index on it:
CREATE TABLE `birthdayCard`(`Email` VARCHAR(255), `FirstName` CHAR(30), `LastName` CHAR(30),
`Dob` DATE,
`Birthday` CHAR(5),
PRIMARY KEY (Email), INDEX(`Birthday`));
CREATE TRIGGER ins_bithdayCard BEFORE INSERT ON `birthdayCard`
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.`birthday` = DATE_FORMAT(NEW.`Dob`, "%m%d");
CREATE TRIGGER upd_bithdayCard BEFORE UPDATE ON `birthdayCard`
FOR EACH ROW
SET NEW.`birthday` = DATE_FORMAT(NEW.`Dob`, "%m%d");
This allow "simple" inserts, preserving if needed the full Dob as in your original example:
insert into birthdayCard (Email, FirstName, LastNAme, Dob)
values ("[email protected]", "Sylvain", "Leroux", '2013-08-05');
The SELECT query has to be modified to use the new "search" column:
SELECT * FROM `birthdayCard` WHERE Birthday = DATE_FORMAT(NOW(), "%m%d");
Sett http://sqlfiddle.com/#!2/66111/3
share|improve this answer
You should also include a Yob column and/or the complete birthday. – Arjan Aug 5 '13 at 7:00
1
@Arjan I update my answer to keep the original full Dob -- using now a trigger to duplicate month-day in a separate column to speed-up search. – Sylvain Leroux Aug 5 '13 at 8:06
add comment
I don't know about a "small" improvement, but I can think of a big one...
The index can only be used on "naked" fields, so your current query causes an expensive full table scan. You should transform the WHERE expression so the field is not enclosed by the function call:
SELECT * FROM `birthdayCard`
WHERE
Dob >= CURDATE()
AND Dob < DATE_ADD(CURDATE(), INTERVAL 1 DAY);
Which can be satisfied by an index range scan:
ID SELECT_TYPE TABLE TYPE POSSIBLE_KEYS KEY KEY_LEN REF ROWS EXTRA
1 SIMPLE birthdayCard range Dob Dob 4 (null) 1 Using where
share|improve this answer
How would it work? If a Dob is the birthday date, then it'll be < CURDATE() in most cases. – meze Aug 5 '13 at 7:39
1
@meze Sorry, I apparently misunderstood your original query. I thought you wanted to get people born today (this year), while in fact you wanted people born on the same date of any year. If that is indeed what you want, you'll need to do something along the lines of what Sylvain Leroux proposed. Technically your table violates the principle of atomicity (and the 1NF), since you are querying for the part of the date, yet storing it as a whole, so the solution is to normalize the table. – Branko Dimitrijevic Aug 5 '13 at 7:55
It's not my query btw, so I'm not sure what the OP meant. But I wouldn't say it's not in 1NF in either case. Because from the domain point of view the birthday date is a type that can be used to calculate things like age, m/d or a year of birth. That's purely optimisation and clever DB engines support computed indexes. – meze Aug 5 '13 at 8:44
@meze Sorry for confusing you with the OP. As I'm sure you already know, what "atomic" means is not strictly defined. I find it useful to look at how I need to query and change the data and define "atomic" relative to that, which can in some cases depend on the DBMS involved, as you already noted. This is an example how physical and logical design cannot be completely separated. – Branko Dimitrijevic Aug 5 '13 at 9:12
add comment
I managed to receive some feedback from my test directly from the company, and as their response hasn't been shared so far, I thought I'd share that too as an option.
The problem comes, as highlighted by most, with the DOB. From what was explained to me, when querying a DOB stored as a date as I have done, a query looking for the day and month performs the query similar to a LIKE statement.
This effectually means the stored value 1970-01-01 (the format dates are stored) would be queried similar to:
WHERE Dob LIKE '%01-01'
This would mean the MYSQL engine would cycle through the unneeded "1970-" part of the value.
The proposed solution would then be to only store (and index) the part of the date needed (month, day). A 4 character length integer would be perfect for this, especially if we performed a query which would select from the left using LEFT, and the RIGHT SELECT function.
Table:
CREATE TABLE `birthdayCard`
(
`Email` VARCHAR(255),
`FirstName` CHAR(30),
`LastName` CHAR(30),
`Dob` INT(4),
PRIMARY KEY (Email),
INDEX(Dob)
);
Query:
SELECT * FROM `birthdayCard`
WHERE LEFT(Dob, 2) = MONTH(NOW())
AND RIGHT(Dob, 2) = DAY(NOW());
It's not that the other methods won't work, or my example was wrong, but speed wise - this proposed method seems to me at least, to be the fastest. In case you're interested; this solution was provided by a hardy SQL veteran and CEO with some 20 programming years behind him.
share|improve this answer
add comment
A few options I would consider.
Creating a column and selecting date_diff(dob, interval - year(dob) YEARS) This gives a date of 0000-08-04 which you can query easily. You can use an trigger to keep new columns in sync.
instead of using a date type. use a char(10). When the column try has been changed update the column to be REVERSE(dob). You can then query for the day and month pretty quick while keeping it in 1 column and keeping the year. This has the advantage of keeping 1 column and all the information
Using some maths - though no method are springing to mind. Im sure there are some
share|improve this answer
Converting a date to a char type and then reversing it to do searches on is going to push up the O-notation of inserts and updates. Your first solution is much more elegant. – Namphibian Aug 5 '13 at 0:18
inserts and updates happen much less often than selects on most cases. – exussum Aug 5 '13 at 6:10
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| 0.628388 |
Insulin Negative Feedback Loop
Regulation of growth hormone (GH) and Insulin-like growth factor... | Download Scientific Diagram
Positive and negative feedback loops. the negative feedback loop brings the body closer to the set point insulin dependent or type 1 diabetes is a type of. 018 – positive and negative feedback loops paul andersen explains how feedback loops allow living organisms to maintain homeostasis. he uses. insulin as growth.. Insulin and glucagon work in what’s called a negative feedback loop. during this process, one event triggers another, which triggers another, and so on, to keep your blood sugar levels balanced.. Positive and negative feedback loops. when the glucose of homeostasis fails a disease called diabetes is formed, these include type 1 diabetes and type 2 diabetes. insulin dependent or type 1 diabetes is a type of disease where the body produces the needed amount of insulin required, making the body suffer severe insulin deficiency..
Negative feedback loops, in conjunction with the various stimuli that can affect a variable, typically produce a condition in which the variable oscillates around the set point. for example, negative feedback loops involving insulin and glucagon help to keep blood glucose levels within a narrow concentration range.. Positive and negative feedback loops in biology feedback is defined as the information gained about a reaction to a product, which will allow the modification of the product. feedback loops are therefore the process whereby a change to the system results in an alarm which will trigger a certain result.. The internal mechanism for blood glucose regulation is negative feedback. as you can see from the figure, depending on whether glucose levels are rising or falling, the body has a different response. when levels increase, the beta cells secrete insulin which then converts glucose to glycogen so that extra glucose can be stored restoring glucose.
calcitonin | Thyroid Negative Feedback Loop | physiology | Pinterest | Pathophysiology nursing ...
Insulin and glucagon are in a negative feedback loop let’s say you eat a bagel for breakfast. the carbohydrates are broken down to glucose and your blood-glucose level increases.. Feedback loops: insulin and glucagon. your body has a set point (around 98.6º) and when receptors detect that the temperature is getting too high or too low, then the body makes adjustments, such as sweating or shivering. more advanced students can take this concept further by applying it to the body’s regulation of blood glucose.. Blood sugar regulation. level constancy is accomplished primarily through negative feedback systems, which ensure that blood glucose concentration is maintained within the normal range of 70 to 110 milligrams (0.0024 to 0.0038 ounces) of glucose per deciliter (approximately one-fifth of a pint) of blood..
Feedback loops: insulin and glucagon. your body has a set point (around 98.6º) and when receptors detect that the temperature is getting too high or too low, then the body makes adjustments, such as sweating or shivering. more advanced students can take this concept further by applying it to the body’s regulation of blood glucose.. Insulin and glucagon work in what’s called a negative feedback loop. during this process, one event triggers another, which triggers another, and so on, to keep your blood sugar levels balanced.. The internal mechanism for blood glucose regulation is negative feedback. as you can see from the figure, depending on whether glucose levels are rising or falling, the body has a different response. when levels increase, the beta cells secrete insulin which then converts glucose to glycogen so that extra glucose can be stored restoring glucose.
|
__label__pos
| 0.89067 |
Protect Console Screen Session
From D3xt3r01.tk
Jump to navigationJump to search
WHY
Because I often keep my IM ( finch ) in a screen session. I don't want the other users which I give root access ( via sudo for example ) to be able to attach to my session.
HOW
1. Generate a password
htpasswd -n doesntmatterwhatyouwritehere
Enter your password twice and copy the part after : in the output
2. Put that encrypted password in .screenrc like this
password 3ncr1pt3dpassw0rdh3r3
3. Other recommended settings in .screenrc
caption always '%c:%s'
password 3ncr1pt3dpassw0rdh3r3
addacl youruserhere
hardstatus on
startup_message off
vbell off
autodetach on
|
__label__pos
| 0.642499 |
LinuxQuestions.org
LinuxQuestions.org (/questions/)
- Linux - General (http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/)
- - printing using linux OS (http://www.linuxquestions.org/questions/linux-general-1/printing-using-linux-os-797253/)
calsoftsateesh 03-23-2010 06:45 AM
printing using linux OS
Hi,
I am trying to print some text written in gedit editor using cups. gedit editor convering the text data to postscript data and sending to cups. Is there any editor in linux which does not change the data format while sending it to printer.I need plain text need to be coming to cups with out any alter.
Thanks,
Sateesh.
phi 03-23-2010 08:25 AM
what about
Code:
lpr -P<printerName> <filename>
tredegar 03-23-2010 02:38 PM
AFAIK gedit doesn't know anything about postscript, it's just a simple GUI text editor.
Why do you say "gedit editor convering the text data to postscript data and sending to cups"?
In gedit, you just do File-> Print. It prints.
If not, then perhaps you have not set up cups or your printer properly.
We can help you do that, but only if you tell us which distribution of linux you are running, and which desktop you are using (KDE, Gnome Xfce etc.)
Welcome to LQ!
devnull10 03-23-2010 02:40 PM
It sounds like you are using the "a2ps" command. You should use "lpr" if you want it printed "plain".
calsoftsateesh 03-24-2010 01:00 AM
Hi all,
Thank you for your prompt reply, I am printing some text using gedit by doing file->print. The cups filters being run are pstops, pstoraster. since the incoming data is in the form of postscript, these filters are being used instead of texttops.
My requirement is, I need to extract some text from the print data in cups filters. If the incoming data is in the form of text, I can easily search and extract the data but If I use the gedit editor data is in the form of postscript.
If I use the lp command to print, data is coming to filters with out any change(that is in the plain text form). But I my case have to use some text editor to print instead of lp command.
And I am using the fedora 11 with GNOME desktop.
Thanks,
Sateesh.
phi 03-24-2010 09:04 AM
raw?
If you open your files using "gv" or "evince" they look as they shuld?
Then you could try
Code:
lpr -Praw <fileName>
.
tommyttt 03-25-2010 01:31 AM
As Tregegar said, gedit does NOT output postscript so it's happening somewhere else. Why do you need plain text to the printer? Does it not recognize it?
In gedit, when you view the print setup window, is there a setting telling cups to use a certain filter? And as phi suggested, save the file and send it directly to the printer (lpr is the print queque), so "lpr -P <XXX> <filename> just sends it there without filtering. The -P is the printer name as assigned by your system.
All times are GMT -5. The time now is 01:45 PM.
|
__label__pos
| 0.631498 |
Scientific notation
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Scientific notation (also referred to as standard form or standard index form) is a way of expressing numbers that are too big or too small to be conveniently written in decimal form. It is commonly used by scientists, mathematicians and engineers. On scientific calculators it is known as "SCI" display mode.
Decimal notation Scientific notation
2 2×100
300 3×102
4,321.768 4.321768×103
−53,000 −5.3×104
6,720,000,000 6.72×109
0.2 2×10−1
0.000 000 007 51 7.51×10−9
In scientific notation all numbers are written in the form
m × 10n
(m times ten raised to the power of n), where the exponent n is an integer, and the coefficient m is any real number (however, see normalized notation below), called the significand or mantissa. The term "mantissa" may cause confusion, however, because it can also refer to the fractional part of the common logarithm. If the number is negative then a minus sign precedes m (as in ordinary decimal notation).
Decimal floating point is a computer arithmetic system closely related to scientific notation.
Normalized notation
Any given integer can be written in the form m×10^n in many ways: for example, 350 can be written as 3.5×102 or 35×101 or 350×100.
In normalized scientific notation (called "standard form" in the UK), the exponent n is chosen so that the absolute value of m remains at least one but less than ten (1 ≤ |m| < 10). Thus 350 is written as 3.5×102. This form allows easy comparison of numbers, as the exponent n gives the number's order of magnitude. In normalized notation, the exponent n is negative for a number with absolute value between 0 and 1 (e.g. 0.5 is written as 5×10−1). The 10 and exponent are often omitted when the exponent is 0.
Normalized scientific form is the typical form of expression of large numbers in many fields, unless an unnormalized form, such as engineering notation, is desired. Normalized scientific notation is often called exponential notation—although the latter term is more general and also applies when m is not restricted to the range 1 to 10 (as in engineering notation for instance) and to bases other than 10 (as in 3.15× 2^20).
Engineering notation
Engineering notation (often named "ENG" display mode on scientific calculators) differs from normalized scientific notation in that the exponent n is restricted to multiples of 3. Consequently, the absolute value of m is in the range 1 ≤ |m| < 1000, rather than 1 ≤ |m| < 10. Though similar in concept, engineering notation is rarely called scientific notation. Engineering notation allows the numbers to explicitly match their corresponding SI prefixes, which facilitates reading and oral communication. For example, 12.5×10−9 m can be read as "twelve-point-five nanometers" and written as 12.5 nm, while its scientific notation equivalent 1.25×10−8 m would likely be read out as "one-point-two-five times ten-to-the-negative-eight meters".
Significant figures
A significant figure is a digit in a number that adds to its precision. This includes all nonzero numbers, zeroes between significant digits, and zeroes indicated to be significant. Leading and trailing zeroes are not significant because they exist only to show the scale of the number. Therefore, 1,230,400 usually has five significant figures: 1, 2, 3, 0, and 4; the final two zeroes serve only as placeholders and add no precision to the original number.
When a number is converted into normalized scientific notation, it is scaled down to a number between 1 and 10. All of the significant digits remain, but the place holding zeroes are no longer required. Thus 1,230,400 would become 1.2304 × 106. However, there is also the possibility that the number may be known to six or more significant figures, in which case the number would be shown as (for instance) 1.23040 × 106. Thus, an additional advantage of scientific notation is that the number of significant figures is clearer.
Estimated final digit(s)
It is customary in scientific measurements to record all the definitely known digits from the measurements, and to estimate at least one additional digit if there is any information at all available to enable the observer to make an estimate. The resulting number contains more information than it would without that extra digit(s), and it (or they) may be considered a significant digit because it conveys some information leading to greater precision in measurements and in aggregations of measurements (adding them or multiplying them together).
Additional information about precision can be conveyed through additional notations. It is often useful to know how exact the final digit(s) are. For instance, the accepted value of the unit of elementary charge can properly be expressed as 1.602176487(40)×10−19 C,[1] which is shorthand for (1.602176487±0.000000040)×10−19 C
E notation
A calculator display showing the Avogadro constant in E notation
Most calculators and many computer programs present very large and very small results in scientific notation, typically invoked by a key labelled EXP (for exponent), EEX (for enter exponent), EE, EX, or E depending on vendor and model. Because superscripted exponents like 107 cannot always be conveniently displayed, the letter E or e is often used to represent "times ten raised to the power of" (which would be written as "× 10n") and is followed by the value of the exponent; in other words, for any two real numbers m and n, the usage of "mEn" would indicate a value of m × 10n. In this usage the character e is not related to the mathematical constant e or the exponential function ex (a confusion that is less likely with capital E); and though it stands for exponent, the notation is usually referred to as (scientific) E notation or (scientific) e notation, rather than (scientific) exponential notation (though the latter also occurs). The use of this notation is not encouraged in publications.[2]
Examples and other notations
• Decimal Exponent Symbol is part of "The Unicode Standard" e.g. 6.0221415⏨23 - it is included as U+23E8 DECIMAL EXPONENT SYMBOL to accommodate usage in the programming languages Algol 60 and Algol 68.
• The TI-83 series and TI-84 Plus series of calculators use a stylized E character to display decimal exponent and the 10 character to denote an equivalent ×10^ Operator[7].
• The Simula programming language requires the use of & (or && for long), for example: 6.0221415&23 (or 6.0221415&&23).[7]
Order of magnitude
Scientific notation also enables simpler order-of-magnitude comparisons. A proton's mass is 0.0000000000000000000000000016726 kg. If written as 1.6726×10−27 kg, it is easier to compare this mass with that of an electron, given below. The order of magnitude of the ratio of the masses can be obtained by comparing the exponents instead of the more error-prone task of counting the leading zeros. In this case, −27 is larger than −31 and therefore the proton is roughly four orders of magnitude (10000 times) more massive than the electron.
Scientific notation also avoids misunderstandings due to regional differences in certain quantifiers, such as billion, which might indicate either 109 or 1012.
In physics and astrophysics, the number of orders of magnitude between two numbers is sometimes referred to as "dex", a contraction of "decimal exponent". For instance, if two numbers are within 1 dex of each other, then the ratio of the larger to the smaller number is less than 10. Fractional values can be used, so if within 0.5 dex, the ratio is less than \scriptstyle \sqrt{10}, and so on.
Use of spaces
In normalized scientific notation, in E notation, and in engineering notation, the space (which in typesetting may be represented by a normal width space or a thin space) that is allowed only before and after "×" or in front of "E" or "e" is sometimes omitted, though it is less common to do so before the alphabetical character.[8]
Further examples of scientific notation
• An electron's mass is about 0.00000000000000000000000000000091093822 kg. In scientific notation, this is written 9.1093822×10−31 kg (in SI units).
• The Earth's mass is about 5973600000000000000000000 kg. In scientific notation, this is written 5.9736×1024 kg.
• The Earth's circumference is approximately 40000000 m. In scientific notation, this is 4×107 m. In engineering notation, this is written 40×106 m. In SI writing style, this may be written "40 Mm" (40 megameters).
• An inch is defined as exactly 25.4 mm (so the number of significant digits is actually infinite). Quoting a value of 25.400 mm shows that the value is correct to the nearest micrometer. An approximated value with only three significant digits would be 2.54×101 mm instead. As there is no limit to the number of significant digits, the length of an inch could, if required, be written as (say) 2.54000000000×101 mm instead.
Converting numbers
Converting a number in these cases means to either convert the number into scientific notation form, convert it back into decimal form or to change the exponent part of the equation. None of these alter the actual number, only how it's expressed.
Decimal to scientific
First, move the decimal separator point the required amount, n, to make the number's value within a desired range, between 1 and 10 for normalized notation. If the decimal was moved to the left, append × 10n; to the right, × 10-n. To represent the number 1,230,400 in normalized scientific notation, the decimal separator would be moved 6 digits to the left and × 106 appended, resulting in 1.2304×106. The number -0.004 0321 would have its decimal separator shifted 3 digits to the right instead of the left and yield −4.0321×10−3 as a result.
Scientific to decimal
Converting a number from scientific notation to decimal notation, first remove the × 10n on the end, then shift the decimal separator n digits to the right (positive n) or left (negative n). The number 1.2304×106 would have its decimal separator shifted 6 digits to the right and become 1,230,400, while −4.0321×10−3 would have its decimal separator moved 3 digits to the left and be -0.0040321.
Exponential
Conversion between different scientific notation representations of the same number with different exponential values is achieved by performing opposite operations of multiplication or division by a power of ten on the significand and an subtraction or addition of one on the exponent part. The decimal separator in the significand is shifted x places to the left (or right) and 1x is added to (or subtracted from) the exponent, as shown below.
1.234×103 = 12.34×102 = 123.4×101 = 1234
Basic operations
Given two numbers in scientific notation,
x_0=m_0\times10^{n_0}
and
x_1=m_1\times10^{n_1}
Multiplication and division are performed using the rules for operation with exponentiation:
x_0 x_1=m_0 m_1\times10^{n_0+n_1}
and
\frac{x_0}{x_1}=\frac{m_0}{m_1}\times10^{n_0-n_1}
Some examples are:
5.67\times10^{-5} \times 2.34\times10^2 \approx 13.3\times10^{-3} = 1.33\times10^{-2}
and
\frac{2.34\times10^2}{5.67\times10^{-5}} \approx 0.413\times10^{7} = 4.13\times10^6
Addition and subtraction require the numbers to be represented using the same exponential part, so that the significand can be simply added or subtracted. :x_1 = m_1 \times10^{n_1} with n_0 = n_1
Next, add or subtract the significands:
x_0 \pm x_1=(m_0\pm m_1)\times10^{n_0}
An example:
2.34\times10^{-5} + 5.67\times10^{-6} = 2.34\times10^{-5} + 0.567\times10^{-5} \approx 2.907\times10^{-5}
Other bases
While base ten is normally used for scientific notation, powers of other bases can be used too, base 2 being the next most commonly used one.
For example, in base-2 scientific notation, the number 1001b in binary (=9d) is written as 1.001b × 2d11b or 1.001b × 10b11b using binary numbers (or shorter 1.001 × 1011 if binary context is clear). In E-notation, this is written as 1.001bE11b (or shorter: 1.001E11) with the letter E now standing for "times two (10b) to the power" here. In order to better distinguish this base-2 exponent from a base-10 exponent, a base-2 exponent is sometimes also indicated by using the letter B instead of E,[9] a shorthand notation originally proposed by Bruce Alan Martin of Brookhaven National Laboratory in 1968,[10] as in 1.001bB11b (or shorter: 1.001B11). For comparison, the same number in decimal representation: 1.125 × 23 (using decimal representation), or 1.125B3 (still using decimal representation). Some calculators use a mixed representation for binary floating point numbers, where the exponent is displayed as decimal number even in binary mode, so the above becomes 1.001b × 10b3d or shorter 1.001B3.[9]
This is closely related to the base-2 floating-point representation commonly used in computer arithmetic, and the usage of IEC binary prefixes.
Similar to B (or b[11]), the letters H[9] (or h[11]) and O[9] (or o,[11] or C[9]) are sometimes also used to indicate times 16 or 8 to the power as in 1.25 = 1.40h × 10h0h = 1.40H0 = 1.40h0, or 98000 = 2.7732o × 10o5o = 2.7732o5 = 2.7732C5.[9]
Another similar convention to denote base-2 exponents is using a letter P (or p, for "power"). In this notation the mantissa is always meant to be hexadecimal, whereas the exponent is always meant to be decimal. This notation can be produced by implementations of the printf family of functions following the C99 specification and (Single Unix Specification) IEEE Std 1003.1 POSIX standard, when using the %a or %A conversion specifiers.[12] It is also required by the IEEE 754-2008 binary floating-point standard. Example: 1.3DEp42 represents 1.3DEh × 242.
Engineering notation can be viewed as base-1000 scientific notation.
See also
Notes and references
1. "NIST value for the elementary charge". Physics.nist.gov. Retrieved 2012-03-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
2. Edwards, John (2009), Submission Guidelines for Authors: HPS 2010 Midyear Proceedings (PDF), McLean, Virginia: Health Physics Society, p. 5, retrieved 2013-03-30<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
3. "Primitive Data Types (The Java Tutorials > Learning the Java Language > Language Basics)". Download.oracle.com. Retrieved 2012-03-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
4. "UH Mānoa Mathematics » Fortran lesson 3: Format, Write, etc". Math.hawaii.edu. 2012-02-12. Retrieved 2012-03-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
5. Report on the Algorithmic Language ALGOL 60, Ed. P. Naur, Copenhagen 1960
6. "Revised Report on the Algorithmic Language Algol 68". September 1973. Retrieved April 30, 2007.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
7. "SIMULA standard as defined by the SIMULA Standards Group - 3.1 Numbers". August 1986. Retrieved 2009-10-06.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
8. Samples of usage of terminology and variants: [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]
9. 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 Schwartz, Jake; Grevelle, Rick (2003-10-20) [1993]. HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48S/SX. 1.20 (1 ed.). Retrieved 2015-08-15.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
10. Martin, Bruce Alan (October 1968). "Letters to the editor: On binary notation". Communications of the ACM. Associated Universities Inc. 11 (10): 658. doi:10.1145/364096.364107.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
11. 11.0 11.1 11.2 Schwartz, Jake; Grevelle, Rick (2003-10-21). HP16C Emulator Library for the HP48 - Addendum to the Operator's Manual. 1.20 (1 ed.). Retrieved 2015-08-15.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
12. http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/functions/printf.html
External links
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| 0.980459 |
Publishing an in-house Blocks server on the Internet
This article describes how you can publish an in-house Blocks server so it becomes accessible also through the Internet. This is particularly useful if you want to make your Blocks server accessible to guests using their own mobile devices. Assuming your location has decent cellular service, this will let your visitors connect to your Blocks server to use it as an audio guide, or similar, based on a Visitor Spot. Since you're using the cellular internet connection already established on all phones, you won't need to provide a wifi network, thereby reducing the technical requirements on site as well as simplifying the onboarding process. A simple, printed QR code can be used to directly connect visitor's phones to your Blocks server.
Services Used
It's based on a number of services provided by Cloudflare.com:
• DNS hosting of your domain name.
• A VPN-like tunnel, making your in-house Blocks server accessible from the internet.
• Certificate for secure server access (HTTPS).
• Caching of many resources, such as images, for improved performance and reduce load on your Blocks server.
These services are all currently provided for free by Cloudflare. This guide assumes you can use Cloudflare also as your DNS provider. However, when that's not an option, you can use a slightly different method based on a partial DNS (CNAME Setup).
Prerequisites
In order to use this, you need the following:
• A Blocks server running on a computer that has access to the internet. Note that you don't need any publicly accessible IP address or port forwarding - just the ability to reach the Internet from your Blocks server.
• A suitable domain name that you control, or a subdomain for one. If you don't have one, you can buy one from Cloudflare or any other seller/registrar.
Establishing the Connection
Once you have the above, follow these steps to publish your in-house Blocks server on the Internet
1. Create an account at cloudflare.com. If you already use them as your domain name provider, you already have an account with them. If you're using another registrar, you can create a free account.
2. Log in to your Cloudflare dashboard.
3. If you're not already using Cloudflare as your DNS provider, you may want to set that up and point your registrar to Cloudflare's DNS servers.
4. Select "Zero Trust" in the menu on the left hand side.
5. Select Access under Cloudflare Zero Trust.
6. Select Tunnels.
7. Complete setup if requested to.
8. Enter a "team name" (will also become your URL).
9. Select the "Free" bundle.
10. Select Tunnels again under Access.
11. Create a tunnel. Set the server-side URL to http: with localhost:8080 as the domain name and port (this assumes Blocks is using its default configuration, with the server listening at port 8080).
12. Name your tunnel.
13. Select the operating system of your server (select Debian, 64 bit if you're running a Blocks server based on our Linux server image).
14. Install and run the Cloudflare Connector as instructed.
15. Once the connector status says "connected" click Next.
16. Specify a subdomain (if desired) and domain name for the connector.
17. Wait for the tunnel to be created and show a "healthy" status.
18. Open a browser using
https://<subdomain>.<domain>/edit
to access the editor.
19. Connect spots using
https://<subdomain>.<domain>/spot
.
Substitute <subdomain>.<domain> above with your subdomain (if any) and domain name.
You're stongly advised to enforce the use of https on all connections, following instructions found here. Using HTTPS avoids sending passwords and other potentially sensitive data as clear text.
:!: IMPORTANT: Make sure you have set a secure password for all users of your Blocks server, so you're not using the default "pixi" password for the admin user.
To protect certain paths (such as everything under /edit in Blocks) with further authorization, add an Access policy in Cloudflare Zero Trust under Access > Applications > Self-hosted. In order to access the editor, you'll then need to further authorize access using the selected method, such as by email from an authorized domain.
|
__label__pos
| 0.683972 |
; Face Detection
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Face Detection
VIEWS: 5 PAGES: 10
• pg 1
FACE DETECTION USING LOCAL SMQT
FEATURES
AND SPLIT UP SNOWCLASSIFIER
ABSTRACT
A novel learning approach for human face detection
using a network of linear units is presented. The SNOW learning
architecture is a sparse network of linear functions over a
predefined or incrementally learned feature space and specifically
tailored for learning in the presence of very large no of features. A
wide range of face images in different poses, with different
expressions and under different lighting conditions are used as
training set to capture the variations of human faces. Furthermore,
learning and evaluation methods using the SNOW based method
are significantly more efficient than with other methods.
The purpose of this paper is threefold: firstly, the local Successive
Mean Quantization Transform features are proposed for
illumination and sensor insensitive operation in object recognition.
Secondly, a Split up Sparse Network of Winnows is presented to
speed up the original classifier. Finally, the features and classifier
are combined for the task of frontal face detection. Detection
results are presented for the Bio ID databases. With regard to this
face detector, the Receiver Operation Characteristics curve for the
Bio ID database yields the best published result. The result for the
database is comparable to state-of-the-art face detectors.
INTRODUCTION
Illumination and sensor variation are major concerns in visual object
detection. It is desirable to transform the raw illumination and sensor-varying image so
the information only contains the structures of the object. Some techniques previously
proposed to reduce this variation are computationally expensive operation in comparison
with SMQT & SNOW classifier. The Successive Mean Quantization Transform (SMQT)
can be viewed as a tunable tradeoff between the number of quantization levels in the
result and the computational load.
In this paper the SMQT is used to extract features from the local area of an
image. Derivations of the sensor and illumination insensitive properties of the local
SMQT features are presented. Pattern recognition in the context of appearance based face
detection can been approached in several ways. Techniques proposed for this task are for
example the Neural Network (NN) , probabilistic modeling, cascade of boosted feature],
Sparse Network of Winnows (SNoW). This paper proposes an extension to the SNoW
classifier, the split up SNoW, for this classification task. The split up SNoW will utilize
the result from the original SNoW classifier and create a cascade of classifiers to perform
a more rapid detection. It will be shown that the number of splits and the number of weak
classifiers can be arbitrary within the limits of the full classifier. Further, a stronger
classifier will utilize all information gained from all weaker classifiers. Face detection is
a required first step in face recognition systems.
It also has several applications in areas such as video coding,
videoconference, crowd surveillance and human-computer interfaces. Here, a framework
for face detection is proposed using the illumination insensitive features gained from the
local SMQT features and the rapid detection achieved by the split up SNoW classifier. A
description of the scanning process and the database collection is presented. The resulting
face detection algorithm is also evaluated on two known databases, the CMU+MIT
database and the Bio ID database.
LOCAL SMQT FEATURES
The SMQT uses an approach that performs an automatic structural
breakdown of information. Our previous work with the SMQT can be found in. These
properties will be employed on local areas in an image to extract illumination insensitive
features. Local areas can be defined in several ways. For example, a straightforward
method is to divide the image into blocks of a predefined size. Another way could be to
extract values by interpolate points on a circle with a radius from a fixed point .
Nevertheless, once the local area is defined it will be a set of pixel values. Let x be one
pixel and D (x) be a set of |D (x)| = D pixels from a local area in an image. Consider the
SMQT transformation of the local area SMQTL: D (x) →M (x), which yields a new set of
values. The resulting values are insensitive to gain and bias. These properties are
desirable with regard to the formation of the whole intensity image I (x) which is a
product of the reflectance R (x) and the illuminance E (x). Additionally, the influence of
the camera can be modeled as a gain factor g and a bias term b. Thus, a model of the
image can be described by
I (x) = g E (x) R (x) + b.
In order to design a robust classifier for object detection the reflectance
should be extracted since it contains the object structure. In general, the separation of the
reflectance and the illuminance is an ill posed problem. A common approach to solving
this problem involves assuming that E(x) is spatially smooth. Further, if the illuminance
can be considered to be constant in the chosen local area
then E(x) is given by E(x) = E. Given the validity of the SMQT on the local area will
yield illumination and camera-insensitive features.
This implies that all local patterns, which contain the same structure, will
yield the same SMQT features for a specified level L see Fig. 1. The number of possible
patterns using local SMQT features will be (2^L^D). For example the 4×4 pattern at
L = 1 in Fig. 1 has 4*4 = 65536 possible patterns.
SPLIT UP SNOWCLASSIFIER
The SNoW learning architecture is a sparse network of linear units over a
feature space. One of the strong properties of SNoW is the possibility to create lookup-
tables for classification. Consider a patch W of the SMQT features M(x), then a classifier
can be achieved using the no face table H no face x , the face table H face x and defining
a threshold for θ.
θ =Sigma (x~W) H no face (M(x)) −Sigma(X~W)H face(x )(M(x))
Since both tables work on the same domain, this implies that one single lookup-table can
be created for single lookup-table classification.
H x = H x no face− H x face.
Let the training database contain i =1, 2, . . . N feature patches with the
SMQT features M i(x) and the corresponding classes c i (face or no face). The no face
table and the face table can then be trained with the Winnow Update Rule. Initially both
tables contain zeros. If an index in the table is addressed for the first time during training,
the value (weight) on that index is set to one.
There are three training parameters; the threshold γ, the promotion
Parameter α > 1 and the demotion parameter 0 < β < 1. If X~W h face x (M i(x)) ≤ γ and
c i is a face then promotion is conducted as follows h face x (Mi(x)) = α h face x (Mi(x)) .
If c i is a no face and X~W h face x (Mi(x)) > γ then demotion takes place h face x
(Mi(x)) = β h face x (Mi(x)) .This procedure is repeated until no changes occur. Training
of the no face table is performed in the same manner, and finally the single table is
created. One way to speed up the classification in object recognition is to create a cascade
of classifiers.
Here the full SNoW classifier will be split up in sub classifiers to achieve
this goal. Note that there will be no additional training of sub classifiers, instead the full
classifier will be divided. Consider all possible feature combinations for one feature, Pi, i
= 1, 2, . . . , (2L)D, then v x =(2L)D X (i=1)| H x(Pi)| results in a relevance value with
respective significance to all features in the feature patch. Sorting all the feature
relevance values in the patch will result in an importance list. Rejecting no faces within
the training database, but at the cost of an increased number of false detections. The
desired threshold used on θ is found from the face in the training database that results in
the lowest classification value.
Extending the number of sub classifiers can be achieved by selecting more
subsets and performing the same operations as described for one sub classifier. Consider
any division, according to the relevance values, of the full set W. Then W has fewer
features and more false detections compared to W and so forth in the same manner until
the full classifier is reached. One of the advantages of this division is that W will use the
sum result from W_. Hence, the maximum of summations and lookups in the table will be
the number of features in the patch W.
FACE DETECTION TRAINING AND CLASSIFICATION
In order to scan an image for faces, a patch of 32×32 pixels is applied. This
patch is extracted and classified by jumping Δ x = 1and Δ y = 1 pixels through the whole
image. In order to find faces of various sizes, the image is repeatedly downscaled and
resized with a scale factor Sc = 1.2. To overcome the illumination and sensor problem,
the proposed local SMQT features are extracted. Each pixel will get one feature vector by
analyzing its vicinity. This feature vector can further be recalculated to an index.
m =Sigma (I =1~D) V (x I )(2^L^(I-1)).
Where V( x i) is a value from the feature vector at position i. This feature index can be
calculated for all pixels, which results in the feature indices image.
Face features with indices, with and with out masking.
Fig. 2. Masking of pixel image and feature indices image. The featuresare here found by
using a 3 *3 local area and L = 1.
A circular mask containing P = 648 pixels is applied to each patch to
remove background pixels, avoid edge effects from possible filtering and to avoid
undefined pixels at rotation operation. With the SNoW and the split up SNoW classifier,
the lookup table is the major memory-intense issue. Consider the use of N bit =32 bit
floating numbers in the table, then the classifier size (in bits) will be
S h x = N bit .P. (2(^L) ^D)
.
Varying the size of the local area D and the level of the transform L directly affects the
memory usage for the SNoW table classifier.
L! D>> 1 2 3
2*2 40.5 KB 648 KB -
324 GB
3*3
1.26 MB 648 MB
4*4 648 PB
162 MB 10.1 TB
5*5 -
81 GB -
Table 1. Size of the classifier table with different local area sizes and different levels
of the SMQT. P = 648 and N bit = 32.
The choice of the local area and the level of the SMQT are of vital import
to successful practical operation. For the split up SnoW classifier, with fast lookup table
operation, one of the properties to consider is memory. Another is the local area required
to make valid. Finally, the level of the transform is important in order to control the
information gained from each feature. In this paper, the 3 *3 local area and level L = 1 are
used and found to be a proper balance for the classifier. Some tests with 3 *3 and L = 2
were also conducted. Although these tests showed promising results, the amount of
memory required made them impractical, see Tab. 1. The face and no face tables are
trained with the parameters α = 1.005, β = 0.995 and γ = 200. The two trained tables are
then combined into one table according to Eq. 5. Given the SNoW classifier table, the
proposed split up SNoW classifier is created. The splits are here performed on 20, 50,
100, 200 and 648 summations. This setting will remove over 90% of the background
patches in the initial stages from video frames recorded in an office environment.
Overlapped detections are pruned using geometrical location and classification scores.
Each detection is tested against all other detections. If one of the area overlap ratios is
over a fixed threshold, then the different detections are considered to belong to the same
face. Given that two detections overlap each other, the detection with the highest
classification score is kept and the other one is removed. This procedure is repeated until
no more overlapping detect.
Face Database
Images are collected using a web camera containing a face, and are hand-
labeled with three points; the right eye, the left eye and the center point on outer edge of
upper lip (mouth indication). Using these three points the face will be warped to the
32Χ32 patch using different destination points for variation, see Fig. 3. Currently, a
grand total of approximately one million face patches are used for training. ions are
found.
No face Database
Initially the no face database contains randomly generated patches. A
classifier is then trained using this no face database and the face database. A collection of
videos is prepared from clips of movies containing no faces and is used to bootstrap the
database by analyzing all frames in the videos. Every alse positive detection in any
frame will be added to the no face database. The no face database is expanded using this
bootstrap methodology. In final training, a total of approximately one million no face
patches are used after bootstrapping.
RESULTS
The proposed face detector is evaluated on the CMU+MIT database which
contains 130 images with 507 frontal faces and the Bio ID database which has 1521
images showing 1522 upright faces. For the scanning procedure used here, the
CMU+MIT database has 77138600 patches to analyze and the BioID database
389252799 patches. Both these databases are commonly used for upright face
detection within the face detection community. The performance is presented with a
Receiver Operation Characteristic (ROC) curve for each database. With regard to the
scanning used here, the False Positive Rate (FPR) is 1.93 ∗ 10
−7 and the True Positive Rate (TPR) is 0.95 if the operation on both databases is
considered (77138600+389252799 patches analyzed).
The proposed local SMQT features and the split up SNoW classifier
achieves the best presented BioID ROC curve and comparable
results with other works on the CMU+MIT database. An extensive
comparison to other works on these databases can be found.
Note that the masking performed on each patch restricts detection of faces
located on the edge of images, since important information, such as the eyes, can be
masked away in those particular positions. This is typically the case with only few of the
images found in the BioID database, hence to achieve a detection rate of one requires a
large amount of false detections for those particular faces. The patches of size 32 ?32 also
restrict detection of smaller faces unless up scaling is performed. The up scaling could be
utilized on the CMU+MIT database, since it contains some faces that are of smaller size,
however it is not considered here for the purpose of fair comparison with other works.
Some of the faces were missed in the databases - a result which may have ensued due to
scanning issues such as masking or patch size.
CONCLUSIONS
This paper has presented local SMQT features which can be used as feature
extraction for object detection. Properties for these features were presented. The features
were found to be able to cope with illumination and sensor variation in object detection.
Further, the split up SNoW was introduced to speed up the standard SNoW classifier. The
split up SNoW classifier requires only training of one classifier network, which can be
arbitrarily divided into several weaker classifiers in cascade. Each weak classifier uses
the result from previous weaker classifiers which makes it computationally efficient.
A face detection system using the local SMQT features and the split up SNoW classifier
was proposed. The face detector achieves the best published ROC curve for the Bio ID
database, and a ROC curve comparable with state-of-the-art published face detectors for
the CMU+MIT database.
REFERENCES
[1] O. Lahdenoja, M. Laiho, and A. Paasio, “Reducing the feature vector length in local
binary pattern based face recognition,” in IEEE International Conference on Image
Processing (ICIP), September 2005, vol. 2, pp. 914–917.
[2] B. Froba and A. Ernst, “Face detection with the modified census transform,” in Sixth
IEEE International Conference on Automatic Face and Gesture Recognition, May 2004,
pp. 91–96.
[3] M. Nilsson, M. Dahl, and I. Claesson, “The successive mean quantization transform,”
in IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing
(ICASSP), March 2005, vol. 4, pp. 429–432.
[4] M.-H. Yang, D. Kriegman, and N. Ahuja, “Detecting faces in images: A survey,”
IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence (PAMI), vol. 24, no. 1,
pp. 34–58, 2002.
[5] E. Hjelmas and B. K. Low, “Face detection: A survey,” Computer
Vision and Image Understanding, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 236–
274, 2001.
To top
;
|
__label__pos
| 0.849216 |
/[gli]/branches/overhaul/src/GLIPortage.py
Gentoo
Contents of /branches/overhaul/src/GLIPortage.py
Parent Directory Parent Directory | Revision Log Revision Log
Revision 1342 - (show annotations) (download) (as text)
Sun Mar 5 06:21:21 2006 UTC (12 years, 6 months ago) by agaffney
Original Path: trunk/src/GLIPortage.py
File MIME type: text/x-python
File size: 19390 byte(s)
make copy_pkg_to_chroot() not quite so verbose in verbose mode
1 """
2 # Copyright 1999-2005 Gentoo Foundation
3 # This source code is distributed under the terms of version 2 of the GNU
4 # General Public License as published by the Free Software Foundation, a copy
5 # of which can be found in the main directory of this project.
6 Gentoo Linux Installer
7
8 $Id: GLIPortage.py,v 1.51 2006/03/05 06:21:21 agaffney Exp $
9 """
10
11 import re
12 import os
13 import sys
14 import GLIUtility
15 from GLIException import GLIException
16
17 class GLIPortage(object):
18
19 def __init__(self, chroot_dir, grp_install, logger, debug, cc, compile_logfile):
20 self._chroot_dir = chroot_dir
21 self._grp_install = grp_install
22 self._logger = logger
23 self._debug = debug
24 self._cc = cc
25 self._compile_logfile = compile_logfile
26
27 def get_deps(self, pkgs):
28 pkglist = []
29 if isinstance(pkgs, str):
30 pkgs = pkgs.split()
31 for pkg in pkgs:
32 if not pkg: continue
33 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): pkg is " + pkg)
34 if not self._grp_install or not self.get_best_version_vdb(pkg):
35 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): grabbing compile deps")
36 tmppkglist = GLIUtility.spawn("emerge -p " + pkg + r" 2>/dev/null | grep -e '^\[[a-z]' | cut -d ']' -f2 | sed -e 's:^ ::' -e 's: .\+$::'", chroot=self._chroot_dir, return_output=True)[1].strip().split("\n")
37 else:
38 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): grabbing binary deps")
39 # The runtimedeps.py script generates a package install order that is *very* different from emerge itself
40 # tmppkglist = GLIUtility.spawn("python ../../runtimedeps.py " + self._chroot_dir + " " + pkg, return_output=True)[1].strip().split("\n")
41 tmppkglist = []
42 for tmppkg in GLIUtility.spawn("emerge -p " + pkg + r" 2>/dev/null | grep -e '^\[[a-z]' | cut -d ']' -f2 | sed -e 's:^ ::' -e 's: .\+$::'", chroot=self._chroot_dir, return_output=True)[1].strip().split("\n"):
43 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): looking at " + tmppkg)
44 if self.get_best_version_vdb("=" + tmppkg):
45 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): package " + tmppkg + " in host vdb...adding to tmppkglist")
46 tmppkglist.append(tmppkg)
47 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): deplist for " + pkg + ": " + str(tmppkglist))
48 for tmppkg in tmppkglist:
49 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): checking to see if " + tmppkg + " is already in pkglist")
50 if not tmppkg in pkglist and not self.get_best_version_vdb_chroot("=" + tmppkg):
51 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): adding " + tmppkg + " to pkglist")
52 pkglist.append(tmppkg)
53 if self._debug: self._logger.log("get_deps(): pkglist is " + str(pkglist))
54 return pkglist
55
56 def parse_vdb_contents(self, file):
57 entries = []
58 try:
59 vdbfile = open(file, "r")
60 except:
61 return entries
62 for line in vdbfile.readlines():
63 parts = line.strip().split(" ")
64 if parts[0] == "obj":
65 entries.append(parts[1])
66 # elif parts[0] == "dir":
67 # entries.append(parts[1] + "/")
68 elif parts[0] == "sym":
69 entries.append(" ".join(parts[1:4]))
70 entries.sort()
71 return entries
72
73 def copy_pkg_to_chroot(self, package, use_root=False, ignore_missing=False):
74 symlinks = { '/bin': '/mnt/livecd/bin/', '/boot': '/mnt/livecd/boot/', '/lib': '/mnt/livecd/lib/',
75 '/opt': '/mnt/livecd/opt/', '/sbin': '/mnt/livecd/sbin/', '/usr': '/mnt/livecd/usr/',
76 '/etc/gconf': '/usr/livecd/gconf/' }
77
78 tmpdir = "/var/tmp/portage"
79 image_dir = tmpdir + "/" + package.split("/")[1] + "/image"
80 root_cmd = ""
81 tmp_chroot_dir = self._chroot_dir
82 portage_tmpdir = "/var/tmp/portage"
83 vdb_dir = "/var/db/pkg/"
84 if use_root:
85 root_cmd = "ROOT=" + self._chroot_dir
86 tmp_chroot_dir = ""
87 portage_tmpdir = self._chroot_dir + "/var/tmp/portage"
88 vdb_dir = self._chroot_dir + "/var/db/pkg/"
89
90 # Create /tmp, /var/tmp, and /var/lib/portage with proper permissions
91 oldumask = os.umask(0)
92 if not os.path.exists(self._chroot_dir + "/tmp"):
93 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): /tmp doesn't exist in chroot...creating with proper permissions")
94 try:
95 os.mkdir(self._chroot_dir + "/tmp", 01777)
96 except:
97 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Failed to create /tmp in chroot")
98 if not os.path.exists(self._chroot_dir + "/var/tmp"):
99 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): /var/tmp doesn't exist in chroot...creating with proper permissions")
100 try:
101 os.mkdir(self._chroot_dir + "/var", 0755)
102 except:
103 pass
104 try:
105 os.mkdir(self._chroot_dir + "/var/tmp", 01777)
106 except:
107 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Failed to create /var/tmp in chroot")
108 if not os.path.exists(self._chroot_dir + "/var/lib/portage"):
109 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): /var/lib/portage doesn't exist in chroot...creating with proper permissions")
110 try:
111 os.mkdir(self._chroot_dir + "/var/lib", 0755)
112 except:
113 pass
114 try:
115 os.mkdir(self._chroot_dir + "/var/lib/portage", 02750)
116 except:
117 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Failed to create /var/lib/portage in chroot")
118 os.umask(oldumask)
119
120 # Check to see if package is actually in vdb
121 if not GLIUtility.is_file("/var/db/pkg/" + package):
122 if ignore_missing:
123 if self._debug:
124 self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): package " + package + " does not have a vdb entry but ignore_missing=True...ignoring error")
125 return
126 else:
127 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "There is no vdb entry for " + package)
128
129 # Copy the vdb entry for the package from the LiveCD to the chroot
130 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): copying vdb entry for " + package)
131 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("mkdir -p " + self._chroot_dir + "/var/db/pkg/" + package + " && cp -a /var/db/pkg/" + package + "/* " + self._chroot_dir + "/var/db/pkg/" + package, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
132 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not copy vdb entry for " + package)
133
134 # Create the image dir in the chroot
135 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running 'mkdir -p " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + "'")
136 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("mkdir -p " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
137 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not create image dir for " + package)
138
139 # Create list of files for tar to work with from CONTENTS file in vdb entry
140 entries = self.parse_vdb_contents("/var/db/pkg/" + package + "/CONTENTS")
141 if not entries:
142 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): no files for " + package + "...skipping tar and symlink fixup")
143 else:
144 # if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot: files for " + package + ": " + str(entries))
145 try:
146 tarfiles = open("/tmp/tarfilelist", "w")
147 for entry in entries:
148 parts = entry.split(" ")
149 # # Hack for symlink crappiness
150 # for symlink in symlinks:
151 # if parts[0].startswith(symlink):
152 # parts[0] = symlinks[symlink] + parts[0][len(symlink):]
153 tarfiles.write(parts[0] + "\n")
154 tarfiles.close()
155 except:
156 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not create filelist for " + package)
157
158 # Use tar to transfer files into IMAGE directory
159 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running 'tar -cp --files-from=/tmp/tarfilelist --no-recursion 2>/dev/null | tar -C " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + " -xp'")
160 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("tar -cp --files-from=/tmp/tarfilelist --no-recursion 2>/dev/null | tar -C " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + " -xp", logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
161 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not execute tar for " + package)
162
163 # Fix mode, uid, and gid of directories
164 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running find " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + " -type d 2>/dev/null | sed -e 's:^" + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + "::' | grep -v '^$'")
165 dirlist = GLIUtility.spawn("find " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + " -type d 2>/dev/null | sed -e 's:^" + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + "::' | grep -v '^$'", return_output=True)[1].strip().split("\n")
166 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): found the following directories: " + str(dirlist))
167 if not dirlist or dirlist[0] == "":
168 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "directory list entry for " + package + "...this shouldn't happen!")
169 for dir in dirlist:
170 dirstat = os.stat(dir)
171 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): setting mode " + str(dirstat[0]) + " and uid/gid " + str(dirstat[4]) + "/" + str(dirstat[5]) + " for directory " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + dir)
172 os.chown(self._chroot_dir + image_dir + dir, dirstat[4], dirstat[5])
173 os.chmod(self._chroot_dir + image_dir + dir, dirstat[0])
174
175 # # More symlink crappiness hacks
176 # for symlink in symlinks:
177 ## if GLIUtility.is_file(self._chroot_dir + image_dir + symlinks[symlink]):
178 # if os.path.islink(self._chroot_dir + image_dir + symlink):
179 # if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): fixing " + symlink + " symlink ickiness stuff in " + image_dir + " for " + package)
180 # GLIUtility.spawn("rm " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + symlink)
181 # if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("mv " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + symlinks[symlink] + " " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + symlink)):
182 # raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not fix " + symlink + " symlink ickiness for " + package)
183
184 # Run pkg_setup
185 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running pkg_setup for " + package)
186 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("env " + root_cmd + " PORTAGE_TMPDIR=" + portage_tmpdir + " ebuild " + vdb_dir + package + "/*.ebuild setup", chroot=tmp_chroot_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
187 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not execute pkg_setup for " + package)
188
189 # Run pkg_preinst
190 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running preinst for " + package)
191 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("env " + root_cmd + " PORTAGE_TMPDIR=" + portage_tmpdir + " ebuild " + vdb_dir + package + "/*.ebuild preinst", chroot=tmp_chroot_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
192 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not execute preinst for " + package)
193
194 # Copy files from image_dir to chroot
195 if not entries:
196 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): no files for " + package + "...skipping copy from image dir to /")
197 else:
198 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): copying files from " + image_dir + " to / for " + package)
199 # if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("cp -a " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + "/* " + self._chroot_dir)):
200 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("tar -C " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir + "/ -cp . | tar -C " + self._chroot_dir + "/ -xp", logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
201 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not copy files from " + image_dir + " to / for " + package)
202
203 # Run pkg_postinst
204 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running postinst for " + package)
205 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("env " + root_cmd + " PORTAGE_TMPDIR=" + portage_tmpdir + " ebuild " + vdb_dir + package + "/*.ebuild postinst", chroot=tmp_chroot_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
206 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not execute postinst for " + package)
207
208 # Remove image_dir
209 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): removing " + image_dir + " for " + package)
210 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("rm -rf " + self._chroot_dir + image_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
211 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not remove + " + image_dir + " for " + package)
212
213 # Run env-update
214 if not use_root:
215 if self._debug: self._logger.log("DEBUG: copy_pkg_to_chroot(): running env-update inside chroot")
216 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("env-update", chroot=self._chroot_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)):
217 raise GLIException("CopyPackageToChrootError", 'fatal', 'copy_pkg_to_chroot', "Could not run env-update for " + package)
218
219 def add_pkg_to_world(self, package):
220 if package.find("/") == -1:
221 package = self.get_best_version_vdb_chroot(package)
222 if not package: return False
223 expr = re.compile('^=?(.+?/.+?)(-\d.+)?$')
224 res = expr.match(package)
225 if res:
226 GLIUtility.spawn("echo " + res.group(1) + " >> " + self._chroot_dir + "/var/lib/portage/world")
227
228 def get_best_version_vdb(self, package):
229 if package.startswith('='):
230 package = package[1:]
231 if GLIUtility.is_file("/var/db/pkg/" + package):
232 return package
233 else:
234 return ""
235 else:
236 return GLIUtility.spawn("portageq best_version / " + package, return_output=True)[1].strip()
237
238 def get_best_version_vdb_chroot(self, package):
239 if package.startswith('='):
240 package = package[1:]
241 if GLIUtility.is_file(self._chroot_dir + "/var/db/pkg/" + package):
242 return package
243 else:
244 return ""
245 else:
246 return GLIUtility.spawn("portageq best_version / " + package, chroot=self._chroot_dir, return_output=True)[1].strip()
247
248 # def get_best_version_tree(self, package):
249 # return portage.best(tree.match(package))
250
251 def emerge(self, packages, add_to_world=True):
252 if isinstance(packages, str):
253 packages = packages.split()
254 self._cc.addNotification("progress", (0, "Calculating dependencies for " + " ".join(packages)))
255 pkglist = self.get_deps(packages)
256 if self._debug: self._logger.log("install_packages(): pkglist is " + str(pkglist))
257 for i, pkg in enumerate(pkglist):
258 if not pkg: continue
259 if self._debug: self._logger.log("install_packages(): processing package " + pkg)
260 self._cc.addNotification("progress", (float(i) / len(pkglist), "Emerging " + pkg + " (" + str(i+1) + "/" + str(len(pkglist)) + ")"))
261 if not self._grp_install or not self.get_best_version_vdb("=" + pkg):
262 status = GLIUtility.spawn("emerge -1 =" + pkg, display_on_tty8=True, chroot=self._chroot_dir, logfile=self._compile_logfile, append_log=True)
263 # status = self._emerge("=" + pkg)
264 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(status):
265 raise GLIException("EmergePackageError", "fatal", "emerge", "Could not emerge " + pkg + "!")
266 else:
267 # try:
268 self.copy_pkg_to_chroot(pkg)
269 # except:
270 # raise GLIException("EmergePackageError", "fatal", "emerge", "Could not emerge " + pkg + "!")
271 self._cc.addNotification("progress", (float(i+1) / len(pkglist), "Done emerging " + pkg + " (" + str(i+1) + "/" + str(len(pkglist)) + ")"))
272 if add_to_world:
273 for package in packages:
274 self.add_pkg_to_world(package)
275
276
277 def usage(progname):
278 print """
279 Usage: %s [-c|--chroot-dir <chroot directory>] [-g|--grp] [-s|--stage3] [-h|--help]
280
281 Options:
282
283 -c|--chroot-dir Specifies the directory where your chroot is. This is
284 "/mnt/gentoo" by default.
285
286 -g|--grp Install specified packages and dependencies into chroot
287 by using files from the LiveCD.
288
289 -s|--stage3 Create a stage3 equivelant in the chroot directory by using
290 files from the LiveCD.
291
292 -h|--help Display this help
293 """ % (progname)
294
295 if __name__ == "__main__":
296 chroot_dir = "/mnt/gentoo"
297 mode = None
298 grp_packages = []
299 progname = sys.argv.pop(0)
300 while len(sys.argv):
301 arg = sys.argv.pop(0)
302 if arg == "-c" or arg == "--chroot-dir":
303 chroot_dir = sys.argv.pop(0)
304 elif arg == "-g" or arg == "--grp":
305 mode = "grp"
306 elif arg == "-s" or arg == "--stage3":
307 mode = "stage3"
308 elif arg == "-h" or arg == "--help":
309 usage(progname)
310 sys.exit(0)
311 elif arg[0] == "-":
312 usage(progname)
313 sys.exit(1)
314 else:
315 grp_packages.append(arg)
316
317 gliportage = GLIPortage(chroot_dir, True, None, False, None, None)
318 if mode == "stage3":
319 if not GLIUtility.is_file("/usr/livecd/systempkgs.txt"):
320 print "Required file /usr/livecd/systempkgs.txt does not exist!"
321 sys.exit(1)
322 try:
323 syspkgs = open("/usr/livecd/systempkgs.txt", "r")
324 systempkgs = syspkgs.readlines()
325 syspkgs.close()
326 except:
327 print "Could not open /usr/livecd/systempkgs.txt!"
328 sys.exit(1)
329
330 # Pre-create /lib (and possible /lib32 and /lib64)
331 if os.path.islink("/lib") and os.readlink("/lib") == "lib64":
332 if not GLIUtility.exitsuccess(GLIUtility.spawn("mkdir " + chroot_dir + "/lib64 && ln -s lib64 " + chroot_dir + "/lib")):
333 print "Could not precreate /lib64 dir and /lib -> /lib64 symlink"
334 sys.exit(1)
335
336 syspkglen = len(systempkgs)
337 for i, pkg in enumerate(systempkgs):
338 pkg = pkg.strip()
339 print "Copying " + pkg + " (" + str(i+1) + "/" + str(syspkglen) + ")"
340 gliportage.copy_pkg_to_chroot(pkg, True, ignore_missing=True)
341 GLIUtility.spawn("cp /etc/make.conf " + chroot_dir + "/etc/make.conf")
342 GLIUtility.spawn("ln -s `readlink /etc/make.profile` " + chroot_dir + "/etc/make.profile")
343 GLIUtility.spawn("cp -f /etc/inittab.old " + chroot_dir + "/etc/inittab")
344
345 # Nasty, nasty, nasty hack because vapier is a tool
346 for tmpfile in ("/etc/passwd", "/etc/group", "/etc/shadow"):
347 GLIUtility.spawn("grep -ve '^gentoo' " + tmpfile + " > " + chroot_dir + tmpfile)
348
349 chrootscript = r"""
350 #!/bin/bash
351
352 source /etc/make.conf
353 export LDPATH="/usr/lib/gcc-lib/${CHOST}/$(cd /usr/lib/gcc-lib/${CHOST} && ls -1 | head -n 1)"
354
355 ldconfig $LDPATH
356 gcc-config 1
357 env-update
358 source /etc/profile
359 modules-update
360 [ -f /usr/bin/binutils-config ] && binutils-config 1
361 source /etc/profile
362 #mount -t proc none /proc
363 #cd /dev
364 #/sbin/MAKEDEV generic-i386
365 #umount /proc
366 [ -f /lib/udev-state/devices.tar.bz2 ] && tar -C /dev -xjf /lib/udev-state/devices.tar.bz2
367 """
368 script = open(chroot_dir + "/tmp/extrastuff.sh", "w")
369 script.write(chrootscript)
370 script.close()
371 GLIUtility.spawn("chmod 755 /tmp/extrastuff.sh && /tmp/extrastuff.sh", chroot=chroot_dir)
372 GLIUtility.spawn("rm -rf /var/tmp/portage/* /usr/portage /tmp/*", chroot=chroot_dir)
373 print "Stage3 equivelant generation complete!"
374 elif mode == "grp":
375 for pkg in grp_packages:
376 if not gliportage.get_best_version_vdb(pkg):
377 print "Package " + pkg + " is not available for install from the LiveCD"
378 continue
379 pkglist = gliportage.get_deps(pkg)
380 for i, tmppkg in enumerate(pkglist):
381 print "Copying " + tmppkg + " (" + str(i+1) + "/" + str(len(pkglist)) + ")"
382 gliportage.copy_pkg_to_chroot(tmppkg)
383 gliportage.add_pkg_to_world(pkg)
384 print "GRP install complete!"
385 else:
386 print "You must specify an operating mode (-g or -s)!"
387 usage(progname)
388 sys.exit(1)
Properties
Name Value
svn:eol-style native
ViewVC Help
Powered by ViewVC 1.1.20
|
__label__pos
| 0.926907 |
Clinical Significance
The secretion of Cortisol is controlled by the pituitary gland and levels are often measured to evaluate the pituitary function and/or adrenal function. Abnormalities of Cortisol secretion can result in diseases either in pituitary gland or the adrenals. Overactivity of either organ can lead to over secretion of cortisol, and cause Cushing's syndrome.
Price: 800
|
__label__pos
| 0.553978 |
Sortedit
Allows to add one or more sort on specific fields. Each sort can be reversed as well. The sort is defined on a per field level, with special field name for _score to sort by score.
{
"sort" : [
{ "post_date" : {"order" : "asc"}},
"user",
{ "name" : "desc" },
{ "age" : "desc" },
"_score"
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Sort Valuesedit
The sort values for each document returned are also returned as part of the response.
Sort Orderedit
The order option can have the following values:
asc
Sort in ascending order
desc
Sort in descending order
The order defaults to desc when sorting on the _score, and defaults to asc when sorting on anything else.
Sort mode optionedit
Elasticsearch supports sorting by array or multi-valued fields. The mode option controls what array value is picked for sorting the document it belongs to. The mode option can have the following values:
min
Pick the lowest value.
max
Pick the highest value.
sum
Use the sum of all values as sort value. Only applicable for number based array fields.
avg
Use the average of all values as sort value. Only applicable for number based array fields.
Sort mode example usageedit
In the example below the field price has multiple prices per document. In this case the result hits will be sort by price ascending based on the average price per document.
curl -XPOST 'localhost:9200/_search' -d '{
"query" : {
...
},
"sort" : [
{"price" : {"order" : "asc", "mode" : "avg"}}
]
}'
Sorting within nested objects.edit
Elasticsearch also supports sorting by fields that are inside one or more nested objects. The sorting by nested field support has the following parameters on top of the already existing sort options:
nested_path
Defines the on what nested object to sort. The actual sort field must be a direct field inside this nested object. The default is to use the most immediate inherited nested object from the sort field.
nested_filter
A filter the inner objects inside the nested path should match with in order for its field values to be taken into account by sorting. Common case is to repeat the query / filter inside the nested filter or query. By default no nested_filter is active.
Nested sorting exampleedit
In the below example offer is a field of type nested. Because offer is the closest inherited nested field, it is picked as nested_path. Only the inner objects that have color blue will participate in sorting.
curl -XPOST 'localhost:9200/_search' -d '{
"query" : {
...
},
"sort" : [
{
"offer.price" : {
"mode" : "avg",
"order" : "asc",
"nested_filter" : {
"term" : { "offer.color" : "blue" }
}
}
}
]
}'
Nested sorting is also supported when sorting by scripts and sorting by geo distance.
Missing Valuesedit
The missing parameter specifies how docs which are missing the field should be treated: The missing value can be set to _last, _first, or a custom value (that will be used for missing docs as the sort value). For example:
{
"sort" : [
{ "price" : {"missing" : "_last"} },
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
If a nested inner object doesn’t match with the nested_filter then a missing value is used.
Ignoring Unmapped Fieldsedit
[1.4.0.Beta1] Added in 1.4.0.Beta1. Before 1.4.0 there was the ignore_unmapped boolean parameter, which was not enough information to decide on the sort values to emit, and didn’t work for cross-index search. It is still supported but users are encouraged to migrate to the new unmapped_type instead.
By default, the search request will fail if there is no mapping associated with a field. The unmapped_type option allows to ignore fields that have no mapping and not sort by them. The value of this parameter is used to determine what sort values to emit. Here is an example of how it can be used:
{
"sort" : [
{ "price" : {"unmapped_type" : "long"} },
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
If any of the indices that are queried doesn’t have a mapping for price then Elasticsearch will handle it as if there was a mapping of type long, with all documents in this index having no value for this field.
Geo Distance Sortingedit
Allow to sort by _geo_distance. Here is an example:
{
"sort" : [
{
"_geo_distance" : {
"pin.location" : [-70, 40],
"order" : "asc",
"unit" : "km",
"mode" : "min",
"distance_type" : "sloppy_arc"
}
}
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
distance_type
How to compute the distance. Can either be sloppy_arc (default), arc (slighly more precise but significantly slower) or plane (faster, but inaccurate on long distances and close to the poles).
Note: the geo distance sorting supports sort_mode options: min, max and avg.
The following formats are supported in providing the coordinates:
Lat Lon as Propertiesedit
{
"sort" : [
{
"_geo_distance" : {
"pin.location" : {
"lat" : 40,
"lon" : -70
},
"order" : "asc",
"unit" : "km"
}
}
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Lat Lon as Stringedit
Format in lat,lon.
{
"sort" : [
{
"_geo_distance" : {
"pin.location" : "-70,40",
"order" : "asc",
"unit" : "km"
}
}
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Geohashedit
{
"sort" : [
{
"_geo_distance" : {
"pin.location" : "drm3btev3e86",
"order" : "asc",
"unit" : "km"
}
}
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Lat Lon as Arrayedit
Format in [lon, lat], note, the order of lon/lat here in order to conform with GeoJSON.
{
"sort" : [
{
"_geo_distance" : {
"pin.location" : [-70, 40],
"order" : "asc",
"unit" : "km"
}
}
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Multiple reference pointsedit
Added in 1.4.0.Beta1.
Multiple geo points can be passed as an array containing any geo_point format, for example
"pin.location" : [[-70, 40], [-71, 42]]
"pin.location" : [{"lat": -70, "lon": 40}, {"lat": -71, "lon": 42}]
and so forth.
The final distance for a document will then be min/max/avg (defined via mode) distance of all points contained in the document to all points given in the sort request.
Script Based Sortingedit
Allow to sort based on custom scripts, here is an example:
{
"query" : {
....
},
"sort" : {
"_script" : {
"script" : "doc['field_name'].value * factor",
"type" : "number",
"params" : {
"factor" : 1.1
},
"order" : "asc"
}
}
}
Note, it is recommended, for single custom based script based sorting, to use function_score query instead as sorting based on score is faster.
Track Scoresedit
When sorting on a field, scores are not computed. By setting track_scores to true, scores will still be computed and tracked.
{
"track_scores": true,
"sort" : [
{ "post_date" : {"reverse" : true} },
{ "name" : "desc" },
{ "age" : "desc" }
],
"query" : {
"term" : { "user" : "kimchy" }
}
}
Memory Considerationsedit
When sorting, the relevant sorted field values are loaded into memory. This means that per shard, there should be enough memory to contain them. For string based types, the field sorted on should not be analyzed / tokenized. For numeric types, if possible, it is recommended to explicitly set the type to six_hun types (like short, integer and float).
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__label__pos
| 0.99979 |
RSA Algorithm: Theory and Implementation in Python
Asymmetric Encryption Cover Image
Cryptography is the practice of securing communication by using codes and ciphers. It includes a variety of techniques for converting plaintext into ciphertext, enabling secure communication, and protecting the confidentiality and integrity of data. Banking, email, e-commerce, and other industries all employ cryptography extensively. In this article you will learn about asymmetric encryption and the RSA algorithm.
Also read: A* Algorithm – Introduction to The Algorithm (With Python Implementation)
Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric encryption, commonly referred to as public-key cryptography, uses two distinct keys for encryption and decryption. The public key, which is extensively used to encrypt data and is known to all, is one type of key. The private key, on the other hand, is kept private i.e., only the receiver knows it and is used to decode data.
Both, the public key and the private key should be available at both the sender’s end and the receiver’s end for the asymmetric encryption to succeed.
Asymmetric Encryption
Asymmetric Encryption
The encryption algorithm receives the sender’s plain text message, encrypts it using the recipient’s public key, and generates a cipher. The recipient then receives this cipher via a transmission or communication channel. The decryption process on the receiver’s end uses the decryption algorithm and the receiver’s private key to recover the original plain text message.
Asymmetric encryption typically consists of three main components:
1. Key Generation: In this step, a user generates a public-private key pair. The public key is made freely available to anyone who wants to send a message to the user, while the private key is kept secret by the user.
2. Encryption: In this step, the sender uses the recipient’s public key to encrypt the message. This ensures that only the recipient, who has the corresponding private key, can decrypt and read the message.
3. Decryption: In this step, the recipient uses their private key to decrypt the message, which was encrypted using their public key. This ensures that only the recipient can read the original message.
Although there are mathematical connections between the public key and the private key, doing so computationally is not practical. This means that anyone can encrypt data using the public key, but only the owner of the private key can decode the data.
Note: A message that is encrypted using a public key can only be decrypted using a private key, while also, a message encrypted using private key can be decrypted using a public key.
Now let us learn about the RSA Algorithm.
RSA Algorithm
The RSA algorithm is a widely used public-key encryption algorithm named after its inventors Ron Rivest, Adi Shamir, and Leonard Adleman. It is based on the mathematical concepts of prime factorization and modular arithmetic.
The algorithm for RSA is as follows:
1. Select 2 prime numbers, preferably large, p and q.
2. Calculate n = p*q.
3. Calculate phi(n) = (p-1)*(q-1)
4. Choose a value of e such that 1<e<phi(n) and gcd(phi(n), e) = 1.
5. Calculate d such that d = (e^-1) mod phi(n).
Here the public key is {e, n} and private key is {d, n}. If M is the plain text then the cipher text C = (M^e) mod n. This is how data is encrypted in RSA algorithm. Similarly, for decryption, the plain text M = (C^d) mod n.
Example: Let p=3 and q=11 (both are prime numbers).
• Now, n = p*q = 3*11 = 33
• phi(n) = (p-1)*(q-1) = (3-1)*(11-1) = 2*10 = 20
• Value of e can be 7 since 1<7<20 and gcd(20, 7) = 1.
• Calculating d = 7^-1 mod 20 = 3.
• Therefore, public key = {7, 33} and private key = {3, 33}.
Suppose our message is M=31. You can encrypt and decrypt it using the RSA algorithm as follows:
Encryption: C = (M^e) mod n = 31^7 mod 33 = 4
Decryption: M = (C^d) mod n = 4^3 mod 33 = 31
Since we got the original message that is plain text back after decryption, we can say that the algorithm worked correctly.
Below is the Python code for the implementation of the RSA Algorithm:
import math
# step 1
p = 3
q = 7
# step 2
n = p*q
print("n =", n)
# step 3
phi = (p-1)*(q-1)
# step 4
e = 2
while(e<phi):
if (math.gcd(e, phi) == 1):
break
else:
e += 1
print("e =", e)
# step 5
k = 2
d = ((k*phi)+1)/e
print("d =", d)
print(f'Public key: {e, n}')
print(f'Private key: {d, n}')
# plain text
msg = 11
print(f'Original message:{msg}')
# encryption
C = pow(msg, e)
C = math.fmod(C, n)
print(f'Encrypted message: {C}')
# decryption
M = pow(C, d)
M = math.fmod(M, n)
print(f'Decrypted message: {M}')
Output:
n = 21
e = 5
d = 5.0
Public key: (5, 21)
Private key: (5.0, 21)
Original message:11
Encrypted message: 2.0
Decrypted message: 11.0
Being able to do both encryption and digital signatures is one of the RSA algorithm’s key benefits. To confirm that the message has not been tampered with, digital signatures are made by encrypting a message hash with the sender’s private key. This encryption may then be validated by anybody with access to the sender’s public key.
Conclusion
You gained knowledge of symmetric encryption and the RSA algorithm in this article. You also saw how the RSA algorithm was implemented in Python.
Please visit askpython.com for more such easy-to-understand Python tutorials.
Reference
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__label__pos
| 0.999637 |
The Stacks project
Definition 27.8.3. Let $S$ be a graded ring.
1. The structure sheaf $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Proj}(S)}$ of the homogeneous spectrum of $S$ is the unique sheaf of rings $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Proj}(S)}$ which agrees with $\widetilde S$ on the basis of standard opens.
2. The locally ringed space $(\text{Proj}(S), \mathcal{O}_{\text{Proj}(S)})$ is called the homogeneous spectrum of $S$ and denoted $\text{Proj}(S)$.
3. The sheaf of $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Proj}(S)}$-modules extending $\widetilde M$ to all opens of $\text{Proj}(S)$ is called the sheaf of $\mathcal{O}_{\text{Proj}(S)}$-modules associated to $M$. This sheaf is denoted $\widetilde M$ as well.
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| 0.99945 |
Medical Quiz
Medical Terminology Quiz
Softening?
A. -esthesia
B. -dynia
C. -plasty
D. -malacia
Select your answer:
A B C D E
Topics:
Covid-19 Viruses and Prions Lifetime Wellness Body Movements Life Cycle - Bee Diabetes Nutrition in Humans and Animals Shoulder Nervous System Body System Interactions Foodborne Illness Respiratory Herd Immunity Blood Cells DNA and Polypeptide Synthesis
Other quiz: Name that Pathogen
My site of action is in the liver, red blood cells and brain
A. TB
B. HIV/AIDS
C. Cholera
D. Malaria
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| 0.999908 |
Sign up ×
Code Review Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for peer programmer code reviews. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm doing a programming practice problem and was wondering if someone can suggest a better to create/setup the call back for the comparison function. I have the following classes:
public class myTreeItem<T> {
private T item;
private myTreeItem<T> left;
private myTreeItem<T> right;
private myTreeItem<T> parent;
}
I have the usual get/set functions. This item go into a tree, whose definition is:
public class myTree<T> {
myTreeItem<T> root;
protected comparableCallBack<T> callback; // call back function for comparisons, to be provided by the creator of the tree
public interface comparableCallBack<T> {
int onCompare(myTreeItem<T> item1, myTreeItem<T> item2);
}
}
I omitted all the other functions to help with readability. I am creating the tree in the following way:
// create a regular tree
myTree<Integer> tree1 = new myTree<Integer>();
tree1.setCallback(new comparableCallBack<Integer>() {
public int onCompare(myTreeItem<Integer> item1,
myTreeItem<Integer> item2) {
// Do the actual comparison here.
if (item1.getItem().intValue() < item2.getItem().intValue())
return -1;
else if (item1.getItem().intValue() == item2.getItem().intValue())
return 0;
else
return 1;
}
});
Are there any other options/ideas for the call back?
share|improve this question
2 Answers 2
Comparator
There is no need for your interface.... what's wrong with Comparator? Why do you need to have your own?
The reason you appear to have it is because you need to compare the myTreeItem against another myTreeItem and the generic type is not right for you, but you can solve it easily with wrapping the Comparator in your myTree class when you need to....
So, your code has:
tree1.setCallback(new comparableCallBack<Integer>() {
public int onCompare(myTreeItem<Integer> item1,
myTreeItem<Integer> item2) {
.......
}
});
but it should instead have:
tree1.setCallback(new Comparator<Integer>() {
public int compare(Integer item1, Integer item2) {
.......
}
});
and then, your library should have it's own private Comparator that looks something like:
class TreeComparator <T> implements Comparator<myTreeItem<T>> {
private final Comparator<T> delegate;
TreeComparator(Comparator<T> delegate) {
this.delegate = delegate;
}
public int compare(myTreeItem<T> a, myTreeItem<T> b) {
return delegate.compare(a.getItem(), b.getItem());
}
}
Code Style
Read the Java Code-style guidelines.
Java class names should start with a capital letter.
share|improve this answer
Yes I was trying to create a comparator for the tree item. The suggestions make sense... I wasn't sure how to use the Comparator to create my own (guess I am more rusty than I thought). Agree on the guidelines too... I was trying to quickly put something together to post here I didn't follow all the guidelines. – user3379755 Mar 21 '14 at 17:37
I agree with @rolfl that Comparator should be used here, +1, and some other notes:
1. If doesn't make sense to create a tree without a comparator it should be a required constructor parameter. It would reduce the possible number of misuses (as well as bugs and NullPointerExceptions).
2. Just a sidenote: it's good to know that most Java types implements Comparable:
public interface Comparable<T> {
public int compareTo(T o);
}
You could use that it the type definition:
public class myTree<T extends Comparable<T>> {
Although, it's probably too strict. Not all types implements this interface and sometimes it's required to create a tree based on another comparison (for example, to build reversed tree).
3. The comparableCallBack interface could be static. See: Effective Java 2nd Edition, Item 22: Favor static member classes over nonstatic
4. public int onCompare(myTreeItem<Integer> item1,
myTreeItem<Integer> item2) {
// Do the actual comparison here.
if (item1.getItem().intValue() < item2.getItem().intValue())
return -1;
else if (item1.getItem().intValue() == item2.getItem().intValue())
return 0;
else
return 1;
}
You could extract out two local variables here to remove some duplication:
int value1 = item1.getItem().intValue();
int value2 = item2.getItem().intValue();
(It looks like that the closing brace closes the if statement. It should be one level outer.)
5. If you don't have a good reason to not to do that, make the fields private:
myTreeItem<T> root;
protected comparableCallBack<T> callback; // call back function for comparisons, to be provided by the creator of the tree
(Should I always use the private access modifier for class fields?; Item 13 of Effective Java 2nd Edition: Minimize the accessibility of classes and members.)
6. Comments like this are rather noise:
// Do the actual comparison here.
The code is obvious here, so I'd remove the comment. (Clean Code by Robert C. Martin: Chapter 4: Comments, Noise Comments)
share|improve this answer
Thanks for comments... all this is helpful. – user3379755 Mar 21 '14 at 17:44
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__label__pos
| 0.781101 |
Measurement of the Higgs boson production rate in association with top quarks in final states with electrons, muons, and hadronically decaying tau leptons at $\sqrt{s} =$ 13 TeV
The CMS collaboration
Eur.Phys.J.C 81 (2021) 378, 2021.
Abstract
The rate for Higgs (H) bosons production in association with either one (tH) or two ($\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$H) top quarks is measured in final states containing multiple electrons, muons, or tau leptons decaying to hadrons and a neutrino, using proton-proton collisions recorded at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV by the CMS experiment. The analyzed data correspond to an integrated luminosity of 137 fb$^{-1}$. The analysis is aimed at events that contain H $\to$ WW, H $\to$$\tau\tau$, or H $\to$ ZZ decays and each of the top quark(s) decays either to lepton+jets or all-jet channels. Sensitivity to signal is maximized by including ten signatures in the analysis, depending on the lepton multiplicity. The separation among the tH, the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$H, and the backgrounds is enhanced through machine-learning techniques and matrix-element methods. The measured production rates for the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$H and tH signals correspond to 0.92 $\pm$ 0.19 (stat) $^{+0.17}_{-0.13}$ (syst) and 5.7 $\pm$ 2.7 (stat) $\pm$ 3.0 (syst) of their respective standard model (SM) expectations. The corresponding observed (expected) significance amounts to 4.7 (5.2) standard deviations for $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$H, and to 1.4 (0.3) for tH production. Assuming that the Higgs boson coupling to the tau lepton is equal in strength to its expectation in the SM, the coupling $y_{\mathrm{t}}$ of the Higgs boson to the top quark divided by its SM expectation, $\kappa_\mathrm{t}$ = $y_\mathrm{t} / y_\mathrm{t}^\mathrm{SM}$, is constrained to be within $-$0.9 $\lt$$\kappa_\mathrm{t}$$\lt$$-$0.7 or 0.7 $\lt$$\kappa_\mathrm{t}$$\lt$ 1.1, at 95% confidence level. This result is the most sensitive measurement of the $\mathrm{t\bar{t}}$H production rate to date.
Loading Data...
|
__label__pos
| 0.998343 |
lulu666 lulu666 - 4 months ago 11x
MySQL Question
cursor count(*) getCount working badly
I want to check if there's a record in my table Users corresponding to an id_user, in case there isn't I will add it. The problem is that my Cursor.getCount() returns 1 and it doesn't make sense because my table is completely empty.
Cursor c = db.rawQuery("SELECT count(*) FROM Users WHERE id_user = '"
+ jsonObj.getString("id_user") + "'", null);
Log.i("getUser cursor";c.getCount() + ""); // it prints 1
c.moveToFirst();
int ic = c.getInt(0);
Log.i("getUser count2", ic + ""); // it prints 0
Why c.getCount() is giving me 1 when there is not absolutely any record. However, c.getInt(0) seems to work fine.
Thanks
Answer
Because you are getting a row back in your queury.
Select count(*)
will return one rows containing the count of records. The count of records is 0, thus it returns one row, containing the value 0.
Select *
then
c.getCount()
Would return the 0 you are expecting because you are pulling back all rows, (not a count of rows) and there are no rows. But this is a bad approach since it can pull back extra data and might be slow.
in this case int ic = c.getInt(0); is the proper way to get the data you want.
Comments
|
__label__pos
| 0.866862 |
Getting Data In
Highlighted
How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Builder
I have a Splunk indexer cluster that is using a service account (non-root) to start Splunk. How do I get the OS logs, like /var/log/messages, /var/log/secure etc... into the cluster indexes? I know that I could stream this to a syslog server and grab it there, but is there an easier way?
Any thoughts are welcome!
0 Karma
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
SplunkTrust
SplunkTrust
The OS logs that you want to collect is from splunk cluster server only OR all other linux servers in your company?
0 Karma
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Motivator
three ways that I know of.
1) chmod -r 777 the log directory
2) add the splunk user to the wheel or root group
3) chown -R root:SplunkGroup /var/log/
Hope this helps? Don't know there may be a more restrictive way to do this?
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Super Champion
We faced the same issue. Assuming "splunk" have read access to the OS logs, what we have done is using SplunkTAnix. Put into the "local" of this app, with what files you want to collect by adding the paragraph and putting disable = false (Most of things are already part of TA_nix)
For different layers, enable SplunkTAnix in below fashion.
- For Splunk Forwarders push using deployment-server. It goes into $SPLUNKHOME/etc/apps of forwarders.
- Copy and restart Splunk
TAnix into $SPLUNKHOME/etc/apps for deployment-server,
- Copy and restart SplunkTAnix into $SPLUNKHOME/etc/apps for cluster master,
- For clustered Search Heads, package into $SPLUNK
HOME/shcluster/etc/apps and push to Search Members. In search members, it will be merged into "default", but works.
- For clustered Indexers, copy SplunkTAnix using cluster master via master-apps. This goes into "slave-apps" of Indexer slaves and works perfectly.
If you enable SplunkTAnix, then you can start colllecting every information about your Splunk Infrastructure/OS
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Builder
I want to collect OS logs from only the spunk servers themselves, not the forwarders. The forwarders is easy as the univfwd runs as admin on all platforms, its the spunk servers I am concerned about.
Changing the log dir permissions won't work (I do not believe) because when logrotate runs it will create the files with orig permissions.
I think my best bet is going to be to stream the logs to a remote syslog server!?!?
0 Karma
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
SplunkTrust
SplunkTrust
My colleague Matt Uebel gave a talk at .conf that covers this topic. His materials are in his git repo at https://github.com/MattUebel/splunk_UF_hardening
0 Karma
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Motivator
@starcher thanks for the link to github. I went to this talk and I agree with Matt. In slide #13 he basicly put in what I had said above. Matt said
Create a “log reading” group and add the spunk user to it, or simply change group ownership to splunk
groupadd syslog
chown -R :syslog /var/log
chmod -R g+s /var/log
usermod -a -G syslog splunk
0 Karma
Highlighted
Re: How to get Linux OS logs off a Splunk server, where Splunk is started as a non root account, to index in an indexer cluster?
Motivator
@koshyk It would be great is you could find an answer here and try it out. If you do find an answer please select the answer you like.
0 Karma
|
__label__pos
| 0.940306 |
1
I am working on setting up VLANS on a basically default switch configuration for my SMB network. They have 5 juniper ex2200 switches that are all on the same subnet and have only a default vlan. I want to do switch stacking via junos Virtual Chassis as well as VLANS.
As of now, only one switch is physically connected to my netgate/pfsense firewall gateway appliance also residing on the same subnet which acts as the DHCP server and default gateway for all nodes in our LAN ( 254 ip addresses all in 10.235.17.***/24).
The remaining switches are all consolidated into ports in the main switch and radiate out from this central point.
What I am unsure about is with the switch stacking I plan on doing should I configure vlans in my netgate at layer 3, or implement it on my switches at layer 2?
2
• VLANs generally work at layer 2. When you configure VLANs on a layer-3 (non-switched) interface each interface has its own, disconnected set of VLANs.
– Zac67
Apr 14, 2020 at 19:40
• Did any answer help you? If so, you should accept the answer so that the question doesn't keep popping up forever, looking for an answer. Alternatively, you can post and accept your own answer.
– Ron Maupin
Dec 16, 2020 at 23:17
2 Answers 2
0
should I configure vlans in my netgate at layer 3, or implement it on my switches at layer 2?
Both.
Configuring VLANs on the switches separates those subnets from each other, so they can't communicate with each other without a router/gateway.
From the center switch, configure the link to the pfSense as a VLAN trunk, with all VLANs tagged. On the pfSense, configure a (layer-3) subinterface for each VLAN. That way, you can use the pfSense as gateway between the VLANs and control that traffic.
Alternatively (esp. when more bandwidth is required than the pfSense can handle), you can configure the center switch for layer 3 forwarding (routing) between the VLANs, using appropriate ACLs for traffic control - not sure about the EX 2200, but L3 switch ACLs are usually stateless, so rules in either direction might be required.
0
If you want your firewall to be able to restrict traffic exchanged among your various VLANs, you should do your layer-3 configuration on the firewall.
If you don't want any limits on, for example, PCs or phones communicating with servers or security cameras in other VLANs, you can do layer-3 on your switches.
There is a trade-off involved. As you are most likely aware, your firewall has less interface bandwidth, and less forwarding capacity, than the switches.
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__label__pos
| 0.578874 |
Email
It is found in the cost and benefit analysis of solar tracking support systems that if the site cost needs to be increased by 20%, the power generation must be increased by no less than 30% to achieve considerable benefits. Therefore, for medium and large-scale projects, the benefits of using solar power tracking support systems are very significant.
Classification of the solar power tracking system
According to different driving forms, solar tracking brackets can be divided into the following two types: active tracking systems and passive tracking systems.
• Active tracking systems are controlled by motors.
• Passive tracking systems achieve tracking through physical thermal expansion technology.
In recent years, active tracking has formed a mature control system through theoretical sorting, calculation software, and mechanical structure testing. Therefore, in order to obtain the most professional and reliable products, astronomical/digital software combined with simple mechanical system management (active tracking) is generally used. Compared with other solutions, active tracking drive is also the best method in terms of technology and economy at present.
Active solar power tracking systems are also divided into the following two types according to the type of electric control machine
The first type of solar power tracking system is based on the information sent by the sensor, and locates the brightest point (the sun) in the air. This positioning method can effectively ensure the accuracy of solar tracking, but it is only suitable for sunny days.
The second type uses astronomical algorithms + tilt angle sensors tracking system. It achieves tracking by installing the solar ephemeris data and support tilt sensors of the location. This operation method can ensure higher power output and centralized installation of power stations. This tracking method can also achieve accurate tracking on cloudy days.
Hangzhou Lingyang Technologies is a high-tech intelligent technology enterprise specializing in the research and development, production, sales, and service of new energy photovoltaic tracking electrical control systems and artificial intelligence algorithm systems. The core team has more than ten years of experience in the photovoltaic industry and is committed to providing customers with safe, simple, intelligent, and efficient products and services. The core members graduated from well-known universities such as Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Zhejiang University, and well-known enterprises in the domestic solar energy field, and have rich theoretical, technical, and application experience. Feel free to inquire.
|
__label__pos
| 0.639345 |
The Challenges Of Designing An HBM2 PHY
As designers work to move higher bandwidth closer to the CPU, HBM is gaining momentum in server and networking systems.
popularity
Originally targeted at the graphics industry, HBM continues to gain momentum in the server and networking markets as system designers work to move higher bandwidth closer to the CPU. Expanding DRAM capacity – which boosts overall system performance – allows data centers to maximize local DRAM storage for wide throughput.
HBM DRAM architecture effectively increases system memory bandwidth by providing a wide interface to the SoC of 1024 bits. The maximum speed of HBM2 is 2Gbits/s, or a total bandwidth of 256Gbytes/s. Although the bit rate is similar to DDR3 at 2.1Gbps, the eight 128-bit channels provide HBM with approximately 15x more bandwidth.
HBM modules are connected to the SoC via a silicon or organic interposer. A short and controlled channel between the memory and the SoC requires less drive from the memory interface, thus reducing the power when compared to DIMM interfaces. In addition, since the interface is wide, system designers can achieve very high bandwidth with a slower frequency.
Perhaps not surprisingly, there are multiple challenges associated with the design of robust HBM2 PHYs. One such challenge is maintaining signal integrity at speeds of two gigabits per pin throughout via the interposer. Extensive modeling of both signal and power integrity is essential to achieving reliable operation in the field. As such, HBM PHY design engineers should possess extensive knowledge of 2.5D design techniques, along with a comprehensive understanding of system behavior under various conditions including temperature and voltage variations.
Determining signal routing tradeoffs via the interposer presents engineers with another significant challenge. More specifically, the tradeoffs entail balancing the ability to maintain optimal system performance while keeping the cost of the interposer as low as possible. For example, design teams must decide if one or two signal routing layers should be used throughout the interposer. Although one routing layer saves cost, it demands a more challenging design with narrower channel widths and higher crosstalk. Moreover, design teams need to determine how far apart the ASIC can be moved from the HBM DRAM modules on the interposer. While farther distances can help with thermal dissipation, each millimeter increases the likelihood of signal integrity issues.
The implementation of 2.5D technology in HBM2 systems adds numerous manufacturing complexities, requiring PHY vendors to work closely with multiple entities, such as semiconductor, manufacturing partner (foundry) and packaging house. Careful design of the entire system – including SoC, interposer, DRAM and package – are essential to ensure high yield and proper system operation. Having a high yielding module is a critical element of keeping costs in check, given the number of expensive components, including the SoC, multiple HBM die stacks and interposer.
Even with these challenges, the advantages of having increased memory bandwidth and density closer to the CPU clearly improves overall system efficiency for server and networking systems.
1 comments
Steve Casselman says:
What’s the random access performance? Is it better than HMC?
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__label__pos
| 0.98873 |
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