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What if the LED full color display wall is not clear enough?
indoor LED DISPLAY
What if the LED full color display is not clear enough? LED display manufacturers have prepared the following four methods!
Four ways to improve the HD brightness of full-color LED displays:
First, improve the contrast of full color LED display
Contrast is one of the key factors affecting visual effects. Generally speaking, the higher the contrast, the clearer and vivid the image, and the more vivid the color. High contrast is very helpful for image sharpness, detail performance, and gray level performance.
Second, improve the gray level of full color LED display
The gray level of the LED display refers to the brightness level from the darkest to the brightest in the single primary color brightness. The higher the gray level of the full color LED display, the richer the color, the more vivid the color; The display color is single and the change is simple. The increase of the gray level can greatly increase the color depth, and the display level of the image color increases geometrically. Now many full-color LED display manufacturers can make the gray level of the display 14bit~16bit, which makes the image layer distinguish details and display effects more delicate and vivid.
Third, reduce the dot spacing of full color LED display
Reducing the dot pitch of the full-color LED display can improve the clarity of the display screen, because the smaller the dot pitch, the higher the pixel density per unit area of the full-color LED display, the more details that can be displayed, the screen display The more delicate and realistic it is.
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| 0.847797 |
Designing a Garbage Bin
Many of us have noticed that designing software is surprisingly hard but many don’t know why that is. The simple answer: Design is the art to balance contradicting goals.
Not convinced?
Let’s design a public garbage bin together.
What do we want?
1. Big enough so it never spills
2. Easy to clean
3. Nice to look at
4. Robust enough to withstand riots
5. Soft enough to cushion the impact of car
6. Long lifetime
7. Cheap
It’s easy to see that “cheap” contradicts almost anything else. “Nice to look at” means an (expensive) artist has to build the form. Big garbage bins ain’t cheap. Easy to clean and robust mean high quality materials for hinges and locks. Easy to clean and long lifetime involve expensive surface materials and finishing.
It should be easy to lift for the cleaning crew but not for rioters. When a car hits it, the bin should give way. So these contradict each other as well.
Still not convinced? Look at my elevator example.
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| 0.698142 |
Create an Application Load Balancer - Elastic Load Balancing
Create an Application Load Balancer
A load balancer takes requests from clients and distributes them across targets in a target group.
Before you begin, ensure that you have a virtual private cloud (VPC) with at least one public subnet in each of the Availability Zones used by your targets.
To create a load balancer using the AWS CLI, see Tutorial: Create an Application Load Balancer using the AWS CLI.
To create a load balancer using the AWS Management Console, complete the following tasks.
Step 1: Configure a target group
Configuring a target group allows you to register targets such as EC2 instances. The target group that you configure in this step is used as the target group in the listener rule when you configure your load balancer. For more information, see Target groups for your Application Load Balancers.
To configure your target group
1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Target Groups.
3. Choose Create target group.
4. In the Basic configuration section, set the following parameters:
1. For Choose a target type, select Instances to specify targets by instance ID or IP addresses to specify targets by IP address. If the target type is a Lambda function, you can enable health checks by selecting Enable in the Health checks section.
2. For Target group name, enter a name for the target group.
3. Modify the Port and Protocol as needed.
4. If the target type is IP addresses, choose IPv4 or IPv6 as the IP address type, otherwise skip to the next step.
Note that only targets that have the selected IP address type can be included in this target group. The IP address type cannot be changed after the target group is created.
5. For VPC, select a virtual private cloud (VPC) with the targets that you want to include in your target group.
6. For Protocol version, select HTTP1 when the request protocol is HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/2; select HTTP2, when the request protocol is HTTP/2 or gRPC; and select gRPC, when the request protocol is gRPC.
5. In the Health checks section, modify the default settings as needed. For Advanced health check settings, choose the health check port, count, timeout, interval, and specify success codes. If health checks consecutively exceed the Unhealthy threshold count, the load balancer takes the target out of service. If health checks consecutively exceed the Healthy threshold count, the load balancer puts the target back in service. For more information, see Health checks for your target groups.
6. (Optional) Add one or more tags as follows:
1. Expand the Tags section.
2. Choose Add tag.
3. Enter the tag Key and tag Value. Allowed characters are letters, spaces, numbers (in UTF-8), and the following special characters: + - = . _ : / @. Do not use leading or trailing spaces. Tag values are case-sensitive.
7. Choose Next.
Step 2: Register targets
You can register EC2 instances, IP addresses, or Lambda functions as targets in a target group. This is an optional step to create a load balancer. However, you must register your targets to ensure that your load balancer routes traffic to them.
1. In the Register targets page, add one or more targets as follows:
• If the target type is Instances, select one or more instances, enter one or more ports, and then choose Include as pending below.
• If the target type is IP addresses, do the following:
1. Select a network VPC from the list, or choose Other private IP addresses.
2. Enter the IP address manually, or find the IP address using instance details. You can enter up to five IP addresses at a time.
3. Enter the ports for routing traffic to the specified IP addresses.
4. Choose Include as pending below.
• If the target type is Lambda, select a Lambda function, or enter a Lambda function ARN, and then choose Include as pending below.
2. Choose Create target group.
Step 3: Configure a load balancer and a listener
To create an Application Load Balancer, you must first provide basic configuration information for your load balancer, such as a name, scheme, and IP address type. Then, you provide information about your network, and one or more listeners. A listener is a process that checks for connection requests. It is configured with a protocol and a port for connections from clients to the load balancer. For more information about supported protocols and ports, see Listener configuration.
To configure your load balancer and listener
1. Open the Amazon EC2 console at https://console.aws.amazon.com/ec2/.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Load Balancers.
3. Choose Create Load Balancer.
4. Under Application Load Balancer, choose Create.
5. Basic configuration
1. For Load balancer name, enter a name for your load balancer. For example, my-alb. The name of your Application Load Balancer must be unique within your set of Application Load Balancers and Network Load Balancers for the Region. Names can have a maximum of 32 characters, and can contain only alphanumeric characters and hyphens. They can not begin or end with a hyphen, or with internal-.
2. For Scheme, choose Internet-facing or Internal. An internet-facing load balancer routes requests from clients to targets over the internet. An internal load balancer routes requests to targets using private IP addresses.
3. For IP address type, choose IPv4 or Dualstack. Use IPv4 if your clients use IPv4 addresses to communicate with the load balancer. Choose Dualstack if your clients use both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses to communicate with the load balancer.
6. Network mapping
1. For VPC, select the VPC that you used for your EC2 instances. If you selected Internet-facing for Scheme, only VPCs with an internet gateway are available for selection.
2. For Mappings, select two or more Availability Zones and corresponding subnets. Enabling multiple Availability Zones increases the fault tolerance of your applications.
For an internal load balancer, you can assign a private IP address from the IPv4 or IPv6 range of each subnet instead of letting AWS assign one for you.
Select one subnet per zone to enable. If you enabled Dualstack mode for the load balancer, select subnets with associated IPv6 CIDR blocks. You can specify one of the following:
• Subnets from two or more Availability Zones
• Subnets from one or more Local Zones
• One Outpost subnet
7. For Security groups, select an existing security group, or create a new one.
The security group for your load balancer must allow it to communicate with registered targets on both the listener port and the health check port. The console can create a security group for your load balancer on your behalf with rules that allow this communication. You can also create a security group and select it instead. For more information, see Recommended rules.
(Optional) To create a new security group for your load balancer, choose Create a new security group.
8. For Listeners and routing, the default listener accepts HTTP traffic on port 80. You can keep the default protocol and port, or choose different ones. For Default action, choose the target group that you created. You can optionally choose Add listener to add another listener (for example, an HTTPS listener).
If you create an HTTPS listener, configure the required Secure listener settings. Otherwise, go to the next step.
When you use HTTPS for your load balancer listener, you must deploy an SSL certificate on your load balancer. The load balancer uses this certificate to terminate the connection and decrypt requests from clients before sending them to the targets. For more information, see SSL certificates. Additionally, specify the security policy that the load balancer uses to negotiate SSL connections with the clients. For more information, see Security policies.
For Default SSL certificate, do one of the following:
• If you created or imported a certificate using AWS Certificate Manager, select From ACM, and then select the certificate.
• If you uploaded a certificate using IAM, select From IAM, and then select the certificate.
• If you want to import a certificate to ACM or IAM , enter a certificate name. Then, paste the PEM-encoded private key and body.
9. (Optional) You can use Add-on services, such as the AWS Global Accelerator to create an accelerator and associate the load balancer with the accelerator. The accelerator name can have up to 64 characters. Allowed characters are a-z, A-Z, 0-9, . and - (hyphen). Once the accelerator is created, you can use the AWS Global Accelerator console to manage it.
10. Tag and create
1. (Optional) Add a tag to categorize your load balancer. Tag keys must be unique for each load balancer. Allowed characters are letters, spaces, numbers (in UTF-8), and the following special characters: + - = . _ : / @. Do not use leading or trailing spaces. Tag values are case-sensitive.
2. Review your configuration, and choose Create load balancer. A few default attributes are applied to your load balancer during creation. You can view and edit them after creating the load balancer. For more information, see Load balancer attributes.
Step 4: Test the load balancer
After creating your load balancer, you can verify that your EC2 instances pass the initial health check. You can then check that the load balancer is sending traffic to your EC2 instance. To delete the load balancer, see Delete an Application Load Balancer.
To test the load balancer
1. After the load balancer is created, choose Close.
2. In the navigation pane, choose Target Groups.
3. Select the newly created target group.
4. Choose Targets and verify that your instances are ready. If the status of an instance is initial, it's typically because the instance is still in the process of being registered. This status can also indicate that the instance has not passed the minimum number of health checks to be considered healthy. After the status of at least one instance is healthy, you can test your load balancer. For more information, see Target health status.
5. In the navigation pane, choose Load Balancers.
6. Select the newly created load balancer.
7. Choose Description and copy the DNS name of the load balancer (for example, my-load-balancer-1234567890abcdef.elb.us-east-2.amazonaws.com). Paste the DNS name into the address field of an internet-connected web browser. If everything is working, the browser displays the default page of your server.
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Wspólnotowy Serwis Informacyjny Badan i Rozwoju - CORDIS
Final Activity Report Summary - SIMGLASS (Molecular Simulation Study of Ageing and Plasticity in Glassy Materials)
This project aimed at the development of a hierarchical computational approach for the prediction of the thermodynamic and structural properties of glasses, based on their composition and the conditions of their formation.
In this work, computational methodologies founded on multidimensional transition state theory were extended and applied in order to understand and predict the phenomena of physical ageing and plastic deformation of glassy materials at temperatures below Tg. Our perspective, which allowed for the direct study of relaxation and deformation phenomena in glassy materials for temperature smaller than Tg, was based on the idea that the molecular configuration of a glassy material was locally trapped in the neighbourhood of a local minimum of the potential energy, i.e. it was inherent structure. The system was considered as fluctuating around such a minimum, or around a small number of neighbouring minima, in the complex multidimensional hypersurface spanned by all atom positions. Structural relaxation occurred as a result of infrequent transitions to other minima, which required overcoming high energy barriers. Plastic deformation also entailed transitions to neighbouring minima induced by the presence of external stresses.
The project had two principal research objectives:
1. the computational study of physical ageing; and
2. the computational study of the mechanical properties of glassy materials.
Our approach was founded on the multidimensional Transition state theory (TST) in order to trace elementary structural transitions between neighbouring energy minima in the configuration space of a glassy system and the calculation of the corresponding rate constants. Thermal fluctuations were taken into account by incorporating a Quasi harmonic approximation (QHA) for the vibrational motions of atoms around the configuration of mechanical equilibrium; thus, entropic as well as energetic contributions to the thermodynamic and dynamical properties were included. The computational methodology for the identification of saddle points and the tracking of transition paths was extended, so as to deal with the rugged multidimensional energy hypersurfaces of glassy materials in a manner that combined efficiency and predictive power.
The duration of the project was three years. During the first year we developed the following tools that would give us the ability to reach our objectives:
1. generation of atomistic minimum energy configurations of our model amorphous polymer system, atactic Polystyrene (a-PS), under the condition of constant density;
2. implementation of the QHA for calculating the normal mode frequencies and the vibrational free energy;
3. development of Molecular mechanics' (MM) code for the density relaxation of the PS model system under imposed strain at finite temperature;
4. development and tests of MM-based software, capable of performing computational deformation experiments using the QHA in the PS model system;
5. serial and parallel code for linking pairs of neighbouring glassy minima via the dimer saddle point search method;
6.numerical experiments for the study of small deformations of glassy PS (elastic region);
7. formulation of a novel approach to Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC), on the basis of Markovian web integration, which we anticipated to enable us to sample more efficiently the very broad time scales of relaxation phenomena of the glassy polymers.
By the time of the project completion we were able to perform atomistic simulations based on QHA and to evaluate the elastic constants of our model PS system, including entropic contributions, from chemical constitution. Our subsequent goal was to combine this procedure with the algorithm that linked neighbouring inherent structures via the dimer saddle point search method and our novel KMC scheme.
We anticipated that we would be able to describe the dynamical evolution of the systems under the imposition of external stress, or strain, at a prescribed rate. Moreover, our multilevel parallelisation, in combination with our novel KMC scheme, would allow us to simulate for the first time deformation over long time periods under conditions comparable to those utilised in most experiments as well as to physical ageing in our polymeric glass model.
Reported by
NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF ATHENS
9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zografou Campus
157 80 ATHENS
Greece
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| 0.932646 |
Error Tracking Reports – Part 3 – Strategy and Package Private
IMG_0742This is the third blog in a series that’s loosely looking at tracking application errors. In this series I’m writing a lightweight, but industrial strength, application that periodically scans application log files, looking for errors and, if any are found, generates and publishes a report.
If you’ve read the first blog in the series you may remember that I initially said that I needed a Report class and that “if you look at the code, you won’t find a class named Report, it was renamed Results and refactored to create a Formatter interface, the TextFormatter and HtmlFormatter classes together with the Publisher interface and EmailPublisher class”. This blog covers the design process, highlighting the reasoning behind the refactoring and how I arrived at the final implementation.
If you read on, you may think that the design logic given below is somewhat contrived. That’s because it is. The actual process of getting from the Report class to the Results class, the Formatter and Publisher interfaces together with their implementations probably only took a few seconds to dream up; however, writing it all down took some time. The design story goes like this…
If you have a class named Report then how do you define its responsibility? You could say something like this: “The Report class is responsible for generating an error report. That seems to fit the Single Responsibility Principal, so we should be okay… or are we? Saying that a Report is responsible for generating a report is rather tautological. It’s like saying that a table is responsible for being a table, it tells us nothing. We need to break this down further. What does “generating a report” mean? What are the steps involved? Thinking about it, to generate a report we need to:
1. marshall the error data.
2. format the error data into a readable document.
3. publish the report to a known destination.
If you include all this in the Report class’s responsibility definition you get something like this:
“The Report class is responsible for marshalling the error data and formatting the data into a readable document and publishing the report to a known destination.”
Obviously that breaks the Single Responsibility Principal because the Report class has three responsibilities instead of one; you can tell by the use of the word ‘and’. This really means we have three classes: one to handle the results, one to format the report and one to publish the report, and these three loosely coupled classes must collaborate to get that report delivered.
If you look back at the original requirements, points 6 and 7 said:
6. When all the files have been checked, format the report ready for publishing.
7 . Publish the report using email or some other technique.
Requirement 6 is pretty straight forward and concrete, we know that we’ve got to format the report. In a real project, you’d either have to come up with the format yourself or ask the customer what it was they wanted to see in their report.
Requirement 7 is somewhat more problematical. The first part is okay, it says “publish the report using email” and that’s no problem with Spring. The second is very badly written: which other technique? Is this required for this first release? If this was a real-world project, one that you’re doing for a living, then this is where you need to ask a few questions – very loudly if necessary. That’s because an unquantifiable requirement will have an impact on timescales, which could also make you look bad.
Questioning badly defined requirements or stories is a key skill when it comes to being a good developer. If a requirement is wrong or vague, no ones going to thank you if you just make things up and interpret it your own way. How you phrase your question is another matter… it’s usually a good idea to be ‘professional’ about it and say something like: “excuse me, have you got five minutes to explain this story to me, I don’t understand it”. There are only several answers you will get and they are usually:
1. “Don’t bother me now, come back later…”
2. “Oh yes, that’s a mistake in the requirements – thanks for spotting it, I’ll sort it out.”
3. “The end user was really vague here, I’ll get in touch with them and clarify what they meant.”
4. ”I’ve no idea – take a guess..”
5. “This requirement means that you need to do X, Y, Y…”
…and remember to make a note of your outstanding requirements questions and chase them up: someone else’s inactivity could threaten your deadlines.
In this particular case, the clarification would be that I’m going to add additional publishing methods in later blogs and that I want the code designed to be extensible, which in plain English means using interfaces…
Screen Shot 2014-03-09 at 15.35.14
The diagram above shows that the initial idea of a Report class has been split into three parts: Results, Formatter and Publisher. Anyone familiar with Design Patterns will notice that I’ve used the Strategy Pattern to inject a Formatter and Publisher implementations into the Results class. This allows me to tell the Results class to generate() a report without the Results class knowing anything about the report, its construction, or where it’s going to.
@Service
public class Results {
private static final Logger logger = LoggerFactory.getLogger(Results.class);
private final Map<String, List<ErrorResult>> results = new HashMap<String, List<ErrorResult>>();
/**
* Add the next file found in the folder.
*
* @param filePath
* the path + name of the file
*/
public void addFile(String filePath) {
Validate.notNull(filePath);
Validate.notBlank(filePath, "Invalid file/path");
logger.debug("Adding file {}", filePath);
List<ErrorResult> list = new ArrayList<ErrorResult>();
results.put(filePath, list);
}
/**
* Add some error details to the report.
*
* @param path
* the file that contains the error
* @param lineNumber
* The line number of the error in the file
* @param lines
* The group of lines that contain the error
*/
public void addResult(String path, int lineNumber, List<String> lines) {
Validate.notBlank(path, "Invalid file/path");
Validate.notEmpty(lines);
Validate.isTrue(lineNumber > 0, "line numbers must be positive");
List<ErrorResult> list = results.get(path);
if (isNull(list)) {
addFile(path);
list = results.get(path);
}
ErrorResult errorResult = new ErrorResult(lineNumber, lines);
list.add(errorResult);
logger.debug("Adding Result: {}", errorResult);
}
private boolean isNull(Object obj) {
return obj == null;
}
public void clear() {
results.clear();
}
Map<String, List<ErrorResult>> getRawResults() {
return Collections.unmodifiableMap(results);
}
/**
* Generate a report
*
* @return The report as a String
*/
public <T> void generate(Formatter formatter, Publisher publisher) {
T report = formatter.format(this);
if (!publisher.publish(report)) {
logger.error("Failed to publish report");
}
}
public class ErrorResult {
private final int lineNumber;
private final List<String> lines;
ErrorResult(int lineNumber, List<String> lines) {
this.lineNumber = lineNumber;
this.lines = lines;
}
public int getLineNumber() {
return lineNumber;
}
public List<String> getLines() {
return lines;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "LineNumber: " + lineNumber + "\nLines:\n" + lines;
}
}
}
Taking the Results code first, you can see that there are four public methods; three that are responsible for marshalling the result data and one that generates the report:
• addFile(…)
• addResults(…)
• clear(…)
• generate(…)
The first three methods above manage the Results internal Map<String, List<ErrorResult>> results hash map. The keys in this map are the names of any log files that the FileLocator class finds, whilst the values are Lists of ErrorResult beans. The ErrorResult bean is a simple inner bean class that’s used to group together the details of any errors found.
addFile() is a simple method that’s use to register a file with the Results class. It generates an entry in the results map and creates an empty list. If this remains empty, then we can say that this file is error free. Calling this method is optional.
addResult() is the method that adds a new error result to the map. After validating the input arguments using org.apache.commons.lang3.Validate it tests whether this file is already in the results map. If it isn’t, it creates a new entry before finally creating a new ErrorResult bean and adding it to appropriate List in the Map.
The clear()method is very straight forward: it will clear down the current contents of the results map.
The remaining public method, generate(…), is responsible for generating the final error report. It’s our strategy pattern implementation, taking two arguments: a Formatter implementation and a Publisher implementation. The code is is very straight forward as there are only three lines to consider. The first line calls the Formatter implementation to format the report, the second publishes the report and the third line logs any error if the report generation fails. Note that this is a Generic Method (as shown by the <T> attached to the method signature). In this case, the only “Gotcha” to watch out for is that this ’T’ has to be the same type for both the
Formatter implementation and the Publisher implementation. If it isn’t the whole thing will crash.
public interface Formatter {
public <T> T format(Results report);
}
Formatter is an interface with a single method: public <T> T format(Results report). This method takes the Report class as an argument and returns the formatted report as any type you like
@Service
public class TextFormatter implements Formatter {
private static final String RULE = "\n==================================================================================================================\n";
@SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
@Override
public <T> T format(Results results) {
StringBuilder sb = new StringBuilder(dateFormat());
sb.append(RULE);
Set<Entry<String, List<ErrorResult>>> entries = results.getRawResults().entrySet();
for (Entry<String, List<ErrorResult>> entry : entries) {
appendFileName(sb, entry.getKey());
appendErrors(sb, entry.getValue());
}
return (T) sb.toString();
}
private String dateFormat() {
SimpleDateFormat df = new SimpleDateFormat("yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ss");
return df.format(Calendar.getInstance().getTime());
}
private void appendFileName(StringBuilder sb, String fileName) {
sb.append("File: ");
sb.append(fileName);
sb.append("\n");
}
private void appendErrors(StringBuilder sb, List<ErrorResult> errorResults) {
for (ErrorResult errorResult : errorResults) {
appendErrorResult(sb, errorResult);
}
}
private void appendErrorResult(StringBuilder sb, ErrorResult errorResult) {
addLineNumber(sb, errorResult.getLineNumber());
addDetails(sb, errorResult.getLines());
sb.append(RULE);
}
private void addLineNumber(StringBuilder sb, int lineNumber) {
sb.append("Error found at line: ");
sb.append(lineNumber);
sb.append("\n");
}
private void addDetails(StringBuilder sb, List<String> lines) {
for (String line : lines) {
sb.append(line);
// sb.append("\n");
}
}
}
This is really boring code. All it does is to create a report using a StringBuilder, carefully adding text until the report is complete. There’s only on point of interest and that’s in third line of code in the format(…) method:
Set<Entry<String, List<ErrorResult>>> entries = results.getRawResults().entrySet();
This is a textbook case of what Java’s rarely used package visibility is all about. The Results class and the TextFormatter class have to collaborate to generate the report. To do that, the TextFormatter code needs access of the Results class’s data; however, that data is part of the Result class’s internal workings and should not be publicly available. Therefore, it makes sense to make that data accessible via a package private method, which means that only those classes that need the data to under take their allotted responsibility can get hold of it.
The final part of generating a report is the publication of the formatted results. This is again done using the strategy pattern; The second argument of the Report class’s generate(…) method is an implementation of the Publisher interface:
public interface Publisher {
public <T> boolean publish(T report);
}
This also contains a single method: public <T> boolean publish(T report);. This Generic method takes a report argument of type ’T’, returning true if the report is published successfully.
What about the implementation(s)? of this class? The first implementation uses Spring’s email classes and will be the subject of my next blog, which will be published shortly…
If you want to look at other blogs in this series take a look here…
1. Tracking Application Exceptions With Spring
2. Tracking Exceptions With Spring – Part 2 – Delegate Pattern
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| 0.653375 |
Jason explains how to tell at a glance whether a drawing has inch or metric dimensions in the Question Line video below.
We received the following question from a student through our Question Line, “How can I tell if my drawing is in inches or millimeters if it’s not listed on the drawing?” This question comes up frequently in our courses when we are using zoomed in views of a drawing, where the title block of the drawing is not shown.
If the designer of the drawing is following the rules, it is easy to tell at a glance whether the drawing has inch or metric dimensions. So, what are these rules?
Rules for drawings dimensioned in inches:
1. Trailing zeros must be added so that a dimension and its tolerances have the same number of decimal places.
2. No leading zeros are added for values less than 1.
Rules for drawings with metric dimensions:
1. No trailing zeros are added except for the case of a non-zero, non-symmetric tolerance.
2. Leading zeros are added for values less than 1.
Drawing Examples
Let’s look at a couple of drawings to see these rules in action.
In Figure 1, we have a drawing dimensioned in inches. Notice that the outer diameter of the circular part is dimensioned as “1.00 +.00/-.01”. The tolerance for this dimension has two decimal places, therefore, according to the “trailing zeros” rule, the nominal dimension must also have two decimal places to match that of its tolerance.
Now let’s look at the inner diameter of the circular part. The ID for this part is less than one inch. Due to the “no leading zeros” rule for inch drawings, the nominal ID is written as “.75” with no zero in front of it.
Figure 1: Drawing Dimensioned in Inches
Figure 2 shows the same parts dimensioned in millimeters. The inner dimension for the square shows a tolerance of “+0.25/-0”. According to the “no trailing zeros” rule, the lower tolerance does not have trailing zeros to match the number of decimal places of the upper tolerance, because the lower tolerance is zero. When we look at the inner diameter of the circle (19.05 +0.25/-0.10), we see that the lower tolerance does have a trailing zero to match the number of decimal places of the upper tolerance. This is the exception to the “no trailing zeros” rule – because the upper and lower tolerances are non-symmetric, and the lower tolerance is less than one, a trailing zero was added to the lower tolerance to match the upper tolerance.
Also, see how the “leading zeros” rule was followed for the circular part. All of the tolerances are less than zero, so they all have a zero before the decimal point.
Figure 2: Drawing Dimensioned in Millimeters
As you can see, if drawing rules are properly followed, it is easy to quickly determine whether a drawing is dimensioned in inch or metric units by looking for leading and trailing zeros. However, in the real world, it is best not to assume rules are being followed and to confirm the drawing units.
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| 0.874364 |
First Aid Treatment for a Puncture Wound
First Aid Steps to Follow With a Puncture Wound Injury
person with bloody foot
Cultura RM/Charles Gullung/Getty Images
How do you best treat a puncture wound and how do these differ from lacerations and other types of injuries? What do you need to be aware of and watch for if you suffer one of these injuries?
Puncture Wounds: Definition and Description
Puncture wounds and lacerations can look the same at the surface of the skin. It's really the depth below the surface and what internal organs or tissues are damaged that matters most.
Puncture wounds can be deep or shallow and large or small. Treatment depends on the severity of the puncture wound, and the size and speed of the object creating it. Also, treatment is different based on whether the object that created the puncture is still in the body or was removed. An object that is sticking out of the skin is called an impaled object. A bullet wound is a type of puncture wound created at high speed and often leaves the object still under the surface.
Animal bites can also be in the form of a puncture wound and bring with them the additional complication of potential infection. For all puncture wounds, bleeding control and infection are the priorities.
Steps For First Aid Treatment of a Puncture Wound
If you encounter a person with a puncture wound the first step is to protect yourself.
Stay safe. If you are not the victim, practice universal precautions and wear personal protective equipment if available.
Once you determine that you are safe to be near the victim, and after you have protected yourself with gloves and eyewear protection if indicated, follow these steps.
1. Control bleeding before anything else. Putting pressure directly on the puncture wound while holding it at a level above the heart (if possible) for 15 minutes should be enough to stop bleeding. If not, try using pressure points. Pressure points are areas where blood vessels lie close to the surface of the skin and include the brachial artery (between the shoulder and elbow), the femoral artery (in the groin along the bikini line), and the popliteal artery (behind the knee). Tourniquets should be avoided unless medical care will be delayed for several hours.
2. Know when to call 911. Call 911 right away for puncture wounds of any depth in the neck or if a deep puncture wound (or one of unknown depth) occurs to the abdomen, back, pelvis, thigh, or chest. Puncture wounds in other regions, even if shallow, should prompt you to call 911 if the bleeding will not stop. Holes in the chest can lead to collapsed lungs. Deep puncture wounds to the chest should be immediately sealed by hand or with a dressing that does not allow air to flow. Victims may complain of shortness of breath. If the victim gets worse after sealing the chest puncture wound, unseal it.
1. When bleeding is controlled, wash the wound. Once bleeding has been controlled, wash the puncture wound with warm water and mild soap (see illustration). If bleeding starts again, repeat step two.
2. Determine if the wound needs stitches. Wide puncture wounds may need stitches. If the victim needs stitches, proceed to the emergency department
3. Properly dress the wound. For smaller puncture wounds that do not require stitches, use antiseptic ointment and cover with adhesive bandages.
4. Watch for signs of infection. When you change the bandages, or if the victim develops a fever, chills, or is feeling poorly, check for signs of infection. Increased redness, swelling, or drainage, especially pus-like drainage is a sign that you should contact a doctor. If redness begins to radiate or streak away from the puncture wound, contact your doctor right away.
5. Clean and change bandages daily. Clean and change the dressings (bandages) over a puncture wound daily. Each time you change the dressing you should clean the wound and look for signs of infection.
1. Give pain relief if needed. Use acetaminophen or ibuprofen for pain relief as needed as long as there are no reasons why these should not be used (such as kidney disease).
Risk of Contamination With Puncture Wounds/Tetanus Prophylaxis
If the puncture wound is contaminated, the victim should consult a doctor as soon as possible for a tetanus vaccination or booster shot. Wounds of the feet, those that cannot be cleaned right away, and wounds made by animals all carry a high risk of contamination.
Puncture Wounds Caused by Animal Bites
Puncture wounds caused by animal bites may also cause rabies. Rabies is a preventable disease but is almost always fatal if you wait until symptoms are present. Always consult a doctor for wounds caused by animal bites.
Puncture Wounds Caused by Human Bites
Human bite wounds carry a very high incidence of infection, much more than bites such as dog bites. Always seek out medical care for a human bite wound.
Puncture Wounds Caused by Bullets
Gunshot wounds are unpredictable and can be much more serious than they appear at first glance. Always call 911 as soon as you are in a safe position to do so. The chance of a person surviving a bullet wound is related to how long it takes to get emergency medical care. Apply the principles of a puncture wound care above but if the wound is above the chest, do not elevate the victim's legs as this can increase bleeding.
A Word From Verywell on Puncture Wounds
Puncture wounds differ from lacerations in a few ways. Sometimes it can be uncertain whether an object is still present within the wound and it also very hard to tell the depth of the wound at first glance. With a puncture wound to the chest, back, or pelvis, it's best to call 911 if the puncture is deep or you can't tell the depth. With a neck wound call 911 regardless of the depth.
Basic first aid strategies for controlling bleeding and knowing when to all 911 or seek medical attention are discussed above. If you are taking care of someone who has received a puncture wound make sure to practice universal precautions and practice safety for yourself first. An injured rescuer does little to help an injured a victim and can result in two victims.
Puncture wounds should be monitored closely. If there is a risk of rabies, vaccinations should be done right away as waiting for symptoms is usually fatal. Bite wounds of any form often become infected and medical care should be sought out for any of these.
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View Article Sources
• Kasper, Dennis L.., Anthony S. Fauci, and Stephen L.. Hauser. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine. New York: Mc Graw Hill education, 2015. Print.
• U.S. National Library of Medicine. MedlinePlus. Cuts and Puncture Wounds. Updated 01/12/15. https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/000043.htm
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Skip to main content
What is web page?
A web page is a digital document or resource that is part of the World Wide Web (WWW) and can be accessed through a web browser. It is a collection of electronic files that can contain text, images, videos, hyperlinks, and other multimedia content.
Web pages are created using a markup language such as HTML, which defines the structure and content of the page. This markup language is then interpreted by web browsers to display the page to the user.
Web pages can be created by individuals, businesses, organizations, or governments, and can be accessed by anyone with an internet connection. They can be hosted on web servers, which are computers that store and deliver web pages to users on demand.
Web pages can serve a variety of purposes, including providing information, promoting products or services, facilitating communication and collaboration, and entertaining users.
In this article, we will explore the different aspects of web pages in detail, including their history, structure, content, design, and functionality.
History of Web Pages
The concept of a web page was first introduced by Tim Berners-Lee, a computer scientist at CERN, in 1989. Berners-Lee proposed a system for organizing and sharing information over the internet, which he called the World Wide Web.
The first web page was created by Berners-Lee in 1991 and contained basic information about the World Wide Web project. It was a simple text-based document that could be accessed using the first web browser, called WorldWideWeb.
Over the years, web pages have evolved from simple text documents to complex multimedia resources that incorporate images, videos, and other interactive elements.
Structure of Web Pages
Web pages are created using a markup language such as HTML, which stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML is a standard language that defines the structure and content of web pages.
HTML uses tags to define different elements of a web page, such as headings, paragraphs, images, links, and forms. These tags are enclosed in angle brackets (<>) and are placed within the content of the page.
The structure of a web page is organized into different sections, including the head section and the body section. The head section contains metadata about the page, such as the title, keywords, and description. The body section contains the main content of the page, including text, images, and other multimedia elements.
Web pages can also include Cascading Style Sheets (CSS), which define the visual style and layout of the page. CSS can be used to control the font style, color, size, and position of elements on the page.
Content of Web Pages
The content of a web page can vary widely depending on its purpose and audience. Web pages can contain text, images, videos, audio, and other multimedia elements.
Text content can include headings, paragraphs, lists, and tables. Headings are used to organize the content of the page into different sections, while paragraphs are used to provide detailed information about a topic.
Images are used to enhance the visual appeal of the page and can be used to illustrate concepts or products. Videos and audio can be used to provide more interactive and engaging content, such as tutorials or demonstrations.
Web pages can also include hyperlinks, which are clickable elements that connect different web pages together. Hyperlinks can be used to navigate between pages, or to access external resources such as documents or websites.
Design of Web Pages
The design of a web page is an important aspect of its usability and effectiveness. A well-designed web page should be visually appealing, easy to navigate, and accessible to all users.
Web page design can be divided into two main categories: user interface design and graphic design. User interface design focuses on the layout and functionality of the page, while graphic design focuses on the visual style and branding of the page.
User interface design includes
the placement and organization of elements on the page, such as navigation menus, content sections, and call-to-action buttons. It also includes the use of typography, color schemes, and visual hierarchy to create a clear and intuitive user experience.
Graphic design involves the use of visual elements such as images, icons, and logos to create a cohesive and recognizable brand identity. It also includes the use of visual effects such as animations and transitions to enhance the user experience.
Web page design should also take into account the accessibility needs of all users, including those with disabilities. This includes providing alternative text for images, using clear and concise language, and ensuring that the page is easily navigable using keyboard commands.
Functionality of Web Pages
Web pages can incorporate a wide range of functionality, including interactive elements such as forms, surveys, and quizzes. They can also include e-commerce functionality such as shopping carts and payment processing.
Web pages can be static or dynamic. Static web pages are created using HTML and other markup languages and remain the same until they are updated by the author. Dynamic web pages, on the other hand, are created using server-side scripting languages such as PHP, Python, or Ruby, and can change dynamically based on user interactions or other external factors.
Web pages can also incorporate third-party applications and services such as social media integration, maps and location services, and chatbots. These third-party services can enhance the functionality of the page and provide a more engaging user experience.
Conclusion
In conclusion, web pages are an essential part of the World Wide Web and play a crucial role in providing information, promoting products and services, facilitating communication and collaboration, and entertaining users. They are created using markup languages such as HTML, and can incorporate a wide range of multimedia elements and functionality.
Web page design is an important aspect of creating effective and engaging web pages, and should take into account user interface design, graphic design, and accessibility. Web pages can be static or dynamic, and can incorporate third-party applications and services to enhance their functionality.
Overall, web pages continue to evolve and adapt to the changing needs of users and businesses, and will continue to be an essential component of the digital landscape for years to come.
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Location of Repository
Hardware-in-the-loop tuning of a feedback controller for a buck converter using a GA
By K. D. Wilkie, M. P. Foster, D. A. Stone and C. M. Bingham
Abstract
This paper presents a methodology for tuning a PID-based feedback controller for a buck converter using the ITAE controller performance index. The controller parameters are optimized to ensure that a reasonable transient response can be achieved whilst retaining stable operation. Experimental results demonstrate the versatility of the on-line tuning methodology
Topics: G700 Artificial Intelligence, H600 Electronic and Electrical Engineering
Publisher: Institute of Electronic and Electrical Engineering
Year: 2008
DOI identifier: 10.1109/SPEEDHAM.2008.4581265
OAI identifier: oai:eprints.lincoln.ac.uk:2458
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Citations
1. (2003). A.; ‘GA-Based Optimisation of a Continuous Walking Beam Reheating Furnace’, doi
2. (1998). Design optimisation of electric motors by genetic algorithms’, doi
3. (2007). GA tuning of Pitch Controller for Small Scale MAVs’,
4. Electronics: Converters, Applications and Design’,
5. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning’, doi
To submit an update or takedown request for this paper, please submit an Update/Correction/Removal Request.
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Repository Roadmap for Logical Model Integration
To provide full support for logical models, a repository provider can perform the following steps:
1. Contribute the appropriate repository operations to elements that adapt to ResourceMapping.
2. Ensure that operations performed on resource mappings include all the appropriate model elements and resources by using an ISynchronizationScope and supporting API.
3. Allow model providers to participate in headless merging through the IMergeContext interface and supporting API.
4. Allow model providers to participate in merge previews by using the teamContentProviders for the models involved in the merge. A ModelSynchronizeParticipant class is provided to help manage the relationship between the model content, a merge context and the Compare framework.
5. Provide access to the history of workspace files through the IFileHistoryProvider API
6. Provide access to remote configurations using the Eclipse File System API in the org.eclipse.core.filesystem plug-in and link this to workspace projects through the ProjectSetCapability
7. Support logical model element decoration by providing a workspace Subscriber for use with the SynchronizationStateTester API.
8. Allow models to group related changes by implementing the IChangeGroupingRequestor API.
The following sections describe each of these points in more detail. The org.eclipse.ui.examples.filesystem plug-in contain an example that illustrate several of these points. You can check the project out from the Git repository and use it as a reference while you are reading this tutorial. Disclaimer: The source code in the example plug-ins may change over time. To get a copy that matches what is used in this example, you can check out the project using the 3.3 version tag (most likely R3_3) or a date tag of June 30, 2007.
Contributing Actions to Resource Mappings
The Basic Resource Mapping API
The resource mapping API consists of the following classes:
There are two types of plugins that should be interested in resource mappings. Those who provide a model that consists of, or is persisted in, resources in the workspace and those that want to perform operations on resources. The former case will be covered in the model roadmap and the later case is covered in the next section.
Resource Mappings and Object Contributions
Plug-ins that contribute extensions to adaptable extension points will have to make two changes to support the new ResourceMapping APIs:
1. Update any objectContributions of the popupMenus extension point in their plugin.xml file to target ResourceMapping instead of IResource (for those for which this is appropriate).
2. Update their actions to work on ResourceMapping instead of IResource and respect the depth constraints provided in the traversals.
Plug-ins that add object contributions to IResource can now add them to ResourceMapping instead, if the action can apply to multiple resources. Here is an XML snippet that contributes a menu action to objects that adapt to resource mappings:
<extension
point="org.eclipse.ui.popupMenus">
<objectContribution
objectClass="org.eclipse.core.resources.mapping.ResourceMapping"
adaptable="true"
id="org.eclipse.team.ccvs.ui.ResourceMapperContributions">
<enablement>
<adapt type="org.eclipse.core.resources.mapping.ResourceMapping">
<test
property="org.eclipse.core.resources.projectPersistentProperty"
args="org.eclipse.team.core.repository,org.eclipse.team.cvs.core.cvsnature" />
</adapt>
</enablement>
<action
label="%UpdateAction.label"
definitionId="org.eclipse.team.cvs.ui.update"
class="org.eclipse.team.internal.ccvs.ui.actions.UpdateAction"
tooltip="%UpdateAction.tooltip"
menubarPath="team.main/group2"
id="org.eclipse.team.cvs.ui.update">
</action>
...
</objectContribution>
</extension>
Contributions to ResourceMapping will automatically apply to objects that adapt to IResource. This transitive association is handled by the Workbench. Filtering of the contributions to resource mappings can be done using enablement expressions. An expression for filtering by project persistent property has been added to allow repository providers to have their menus appear on projects that are mapped to their repositories.
Actions that have been contributed to the ResourceMapping class will be given a selection that contains one or more ResourceMappings. It is the actions responsibility to translate the resource mapping into a set of resources to be operated on. This can be done by calling getTraversals to get the traversals of the mapping. Traversals are used to allow the clients of the traversal to optimize their operations based on the depth of the resources being traversed. A client may traverse the resource manually or may use the resource and the depth as input into an operation that the action delegates to do the work. As an example, if the user performs a CVS update on a java package and the java package resource mapping maps to a folder of depth one, CVS would issue an appropriate command ("cvs update -l" for those who are curious) which would perform a shallow update on the folder the package represents.
Although it is possible to obtain a set of traversals directly from the selected resource mappings, there are model relationships (or repository relationships) that may require the inclusion of additional resources or model elements in an operation. The next section describes how to ensure that all required resources are included in an operation
Operation Scope
For team operations, the selected mappings need to be translated into the set of mappings to be operated on. This process involves consulting all model providers to ensure that they get included in operations on resources that match their enablement rules. The term we use to describe the complete set of resource mappings to be operated on is the operation scope. The following API has been provided for this:
The initialize(IProgressMonitor) method of the SynchronizationScopeManager class handles the entire process of converting an input set of resource mappings into the complete set of mappings that need to be operated on as well as the complete set of traversals that cover these mappings. A repository provider can tailor the process by:
1. Providing a RemoteResourceMappingContext for use when obtaining resource traversals from resource mappings.
2. Overriding SynchronizationScopeManager to tailor the scope management process as required.
The next two sections describe these points in more detail.
Remote Resource Mapping Context
In order to guarantee that all necessary resources get included in a team operation, the model provider may need the ability to glimpse at the state of one or more resources in the repository. For some models, this may not be required. For instance, a java package is a container visited to a depth of one, regardless of the remote state of the model. Given this, a repository provider can easily determine that outgoing deletions should be included when committing or that incoming additions should be included when updating. However, the resources that constitute some logical models may change over time. For instance, the resources that constitute a model element may depend of the contents of a manifest file (or some other similar mechanism). In order for the resource mapping to return the proper traversal, it must access the remote contents of the manifest file (if it differs from the local contents) in order to see if there are additional resources that need to be included. These additional resources may not exist in the workspace but the repository provider would know how to make sure they did when the selected action was performed.
In order to support these more complex models, a RemoteResourceMappingContext can be passed to the ResourceMapping#getTraversals method. When a context is provided, the mapping can use it to ensure that all the necessary resources are included in the traversal. If a context is not provided, the mapping can assume that only the local state is of interest.
The remote resource mapping context provides three basic queries:
The answer to the first question above depends on the type of operation that is being performed. Typically, updates and merges are three-way while comparisons and replace operations (at least for CVS) are two-way.
The Eclipse Team API includes a Subscriber class that defines an API for providing the synchronization state between the local workspace and a remote server. A SubscriberResourceMappingContext is provided that uses a Subscriber to access the necessary remote state. Clients that have a Subscriber do not need to do any additional work to get a resource mapping context.
Subclassing SynchronizationScopeManager
The SynchronizationScopeManager class can be subclassed to tailor the scope generation and management process. The two main reasons for subclassing the scope manager are:
1. The repository provider needs to include additional resources due to some repository level relationship (e.g. change set). This can be accomplished by overriding the adjustInputTraversals(ResourceTraversal[]) method.
2. The synchronization has a longer lifecycle (e.g. Synchronize view vs. dialog) and needs the potential to react to scope changes. The ISynchronizationScopeParticipant interface defines the API that model providers can use to participate in the scope management process. The SubscriberScopeManager class is a Subscriber based subclass of SynchronizationScopeManager that involves participants in the scope management process. An example of why this type of process is needed is working sets. If a working set is one of the resource mappings in a scope, the set of traversals covered by the scope would increase if resources were added to the working set.
Model-based Merging
The main repository operation type that requires model participation is merging. In many cases, models only need to participate at the file level. For this, the IStorageMerger API was introduced to allow model providers to contribute mergers that should be used to merge files of a particular extension or content type. However, in some cases, models may need additional context to participate properly in a merge. For this purpose, we introduced the IResourceMappingMerger and IMergeContext APIs.
Merge operations are still triggered by actions associated with a repository provider. However, once a merge type operation is requested by the user, the repository provider needs to involve the model providers in the merge process to ensure that the merge does not corrupt the model in some way.
There are two main pieces of repository provider API related to the model-based merging support.
1. API to describe the synchronization state of the resources involved in the merge.
2. API to allow model providers to merge model elements.
The following sections describe these two pieces.
API for Synchronization State Description
An important aspect of model-based merging is the API used to communicate the synchronization state of the resources involved to the model provider. The following interfaces are used to describe the synchronization state:
Abstract classes are provided for all these interfaces with the convention that the class names match the interface names with the "I" prefix removed. The only class that repository providers must override is the ResourceDiff class so that appropriate before and after file revisions can be provided.
API for Model Merging
The IMergeContext interface extends synchronization context with additional methods that support merging. Callback methods exist for:
An abstract MergeContext class is provided that contains default implementations for much of the merging behavior and also uses the IStorageMerger to perform three-way merges. A SubscriberMergeContext class is also provided which handles the population and maintenance of the synchronization state description associated with the merge context.
An operation class, ModelMergeOperation is provided which uses the IResourceMappingMerger API to perform a model-based merge operation. Subclasses need to override the initializeContext(IProgressMonitor) method to return a merge context. The operation uses this context to attempt a headless model-based merge. If conflicts exist, the preview of the merge is left to the subclass. As we'll see in the next section, there is a ModelParticipantMergeOperation that provides preview capabilities using a ModelSynchronizeParticipant.
Model Content in Team Viewers
Support for the display of logical models in a team operation is provided using the Common Navigator framework which was introduced in Eclipse 3.2. Logical models can associate a content extension with a model provider using the org.eclipse.team.ui.teamContentProviders extension point. Team providers access these content providers through the ITeamContentProviderManager.
There are several places where a team provider may wish to display logical models:
The ModelSynchronizeParticipant provides integration into the Synchronize view or any container that can display ISynchronizePages. The participant makes use of both the pre-existing synchronization participant capabilities and the Common Navigator capabilities to allow for team providers and models to tailor the toolbar, context menu and other aspects of the merge preview. The ModelSynchronizeParticipant provides the following:
Here's a checklist of steps for tailoring a model synchronize participant for a particular Team provider:
The following XML snipets illustrate how the CVS participant class is registered and how it's viewer is defined.
<extension point="org.eclipse.team.ui.synchronizeParticipants">
<participant
name="CVS"
icon="$nl$/icons/full/eview16/cvs_persp.gif"
class="org.eclipse.team.internal.ccvs.ui.mappings.WorkspaceModelParticipant"
id="org.eclipse.team.cvs.ui.workspace-participant">
</participant>
</extension>
<extension point="org.eclipse.ui.navigator.viewer">
<viewer viewerId="org.eclipse.team.cvs.ui.workspaceSynchronization">
<popupMenu
allowsPlatformContributions="false"
id="org.eclipse.team.cvs.ui.workspaceSynchronizationMenu">
<insertionPoint name="file"/>
<insertionPoint name="edit" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="synchronize"/>
<insertionPoint name="navigate" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="update" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="commit" separator="false"/>
<insertionPoint name="overrideActions" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="otherActions1" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="otherActions2" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="sort" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="additions" separator="true"/>
<insertionPoint name="properties" separator="true"/>
</popupMenu>
</viewer>
</extension>
File History
A file history API has been added to allow models to access the history of files. The file history API consists of the following interfaces:
Along with this API, a generic file History view has been added. This will allow Team providers to display their file/resource history in a shared view and also allows models to display model element history for elements that do not map directly to files. The History view is a page-based view which obtains a page for the selected element in the following way:
Project Set Capability
Methods have been added to ProjectSetCapability to support the translation between a reference string used to identify a mapping between a project and remote content and URIs that identify a file-system scheme registered with the org.eclipse.core.filesystem.filesystems extension point. Team providers can optionally provide support for this in order to allow logical models to performing remote browsing and project loading.
Decorating Model Elements
Team providers can decorate model elements by converting their lightweight decorators to work for resource mappings in the same way object contributions are converted to work for resource mappings. However, there is one aspect of logical model element decoration that is problematic. If a model element does not have a one-to-one mapping to a resource, the model element may not receive a label update when the underlying resources change.
To address this issue, the ITeamStateProvider was introduced in order to give model providers access to state changes that may affect team decorations. In addition, model views can use a SynchronizationStateTester to determine when the labels of logical model elements need to be updated. This API relies on the ITeamStateProvider interface to determine when the team state of resource has changed and can be passed to a team decorator as part of an IDecorationContext.
Grouping Related Changes
Some logical models need to ensure that a set of changed files get committed or checked-in to the repository at the same time. To facilitate this, repository providers can adapt their RepositoryProviderType to an instance of IChangeGroupingRequestor. This API allows models to request that a set of files get committed or checked-in as a single unit.
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| 0.959134 |
Tag: BA degree in Human Movement Science
The Low Down on Calves and How Exactly To Train Them Effectively
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__label__pos
| 0.723436 |
St. Charles, MO podiatry
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Common Disorders
Surgical Removal of Giant Cell Tumors
This tumor was once thought to be a cancer of a tendon sheath. It is now known to be a benign non-cancerous tumor of a tendon sheath. These masses are generally found on the toes, top of the foot or sides of the foot. They are always closely associated with a tendon sheath. They can also occur deep inside the foot. They slowly enlarge but never grow any larger than 4cm in size. They are firm irregular masses that are commonly painful. The pain seems to be a result of the tumor pressing firmly on the surrounding tissues and due to the interference with the function of the tendon the mass is growing from. As the tendon grows it can press so firmly on the bone it lays next to, that it can cause erosion of the bone. It is because of this erosion of bone that the tumor was once thought to be cancerous. Cancerous tumors can have the characteristic of invading bone through aggressive and destructive means. The erosion of the bone associated with giant cell tumors is due to pressure on the bone and not due to the invasion of the bone by the tumor. Other common soft tissues masses that may occur in the foot are ganglions, fibromas.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of a giant cell tumor is generally made by a pathologist following removal of the mass. Clinical history of the mass may give the surgeon an idea of what they might expect when removing the mass. X-rays may show the shadow of the mass, and in 10-20% of the cases, may demonstrate bone erosion. The mass is firm and nodular, and always connected to a tendon. A MRI may be useful in determining the extent or size of the mass.
Treatment
Treatment of giant cell tumors is the excision of the tumor. Some physicians may attempt to inject the mass with cortisone in an attempt to shrink the mass.
The Procedure
The surgical excision of giant cell tumors is generally preformed in an out patient surgery center. Depending on the location of the mass the surgery may be preformed under a local anesthesia, with intravenous sedation or general anesthesia. Following administration of the anesthesia an incision is placed over the mass. The mass is then carefully dissected free from the surrounding soft tissues. Following the closure of the surgical site a gauze compressive dressing is applied. Depending upon the location of the mass the surgeon may apply a splint or below the knee cast. In some instances the surgeon may prefer that the patient use crutches for a few days or for as long as three weeks.
Recovery Period
The recovery period depends upon the location of the mass and the extent of the soft tissue dissection necessary to remove the mass. The sutures are left in place for 10 – 14 days. During this period of time the patient should limit their activities and keep the foot elevated above their heart. It is also important to keep the bandage in place and keep the surgical site dry. If the patient has been instructed to wear a removable cast or use crutches it is important that they follow the surgeons instructions. Time off from work will depend upon the level of activity required of the job and the shoes necessary for work. Generally a minimum of one week off from work is necessary. If the patient can return to work while wearing a cast and they are allowed to perform light duty they may be able to return to work after one week.
Possible Complications
The surgery is generally successful and without complications. However, as with any surgical procedure there are potential complications. Possible complications include, infection, excessive swelling, delays in healing, tendon or nerve injury. Because the mass is a growth from a tendon, removal of the mass may require the excision of a portion of healthy tendon. This can weaken the tendon or cause scaring of the tendon. Additionally there may be small skin nerves in the area of the tumor that may have to be sacrificed when removing the mass. If this occurs there may be small areas of patchy numbness on the skin following the procedure. This is generally not a significant problem. On occasion a nerve may get bound down in scar tissue and cause pain following the surgery. Recurrence of the mass is also possible but generally not considered a complication of the procedure.
Article provided by PodiatryNetwork.com.
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Observing the Moon
Observing the Moon
Of all the celestial sights that pass across the sky, none is more inspiring or universally appealing than our planet's lone natural satellite, the Moon. Remember the rush of excitement that you felt when you first peered at the rugged lunar surface through a telescope or binoculars? (If you haven't, you'll be amazed.) The first view of its broad plains, coarse mountain ranges, deep valleys, and countless craters is a memory cherished by stargazers everywhere.
A New View Every Night
Since the Moon orbits our planet in the same time that it takes to rotate once on its own axis, one side of the Moon perpetually faces Earth. Though the face may be the same, its appearance changes dramatically during its 27.3-day orbital period, as sunlight strikes it from different angles as seen from our standpoint. Due to the sunlight's changing angle, the Moon presents a slightly different perspective every night as it passes from phase to phase. No other object in the sky holds that distinction. (Note that it is actually 29.5 days from New Moon to New Moon; the added time is due to Earth's motion around the Sun.)
The Moon is the ideal target for all amateur astronomers. It is bright and large enough to show amazing surface detail, regardless of the type or size of telescopic equipment, and can be viewed just as successfully from the center of a city as from the rural countryside. But bear in mind that some phases are more conducive to Moon-watching than others.
The Best Times to View It
Perhaps the most widespread belief is that the Full Moon phase is the best for viewing, but nothing could be further from the truth. Since the Sun is shining directly on the Earth-facing side of the Moon at this phase, there are no shadows to give the lunar surface texture and relief. In addition, the Full Moon is so bright that it can overwhelm the observer's eye. Although no permanent eye damage will result, the Full Moon is uncomfortable to look at even with the naked eye. Instead, the best time to view the waxing Moon is a few nights after New Moon (when the Moon is a thin crescent), up until two or three nights after First Quarter (First Quarter is when half of the visible disk is illuminated). The waning Moon puts on its best show from just before Last Quarter to the New Moon phase. These phases show finer detail because of the Sun's lower elevation in the lunar sky.
Moon Filter Before and AfterUsing a Moon Filter Improves the View
No matter what the phase of the Moon is, the view is almost always better through a lunar filter. It screws into the barrel of a telescope eyepiece and cuts the bright glare, making for more comfortable observing and bringing out more surface detail. Some lunar filters, called variable polarizing filters, act something like a dimmer switch, permitting adjustment of the brightness to your liking.
Notable Surface Features
The Moon is dominated by large, flat plains known as maria; the singular is mare (meaning "sea"), which is pronounced (MAH-ray). Maria were first thought to be large bodies of water. In reality, the maria are ancient basins flooded by long-solidified lava created some three billion years ago when the Moon was still volcanically active. All are relatively free of craters except for a few scars from impacts that have occurred since. Their romantic-sounding names, such as the Sea of Crises, Sea of Fertility, Sea of Serenity, Ocean of Storms, and the Sea of Tranquility, are believed to date back to the mid-17th century.
Lunar SurfaceSurrounding the maria are the lunar highlands, dominated by nearly uncountable craters that measure up to several hundred miles across. Most are believed to have been created when debris from the formation of the solar system collided with the young Moon, leaving a permanent record of the barrage on its surface. Some of the more spectacular lunar craters include Tycho, Copernicus, Kepler, Clavius, Plato, and Archimedes, all named for figures of historical stature. Tycho, Copernicus, and Kepler are especially noteworthy, as each displays a broad pattern of bright rays radiating outward. These are particularly impressive during the Moon's gibbous phases (between Quarter and Full), when the Sun appears high in the lunar sky. The Moon also has several noteworthy mountain ranges, such as the Alps and Apennines, as well as straight cliffs, towering ridges, broad valleys, and small, sinuous rilles.
Focus on the Terminator Region
The greatest amount of detail is visible along the Moon's terminator, the line separating the lighted area of the lunar disk from the darkened portion. It is here that the Sun's light strikes the Moon as the narrowest angle. This casts the longest shadows, increasing contrast of lunar features and showing the greatest three-dimensional relief. Sometimes you will notice a bright "island" surrounded by darkness on the dark side of the terminator. That's a high peak, tall enough to still catch the light of the setting Sun, while the lower terrain around it does not.
A Great Target for Telescopes or Binoculars!
So, the next time the Moon is riding high in the sky, take time to visit our nearest neighbor in space. A binocular provides a terrific view; use a tripod or brace it against something to hold it steady. If you have a telescope, begin with a low-power eyepiece. Slowly scan across the lunar disk and try to imagine the emotion that the astronauts must have felt as they orbited that alien world, a world so close to our own, yet so astonishingly hostile and different — "magnificent desolation," as Edwin Aldrin put it during his and Neil Armstrong's historic visit on Apollo 11 in 1969. Then, switch to higher powers for close-up studies of specific areas and features. Get a lunar map or lunar atlas to identify specific craters and features.
Moon MapAn amazing world, our Moon, so rich in detail and so easy to see.
Checklist of Observable Features
1) Maria — Once thought to be oceans of water, these "seas" are actually vast plains of hardened lava. In some of them you will see giant ripples.
2) Craters — Like snowflakes, no two appear exactly alike. In the center of some larger craters, look for peaks formed from the upsurging of molten rock at the impact point. Look for small craterlets inside craters, too.
3) Crater Rays — Long, bright "splash marks" radiating from a few craters, such as Copernicus and Tycho. Best observed at Full or Gibbous phases.
4) Mountains — Several major mountain ranges scar the lunar surface. Check out the largest one, the Apennines, in the southern half of the Moon's disk along the vertical centerline. You can't miss it!
5) Domes — These small, low mounds often have a tiny craterlet in the middle and tend to cluster in groups.
6) Rilles — Filamentous faults and channels, some of which were once meandering rivers of flowing lava.
Details
Date Taken: 03/15/2011
Author: Orion Staff
Category: Astronomy
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From Ammonia to Cool Air: Unraveling SoCal’s AC Saga
The ammonia-cool air book cover.
November 24, 2023
The story of air conditioning is like a cool breeze threading through the sun-baked, arid landscapes of Southern California – captivating and somewhat surprising. It is a tale that has its roots entwined in the unassuming substance of ammonia and culminates in the irreplaceable symphony of fans and compressors humming in SoCal homes. This odyssey stitches a series of scientific breakthroughs, industrious entrepreneurship, and human adaptability into a captivating saga. With each sweltering summer, we realize that our admiration for this modern comfort called air conditioning grows, seeping into our lives as subtly yet unexceptionally as it cools our space. So, let’s step back in time and traverse the fascinating labyrinth of SoCal’s AC saga, exploring how we moved from the chilling potential of ammonia to the comforting hymn of cool air.
The Dawn of Ammonia: Venturing into the Primitive Cooling Methods
The Dawn of Ammonia: Venturing into the Primitive Cooling Methods
The HVAC landscape of Southern California (SoCal) has come a long way since its humble beginnings. To truly appreciate just how far we’ve come, it will be enlightening to peel back the layers of history to delve into the pre-modern era, where the complexities and risks associated with early cooling methods were very real. If one could journey back to the late 19th and early 20th centuries, before the advent of coolants like Freon, they would encounter a society dependent on a very dangerous but indispensable household component – Ammonia.
As a pioneer in cooling technology, ammonia was renowned for its superior cooling potential, but this came at a significant price. The use of ammonia circulated via compressors for air-conditioning systems was a nerve-wracking endeavor because of the compound’s volatile nature. It was not uncommon to read news about catastrophic accidents caused by leaking or mishandled ammonia.
List of Common Accidents involving Ammonia:
• Explosions caused by leaking gas.
• Severe poisoning or asphyxiation with minor leaks.
• Chemical burns upon skin contact.
Year Reported Incidents Related Fatalities
1898 12 8
1904 20 15
1912 33 22
Beyond the dangers, however, ammonia served a vital role in the progress of the early HVAC industry. It started to be replaced by safer alternatives in the mid-20th century, but its initial use paved the way towards modern cooling methods that are not only more effective but also safer and environmentally friendly.
Beating SoCal's Heat: A Peek into the Early Air Conditioners
Beating SoCal’s Heat: A Peek into the Early Air Conditioners
Those familiar with the blistering heat of Southern California’s summers would argue that the invention of air conditioning has been nothing short of a modern-day miracle.While acknowledging the heat, let’s delve into the dramatic yet cool and breezy saga of SoCal’s air conditioning, metamorphosing from ammonia-filled monster machines into our comfortable, nifty companions of today.
The first invention close to an air conditioner dates back to 1881. The machine was only able to cool a room with the help of a fan blowing air over cloth soaked in icy water. Carl von Linde’s invention, in 1876, involving the development of a compressed ammonia cooling system, rightly marked the beginning of a revolution in this field.
• 1882: Willis Carrier: The first electrically powered cooling system. The technology was further refined over the next three decades.
• 1902: Stuart Cramer: The term “air conditioning” was first coined by Cramer, who developed a ventilation system to add water vapor to the air in his textile factories.
• 1931: H.H Schultz and J.Q. Sherman: They patented an individual room air conditioner that sat on a window ledge — a design that’s been ubiquitous in apartment buildings ever since.
Year Inventor Invention
1882 Willis Carrier First electrically powered cooling system
1902 Stuart Cramer Ventilation system to add water vapor
1931 H.H Schultz and J.Q. Sherman Individual room air conditioner
The intriguing evolution from ammonia to cool air further included the need to eliminate harmful refrigerants, constant innovation for energy efficiency and adapting designs to fit into different architectural settings. With this historical peek, we realize the sweat and toil – maybe literally – that went into turning hot and weary summers into seasons of cool comfort in SoCal.
Heralding the Cool Breeze: Evolution of AC Systems in SoCal
Heralding the Cool Breeze: Evolution of AC Systems in SoCal
The evolution of air conditioning systems in Southern California, or SoCal, is a tale of innovation and adaptation, a saga played out against a backdrop of changing technologies and environmental pressures. In the early years, ammonia was one of the most commonly used refrigerants. It was readily available, easily transported, and highly effective at cooling the air. However, it came with significant drawbacks, as ammonia was both flammable and toxic, posing risks to health and safety.
In the 1920s, the introduction of Freon, a safer and more effective refrigerant, marked a transformative moment in SoCal’s AC history. The cooling capacity of Freon greatly surpassed that of ammonia, allowing for the development of smaller, more efficient AC units. These new systems, which were more accessible to the average SoCal household, fueled a boom in air conditioning installations across the region.
Air Conditioning System Evolution Refrigerant Used Time Period Impact
Early systems Ammonia Pre-1920s Effective in cooling but posed health risks
Mid-century revolution Freon 1920s onward Better cooling, safer, downsizing of units
• Ammonia systems: Effective but risky
• Used in the initial stages of AC system development
• Posed health and safety risks due to its flammability and toxicity
• Freon systems: Safer and more efficient
• Introduced in the 1920s, revolutionizing the AC industry
• Enabled the downsizing of AC units and made home installations more accessible
Despite concerns about its effect on the ozone layer, Freon remained the refrigerant of choice until the late 20th century. SoCal’s AC systems have seen continuous refinement and innovation since then, evolving to meet modern demands for energy efficiency and environmental stewardship. As we look towards the future, the story of SoCal’s air conditioning is still unfolding, with new technologies and approaches paving the way for an even cooler breeze.
Ammonia to Freon: The Game-Changing Coolant Transition
Ammonia to Freon: The Game-Changing Coolant Transition
The revolutionary journey of air conditioning began with ammonia, a common refrigerator coolant in the late 19th and early 20th century. Quick to chill, albeit highly toxic and volatile, ammonia indeed posed a formidable safety hazard. Frequent leakage incidents and subsequent ammonia toxicities led to many fatalities, prompting a desperate search for a safer alternative. In the mid-20th century, Freon thus emerged as a considerably safer coolant.
Freon, a CFC known for its stability, effectively replaced ammonia as a cooling agent, drastically reducing incidences of leakage and toxicity. This chlorofluorocarbon was appreciated for its non-flammable, non-toxic and highly stable nature. Interestingly, it was Freon’s very stability that later backfired, leading to its phase-out in the late 20th century. Nonetheless, the arrival of Freon positively impacted the air conditioning industry, ensuring safer and more reliable cooling for Southern California’s blistering heat.
• Pre-1930s: Ammonia – Quick chilling but toxic & volatile
• 1930-1980s: Freon – Safe but damages ozone layer
• 1990s-present: New alternatives – Safe & eco-friendly
Air Conditioning Coolant Epoch Pros Cons
Ammonia Pre-1930s Quick chilling Toxic & volatile
Freon 1930-1980s Safe Depletes ozone layer
New Alternatives 1990s-Present Safe & eco-friendly Slightly less effective
Harnessing Cool Air: Modern Advances in SoCal’s AC Systems
Harnessing Cool Air: Modern Advances in SoCal’s AC Systems
Just like most of Southern California’s innovative advances, its splendid leap in air conditioning systems is truly remarkable. Going from using hazardous ammonia to harnessing cool air, SoCal’s air conditioning tale is a journey of resilience, ingenuity and a deep desire for unmatched comfort.
The earliest AC systems relied heavily on ammonia, a highly toxic and dangerous substance. However, the game began to change in the early 1900s with the development of the first fully electric air conditioning unit. These significant milestones gave impetus to a series of dynamic innovations, a few can be listed as :
• Cool storage systems: These systems are used to store cool energy produced during off-peak periods. It significantly reduces the burden on the electricity grid during peak times.
• Thermal energy storage: A technology that stores energy by heating or cooling a storage medium, it’s released as needed. Thus saving energy and costs.
• Ductless mini-split systems: An alternative to standard central air conditioning, these systems give you temperature control for each room.
AC Innovation Benefit
Cool Storage Systems Reduces burden on electricity grid
Thermal Energy Storage Saves energy and costs
Ductless Mini-Split Systems Individualized temperature control
Looking to the future, SoCal’s journey in AC system advancement promises to continue on its upward trajectory, positioning it at the forefront of cutting-edge comfort solutions.
Basking in Cool Bliss: Recommendations for Energy-Efficient AC Practices
Basking in Cool Bliss: Recommendations for Energy-Efficient AC Practices
Southern California’s switch from harmful, antiquated ammonia-based cooling to energy-efficient air conditioning models has been a journey of continuous innovation, green earth commitment, and skyrocketing comfort levels. Today, whether we’re talking about window units, mini splits, central systems, or portable AC units, everyone can enjoy their slice of cool without blowing energy bills through the roof or damaging our environment.
Energy Efficiency Ratings
Getting clued up about energy efficiency ratings is one of the best ways to achieve maximum coolness with minimum energy waste. Here are a few important metrics to look for before making your next purchase:
• SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) – The higher the SEER number, the better the energy performance of the unit.
• EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio) – This is the ratio of the cooling capacity to the power input. Again, a higher number indicates a more efficient unit.
• Energy Star rating – Products with an Energy Star sticker meet strict energy efficiency guidelines set by the EPA.
Regular Maintenance
Maintaining the performance of your AC by regularly cleaning or replacing the air filter, for instance, can drastically improve your cooling experience and energy footprint.
In search of a deeper dive into the specifics of energy-efficient air conditioning practices in SoCal? Buckle up because our table, complete with WordPress stylings, will be your perfect co-pilot providing you with prime recommendations.
Recommendation Brief Description
Upgrade Old Units Older units are less efficient. Consider upgrading to a newer model with high energy-efficiency ratings.
Smart Thermostats Programming your air conditioner to a higher setting when you’re away can save energy and money.
Use Ceiling Fans These can make a room feel cooler, allowing you to set the temperature higher.
Seal and Insulate Ducts Air loss through ducts accounts for about 30% of a cooling system’s energy consumption, sealing and insulating can be extremely cost-effective.
Keep these recommendations in mind as you continue your journey to basking in cool, efficient bliss. Energy-efficient AC practices, while initially a bit more costly, have long-term benefits both economically and for the environment. And so goes the chilling tale of Southern California’s refrigeration journey, from ammonia to cool air. From the high stakes’ risks of the cooling methods of yesteryears to the tamed wind now floating out from our AC units. This evolution speaks not only to the undeniable spirit of invention but also to our ceaseless pursuit of comfort and safety. At its heart, the story of SoCal’s AC saga serves as a frozen testament to the resilient ingenuity of humankind. As the sun sets on the Golden State, creating a dazzling palette of colors across the Pacific horizon, the cool gust of the AC and the panoramic view remind us of the progress made, even as we wonder what cooling marvels might be waiting just around the corner in the ever-warming world. Until then, embrace the cool air and let this tale of overcoming adversity inspire you on even the hottest summer day. For it teaches us that in sweat and hard work, we find the breath of innovation that cools the world.
Written by Angel Muro
I started Comfort Time Plumbing Heating & Cooling out of a love for HVAC & Plumbing and a desire to make our customers comfortable. My curiosity about heating, plumbing, and air conditioning turned into a career focused on expertise and customer care. Through this blog, I aim to share helpful tips and stories from my experiences, aiming to assist you with your HVAC & Plumbing needs beyond just outlining our services.
November 24, 2023
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About Comfort Time Plumbing Heating & Cooling
At Comfort Time Plumbing Heating and Cooling, we are your trusted HVAC & Plumbing experts serving Southern California. With years of experience in the industry, we take pride in delivering top-notch heating and cooling solutions tailored to the unique climate and needs of the region. Whether you’re in the coastal areas, inland valleys, or urban centers, our team of dedicated professionals is here to ensure your year-round comfort. We stay up-to-date with the latest technologies to offer energy-efficient solutions, and our commitment to customer satisfaction means you can rely on us for prompt and reliable service. When it comes to your HVAC needs in Southern California, Comfort Time is the name you can trust.
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Heim - Bloggen - Branchen-News - Choose China 12V 15A AC to DC Converter Manufacturer
Choose China 12V 15A AC to DC Converter Manufacturer
Autor： ZYG Leistungsmodul Time： 2023-5-27
A 12V 15A AC to DC Converter is a device that can be used to convert AC voltage into DC voltage. AC stands for Alternating Current, while DC stands for Direct Current. The process of converting AC to DC involves rectification, filtering, and regulation.
The rectification process involves converting the AC voltage into a pulsing DC voltage. This is done by using a diode bridge, which is a circuit that consists of four diodes arranged in a bridge configuration. The diodes allow the current to flow in only one direction, which results in a pulsing DC voltage.
The next step is filtering. The pulsing DC voltage is not suitable for most electronic devices, as it contains ripples and fluctuations. To smooth out the voltage, a capacitor is used to filter the voltage. The capacitor stores the charge and releases it gradually, resulting in a smooth DC voltage.
Finally, the voltage needs to be regulated. The output voltage needs to be stable and within a specific range. This is achieved by using a voltage regulator circuit. The regulator circuit adjusts the output voltage by varying the resistance or the current flow.
A 12V 15A AC to DC Converter is commonly used to power electronic devices such as computers, televisions, and other household appliances. It is also used in automotive applications, such as charging the battery and powering the various electronic systems in a car.
In conclusion, a 12V 15A AC to DC Converter is an important device that plays a crucial role in converting AC voltage into DC voltage. It consists of three main components: rectifier, filter, and regulator. The device is used in various applications, both in households and in the automotive industry. It is an essential tool that makes our lives easier and more convenient.
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2.9. Patterns
2.9.1. Introduction
Patterns and pattern-matching are at the very heart of Cypher, so being effective with Cypher requires a good understanding of patterns.
Using patterns, you describe the shape of the data you’re looking for. For example, in the MATCH clause you describe the shape with a pattern, and Cypher will figure out how to get that data for you.
The pattern describes the data using a form that is very similar to how one typically draws the shape of property graph data on a whiteboard: usually as circles (representing nodes) and arrows between them to represent relationships.
Patterns appear in multiple places in Cypher: in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE clauses, and in pattern expressions. Each of these is described in more detail in:
2.9.2. Patterns for nodes
The very simplest 'shape' that can be described in a pattern is a node. A node is described using a pair of parentheses, and is typically given a name. For example:
(a)
This simple pattern describes a single node, and names that node using the variable a.
2.9.4. Patterns for labels
In addition to simply describing the shape of a node in the pattern, one can also describe attributes. The most simple attribute that can be described in the pattern is a label that the node must have. For example:
(a:User)-->(b)
One can also describe a node that has multiple labels:
(a:User:Admin)-->(b)
2.9.5. Specifying properties
Nodes and relationships are the fundamental structures in a graph. Neo4j uses properties on both of these to allow for far richer models.
Properties can be expressed in patterns using a map-construct: curly brackets surrounding a number of key-expression pairs, separated by commas. E.g. a node with two properties on it would look like:
(a {name: 'Andy', sport: 'Brazilian Ju-Jitsu'})
A relationship with expectations on it is given by:
(a)-[{blocked: false}]->(b)
When properties appear in patterns, they add an additional constraint to the shape of the data. In the case of a CREATE clause, the properties will be set in the newly-created nodes and relationships. In the case of a MERGE clause, the properties will be used as additional constraints on the shape any existing data must have (the specified properties must exactly match any existing data in the graph). If no matching data is found, then MERGE behaves like CREATE and the properties will be set in the newly created nodes and relationships.
Note that patterns supplied to CREATE may use a single parameter to specify properties, e.g: CREATE (node $paramName). This is not possible with patterns used in other clauses, as Cypher needs to know the property names at the time the query is compiled, so that matching can be done effectively.
2.9.6. Patterns for relationships
The simplest way to describe a relationship is by using the arrow between two nodes, as in the previous examples. Using this technique, you can describe that the relationship should exist and the directionality of it. If you don’t care about the direction of the relationship, the arrow head can be omitted, as exemplified by:
(a)--(b)
As with nodes, relationships may also be given names. In this case, a pair of square brackets is used to break up the arrow and the variable is placed between. For example:
(a)-[r]->(b)
Much like labels on nodes, relationships can have types. To describe a relationship with a specific type, you can specify this as follows:
(a)-[r:REL_TYPE]->(b)
Unlike labels, relationships can only have one type. But if we’d like to describe some data such that the relationship could have any one of a set of types, then they can all be listed in the pattern, separating them with the pipe symbol | like this:
(a)-[r:TYPE1|TYPE2]->(b)
Note that this form of pattern can only be used to describe existing data (ie. when using a pattern with MATCH or as an expression). It will not work with CREATE or MERGE, since it’s not possible to create a relationship with multiple types.
As with nodes, the name of the relationship can always be omitted, as exemplified by:
(a)-[:REL_TYPE]->(b)
2.9.7. Variable-length pattern matching
Variable length pattern matching in versions 2.1.x and earlier does not enforce relationship uniqueness for patterns described within a single MATCH clause. This means that a query such as the following: MATCH (a)-[r]->(b), p = (a)-[*]->(c) RETURN *, relationships(p) AS rs may include r as part of the rs set. This behavior has changed in versions 2.2.0 and later, in such a way that r will be excluded from the result set, as this better adheres to the rules of relationship uniqueness as documented here Section 1.4, “Uniqueness”. If you have a query pattern that needs to retrace relationships rather than ignoring them as the relationship uniqueness rules normally dictate, you can accomplish this using multiple match clauses, as follows: MATCH (a)-[r]->(b) MATCH p = (a)-[*]->(c) RETURN *, relationships(p). This will work in all versions of Neo4j that support the MATCH clause, namely 2.0.0 and later.
Rather than describing a long path using a sequence of many node and relationship descriptions in a pattern, many relationships (and the intermediate nodes) can be described by specifying a length in the relationship description of a pattern. For example:
(a)-[*2]->(b)
This describes a graph of three nodes and two relationship, all in one path (a path of length 2). This is equivalent to:
(a)-->()-->(b)
A range of lengths can also be specified: such relationship patterns are called 'variable length relationships'. For example:
(a)-[*3..5]->(b)
This is a minimum length of 3, and a maximum of 5. It describes a graph of either 4 nodes and 3 relationships, 5 nodes and 4 relationships or 6 nodes and 5 relationships, all connected together in a single path.
Either bound can be omitted. For example, to describe paths of length 3 or more, use:
(a)-[*3..]->(b)
To describe paths of length 5 or less, use:
(a)-[*..5]->(b)
Both bounds can be omitted, allowing paths of any length to be described:
(a)-[*]->(b)
As a simple example, let’s take the graph and query below:
Figure 2.2. Graph
alt
Query.
MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend)
WHERE me.name = 'Filipa'
RETURN remote_friend.name
Table 2.30. Result
remote_friend.name
2 rows
"Dilshad"
"Anders"
Try this query live. CREATE (a {name: 'Anders'}), (b {name: 'Becky'}), (c {name: 'Cesar'}), (d {name: 'Dilshad'}), (e {name: 'George'}), (f {name: 'Filipa'}), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(b), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(c), (a)-[:KNOWS]->(d), (b)-[:KNOWS]->(e), (c)-[:KNOWS]->(e), (d)-[:KNOWS]->(f) MATCH (me)-[:KNOWS*1..2]-(remote_friend) WHERE me.name = 'Filipa' RETURN remote_friend.name
This query finds data in the graph which a shape that fits the pattern: specifically a node (with the name property 'Filipa') and then the KNOWS related nodes, one or two hops away. This is a typical example of finding first and second degree friends.
Note that variable length relationships cannot be used with CREATE and MERGE.
2.9.8. Assigning to path variables
As described above, a series of connected nodes and relationships is called a "path". Cypher allows paths to be named using an identifer, as exemplified by:
p = (a)-[*3..5]->(b)
You can do this in MATCH, CREATE and MERGE, but not when using patterns as expressions.
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Atmospheric research papers
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The world’s premier ground-based observations facility advancing atmospheric and climate research a years-long storm of good papers the midlatitude continental convective clouds experiment, a 2011 arm-nasa field campaign, has so far yielded 57 papers and some transformative science. Atmospheric integrated research at university of california, irvine addressing the urgent challenges we face in air and water quality , human health, climate change , as well as green technology through the integration of research, education, and outreach. Atmospheric research papers - proofreading and editing help from top writers get to know common steps how to get a plagiarism free themed term paper from a professional provider 100% non-plagiarism guarantee of exclusive essays & papers.
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Meteorology and atmospheric physics publishes original research papers discussing physical and chemical processes in both clear and cloudy atmospheres the following topic areas are particularly emphasized: atmospheric dynamics and general circulation synoptic meteorology weather systems in . Noaa research provides the research foundation for understanding our planet and technological innovation and scientific advances that improve our lives research | national oceanic and atmospheric administration. Atmospheric research papers - no fs with our high class writing services find out everything you have always wanted to know about custom writing entrust your projects to the most talented writers. The journal publishes scientific papers (research papers, review articles, letters and notes) dealing with the part of the atmosphere where.
• The national center for atmospheric research is sponsored by the national science foundation any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in .
• The national center for atmospheric research is sponsored by the national science foundation any opinions, findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material do not necessarily reflect the views of the national science foundation.
• Aforementioned research papers, that atmospheric co 2 concentration is impacted by ocean surface temperature in the tropics over 80% of the surface is water 7.
The intermediate complexity atmospheric research (icar) model is a simplified atmospheric model designed primarily for climate downscaling, atmospheric sensitivity tests, and hopefully educational uses. Atmospheric pollution research (apr) is an international journal designed for the publication of articles on air pollution papers should present. Csiro marine and atmospheric research papers (series) downloadable, externally reviewed reports that document significant scientific achievements too detailed or .
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Rated 3/5 based on 37 review
2018.
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| 0.803452 |
Fri, Feb 22, 2019
FAQ page questions, answers will follow later:
Q: What Petroleum products are produced at Indeni?
A:
Q: What are their properties and usage?
A:
Q: Why is it better for Indeni to process comingled crude oil rather than bring in finished products?
A:
Q:What is Indeni’s role in Petroleum refining in Zambia?
A:
Q: Is Indeni same as TAZAMA?
A:
Q:What are the advantages of using LPG?
A:
Q:What are the safety standards followed at Indeni?
A: SAFETY MANAGEMENT AT INDENI
Safety is a major priority at Indeni due to the high risk of the product (hydrocarbons) that is handled.
Management has demonstrated its commitment to safety management through a joint Safety, Health, Environment, Quality and loss control policy.
The international Sustainability Rating System (ISRS) is the management system that ensures that all the business processes are managed through safe and sustainable operations. The business processes which enable the refinery to deliver goods and services also include activities which used give rise to safety and sustainability risks and opportunities. The ISRS systematically addresses these Safety, Health, Environment, Security, process safety and Quality systems requirements in the organization.
The ISRS has 15 processes which are built into a Plan, Do, Check.
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Hill climbing
Yesterday, I received the following email from Rob Taylor:
Dr. Robert, I’ve made an observation about a variation on the Gibbs sampler that hopefully would interest you enough to want to answer my question. I’ve noticed that if I want to simply estimate the mean of a unimodal posterior density (such as a multivariate Gaussian), I can modify the Gibbs sampler to just sample the MEAN of the full conditionals at each update and get convergence to the true posterior mean in many cases. In other words I’m only sampling the posterior mean instead of sampling the target posterior distribution (or something of that flavor). So my question is: Does modifying the Gibb’s sampler to sample only the mean of the full conditionals (instead of the sampling the distribution) have any supporting theory or prior art? Empirically it seems to work very well, but I don’t know if there’s an argument for why it works.
To which I replied: What you are implementing is closer to the EM algorithm than to Gibbs sampling. By using the (conditional) mean (or, better, mode) in unimodal conditional posteriors you are using a local maximum in one direction corresponding to the conditioned parameter and by repeating this across all parameters the algorithm increases the corresponding value of the posterior in well-behaved models. So this is a special case of hill climbing algorithm. The theory behind it is however gradient-like rather than Gibbs-like, because by taking the mean at each step you remove the randomness of a Gibbs sampler step and hence its Markovian validation. Simulated annealing would be a stochastic version of this algorithm, using Markov simulation but progressively concentrating the conditional distributions around their mode.
4 Responses to “Hill climbing”
1. […] the presentation of the first Le Monde puzzle of the year, I tried a simulated annealing solution on an early morning in my hotel room. Here is the R code, which is unfortunately too […]
2. Your mention of simulated annealing / conditionals in this context got me thinking of my comment with Aline Tabet on Andrieu et al’s recent read paper. To steal directly from the comment:
Through PMCMC [particle Markov chain Monte Carlo] sampling, we can separate the variables of interest into those which may be easily sampled by using traditional MCMC techniques and those which require a more specialized SMC approach. Consider for instance the use of simulated annealing in an SMC framework (Neal, 2001; Del Moral et al., 2006). Rather than finding the posterior maximum a posteriori estimate of all parameters, PMCMC sampling now allows practitioners to combine annealing with traditional MCMC methods to maximize over some dimensions simultaneously while exploring the full posterior in others.
It’d be interesting to study the properties of such an approach; as you say, it is perhaps closer to EM than MCMC.
• If you replace mean with mode, you get Besag’s interated conditional modes (ICM) algorithm that he developed in the context of Markov random fields.
• This sounds like profile likelihood. But a more interesting interpretation would be to separate easily simulated parameters from harder-to-simulate parameters and to replace the formers by their MAP, in order to facilitate the exploration of the posterior of the latters… Interesting, indeed!
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Frequently Asked Questions
Who owns Homeborne?
Homeborne is owned by Anita Woods, a Certified Professional Midwife since 2007.
How many births have you attended?
I have been attending homebirth since 2004, graduated midwifery school and became certified in 2007, and I have attended roughly 300 births in that time. I keep my practice small so that I may afford you all the time you need at appointments, and you get to know me on more than a clinical level, so you feel comfortable.
How much does homebirth cost?
The average vaginal birth in the hospital is between $9,000-$15,000, and a cesarean is $25,000-35,000. A homebirth with Homeborne can be significantly less! You are encouraged to choose the midwife that makes you feel respected and cared for, that you feel safe and comfortable with like an old friend. Choosing a homebirth midwife based upon cost may not be the safest choice. Insurance does not cover your homebirth with Homeborne, but discounts are available, and it is still a fraction compared to the average institutional vaginal birth. Many times the cash fee for a homebirth is less than a maternity deductible and co-pay. Plan your dreamy homebirth with a free consultation, or contact Homeborne.
How long will you allow me to stay pregnant before I have to transfer for induction?
First, take the words "allow" and "let" and get rid of them. I am not an authority over your body or baby; we work together as a team for health and safety. As long as everyone is healthy and motivated to continue to be patient for labor to begin, I watch you and baby closely but there is no cut-off for a healthy post-date pregnancy. On the opposite side of that, homebirth prior to 37 weeks is considered premature birth, and premature babies require extra care that is not available at home.
Do you practice delayed cord clamping?
I prefer to call it physiologic cord clamping, as leaving the cord alone in the immediate postpartum causes the vessels themselves to close and cease perfusion without any intervention. Thus a provider who practices premature cord clamping is depriving baby of one-third their blood supply. The timing is typically after placenta has birthed and you have made the choice to clamp/cut the umbilical cord, including the choice for cord burning or lotus birth. This is often an hour or more after birth, and only when you express you are ready.
Do you attend waterbirth?
Yes! I am a Certified Waterbirth Provider and have myself given birth in water. Approximately 70% of my clients choose waterbirth.
Do you have hospital privileges?
No, I exclusively attend homebirth.
How do you feel if I decline any testing?
I consider it my job to provide you with all the information you need about any test or procedure, so that you may make an informed choice with personal responsibility, including choosing to decline. Newborn procedures are treated with equal respect for your choices.
How many midwives or assistants are on your birth team?
I appreciate the apprenticeship method of midwifery training, and have occasionally accepted an apprentice in my practice. I also appreciate your need for privacy and intimacy at birth. The use of a birth assistant is considered on a case-by-case basis, and while my work as a midwife is also part doula, I love working with doulas if you would like to hire one yourself. But when you call Homeborne, you are calling Anita Woods's cell phone. There's no staff, no students, and no busy office. You know who is going to always answer that phone.
If you have any further questions, book a free consultation!
You want a homebirth. You have questions. Homeborne has answers.
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__label__pos
| 0.946572 |
aboutsummaryrefslogtreecommitdiffstats
path: root/drivers/parisc/pdc_stable.c
blob: bbeabe3fc4c6788984f3bd9567b3543681c1bf5a (plain) (blame)
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/*
* Interfaces to retrieve and set PDC Stable options (firmware)
*
* Copyright (C) 2005-2006 Thibaut VARENE <[email protected]>
*
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License, version 2, as
* published by the Free Software Foundation.
*
* This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
* but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
* GNU General Public License for more details.
*
* You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
* along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
*
*
* DEV NOTE: the PDC Procedures reference states that:
* "A minimum of 96 bytes of Stable Storage is required. Providing more than
* 96 bytes of Stable Storage is optional [...]. Failure to provide the
* optional locations from 96 to 192 results in the loss of certain
* functionality during boot."
*
* Since locations between 96 and 192 are the various paths, most (if not
* all) PA-RISC machines should have them. Anyway, for safety reasons, the
* following code can deal with just 96 bytes of Stable Storage, and all
* sizes between 96 and 192 bytes (provided they are multiple of struct
* device_path size, eg: 128, 160 and 192) to provide full information.
* The code makes no use of data above 192 bytes. One last word: there's one
* path we can always count on: the primary path.
*
* The current policy wrt file permissions is:
* - write: root only
* - read: (reading triggers PDC calls) ? root only : everyone
* The rationale is that PDC calls could hog (DoS) the machine.
*
* TODO:
* - timer/fastsize write calls
*/
#undef PDCS_DEBUG
#ifdef PDCS_DEBUG
#define DPRINTK(fmt, args...) printk(KERN_DEBUG fmt, ## args)
#else
#define DPRINTK(fmt, args...)
#endif
#include <linux/module.h>
#include <linux/init.h>
#include <linux/kernel.h>
#include <linux/string.h>
#include <linux/capability.h>
#include <linux/ctype.h>
#include <linux/sysfs.h>
#include <linux/kobject.h>
#include <linux/device.h>
#include <linux/errno.h>
#include <linux/spinlock.h>
#include <asm/pdc.h>
#include <asm/page.h>
#include <asm/uaccess.h>
#include <asm/hardware.h>
#define PDCS_VERSION "0.22"
#define PDCS_PREFIX "PDC Stable Storage"
#define PDCS_ADDR_PPRI 0x00
#define PDCS_ADDR_OSID 0x40
#define PDCS_ADDR_FSIZ 0x5C
#define PDCS_ADDR_PCON 0x60
#define PDCS_ADDR_PALT 0x80
#define PDCS_ADDR_PKBD 0xA0
MODULE_AUTHOR("Thibaut VARENE <[email protected]>");
MODULE_DESCRIPTION("sysfs interface to HP PDC Stable Storage data");
MODULE_LICENSE("GPL");
MODULE_VERSION(PDCS_VERSION);
/* holds Stable Storage size. Initialized once and for all, no lock needed */
static unsigned long pdcs_size __read_mostly;
/* This struct defines what we need to deal with a parisc pdc path entry */
struct pdcspath_entry {
rwlock_t rw_lock; /* to protect path entry access */
short ready; /* entry record is valid if != 0 */
unsigned long addr; /* entry address in stable storage */
char *name; /* entry name */
struct device_path devpath; /* device path in parisc representation */
struct device *dev; /* corresponding device */
struct kobject kobj;
};
struct pdcspath_attribute {
struct attribute attr;
ssize_t (*show)(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, char *buf);
ssize_t (*store)(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, const char *buf, size_t count);
};
#define PDCSPATH_ENTRY(_addr, _name) \
struct pdcspath_entry pdcspath_entry_##_name = { \
.ready = 0, \
.addr = _addr, \
.name = __stringify(_name), \
};
#define PDCS_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \
struct subsys_attribute pdcs_attr_##_name = { \
.attr = {.name = __stringify(_name), .mode = _mode, .owner = THIS_MODULE}, \
.show = _show, \
.store = _store, \
};
#define PATHS_ATTR(_name, _mode, _show, _store) \
struct pdcspath_attribute paths_attr_##_name = { \
.attr = {.name = __stringify(_name), .mode = _mode, .owner = THIS_MODULE}, \
.show = _show, \
.store = _store, \
};
#define to_pdcspath_attribute(_attr) container_of(_attr, struct pdcspath_attribute, attr)
#define to_pdcspath_entry(obj) container_of(obj, struct pdcspath_entry, kobj)
/**
* pdcspath_fetch - This function populates the path entry structs.
* @entry: A pointer to an allocated pdcspath_entry.
*
* The general idea is that you don't read from the Stable Storage every time
* you access the files provided by the facilites. We store a copy of the
* content of the stable storage WRT various paths in these structs. We read
* these structs when reading the files, and we will write to these structs when
* writing to the files, and only then write them back to the Stable Storage.
*
* This function expects to be called with @entry->rw_lock write-hold.
*/
static int
pdcspath_fetch(struct pdcspath_entry *entry)
{
struct device_path *devpath;
if (!entry)
return -EINVAL;
devpath = &entry->devpath;
DPRINTK("%s: fetch: 0x%p, 0x%p, addr: 0x%lx\n", __func__,
entry, devpath, entry->addr);
/* addr, devpath and count must be word aligned */
if (pdc_stable_read(entry->addr, devpath, sizeof(*devpath)) != PDC_OK)
return -EIO;
/* Find the matching device.
NOTE: hardware_path overlays with device_path, so the nice cast can
be used */
entry->dev = hwpath_to_device((struct hardware_path *)devpath);
entry->ready = 1;
DPRINTK("%s: device: 0x%p\n", __func__, entry->dev);
return 0;
}
/**
* pdcspath_store - This function writes a path to stable storage.
* @entry: A pointer to an allocated pdcspath_entry.
*
* It can be used in two ways: either by passing it a preset devpath struct
* containing an already computed hardware path, or by passing it a device
* pointer, from which it'll find out the corresponding hardware path.
* For now we do not handle the case where there's an error in writing to the
* Stable Storage area, so you'd better not mess up the data :P
*
* This function expects to be called with @entry->rw_lock write-hold.
*/
static void
pdcspath_store(struct pdcspath_entry *entry)
{
struct device_path *devpath;
BUG_ON(!entry);
devpath = &entry->devpath;
/* We expect the caller to set the ready flag to 0 if the hardware
path struct provided is invalid, so that we know we have to fill it.
First case, we don't have a preset hwpath... */
if (!entry->ready) {
/* ...but we have a device, map it */
BUG_ON(!entry->dev);
device_to_hwpath(entry->dev, (struct hardware_path *)devpath);
}
/* else, we expect the provided hwpath to be valid. */
DPRINTK("%s: store: 0x%p, 0x%p, addr: 0x%lx\n", __func__,
entry, devpath, entry->addr);
/* addr, devpath and count must be word aligned */
if (pdc_stable_write(entry->addr, devpath, sizeof(*devpath)) != PDC_OK) {
printk(KERN_ERR "%s: an error occured when writing to PDC.\n"
"It is likely that the Stable Storage data has been corrupted.\n"
"Please check it carefully upon next reboot.\n", __func__);
WARN_ON(1);
}
/* kobject is already registered */
entry->ready = 2;
DPRINTK("%s: device: 0x%p\n", __func__, entry->dev);
}
/**
* pdcspath_hwpath_read - This function handles hardware path pretty printing.
* @entry: An allocated and populated pdscpath_entry struct.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*
* We will call this function to format the output of the hwpath attribute file.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_hwpath_read(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
struct device_path *devpath;
short i;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
read_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
devpath = &entry->devpath;
i = entry->ready;
read_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
if (!i) /* entry is not ready */
return -ENODATA;
for (i = 0; i < 6; i++) {
if (devpath->bc[i] >= 128)
continue;
out += sprintf(out, "%u/", (unsigned char)devpath->bc[i]);
}
out += sprintf(out, "%u\n", (unsigned char)devpath->mod);
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcspath_hwpath_write - This function handles hardware path modifying.
* @entry: An allocated and populated pdscpath_entry struct.
* @buf: The input buffer to read from.
* @count: The number of bytes to be read.
*
* We will call this function to change the current hardware path.
* Hardware paths are to be given '/'-delimited, without brackets.
* We make sure that the provided path actually maps to an existing
* device, BUT nothing would prevent some foolish user to set the path to some
* PCI bridge or even a CPU...
* A better work around would be to make sure we are at the end of a device tree
* for instance, but it would be IMHO beyond the simple scope of that driver.
* The aim is to provide a facility. Data correctness is left to userland.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_hwpath_write(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
struct hardware_path hwpath;
unsigned short i;
char in[count+1], *temp;
struct device *dev;
if (!entry || !buf || !count)
return -EINVAL;
/* We'll use a local copy of buf */
memset(in, 0, count+1);
strncpy(in, buf, count);
/* Let's clean up the target. 0xff is a blank pattern */
memset(&hwpath, 0xff, sizeof(hwpath));
/* First, pick the mod field (the last one of the input string) */
if (!(temp = strrchr(in, '/')))
return -EINVAL;
hwpath.mod = simple_strtoul(temp+1, NULL, 10);
in[temp-in] = '\0'; /* truncate the remaining string. just precaution */
DPRINTK("%s: mod: %d\n", __func__, hwpath.mod);
/* Then, loop for each delimiter, making sure we don't have too many.
we write the bc fields in a down-top way. No matter what, we stop
before writing the last field. If there are too many fields anyway,
then the user is a moron and it'll be caught up later when we'll
check the consistency of the given hwpath. */
for (i=5; ((temp = strrchr(in, '/'))) && (temp-in > 0) && (likely(i)); i--) {
hwpath.bc[i] = simple_strtoul(temp+1, NULL, 10);
in[temp-in] = '\0';
DPRINTK("%s: bc[%d]: %d\n", __func__, i, hwpath.bc[i]);
}
/* Store the final field */
hwpath.bc[i] = simple_strtoul(in, NULL, 10);
DPRINTK("%s: bc[%d]: %d\n", __func__, i, hwpath.bc[i]);
/* Now we check that the user isn't trying to lure us */
if (!(dev = hwpath_to_device((struct hardware_path *)&hwpath))) {
printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: attempt to set invalid \"%s\" "
"hardware path: %s\n", __func__, entry->name, buf);
return -EINVAL;
}
/* So far so good, let's get in deep */
write_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
entry->ready = 0;
entry->dev = dev;
/* Now, dive in. Write back to the hardware */
pdcspath_store(entry);
/* Update the symlink to the real device */
sysfs_remove_link(&entry->kobj, "device");
sysfs_create_link(&entry->kobj, &entry->dev->kobj, "device");
write_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
printk(KERN_INFO PDCS_PREFIX ": changed \"%s\" path to \"%s\"\n",
entry->name, buf);
return count;
}
/**
* pdcspath_layer_read - Extended layer (eg. SCSI ids) pretty printing.
* @entry: An allocated and populated pdscpath_entry struct.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*
* We will call this function to format the output of the layer attribute file.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_layer_read(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
struct device_path *devpath;
short i;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
read_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
devpath = &entry->devpath;
i = entry->ready;
read_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
if (!i) /* entry is not ready */
return -ENODATA;
for (i = 0; devpath->layers[i] && (likely(i < 6)); i++)
out += sprintf(out, "%u ", devpath->layers[i]);
out += sprintf(out, "\n");
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcspath_layer_write - This function handles extended layer modifying.
* @entry: An allocated and populated pdscpath_entry struct.
* @buf: The input buffer to read from.
* @count: The number of bytes to be read.
*
* We will call this function to change the current layer value.
* Layers are to be given '.'-delimited, without brackets.
* XXX beware we are far less checky WRT input data provided than for hwpath.
* Potential harm can be done, since there's no way to check the validity of
* the layer fields.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_layer_write(struct pdcspath_entry *entry, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
unsigned int layers[6]; /* device-specific info (ctlr#, unit#, ...) */
unsigned short i;
char in[count+1], *temp;
if (!entry || !buf || !count)
return -EINVAL;
/* We'll use a local copy of buf */
memset(in, 0, count+1);
strncpy(in, buf, count);
/* Let's clean up the target. 0 is a blank pattern */
memset(&layers, 0, sizeof(layers));
/* First, pick the first layer */
if (unlikely(!isdigit(*in)))
return -EINVAL;
layers[0] = simple_strtoul(in, NULL, 10);
DPRINTK("%s: layer[0]: %d\n", __func__, layers[0]);
temp = in;
for (i=1; ((temp = strchr(temp, '.'))) && (likely(i<6)); i++) {
if (unlikely(!isdigit(*(++temp))))
return -EINVAL;
layers[i] = simple_strtoul(temp, NULL, 10);
DPRINTK("%s: layer[%d]: %d\n", __func__, i, layers[i]);
}
/* So far so good, let's get in deep */
write_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
/* First, overwrite the current layers with the new ones, not touching
the hardware path. */
memcpy(&entry->devpath.layers, &layers, sizeof(layers));
/* Now, dive in. Write back to the hardware */
pdcspath_store(entry);
write_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
printk(KERN_INFO PDCS_PREFIX ": changed \"%s\" layers to \"%s\"\n",
entry->name, buf);
return count;
}
/**
* pdcspath_attr_show - Generic read function call wrapper.
* @kobj: The kobject to get info from.
* @attr: The attribute looked upon.
* @buf: The output buffer.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_attr_show(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr, char *buf)
{
struct pdcspath_entry *entry = to_pdcspath_entry(kobj);
struct pdcspath_attribute *pdcs_attr = to_pdcspath_attribute(attr);
ssize_t ret = 0;
if (pdcs_attr->show)
ret = pdcs_attr->show(entry, buf);
return ret;
}
/**
* pdcspath_attr_store - Generic write function call wrapper.
* @kobj: The kobject to write info to.
* @attr: The attribute to be modified.
* @buf: The input buffer.
* @count: The size of the buffer.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcspath_attr_store(struct kobject *kobj, struct attribute *attr,
const char *buf, size_t count)
{
struct pdcspath_entry *entry = to_pdcspath_entry(kobj);
struct pdcspath_attribute *pdcs_attr = to_pdcspath_attribute(attr);
ssize_t ret = 0;
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EACCES;
if (pdcs_attr->store)
ret = pdcs_attr->store(entry, buf, count);
return ret;
}
static struct sysfs_ops pdcspath_attr_ops = {
.show = pdcspath_attr_show,
.store = pdcspath_attr_store,
};
/* These are the two attributes of any PDC path. */
static PATHS_ATTR(hwpath, 0644, pdcspath_hwpath_read, pdcspath_hwpath_write);
static PATHS_ATTR(layer, 0644, pdcspath_layer_read, pdcspath_layer_write);
static struct attribute *paths_subsys_attrs[] = {
&paths_attr_hwpath.attr,
&paths_attr_layer.attr,
NULL,
};
/* Specific kobject type for our PDC paths */
static struct kobj_type ktype_pdcspath = {
.sysfs_ops = &pdcspath_attr_ops,
.default_attrs = paths_subsys_attrs,
};
/* We hard define the 4 types of path we expect to find */
static PDCSPATH_ENTRY(PDCS_ADDR_PPRI, primary);
static PDCSPATH_ENTRY(PDCS_ADDR_PCON, console);
static PDCSPATH_ENTRY(PDCS_ADDR_PALT, alternative);
static PDCSPATH_ENTRY(PDCS_ADDR_PKBD, keyboard);
/* An array containing all PDC paths we will deal with */
static struct pdcspath_entry *pdcspath_entries[] = {
&pdcspath_entry_primary,
&pdcspath_entry_alternative,
&pdcspath_entry_console,
&pdcspath_entry_keyboard,
NULL,
};
/* For more insight of what's going on here, refer to PDC Procedures doc,
* Section PDC_STABLE */
/**
* pdcs_size_read - Stable Storage size output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_size_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
/* show the size of the stable storage */
out += sprintf(out, "%ld\n", pdcs_size);
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcs_auto_read - Stable Storage autoboot/search flag output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
* @knob: The PF_AUTOBOOT or PF_AUTOSEARCH flag
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_auto_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf, int knob)
{
char *out = buf;
struct pdcspath_entry *pathentry;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
/* Current flags are stored in primary boot path entry */
pathentry = &pdcspath_entry_primary;
read_lock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
out += sprintf(out, "%s\n", (pathentry->devpath.flags & knob) ?
"On" : "Off");
read_unlock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcs_autoboot_read - Stable Storage autoboot flag output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*/
static inline ssize_t
pdcs_autoboot_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
return pdcs_auto_read(entry, buf, PF_AUTOBOOT);
}
/**
* pdcs_autosearch_read - Stable Storage autoboot flag output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*/
static inline ssize_t
pdcs_autosearch_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
return pdcs_auto_read(entry, buf, PF_AUTOSEARCH);
}
/**
* pdcs_timer_read - Stable Storage timer count output (in seconds).
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*
* The value of the timer field correponds to a number of seconds in powers of 2.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_timer_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
struct pdcspath_entry *pathentry;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
/* Current flags are stored in primary boot path entry */
pathentry = &pdcspath_entry_primary;
/* print the timer value in seconds */
read_lock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
out += sprintf(out, "%u\n", (pathentry->devpath.flags & PF_TIMER) ?
(1 << (pathentry->devpath.flags & PF_TIMER)) : 0);
read_unlock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcs_osid_read - Stable Storage OS ID register output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_osid_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
__u32 result;
char *tmpstr = NULL;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
/* get OSID */
if (pdc_stable_read(PDCS_ADDR_OSID, &result, sizeof(result)) != PDC_OK)
return -EIO;
/* the actual result is 16 bits away */
switch (result >> 16) {
case 0x0000: tmpstr = "No OS-dependent data"; break;
case 0x0001: tmpstr = "HP-UX dependent data"; break;
case 0x0002: tmpstr = "MPE-iX dependent data"; break;
case 0x0003: tmpstr = "OSF dependent data"; break;
case 0x0004: tmpstr = "HP-RT dependent data"; break;
case 0x0005: tmpstr = "Novell Netware dependent data"; break;
default: tmpstr = "Unknown"; break;
}
out += sprintf(out, "%s (0x%.4x)\n", tmpstr, (result >> 16));
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcs_fastsize_read - Stable Storage FastSize register output.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The output buffer to write to.
*
* This register holds the amount of system RAM to be tested during boot sequence.
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_fastsize_read(struct subsystem *entry, char *buf)
{
char *out = buf;
__u32 result;
if (!entry || !buf)
return -EINVAL;
/* get fast-size */
if (pdc_stable_read(PDCS_ADDR_FSIZ, &result, sizeof(result)) != PDC_OK)
return -EIO;
if ((result & 0x0F) < 0x0E)
out += sprintf(out, "%d kB", (1<<(result & 0x0F))*256);
else
out += sprintf(out, "All");
out += sprintf(out, "\n");
return out - buf;
}
/**
* pdcs_auto_write - This function handles autoboot/search flag modifying.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The input buffer to read from.
* @count: The number of bytes to be read.
* @knob: The PF_AUTOBOOT or PF_AUTOSEARCH flag
*
* We will call this function to change the current autoboot flag.
* We expect a precise syntax:
* \"n\" (n == 0 or 1) to toggle AutoBoot Off or On
*/
static ssize_t
pdcs_auto_write(struct subsystem *entry, const char *buf, size_t count, int knob)
{
struct pdcspath_entry *pathentry;
unsigned char flags;
char in[count+1], *temp;
char c;
if (!capable(CAP_SYS_ADMIN))
return -EACCES;
if (!entry || !buf || !count)
return -EINVAL;
/* We'll use a local copy of buf */
memset(in, 0, count+1);
strncpy(in, buf, count);
/* Current flags are stored in primary boot path entry */
pathentry = &pdcspath_entry_primary;
/* Be nice to the existing flag record */
read_lock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
flags = pathentry->devpath.flags;
read_unlock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
DPRINTK("%s: flags before: 0x%X\n", __func__, flags);
temp = in;
while (*temp && isspace(*temp))
temp++;
c = *temp++ - '0';
if ((c != 0) && (c != 1))
goto parse_error;
if (c == 0)
flags &= ~knob;
else
flags |= knob;
DPRINTK("%s: flags after: 0x%X\n", __func__, flags);
/* So far so good, let's get in deep */
write_lock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
/* Change the path entry flags first */
pathentry->devpath.flags = flags;
/* Now, dive in. Write back to the hardware */
pdcspath_store(pathentry);
write_unlock(&pathentry->rw_lock);
printk(KERN_INFO PDCS_PREFIX ": changed \"%s\" to \"%s\"\n",
(knob & PF_AUTOBOOT) ? "autoboot" : "autosearch",
(flags & knob) ? "On" : "Off");
return count;
parse_error:
printk(KERN_WARNING "%s: Parse error: expect \"n\" (n == 0 or 1)\n", __func__);
return -EINVAL;
}
/**
* pdcs_autoboot_write - This function handles autoboot flag modifying.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The input buffer to read from.
* @count: The number of bytes to be read.
*
* We will call this function to change the current boot flags.
* We expect a precise syntax:
* \"n\" (n == 0 or 1) to toggle AutoSearch Off or On
*/
static inline ssize_t
pdcs_autoboot_write(struct subsystem *entry, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return pdcs_auto_write(entry, buf, count, PF_AUTOBOOT);
}
/**
* pdcs_autosearch_write - This function handles autosearch flag modifying.
* @entry: An allocated and populated subsytem struct. We don't use it tho.
* @buf: The input buffer to read from.
* @count: The number of bytes to be read.
*
* We will call this function to change the current boot flags.
* We expect a precise syntax:
* \"n\" (n == 0 or 1) to toggle AutoSearch Off or On
*/
static inline ssize_t
pdcs_autosearch_write(struct subsystem *entry, const char *buf, size_t count)
{
return pdcs_auto_write(entry, buf, count, PF_AUTOSEARCH);
}
/* The remaining attributes. */
static PDCS_ATTR(size, 0444, pdcs_size_read, NULL);
static PDCS_ATTR(autoboot, 0644, pdcs_autoboot_read, pdcs_autoboot_write);
static PDCS_ATTR(autosearch, 0644, pdcs_autosearch_read, pdcs_autosearch_write);
static PDCS_ATTR(timer, 0444, pdcs_timer_read, NULL);
static PDCS_ATTR(osid, 0400, pdcs_osid_read, NULL);
static PDCS_ATTR(fastsize, 0400, pdcs_fastsize_read, NULL);
static struct subsys_attribute *pdcs_subsys_attrs[] = {
&pdcs_attr_size,
&pdcs_attr_autoboot,
&pdcs_attr_autosearch,
&pdcs_attr_timer,
&pdcs_attr_osid,
&pdcs_attr_fastsize,
NULL,
};
static decl_subsys(paths, &ktype_pdcspath, NULL);
static decl_subsys(stable, NULL, NULL);
/**
* pdcs_register_pathentries - Prepares path entries kobjects for sysfs usage.
*
* It creates kobjects corresponding to each path entry with nice sysfs
* links to the real device. This is where the magic takes place: when
* registering the subsystem attributes during module init, each kobject hereby
* created will show in the sysfs tree as a folder containing files as defined
* by path_subsys_attr[].
*/
static inline int __init
pdcs_register_pathentries(void)
{
unsigned short i;
struct pdcspath_entry *entry;
int err;
/* Initialize the entries rw_lock before anything else */
for (i = 0; (entry = pdcspath_entries[i]); i++)
rwlock_init(&entry->rw_lock);
for (i = 0; (entry = pdcspath_entries[i]); i++) {
write_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
err = pdcspath_fetch(entry);
write_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
if (err < 0)
continue;
if ((err = kobject_set_name(&entry->kobj, "%s", entry->name)))
return err;
kobj_set_kset_s(entry, paths_subsys);
if ((err = kobject_register(&entry->kobj)))
return err;
/* kobject is now registered */
write_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
entry->ready = 2;
/* Add a nice symlink to the real device */
if (entry->dev)
sysfs_create_link(&entry->kobj, &entry->dev->kobj, "device");
write_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
}
return 0;
}
/**
* pdcs_unregister_pathentries - Routine called when unregistering the module.
*/
static inline void
pdcs_unregister_pathentries(void)
{
unsigned short i;
struct pdcspath_entry *entry;
for (i = 0; (entry = pdcspath_entries[i]); i++) {
read_lock(&entry->rw_lock);
if (entry->ready >= 2)
kobject_unregister(&entry->kobj);
read_unlock(&entry->rw_lock);
}
}
/*
* For now we register the stable subsystem with the firmware subsystem
* and the paths subsystem with the stable subsystem
*/
static int __init
pdc_stable_init(void)
{
struct subsys_attribute *attr;
int i, rc = 0, error = 0;
/* find the size of the stable storage */
if (pdc_stable_get_size(&pdcs_size) != PDC_OK)
return -ENODEV;
/* make sure we have enough data */
if (pdcs_size < 96)
return -ENODATA;
printk(KERN_INFO PDCS_PREFIX " facility v%s\n", PDCS_VERSION);
/* For now we'll register the stable subsys within this driver */
if ((rc = firmware_register(&stable_subsys)))
goto fail_firmreg;
/* Don't forget the root entries */
for (i = 0; (attr = pdcs_subsys_attrs[i]) && !error; i++)
if (attr->show)
error = subsys_create_file(&stable_subsys, attr);
/* register the paths subsys as a subsystem of stable subsys */
kset_set_kset_s(&paths_subsys, stable_subsys);
if ((rc= subsystem_register(&paths_subsys)))
goto fail_subsysreg;
/* now we create all "files" for the paths subsys */
if ((rc = pdcs_register_pathentries()))
goto fail_pdcsreg;
return rc;
fail_pdcsreg:
pdcs_unregister_pathentries();
subsystem_unregister(&paths_subsys);
fail_subsysreg:
firmware_unregister(&stable_subsys);
fail_firmreg:
printk(KERN_INFO PDCS_PREFIX " bailing out\n");
return rc;
}
static void __exit
pdc_stable_exit(void)
{
pdcs_unregister_pathentries();
subsystem_unregister(&paths_subsys);
firmware_unregister(&stable_subsys);
}
module_init(pdc_stable_init);
module_exit(pdc_stable_exit);
|
__label__pos
| 0.572145 |
Endoscopic surgery on the maxillary sinus
Endoscopic surgery in the nasal cavity
To eliminate the inflammation in the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses is pharmacological therapy, lavage and surgical procedures. All of these methods aims to eliminate swelling of the mucous membranes and improvement of the outflow of secretions. In our article we will talk about current surgical method of treating sinusitis — functional endoscopic sinus surgery.
Methods of treatment of sinusitis
Intranasal medications, is represented by sprays, drops, inhalations, anti-inflammatory, vasoconstrictor or anti-bacterial effect. They facilitate nasal breathing, prevent growth of pathogens on the surface of the mucous membranes and reduce inflammation. Drugs with astringent envelop the nasal cavity and prevent it from drying. Washing saline is a good way to clean out the sinuses of the accumulated mucus. However, this method is applicable for adults and children older than 5 years (the younger the child, the greater the risk of otitis).
The hardest for washing the place can be called maxillary sinus. Due to the anatomical location, the usual manipulations do not affect accumulated in the maxillary division mucus. In-patient and outpatient treatment are used three ways:
• displacement (popular name «cuckoo»);
• the use of sinus catheter;
• puncture of the sinuses (in medical language – puncture).
In most cases, combination drug therapy with one or more ways of cleansing the sinuses of mucus is enough to significantly alleviate the patient’s condition and subsequent full recovery. However, the hope of many patients to «maybe it will sort itself out» often leads to the fact that normal inflammation that with adequate action and timely medical care would have passed for a week into a more serious condition, causing lesions and other organs.
Most often at risk are the ears (otitis media), mouth (dental disease), lungs (pneumonia, bronchitis), and even the brain (meningitis, encephalitis). Loss sinusitis from acute stage may go into a chronic form, the person providing constant headaches, recurrent nasal congestion, snoring and other unpleasant phenomena.
In situations where conservative methods of treatment are powerless, doctors have resorted to surgery. One of the common methods of the last century, has been used successfully to this day, an open operation is used to visually examine the sinuses and capital to clear them from pus and mucus. But the complexity of the process and the need for General anaesthesia has resulted in an increasing number of surgical interventions in the nasal cavity is carried out internally. Such manipulations are called functional endoscopic sinus surgery in the nasal cavity. For the first time this method was tested in 50-ies of the last century, and since 60-70-ies, has been used successfully in otolaryngology around the world.
READ What is algomenorrhea and how it manifests itself
Advantages of endoscopy
In States with a high level of medicine endoscopic practice is considered a «gold standard» in the treatment of chronic forms of inflammation of the sinuses and conditions, is resistant to conservative therapy. One of the obvious advantages of such manipulation, especially in comparison with the traditional approach, absence of visible postoperative defects, since the sections of tissue are required.
Another advantage is the possibility of a detailed diagnosis. Endoscope introduced into the nasal cavity, is a light guide device which can be used not only to examine the affected sinus, but also to assess the extent of inflammation, to understand the anatomical features, and identify «surprises». And most importantly – to find and neutralize the source of the disease, thereby speeding up recovery time, reducing the risk of trauma and possible complications. After this intervention the scar is formed, pain on the stage of rehabilitation is less pronounced, although for a few days may persist swelling of mucosal and soft tissues.
Paranasal sinuses include subtle channels of bone that are covered with mucosal tissue. For any inflammation, be it allergic or viral rhinitis, these tissues swell and block the passage. Endoscopic surgery on the maxillary sinus (see the video in the gallery) is designed to expansion of the bone canal. Another advantage of such interventions is that even if the patient then faces with lesions of the nasal cavity, the lumen of the sinuses did not block that gives an advantage in the treatment of subsequent acute conditions. Besides the main task to increase the bone canal using the endoscopic technique can eliminate a variety of unwanted tissue in the nasal cavity: cysts, polyps, growths.
As the surgical field during such operations is close enough to vital organs, safety and accuracy of manipulations, parameters of paramount importance. In this regard, the endoscopic technique is constantly being improved and studied.
One of the key updates in recent years is the use of control visualization: a computer program that retrieves data from a CT scan, a special way of processing incoming information and reconstructs a three-dimensional image of the nasal cavity of the patient.
This layout displays the whole structure of the sinuses and the adjacent soft tissues, besides through this program you can easily track each surgical tool and calculate the next action. This technique with engaging visual control is often used in complex cases: in case of lesion of the paranasal sinuses, the ineffectiveness of conventional operations, unconventional structure of the nasal cavity of the patient.
READ The middle ear is human: the composition and structure of what is and what is filled
Preoperative preparation
The first and one of the most important step before surgery remains a diagnosis to determine the cause of the disease, especially the disease, the condition of the air passages and to plan therapy. For this purpose data of x-ray, CT scan, analysis of smell, Cytology and rhinomanometry, revealing the thickened wall of the mucous membranes, cysts, polyps, localization of the blockage of the nasal openings and other elements of the disease. Accurate knowledge allows to determine the tactics of treatment in General and strategy of surgical intervention in particular.
Endoscopic manipulation
Earlier in the surgical practice of ENT doctors, it was believed that a complete cure of severe and chronic forms of sinusitis require major elimination of mucous membranes of the sinuses, a modern method FAHP (functional endoscopic surgery of the sinuses) refutes this opinion. Technical basis and updated tools used in endoscopic operations, provide gentle treatment interventions with preservation of mucosal tissues. This improves the outflow of the purulent mass and mucus, restoring the air passages and shell get the possibility of regeneration and self — «correction.»
Cleaning sinus surgery performed under local anesthesia, which reduces the time of manipulation and accelerates rehabilitation of the patient. First, in the nasal cavity entered the endoscope, equipped with microminiature. It allows surgeons to visually assess the amount of work the structural features of the sinuses and to find a primary lesion of the disease. Then, after the endoscope in the affected area are special microinstruments are used to provide high precision with each movement the doctor. Eventually the affected tissue is removed without any harm to healthy cells, has a beneficial effect on postoperative recovery.
READ Breast lift after surgery: possible complications
This method is minimally traumatic for mucous membranes and as most interventions are carried out through nasal cavities and leaves no external defects in the form of scars or scars. After endoscopic manipulation may be a small swelling, soft tissue swelling and minor discomfort.
Foreign body in the nose
Along with pathogens, inflammation of the maxillary sinuses can cause the ingress of a foreign body in the nasal cavity. If you have small children this is due to the accidental inhalation of small items or food particles and handwritten inserting the elements of the toys in the nostrils, in the conscious adult is most likely caused be dental procedures. Another way of getting foreign particles into the sinus an open wound. A symptom of foreign elements in the nasal passages can serve as an abundant discharge of mucus from one nostril. But there are cases when first caught in the nasal cavity of the subject does not cause discomfort, but over time, necessarily provoke inflammation.
With the development of minimally invasive methods and surgery to remove a foreign body from the maxillary sinus was carried out using an endoscope, which allows to gently eliminate trapped object without harm to healthy tissues. In some cases, extraction of the particles is carried out through access under the upper lip. The hole size does not exceed 4 mm, which ensures the safety of anastomosis of the maxillary sinus.
Unfortunately, endoscopic equipment is quite expensive, so such operations are not in all medical institutions, moreover, for a flawless intervention necessary knowledge and practical experience of the surgeon.
|
__label__pos
| 0.839002 |
Resources Contact Us Home
Browse by: INVENTOR PATENT HOLDER PATENT NUMBER DATE
Cutting tool and tool head
7478978 Cutting tool and tool head
Patent Drawings:Drawing: 7478978-2 Drawing: 7478978-3 Drawing: 7478978-4
« 1 »
(3 images)
Inventor: Jonsson, et al.
Date Issued: January 20, 2009
Application: 11/947,927
Filed: November 30, 2007
Inventors: Jonsson; Christer (Hedemora, SE)
Hogrelius; Bengt (Fagersta, SE)
Eriksson; Jan (Fagersta, SE)
Ejderklint; Christer (Fagersta, SE)
Berglow; Carl-Erik (Fagersta, SE)
Koskinen; Jorma (Fagersta, SE)
Boman; Jonas (Falun, SE)
Assignee: Seco Tools AB (Fagersta, SE)
Primary Examiner: Fridie; Willmon
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent: WRB-IP LLP
U.S. Class: 408/233; 279/8; 408/239A
Field Of Search: 407/53; 407/54; 408/713; 408/226; 408/231; 408/232; 408/233; 279/8; 409/232; 409/234
International Class: B23B 31/11; B23C 5/26
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents:
Other References:
Abstract: The present invention relates to a tool head preferably for milling. The tool head is connectable to a toolholder. The tool head includes a cutting portion and a mounting portion. The mounting portion includes an axial stop surface and a radial stop surface. Dimensions and tolerances of the axial stop surface and the radial stop surface are selected such that the axial stop surface will abut an axial stop on the toolholder to prevent axial movement of the toolholder relative to the tool head beyond the axial stop surface and the radial stop surface will be disposed proximate a radial stop of the toolholder to limit radial movement of the tool head relative to the toolholder when an integral fastening portion of the tool head and an integral fastening portion of the toolholder are fastened directly to one another and the axial stop surface and the axial stop abut.
Claim: The invention claimed is:
1. A tool head, comprising: a cutting portion; and a mounting portion, the mounting portion including an axial stop surface for abutting an axial stop on a toolholderto prevent axial movement of the toolholder relative to the tool head beyond the axial stop surface, and a radial stop surface; and an integral fastening portion for fastening to a fastening portion of the toolholder so that the axial stop surface andthe axial stop abut and the radial stop surface is disposed proximate a radial stop of the toolholder to limit radial movement of the tool head relative to the toolholder, the radial stop surface forming no part of the integral fastening portion of thetool head.
2. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the axial stop surface includes a surface substantially perpendicular to an axis of the tool head.
3. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the radial stop surface includes a surface substantially parallel to an axis of the tool head.
4. The tool head as set forth in claim 3, wherein the axial stop surface includes a surface substantially perpendicular to the axis of the tool head.
5. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the radial stop surface includes a surface that defines a non-zero angle with an axis of the tool head.
6. The tool head as set forth in claim 5, wherein the axial stop surface includes a surface substantially perpendicular to an axis of the tool head.
7. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the radial stop surface includes a surface facing away from an axis of the tool head.
8. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the radial stop surface includes a surface facing toward an axis of the tool head.
9. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the radial stop surface is part of an annular protrusion around an axis of the tool head.
10. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein the tool head includes an internal opening.
11. The tool head as set forth in claim 10, wherein the radial stop surface forms at least part of the internal opening.
12. The tool head as set forth in claim 1, wherein one of the tool head and the toolholder includes an internal opening, and the one of the tool head and the toolholder that includes the internal opening includes an internally threaded portionforming at least part of the integral fastening portion and is adapted to engage with an externally threaded portion forming at least part of the integral fastening portion of the one of the tool head and the toolholder that does not include the internalopening.
13. The tool head as set forth in claim 12, wherein the radial stop surface includes an unthreaded surface disposed at an end of the internally threaded portion.
14. The tool head as set forth in claim 12, wherein the radial stop surface is disposed between the internally threaded portion and the axial stop surface.
15. The tool head as set forth in claim 12, wherein the axial stop surface is disposed between the internally threaded portion and the radial stop surface.
16. The tool head as set forth in claim 12, wherein the tool head includes the internal opening.
Description: BACKGROUND
It is often extremely important in operations such as machining of metal or other workpieces that the location of a cutting edge of a cutting tool be precisely controlled and controllable. Complex machinery is provided to mill, drill, bore, orotherwise perform shaping operations on workpieces by precisely controlling the location of a cutting tool relative to the workpiece. Cutting tools often include replaceable inserts or cutting heads that are attached to permanent toolholders such asshanks that are moved relative to the workpiece.
The accuracy of the mounting of the cutting inserts or heads relative to the toolholder is a factor in the accuracy of the operation to be performed on the workpiece. In the case, for example, of a rotating tool, an insert or tool head that isdisplaced axially relative to a rotating shank to which it is attached can damage the workpiece and may necessitate the rejection of an expensive part. It is therefore desirable to minimize the possibility of movement of an insert or tool head relativeto a toolholder.
According to an aspect of the present invention, a cutting tool includes a toolholder including an end portion, the end portion including an axial stop, and a radial stop. The cutting tool also includes a replaceable tool head having an axialstop surface, and a radial stop surface. The end portion is at least partially receivable in an internal opening in the tool head up to a position at which the axial stop abuts the axial stop surface to prevent axial movement of the toolholder relativeto the tool head beyond the axial stop surface. The radial stop surface and the radial stop are disposed proximate one another to limit radial movement of the tool head relative to the toolholder when an integral fastening portion of the tool head andan integral fastening portion of the toolholder are fastened directly to one another and the axial stop surface and the axial stop abut.
According to another aspect of the present invention, a tool head includes a cutting portion and a mounting portion, the mounting portion including an axial stop surface, and a radial stop surface. Dimensions and tolerances of the axial stopsurface and the radial stop surface are selected such that the axial stop surface will abut an axial stop on a toolholder to prevent axial movement of the toolholder relative to the tool head beyond the axial stop surface and the radial stop surface willbe disposed proximate a radial stop of the toolholder to limit radial movement of the tool head relative to the toolholder when an integral fastening portion of the tool head and an integral fastening portion of the toolholder are fastened directly toone another and the axial stop surface and the axial stop abut.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The features and advantages of the present invention are well understood by reading the following detailed description in conjunction with the drawings in which like numerals indicate similar elements and in which:
FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a top perspective view of a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention showing a cutting head and a toolholder according to embodiments of the invention separated;
FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of a tool according to an embodiment of the present invention showing a cutting head and a toolholder according to embodiments of the invention separated; and
FIG. 4 is a side cross-sectional view of a tool according to another embodiment of the present invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A tool 21 according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 1-3. The tool 21 includes a toolholder in the form of a shank 23 including an end portion 25. The end portion 25 includes an axial stop 27, and a radial stop 29. The shank 23 shown here is a circular cylinder, however, the shank may have other shapes as desired, such as, for example, a hexagonal shape, a splined shape, etc. The present invention has application to all manner of tools to which replaceable cuttingheads or inserts are attachable, such as milling, drilling, boring, turning, and similar tools. The embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1-3 is a rotating tool.
The tool 21 also includes a replaceable insert or tool head 31 having an axial stop surface 33, and a radial stop surface 35. In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the end portion 25 is at least partially receivable in an internal opening 37 in thetool head 31 up to a position at which the axial stop 27 abuts the axial stop surface 33. When the axial stop 27 and the axial stop surface 33 abut, the radial stop surface 35 and the radial stop 29 are disposed proximate one another to permit limitedradial movement of the tool head 31 relative to the shank 23. At the same time, fastening portions, such as threaded members 61 and 63 of the toolholder 23 and the tool head 31 can be fastened directly to one another. The fastening portions can beintegral with the toolholder 23 and tool head 31 to facilitate proper orientation of the tool head relative to the toolholder. By providing fastening portions that are integral with the toolholder 23 and tool head 31, the number of components formingthe tool and the complexity of the tool can be minimized, and the number of variables that can result in inaccurate positioning of the tool head relative to the toolholder can be minimized. Ordinarily, the radial stop surface 35 and the radial stop 29will be close to one another but sufficiently distant to one another until the axial stop 27 and the axial stop surface 33 abut such that movement of the axial stop and the axial stop surface relative to one another to an abutting position will not beimpeded by the radial stop and the radial stop surface. The closer the radial stop surface 35 and the radial stop 29 are when the axial stop surface 33 and the axial stop 27 abut, the better will be the ability of the radial stop surface and the radialstop to limit radial movement of the tool head 31 relative to the shank 23. It will be noted that other embodiments of the invention may not include having, e.g., a portion of a toolholder received in a portion of an insert or cutting head as in theembodiments of FIGS. 1-3. The tool head 31 may be, but is not necessarily, made out of a material such as cemented carbide that may be harder than the material, such as high speed steel, from which the shank 23 may be made.
Ordinarily, dimensions and dimensional tolerances of the radial stop surface 35 and the radial stop 29 will be selected such that they will not contact or will barely contact when there is no load on the shank 23 and tool head 31 so that thecontact between the shank 23 and the tool head 31 will not be overdetermined. However, those dimensions and tolerances are further selected such that the radial stop 29 and the radial stop surface 35 are located close enough to one another that theradial stop will contact the radial stop surface upon application of some non-zero load to the tool head 31 perpendicular to its axis A. In this way, unintended radial movement of the tool head 31 relative to the shank 23 during operation can becontrolled.
The tool head 31 will ordinarily include cutting edges 39 or pockets (not shown) for mounting inserts with cutting edges and may be fluted along part or all of its length.
In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1-3, the axial stop 27 includes a substantially flat surface 43 substantially perpendicular to an axis B of the shank. The surface 43 need not, however, be perpendicular and may be partially or entirely at anangle to the perpendicular, and may be curved or otherwise non-flat. In the embodiment of the invention shown in FIGS. 1-3, the radial stop 29 includes a surface 45 for abutment against the radial stop surface 35 of the tool head 31 that defines anon-zero angle with the axis B of the shank 23. In this embodiment, the surface 45 faces toward the axis B of the shank 23.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the radial stop 29 is part of an annular groove 47 around the axis B of the shank 23, and the radial stop surface 35 is part of an annular protrusion 49 around the axis A of the tool head 31. If desired, theradial stop may be part of an annular protrusion and the radial stop a part of an annular groove. When the axial stop 27 and the axial stop surface 33 abut, an end 51 of the annular protrusion 49 and a bottom 53 of the annular groove 47 are separated bya non-zero distance to ensure that the axial stop 27 will abut the axial stop surface 33. Annular grooves and recesses are useful in embodiments such as shown in FIGS. 1-3 wherein the tool head 31 is screwed onto the shank 23, however, in otherembodiments where the tool head and the shank are connected in some other way, shapes other than annular grooves and recesses may be used to form part of the radial stop and radial stop surfaces.
The tool head 31 can include at least one tool head passage 55 and the shank 23 can include at least one shank passage 57. As seen in FIG. 1, the at least one tool head passage 55 and the at least one shank passage 57 can communicate when thetool head 31 is mounted relative to the shank 23. The communicating passages can be used, for example, to supply lubricant or coolant to the cutting edges 39.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the external portion 41 of the tool head 31 proximate the axial stop surface 33 is circularly cylindrical. The external portion 41 may be useful as a surface for a wrench or other tool to contact during mountingof the tool head 31 relative to the shank 23. If an external portion is provided, it may be any suitable shape, such as hexagonal or splined, as desired. An external surface portion 59 of the shank 23 may be circularly cylindrical as shown in FIGS.2-3, or any other desired shape, such as hexagonal, splined, etc.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the end portion 25 includes an integral fastening portion in the form of an externally threaded portion 61 and the internal opening 37 includes an integral fastening portion in the form of an internally threadedportion 63 adapted to engage with the externally threaded portion. In this embodiment, as seen in, e.g., FIG. 1, the radial stop 29 and the radial stop surface 35 may be considered to merge into the axial stop 27 and the axial stop surface 33,respectively. For purposes of describing the relative positions of these surfaces, however, because the substantial majority of the radial stop 29 and the radial stop surface 35 are disposed below the axial stop 27 and the axial stop surface 33,respectively, on the shank 23, the axial stop 27 shall be considered to be disposed between the externally threaded portion 61 and the radial stop 29 and, on the tool head 31, the axial stop surface 33 shall be considered to be disposed between theinternally threaded portion 63 and the radial stop surface 35. When the tool 21 is a rotating tool, the internally threaded portion 63 and the externally threaded portion 61 will ordinarily be threaded such that, when the rotating tool is rotated in anintended working direction, the tool head 31 is tightened on the shank 23. To ensure that the threads on the externally threaded portion 61 and the internally threaded portion 63 do not function as radial stops and radial stop surfaces, an averagedistance between the radial stop 29 and the radial stop surface 35 will ordinarily be less than an average distance between the externally threaded portion and the internally threaded portion at major and minor thread diameters thereof.
Thus, according to an embodiment of the invention seen in FIGS. 1-3, the cutting tool 21 includes a toolholder 23, the end portion 25 of the toolholder including the axial stop 27 and the radial stop 29. The axial stop 27 can include a surfacesubstantially perpendicular 43 to an axis B of the toolholder 23. The radial stop 29 can include a surface 45 facing toward the axis B of the toolholder 23.
Additionally, a tool head 31 according to an embodiment of the invention seen in FIGS. 1-3, comprises a cutting portion and a mounting portion. The mounting portion includes an axial stop surface 33 and a radial stop surface 35. The radial stopsurface 35 includes a surface 45 facing away from an axis A of the tool head 31. Dimensions and tolerances of the axial stop surface and the radial stop surface are selected such that the axial stop surface will abut the axial stop 27 on the toolholder23 to prevent axial movement of the toolholder relative to the tool head 31 beyond the axial stop surface 33 and the radial stop surface 35 will be disposed proximate a radial stop 29 of the toolholder 23 to limit radial movement of the tool head 31relative to the toolholder when an integral fastening portion 63 of the tool head and an integral fastening portion 61 of the toolholder 23 are fastened directly to one another and the axial stop surface and the axial stop abut. When the axial stop 27and the axial stop surface 33 abut, an end 51 of the annular protrusion 49 and a bottom 53 of the annular groove 47 are separated by a non-zero distance.
The radial stop 29 can be part of an annular groove 47 around the axis B of the toolholder 23. The radial stop surface 35 can be part of an annular protrusion 49 around the axis A of the tool head 31. The axial stop surface 33 can be disposedbetween the internally threaded portion 63 and the radial stop surface 35. Of course, if desired, the radial stop can be a protrusion and the radial stop surface can be a groove.
The tool head 31 can include at least one tool head passage 55 and the toolholder 23 includes at least one toolholder passage 57. The at least one tool head passage 55 and the at least one toolholder passage 57 can communicate when the tool head31 is mounted relative to the shank 23.
In the embodiment of FIGS. 1-3, the tool head 31 includes an internal opening 37, and the internal opening 37 includes an internally threaded portion 63 forming at least part of the integral fastening portion and is adapted to engage with anexternally threaded portion 61 forming at least part of the integral fastening portion of the toolholder 23. It will be appreciated, of course, that the toolholder can include the internal opening with the internal threads and the tool head can includethe externally threaded portion.
FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a tool 121 according to the present invention. The tool 121 can be the same as the tool 21 described in connection with FIGS. 1-3 in all respects save that no annular groove or recess arrangement is provided. In the tool 121, the radial stop 129 may include a surface 145 substantially parallel to or slightly inclined relative to an axis B of the shank 123 and the radial stopping surface 135 may include a surface 143 similarly substantially parallel to orslightly inclined relative to an axis A of the tool head 131. In this embodiment, the radial stop 129 includes a surface 145 facing away from the axis B of the shank 123 and the radial stop surface 135 includes a surface 143 facing toward the axis A ofthe tool head 131.
In an embodiment of the tool of FIG. 4 having a threaded connection, the radial stop 129 can include an unthreaded surface 145 disposed at an end 165 of a fastening portion in the form of an externally threaded portion 161 and the radial stopsurface 135 can include an unthreaded surface disposed at an end 167 of a fastening portion in the form of an internally threaded portion 163 of the tool head 131. The fastening portions can be integral with the toolholder 123 and the tool head 131 tofacilitate proper orientation of the tool head relative to the toolholder. In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the radial stop 129 is disposed between the externally threaded portion 161 and the axial stop 127 of the shank, and the radial stop surface 135 isdisposed between the internally threaded portion 163 and the axial stop surface 133 of the tool head. If desired, the radial stop and radial stop surface may be disposed at ends of the externally and internally threaded portions opposite the axial stopand axial stop surface.
The following description with respect to the tool head 31 of FIGS. 1-3 will generally apply as well to the tool head 131 of FIG. 4, except where otherwise noted. The tool head 31 includes a cutting portion and a mounting portion. The mountingportion includes the axial stop surface 33, and the radial stop surface 35. Dimensions and tolerances of the axial stop surface 33 and the radial stop surface 35 are selected such that the axial stop surface will abut the axial stop 27 on the toolholder23 to prevent axial movement of the toolholder relative to the tool head beyond the axial stop surface and the radial stop surface 35 will be disposed proximate the radial stop 29 of the toolholder to limit radial movement of the tool head 31 relative tothe toolholder or shank 23 when the axial stop surface and the axial stop abut.
In the tool head 31 of FIGS. 1-3, the axial stop surface 33 includes a surface substantially perpendicular to the axis A of the tool head. However, the axial stop surface need not be perpendicular in whole or in part to the axis of the toolhead. In FIGS. 1-3, the radial stop surface 35 includes a surface 45 that defines a non-zero angle with the axis A of the tool head 31. Here, the radial stop surface 35 includes a surface 45 generally facing away from the axis A of the tool head 31. In FIGS. 1-3, the radial stop surface 35 is part of an annular protrusion 49 around the axis A of the tool head, although an annular recess or some other suitable shape may be provided, instead.
The tool head 31 can include the internal opening 37. The internal opening 37 can include the internally threaded portion 63 adapted to engage with the externally threaded portion 61 of the toolholder or shank 23. The axial stop surface 33 canbe disposed between the internally threaded portion 63 and the radial stop surface 35.
In the embodiment of FIG. 4, the radial stop surface 135 can include a surface substantially parallel to or forming a slight angle relative to the axis A of the tool head 131. The radial stop surface 135 includes a surface facing toward the axisA of the tool head 131.
The tool head 131 can include an internal opening 137 and the radial stop surface 135 can form at least part of the internal opening. The radial stop surface 135 can include an unthreaded surface disposed at the end 167 of the externallythreaded portion 161 disposed between the internally threaded portion and the axial stop surface 133 or at an end of the externally threaded portion opposite the axial stop surface.
In the present application, the use of terms such as "including" is open-ended and is intended to have the same meaning as terms such as "comprising" and not preclude the presence of other structure, material, or acts. Similarly, though the useof terms such as "can" or "may" is intended to be open-ended and to reflect that structure, material, or acts are not necessary, the failure to use such terms is not intended to reflect that structure, material, or acts are essential. To the extent thatstructure, material, or acts are presently considered to be essential, they are identified as such.
While this invention has been illustrated and described in accordance with a preferred embodiment, it is recognized that variations and changes may be made therein without departing from the invention as set forth in the claims.
* * * * *
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__label__pos
| 0.777433 |
Category:
What Are Some Cretaceous Organisms?
Dinosaurs ruled the Cretaceous Period.
Now inhospitably cold, Antarctica was once a temperate continent with forests.
Sharks are one of the few vertebrate groups that survived the asteroid that struck the Earth at the end of the Cretaceous period.
Article Details
• Written By: Michael Anissimov
• Edited By: Bronwyn Harris
• Last Modified Date: 12 May 2015
• Copyright Protected:
2003-2015
Conjecture Corporation
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The Cretaceous Period is a geologic period that stretches from 145.5 to 65.5 million years ago. With a total duration of 80 million years, the Cretaceous is the longest geologic period in the last 542 million years. It is famous for being dominated by dinosaurs and other large reptiles, such as pterosaurs (winged reptiles), mosasaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs, and pliosaurs (all marine reptiles). Mammals were present, as tiny scavengers in the night, as well as some giant amphibians that survived through geographic isolation. Birds began to diversify and compete with pterosaurs for the skies.
During the Cretaceous, the climate was warm and sea levels were high. Much of this warmth came from abundant volcanic activity that released large amounts of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. Forests, made of conifers and/or cycads, covered the planet, including the South Pole. Much of North America was flooded by an epicontinental sea called the Western Interior Seaway, and water covered much of modern-day India, Africa, and Europe. Because Australia was still connected to Antarctica, there was no frigid circumpolar current, and the Antarctic continent was warm and lush.
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Dinosaurs were at their most diverse during the Cretaceous, especially at the very end of the period, and included ceratopsians like Triceratops, the heavily armored ankylosaurs, the duck-billed hadrosaurs, carnivorous theropods like Tyrannosaurus rex, giant sauropods, diverse herbivores called ornithopods, small, feathered, egg-stealing dinosaurs, and many more. The vertebrate terrestrial biomass was huge, probably more than twice that of today's. If the dinosaurs were not wiped out at the end of the Cretaceous, they would have diversified even more and produced additional novel forms.
The seas were occupied and dominated by the usual marine reptiles: plesiosaurs and pliosaurs. Ichthyosaurs lived throughout the Cretaceous, going extinct about 25 million years before the dinosaurs did. They were among the only major reptile groups to go extinct in the middle of the Cretaceous and not in the mass extinction event at its end. Around the same time that ichthyosaurs went extinct, large serpent-like marine reptiles called mosasaurs evolved, growing up to 17.5 m (57 ft) in length, among the largest marine reptiles of all time.
65.5 million years ago, a massive asteroid hit the Earth, causing a rain of magma, blocking out the sun with dust, and killing pretty much all of the animals discussed in this article. The main vertebrate groups that survived were birds, mammals, crocodilians, and of course, fish and sharks.
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__label__pos
| 0.821238 |
Anxiety vs. Fear
A person might experience both fear and anxiety at the same time. It doesn’t mean that we can use these terms interchangeably. Both conditions share a significant amount of symptoms, but it is the context that distinguishes between the experience of fear and anxiety.
Fear is a response to an understood or known threat, while anxiety arose from an unknown, unexpected, or poorly defined risk. Both conditions produce a similar stress response. Various experts think that there are significant differences between the two. The dissimilarities can determine how a person reacts to multiple stressors in their environment.
What is Anxiety?
It is an unpleasant, diffuse, vague sense of apprehension. It is often just a response to an unknown threat like the uneasiness a person might experience while walking down a dark street alone.
The possibility of something terrible happening can contribute to the feeling of uneasiness in such situations. For instance, the thought of getting harmed by a stranger can increase anxiety. It usually stems from a person’s interpretation of the possible dangers.
What is Fear?
Fear is the mind’s response to a definite or known threat. For instance, if someone pulls a gun at you and says, “it’s a robbery,” you will experience fear. The danger in this particular situation is definite, real, and immediate.
Though a person’s response is different, fear and anxiety are interrelated. On facing fear, most people might experience the same physical reactions that are also present under anxiety attacks.
Symptoms
The symptoms of anxiety can vary among individuals. Usually, the body reacts in a specific way to anxiousness. When a person experiences anxiousness, their body goes on high alert. It looks for possible danger and activates the fight or flight response.
some of the common anxiety symptoms include:
• Accelerated heart rate
• Chest pain
• Cold chills’hot flushes
• Depersonalization
• Derealization
• Dizziness
• Feeling faint
• Excessive sweating
• A feeling of going insane
• Headaches
• Muscle pain
• Muscle tension
• Numbness or tingling
• Rining or pulsing in ears
• Shaking and trembling
• Shortness of breath
• Sleep disturbances
• Tightness throughout the body
• Upset stomach
Types of Anxiety disorders
There are different types of anxiety-related disorders that a person can get. These disorders include
Agoraphobia
People with this condition might find that certain situations or places make them feel trapped, embarrassed, or powerless. These feelings can result in a person having a panic attack. People with this condition often try to avoid public places and stressful situations to decrease the chances of having a panic attack.
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
This condition makes a person always anxious and worried about every activity and event, even those that are nothing more than ordinary or routine. They worry so much that causes physical symptoms in their body, including stomach pain, headaches, or insomnia.
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
People with OCD face continuous unwanted or intrusive thoughts and worries that result in increased anxiousness. They might know that these thoughts are trivial, but they will have to perform certain things to let loose their anxiety. The behavior of people with OCD might include repeated hand washing, counting, checking things such as whether they locked their house or not.
Panic disorder
People with this condition might experience sudden and repeated bouts of fear, severe anxiety, or terror that peak in minutes. People who face a panic attack can experience the following symptoms:
• Shortness of breath
• A feeling of looming danger
• A rapid or irregular heartbeat that feels like pounding or fluttering, also known as palpitations
• Chest pain
People who have this condition might stay worried about the occurring of the next attack and try to avoid situations where they believe these attacks can occur.
Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
A person might develop PTSD after experiencing a traumatic event, such as:
• Assault
• Accident
• War
• Natural disaster
These people can experience various symptoms, including disturbing dreams, trouble relaxing, flashbacks of the traumatic event. People with this condition might also avoid things and places related to their trauma.
Selective mutism
This situation is usually found in children. It is an ongoing inability to talk in specific cases or places. For instance, a child might refuse to speak at school though they might not have any problem communicating in other scenarios, such as at home. Selective mutism can prove very difficult for a person, as it can interfere with everyday activities of life, including work, social life, and school.
Separation anxiety disorder
It is also a condition prominently seen in children. The symptoms of this anxiety disorder usually occur when a child gets separated from their parents or guardians. This condition is a standard part of childhood development. Most of the children who suffer from this disorder typically outgrow it. However, some people might experience variants of this disorder that might disrupt their daily life.
Specific phobias
Phobias are the fear of some specific object, situation, or event that might lead to severe anxiety. People with this condition might have a strong desire to avoid the things and places that might trigger their anxiety. Phobias like arachnophobia – the fear of spiders, or claustrophobia – the fear of small areas, might cause a person to experience a panic attack when exposed to such things.
Comorbidity
People who have anxiety might also develop some other medical issues over time. These conditions, when combined, are called comorbidity. The most common comorbidities that a person with generalized anxiety disorder can face are major depressive disorder (MMD), substance use disorder (SUD), and bipolar disorder (BD) because all these conditions share most of their symptoms with GAD.
Risk factors
The ultimate cause behind anxiety disorders is still unknown, but experts identified some of the factors that may contribute to maximizing the risk of a person developing an anxiety disorder. These factors include:
Genetics
A person’s genetics can play a vital role in determining whether they will develop GAD. Like with many other mental health issues, the chances of developing these symptoms can be highly influenced by their genes.
While the researchers are still unaware of which specific gene is responsible for promoting this condition’s development, the overall part that your genetic code plays is undeniable. Doctors can determine if a person is vulnerable to anxiety disorder based on analyzing their genetic markers. This vulnerability, when combined with particular environmental factors, can promote the development of anxiety symptoms.
Genetics also tells us that women are more susceptible to anxiety disorder than men. While the condition typically starts to develop in people around 30 years old, many people who get diagnosed might be struggling with symptoms for years before contacting a professional.
Brain structure
A brain structure collection called the limbic system is involved in regulating many of the underlying emotional reactions. Though it is usually under the control of the thinking part of the mind, it can respond to stimuli and contribute to the problem of anxiety.
Amygdala
The amygdala is the part of the limbic system that controls the automatic fear response and integration of emotion and memory. This part of the limbic system can cause PTSD and OCD, but some brain structure and function patterns are similar for patients with GAD.
Amygdala is an essential component in people’s ability to feel fear, and the studies of people diagnosed with anxiety disorder do show increased amygdala activity while processing negative emotions.
Gray Matter
The gray matter’s volume in a person’s brain might be another factor that researchers attribute to the development of anxiety and mood disorders. People with anxiety have an increased amount of gray matter at some specific locations in their brains.
The right putamen are of the brain in people with anxiety disorder have an increased amount of gray matter.
Life experiences
While genetic factors significantly contribute to the development of anxiety disorders, factors, such as psychology, environment, and social issues, also increases the risk of a person developing an anxiety disorder.
Trauma
Researchers found that trauma in childhood can translate into the increased chances of a person developing anxiety issues. Physical and mental abuse, death of a loved one, neglect divorce, isolation, abandonment, etc., can all play a role in making a person prone to anxiety disorders.
Learned behavior
Several behavioral scientists think anxiety is a learned behavior, indicating that if a person grows up with someone who shows anxiety symptoms, they might exhibit the same anxious behavior.
Children usually learn from their elders, the essential things like how to handle stressful situations. When elders choose less effective methods to manage their stress, children will often do the same. This social learning experience can encourage the development of long-lasting anxiety disorder.
Societal factors
With the number of social media apps on the rise, many people spend up to more than 15 hours per week just plugged into social media. Researchers believe that the excess use of social media can significantly impact a person’s mental health and might also result in anxiety and depression.
People who have anxiety might interpret interaction through social media incorrectly, as the essential non-verbal cues are missing in communication like facial expressions and body language, which can increase their anxiety.
Lifestyle factors
Lifestyle factors, such as substance use, relationships, etc., can also increase the risk of a person developing anxiety.
People using addictive substances like caffeine might get heightened feelings of nervousness or worry that can contribute to anxiety. Relying on caffeine can make a person feel restless and anxious, mainly if they use it in large quantities.
Relationships can be a good source of comfort, but it can also be a thing that causes pain. Women, in general, are more susceptible to develop a feeling of anxiousness because of a relationship.
In addition to substance use and relationships, work can also contribute significantly to the development of anxiety disorders. Some employers expect incredibly high levels of productivity and performance to make a person feel threatened about their employment security.
Treatment
Once your doctor diagnoses you with anxiety, they can explore treatment options. The doctor might suggest either medical treatment or lifestyle changes or both, depending on your condition’s severity.
We can categorize the treatment into two categories – medication and psychotherapy.
Medications
A doctor might prescribe various medications for treating anxiety disorder. These can include:
Benzodiazepines – These medications are available on a doctor’s prescription, and can be highly addictive. These medicines do not cause many side effects. The adverse impacts a person could feel after using these drugs are drowsiness and the potential for building dependency. Alprazolam, Valium, and Diazepam are some of the most common drugs belonging to the benzodiazepine category that doctors recommend to people with anxiety.
Tricyclics – Drugs in this class show positive effects on almost all anxiety disorders except obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). These medicines can cause side effects like drowsiness, weight gain, dizziness, etc. Some of the popular medications in this category include imipramine and clomipramine.
Anti-depressants – As it is clear from the name, these drugs help people with depression manage their symptoms. Doctors often prescribe these medicines for treating various types of anxiety disorders. SSRI (serotonin reuptake inhibitors) are effective in treating anxiety, and these have fewer side effects than other anti-depressants. These drugs might still result in side effects, such as nausea and sexual dysfunction at the beginning of the treatment.
In addition to these, some other medications might also help reduce anxiety symptoms; these include:
• Buspirone
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)
• Beta-blockers
If you abruptly stop using these medications, you might experience withdrawal symptoms. It is especially true in the case of benzodiazepine and anti-depressants. If you feel you no longer require the treatment, ask your doctor to gradually reduce the dosage over a few weeks to minimize the risk of withdrawal symptoms.
Counseling and therapy
Your doctor might also recommend psychological therapy and counseling for your anxiety. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (BCT) is the most common psychological treatment for people with anxiety.
This therapy tries to recognize and change the harmful thought patterns responsible for triggering an anxiety disorder and negative feelings. It also seeks to limit distorted thinking and manage the scale and intensity of reactions to a stressful environment.
People who undergo psychotherapy work carefully with a trained mental health professional to find the root cause of an anxiety disorder and develop a routine to minimize anxiety.
Prevention
For people with anxiety disorder, it might feel like anxiousness is a part of their daily life. But, there are various ways through which they can reduce the risk of developing a full-blown anxiety disorder.
You can do the following things to keep a check on your anxiety and minimize the chances of developing a disorder.
• Avoid consuming substances like alcohol, marijuana, and other recreational drugs.
• Decrease the consumption of coffee, tea, chocolate, soda, and other caffeinated beverages.
• Maintain a balanced and nutritious diet.
• Consult a doctor before using non-prescription medications or herbal remedies that might worsen your anxiety.
• Maintaining a regular sleeping schedule can also be extremely helpful in controlling anxious feelings.
Pathophysiology
The pathophysiology of anxiety is how the pathology of anxiety disorder manifests itself in a person. You can imagine it as a path that anxiety follows through the body that causes the feeling of anxiousness.
We understand some of the components in the development of anxious feelings in the system. Some of it remains hidden because of the complexity of the system. Scientists are learning how anxiety works, but it will take a lot more research before getting the complete picture of the pathophysiology of anxiety.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.953195 |
Chemical Lightsticks!
home segments chm 099 chm 100 contact ck
The Chemical Kim
Science Showchemical lightsticks!
Chemical Lightsticks!
Seeing all the ghost and goblins trick or treating this Halloween I noticed many of them wearing a chemical reaction around their necks. That chemical reaction is a lightstick.
Explanation:
Inside the lightstick contains two liquids that when mixed energy is released in the form of light. This light is called chemiluminescence. Liquid 1 contains diphenyl oxalate containing a fluorescent dye and the liquid 2 contains a solution of hydrogen peroxide. The color of the fluorescent dye is what provides the different colors of light emitted.
When the two liquids mix a chemical reaction takes place that excites the electrons in the fluorescent dye. The behavior of these excited electrons is what releases energy in the form of light.
As a safety note: the chemicals in the lightsticks are irritants, not
poisons. Therefore if kids do have contact with the liquids they are to rinse thoroughly with water. If ingested it's important to rinse as much out as possible and follow up with
poison control just for precautionary measure. As with all chemicals, adult supervision is a must. Proper clothing and eye protection will assist to minimize harmful exposure.
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| 0.903495 |
Struggling to sleep? Solutions to try
2 min read
Struggling to sleep? Solutions to try
2024 Mar 18Mind
Sleep is essential for our overall well-being, yet many individuals find themselves tossing and turning, unable to achieve the rest they need. If you're among those struggling to sleep, you're not alone. This article will delve into effective solutions to help you overcome sleep difficulties and reclaim restful nights.
Understanding the Importance of Sleep
Before exploring solutions, it's crucial to understand why sleep matters. Sleep plays a vital role in cognitive function, mood regulation, immune function, and overall health. When sleep is disrupted, it can impact every aspect of our lives, from productivity to emotional stability.
Identifying Common Sleep Issues
Various factors can contribute to difficulty falling or staying asleep. These may include stress, anxiety, poor sleep habits, an uncomfortable sleep environment, or underlying medical conditions such as sleep apnea or insomnia. Identifying the root cause of your sleep troubles is the first step toward finding effective solutions.
Establishing a Bedtime Routine
Creating a consistent bedtime routine signals to your body that it's time to wind down and prepare for sleep. This may include activities such as dimming the lights, practicing relaxation techniques like deep breathing or meditation, and avoiding screens or stimulating activities before bed.
Optimizing Your Sleep Environment
Your sleep environment plays a significant role in the quality of your sleep. Make sure your bedroom is quiet, dark, and cool, and invest in a comfortable mattress and pillows that provide adequate support. Additionally, consider using white noise machines or earplugs to block out disruptive sounds.
Managing Stress and Anxiety: Stress and anxiety can significantly impact sleep quality
Stress and anxiety can significantly impact sleep quality, Implementing stress-reduction techniques such as mindfulness, journaling, or talking to a therapist can help alleviate these issues and promote better sleep. It's also essential to establish boundaries around work and technology to prevent them from interfering with your relaxation before bed.
Adopting Healthy Sleep Habits
Certain lifestyle habits can either promote or hinder sleep. Avoid caffeine and heavy meals close to bedtime, and limit alcohol consumption, as it can disrupt sleep patterns. Additionally, aim to exercise regularly, but avoid vigorous activity too close to bedtime, as it may energize you rather than help you relax.
Exploring Natural Remedies
In addition to lifestyle changes, some natural remedies may promote better sleep. Herbal supplements such as valerian root, chamomile, or melatonin may help regulate sleep patterns. However, it's essential to consult with a healthcare professional before trying any new supplement, especially if you're taking medications or have underlying health conditions.
Considering Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I)
CBT-I is a structured program that helps individuals address the underlying thoughts and behaviors that contribute to sleep difficulties. It may involve techniques such as sleep restriction, stimulus control, and cognitive restructuring. CBT-I has been shown to be highly effective in treating insomnia and improving sleep quality.
Seeking Professional Help if Needed
If you've tried various solutions and are still struggling to sleep, don't hesitate to seek help from a healthcare professional. They can evaluate underlying medical conditions, such as sleep disorders, and recommend appropriate treatment options tailored to your needs. This may include medications, therapy, or referral to a sleep specialist for further evaluation.
Conclusion
Struggling to sleep can have a profound impact on your quality of life, but it's not an insurmountable challenge. By understanding the importance of sleep, identifying common issues, and implementing effective solutions such as establishing a bedtime routine, optimizing your sleep environment, managing stress and anxiety, adopting healthy sleep habits, exploring natural remedies, considering CBT-I, and seeking professional help if needed, you can overcome sleep difficulties and enjoy restful nights once again. Prioritize your sleep, and you'll reap the benefits of improved mood, cognitive function, and overall well-being.
Start longevity lifestyle now
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__label__pos
| 0.995658 |
Go to start page
V1.6.1 (T246-20, Rb7ad4af)
Disclaimer & Information
Search
Show Mindmap
Poisonous animals
Cnidarians (Jellyfish, Corals and Anemones)
Venomous fish
Scorpions
Spiders
Hymenopterans (Bees, Wasps and Ants)
Sea snakes
Terrestrial snakes
Miscellaneous animals
Genus/Species
Physalia spp., Portuguese man-of-war
Clinical entries
Species
1. Physalia physalis
2. Physalia utriculus
Taxonomy
Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Siphonophora
Common names
Portuguese man-of-war, Portugiesische Galeere
1. Seeblase
2. Bluebottle
Distribution
1. Tropical Atlantic, Mediterranean
2. Indo-Pacific.
In recent years, jellyfish with several tentacles (→ P. physalis?) have been sighted in various regions of the Indo-Pacific.
Fig. 4.14 Physalia utriculus
Biology
Portuguese men-of-war are not true jellyfish. They give the impression of being a single organism, but actually consist of a functional unit of many individuals with different functions. One end of the colony is shaped into the gas-filled bladder. It is not formed by a partial organism, as was long thought. This so-called pneumatophore, which floats on the water, keeps the colony afloat and functions as a "sailboat". In P. utriculus it usually has a length of 3–6 cm, in P. physalis up to 15 cm, and in strong winds may be tilted sidewards.
Below the pneumatophore there are many tentacles, predominantly those with reproductive polyps, but also others that contain defensive polyps covered in nematocysts. The latter type of tentacles are used to catch prey and when extended can reach a length of up to 20 m! These tentacles serve as a characteristic that distinguishes the two species, as P. physalis has several such tentacles and P. utriculus only has one. However, intermediate forms do appear to exist, and it is debatable if these are different species at all, as recently a number of jellyfish with several tentacles were found in the Indo-Pacific.
Portuguese men-of-war are generally carried in swarms over wide stretches of open water by wind and currents, and in this way can reach coastal waters in large numbers. On the east coast of Australia this usually occurs between October and March.
The tentacles leave long, whip-like marks on the skin. See Fig. 4.11 for the difference between these marks and those of Chironex or Charukia.
Risk
Of the most dangerous venomous marine animals, Physalia is in second place directly behind the box jellyfish. Envenoming due to P. physalis is generally more severe than that caused by the smaller P. utriculus. At least 3 fatalities due to P. physalis are known to have occurred on the US Atlantic coast. Accidents with P. utriculus are among the most common causes of jellyfish envenoming in Australia, but usually there are only strong local symptoms.
Literature (biological)
Burnett et al. 1987a, Cleland and Southcott 1965, Halstead 1988, Heeger 1998, Storch and Welsch 1997, Warrell and Fenner 1993, Williamson and Exton 1985, Williamson et al. 1996
Medusozoa home page
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__label__pos
| 0.671648 |
Logo Search packages:
Sourcecode: taglib-sharp version File versions
File.cs
/***************************************************************************
copyright : (C) 2005 by Brian Nickel
: (C) 2006 Novell, Inc.
email : [email protected]
: Aaron Bockover <[email protected]>
***************************************************************************/
/***************************************************************************
* This library is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License version *
* 2.1 as published by the Free Software Foundation. *
* *
* This library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but *
* WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of *
* MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the GNU *
* Lesser General Public License for more details. *
* *
* You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public *
* License along with this library; if not, write to the Free Software *
* Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307 *
* USA *
***************************************************************************/
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System;
namespace TagLib
{
public enum ReadStyle
{
None = 0,
/*Fast = 1,*/
Average = 2,
/*Accurate = 3*/
}
public abstract class File
{
#region Enums
public enum AccessMode
{
Read,
Write,
Closed
}
#endregion
#region Delegates
public delegate File FileTypeResolver (IFileAbstraction abstraction, string mimetype, ReadStyle style);
#endregion
#region Private Properties
private System.IO.Stream file_stream;
private IFileAbstraction file_abstraction;
private string mime_type;
private TagTypes tags_on_disk = TagTypes.None;
private static uint buffer_size = 1024;
private static List<FileTypeResolver> file_type_resolvers = new List<FileTypeResolver> ();
#endregion
#region Public Static Properties
public static uint BufferSize {get {return buffer_size;}}
#endregion
#region Constructors
protected File (string path) : this (new LocalFileAbstraction (path))
{
}
protected File (IFileAbstraction abstraction)
{
file_abstraction = abstraction;
}
#endregion
#region Public Properties
public abstract Tag Tag {get;}
public abstract Properties Properties {get;}
public TagTypes TagTypesOnDisk
{
get {return tags_on_disk;}
protected set {tags_on_disk = value;}
}
public TagTypes TagTypes
{
get {return Tag != null ? Tag.TagTypes : TagTypes.None;}
}
public string Name {get {return file_abstraction.Name;}}
public string MimeType
{
get { return mime_type; }
internal set { mime_type = value; }
}
public long Tell
{
get {return (Mode == AccessMode.Closed) ? 0 : file_stream.Position;}
}
public long Length
{
get {return (Mode == AccessMode.Closed) ? 0 : file_stream.Length;}
}
public AccessMode Mode
{
get
{
return (file_stream == null) ? AccessMode.Closed : (file_stream.CanWrite) ? AccessMode.Write : AccessMode.Read;
}
set
{
if (Mode == value || (Mode == AccessMode.Write && value == AccessMode.Read))
return;
if (file_stream != null)
file_abstraction.CloseStream (file_stream);
file_stream = null;
if (value == AccessMode.Read)
file_stream = file_abstraction.ReadStream;
else if (value == AccessMode.Write)
file_stream = file_abstraction.WriteStream;
Mode = value;
}
}
#endregion
#region Public Methods
public abstract void Save ();
public abstract void RemoveTags (TagTypes types);
public abstract Tag GetTag (TagTypes type, bool create);
public Tag GetTag (TagTypes type)
{
return GetTag (type, false);
}
/// <summary>
/// Reads a specified number of bytes at the current seek
/// position from the current instance.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="length">
/// A <see cref="int" /> specifying the number of bytes to
/// read.
/// </param>
/// <returns>
/// A <see cref="ByteVector" /> containing the data.
/// </returns>
/// <remarks>
/// <para>This method reads the block of data at the current
/// seek position. To change the seek position, use <see
/// cref="Seek(long,System.IO.SeekOrigin)" />.</para>
/// </remarks>
/// <exception cref="ArgumentException">
/// <paramref name="length" /> is less than zero.
/// </exception>
public ByteVector ReadBlock (int length)
{
if (length < 0)
throw new ArgumentException (
"Length must be non-negative",
"length");
if (length == 0)
return new ByteVector ();
Mode = AccessMode.Read;
if (Tell + length > Length)
length = (int) (Length - Tell);
if (length <= 0)
return new ByteVector ();
byte [] buffer = new byte [length];
int count = file_stream.Read (buffer, 0, length);
return new ByteVector (buffer, count);
}
public void WriteBlock (ByteVector data)
{
if (data == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException ("data");
Mode = AccessMode.Write;
file_stream.Write (data.Data, 0, data.Count);
}
public long Find (ByteVector pattern, long startPosition, ByteVector before)
{
if (pattern == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException ("pattern");
Mode = AccessMode.Read;
if (pattern.Count > buffer_size)
return -1;
// The position in the file that the current buffer starts at.
long buffer_offset = startPosition;
ByteVector buffer;
// These variables are used to keep track of a partial match that happens at
// the end of a buffer.
int previous_partial_match = -1;
int before_previous_partial_match = -1;
// Save the location of the current read pointer. We will restore the
// position using seek() before all returns.
long original_position = file_stream.Position;
// Start the search at the offset.
file_stream.Position = startPosition;
// This loop is the crux of the find method. There are three cases that we
// want to account for:
//
// (1) The previously searched buffer contained a partial match of the search
// pattern and we want to see if the next one starts with the remainder of
// that pattern.
//
// (2) The search pattern is wholly contained within the current buffer.
//
// (3) The current buffer ends with a partial match of the pattern. We will
// note this for use in the next itteration, where we will check for the rest
// of the pattern.
//
// All three of these are done in two steps. First we check for the pattern
// and do things appropriately if a match (or partial match) is found. We
// then check for "before". The order is important because it gives priority
// to "real" matches.
for (buffer = ReadBlock((int)buffer_size); buffer.Count > 0; buffer = ReadBlock((int)buffer_size))
{
// (1) previous partial match
if (previous_partial_match >= 0 && (int) buffer_size > previous_partial_match)
{
int pattern_offset = (int) buffer_size - previous_partial_match;
if(buffer.ContainsAt (pattern, 0, pattern_offset))
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return buffer_offset - buffer_size + previous_partial_match;
}
}
if (before != null && before_previous_partial_match >= 0 && (int) buffer_size > before_previous_partial_match)
{
int before_offset = (int) buffer_size - before_previous_partial_match;
if (buffer.ContainsAt (before, 0, before_offset))
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return -1;
}
}
// (2) pattern contained in current buffer
long location = buffer.Find (pattern);
if (location >= 0)
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return buffer_offset + location;
}
if (before != null && buffer.Find (before) >= 0)
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return -1;
}
// (3) partial match
previous_partial_match = buffer.EndsWithPartialMatch (pattern);
if (before != null)
before_previous_partial_match = buffer.EndsWithPartialMatch (before);
buffer_offset += buffer_size;
}
// Since we hit the end of the file, reset the status before continuing.
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return -1;
}
public long Find (ByteVector pattern, long startPosition)
{
return Find (pattern, startPosition, null);
}
public long Find (ByteVector pattern)
{
return Find (pattern, 0);
}
long RFind (ByteVector pattern, long startPosition, ByteVector before)
{
Mode = AccessMode.Read;
if (pattern.Count > buffer_size)
return -1;
// The position in the file that the current buffer starts at.
ByteVector buffer;
// These variables are used to keep track of a partial match that happens at
// the end of a buffer.
/*
int previous_partial_match = -1;
int before_previous_partial_match = -1;
*/
// Save the location of the current read pointer. We will restore the
// position using seek() before all returns.
long original_position = file_stream.Position;
// Start the search at the offset.
long buffer_offset;
if (startPosition == 0)
Seek (-1 * (int) buffer_size, System.IO.SeekOrigin.End);
else
Seek (startPosition + -1 * (int) buffer_size, System.IO.SeekOrigin.Begin);
buffer_offset = file_stream.Position;
// See the notes in find() for an explanation of this algorithm.
for (buffer = ReadBlock((int)buffer_size); buffer.Count > 0; buffer = ReadBlock ((int)buffer_size))
{
// TODO: (1) previous partial match
// (2) pattern contained in current buffer
long location = buffer.RFind (pattern);
if (location >= 0)
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return buffer_offset + location;
}
if(before != null && buffer.Find (before) >= 0)
{
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return -1;
}
// TODO: (3) partial match
buffer_offset -= buffer_size;
file_stream.Position = buffer_offset;
}
// Since we hit the end of the file, reset the status before continuing.
file_stream.Position = original_position;
return -1;
}
public long RFind (ByteVector pattern, long startPosition)
{
return RFind (pattern, startPosition, null);
}
public long RFind (ByteVector pattern)
{
return RFind (pattern, 0);
}
public void Insert (ByteVector data, long start, long replace)
{
if (data == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException ("data");
Mode = AccessMode.Write;
if (data.Count == replace)
{
file_stream.Position = start;
WriteBlock (data);
return;
}
else if(data.Count < replace)
{
file_stream.Position = start;
WriteBlock (data);
RemoveBlock (start + data.Count, replace - data.Count);
return;
}
// Woohoo! Faster (about 20%) than id3lib at last. I had to get hardcore
// and avoid TagLib's high level API for rendering just copying parts of
// the file that don't contain tag data.
//
// Now I'll explain the steps in this ugliness:
// First, make sure that we're working with a buffer that is longer than
// the *differnce* in the tag sizes. We want to avoid overwriting parts
// that aren't yet in memory, so this is necessary.
int buffer_length = (int) BufferSize;
while (data.Count - replace > buffer_length)
buffer_length += (int) BufferSize;
// Set where to start the reading and writing.
long read_position = start + replace;
long write_position = start;
byte [] buffer;
byte [] about_to_overwrite;
// This is basically a special case of the loop below. Here we're just
// doing the same steps as below, but since we aren't using the same buffer
// size -- instead we're using the tag size -- this has to be handled as a
// special case. We're also using File::writeBlock() just for the tag.
// That's a bit slower than using char *'s so, we're only doing it here.
file_stream.Position = read_position;
about_to_overwrite = ReadBlock (buffer_length).Data;
read_position += buffer_length;
file_stream.Position = write_position;
WriteBlock (data);
write_position += data.Count;
buffer = new byte [about_to_overwrite.Length];
System.Array.Copy (about_to_overwrite, 0, buffer, 0, about_to_overwrite.Length);
// Ok, here's the main loop. We want to loop until the read fails, which
// means that we hit the end of the file.
while (buffer_length != 0)
{
// Seek to the current read position and read the data that we're about
// to overwrite. Appropriately increment the readPosition.
file_stream.Position = read_position;
int bytes_read = file_stream.Read (about_to_overwrite, 0, buffer_length < about_to_overwrite.Length ? buffer_length : about_to_overwrite.Length);
read_position += buffer_length;
// Seek to the write position and write our buffer. Increment the
// writePosition.
file_stream.Position = write_position;
file_stream.Write (buffer, 0, buffer_length < buffer.Length ? buffer_length : buffer.Length);
write_position += buffer_length;
// Make the current buffer the data that we read in the beginning.
System.Array.Copy (about_to_overwrite, 0, buffer, 0, bytes_read);
// Again, we need this for the last write. We don't want to write garbage
// at the end of our file, so we need to set the buffer size to the amount
// that we actually read.
buffer_length = bytes_read;
}
}
public void Insert (ByteVector data, long start)
{
Insert (data, start, 0);
}
public void RemoveBlock (long start, long length)
{
if (length == 0)
return;
Mode = AccessMode.Write;
int buffer_length = (int) BufferSize;
long read_position = start + length;
long write_position = start;
ByteVector buffer = (byte) 1;
while(buffer.Count != 0)
{
file_stream.Position = read_position;
buffer = ReadBlock (buffer_length);
read_position += buffer.Count;
file_stream.Position = write_position;
WriteBlock (buffer);
write_position += buffer.Count;
}
Truncate (write_position);
}
public void Seek (long offset, System.IO.SeekOrigin origin)
{
if (Mode != AccessMode.Closed)
file_stream.Seek (offset, origin);
}
public void Seek (long offset)
{
Seek (offset, System.IO.SeekOrigin.Begin);
}
#endregion
#region Public Static Methods
public static File Create(string path)
{
return Create(path, null, ReadStyle.Average);
}
public static File Create(IFileAbstraction abstraction)
{
return Create(abstraction, null, ReadStyle.Average);
}
public static File Create(string path, ReadStyle propertiesStyle)
{
return Create(path, null, propertiesStyle);
}
public static File Create(IFileAbstraction abstraction, ReadStyle propertiesStyle)
{
return Create(abstraction, null, propertiesStyle);
}
public static File Create(string path, string mimetype, ReadStyle propertiesStyle)
{
return Create(new LocalFileAbstraction (path), mimetype, propertiesStyle);
}
public static File Create(IFileAbstraction abstraction, string mimetype, ReadStyle propertiesStyle)
{
if(mimetype == null)
{
/* ext = System.IO.Path.GetExtension(path).Substring(1) */
string ext = String.Empty;
int index = abstraction.Name.LastIndexOf(".") + 1;
if(index >= 1 && index < abstraction.Name.Length)
ext = abstraction.Name.Substring(index, abstraction.Name.Length - index);
mimetype = "taglib/" + ext.ToLower(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture);
}
foreach (FileTypeResolver resolver in file_type_resolvers)
{
File file = resolver(abstraction, mimetype, propertiesStyle);
if(file != null)
return file;
}
if(!FileTypes.AvailableTypes.ContainsKey(mimetype)) {
throw new UnsupportedFormatException(String.Format(System.Globalization.CultureInfo.InvariantCulture, "{0} ({1})", abstraction.Name, mimetype));
}
Type file_type = FileTypes.AvailableTypes[mimetype];
try {
File file = (File)Activator.CreateInstance(file_type, new object [] { abstraction, propertiesStyle });
file.MimeType = mimetype;
return file;
} catch(System.Reflection.TargetInvocationException e) {
throw e.InnerException;
}
}
public static void AddFileTypeResolver (FileTypeResolver resolver)
{
if (resolver != null)
file_type_resolvers.Insert (0, resolver);
}
#endregion
#region Protected Methods
protected void Truncate (long length)
{
Mode = AccessMode.Write;
file_stream.SetLength (length);
}
#endregion
#region Classes
public class LocalFileAbstraction : IFileAbstraction
{
private string name;
public LocalFileAbstraction (string path)
{
if (path == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException ("path");
name = path;
}
public string Name {get {return name;}}
public System.IO.Stream ReadStream
{
get {return System.IO.File.Open (Name, System.IO.FileMode.Open, System.IO.FileAccess.Read, System.IO.FileShare.Read);}
}
public System.IO.Stream WriteStream
{
get {return System.IO.File.Open (Name, System.IO.FileMode.Open, System.IO.FileAccess.ReadWrite);}
}
public void CloseStream (System.IO.Stream stream)
{
if (stream == null)
throw new ArgumentNullException ("stream");
stream.Close ();
}
}
#endregion
#region Interfaces
public interface IFileAbstraction
{
string Name {get;}
System.IO.Stream ReadStream {get;}
System.IO.Stream WriteStream {get;}
void CloseStream (System.IO.Stream stream);
}
#endregion
}
}
Generated by Doxygen 1.6.0 Back to index
|
__label__pos
| 0.995215 |
benqus benqus - 3 months ago 11
Javascript Question
What is "undefined x 1" in JavaScript?
I'm doing some small experiments based on this blog entry.
I am doing this research in Google Chrome's debugger and here comes the hard part.
What the heck is this?!
I get the fact that I can't delete local variables (since they are not object attributes). I get that I can 'read out' all of the parameters passed to a function from the array called 'arguments'. I even get it that I can't delete and array's element, only achieve to have
array[0]
have a value of undefined.
Can somebody explain to me what
undefined x 1
means on the embedded image?
And when I overwrite the function
foo
to return the
arguments[0]
, then I get the usual and 'normal' undefined.
This is only an experiment, but seems interresting, does anybody know what
undefined x 1
refers to?
Answer
That seems to be Chrome's new way of displaying uninitialized indexes in arrays (and array-like objects):
> Array(100)
[undefined × 100]
Which is certainly better than printing [undefined, undefined, undefined,...] or however it was before.
Although, if there is only one undefined value, they could drop the x 1.
|
__label__pos
| 0.834643 |
water hardness in dubai
water hardness in dubai
What is Water Hardness And How To Solve This Problems ?
we can say that Hard water contains a high concentration of calcium and magnesium. These elements occur naturally in all water supplies. The town water supply is fed by wells which tend to be harder than surface sources such as lakes and reservoirs. The increased hardness is caused by the natural percolation of water through the soil. When surface water passes through the ground it collects minerals, which results in hard water.
water hardness dubai Your water is considered “hard’ when it has a high concentration of dissolved minerals, specifically calcium and magnesium. Water is a good solvent and these minerals dissolve in it as it moves through soil and rock and are carried along, eventually ending up in your water supply.
Can Hard Water Danger For Health ?
Hard water does not represent any peril to your well being anyway it can be an aggravation. The white mineral development that happens in sinks and lavatories, ordinarily alluded to as scale is brought on by calcium and magnesium from hard water. Scale development is expanded anyplace boiling hot water is utilized, for example, water warmers, funnels, dishwashers, and clothing machines.
One review found that hard water can lessen the life of cloths as much as 39%. With an end goal to battle these impacts the town as of now treats the water with Aqua-Mag®; a mixed phosphate metal sequestering specialist which bonds with a portion of the calcium and magnesium making it remain in the water and not gather in pipes and apparatuses.
Notwithstanding bringing about white recoloring; scale development can diminish the productivity of water warmers especially in gas and tank-less radiators. Hard water likewise diminishes the viability of cleansers and cleansers, bringing about expanded utilization.
It doesn’t expel these minerals from the water just decrease the sum that develops in channels and machines. On the off chance that you are encountering issues with hard water, one alternative for further treatment is introduce an in-home conditioner.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.852642 |
Skip to content
Changelog
Version 3.6.1
1. Bug fix (missing menu button on Android 4.0.3 tablets)
Version 3.6.0
1. Clipboard-data (copied text) usage: dial number, send SMS or add to contacts.
2. Support for Android 4.4.
3. Display mode fix for xlarge displays.
4. App icon for larger displays.
Version 3.5.6
1. Sony SmartWatch2 extension support
Version 3.5.5
1. Bug-fixes
Version 3.5.4
1. Correction for the log not correctly update bug (on certain phone models only, mostly Sony).
2. Correction of the call button press area (was small on certain phones with high resolution displays).
3. Fixes for crashes related to contacts without phone numbers.
Version 3.5.1
1. Support for the Sony SmartWatch extension.
Version 3.5.0
1. Skype out calls.
2. Dial tone extended settings.
3. Minor fixes.
Version 3.4.0
1. Filter settings no longer temporary.
2. Log limitation less than a week (three days).
Version 3.3.0
1. Further integration with Corporate Contacts: direct editing of contact’s groups, organizations, positions and locations.
2. Share contact as text (also depends on Corporate Contacts).
3. Eight new (patriotic) themes.
4. Bug-fixes.
Version 3.2.8
1. Bug-fix.
Version 3.2.7
1. Spanish translation, thanks to txigreman.
2. Minor fixes for the integration with Corporate Contacts.
Version 3.2.6
1. Different default contact picture.
2. Update of the translations to Arabic, Dutch, German and Russian.
Version 3.2.5
1. Option to share a contact.
2. Translation to Dutch (thanks to odyon).
3. Update of the Bulgarian and Czech translations.
Version 3.2.0
1. Contact pictures.
2. Expandable call log.
3. New configuration options.
4. Larger Arabic letters in Junior and Senior display mode.
5. Bug-fixes.
6. Works on Android v.2.1 and above.
Version 3.1.1
1. Option to display the absolute time of last call.
2. Update of the Polish translation
3. Minor bug-fixes.
Version 3.1.0
1. Filtering of calls / messages by type.
2. Accounts’ selection.
3. Bug-fixes.
Version 3.0.2
1. Added missing Hebrew final form characters.
2. Fixes for the special numbers and UDDS codes dialing.
3. Fix for the context-menu (a problem introduced in 3.0.1).
4. Layout fixes for the dominant display mode.
Version 3.0.1
1. Special dialing codes are enabled, such as *#06# and dialing of emergency numbers
2. Pause characters correctly handled. Insert ; and , by long-pressing the digits 1 and 2 respectively when dialing a number
3. Fix for some layout issues on small screen devices
4. Bug-fixes
Version 3.0.0
1. Landscape mode
2. Context menu on the number field
3. Four new themes
4. Bug-fixes
Version 2.8.2 (bugfix release)
1. Added missing Hebrew final form characters.
2. Fixes for the special numbers and UDDS codes dialing.
3. Fix for the context-menu (a problem introduced in 3.0.1).
Version 2.8.1 (bugfix release)
1. Special dialing codes are enabled, such as *#06# and dialing of emergency numbers
2. Fix for some layout issues on small screen devices
3. Bug-fixes
Version 2.8.0
1. Belarusian language and localization (thanks to Krakozawr).
2. Normal redialing function.
3. Fix for the FC on call end bug.
4. Update of the Bulgarian and Russian localization.
Version 2.7.9 (same as 2.7.3)
1. Option to search only by name
2. Fix for the multiple app instances bug
Version 2.7.2
1. Bug-fixes
Version 2.7.1
1. Fix for the visual bug on WVGA screens (introduced in v.2.7.0).
2. Bulgarian translation additions.
Version 2.7.0
1. Themes: seven new themes
2. Optimization, the app loads and works faster.
3. Images for the various phone types.
4. Limitation of the SMS log.
5. Bug-fixes
6. Correction / addition to the translations on Russian and German.
Version 2.6.1
1. Optimization.
2. SMS messages in call log is optional.
Version 2.6.0
1. SMS messages in call log.
2. Bug-fixes.
Version 2.5.3
1. Minor bug-fixes.
Version 2.5.2
1. Fast Dialer active on call end.
2. Updates to the Greek translation.
Version 2.5.1
1. Fix for the missing transations on Czech and Ukrainian.
Version 2.5.0
1. Call log on the initial screen.
2. Toggle between call log and the list of contacts via the button that was once only the call button (now it has this additional function too)
3. The number field is a call button. This is configurable.
4. Search by all numbers is always on.
5. Translations to Arabic (thanks to DrNesr)
6. Overview of the speed dial numbers.
7. Other fixes and improvements.
Version 2.4.0
1. Speed Dial
2. Translations: Czech (thanks to tampiss), Bulgarian (thanks to Yordan Valchev) and Ukrainian (thanks to Mixa)
3. Minor bug-fixes
Version 2.3.0
1. Contact display by last name (only on Froyo and above devices).
2. Preferred number by number type (on Eclair and above, earlier versions have a default number, by default ) The order is: main, mobile, company main, other, work mobile, car, home, work, pager, work pager, radio, other fax, home fax, work fax, callback, isdn, telex, tty tdd, assistant, mms
3. Four different keypad display modes, enjoy!
4. Press on the hard “call” key when nothing is typed redials the last called number
5. Optionally, call a contact on contact’s name tap, for details tap on the right side
6. Configurable length of the dialpad tones
7. Fix for the FC on tap on the web address (registration dialog)
Version 2.2.0
1. Senior mode
2. Usage of the hardware “Call” button
3. Customizable second language color
4. Fix for the contact sorting in “order by popularity” and “order by time of last call” modes
5. Optionally clear the number field after making a call
6. Fix for the display name on 1.5 and 1.6 devices
Version 2.1.1
1. Correction of the Russian translation
Version 2.1
1. Speed dialing (not on all devices)
2. UI optimization
3. Adjustability of the hide/show dialpad gesture function
4. Direct registration option
Version 2.0
1. Ordering of contacts / results is selectable, the default is by the time of last call
2. Display time of last call for all contacts
3. Mark the starred contacts
4. Wildcard search mode
5. Search through all numbers
6. Translation in Polish (thanks to Adam T.)
Version 1.9.95
1. Custom color chooser for small screen devices
Version 1.9.94
1. Fix for the missing vibrations (problem was occuring on some phones only)
Version 1.9.93 – no changes, made for people who had problems with the .92 update
Version 1.9.92
1. Fix for the layout bug when the default soft app was shown (problem was occuring on some phones only)
Version 1.9.91
1. Added missing chars for several latin-based languages: Polish, Icelandic, Croatian, Turkish, Maltese and Danish/Norwegian
2. Minor layout fix – alignment of the number 1 (without voice dialing)
Version 1.9.90
1. Added optional haptic feedback (on some devices it was missed)
Version 1.9.89
1. Bug-fixes
2. Search enhancements
Version 1.9.88
1. Translation in Hebrew (thanks to netmag)
2. Error reporter
Version 1.9.87
1. Fixed a bug minor layout problem introduced in 1.9.86
Version 1.9.86
1. Fix for the “dialpad ruined” (happened rarely, I guess only few people ever saw this, but it’s fixed now)
2. Other minor fixes
3. Corrected Greek layout
4. Auto hide dialpad when scrolling
5. Search for numbers in the names (this was simply forgotten…)
Version 1.9.85
1. Selectable match highlight color
2. Translation in Russian (thanks to new_bember)
3. Translation in Greek (thanks to dancer_69)
4. Minor bug-fixes
Version 1.9.84
1. Refactoring of the tone generation, fixed reported incompatibilities.
Version 1.9.83
1. Fix for the ‘call log not opening’ issue
2. Nicer visual display of the Arabic letters
3. Turned off ‘number only’ search mode, now *, # and + can be used (and found by Fast Dialer) in the contacts’ names, like any normal character
4. Long press on the delete button when the entry field is empty folds down the dialpad, click on the entry field when the dialpad is folded, restores it.
5. The title bar is removed
UPDATE 8: bug-fixes
UPDATE 7: (still BETA) configurable accounts in use (via context menu -> sources) only contacts with phone numbers are listed
UPDATE 6: fix for USSD dialing
UPDATE 5: display contacts’ company names, support for Ukrainian
UPDATE 4: support for Arabic
UPDATE 3: version for Android 1.5
UPDATE 2: performance fixes – the app now runs faster
UPDATE 1: fixed compatibility issue, one build for all supported versions
4 Comments
1. leonid permalink
Ok
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|
__label__pos
| 0.96597 |
A passive transmitter for quantum key distribution with coherent light
A passive transmitter for quantum key distribution with coherent light
Marcos Curty, Marc Jofre, Valerio Pruneri, and Morgan W. Mitchell Escuela de Ingeniería de Telecomunicación, Department of Signal Theory and Communications, University of Vigo, Campus Universitario, 36310 Vigo, Pontevedra, Spain
ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels, Barcelona, Spain
ICREA-Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc¸ats, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
July 17, 2019
Abstract
Signal state preparation in quantum key distribution schemes can be realized using either an active or a passive source. Passive sources might be valuable in some scenarios; for instance, in those experimental setups operating at high transmission rates, since no externally driven element is required. Typical passive transmitters involve parametric down-conversion. More recently, it has been shown that phase-randomized coherent pulses also allow passive generation of decoy states and Bennett-Brassard 1984 (BB84) polarization signals, though the combination of both setups in a single passive source is cumbersome. In this paper, we present a complete passive transmitter that prepares decoy-state BB84 signals using coherent light. Our method employs sum-frequency generation together with linear optical components and classical photodetectors. In the asymptotic limit of an infinite long experiment, the resulting secret key rate (per pulse) is comparable to the one delivered by an active decoy-state BB84 setup with an infinite number of decoy settings.
pacs:
I Introduction
Quantum key distribution (QKD) is already a mature technology that can provide cryptographic systems with an unprecedented level of security qkd (). It aims at the distribution of a secret key between two distant parties (typically called Alice and Bob) despite the technological power of an eavesdropper (Eve) who interferes with the signals. This secret key is the essential ingredient of the one-time-pad or Vernam cipher Vernam (), the only known encryption method that can offer information-theoretic secure communications.
Most practical long-distance implementations of QKD are based on the so-called BB84 protocol, introduced by Bennett and Brassard in 1984 bb84 (), in combination with the decoy-state method decoy (); decoy2 (); decoy2b (); model2 (); decoy_e (). In a typical quantum optical implementation of this scheme, Alice sends to Bob phase-randomized weak coherent pulses (WCPs) with different mean photon numbers that are selected, independently and randomly, for each signal. These states can be generated using a standard semiconductor laser together with a variable optical attenuator that is controlled by a random number generator (RNG) random (). Each light pulse may be prepared in a different polarization state, which is selected, again independently and randomly for each signal, between two mutually unbiased bases, e.g., either a linear (H [horizontal] or V [vertical]) or a circular (L [left] or R [right]) polarizations basis note (). For that, two main experimental configurations are typically used. In the first one, Alice employs four laser diodes, one for each possible BB84 signal 4lasers (). These lasers are controlled by a RNG that decides each given time which one of the four diodes is triggered. The second configuration utilizes only one laser diode in combination with a polarization modulator modulator (). This modulator rotates the state of polarization of the signals depending on the output of a RNG. On the receiving side, Bob measures each incoming signal by choosing at random between two polarization analyzers, one for each possible basis. Once the quantum communication phase of the protocol is completed, Alice and Bob use an authenticated public channel to process their data and obtain a secure secret key. This last procedure, called key distillation, involves, generally, local randomization, error correction to reconcile Alice’s and Bob’s data, and privacy ampliÞcation to decouple their data from Eve post (). A full proof of the security for the decoy-state BB84 QKD protocol with WCPs has been given in Refs. decoy2 (); decoy2b (); model2 ().
Alternatively to the active signal state preparation methods described above, Alice may as well employ a passive transmitter to generate decoy-state BB84 signal states. This last solution might be desirable in some scenarios; for instance, in those experimental setups operating at high transmission rates, since no RNGs are required in a passive device rarity (); passive1 (); passive2 (); passive3 (); passive4 (); passiveEB (). Passive schemes could also be more robust against side-channel attacks hidden in the imperfections of the optical components than active sources. The working principle of a passive transmitter is rather simple. For example, Alice can use various light sources to produce different signal states that are sent through an optics network. Depending on the detection pattern observed in some properly located photodetectors, she can infer which signal states are actually generated. Known passive schemes rely typically on the use of a parametric down-conversion (PDC) source, where Alice and Bob passively and randomly choose which bases to measure each incoming pulse by means of a beamsplitter (BS) passiveEB (). Also, Alice can exploit the photon number correlations that exist between the two output modes of a PDC source to passively generate decoy states passive1 (). More recently, it has been shown that phase-randomized coherent pulses are also suitable for passive preparation of decoy states passive2 (); passive3 () and BB84 polarization signals curty (), though the combination of both setups in a single passive source is cumbersome. Intuitively speaking, Refs. passive2 (); passive3 (); curty () take advantage of the random phase of the different incoming pulses to passively generate states with either distinct photon number statistics but with the same polarization passive2 (); passive3 (), or with different polarizations but equal intensities curty ().
In this article, we present a complete passive transmitter for QKD that can prepare decoy-state BB84 signal states using coherent light. Our method employs sum-frequency generation (SFG) sfg1 (); kumar () together with linear optical components and classical photodetectors. SFG has already exhibited its usefulness in quantum information sfg2 () and device-independent QKD sfg3 () at the single-photon level. Here we use it in the conventional non-linear optics paradigm with strong coherent light. This fact might render our proposal particularly valuable from an experimental point of view. In the asymptotic limit of an infinite long experiment, it turns out that the secret key rate (per pulse) provided by such passive scheme is similar to the one delivered by an active decoy-state BB84 setup with infinite decoy settings.
The paper is organized as follows. In Sec. II we introduce a passive transmitter that generates decoy-state BB84 polarization signal states using coherent light. Then, in Sec. III we evaluate its performance and we obtain a lower bound on the resulting secret key rate. In Sec. IV we consider the case where Alice and Bob use phase-encoding, which is more suitable to employ in combination with optical fibers than polarization encoding. Finally, Sec. V concludes the article with a summary. The paper includes as well some Appendixes with additional calculations.
Ii Passive decoy-state BB84 transmitter
The basic setup is illustrated in Fig. 1.
Figure 1: Basic setup of a passive decoy-state BB84 QKD source with polarization encoding using phase-randomized strong coherent pulses. The mean photon number of the signal states , with , can be chosen very high; for instance, photons. BS denotes a beamsplitter, PBS represents a polarizing beamsplitter in the linear polarization basis note_last (), F is an optical filter, R denotes a polarization rotator changing linear polarization to linear polarization, represents the vacuum state, and denotes the transmittance of a BS; it satisfies .
Let us start considering, for simplicity, the interference of two pure coherent states of frequency , both prepared in linear polarization and with arbitrary phase relationship, and , at a BS. The output states in modes and are given by
(1)
Then, we have that the output states in modes and have the form
(2)
If these two states are combined with two coherent states of frequency , and , in a nonlinear medium using the SFG process, the resulting output states at frequency , after the polarization rotation , can be written as (see Appendix A)
(3)
These two beams are now re-combined at a PBS in the linear polarization basis note_last (). We obtain that the output state in mode (see Fig. 1) is a coherent state of the form
(4)
where , , , and the Fock states are given by
(5)
with denoting the vacuum state and . Finally, Alice sends the quantum state given by Eq. (4) through a BS of transmittance . Then, the output states in modes and are given by
(6)
The analysis of the case where the global phase of each input signal , with , is randomized and inaccessible to the eavesdropper is now straightforward. It can be solved by just integrating the signals and given by Eq. (6) over all angles , and . In particular, we have that the output state in this scenario (see Fig. 1) can be written as
(7)
where the intensity is given by .
The weak intensity signal in mode is suitable for QKD and Alice sends it to Bob through the quantum channel. Also, she uses the strong intensity signal available in mode to measure both its intensity and polarization. This last measurement can be realized, for example, by means of a passive BB84 detection scheme where the basis choice is performed by a BS, and on each end there is a PBS and two classical photodetectors. From the different intensities observed in each of these four photodetectors, Alice can determine both the value of the angle and the total intensity of the signal. Note that, by assumption, we have that the intensity of the input states is very high.
For simplicity, let us assume for the moment that the polarization measurement is perfect, i.e., for each incoming signal it provides Alice with a precise value for the measured angle , while the intensity measurement only tells her whether the measured intensity is below or above a certain threshold value that satisfies . That is, is between the minimal and maximal possible values of the intensity of the optical pulses in mode . The first intensity interval, , can be associated, for instance, to the generation of a decoy state in output mode (that we shall denote as ), while the second intensity interval, , corresponds to the case of preparing a signal state (). Note, however, that the analysis presented in this section can be straightforwardly adapted to cover as well the case of several intensity intervals (i.e., the generation of several decoy states). Figure 2 (case A) shows a graphical representation of the intensity in mode versus the angle , together with the threshold value and the intensity intervals and .
Figure 2: (Case A) Graphical representation of the intensity in mode (see Fig. 1) versus the angle . represents the threshold value of the classical intensity measurement, is its associated threshold angle, and and denote the resulting intensity intervals. (Case B) Graphical representation of the valid regions for the angle . These regions are marked in gray. They depend on an acceptance parameter .
The threshold angle that satisfies is given by
(8)
In this simplified scenario, the conditional quantum states that are sent to Bob can be written as
(9)
where , and the probabilities are given by
(10)
In practice, however, it is not necessary that Alice determines the value of accurately and restricts herself to only those events where she actually prepares a perfect BB84 polarization state (i.e., when the angle satisfies ) curty (). Note that the probability associated with these ideal events tends to zero. Instead, it is sufficient if the polarization measurement tells her the value of within a certain interval around the desired ideal values. This situation is illustrated in Fig. 2 (case B), where Alice selects some valid regions (marked with gray color in the figure) for the angle curty (). These regions depend on an acceptance parameter that we optimize. In particular, whenever the value of lies within any of the valid regions, Alice considers the pulse emitted by the source as a valid signal. Otherwise, the pulse is discarded afterwards during the post-processing phase of the protocol, and it does not contribute to the key rate. The probability that a pulse is accepted, , is given by
(11)
There is a trade-off on the acceptance parameter . A high acceptance probability favors , but this action also results in an increase of the quantum bit error rate (QBER) of the protocol. A low QBER favors , but then . Note that in the limit where tends to we recover the standard decoy-state BB84 protocol.
Iii Lower bound on the secret key rate
We shall consider that Alice and Bob treat decoy and signal states separately, and they distill secret key from both of them. For that, we use the security analysis presented in Ref. decoy2 (), which combines the results provided by Gottesman-Lo-Lütkenhaus-Preskill (GLLP) in Ref. sec_bb84b () (see also Ref. hkl ()) with the decoy-state method notetor (). The secret key rate formula can be written as
(12)
with . Here denotes the probability to generate a state associated to the intensity interval (i.e., and ), and
(13)
The parameter is the efficiency of the protocol ( for the standard BB84 scheme, and for its efficient version eff ()); denotes the gain, i.e., the probability that Bob obtains a click in his measurement apparatus when Alice sends him a signal ; represents the efficiency of the error correction protocol as a function of the error rate , typically with Shannon limit gb (); is the yield of an -photon signal, i.e., the conditional probability of a detection event on Bob’s side given that Alice transmits an -photon state; denotes the error rate of an -photon signal; and represents the binary Shannon entropy function.
For simulation purposes, we shall consider a simple channel model in the absence of eavesdropping decoy2 (); model2 (); it just consists of a BS whose transmittance depends on the transmission distance and the loss coefficient of the quantum channel. That is, for simplicity, we neglect any misalignment effect in the channel. Furthermore, we assume that Bob employs an active BB84 detection setup. This model allows us to calculate the observed experimental parameters and . These quantities are given in Appendix B. Our results, however, can also be straightforwardly applied to any other quantum channel or detection setup, as they depend only on the observed gain and QBER.
To evaluate the secret key rate formula given by Eq. (13) we need to estimate the yields and , together with the single-photon error rate , by solving the following set of linear equations:
(14)
For that, we shall use the procedure proposed in Refs. model2 (); passive3 (). Moreover, we will assume a random background (i.e., ). This method requires that the probabilities given by Eq. (II) satisfy certain conditions that we confirm numerically. The results are included in Appendix C. It is important to emphasize, however, that the estimation technique presented in Refs. model2 (); passive3 () only constitutes a possible example of a finite setting estimation procedure. In principle, many other estimation methods are also available for this purpose, such as linear programming tools linear (), which might result in sharper, or for the purpose of QKD, better bounds on the considered probabilities.
The resulting lower bound on the secret key rate with two intensity settings is illustrated in Fig. 3 (green line).
Figure 3: Lower bound on the secret key rate given by Eq. (12) in logarithmic scale for the passive transmitter with two intensity settings illustrated in Fig. 1 (green line). For simulation purposes, we consider the following experimental parameters: the dark count rate of Bob’s detectors is , the overall transmittance of Bob’s detection apparatus is , the loss coefficient of the channel is dB/km, , and the efficiency of the error correction protocol is . We further assume the channel model described in Refs. decoy2 (); model2 (), where we neglect any misalignment effect. Otherwise, the actual secure distance will be smaller. The inset figure shows the value for the optimized parameters (dashed line) and (solid line) in the passive setup. The optimal value for the threshold parameter turns out to be constant with the distance and equal to , i.e., the threshold angle satisfies . The black line represents a lower bound on for an active asymptotic decoy-state BB84 system with infinite decoy settings decoy2 (), while the red line shows the case of a passive transmitter with infinite intensity intervals (see Appendix D).
In our simulation we employ the following experimental parameters: the dark count rate of Bob’s detectors is , the overall transmittance of Bob’s detection apparatus is , and the loss coefficient of the channel is dB/km. We further assume that , and . With this configuration, it turns out that the optimal value of the parameter decreases with increasing distance, while the optimal value of the parameter increases with the distance. A similar behavior was also observed in the passive BB84 transmitter (without decoy states) proposed in Ref. curty (). In particular, diminishes from to , while augments from to . At long distances the gain of the protocol is very low and, therefore, it is important to keep both the multi-photon probability of the source (related with the parameter ) and the intrinsic error rate of the signals sent by Alice (related with the parameter ) also low. Figure 3 includes as well an inset plot with the optimized parameters (dashed line) and (solid line). The optimal value for the parameter turns out to be constant with the distance; it is given by , i.e., the threshold angle is equal to . This figure also shows a lower bound on the secret key rate for the cases of an active decoy-state BB84 system with infinite decoy settings (black line) decoy2 (), and a passive transmitter with infinite intensity intervals (red line). The cutoff points where the secret key rate drops down to zero are km (passive setup with two intensity settings), km (passive setup with infinite intensity settings), and km (active transmitter with infinite decoy settings). From the results shown in Fig. 3 we see that the performance of the passive transmitter presented in Sec. II, with only two intensity settings, is similar to that of an active asymptotic setup, thus showing the practical interest of the passive scheme. The relatively small difference between the achievable secret key rates in both scenarios is due to two main factors: (a) the intrinsic error rate of the signals accepted by Alice, which is zero only in the case of an active source, and (b) the probability to accept a pulse emitted by the source, which is in the passive setup and in the active scheme. For instance, we have that for most distances , which implies . This fact reduces the key rate on logarithmic scale of the passive transmitter by a factor of . The additional factor of that can be observed in Fig. 3 arises mainly from the intrinsic error rate of the signals.
Iv Phase encoding
Similar ideas to the ones presented in Sec. II can also be used in other implementations of the decoy-state BB84 protocol with a different signal encoding. For instance, in those QKD experiments based on phase encoding, which is more suitable to use with optical fibers than polarization encoding, which is particularly relevant in the context of free-space QKD qkd ().
The basic setup is illustrated in Fig. 4.
Figure 4: Basic setup of a passive decoy-state BB84 QKD source with phase encoding. The delay introduced by one arm of the interferometer is equal to half the time difference between two consecutive pulses.
Again, for simplicity, let us consider first the case where the input signals , with , are pure coherent states with arbitrary phase relationship: and (of frequency ), and and (of frequency ). Let denote the time difference between two consecutive pulses generated by the sources. Then, from Sec. II we have that the signals in modes and at time instances and can be written as
(15)
where . Similarly, we find that the quantum states in modes and are given by, respectively,
(16)
The case of phase-randomized strong coherent pulses is completely analogous to that of Sec. II and we omit it here for simplicity; it results in an uniform distribution for the angles , , and for both pairs of pulses given by Eq. (IV). The strong signals in mode are used to measure both their phases, relative to some local reference phase, and their intensities by means of an intensity and phase measurement, while Alice sends the weak signals in mode to Bob. Again, just like in the passive source with polarization encoding shown in Fig. 1, Alice can now select some valid regions for the measured phases and also distinguish between different intensity settings. Then, we have that the analysis and results presented in Sec. III also apply straightforwardly to this scenario.
V Conclusion
In this paper, we have introduced a complete passive transmitter for QKD that can prepare decoy-state Bennett-Brassard 1984 signal states using coherent light. Our method employs sum-frequency generation together with linear optical components and classical photodetectors, and constitutes an alternative to those active sources that are typically used in current experimental realizations of QKD. In the asymptotic limit of an infinite long experiment, we have proven that such passive scheme can provide a secret key rate (per pulse) similar to the one delivered by an active decoy-state BB84 setup with infinite decoy settings, thus showing the practical interest of the passive scheme.
The main focus of this paper has been polarization-based realizations of the BB84 protocol, which are particularly relevant for free-space QKD. However, we have also shown that similar ideas can as well be applied to other practical scenarios with different signal encodings, like, for instance, those QKD experiments based on phase encoding, which are more suitable for use in combination with optical fibers.
Vi Acknowledgments
We thank F. Steinlechner for helpful discussions. M.C. thanks the University of Toronto for hospitality and support during his stay in this institution. This work was supported by Xunta de Galicia, Spain (grant No. INCITE08PXIB322257PR), by ERDF funds under the project Consolidation of Research Units 2008/075, and by the Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia, Spain (grants TEC2010-14832, FIS2007-60179, FIS2008-01051 and Consolider Ingenio CSD2006-00019).
Appendix A Sum-frequency generation
For completeness, in this Appendix we include the calculations to derive Eq. (3) in Sec. II. Our starting point are the input states to one of the two SFG processes used in the passive transmitter illustrated in Fig. 1: and . Such process is described by the Hamiltonian , where represents the creation operator for the light wave at frequency kumar (). The parameter is a coupling constant that is proportional to the second-order susceptibility of the nonlinear material, and H.c. denotes a Hermitian conjugate. When the pump mode at frequency is kept strong and undepleted, then this mode can be typically treated classically as a complex number. With this assumption, we have that the effective Hamiltonian above can now be written as . Using the Heisenberg equation of motion, it is straightforward to obtain the following coupled-mode equations:
(17)
which can be solved in terms of initial values at to yield
(18)
At the point of complete conversion, , we obtain
(19)
That is, at time we find that the resulting output state at frequency from the SFG process is given by
(20)
Appendix B Gain and QBER
In this Appendix, we obtain a mathematical expression for the observed gains and error rates , with , for the passive QKD transmitter with two intensity settings introduced in Sec. II. For that, we employ the typical channel model in the absence of eavesdropping decoy2 (); model2 (); it just consists of a BS of transmittance , where denotes the loss coefficient of the channel measured in dB/km and is the transmission distance. Moreover, for simplicity, we consider that Bob employs an active BB84 detection setup with two threshold detectors.
The action of Bob’s measurement device can be described by two positive operator value measures (POVMs), one for each of the two BB84 polarization bases , with denoting a linear polarization basis and a circular polarization basis. Each POVM contains four elements: , , , and . The first one corresponds to the case of no click in the detectors, the following two POVM operators give precisely one detection click, and the last one, , gives rise to both detectors being triggered. These operators can be written as curty ()
(21)
Here we assume that the background rate is, to a good approximation, independent of the signal detection. Moreover, for easiness of notation, we consider only a background contribution coming from the dark count rate of Bob’s detectors and we neglect other background contributions like, for instance, stray light arising from timing pulses which are not completely filtered out in reception. The operators , , , and have the form
(22)
with . The signals () represent the state which has photons in the horizontal (circular left) polarization mode and photons in the vertical (circular right) polarization mode. The parameter denotes the overall transmittance of the system. This quantity can be written as , where is the overall transmittance of Bob’s detection apparatus, i.e., it includes the transmittance of any optical component within Bob’s measurement device together with the efficiency of his detectors.
In the scenario considered, it turns out that the gains are independent of the actual polarization of the signals given by Eq. (9) and the basis used to measure them. We obtain
(23)
where , , , and .
When , which is the value that maximizes the secret key rate formula given by Eq. (12), we have that the gains can be written as
(24)
where , and
(25)
Here represents the modified Bessel function of the first kind, and denotes the modified Struve function. These functions are defined as Bessel ()
(26)
The error rates depend on the value of the angle . By symmetry, we can restrict ourselves to evaluate the QBER in only one of the valid regions for . Note that is the same in all of them. For instance, let us consider the case where (which corresponds to the horizontal polarization interval), and let denote the error rate of a signal in that region. This quantity can be written as
(27)
Here we have considered the typical initial post-processing step in the BB84 protocol, where double-click events are not discarded by Bob, but are randomly assigned to single-click events. Equation (27) can be further simplified as
(28)
where . After a short calculation, we obtain
(29)
When , these expressions can be simplified as
(30)
where the parameters and have the form
(31)
The quantum bit error rates are then given by
(32)
Combining Eqs. (28)-(30-32), we find that
and
(34)
and we solve these equations numerically.
Appendix C Estimation procedure
The secret key rate formula given by Eq. (13) can be lower bounded by
(35)
where denotes an upper bound on the single-photon error rate . Hence, for our purposes, it is enough to obtain a lower bound on the quantities for all , together with . For that, we can directly use the results obtained in Ref. passive3 (), which we include in this Appendix for completeness. The probabilities given by Eq. (II) need to satisfy certain conditions that we confirm numerically. In particular, we have that
(36)
where denotes an upper bound on the background rate given by
(37)
with . The single-photon error rate can be upper bounded as
(38)
where and represent, respectively, a lower bound on the yield and the background rate . These quantities are given by
(39)
and
(40)
To evaluate these expressions we need the statistics for . Using Eq. (II), and assuming again , we obtain
(41)
and
(42)
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Biology Articles » Geobiology » Africa and the global carbon cycle » Africa in the Balance
Africa in the Balance
- Africa and the global carbon cycle
Africa is second only to Eurasia in continental surface area. It has large areas of moist tropical forest, seasonal and semi-arid woodland, savanna, grassland and desert, as well as smaller regions of Mediterranean and montane vegetation in extra-tropical and high elevation areas (Figure 1).
Initial estimates [21] of carbon stocks and the various flux pathways (Table 1, Figure 2) suggest that the continent plays a significant role in atmospheric CO2 dynamics at time scales ranging from sub-seasonal to decadal and longer. The balance of terms in Figure 2 should not be interpreted as identifying a large net biotic source for the continent but rather that independent studies which estimate the magnitude of fluxes associated with individual pathways can not be used in a budget calculation without careful consideration of the processes represented in each estimate and the associated uncertainties. For example, biomass burning emissions are not modeled explicitly in many biogeochemical or biophysical models and may thus be effectively lumped into heterotrophic respiration.
Patterns of soil and vegetation carbon stocks and net primary production (NPP) are highly correlated with annual rainfall (Figure 1). Africa's fraction of global annual NPP is estimated to be similar to the fractional terrestrial area of the continent (Table 1 and Figure 1); the large unproductive arid regions are compensated by high productivity in forests and woodlands. Carbon stocks and NPP per unit land area center on the equator and decline to the north and south toward increasingly arid environments. However, greater land area in Africa's northern hemisphere cause latitudinally summed C stocks and NPP to peak north of the equator (Figure 1).
African fossil fuel emissions are a tiny fraction of global totals, even when normalized by land area or human population (Table 1), while renewable energy sources (wood, charcoal) are a substantial component of domestic emissions. With low fossil emissions, Africa's current continental scale carbon fluxes are dominated by biogenic uptake and release from terrestrial ecosystems as well as pyrogenic emissions in savanna and forest fires. As is generally true globally, the continent's large carbon uptake from photosynthesis is offset by an equivalently large respiration flux, leading to near-zero net biotic flux at multi-year or longer timescales. In spite of these broad patterns, estimates can differ widely between studies (Table 1) and temporal variability is large.
Bottom-up simulation models [22-24] indicate large interannual variation in Africa's net ecosystem carbon exchange (NEE), with an interannual variability (expressed as the standard deviation of annual NPP) that is approximately 50% of the variability estimated for the global land mass (Figure 3), primarily induced by climate fluctuations [24]. Particularly large between-year coefficients of variation in NPP are found for Africa's woodlands, savannas, and grasslands, according to one model incorporating satellite measurements of vegetation activity [25,26].
Africa plays a global role in C emissions through land use and fire (Table 1), though lack of information from the limited number of studies on the continent [e.g. [27-31]] restricts confidence in their magnitudes. Deforestation is the largest term in current assessments of tropical land use emissions [32], with Africa contributing 25% to 35% of total tropical land clearing from deforestation, and as much as 0.37 Pg C y-1, in the last decades [32,33]. Carbon losses through deforestation tend to be 'permanent' in Africa, as afforestation and reforestation rates are modest, at less than 5% of annual deforestation [32]. The associated net release of carbon from land use in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated to be 0.4 Pg C y-1, or 20% of the tropical total, nearly all attributed to deforestation [32]. Annual net C emissions from conversion to agriculture and cultivation practices alone are estimated [24] to be about 0.8 Pg C y-1 for tropical land masses, but only 0.1 Pg C y-1 from Africa [24,31], where shifting cultivation is prevalent [31].
Lack of information prohibits even the best land use change C emissions assessments from including all of the terms anticipated to be important for Africa. Pastoralism, shifting cultivation, and domestic wood harvest are widespread across the continent, but are often assumed to be inconsequential or are not considered [e.g. [32]], such that land use and land use change emissions from Africa are likely to be underestimated. Recent work [31] explicitly simulates aspects of these practices, though still focuses exclusively on forest and cropland conversions, missing land use change C emissions in Africa's vast savannas and grasslands which are home to much of the continent's livestock and the center of Africa's cereal and grain production. Furthermore, net C fluxes associated with changes in land use practices but not involving land conversion, such as management of tillage, slash, crop residues, and crop rotation, are refinements currently missing from continental scale land use change assessments. Finally, much of Africa, particularly in the semi-arid regions, is vulnerable to degradation, that may be the result of periodic drought or caused by agricultural and pastoral activities, releasing presumably large but unknown amounts of CO2 from cleared and dead vegetation [34] as well as possibly triggering strong biophysical feedbacks to the climate system [35] that may accelerate warming and prolong droughts [36-38].
Fire and land use emissions of carbon are entwined, especially in the humid and subhumid forest areas where fire is a primary tool for land transformation. Fire emissions associated with deforestation, shifting cultivation, burning of agricultural residues, and fuelwood may be as large as 2 Pg C y-1 globally and 0.4 Pg C y-1 for Africa, each of similar magnitude to estimates of total land use-related C emissions from those regions (Table 1). Consequently, estimates of land use change and deforestation C emissions already include, at least in theory, the associated fire emissions. New methods to estimate fire emissions using satellite sensors and atmospheric carbon monoxide measurements [39,40] will improve our ability to diagnose C emissions in fires.
Fire is also a common dry season occurrence in the seasonal savannas that encircle the humid forest zone. Carbon emissions in savanna fires represent a much shorter-term C loss than forest fires, since the main fuel is dead herbaceous vegetation, representing just one or two years of growth [27,41]. Thus savanna fires may only lead to faster cycling of biomass carbon rather than a net emission. Even if carbon emissions from savanna fires are roughly balanced over the long-term by growth in subsequent years, fires provide intense and localized injections of carbon into the atmosphere potentially shifting the seasonal or interannual distribution of CO2 releases [27,41]. Given the large magnitude of these fluxes in Africa, even fairly small (e.g. 20%) variation in year to year total fluxes could translate into annual variation in pyrogenic fluxes of 300 Tg of C or more. Correspondingly, recent results suggest that biomass burning is the largest source of interannual variability in land-atmosphere carbon fluxes [42].
Unlike respiration, fires return carbon to the atmosphere as a wide range of compounds, some of which are chemically or radiatively active (e.g. methane, carbon monoxide and aerosols), or are precursors to radiatively active gases (e.g. ozone precursors). Methane and other hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and black carbon releases in Africa are almost entirely of pyrogenic origin, and are thus included in the biomass burning term (Table 1) [27,28,41]. Methane consumption in upland soils is small, and available estimates of methane release from African wetlands suggest that they are globally insignificant [43]. However, given that there is no reliable map of wetland extent in Africa, and virtually no direct emission estimates, the true size of this flux is unknown. Recent work suggests the possibility of a large methane source of unknown magnitude from living plants [44,45]. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) such as isoprene and monoterpenes have been studied in some detail in southern and central Africa and are estimated to return as much as 0.08 Pg C y-1 to the atmosphere [46]. At the scale of the continent, industrial emissions of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons from Africa are small, but can be locally very significant in the industrial areas of South Africa, the oilfields of the Gulf of Guinea, Angola, and Libya, and around major cities elsewhere in Africa.
The export of dissolved organic and inorganic carbon (DOC and DIC) in river water discharged to oceans is, by and large, offset by DOC and DIC delivered in precipitation (Table 1). Africa is also a minor net global source of biomass carbon through international exchange, mainly from export of wood products [47].
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SQL efficient bulk insert/upsert landed in Rails codebase
[https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35077](https://github.com/rails/rails/pull/35077) was finally merged. You can find more details in my [blog post](https://medium.com/@retrorubies/upcoming-rails-6-bulk-insert-upsert-feature-2d642419557d).
Now you can do (with PostgreSQL adapter):
```ruby
now = Time.now
bulk_data = 1000.times.map {|t| {slug: "slug-#{t}", post: "text #{t}", created_at: now, updated_at: now}}
Post.insert_all!(bulk_data)
```
Boom, done in 1 query (locally under 0.4s).
You can even upsert if you have unique index on slug column:
```ruby
now = Time.now
bulk_data = 1000.times.map {|t| {slug: "slug-#{t}", post: "text #{t}", created_at: now, updated_at: now}}
Post.upsert_all(bulk_data, unique_by: { columns: [:slug]})
```
Exit mobile version
|
__label__pos
| 0.851 |
Compounding effects of climate change reduce population viability of a montane amphibian
Ecological Applications
By: , and
Links
Abstract
Anthropogenic climate change presents challenges and opportunities to the growth, reproduction, and survival of individuals throughout their life cycles. Demographic compensation among life‐history stages has the potential to buffer populations from decline, but alternatively, compounding negative effects can lead to accelerated population decline and extinction. In montane ecosystems of the U.S. Pacific Northwest, increasing temperatures are resulting in a transition from snow‐dominated to rain‐dominated precipitation events, reducing snowpack. For ectotherms such as amphibians, warmer winters can reduce the frequency of critical minimum temperatures and increase the length of summer growing seasons, benefiting post‐metamorphic stages, but may also increase metabolic costs during winter months, which could decrease survival. Lower snowpack levels also result in wetlands that dry sooner or more frequently in the summer, increasing larval desiccation risk. To evaluate how these challenges and opportunities compound within a species’ life history, we collected demographic data on Cascades frog (Rana cascadae) in Olympic National Park in Washington state to parameterize stage‐based stochastic matrix population models under current and future (A1B, 2040s, and 2080s) environmental conditions. We estimated the proportion of reproductive effort lost each year due to drying using watershed‐specific hydrologic models, and coupled this with an analysis that relates 15 yr of R. cascadae abundance data with a suite of climate variables. We estimated the current population growth (λs) to be 0.97 (95% CI 0.84–1.13), but predict that λs will decline under continued climate warming, resulting in a 62% chance of extinction by the 2080s because of compounding negative effects on early and late life history stages. By the 2080s, our models predict that larval mortality will increase by 17% as a result of increased pond drying, and adult survival will decrease by 7% as winter length and summer precipitation continue to decrease. We find that reduced larval survival drives initial declines in the 2040s, but further declines in the 2080s are compounded by decreases in adult survival. Our results demonstrate the need to understand the potential for compounding or compensatory effects within different life history stages to exacerbate or buffer the effects of climate change on population growth rates through time.
Additional publication details
Publication type Article
Publication Subtype Journal Article
Title Compounding effects of climate change reduce population viability of a montane amphibian
Series title Ecological Applications
DOI 10.1002/eap.1832
Edition Online First
Year Published 2019
Language English
Publisher Ecological Society of America
Contributing office(s) Forest and Rangeland Ecosystem Science Center
|
__label__pos
| 0.998017 |
1/*
2 +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
3 | PHP Version 7 |
4 +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
5 | Copyright (c) 1997-2014 The PHP Group |
6 +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
7 | This source file is subject to version 3.01 of the PHP license, |
8 | that is bundled with this package in the file LICENSE, and is |
9 | available through the world-wide-web at the following url: |
10 | http://www.php.net/license/3_01.txt |
11 | If you did not receive a copy of the PHP license and are unable to |
12 | obtain it through the world-wide-web, please send a note to |
13 | [email protected] so we can mail you a copy immediately. |
14 +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
15 | Author: Wez Furlong ([email protected]) |
16 +----------------------------------------------------------------------+
17 */
18
19/* $Id$ */
20
21#ifndef PHP_STREAMS_H
22#define PHP_STREAMS_H
23
24#ifdef HAVE_SYS_TIME_H
25#include <sys/time.h>
26#endif
27#include <sys/types.h>
28#include <sys/stat.h>
29#include "zend.h"
30#include "zend_stream.h"
31
32BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
33PHPAPI int php_file_le_stream(void);
34PHPAPI int php_file_le_pstream(void);
35PHPAPI int php_file_le_stream_filter(void);
36END_EXTERN_C()
37
38/* {{{ Streams memory debugging stuff */
39
40#if ZEND_DEBUG
41/* these have more of a dependency on the definitions of the zend macros than
42 * I would prefer, but doing it this way saves loads of idefs :-/ */
43# define STREAMS_D int __php_stream_call_depth ZEND_FILE_LINE_DC ZEND_FILE_LINE_ORIG_DC
44# define STREAMS_C 0 ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC ZEND_FILE_LINE_EMPTY_CC
45# define STREAMS_REL_C __php_stream_call_depth + 1 ZEND_FILE_LINE_CC, \
46 __php_stream_call_depth ? __zend_orig_filename : __zend_filename, \
47 __php_stream_call_depth ? __zend_orig_lineno : __zend_lineno
48
49# define STREAMS_DC , STREAMS_D
50# define STREAMS_CC , STREAMS_C
51# define STREAMS_REL_CC , STREAMS_REL_C
52
53#else
54# define STREAMS_D
55# define STREAMS_C
56# define STREAMS_REL_C
57# define STREAMS_DC
58# define STREAMS_CC
59# define STREAMS_REL_CC
60#endif
61
62/* these functions relay the file/line number information. They are depth aware, so they will pass
63 * the ultimate ancestor, which is useful, because there can be several layers of calls */
64#define php_stream_alloc_rel(ops, thisptr, persistent, mode) _php_stream_alloc((ops), (thisptr), (persistent), (mode) STREAMS_REL_CC)
65
66#define php_stream_copy_to_mem_rel(src, maxlen, persistent) _php_stream_copy_to_mem((src), (buf), (maxlen), (persistent) STREAMS_REL_CC)
67
68#define php_stream_fopen_rel(filename, mode, opened, options) _php_stream_fopen((filename), (mode), (opened), (options) STREAMS_REL_CC)
69
70#define php_stream_fopen_with_path_rel(filename, mode, path, opened, options) _php_stream_fopen_with_path((filename), (mode), (path), (opened), (options) STREAMS_REL_CC)
71
72#define php_stream_fopen_from_fd_rel(fd, mode, persistent_id) _php_stream_fopen_from_fd((fd), (mode), (persistent_id) STREAMS_REL_CC)
73#define php_stream_fopen_from_file_rel(file, mode) _php_stream_fopen_from_file((file), (mode) STREAMS_REL_CC)
74
75#define php_stream_fopen_from_pipe_rel(file, mode) _php_stream_fopen_from_pipe((file), (mode) STREAMS_REL_CC)
76
77#define php_stream_fopen_tmpfile_rel() _php_stream_fopen_tmpfile(0 STREAMS_REL_CC)
78
79#define php_stream_fopen_temporary_file_rel(dir, pfx, opened_path) _php_stream_fopen_temporary_file((dir), (pfx), (opened_path) STREAMS_REL_CC)
80
81#define php_stream_open_wrapper_rel(path, mode, options, opened) _php_stream_open_wrapper_ex((path), (mode), (options), (opened), NULL STREAMS_REL_CC)
82#define php_stream_open_wrapper_ex_rel(path, mode, options, opened, context) _php_stream_open_wrapper_ex((path), (mode), (options), (opened), (context) STREAMS_REL_CC)
83
84#define php_stream_make_seekable_rel(origstream, newstream, flags) _php_stream_make_seekable((origstream), (newstream), (flags) STREAMS_REL_CC)
85
86/* }}} */
87
88/* The contents of the php_stream_ops and php_stream should only be accessed
89 * using the functions/macros in this header.
90 * If you need to get at something that doesn't have an API,
91 * drop me a line <[email protected]> and we can sort out a way to do
92 * it properly.
93 *
94 * The only exceptions to this rule are that stream implementations can use
95 * the php_stream->abstract pointer to hold their context, and streams
96 * opened via stream_open_wrappers can use the zval ptr in
97 * php_stream->wrapperdata to hold meta data for php scripts to
98 * retrieve using file_get_wrapper_data(). */
99
100typedef struct _php_stream php_stream;
101typedef struct _php_stream_wrapper php_stream_wrapper;
102typedef struct _php_stream_context php_stream_context;
103typedef struct _php_stream_filter php_stream_filter;
104
105#include "streams/php_stream_context.h"
106#include "streams/php_stream_filter_api.h"
107
108typedef struct _php_stream_statbuf {
109 zend_stat_t sb; /* regular info */
110 /* extended info to go here some day: content-type etc. etc. */
111} php_stream_statbuf;
112
113typedef struct _php_stream_dirent {
114 char d_name[MAXPATHLEN];
115} php_stream_dirent;
116
117/* operations on streams that are file-handles */
118typedef struct _php_stream_ops {
119 /* stdio like functions - these are mandatory! */
120 size_t (*write)(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count);
121 size_t (*read)(php_stream *stream, char *buf, size_t count);
122 int (*close)(php_stream *stream, int close_handle);
123 int (*flush)(php_stream *stream);
124
125 const char *label; /* label for this ops structure */
126
127 /* these are optional */
128 int (*seek)(php_stream *stream, zend_off_t offset, int whence, zend_off_t *newoffset);
129 int (*cast)(php_stream *stream, int castas, void **ret);
130 int (*stat)(php_stream *stream, php_stream_statbuf *ssb);
131 int (*set_option)(php_stream *stream, int option, int value, void *ptrparam);
132} php_stream_ops;
133
134typedef struct _php_stream_wrapper_ops {
135 /* open/create a wrapped stream */
136 php_stream *(*stream_opener)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *filename, const char *mode,
137 int options, char **opened_path, php_stream_context *context STREAMS_DC);
138 /* close/destroy a wrapped stream */
139 int (*stream_closer)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, php_stream *stream);
140 /* stat a wrapped stream */
141 int (*stream_stat)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, php_stream *stream, php_stream_statbuf *ssb);
142 /* stat a URL */
143 int (*url_stat)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url, int flags, php_stream_statbuf *ssb, php_stream_context *context);
144 /* open a "directory" stream */
145 php_stream *(*dir_opener)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *filename, const char *mode,
146 int options, char **opened_path, php_stream_context *context STREAMS_DC);
147
148 const char *label;
149
150 /* delete a file */
151 int (*unlink)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url, int options, php_stream_context *context);
152
153 /* rename a file */
154 int (*rename)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url_from, const char *url_to, int options, php_stream_context *context);
155
156 /* Create/Remove directory */
157 int (*stream_mkdir)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url, int mode, int options, php_stream_context *context);
158 int (*stream_rmdir)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url, int options, php_stream_context *context);
159 /* Metadata handling */
160 int (*stream_metadata)(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, const char *url, int options, void *value, php_stream_context *context);
161} php_stream_wrapper_ops;
162
163struct _php_stream_wrapper {
164 php_stream_wrapper_ops *wops; /* operations the wrapper can perform */
165 void *abstract; /* context for the wrapper */
166 int is_url; /* so that PG(allow_url_fopen) can be respected */
167};
168
169#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_NO_SEEK 1
170#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_NO_BUFFER 2
171
172#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_EOL_UNIX 0 /* also includes DOS */
173#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_DETECT_EOL 4
174#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_EOL_MAC 8
175
176/* set this when the stream might represent "interactive" data.
177 * When set, the read buffer will avoid certain operations that
178 * might otherwise cause the read to block for much longer than
179 * is strictly required. */
180#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_AVOID_BLOCKING 16
181
182#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_NO_CLOSE 32
183
184#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_IS_DIR 64
185
186#define PHP_STREAM_FLAG_NO_FCLOSE 128
187
188struct _php_stream {
189 php_stream_ops *ops;
190 void *abstract; /* convenience pointer for abstraction */
191
192 php_stream_filter_chain readfilters, writefilters;
193
194 php_stream_wrapper *wrapper; /* which wrapper was used to open the stream */
195 void *wrapperthis; /* convenience pointer for a instance of a wrapper */
196 zval wrapperdata; /* fgetwrapperdata retrieves this */
197
198 int fgetss_state; /* for fgetss to handle multiline tags */
199 int is_persistent;
200 char mode[16]; /* "rwb" etc. ala stdio */
201 zend_resource *res; /* used for auto-cleanup */
202 int in_free; /* to prevent recursion during free */
203 /* so we know how to clean it up correctly. This should be set to
204 * PHP_STREAM_FCLOSE_XXX as appropriate */
205 int fclose_stdiocast;
206 FILE *stdiocast; /* cache this, otherwise we might leak! */
207 int __exposed; /* non-zero if exposed as a zval somewhere */
208 char *orig_path;
209
210 zend_resource *ctx;
211 int flags; /* PHP_STREAM_FLAG_XXX */
212
213 int eof;
214
215 /* buffer */
216 zend_off_t position; /* of underlying stream */
217 unsigned char *readbuf;
218 size_t readbuflen;
219 zend_off_t readpos;
220 zend_off_t writepos;
221
222 /* how much data to read when filling buffer */
223 size_t chunk_size;
224
225#if ZEND_DEBUG
226 const char *open_filename;
227 uint open_lineno;
228#endif
229
230 struct _php_stream *enclosing_stream; /* this is a private stream owned by enclosing_stream */
231}; /* php_stream */
232
233#define PHP_STREAM_CONTEXT(stream) \
234 ((php_stream_context*) ((stream)->ctx ? ((stream)->ctx->ptr) : NULL))
235
236/* state definitions when closing down; these are private to streams.c */
237#define PHP_STREAM_FCLOSE_NONE 0
238#define PHP_STREAM_FCLOSE_FDOPEN 1
239#define PHP_STREAM_FCLOSE_FOPENCOOKIE 2
240
241/* allocate a new stream for a particular ops */
242BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
243PHPAPI php_stream *_php_stream_alloc(php_stream_ops *ops, void *abstract,
244 const char *persistent_id, const char *mode STREAMS_DC);
245END_EXTERN_C()
246#define php_stream_alloc(ops, thisptr, persistent_id, mode) _php_stream_alloc((ops), (thisptr), (persistent_id), (mode) STREAMS_CC)
247
248#define php_stream_get_resource_id(stream) ((php_stream *)(stream))->res->handle
249/* use this to tell the stream that it is OK if we don't explicitly close it */
250#define php_stream_auto_cleanup(stream) { (stream)->__exposed++; }
251/* use this to assign the stream to a zval and tell the stream that is
252 * has been exported to the engine; it will expect to be closed automatically
253 * when the resources are auto-destructed */
254#define php_stream_to_zval(stream, zval) { ZVAL_RES(zval, (stream)->res); (stream)->__exposed++; }
255
256#define php_stream_from_zval(xstr, pzval) ZEND_FETCH_RESOURCE2((xstr), php_stream *, (pzval), -1, "stream", php_file_le_stream(), php_file_le_pstream())
257#define php_stream_from_zval_no_verify(xstr, pzval) (xstr) = (php_stream*)zend_fetch_resource((pzval), -1, "stream", NULL, 2, php_file_le_stream(), php_file_le_pstream())
258
259BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
260PHPAPI php_stream *php_stream_encloses(php_stream *enclosing, php_stream *enclosed);
261#define php_stream_free_enclosed(stream_enclosed, close_options) _php_stream_free_enclosed((stream_enclosed), (close_options))
262PHPAPI int _php_stream_free_enclosed(php_stream *stream_enclosed, int close_options);
263
264PHPAPI int php_stream_from_persistent_id(const char *persistent_id, php_stream **stream);
265#define PHP_STREAM_PERSISTENT_SUCCESS 0 /* id exists */
266#define PHP_STREAM_PERSISTENT_FAILURE 1 /* id exists but is not a stream! */
267#define PHP_STREAM_PERSISTENT_NOT_EXIST 2 /* id does not exist */
268
269#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_CALL_DTOR 1 /* call ops->close */
270#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_RELEASE_STREAM 2 /* pefree(stream) */
271#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_PRESERVE_HANDLE 4 /* tell ops->close to not close it's underlying handle */
272#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_RSRC_DTOR 8 /* called from the resource list dtor */
273#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_PERSISTENT 16 /* manually freeing a persistent connection */
274#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_IGNORE_ENCLOSING 32 /* don't close the enclosing stream instead */
275#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE (PHP_STREAM_FREE_CALL_DTOR | PHP_STREAM_FREE_RELEASE_STREAM)
276#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE_CASTED (PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE | PHP_STREAM_FREE_PRESERVE_HANDLE)
277#define PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE_PERSISTENT (PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE | PHP_STREAM_FREE_PERSISTENT)
278
279PHPAPI int _php_stream_free(php_stream *stream, int close_options);
280#define php_stream_free(stream, close_options) _php_stream_free((stream), (close_options))
281#define php_stream_close(stream) _php_stream_free((stream), PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE)
282#define php_stream_pclose(stream) _php_stream_free((stream), PHP_STREAM_FREE_CLOSE_PERSISTENT)
283
284PHPAPI int _php_stream_seek(php_stream *stream, zend_off_t offset, int whence);
285#define php_stream_rewind(stream) _php_stream_seek((stream), 0L, SEEK_SET)
286#define php_stream_seek(stream, offset, whence) _php_stream_seek((stream), (offset), (whence))
287
288PHPAPI zend_off_t _php_stream_tell(php_stream *stream);
289#define php_stream_tell(stream) _php_stream_tell((stream))
290
291PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_read(php_stream *stream, char *buf, size_t count);
292#define php_stream_read(stream, buf, count) _php_stream_read((stream), (buf), (count))
293
294PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_write(php_stream *stream, const char *buf, size_t count);
295#define php_stream_write_string(stream, str) _php_stream_write(stream, str, strlen(str))
296#define php_stream_write(stream, buf, count) _php_stream_write(stream, (buf), (count))
297
298#ifdef ZTS
299PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_printf(php_stream *stream, const char *fmt, ...) PHP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(printf, 3, 4);
300#else
301PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_printf(php_stream *stream, const char *fmt, ...) PHP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(printf, 2, 3);
302#endif
303
304/* php_stream_printf macro & function require */
305#define php_stream_printf _php_stream_printf
306
307PHPAPI int _php_stream_eof(php_stream *stream);
308#define php_stream_eof(stream) _php_stream_eof((stream))
309
310PHPAPI int _php_stream_getc(php_stream *stream);
311#define php_stream_getc(stream) _php_stream_getc((stream))
312
313PHPAPI int _php_stream_putc(php_stream *stream, int c);
314#define php_stream_putc(stream, c) _php_stream_putc((stream), (c))
315
316PHPAPI int _php_stream_flush(php_stream *stream, int closing);
317#define php_stream_flush(stream) _php_stream_flush((stream), 0)
318
319PHPAPI char *_php_stream_get_line(php_stream *stream, char *buf, size_t maxlen, size_t *returned_len);
320#define php_stream_gets(stream, buf, maxlen) _php_stream_get_line((stream), (buf), (maxlen), NULL)
321
322#define php_stream_get_line(stream, buf, maxlen, retlen) _php_stream_get_line((stream), (buf), (maxlen), (retlen))
323PHPAPI zend_string *php_stream_get_record(php_stream *stream, size_t maxlen, const char *delim, size_t delim_len);
324
325/* CAREFUL! this is equivalent to puts NOT fputs! */
326PHPAPI int _php_stream_puts(php_stream *stream, const char *buf);
327#define php_stream_puts(stream, buf) _php_stream_puts((stream), (buf))
328
329PHPAPI int _php_stream_stat(php_stream *stream, php_stream_statbuf *ssb);
330#define php_stream_stat(stream, ssb) _php_stream_stat((stream), (ssb))
331
332PHPAPI int _php_stream_stat_path(const char *path, int flags, php_stream_statbuf *ssb, php_stream_context *context);
333#define php_stream_stat_path(path, ssb) _php_stream_stat_path((path), 0, (ssb), NULL)
334#define php_stream_stat_path_ex(path, flags, ssb, context) _php_stream_stat_path((path), (flags), (ssb), (context))
335
336PHPAPI int _php_stream_mkdir(const char *path, int mode, int options, php_stream_context *context);
337#define php_stream_mkdir(path, mode, options, context) _php_stream_mkdir(path, mode, options, context)
338
339PHPAPI int _php_stream_rmdir(const char *path, int options, php_stream_context *context);
340#define php_stream_rmdir(path, options, context) _php_stream_rmdir(path, options, context)
341
342PHPAPI php_stream *_php_stream_opendir(const char *path, int options, php_stream_context *context STREAMS_DC);
343#define php_stream_opendir(path, options, context) _php_stream_opendir((path), (options), (context) STREAMS_CC)
344PHPAPI php_stream_dirent *_php_stream_readdir(php_stream *dirstream, php_stream_dirent *ent);
345#define php_stream_readdir(dirstream, dirent) _php_stream_readdir((dirstream), (dirent))
346#define php_stream_closedir(dirstream) php_stream_close((dirstream))
347#define php_stream_rewinddir(dirstream) php_stream_rewind((dirstream))
348
349PHPAPI int php_stream_dirent_alphasort(const zend_string **a, const zend_string **b);
350PHPAPI int php_stream_dirent_alphasortr(const zend_string **a, const zend_string **b);
351
352PHPAPI int _php_stream_scandir(const char *dirname, zend_string **namelist[], int flags, php_stream_context *context,
353 int (*compare) (const zend_string **a, const zend_string **b));
354#define php_stream_scandir(dirname, namelist, context, compare) _php_stream_scandir((dirname), (namelist), 0, (context), (compare))
355
356PHPAPI int _php_stream_set_option(php_stream *stream, int option, int value, void *ptrparam);
357#define php_stream_set_option(stream, option, value, ptrvalue) _php_stream_set_option((stream), (option), (value), (ptrvalue))
358
359#define php_stream_set_chunk_size(stream, size) _php_stream_set_option((stream), PHP_STREAM_OPTION_SET_CHUNK_SIZE, (size), NULL)
360
361END_EXTERN_C()
362
363
364/* Flags for mkdir method in wrapper ops */
365#define PHP_STREAM_MKDIR_RECURSIVE 1
366/* define REPORT ERRORS 8 (below) */
367
368/* Flags for rmdir method in wrapper ops */
369/* define REPORT_ERRORS 8 (below) */
370
371/* Flags for url_stat method in wrapper ops */
372#define PHP_STREAM_URL_STAT_LINK 1
373#define PHP_STREAM_URL_STAT_QUIET 2
374#define PHP_STREAM_URL_STAT_NOCACHE 4
375
376/* change the blocking mode of stream: value == 1 => blocking, value == 0 => non-blocking. */
377#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_BLOCKING 1
378
379/* change the buffering mode of stream. value is a PHP_STREAM_BUFFER_XXXX value, ptrparam is a ptr to a size_t holding
380 * the required buffer size */
381#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_READ_BUFFER 2
382#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_WRITE_BUFFER 3
383
384#define PHP_STREAM_BUFFER_NONE 0 /* unbuffered */
385#define PHP_STREAM_BUFFER_LINE 1 /* line buffered */
386#define PHP_STREAM_BUFFER_FULL 2 /* fully buffered */
387
388/* set the timeout duration for reads on the stream. ptrparam is a pointer to a struct timeval * */
389#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_READ_TIMEOUT 4
390#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_SET_CHUNK_SIZE 5
391
392/* set or release lock on a stream */
393#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_LOCKING 6
394
395/* whether or not locking is supported */
396#define PHP_STREAM_LOCK_SUPPORTED 1
397
398#define php_stream_supports_lock(stream) _php_stream_set_option((stream), PHP_STREAM_OPTION_LOCKING, 0, (void *) PHP_STREAM_LOCK_SUPPORTED) == 0 ? 1 : 0
399#define php_stream_lock(stream, mode) _php_stream_set_option((stream), PHP_STREAM_OPTION_LOCKING, (mode), (void *) NULL)
400
401/* option code used by the php_stream_xport_XXX api */
402#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_XPORT_API 7 /* see php_stream_transport.h */
403#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_CRYPTO_API 8 /* see php_stream_transport.h */
404#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_MMAP_API 9 /* see php_stream_mmap.h */
405#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_TRUNCATE_API 10
406
407#define PHP_STREAM_TRUNCATE_SUPPORTED 0
408#define PHP_STREAM_TRUNCATE_SET_SIZE 1 /* ptrparam is a pointer to a size_t */
409
410#define php_stream_truncate_supported(stream) (_php_stream_set_option((stream), PHP_STREAM_OPTION_TRUNCATE_API, PHP_STREAM_TRUNCATE_SUPPORTED, NULL) == PHP_STREAM_OPTION_RETURN_OK ? 1 : 0)
411
412BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
413PHPAPI int _php_stream_truncate_set_size(php_stream *stream, size_t newsize);
414#define php_stream_truncate_set_size(stream, size) _php_stream_truncate_set_size((stream), (size))
415END_EXTERN_C()
416
417#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_META_DATA_API 11 /* ptrparam is a zval* to which to add meta data information */
418#define php_stream_populate_meta_data(stream, zv) (_php_stream_set_option((stream), PHP_STREAM_OPTION_META_DATA_API, 0, zv) == PHP_STREAM_OPTION_RETURN_OK ? 1 : 0)
419
420/* Check if the stream is still "live"; for sockets/pipes this means the socket
421 * is still connected; for files, this does not really have meaning */
422#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_CHECK_LIVENESS 12 /* no parameters */
423
424#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_RETURN_OK 0 /* option set OK */
425#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_RETURN_ERR -1 /* problem setting option */
426#define PHP_STREAM_OPTION_RETURN_NOTIMPL -2 /* underlying stream does not implement; streams can handle it instead */
427
428/* copy up to maxlen bytes from src to dest. If maxlen is PHP_STREAM_COPY_ALL,
429 * copy until eof(src). */
430#define PHP_STREAM_COPY_ALL ((size_t)-1)
431
432BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
433ZEND_ATTRIBUTE_DEPRECATED
434PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_copy_to_stream(php_stream *src, php_stream *dest, size_t maxlen STREAMS_DC);
435#define php_stream_copy_to_stream(src, dest, maxlen) _php_stream_copy_to_stream((src), (dest), (maxlen) STREAMS_CC)
436PHPAPI int _php_stream_copy_to_stream_ex(php_stream *src, php_stream *dest, size_t maxlen, size_t *len STREAMS_DC);
437#define php_stream_copy_to_stream_ex(src, dest, maxlen, len) _php_stream_copy_to_stream_ex((src), (dest), (maxlen), (len) STREAMS_CC)
438
439
440/* read all data from stream and put into a buffer. Caller must free buffer
441 * when done. */
442PHPAPI zend_string *_php_stream_copy_to_mem(php_stream *src, size_t maxlen, int persistent STREAMS_DC);
443#define php_stream_copy_to_mem(src, maxlen, persistent) _php_stream_copy_to_mem((src), (maxlen), (persistent) STREAMS_CC)
444
445/* output all data from a stream */
446PHPAPI size_t _php_stream_passthru(php_stream * src STREAMS_DC);
447#define php_stream_passthru(stream) _php_stream_passthru((stream) STREAMS_CC)
448END_EXTERN_C()
449
450#include "streams/php_stream_transport.h"
451#include "streams/php_stream_plain_wrapper.h"
452#include "streams/php_stream_glob_wrapper.h"
453#include "streams/php_stream_userspace.h"
454#include "streams/php_stream_mmap.h"
455
456/* coerce the stream into some other form */
457/* cast as a stdio FILE * */
458#define PHP_STREAM_AS_STDIO 0
459/* cast as a POSIX fd or socketd */
460#define PHP_STREAM_AS_FD 1
461/* cast as a socketd */
462#define PHP_STREAM_AS_SOCKETD 2
463/* cast as fd/socket for select purposes */
464#define PHP_STREAM_AS_FD_FOR_SELECT 3
465
466/* try really, really hard to make sure the cast happens (avoid using this flag if possible) */
467#define PHP_STREAM_CAST_TRY_HARD 0x80000000
468#define PHP_STREAM_CAST_RELEASE 0x40000000 /* stream becomes invalid on success */
469#define PHP_STREAM_CAST_INTERNAL 0x20000000 /* stream cast for internal use */
470#define PHP_STREAM_CAST_MASK (PHP_STREAM_CAST_TRY_HARD | PHP_STREAM_CAST_RELEASE | PHP_STREAM_CAST_INTERNAL)
471BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
472PHPAPI int _php_stream_cast(php_stream *stream, int castas, void **ret, int show_err);
473END_EXTERN_C()
474/* use this to check if a stream can be cast into another form */
475#define php_stream_can_cast(stream, as) _php_stream_cast((stream), (as), NULL, 0)
476#define php_stream_cast(stream, as, ret, show_err) _php_stream_cast((stream), (as), (ret), (show_err))
477
478/* use this to check if a stream is of a particular type:
479 * PHPAPI int php_stream_is(php_stream *stream, php_stream_ops *ops); */
480#define php_stream_is(stream, anops) ((stream)->ops == anops)
481#define PHP_STREAM_IS_STDIO &php_stream_stdio_ops
482
483#define php_stream_is_persistent(stream) (stream)->is_persistent
484
485/* Wrappers support */
486
487#define IGNORE_PATH 0x00000000
488#define USE_PATH 0x00000001
489#define IGNORE_URL 0x00000002
490#define REPORT_ERRORS 0x00000008
491#define ENFORCE_SAFE_MODE 0 /* for BC only */
492
493/* If you don't need to write to the stream, but really need to
494 * be able to seek, use this flag in your options. */
495#define STREAM_MUST_SEEK 0x00000010
496/* If you are going to end up casting the stream into a FILE* or
497 * a socket, pass this flag and the streams/wrappers will not use
498 * buffering mechanisms while reading the headers, so that HTTP
499 * wrapped streams will work consistently.
500 * If you omit this flag, streams will use buffering and should end
501 * up working more optimally.
502 * */
503#define STREAM_WILL_CAST 0x00000020
504
505/* this flag applies to php_stream_locate_url_wrapper */
506#define STREAM_LOCATE_WRAPPERS_ONLY 0x00000040
507
508/* this flag is only used by include/require functions */
509#define STREAM_OPEN_FOR_INCLUDE 0x00000080
510
511/* this flag tells streams to ONLY open urls */
512#define STREAM_USE_URL 0x00000100
513
514/* this flag is used when only the headers from HTTP request are to be fetched */
515#define STREAM_ONLY_GET_HEADERS 0x00000200
516
517/* don't apply open_basedir checks */
518#define STREAM_DISABLE_OPEN_BASEDIR 0x00000400
519
520/* get (or create) a persistent version of the stream */
521#define STREAM_OPEN_PERSISTENT 0x00000800
522
523/* use glob stream for directory open in plain files stream */
524#define STREAM_USE_GLOB_DIR_OPEN 0x00001000
525
526/* don't check allow_url_fopen and allow_url_include */
527#define STREAM_DISABLE_URL_PROTECTION 0x00002000
528
529/* assume the path passed in exists and is fully expanded, avoiding syscalls */
530#define STREAM_ASSUME_REALPATH 0x00004000
531
532/* Antique - no longer has meaning */
533#define IGNORE_URL_WIN 0
534
535int php_init_stream_wrappers(int module_number);
536int php_shutdown_stream_wrappers(int module_number);
537void php_shutdown_stream_hashes(void);
538PHP_RSHUTDOWN_FUNCTION(streams);
539
540BEGIN_EXTERN_C()
541PHPAPI int php_register_url_stream_wrapper(const char *protocol, php_stream_wrapper *wrapper);
542PHPAPI int php_unregister_url_stream_wrapper(const char *protocol);
543PHPAPI int php_register_url_stream_wrapper_volatile(const char *protocol, php_stream_wrapper *wrapper);
544PHPAPI int php_unregister_url_stream_wrapper_volatile(const char *protocol);
545PHPAPI php_stream *_php_stream_open_wrapper_ex(const char *path, const char *mode, int options, char **opened_path, php_stream_context *context STREAMS_DC);
546PHPAPI php_stream_wrapper *php_stream_locate_url_wrapper(const char *path, const char **path_for_open, int options);
547PHPAPI const char *php_stream_locate_eol(php_stream *stream, zend_string *buf);
548
549#define php_stream_open_wrapper(path, mode, options, opened) _php_stream_open_wrapper_ex((path), (mode), (options), (opened), NULL STREAMS_CC)
550#define php_stream_open_wrapper_ex(path, mode, options, opened, context) _php_stream_open_wrapper_ex((path), (mode), (options), (opened), (context) STREAMS_CC)
551
552#define php_stream_get_from_zval(stream, zstream, mode, options, opened, context) \
553 if (Z_TYPE_PP((zstream)) == IS_RESOURCE) { \
554 php_stream_from_zval((stream), (zstream)); \
555 } else (stream) = Z_TYPE_PP((zstream)) == IS_STRING ? \
556 php_stream_open_wrapper_ex(Z_STRVAL_PP((zstream)), (mode), (options), (opened), (context)) : NULL
557
558/* pushes an error message onto the stack for a wrapper instance */
559#ifdef ZTS
560PHPAPI void php_stream_wrapper_log_error(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, int options, const char *fmt, ...) PHP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(printf, 4, 5);
561#else
562PHPAPI void php_stream_wrapper_log_error(php_stream_wrapper *wrapper, int options, const char *fmt, ...) PHP_ATTRIBUTE_FORMAT(printf, 3, 4);
563#endif
564
565#define PHP_STREAM_UNCHANGED 0 /* orig stream was seekable anyway */
566#define PHP_STREAM_RELEASED 1 /* newstream should be used; origstream is no longer valid */
567#define PHP_STREAM_FAILED 2 /* an error occurred while attempting conversion */
568#define PHP_STREAM_CRITICAL 3 /* an error occurred; origstream is in an unknown state; you should close origstream */
569#define PHP_STREAM_NO_PREFERENCE 0
570#define PHP_STREAM_PREFER_STDIO 1
571#define PHP_STREAM_FORCE_CONVERSION 2
572/* DO NOT call this on streams that are referenced by resources! */
573PHPAPI int _php_stream_make_seekable(php_stream *origstream, php_stream **newstream, int flags STREAMS_DC);
574#define php_stream_make_seekable(origstream, newstream, flags) _php_stream_make_seekable((origstream), (newstream), (flags) STREAMS_CC)
575
576/* Give other modules access to the url_stream_wrappers_hash and stream_filters_hash */
577PHPAPI HashTable *_php_stream_get_url_stream_wrappers_hash(void);
578#define php_stream_get_url_stream_wrappers_hash() _php_stream_get_url_stream_wrappers_hash()
579PHPAPI HashTable *php_stream_get_url_stream_wrappers_hash_global(void);
580PHPAPI HashTable *_php_get_stream_filters_hash(void);
581#define php_get_stream_filters_hash() _php_get_stream_filters_hash()
582PHPAPI HashTable *php_get_stream_filters_hash_global(void);
583extern php_stream_wrapper_ops *php_stream_user_wrapper_ops;
584END_EXTERN_C()
585#endif
586
587/* Definitions for user streams */
588#define PHP_STREAM_IS_URL 1
589
590/* Stream metadata definitions */
591/* Create if referred resource does not exist */
592#define PHP_STREAM_META_TOUCH 1
593#define PHP_STREAM_META_OWNER_NAME 2
594#define PHP_STREAM_META_OWNER 3
595#define PHP_STREAM_META_GROUP_NAME 4
596#define PHP_STREAM_META_GROUP 5
597#define PHP_STREAM_META_ACCESS 6
598/*
599 * Local variables:
600 * tab-width: 4
601 * c-basic-offset: 4
602 * End:
603 * vim600: sw=4 ts=4 fdm=marker
604 * vim<600: sw=4 ts=4
605 */
606
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TTI Bundling
With all the hype created around IMS and LTE, operators have started questioning network vendors if they are supporting RAN specific features for VoLTE. TTI bundling is one of the features among many others that can help VoIP (VoLTE) calls in LTE.
TTI Bundling is LTE feature to improve coverage at cell edge or in poor radio conditions. UE has limited power in uplink (only 23dBm for LTE) which can result in many re transmissions at cell edge (poor radio). Re transmission means delay and control plan overhead which may not be acceptable for certain services like VoIP. To understand TTI bundling one need to have the basic idea of Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) and Transmission Time interval (TTI).
HARQ
HARQ is a process where data at mac layer is protected against noisy wireless channels through error correction mechanism. There are couple of different versions of HARQ but in LTE we have a type known as 'Incremental Redundancy Hybrid ARQ'. When receiver detects erroneous data, it doesn't discard it. On the other hand, sender will send the same data again but this time, with different set of coded bits. The reciever will combine the previously recieved erroneous data with newly attempted data by the sender. This way the chances of successfully decoding the bits improve every time. This will repeat as long as the receiver is not able to decode the data. The advantage of this method is that with each re-transmission, the coding rate is lowered. Whereas in other types of HARQ, it might use the same coding rate in every re-transmission
TTI
TTI is LTE smallest unit of time in which eNB is capable of scheduling any user for uplink or downlink transmission. If a user is receiving downlink data, then during each 1ms, eNB will assign resources and inform user where to look for its downlink data through PDCCH channel. Check the following figure to understand the concept of TTI
Now coming to TTI Bundling ...
HARQ is a process where receiver combines the new transmission every time with previous erroneous data. There is one drawback however, that it can result in delay and too much control overhead in case of poor radio conditions if the sender has to attempt many transmissions. For services like VoIP this means bad end user experience. Well, there is another way- Instead of re-transmitting the erroneous data with new set of coded bits, why not send few versions (redundancy versions) of the same set of bits in consecutive TTI and eNB sends back Ack when it successfully decodes the bits. I hope the figure below will make it clear. This way we are avoiding delay and reducing control plane overhead at mac layer
20 comments:
1. Good Explanation. Made it very simple to follow.
ReplyDelete
2. Good explanation. Does TTI bundling happen only in DL ? Or only in UL ? Or is equally applicable to both?
ReplyDelete
3. Good explanation. Does TTI bundling happen only in DL ? Or only in UL ? Or is equally applicable to both?
ReplyDelete
Replies
1. Ok here is what I understand
Since UE has very limited power in uplink (23dbm LTE) this means that at cell edge there can be many re transmissions in uplink due to poor radio conditions. Re transmission means control plane overhead and specially the delay which is not acceptable for services like VoIP. So if we use TTI bundling with HARQ process we can avoid delay . So the basic idea of TTI bundling is to improve performance of VoIP applications at cell edge and therefore it happens only in uplink
Hope this helps
Delete
4. Please visit website www.telecomtube.com
for telecom jobs. Thanks
ReplyDelete
5. For TTI Bundling, is there a HARQ ID used for retransmission
ReplyDelete
6. Thanks for the chart on explaining it visually. But will it be better to modify the example of TTI Bundling case to 4 TTI since till R11, 36.321 defined below?
7.5 TTI_BUNDLE_SIZE value
The parameter TTI_BUNDLE_SIZE is 4.
Or is there any misunderstanding from my side?
ReplyDelete
7. thank you. nice explanation. Could you please explain how PDCCH usage goed down because of TTI bundling?
ReplyDelete
8. Beautiful teaching. Many thanks
ReplyDelete
9. Easy to understand, Thank you!
ReplyDelete
10. Good explanation. Easy to follow. Thank You
ReplyDelete
11. Why are the durations of the TTIs all common, or equal? ?There must be some technical reason why they are not varied
ReplyDelete
12. This comment has been removed by the author.
ReplyDelete
13. thanks for sharing this valuable information ...
ReplyDelete
14. i was just browsing along and came upon your blog. just wanted to say good blog and this article really helped me.
Cheap RX Medicine for sale
ReplyDelete
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Plant & animal adaptations to freshwater ecosystems
Written by mark orwell | 13/05/2017
Plant & animal adaptations to freshwater ecosystems
Some freshwater fish are adapted to climb Hawaii's treacherous waterfalls in order to reach freshwater streams. (Medioimages/Photodisc/Photodisc/Getty Images)
Adaptations are genetic and evolutionary traits that are unique to a species or group of species and allow them to live in a specific environment. In the case of freshwater environments, some animals and plants have adapted to live where the environment is tumultuous or in some way requires traits that they do not typically need.
Hawaiian Freshwater Fish
There are five native species of fish, all gobies, found in Hawaii's freshwater systems. They show the necessity for adaptation not only in freshwater stream systems, but also on tropical islands that are often affected by harsh geographical and meteorological conditions. When born, larvae of these fish are downstream in the ocean, where they live in estuaries for five or six months as they grow. This lifestyle, based on an amphidromous life cycle, is one adaptation. These fish also have pelvic sucking disks which allow them to attach to rocks and other hard surfaces in order to withstand strong tidal movements. When these fish are adults, they are adapted to swimming against the current in order to get back upstream and into the freshwater streams. They all are also adapted to climbing waterfalls using powerful swimming movements, their pelvic sucking discs and, in the case of a couple of these fish, an underside mouth that acts as a second sucking disc.
Freshwater Plant Leaves
Freshwater plants have adapted various types of leaves, depending on where they are located on the plant. Underwater leaves are very thin in order to be able to absorb as much diffused light as possible. In some plants, they are so thin they appear as strands of algae. Floating leaves are also common. These leaves are broad and have lacunae that contain gas to offer the leaves buoyancy. Willow trees adapt long, narrow leaves with tapered tips. They grow above water but drape down so that their tips are sometimes submerged. Their shape allows them to be moved freely by running water, but also keeps them from tearing during this continuous action.
Crayfish Adaptations
Sometimes, freshwater environments require animals to adapt to low-water or low-oxygen environments, such as in the case of shallow river beds. A look at freshwater species of crayfish reveals how certain freshwater animals adapt to these conditions. All of the more than 400 species of freshwater crayfish are adapted to tolerate low oxygen conditions and exposure to the air. Behaviorally, they also are adapted to live for extended periods in burrow systems under mud in case there is an absence of surface water.
Aerenchyma
Aerenchyma are important adaptations for many species of freshwater plants. This is a spongy tissue composed of holes made by cells either breaking apart or disintegrating. These holes, which run longitudinally up the root system of plants like corn and gamagrass, allow the plant to siphon air from the above-water parts of the plant in order to receive necessary gasses. This adaptations is suited to plants that live in flooded areas like riverbeds or wetlands.
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image
First Application in Python
Python: First Application
Difficulty
Beginner
Duration
8m
Students
165
Ratings
5/5
Description
In this course, we're going to write some code and create an application. We will create a basic guessing game where you guess a number between one and ten. This course is part of a series of content designed to help you learn to program with the Python programming language.
Learning Objectives
• Operators, Conditionals, and Callables are three important components of the Python runtime
• Operators enable us to perform operations on objects
• Conditionals enable us to make decisions in code
• Callables enable us to perform actions in code
Intended Audience
This course was designed for first-time developers wanting to learn Python.
Prerequisites
This is an introductory course and doesn’t require any prior programming knowledge.
Transcript
Hello, and welcome! My name is Ben Lambert, and I’ll be your instructor for this course. This course is part of a series of content designed to help you learn to program with the Python programming language. Should you wish to ask me a specific question, you can do that with the contact details on screen. You can also reach support by using the email address: [email protected]. And one of our cloud experts will reply.
It’s time to write some code and create an application. Albeit, a basic application. In this lesson, we’re going to create a basic guessing game where you guess a number between one and ten. Let’s recap some things that we know about Python. The Python programming language is used to create and control objects. And using the combination of operators, conditionals, and callables, we can actually create an application.
The language includes a wide range of operators which can perform operations on objects. For example, the comparison operator == is used to compare two objects for equality. The assignment operator = is used to bind a name to an object. And the list of operators goes on for a while. The language includes syntax for making decisions using conditional statements. The if-family of keywords enables us to make decisions based on boolean values of True and False. For example: if a user is authenticated, allow them to perform some action.
The language enables us to perform actions with callables. Callables such as functions and methods enable us to provide input -> perform some action -> and receive output. Functions are a common type of callable because they allow us to create a standalone unit of code that we can call later in our code. The python runtime provides several built-in functions which fall into several categories, based on their purpose.
Two of those functions are the input and print functions. The input function is used to prompt a user to enter text in a console window. And the print function is used to display text in a console window. With these three features in mind: Operators, conditionals, and callables, let’s write some code. Let’s talk about the requirements of the application. We’re going to build an application that prompts the user to enter a number between 1 and 10.
If the user guesses the number correctly we inform them that they won. If the user guesses incorrectly we prompt them to guess again. That’s it. Those are our only requirements. We know that the user is going to guess a number between 1 and 10. We’re going to compare that guess against a number that we select. Let’s bind the name answer to the integer with a value of 9. This is what we’ll compare with the user’s guess.
Next up we need to prompt the user for a guess. We can use the built-in input function to accomplish this. The input function accepts an optional string as input. If provided the string is displayed to the user as a prompt. The input function reads whatever is typed into the console. It waits until return or enter is pressed. And then returns a string containing whatever was typed into the console. If we ask Python to compare a string to an integer it’s not going to understand what to do.
We need to compare similar object types. Which means we can change the guess into a string. However, we’re going to turn the input into a number. Even if we enter text into this prompt that represents a number, Python only sees a string. So, how do we turn this input into a number? Python provides built-in functions used for creating built-in object types such as strings, integers, booleans, etc.
The int function is kind of cool. If we call the int function without any arguments it simply returns zero. Which is the default number used for an int. That’s not the cool part. The cool part is that the function also can determine if a string is actually a number. If so, it returns a new integer object containing that number. This function can also throw an error if the string provided isn’t actually a number.
Notice that we’re rebinding the name guess. First we bind it to the object returned by input, which is a string object. Then the next line passes that string as input to the int function. Since this returns an integer object, the name guess is now bound to the integer object. Python enables us to rebind names to other objects. This allows us to reuse names while we work on producing the final desired object type. As you start using Python to solve problems you’ll commonly need to perform a few operations before you have the object types that you actually need.
Okay, when the interpreter reads these lines of code, we’ll have two name bindings. Answer is bound to the integer 9. And guess is bound to an integer containing the user’s guess. Now we need to compare these two objects. We can do that using the if keyword, our two objects, and the equality operator. The equality operator compares two objects and determines if they contain the same data. So: “if guess equals answer” followed by a colon and a new line. The code that we want to run if this condition is true begins with the standard indentation. Then we call the print function the string input: ‘you win!’
If the guess and answer match then this text will be displayed in the console. If the guess and answer don’t match then we perform a different action. So, we’ll type else followed by a colon and a new line. We’ll use the standard indentation, followed by calling print to inform them to guess again.
Okay, with just these few lines of code, we have a basic guessing game. In order to run this code, I’ve saved it to a file. I’ve named my file playground.py. The Python runtime enables us to specify the code file to run upon startup. To run this I’ll run the python3 application and specify the playground.py file. Notice it prompts us with the string we provided to the input function. Let’s test both paths through our code. First, let’s see what happens if we guess correctly.
Notice it displays the string ‘You win!’ This is actually kind of interesting because it implies that our code flows through this path without error. Let’s run this code again and see what happens if we enter an incorrect answer. Notice it tells us to guess again and then the application stops. In order to guess again we currently need to run this code again.
With just these few lines of code, we’ve created a basic guessing game. And while this game is basic it demonstrates an understanding of operators, conditionals, and callables. These name bindings are each set using the assignment operator. The comparison of guess and answer is performed using the equality operator.
Once we have our answer and guess our code has to make a decision. If they match then we want to perform one action. Otherwise, we want to perform another. The if-family of conditionals is well suited to model this decision. If the two integer objects are equal then we perform an action using a callable. Specifically the print function. Using the else keyword, we can determine what to do when the guess and answer doesn’t match. And again, we take action using the print function.
While this code does enable us to play, it doesn’t stay running when we guess incorrectly. We’re required to actually run the code again. This is something that can be fixed using a while loop. However, a rabbit hole for another lesson.
Okay, this seems like a natural stopping point. Here are your key takeaways for this lesson:
• Operators, Conditionals, and Callables are three important components of the Python runtime
• Operators enable us to perform operations on objects
• Conditionals enable us to make decisions in code
• Callables enable us to perform actions in code
That's all for this lesson. Thanks so much for watching. And I’ll see you in another lesson!
About the Author
Students
101113
Labs
37
Courses
44
Learning Paths
58
Ben Lambert is a software engineer and was previously the lead author for DevOps and Microsoft Azure training content at Cloud Academy. His courses and learning paths covered Cloud Ecosystem technologies such as DC/OS, configuration management tools, and containers. As a software engineer, Ben’s experience includes building highly available web and mobile apps. When he’s not building software, he’s hiking, camping, or creating video games.
Covered Topics
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| 0.923744 |
cod
A userful package to use 'the click package to add command' for a interactive terminal
License
Apache-2.0
Install
pip install cod==0.0.4
Documentation
cod
easy to use the click package to add command for a interactive terminal!
1. support autocompetation
2. support arrow up or down for history command
Installing
Install and update using pip:
pip install -U cod
A Simple Example
import click
from cod import main, echo
@click.option('--name', prompt='Your name',
help='The person to greet.')
@click.command()
def hello(name):
echo(name)
main()
image
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Description of fast matrix multiplication algorithm: ⟨3×4×23:215⟩
Algorithm type
6X2Y3Z2+55X2Y2Z2+3X3YZ+X2Y2Z+2XY3Z+2XY2Z2+4XYZ3+3X2YZ+26XY2Z+48XYZ2+65XYZ6X2Y3Z255X2Y2Z23X3YZX2Y2Z2XY3Z2XY2Z24XYZ33X2YZ26XY2Z48XYZ265XYZ6*X^2*Y^3*Z^2+55*X^2*Y^2*Z^2+3*X^3*Y*Z+X^2*Y^2*Z+2*X*Y^3*Z+2*X*Y^2*Z^2+4*X*Y*Z^3+3*X^2*Y*Z+26*X*Y^2*Z+48*X*Y*Z^2+65*X*Y*Z
Algorithm definition
The algorithm ⟨3×4×23:215⟩ could be constructed using the following decomposition:
⟨3×4×23:215⟩ = ⟨3×4×5:47⟩ + ⟨3×4×18:168⟩.
This decomposition is defined by the following equality:
TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_1_23B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_2_23B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_3_23B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_4_23C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3C_23_1C_23_2C_23_3=TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3+TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_1_23B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_2_23B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_3_23B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_4_23C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3C_23_1C_23_2C_23_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_1_23B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_2_23B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_3_23B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_4_23C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3C_23_1C_23_2C_23_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_1B_1_2B_1_3B_1_4B_1_5B_2_1B_2_2B_2_3B_2_4B_2_5B_3_1B_3_2B_3_3B_3_4B_3_5B_4_1B_4_2B_4_3B_4_4B_4_5C_1_1C_1_2C_1_3C_2_1C_2_2C_2_3C_3_1C_3_2C_3_3C_4_1C_4_2C_4_3C_5_1C_5_2C_5_3TraceMulA_1_1A_1_2A_1_3A_1_4A_2_1A_2_2A_2_3A_2_4A_3_1A_3_2A_3_3A_3_4B_1_6B_1_7B_1_8B_1_9B_1_10B_1_11B_1_12B_1_13B_1_14B_1_15B_1_16B_1_17B_1_18B_1_19B_1_20B_1_21B_1_22B_1_23B_2_6B_2_7B_2_8B_2_9B_2_10B_2_11B_2_12B_2_13B_2_14B_2_15B_2_16B_2_17B_2_18B_2_19B_2_20B_2_21B_2_22B_2_23B_3_6B_3_7B_3_8B_3_9B_3_10B_3_11B_3_12B_3_13B_3_14B_3_15B_3_16B_3_17B_3_18B_3_19B_3_20B_3_21B_3_22B_3_23B_4_6B_4_7B_4_8B_4_9B_4_10B_4_11B_4_12B_4_13B_4_14B_4_15B_4_16B_4_17B_4_18B_4_19B_4_20B_4_21B_4_22B_4_23C_6_1C_6_2C_6_3C_7_1C_7_2C_7_3C_8_1C_8_2C_8_3C_9_1C_9_2C_9_3C_10_1C_10_2C_10_3C_11_1C_11_2C_11_3C_12_1C_12_2C_12_3C_13_1C_13_2C_13_3C_14_1C_14_2C_14_3C_15_1C_15_2C_15_3C_16_1C_16_2C_16_3C_17_1C_17_2C_17_3C_18_1C_18_2C_18_3C_19_1C_19_2C_19_3C_20_1C_20_2C_20_3C_21_1C_21_2C_21_3C_22_1C_22_2C_22_3C_23_1C_23_2C_23_3Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 4, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4]]),Matrix(4, 23, [[B_1_1,B_1_2,B_1_3,B_1_4,B_1_5,B_1_6,B_1_7,B_1_8,B_1_9,B_1_10,B_1_11,B_1_12,B_1_13,B_1_14,B_1_15,B_1_16,B_1_17,B_1_18,B_1_19,B_1_20,B_1_21,B_1_22,B_1_23],[B_2_1,B_2_2,B_2_3,B_2_4,B_2_5,B_2_6,B_2_7,B_2_8,B_2_9,B_2_10,B_2_11,B_2_12,B_2_13,B_2_14,B_2_15,B_2_16,B_2_17,B_2_18,B_2_19,B_2_20,B_2_21,B_2_22,B_2_23],[B_3_1,B_3_2,B_3_3,B_3_4,B_3_5,B_3_6,B_3_7,B_3_8,B_3_9,B_3_10,B_3_11,B_3_12,B_3_13,B_3_14,B_3_15,B_3_16,B_3_17,B_3_18,B_3_19,B_3_20,B_3_21,B_3_22,B_3_23],[B_4_1,B_4_2,B_4_3,B_4_4,B_4_5,B_4_6,B_4_7,B_4_8,B_4_9,B_4_10,B_4_11,B_4_12,B_4_13,B_4_14,B_4_15,B_4_16,B_4_17,B_4_18,B_4_19,B_4_20,B_4_21,B_4_22,B_4_23]]),Matrix(23, 3, [[C_1_1,C_1_2,C_1_3],[C_2_1,C_2_2,C_2_3],[C_3_1,C_3_2,C_3_3],[C_4_1,C_4_2,C_4_3],[C_5_1,C_5_2,C_5_3],[C_6_1,C_6_2,C_6_3],[C_7_1,C_7_2,C_7_3],[C_8_1,C_8_2,C_8_3],[C_9_1,C_9_2,C_9_3],[C_10_1,C_10_2,C_10_3],[C_11_1,C_11_2,C_11_3],[C_12_1,C_12_2,C_12_3],[C_13_1,C_13_2,C_13_3],[C_14_1,C_14_2,C_14_3],[C_15_1,C_15_2,C_15_3],[C_16_1,C_16_2,C_16_3],[C_17_1,C_17_2,C_17_3],[C_18_1,C_18_2,C_18_3],[C_19_1,C_19_2,C_19_3],[C_20_1,C_20_2,C_20_3],[C_21_1,C_21_2,C_21_3],[C_22_1,C_22_2,C_22_3],[C_23_1,C_23_2,C_23_3]]))) = Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 4, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4]]),Matrix(4, 5, [[B_1_1,B_1_2,B_1_3,B_1_4,B_1_5],[B_2_1,B_2_2,B_2_3,B_2_4,B_2_5],[B_3_1,B_3_2,B_3_3,B_3_4,B_3_5],[B_4_1,B_4_2,B_4_3,B_4_4,B_4_5]]),Matrix(5, 3, [[C_1_1,C_1_2,C_1_3],[C_2_1,C_2_2,C_2_3],[C_3_1,C_3_2,C_3_3],[C_4_1,C_4_2,C_4_3],[C_5_1,C_5_2,C_5_3]])))+Trace(Mul(Matrix(3, 4, [[A_1_1,A_1_2,A_1_3,A_1_4],[A_2_1,A_2_2,A_2_3,A_2_4],[A_3_1,A_3_2,A_3_3,A_3_4]]),Matrix(4, 18, [[B_1_6,B_1_7,B_1_8,B_1_9,B_1_10,B_1_11,B_1_12,B_1_13,B_1_14,B_1_15,B_1_16,B_1_17,B_1_18,B_1_19,B_1_20,B_1_21,B_1_22,B_1_23],[B_2_6,B_2_7,B_2_8,B_2_9,B_2_10,B_2_11,B_2_12,B_2_13,B_2_14,B_2_15,B_2_16,B_2_17,B_2_18,B_2_19,B_2_20,B_2_21,B_2_22,B_2_23],[B_3_6,B_3_7,B_3_8,B_3_9,B_3_10,B_3_11,B_3_12,B_3_13,B_3_14,B_3_15,B_3_16,B_3_17,B_3_18,B_3_19,B_3_20,B_3_21,B_3_22,B_3_23],[B_4_6,B_4_7,B_4_8,B_4_9,B_4_10,B_4_11,B_4_12,B_4_13,B_4_14,B_4_15,B_4_16,B_4_17,B_4_18,B_4_19,B_4_20,B_4_21,B_4_22,B_4_23]]),Matrix(18, 3, [[C_6_1,C_6_2,C_6_3],[C_7_1,C_7_2,C_7_3],[C_8_1,C_8_2,C_8_3],[C_9_1,C_9_2,C_9_3],[C_10_1,C_10_2,C_10_3],[C_11_1,C_11_2,C_11_3],[C_12_1,C_12_2,C_12_3],[C_13_1,C_13_2,C_13_3],[C_14_1,C_14_2,C_14_3],[C_15_1,C_15_2,C_15_3],[C_16_1,C_16_2,C_16_3],[C_17_1,C_17_2,C_17_3],[C_18_1,C_18_2,C_18_3],[C_19_1,C_19_2,C_19_3],[C_20_1,C_20_2,C_20_3],[C_21_1,C_21_2,C_21_3],[C_22_1,C_22_2,C_22_3],[C_23_1,C_23_2,C_23_3]])))
N.B.: for any matrices A, B and C such that the expression Tr(Mul(A,B,C)) is defined, one can construct several trilinear homogeneous polynomials P(A,B,C) such that P(A,B,C)=Tr(Mul(A,B,C)) (P(A,B,C) variables are A,B and C's coefficients). Each trilinear P expression encodes a matrix multiplication algorithm: the coefficient in C_i_j of P(A,B,C) is the (i,j)-th entry of the matrix product Mul(A,B)=Transpose(C).
Algorithm description
These encodings are given in compressed text format using the maple computer algebra system. In each cases, the last line could be understood as a description of the encoding with respect to classical matrix multiplication algorithm. As these outputs are structured, one can construct easily a parser to its favorite format using the maple documentation without this software.
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Daily regime – Dinacharya
This is an important component of the health care measures. In modern time man has utilized his whole intellectual capacity to find out every possible measure for his comfort. He found out the means to save the time that he is able to complete a year’s work in hours or even minutes. But unfortunately with all these time saver means he is not able to spare some time for his health care. Principles of Ayurvedic Dinacharya are based on certain comprehensible logics. Like other living beings man is also part of this cosmos. All the activities of the universe run according to certain preset programs. We hardly can find a lapse in these programs and the coordinated activities .Every being has to act as a part of this whole machinery. Usually all the living beings follow the natural laws. Only man does not obey them. If some part of a machine fails in working in coordination with other parts, it causes severe damage to the machine together with that part. Ayurvedic Dinacharya is meant to act according to cosmic rhythm and in coordination with other beings. Sometimes there are some arguments against Dinacharya that this is difficult to adopt routines of some very different culture. Here we have to realize facts about concept of culture. Culture is result of collective behavior of certain society and is never fixed for all the time. This is always in the process of reforming. Man continuously makes changes in any cultural setup according to his interests, needs, beliefs and circumstances. Therefore we can see fast integration of different cultures throughout the world. Unfortunately concept of holistic health has very least place in these cultural integrations. If one is determined to adopt healthy daily routines, there cannot be any hurdle in that. Dinacharya means to live in a regular and natural rhythm of life and includes timely rest, timely and within the capacity work, timely sleep, timely waking, timely and right food, non-suppression of natural urges and well balanced emotional behavior. To act against these rules is cause of diseases. Diet is very important aspect of Dinacharya and is a special concept of Ayurveda. According to Ayurveda, wholesome or a good food is only factor to cause normal development in body. Human body is produced of food and also gets its growth and maintenance through food. Wholesome food is cause of an excellence in health. Contrary to this unwholesome is responsible for origin of disease. When Ayurveda talks about wholesome, its criteria for wholesome are not based on the principles of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins and minerals. Ayurvedic criteria are based on our own natural perceptions. How do animals decide their food? They do not have any laboratory to test chemical composition and toxicity of grass, leaves, fruits, or the different fleshes. They judge the food with the help of their own perceptions. They still possess this strong perceptive faculty in themselves while we are gradually losing it because of our growing dependence on laboratories. Ayurveda has developed the wisdom of dietetics on the basis of these natural perceptions at different levels of our sensorium. When we put a piece of some food article it gives some feelings in the mouth, on the tongue together with some feeling at mental levels. This is the first perceptive level giving us several information about food and is very important level. This perception is known as ‘Rasa’ or the taste. As far food is concerned Ayurveda has emphasized much on Rasa (the taste), being very simple perception but able to provide very important clues about contents and quality of food. Not only this is important that what do we eat but this is similarly important that when and how we eat. Body has its biological clock. Body is not ready to perform any activity at any time. Ayurveda has categorized the function and classified them according to biological clock. For example morning time is period of Kapha, if we eat heavy food in breakfast, our stomach is not prepared to digest it properly and there are possibilities of production of some harmful products. Midday is period of Pitta, and body is prepared to digest any kind of food properly. In the evening again there is period of Kapha and Srotas act sluggishly in the night, our supper should be light. There is a popular saying in Europe that “Eat like a king in a breakfast, like a farmer in the lunch and like a beggar in the supper.” Unfortunately this saying is highly misinterpreted. I interpret that kings do not eat much, so we have to consider the amount of food in the breakfast with that. Farmers are hard workers, they need a good amount of food and that kind of amount is good for lunch. This is not possible to explain all the rules pertaining to dietetics; few most essential useful aspects are highlighted here. Ayurveda emphasizes on selection of food according to Prakriti (innate predominance of Doshas in individual’s constitution). Usually people ignore this knowingly and unknowingly. If a person with Vata- Kapha dominance consumes food with Vata – Kapha properties, he will be prone to have diseases of Vata Kapha origin, for example, Asthma. If he avoids this type of food, he may protect himself from Asthma. A person with Kapha dominance, if consumes Kapha food, he may suffer with Kapha type diseases as Diabetes mellitus or Atherosclerosis. Ayurveda recommends avoiding certain unwholesome combinations of food articles. Combining milk with sour and salty thing; with onion, garlic, fish, radish and bananas are few examples. These cause vitiation in Rakta Dhatu and may produce skin diseases. In modern time when lots of discussions are there about skin allergies, one shall try to avoid this type of combinations in food. Together with activities and food, Achara (moral codes of conduct) are also important part of Dinacharya. These are based on principles of equality of all creatures and include restraining ourselves from the actions which we do not like for ourselves from others.
For more on Dinacharya see other posts, search to the right at the top…. Dinacharya
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Title:
Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells As an Alternate Donor Cell Source for Transplantation in Tissue-Engineered Constructs After Traumatic Brain Injury
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Author(s)
Irons, Hillary Rose
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Advisor(s)
LaPlaca, Michelle C.
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Supplementary to
Abstract
The incidence and long-term effects of traumatic brain injury (TBI) make it a major healthcare and socioeconomic concern. Cell transplantation may be an alternative therapy option to target prolonged neurological deficits; however, safety and efficacy of the cells must be determined. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an accessible and expandable cell source which circumvent the many of the accessibility and ethical concerns associated with fetal tissues. A major impediment to recent clinical trials for cell therapies in the central nervous system has been the lack of consistency in functional recovery where some patients receive great benefits while others experience little, if any, effect (Watts and Dunnett 2000; Lindvall and Bjorklund 2004). There are many possible explanations for this patient-to-patient variability including genetic and environmental factors, surgical techniques, and donor cell variability. Of these, the most easily addressable is to increase the reproducibility of donor cells by standardizing the isolation and pre-transplantation protocols, which is the central goal of this dissertation. First, we present an animal study in which transplants of MSCs and neural stem cells (NSCs) were given to brain-injured mice, however, the efficacy of the treatment had high variability between individual subjects. Second, we designed a method to produce MSC-spheres and characterize them in vitro. Last, we employed an in vitro 3-D culture testbed as a pre-transplant injury model to assess the effects of the MSC-spheres on neural cells. The electrophysiological function of the uninjured testbed was assessed, and then MSC-spheres were injected into the testbed and apoptosis of the host cells were measured. The results of this study contribute to our understanding of how extracellular context may influence MSC-spheres and develop MSCs as a donor cell source for transplantation.
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Date Issued
2007-07-09
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Text
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Dissertation
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Global Institute Of Stem Cell Therapy And Research
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State of the art and only private hospital in India inaugrated by Prime Minister.
What is Stroke?
Similar to heart attack, the Stroke is known as the brain attack due to blockages in the blood vessels supplying blood to the brain. This is a major illness, needing extra precaution. It can happen to anyone at any point of time. The degree of damage depends upon the area and the extent of damage. For example, someone who had a minor stroke attack can only feel pain and temporary weakness in his arms or legs. However, people who have experienced major stroke can be permanently paralyzed from one side.
How prevalent is Stroke?
Stroke is the leading cause of serious disability taking substantial lives. The reported death rate of stroke is almost 5-6% from the total death toll i.e. 1 out of every 20 reported deaths is due to stroke. On an average only in US, one person dies due to stroke within 4 mins. Thus the stroke is the sixth leading cause of death in the world. Out of the total stroke cases, reported almost 87% cases are due to ischemic stroke i.e. due to the blockages in the blood vessels.
The risk of having the stroke is also evidently reported to be different for different ethnic groups. The risk of having the stroke has been reported to be almost double in the black people as compared to the whites. The report also shows evidences that the American Indians, Alaska natives and blacks are more prone to have stroke rather than other ethnic groups.
There is no evidence of particular age group falling prey to the stroke as it can occur at any point of time. Almost 34% of the people hospitalized for stroke were younger than 65 years of age.
Stroke Treatment
Factors responsible for Stroke
Anyone can have stroke at any point of time, no particular age or time factor is reported so far as the major risk for stroke patients. However, many common medical conditions can increase the risk associated with the disease.
• Transient Ischemic Attack: – If you already had a stroke or mini ischemic attack then you are having the higher chances of having the stroke.
• High Blood Pressure: – High blood pressure is the major risk factor for the stroke. Since the pressure on the arteries or blood vessels supplying the blood to the important organs such as brain is high, the chances of getting affected by the condition are higher. Lowering the pressure by improving lifestyle and implementing healthy eating habits can minimize the chances.
• High Cholesterol: – The cholesterol is the waxy fatty substance prepared by the liver for the day to day use of the body. However, the excess of cholesterol we consume can be build up in the arteries, including those of the brain. This can lead to the narrowing of the arteries leading to the stroke and other problems.
• Heart Disease: – The common heart problems such as coronary heart disease can increase the risk associated with the stroke as the plaques may get build up in the arteries that can in turn block the flow of oxygen rich blood to the brain. Other heart conditions such as heart valve defect, irregular heartbeats and enlarged heart chambers can cause the clotting of blood leading to stroke.
• Diabetes: – Our body needs glucose for energy. Insulin is the hormone, which is responsible for transporting glucose from blood to the cells. This may lead to the increased sugar level in the blood, which will then ultimately convert into the fat. The increased fat deposition in the blood vessels may cause the stroke.
• Sickle Cell Disease: – A disease is more common in the black and the Hispanic children. The disease causes the red blood cells to achieve the abnormal sickle shape, which will obstruct the blood flow of the arteries leading to its blockage.
Apart from these medical conditions, some environmental factors such as diet, physical activity, weight, overuse of alcohol or tobacco may increase the risk of stroke. Since genetic factors can also play major role in developing high blood pressure, diabetes etc. the stroke is said to have genetic link up.
Symptoms Associated with the Stroke
Strokes can occur within a very short period of time and as such it comes without a warning. Some of the noted symptoms of the disease are as follows:-
• Confusion with vague speaking or listening.
• Headache possibly with altered consciousness or vomiting.
• Numbness of the one side of the body covering face, arm and neck.
• Trouble looking with one or both the eyes.
• Trouble with walking including dizziness as well as lack of coordination.
Apart from the above noted symptoms, stroke can as well lead to problems with lifelong difficulties such as:-
• Bladder or bowel control problems
• Depression
• Pain in hands and legs that can get worsen over the period of time.
• Weakness in one or both the sides of the body.
• Trouble controlling or expressing the emotions.
Prognosis associated with the Stroke
Since stroke takes control of the body quickly, it is very important that the diagnosis of the stroke should be made at a faster speed than before. There are some signs available, which can help toward identifying the onset of the stroke.
• One side of the face droops when the person tries to smile.
• Drifting of the arm when a person tries to raise both the arms.
• Slurred speech.
Both ischemic and haemorrhagic stroke require special kind of treatment. However doing the brain scan is the only way of confirming the same.
What goes wrong in the Stroke?
The Stroke is broadly classified into three major parts as follows:-
• Hemorrhagic Stroke: – This is a less common type affecting less than 15% of the people, but they are responsible for about 40% of all the stroke deaths. This occurs due to rupturing of the weakened walls of the blood vessel supplying blood to the brain. Due to this rupture, the blood is released in the different parts of the brain causing stroke. This spillage creates instant damage in the blood vessels surrounding the area, causing major death of brain cells or neurons.
• Ischemic Stroke: – This type of stroke occurs when the vessel supplying the blood to the different parts of the brain is blocked by the clot. Due to this clotting, the supply of blood is halted resulting in the loss of brain cells. Due to life style and environmental factors, this type of the stroke is more common, accounting for about 87% of the stroke patients. However, this is the less severe form of the stroke which can be kept under control by taking precautionary major. The survival rates are higher in ischemic stroke as compared to the other forms.
• Transient Ischemic Attack: – This form of the stroke has a very short duration involving stoppage of the blood for a very short period of time. This type of stroke is also called as mini stroke. The symptoms of this stroke appear and last for less than 24 hours. This is known to be a very minor attack that is not causing any permanent damage. However, this can be taken as a warning signal for the future stroke attack and hence should not be ignored.
How Stem Cells treatment can help!
Stem cells are the mother cells that are responsible for developing an entire human body from a tiny two celled embryo; due to their unlimited divisions and strong power to differentiate into all the cells of different lineage. This power of stem cells has been harnessed by the technology to isolate them outside the human body, concentrate in the clean environment and implant back.
Thus, stem cells treatment involves administration of concentrated cells in the targeted area, wherein they can colonize in the damaged area, adapt the properties of resident stem cells and initiate some of the lost functions that have been compromised by the disease or injury.
The loads of data accumulated from different research suggested, an evidence based differentiation of stem cells into new neurons. The vasculogenetic properties of stem cells can as well lead to formation of blood vessels to improve the paracrine effect, supply of growth factors and immune cells leading to the faster recovery. The angiogenetic properties of stem cells may develop new blood vessels that can help in maximising the supply of blood to the brain.
Treatment of Stroke at GIOSTAR
We have mastered the technology for isolating maximum number of viable stem cells from either the autologous sources of your own body or allogeneically with the matched donor to treat various children with ASD. We are the licensed, private organization with the excellent, well equipped state of the art facility to isolate process and enrich the viable number of stem cells, which can be re infused back into the patient’s body. Generally, these cells are administered through any one of the below mentioned methods depending upon our expert’s advice:
• Intrathecal Administration:-Through this mode, cell are infused in the cerebrospinal fluid through the subarachnoid spaces of the spinal canal.
• Intravenous Administration:- Through this mode, cells are infused through the veins along with the mannitol to expand blood volumes in the central nervous system, to ensure that the maximum number of cells are reaching to the targeted area.
Once infused back in the body, these cells can be repopulated at the damaged parts of the brain, through their strong paracrine effects and differentiate into lost or damaged neurons, create new blood vessels to improve the supply of blood or help in production of supporting cells to improve motor functions of the brain.
Thus with our standardized, broad based and holistic approach, it is now possible to obtain noticeable improvements in the patients with the Stroke, in the symptoms as well as their functional abilities.
Disclaimer : Results may vary for each patient. GIOSTAR practice the application of stem cell therapy within the legal regulations of each country.
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NEAT: Vital for Health
Unlocking Health: The Crucial Role of Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT)
As a registered dietitian committed to enhancing the well-being of my patients, it is imperative to shed light on an often overlooked yet pivotal aspect of energy expenditure – Non-Exercise Activity Thermogenesis (NEAT). NEAT encompasses the calories burned through daily activities such as walking, standing, fidgeting, and even maintaining posture. Understanding and appreciating the significance of NEAT is crucial for anyone seeking to optimize their health and achieve sustainable weight management.
The Energy Equation
Weight management is fundamentally governed by the balance between energy intake and energy expenditure. While dietary choices and structured physical activity (exercise) play a pivotal role, the significance of NEAT in the energy expenditure equation is often underestimated. A sedentary lifestyle that lacks sufficient NEAT can lead to an energy surplus, contributing to weight gain and associated health issues.
NEAT's Impact on Weight Management
Incorporating NEAT into daily life offers a multifaceted approach to weight management. Unlike structured exercise, NEAT is spontaneous and does not require designated time slots, making it accessible to individuals with varying lifestyles. Encouraging activities such as taking the stairs, standing while working, or even pacing during phone calls can cumulatively contribute to increased energy expenditure.
Metabolic Implications of NEAT
NEAT not only aids in weight management but also influences metabolic health. Regular engagement in NEAT has been associated with improved insulin sensitivity and glucose metabolism. Small, frequent movements throughout the day can help regulate blood sugar levels, reducing the risk of metabolic disorders.
NEAT and Mental Well-being
Beyond its physical benefits, NEAT plays a crucial role in mental well-being. Incorporating movement into daily routines has been linked to enhanced mood, reduced stress, and improved cognitive function. These mental health benefits underscore the holistic impact of NEAT on overall well-being.
Strategies for Enhancing NEAT
Integrating NEAT into your daily life is essential. Adopting simple yet effective strategies such as short walks, standing breaks, doing household chores , taking stairs in place of elevator, picking grocery from nearby store in place of ordering online, playing with kids etc can make NEAT a sustainable and enjoyable part of your routine. Additionally, using a wearable device to track daily movement can provide valuable insights and motivation.
What happen when you sit for a prolonged period of time.
There is a growing body of research that highlights the potential harm of prolonged sitting, even in individuals who engage in regular exercise. This phenomenon is often referred to as the "active couch potato" or "exercise paradox." While regular exercise is undeniably beneficial for overall health, spending extended periods sitting, commonly seen in sedentary lifestyles, has been associated with various health risks.
Numerous studies have investigated the negative effects of prolonged sitting, independent of regular exercise. Some key findings include:
1. Increased Risk of Chronic Diseases: Research suggests that prolonged sitting is linked to an increased risk of chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome.
2. Cardiovascular Health: Sedentary behavior has been associated with adverse effects on cardiovascular health, including higher blood pressure and unfavorable lipid profiles.
3. Insulin Sensitivity: Prolonged sitting may negatively impact insulin sensitivity, potentially contributing to the development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
4. Mortality Risk: Several studies have reported an increased risk of premature mortality associated with prolonged sitting, even in individuals who engage in regular exercise. This suggests that the negative effects of prolonged sitting are not fully mitigated by exercise.
5. Muscle and Joint Issues: Extended periods of sitting can lead to musculoskeletal issues, including poor posture, tight muscles, and back pain.
It's important to note that the current understanding emphasizes the importance of reducing sedentary time and breaking up prolonged periods of sitting throughout the day, regardless of whether an individual engages in regular exercise or not. This highlights the significance of incorporating movement into daily routines, such as taking short breaks to stand, stretch, or walk.
As research in this area continues to evolve, healthcare professionals increasingly emphasize the importance of a comprehensive approach to physical activity that includes both structured exercise and reducing sedentary behavior for optimal health outcomes.
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What is a Genetic Consultation
Finding and visiting a genetic counselor or other genetics professional
Source (the U.S.):
Genetics Home Reference: your guide to understanding genetic conditions
Previous page Next page Previous page Next page
Please choose from the following list of questions for information about meeting with a genetics professional (such as a medical geneticist or genetic counselor).
On this page:
1. What is a genetic consultation?
2. Why might someone have a genetic consultation?
3. What happens during a genetic consultation?
4. How can I find a genetics professional in my area?
5. How are genetic conditions diagnosed?
6. How are genetic conditions treated or managed?
What is a genetic consultation?
A genetic consultation is a health service that provides information and support to people who have, or may be at risk for, genetic disorders. During a consultation, a genetics professional meets with an individual or family to discuss genetic risks or to diagnose, confirm, or rule out a genetic condition.
Genetics professionals include medical geneticists (doctors who specialize in genetics) and genetic counselors (certified healthcare workers with experience in medical genetics and counseling). Other healthcare professionals such as nurses, psychologists, and social workers trained in genetics can also provide genetic consultations.
Consultations usually take place in a doctor’s office, hospital, genetics center, or other type of medical center. These meetings are most often in-person visits with individuals or families, but they are occasionally conducted in a group or over the telephone.
For more information about genetic consultations:
MedlinePlus offers a list of links to information about genetic counselingThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
Additional background information is provided by the National Genome Research Institute in its Frequently Asked Questions About Genetic CounselingThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
Information about genetic counseling, including the different types of counseling, is available from the National Society of Genetic Counselors in its booklet Making Sense of Your Genes: A Guide to Genetic CounselingP D F fileThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
The Centre for Genetics Education also offers an introduction to genetic counselingThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides additional information about genetic consultationsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
Why might someone have a genetic consultation?
Individuals or families who are concerned about an inherited condition may benefit from a genetic consultation. The reasons that a person might be referred to a genetic counselor, medical geneticist, or other genetics professional include:
• A personal or family history of a genetic condition, birth defect, chromosomal disorder, or hereditary cancer.
• Two or more pregnancy losses (miscarriages), a stillbirth, or a baby who died.
• A child with a known inherited disorder, a birth defect, mental retardation, or developmental delay.
• A woman who is pregnant or plans to become pregnant at or after age 35. (Some chromosomal disorders occur more frequently in children born to older women.)
• Abnormal test results that suggest a genetic or chromosomal condition.
• An increased risk of developing or passing on a particular genetic disorder on the basis of a person’s ethnic background.
• People related by blood (for example, cousins) who plan to have children together. (A child whose parents are related may be at an increased risk of inheriting certain genetic disorders.)
A genetic consultation is also an important part of the decision-making process for genetic testing. A visit with a genetics professional may be helpful even if testing is not available for a specific condition, however.
For more information about the reasons for having a genetic consultation:
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a detailed list of common reasons for a genetic consultationThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
An overview of indications for a genetics referralThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference. is available from The Genetic Alliance booklet “Understanding Genetics: A Guide for Patients and Professionals.”
What happens during a genetic consultation?
A genetic consultation provides information, offers support, and addresses a patient’s specific questions and concerns. To help determine whether a condition has a genetic component, a genetics professional asks about a person’s medical history and takes a detailed family history (a record of health information about a person’s immediate and extended family). The genetics professional may also perform a physical examination and recommend appropriate tests.
If a person is diagnosed with a genetic condition, the genetics professional provides information about the diagnosis, how the condition is inherited, the chance of passing the condition to future generations, and the options for testing and treatment.
During a consultation, a genetics professional will:
• Interpret and communicate complex medical information.
• Help each person make informed, independent decisions about their health care and reproductive options.
• Respect each person’s individual beliefs, traditions, and feelings.
A genetics professional will NOT:
• Tell a person which decision to make.
• Advise a couple not to have children.
• Recommend that a woman continue or end a pregnancy.
• Tell someone whether to undergo testing for a genetic disorder.
For more information about what to expect during a genetic consultation:
The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a detailed list of topics that are often discussed during a genetics consultationThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
The National Society of Genetic Counselors offers information about what to expect from a genetic counseling session as part of its FAQs About Genetic Counselors and the NSGCThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
Information about the role of genetic counselors and the process of genetic counselingThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference. are available from the Genetic Alliance publication “Understanding Genetics: A Guide for Patients and Professionals.”
How can I find a genetics professional in my area?
To find a genetics professional in your community, you may wish to ask your doctor for a referral. If you have health insurance, you can also contact your insurance company to find a medical geneticist or genetic counselor in your area who participates in your plan.
Several resources for locating a genetics professional in your community are available online:
• The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) provides a list of U.S. and international genetics clinicsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference.. Clinics can be chosen by state or country, by service, and/or by clinic name. State maps can help you locate a clinic in your area.
• The National Society of Genetic Counselors offers a searchable directory of genetic counselors in the United StatesThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference.. You can search by location, name, area of practice/specialization, and/or ZIP Code.
• The National Cancer Institute provides a Cancer Genetics Services DirectoryThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., which lists professionals who provide services related to cancer genetics. You can search by type of cancer or syndrome, location, and/or provider name.
How are genetic conditions diagnosed?
A doctor may suspect a diagnosis of a genetic condition on the basis of a person’s physical characteristics and family history, or on the results of a screening test.
Genetic testing is one of several tools that doctors use to diagnose genetic conditions. The approaches to making a genetic diagnosis include:
• A physical examination: Certain physical characteristics, such as distinctive facial features, can suggest the diagnosis of a genetic disorder. A geneticist will do a thorough physical examination that may include measurements such as the distance around the head (head circumference), the distance between the eyes, and the length of the arms and legs. Depending on the situation, specialized examinations such as nervous system (neurological) or eye (ophthalmologic) exams may be performed. The doctor may also use imaging studies including x-rays, computerized tomography (CT) scans, or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to see structures inside the body.
• Personal medical history: Information about an individual’s health, often going back to birth, can provide clues to a genetic diagnosis. A personal medical history includes past health issues, hospitalizations and surgeries, allergies, medications, and the results of any medical or genetic testing that has already been done.
• Family medical history: Because genetic conditions often run in families, information about the health of family members can be a critical tool for diagnosing these disorders. A doctor or genetic counselor will ask about health conditions in an individual’s parents, siblings, children, and possibly more distant relatives. This information can give clues about the diagnosis and inheritance pattern of a genetic condition in a family.
• Laboratory tests, including genetic testing: Molecular, chromosomal, and biochemical genetic testing are used to diagnose genetic disorders. Other laboratory tests that measure the levels of certain substances in blood and urine can also help suggest a diagnosis.
Genetic testing is currently available for many genetic conditions. However, some conditions do not have a genetic test; either the genetic cause of the condition is unknown or a test has not yet been developed. In these cases, a combination of the approaches listed above may be used to make a diagnosis. Even when genetic testing is available, the tools listed above are used to narrow down the possibilities (known as a differential diagnosis) and choose the most appropriate genetic tests to pursue.
A diagnosis of a genetic disorder can be made anytime during life, from before birth to old age, depending on when the features of the condition appear and the availability of testing. Sometimes, having a diagnosis can guide treatment and management decisions. A genetic diagnosis can also suggest whether other family members may be affected by or at risk of a specific disorder. Even when no treatment is available for a particular condition, having a diagnosis can help people know what to expect and may help them identify useful support and advocacy resources.
For more information about diagnosing genetic conditions:
Genetics Home Reference provides information about genetic testing and the importance of family medical history. Additionally, links to information about the diagnosis of specific genetic disorders are available in each condition summary under the heading “Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of…?”
Genetic Alliance provides an in-depth guide about genetic counseling called Making Sense of Your GenesP D F fileThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., which includes information about how genetics professionals diagnose many types of genetic disorders.
This article from Nature EducationThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference. discusses the diagnosis of several well-known genetic conditions.
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offers a fact sheet about the diagnosis of birth defectsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., including information about screening and diagnostic tests.
Boston Children’s Hospital provides this brief overview of testing for genetic disordersThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference..
The American College of Medical Genetics offers practice guidelinesThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., including diagnostic criteria, for several genetic disorders. These guidelines are designed for geneticists and other healthcare providers.
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ) National Guideline Clearinghouse has compiled screening, diagnosis, treatment, and management guidelinesThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference. for many genetic disorders.
GeneReviewsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., a resource from the University of Washington and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), provides detailed information about the diagnosis of specific genetic disorders as part of each peer-reviewed disease description.
How are genetic conditions treated or managed?
Many genetic disorders result from gene changes that are present in essentially every cell in the body. As a result, these disorders often affect many body systems, and most cannot be cured. However, approaches may be available to treat or manage some of the associated signs and symptoms.
For a group of genetic conditions called inborn errors of metabolism, which result from genetic changes that disrupt the production of specific enzymes, treatments sometimes include dietary changes or replacement of the particular enzyme that is missing. Limiting certain substances in the diet can help prevent the buildup of potentially toxic substances that are normally broken down by the enzyme. In some cases, enzyme replacement therapy can help compensate for the enzyme shortage. These treatments are used to manage existing signs and symptoms and may help prevent future complications.
For other genetic conditions, treatment and management strategies are designed to improve particular signs and symptoms associated with the disorder. These approaches vary by disorder and are specific to an individual’s health needs. For example, a genetic disorder associated with a heart defect might be treated with surgery to repair the defect or with a heart transplant. Conditions that are characterized by defective blood cell formation, such as sickle cell disease, can sometimes be treated with a bone marrow transplant. Bone marrow transplantation can allow the formation of normal blood cells and, if done early in life, may help prevent episodes of pain and other future complications.
Some genetic changes are associated with an increased risk of future health problems, such as certain forms of cancer. One well-known example is familial breast cancer related to mutations in the BRCA1 and BRCA2 genes. Management may include more frequent cancer screening or preventive (prophylactic) surgery to remove the tissues at highest risk of becoming cancerous.
Genetic disorders may cause such severe health problems that they are incompatible with life. In the most severe cases, these conditions may cause a miscarriage of an affected embryo or fetus. In other cases, affected infants may be stillborn or die shortly after birth. Although few treatments are available for these severe genetic conditions, health professionals can often provide supportive care, such as pain relief or mechanical breathing assistance, to the affected individual.
Most treatment strategies for genetic disorders do not alter the underlying genetic mutation; however, a few disorders have been treated with gene therapy. This experimental technique involves changing a person’s genes to prevent or treat a disease. Gene therapy, along with many other treatment and management approaches for genetic conditions, are under study in clinical trials.
Find out more about the treatment and management of genetic conditions:
Links to information about the treatment of specific genetic disorders are available in each Genetics Home Reference condition summary under the heading “Where can I find information about diagnosis or management of…?”
GeneReviewsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., a resource from the University of Washington and the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), provides detailed information about the management of specific genetic disorders as part of each peer-reviewed disease description.
The Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s (AHRQ) National Guideline Clearinghouse has compiled screening, diagnosis, treatment, and management guidelinesThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference. for many genetic disorders.
Information related to the approaches discussed above is available from MedlinePlus:
Genetics Home Reference offers consumer-friendly information about gene therapy, including safety, ethical issues, and availability.
ClinicalTrials.govThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., a service of the National Institutes of Health, provides easy access to information on clinical trials. You can search for specific trials or browse by conditionThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference.,trial sponsorThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., locationThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference., or treatment approach (for example, drug interventionsThis link leads to a site outside Genetics Home Reference.).
Next: Genetic Testing
Published: March 18, 2013
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Gut-Nourishing Benefits of Soil-Based Probiotics | The Daily Dose - Physician's Choice
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• Shop All Probiotics
• October 17, 2020 4 min read
Dr. Eric Wood, ND, MA - Contributing Writer, Physician’s Choice
Nowadays, more and more people are discovering the benefits of probiotics. The popularity of these gut-friendly microorganisms is flourishing in both supplements and fermented foods. Whether you're looking to improve your gut health, mood, or immune function, the power of probiotics has become more clear than ever.*
This article will take a deep dive into the benefits of soil-based probiotics and explain how this formula compares to others on the market.
What are soil-based probiotics?
Throughout the bulk of human history, humankind maintained a symbiotic relationship with the earth and its food chain. Part of that symbiosis involved ingesting small amounts of dirt and the accompanying probiotic organisms found within it. Today, research has illustrated that the native probiotics found in healthy soil likely played a key role in supporting human immune and digestive health for millennia.
Due to modern farming practices, most individuals today are not receiving these native probiotics from the foods in their diets. This is, in part, due to food safety habits like washing and scrubbing produce. These habits wash away almost all traces of dirt, leaving individuals with little-to-no chance for organic consumption of these "good" bacteria.
Soil-based probiotics are microorganisms living in the soil that are believed to support the health of the microbiome. Due to the resilient nature of their spore-like structure, they're well-equipped to survive the harsh acidic environment of the stomach on their journey to the lower intestines. There, the environment is much more conducive to their survival and germination.
In the gut, soil-based microorganisms transform into an active bacterial agent that can multiply, grow, and integrate into one's existing microbiome. This process provides promising potential for supporting and improving whole-body health.
The difference with soil-based probiotics
Many probiotic supplements are derived from milk-based cultures. Without acid-resistant encapsulations, the majority of those probiotics won’t survive the acidic environment of the stomach. As a result, researchers suggest that many people relying on yogurt or lactic-acid-based probiotics will experience little tangible impact on the long-term health of their microbiome.
This contrasts considerably with soil-based probiotics. As noted earlier, these are introduced to the body in the form of a spore. These spores are uniquely resistant to stomach acid and don't transform into bioactive probiotic bacteria until they’ve made it to the large intestine. There, they will germinate and seed in the bowel, providing a direct benefit to your microbial flora and potential gut health.*
Soil-based probiotics tend to be more effective than dairy-based probiotics in colonizing the large intestine and improving microbiome health. This means you’re more likely to notice the effects of improved gut health from soil-based formulas. This may be especially important if you’re trying to repair occasional imbalances in your gut.
Bottle of Physician's Choice 30-count Soil-Based Probiotics in the dirt
Clinical advantages and disadvantages: What the research suggests
The research on probiotics so far has largely supported soil-based organism supplementation as beneficial for health. More research is needed to assess this hypothesis and discern any potential risks. To date, however, the majority of research has reported positive effects from a considerable number of strains.
That said, there are some limitations to research on soil-based probiotics used in commercial supplements. Some practitioners and researchers have raised caution that they could compete with native species of the microbiome acquired from birth, breastfeeding, and during early infancy. These professionals believe this could potentially cause issues for certain people.
For those erring on the side of caution, you may want to seek out supplements using the most heavily researched strains. These strains include Bacillus coagulans, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus clausii, and Clostridium butyricum.
Soil-based probiotics and immune health
Research has illustrated beneficial effects of microbiome health in supporting immune function. Specifically, soil-based probiotics have been shown to support and maintain healthy, normal levels of secretory IgA, an immunosurveillance molecule in the intestines. To my clients, I often describe secretory IgA as your “night watchmen.”
These molecules patrol your intestinal lining to seek out any suspicious “intruders” (i.e., unwanted microbes or microorganisms). If they detect something suspicious, these “watchmen” will signal to alert key immune defenders to come and prepare for battle. Maintaining optimal levels of secretory IgA has shown to promote healthy immune function.
In summary
By and large, research suggests soil-based probiotic formulas are safe and effective. Research also suggests they can improve microbiome health and related factors, including immune health, mood support, digestive function, and more.*
Research is ongoing to understand all the potential benefits and downsides associated with specific probiotic strains. But with modern changes in dietary habits, agriculture, and food preparation, many people are likely to benefit from increasing their consumption of these native microorganisms.
In your search, look for science-backed soil-based probiotic formulas using more than one targeted strain and CFUs dosed based on clinically validated studies. With these guidelines in mind, you’ll be on your way to elevated gut wellness.
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Why use cider-send-ns-form-to-repl instead of cider-send-function-to-repl in Emacs Cider?
Is there any difference between cider-send-ns-form-to-repl and cider-send-function-to-repl?
For example, I have the following form in my clj file:
(ns e01.rebl-examples
(:import java.io.File)
(:require [clojure.java.io :as io]
[clojure.core.protocols :as p]))
I can send this form to repl using both commands. I’d prefer cider-send-function-to-repl because I can use it with any form.
1 Like
cider-send-ns-form-to-repl will send the ns form no matter where your cursor is in the file.
1 Like
Does Cider also send the ns form when evaluating any form?
No, it doesn’t.
Yes and no.
There’s the send to repl functions. And there’s the eval functions.
The send to repl functions are like if you copy/pasted things in the REPL window and pressed enter. So they are executed in the context of your REPL window. So if you send some defn form it will just send that. It won’t send anything else.
The eval functions evaluate the form within the context of the first ns form found backward from the form you are evaluating. So if you evaluate some defn and above the defn you have (ns foo) and your REPL window is in the user namespace, Cider will switch to foo and evaluate the defn, but it’s not switching your REPL window, in the REPL window you are still going to be inside the user namespace.
The output of the send to repl functions will show in the REPL window.
The output of the eval functions will show inline with the code.
Yes, forms in an ns are evaluated in that ns, but the ns form itself is not evaluated if you don’t do it explicitly (so requires and imports are not available until you do)
1 Like
Ya, I don’t remember what it does exactly, I had looked it up a while ago. I think it might just call in-ns or maybe it just binds *ns*. If it does the former, it would create the namespace if it didn’t exist, but otherwise would just switch to it without requiring or importing anything.
I’m too lazy to go dig into the code now, but it looks like it’s calling in-ns.
(ns toto) ;; never evaluated from the buffer
(defn add [a b]
(+ a b))
;; => #'toto/add
|
__label__pos
| 0.988246 |
What Do Tiger Sharks Eat
What do they eat? Sharks are carnivores that eat other animals. It is thought that most shark attacks are a case of mistaken identity. Tiger sharks are noted for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks. The tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) is one of the largest sharks. Sharks have eaten polar bears, reindeers, dogs, and even snakes, but the weirdest animal a shark ever ate was a porcupine. What do sand sharks eat? February 17, 2009 by Jim Wharton 5 Comments "Sand shark" can be a bit of a catch-all term, but it seems to most commonly refer to the sand tiger shark, Charcharius taurus. When the great white sharks get older, they will eat cadavers, penguins, seals and whales. Great white sharks, the world's largest predatory fish, eat three to four times more food than previously thought, an Australian study shows. I’m not exactly jumping at the chance to swim with sharks, but if I had to, tiger sharks may be at the bottom of the list. Tiger sharks have the widest variety of food of all sharks. Sand tiger shark populations have declined by more than 20 percent in the last 10 years and they are listed as a vulnerable species in the Atlantic Ocean. They also eat carrion (dead animals that they have found floating dead in the water). Since the 1980s, when detailed autopsies of sand tiger sharks revealed embryos in the stomachs of other embryos, researchers had known that the shark fetuses cannibalized each other in utero about. Newborn tiger sharks are highly vulnerable to predation, including by other tiger sharks. The Bull shark is responsible for the 3rd most attacks on humans. For example, hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp. On average, they grow 3 to 5 m long and weigh around 360 to 680 kg. Sand tiger sharks eat a variety of fish but once they reach adulthood they tend to feed on larger prey like other shark, dolphins and swordfish. These sharks are predatory animals primarily known for their voracious appetites. However, they predominanttigerly feed on fish, crustaceans, mollusks, seabirds, marine mammals, Dolphins always sidestep from regions that are purely dominated by tiger sharks. While reading the interesting facts about this fish, students will also enjoy the detailed photographs on each page. If not, do include West Maui in your search. Sibling Rivalry Spurs Sand Tiger Shark Embryos To Eat Each Other A recent scientific study shows that sand tiger shark babies eat their litter mates in the womb in the attempt to be the embryo. Think you know the outcome when it's shark versus octopus in an aquarium tank? Think again! more Think you know the outcome when it's shark versus octopus in an aquarium tank? Think again! Think you know the outcome when it's shark versus octopus in an aquarium tank? Think again! Sharks vs. Some sharks have enemy versions. Adults eat larger prey, including pinnipeds (sea lions and seals), small toothed whales (like belugas), otters, and sea turtles. The big, toothy sharks at the Tennessee Aquarium fascinate guests of all ages. Why do we dive with sharks but not crocodiles? The issue is the assumption that a shark's instincts are stronger and more basic. The sand tiger shark is known for its fierce teeth, which are three rows long, extremely sharp, and protrude from the mouth. Here is some info. Tigers eat a variety of prey ranging in size from termites to elephant calves. Sharks usually strike rigged baits, such as mullet and Mackerel, but a live Bonito or similar bait fish is even better. " Do sharks. But here's what to do in a shark attack. The tiger sharks are there year round. ) Do not enter the water if you have open wounds or are bleeding in any way. Tiger shark, (Galeocerdo cuvier), large, potentially dangerous shark of the family Carcharhinidae. TIGER SHARK Galeocerdo cuvier Habitat Common throughout Florida and occurs worldwide in tropical and warm-temperate waters. At this time, the Tiger Fish are preyed upon by Water Eagles. Shark teeth, especially those of the fierce tiger and great white, were used to craft a variety of weapons, including war clubs and knives. It likes to prey mainly on bottom-dwelling fish like bony fish, crustaceans as well as sharks, skates and rays. Tiger Sharks Diet. According to reports this species also goes hunting together, driving together swarms of fish and thus making them easy prey. Over the last year, scientists in Hawaii tagged and tracked more than 30 tiger sharks. Every so often, the bull sharks stalk its prey in dirty waters where it is not easy to see through so that its prey cannot see it coming. In honor of Shark Week 201, which kicks off July 28 on the Discovery Channel, we're sharing an updated version of one of our most popular shark blog posts. The shallow sandy area, some 30km north-west of West End on Grand Bahama that basically put the Bahamas on the map for shark tourism. There are a couple of reasons why swimming with sharks is safer. The shark-monitoring group notes that. Car licence plates, baseballs and car tyres have been found in their stomachs. Because of the tiger shark's slow rate of growth and sparse reproduction habits, it is highly vulnerable to fishing practices. There was a gap in knowledge in the Gulf of Mexico and Northwest Atlantic when it came to quantitatively describing the diet of tiger sharks. You are going to learn about its name, anatomy, size, weight, diet, habitat, speed, lifecycle, reproduction, size comparison, range , migration and other interesting information. Three species, however, have been repetitively implicated as the primary attackers of man: the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), tiger shark (Galeocerdo cuvier) and bull shark (Carcharhinus leucas). New research on sharks is challenging our views of the predators. com/watch/FFOEZh1Lbbg Oc. Shark Facts about iconic shark species such as whale sharks, basking sharks and tiger sharks. Feeding Voracious feeders that will eat just about anything. Together, sharks have the ability to eat many different animals from shrimp to seals. Because there are so many different. org featured multi-media fact-files for more than 16,000 endangered species. Okay, so they may not be speaking our language, but sharks do employ a method of communication that should be easily understood: body language. These sharks are predatory animals primarily known for their voracious appetites. Baby tiger sharks eat songbirds Eureka Alert. This shark looks fierce as it slowly swims with its mouth open and needle-like teeth exposed. Sharks are a fascinating group of fishes that strike fear into the minds of humans, but they are nothing to be afraid of. Shark was on the menu last week for a large female sand tiger shark in Seoul's COEX Aquarium. Throughout the summer I dissected a total of 170 tiger shark stomachs, and it was surprisingly fun. In most species the teeth are triangular or pointed, with sharp tips and knifelike, jagged edges—a sure sign of a hunter. Great white sharks have also been known to eat sea turtles. Sharks evolved millions of years. Sharks will "eat almost anything: fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, mammals and other sharks," according to Sea World. The whale shark (Rhincodon typus) is the largest shark and the largest fish. Tiger sharks also eat other tiger sharks. Manatees spend a lot of time in fresh water, so they are only vulnerable to sharks part of the year. This is actually a family of sharks which contains migrant, live-bearing species of sharks such as the blue shark, the tiger shark, the bull shark, the milk shark. What do tigers eat? Sometimes, a leopard might kill and eat a very young tiger. Tiger Sharks Diet. Sharks have no problem finding things to eat, even in total darkness or muddy water. That's a hard call to make. 5 m (18 feet), and a weight of over 900 kg (2,000 lb). how well can sharks see? Vision abilities vary among the different shark species and depend on the size, focusing ability and strength of the eyes. This is not a good thing. Dolphin Battles Can Have Surprising Outcomes. Tiger sharks typically live in coastal waters that are close to shore and can spread out to the outer continental shelf offshore, as well as around island groups farther out at sea. There are over 475 different species of sharks, but only a few of these are considered to be dangerous to people. Tiger Sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) in Captivity Thanks to Andy Dehart, Paul Groves, Alan Henningsen, Raul Marin-Osorno, Mark Smith, Alejandro Zepeda, and Filipe Pereira for much of the information on this page. Sharks eat all kinds of animals, though rarely do they eat land animals except in strange circumstances. Roberts said alligator gar are not a threat and do not target humans. Wildscreen's Arkive project was launched in 2003 and grew to become the world's biggest encyclopaedia of life on Earth. Sharks will "eat almost anything: fishes, crustaceans, mollusks, mammals and other sharks," according to Sea World. The University of Western Australia Oceans Institute , 27 May 2016. Lots of sharks eat fish, plankton (small plants and other creatures that live in the sea), and crustaceans like crabs. In general, killer whales feed on a large variety of fish, cephalopods and marine mammals. This is pretty slow, however, so a meal might take several days to digest. Some experience problems from swallowing too large of prey since sand tiger sharks usually swallow their prey whole. Watch free episodes from AUDIENCE Network including AT&T originals, AT&T documentaries, AUDIENCE Music, AUDIENCE Sports & more. Sand tiger sharks The animal kingdom is no stranger to cannibalism, which often manifests itself in brutally merciless ways. In the more educational of them, the audience is often reminded that sharks may eat humans. This isn't by choice, though. Dreams About Sharks - Interpretation and Meaning. Sharks are intelligent animals. Giant tiger sharks eat backyard birds, surprising study reveals. By all accounts, it is as dangerous as any shark, and it probably swims faster than most. " Les Stroud tests this by throwing a series of objects in the water for them to eat. TIGER SHARK Galeocerdo cuvier Habitat Common throughout Florida and occurs worldwide in tropical and warm-temperate waters. Baby sharks (called pups) are born with a full set of teeth and are fully ready to take care of themselves. They all require salt water with the exception of the Bull Shark and the River Shark which have adapted to surviving in both fresh and salt water making them a scientific curiosity. Sharks are generally considered the top predators in the marine environment. The sand tiger shark pups hatch from their eggs within the mother’s body. Some animals eat their moms, and other cannibalism facts. During the hot seasons, the water level is at its lowest, slowest, cleanes and warmest. Some hunt alone, others in schools. More than three-quarters of reef mantas observed in fieldwork off the southern Mozambique coast showed such injuries, with tiger and bull sharks thought the most likely attackers. Baby sharks are eating songbirds, scientists discover The Independent. Sharks have no problem finding things to eat, even in total darkness or muddy water. The tiger shark is found throughout the world's coastal temperate and tropical waters, with the exception of the Mediterranean Sea, and have been known to swim to depths of up to 350 metres (1150 feet). On average, they grow 3 to 5 m long and weigh around 360 to 680 kg. It weighed 1,524 kg (3,360 lb), and was around 5. " Les Stroud tests this by throwing a series of objects in the water for them to eat. Some captured tiger sharks have even had license plates or other garbage found inside of their stomachs. But, what does the fossil record show that the Megalodon really ate? Fossil evidence shows that the Megalodon primarily fed on large marine mammals including whales, dolphins, sea lions, dugongs (sea cows), as well as sea turtles and large fish. They have been known to eat many different fishes and invertebrates, seabirds, sea turtles, some marine mammals, stingrays and other rays, smaller sharks, sea snakes, and scavenged dead. Although sharks have a reputation as destructive beasts that attack almost anything that enters their water habitat, the actual number of shark attacks is probably lower than you imagine. Like all sharks, they breathe underwater, through their gills. The closest into a plant-eating shark we can easily get are the filtration feeders, just like whale as well as basking sharks. Tiger sharks are often referred to as the "garbage cans of the ocean" as they are notoriously non-fussy eaters. It was known for decades that about five months into the typical 12-month pregnancy, the largest embryo would begin to devour all but one of its littermates, but scientists couldn't figure out why. But by far, the most common species of sharks seen by scuba divers on the Great Barrier Reef are whitetip and blacktip reef sharks. Sharks play an important role in the food chain. Even if they don't eat you, they can do some serious damage. Because of these issues, some sharks are endangered. These are the scariest kinds of sharks: the hungry ones. Together, sharks have the ability to eat many different animals from shrimp to seals. The current state strategy for Tiger sharks is to observe, close beaches, and hope the aggressive Tigers won't eat the locals and the tourists. " Cartilaginous fish include both predators like the sand tiger and harmless mollusc-eaters like the Atlantic stingray. The stomachs of tiger sharks have been found with some very unique items inside of them. They can have a blue to light green colour, combined with a white or light yellow belly. Best Answer: Some sharks, like the tiger shark, will attack dolphins and manatees. Don’t wear yum-yum yellow Theo Tait. The findings show they gather in popular. But Tiger Sharks do not outgrow their 'awkward stage' until they reach a length of about 8 feet (2. Do NOT bring a large shark onto a pier or bridge. They are slow-moving sharks, yet they are effective predators and will eat almost anything. But in an incredible series of. Maybe a little too comfortable!. Surfers* eat sharks. For example, scientists in Hawaii found that tiger sharks had a positive impact on the health of sea grass beds. Baby Tiger Sharks Eat Songbirds. Manatees spend a lot of time in fresh water, so they are only vulnerable to sharks part of the year. It should be clear by now that the Great White Shark diet is based on fish for the young sharks and marine mammals for the adults. Even by nature’s cruel standards, scientists admit that this is an unusual mode of survival. The hammerhead shark, also known as mano kihikihi, is not considered a man-eater or niuhi; it is considered to be one of the most respected sharks of the ocean, an aumakua. In Hungry Shark Evolution, she is stronger than the Hammerhead Shark, but in Hungry Shark: Night it is apparently weaker than the Hammerhead Shark. The tiger shark typically lives up to 50 years in the wild and is known as the "wastebasket of the sea" due to its desire to eat almost anything that it can find. Tiger Sharks Diet. Shark Coloration Do sharks have camouflage? Why are sharks colored the way they are? Shark Buoyancy Did you know sharks sink? So how do they stay up off the bottom? Shark Feeding Frenzies Do sharks really have feeding frenzies? Shark Reproduction Do sharks lay eggs? Have live babies? Or both? This video explains shark reproduction in an easy to. Tiger sharks are often referred to as the "garbage cans of the ocean" as they are notoriously non-fussy eaters. Great whites do not chew their food. Certainly not Whale Sharks are massive filter feeders. Do Snakes Eat Caterpillars? No, in general most types of snakes do not eat caterpillars but on occasion a garter snake may eat a caterpillar if they are hungry. It's one thing. Their diet, as a rule - dolphins, large invertebrates, mullet and other fish. That is why, if they run into non-edible objects or junk, they do not hesitate to eat them even without trying them first. Compared to many other sea creatures that would avoid the bait and swim away, Tiger sharks would attempt to eat the bait and subsequently get caught. The very popular Tiger Barb is an easy fish to care for and can be fun to watch as it swims at high speed in schools of six or more. Orcas feed on a wide variety of prey, from small schooling fish to large baleen whales. They also eat carrion (dead animals that they have found floating dead in the water). They can eat almost anything, from turtles to birds, as well as other sharks and fish. Orca is the only known predator of white shark. They can easily locate prey in such murky waters. Tiger shark is one of the most dangerous species of shark when it comes to its interaction with humans. It’s true, they eat just about anything: fish, other sharks, sea turtles, birds etc. Sharks never stop growing new teeth. Tiger sharks have the widest variety of food of all sharks. In celebration of Shark Week, and to bring attention to this issue, we've compiled a list of everything you need to know about eating sharks. Instead of having a single uterus, female sharks have two (plural: uteri). While sharks almost never eat humans, apparently they will eat fucking everything else though, as tiger sharks are only too happy to prove. Breeding—. The tiger shark is found throughout the world's coastal temperate and tropical waters, with the exception of the Mediterranean Sea, and have been known to swim to depths of up to 350 metres (1150 feet). Toothed whales eat fish, squid, and other animals, while baleens eat plankton, krill, and other small creatures. Saving tigers means saving forests that are vital to the health of the planet. A shark is a playable character in all of the Hungry Shark series. Certainly not Whale Sharks are massive filter feeders. What did sharks eat before original sin? Most christians that believe in the Genesis account of a six-day creation believe that there was no death before original sin. Tiger sharks (for example) will eat hammerheads, makos and other tiger sharks. underwatervideo. They are also remarkably undiscriminating in their eating habits, which makes them even more likely to attack a swimmer, or anything for that matter. Only about a dozen of the more than 300 species of sharks have been involved in attacks on humans. How Do Land Birds End Up In A Tiger Shark's Belly? Island Sea Lab in Alabama have been studying the diets of Tiger Sharks in the Gulf of Mexico and they found that the sharks not only eat sea. Beyond that, though, tiger sharks also have a reputation for being "garbage cans of the sea. Despite their scary reputation, sharks rarely ever gamss humans and would much rather feed on fish and marine mammals. Tiger sharks are probably the least discriminating in their culinary tastes. If you have dreamed about seeing a shark, it is usually a symbol of your ruthless behavior, anger and fierceness in your waking life. What do they eat? Sharks are carnivores that eat other animals. So now you know the answer to the question what do great white sharks eat. What do tigers eat? How fast do tigers run? Find out the answers to this and more!. Shark was on the menu last week for a large female sand tiger shark in Seoul's COEX Aquarium. tiger sharks eat fish squid, seal, sharks, sea turtles,sea snakes or sea birds Traditionally the tiger shark eats smaller fish and crusteaceans, though if you provoke it it may attack you. Great White’s and Tiger sharks), in a sense, yes, sharks do not like the way humans “taste”, but you’ll get a false impression if you stop reading here, because we’re not talking about the flavour of humans per se and sharks also seem to be weighing the risk vs. Younger Megalodon. Baby sharks (called pups) are born with a full set of teeth and are fully ready to take care of themselves. Tiger sharks or Galeocerdo cuvier is one of the most dangerous sharks. Things such as metal license plates and even an armour suit have been found in the bellies of tiger sharks. They can easily locate prey in such murky waters. Tiger sharks are large, beautiful creatures, with alternating areas of dark and light brown color. While thousands of adrenaline enthusiasts, adventure fanatics and brave tourists go Great White Shark cage diving in Gansbaai every year, many people who can’t find the courage to do so have headed to many an aquarium with the intention of viewing the sharks in captivity. Tiger sharks and great whites are ill-suited for captivity, but sand tigers do well—given the right setup and proper care, sand tigers can live for decades in aquariums. Pics Of Tiger Sharks, Life Cycle Of A Shark, Tiger Shark Food Chain, Tiger Shark Food Web, What Do Tiger Sharks Eat, How To Draw A Tiger Shark, Tiger Shark Diving, Tiger Sharks Facts For Kids, Where Do Tiger Sharks Live, Tiger Shark Fun Facts,. So many marine groups of animals feed on plankton, but baleen whales are known to be among the biggest animals that eat these small creatures. Looks The sand tiger shark is (in my opinion) one of the coolest looking sharks in the world. What do tiger sharks eat?and what does the animal thats eaten by a tiger shark eat? and what does that eat? so on and so forth. For example, scientists in Hawaii found that tiger sharks had a positive impact on the health of sea grass beds. Tiger Sharks will eat almost anything but dolphins are a favorite food. they can also be found in salt water river estuaries, or river cut offs, and in harbors. They attack from beneath and behind, bite the victim and swim a short distance away to wait for the victim to bleed to death. Tiger sharks are known to eat a wide variety of animals such as sea turtles, birds, fish, other sharks, seals and crabs. During the hot seasons, the water level is at its lowest, slowest, cleanes and warmest. More dangerous to the population of tiger sharks are humans, who hunt the shark for its fins, teeth, skin and flesh. Their diet, as a rule - dolphins, large invertebrates, mullet and other fish. However, an integral component of their diet are large-bodied prey weighing about 20 kg (45 lbs. Only the young are exposed to this kind of pressure. But despite the spectacle of scary footage and a spate of recent attacks, sharks pose less of a threat to humans than humans do to sharks, according to a slate of experts and a GateHouse Media analysis of the Global Shark Attack File. AND THEN THERE WERE FOUR Cannibalism is common in the common tree frog and occurs in nearly every major group of animals,. Tiger sharks have the widest variety of food of all sharks. Sharks are voracious carnivores, meaning that they eat meat, usually in the form of fish or invertebrates. So, the sharks' menu is pretty large and pretty species-specific. This post provides information about the habitat and other characteristics of this fascinating creature. Locations Adaptations Adaptation Description Adaptations of a tiger shark scientific name- Galeocerdo Cuvier Adaptation Whenever a Tiger Shark looses a tooth a new tooth grows in. 5 metres long. In honor of Shark Week 201, which kicks off July 28 on the Discovery Channel, we're sharing an updated version of one of our most popular shark blog posts. The tiger shark is one of the largest sharks in the ocean and generally female tiger sharks are larger than males. Lo and behold, tiger sharks ate the most birds in early. Tiger Sharks teaches readers about one of the largest sharks in the ocean. The air stored in the stomach helps the shark in floating motionless. White sharks migrate in the winter from the California and Baja coasts to a mid-Pacific open water area dubbed the White Shark Cafe. Young great white sharks eat fish, rays, and other sharks. Adults eat larger prey, including pinnipeds (sea lions and seals), small toothed whales (like belugas), otters, and sea turtles. Dave Canterbury and Cody Lundin of "Dual Survival" hope to find out if tiger sharks hunt differently as night. please go all the way back to plankton and the sun. Tiger sharks are often referred to as the "garbage cans of the ocean" as they are notoriously non-fussy eaters. Where Do Tiger Sharks Live? Tiger sharks are found in many usual and unusual places for a shark. There are three known methods that sharks use to eat. Tiger sharks are large, beautiful creatures, with alternating areas of dark and light brown color. What do sand sharks eat? February 17, 2009 by Jim Wharton 5 Comments "Sand shark" can be a bit of a catch-all term, but it seems to most commonly refer to the sand tiger shark, Charcharius taurus. For example, a Tiger Shark might eat a Bull Shark, a Bull Shark might eat a Blacktip Shark and a Blacktip Shark might eat a Dogfish Shark. There are over 400 species of sharks, including the great white shark, tiger shark, bull shark, hammerhead shark, oceanic whitetip, mako shark, thresher shark, and the whale shark. For instance, we had talked about the Australian Shark Cull that was targeted at great whites but ended up causing the death of at least 63 large tiger sharks. As the joke would go, it was a 60 foot shark, it could eat whatever it wanted. Tiger Sharks Diet. This is why sharks are considered a keystone species, or an animal that keeps food webs in balance. When young, the darker. DLNR should re-introduce it previously successful Tiger shark culling program to reduce a specific shark population which continues to grow in Hawaiian waters along with attacks on humans. However, the only games where you can do. In Hungry Shark Evolution, she is stronger than the Hammerhead Shark, but in Hungry Shark: Night it is apparently weaker than the Hammerhead Shark. The World Conservation Union (IUCN) lists them as “Near Threatened,” meaning tiger sharks are likely to become endangered in the near future if fishing pressure continues. Great white sharks will also eat pig carcasses if they are in the ocean. Tiger sharks have an enormous appetite and can eat almost anything they find in their path. Adult tiger sharks do not really have any more enemies for their size prevents them from being chased by other shark species. Actually, Jim just named one after my daughter, Kimberly. The tiger shark has the worst reputation as a man-eater amongst tropical sharks. 99, January 2012, ISBN 978 0 7156 4291 7. The very size of their jaws is what makes some sharks scary, ugly, and dangerous to humans. The Tiger Sharks of the Bahamas - Shark Tourism By protecting its territorial waters the way it has, the Bahamas has created a safe haven for apex animals like the Tiger shark. There are over 475 different species of sharks, but only a few of these are considered to be dangerous to people. Quite on the contrary, Im sure that if Tiger Sharks were larger, they would most likely go after a Whale Shark, for obvious reasons: 1. Being in the cold terrain, Siberian tigers eat red deer, wild boar, Manchurian elk, and sika deer. In Hawaii in the late 1950s, after a spate of tiger shark attacks , a state-sponsored program provided $300,000 to rid the waters of tigers. Indeed, Tiger sharks are known to eat: bony fish, other sharks, turtles, mollusks, and seabirds, but also to scavenge, and in some cases, lumps of coal, cans of paint, packs of cigarettes, drums, or. Sharks eat all kinds of animals, though rarely do they eat land animals except in strange circumstances. ) or larger such as moose, deer species, pigs, cows, horses, buffalos and goats. ) eat crabs and lobsters. Tiger sharks have a near completely undiscerning palate, and are not likely to swim away after biting a human, as great whites frequently do. Sand tiger sharks are also known as the grey nurse shark, blue nurse shark, and the ragged tooth shark and are found in warm waters throughout the world. The most dangerous sharks in the ocean are Great White sharks, Tiger sharks, Hammerhead sharks, Bull sharks, and Mako Sharks. If not, do include West Maui in your search. Giant tiger sharks eat backyard birds, surprising study reveals. I assume you mean tiger shark as in Galeocerdo cuvier as in my favorite shark Than the answer is Of course they do, tiger sharks will gladly eat other sharks like reef sharks, smaller tigers, and even small hammerheads They also enjoy eating fish. Why do tiger sharks swim up and down the water column? – An up-close view of their vertical movements Andrzejaczek, Sammy, and Karissa Lear. It eats fish, squid, birds, seals, sharks and sea turtles. If your joke is a Pedro’s Pick, you’ll receive $10. Tiger sharks are solitary hunters and usually do most of their hunting at night when the tiger shark can move through the. Being in the cold terrain, Siberian tigers eat red deer, wild boar, Manchurian elk, and sika deer. This animal can be found in the warm, tropical and subtropical waters all over the world. Tiger sharks typically live in coastal waters that are close to shore and can spread out to the outer continental shelf offshore, as well as around island groups farther out at sea. Unfortunately, 93% of historical tiger lands have disappeared primarily because of expanding human activity. Because of these issues, some sharks are endangered. Most sharks eat fish, octopi, squid, turtles, and other cold-blooded sea creatures, along with the occasional sea bird caught napping on the water. Some people even call tiger sharks waste baskets of. Tiger sharks are found in many usual and unusual places for a shark. But here's what to do in a shark attack. The Tiger shark outfit is a Fishing outfit that can be acquired via the Invention skill. These are 1) filter feeding, 2) tearing and 3) swallowing the prey whole. This is called shark finning. Sand tiger are docile sharks and do not pose any threat to. The average lifespan of a tiger shark is around 30 to 40 years but some tiger sharks are found to be 50 years old. One of the most bloodthirsty examples is the sand tiger shark, in which. They can eat almost anything, from turtles to birds, as well as other sharks and fish. Tiger sharks eat songbirds Cosmos. Tiger sharks have been called "garbage cans of the sea" because they feed opportunistically on both live food and carrion. Editor's Note: This post was updated on July 26, 2019. Seaweed Angel Sharks Orca Whales SEA TURTLE The Sun is extremely hot,because it is about 27 million degrees. [ suspenseful music plays ] [ suspenseful chords strike ] narrator: off the coast of fuvahmulah island, a team of researchers are investigating a virtually unstudied reef, in pursuit of a shark believed to have gone extinct in the 1970s. There are different types of shark egg. While researchers are unclear how sharks interpret color, they have determined sharks can discern contrast and color. Tigers eat a variety of prey ranging in size from termites to elephant calves. There are a couple of reasons why swimming with sharks is safer. Since the 1980s, when detailed autopsies of sand tiger sharks revealed embryos in the stomachs of other embryos, researchers had known that the shark fetuses cannibalized each other in utero about. Some larger, faster sharks extend their diet to include sea mammals, in addition to substantial fish such as tuna, mackerel and other sharks. Get to know the large, medium and small sized animals that Bengal Tigers hunt. See great white sharks jumping out of the water off the coast of South Africa's Seal Island. Baby tiger sharks EAT. Find out all you need to know about eating shark here. In some countries, people eat shark fin soup and shark steak. Tiger sharks are carnivores because they eat other animals, including fish, seals, other sharks, dolphins, sea turtles, sea snakes, and birds. In Sand Tiger Sharks, the biggest, strongest pups eat their brothers and sisters while still inside their mother’s body. Sharks have no problem finding things to eat, even in total darkness or muddy water. org featured multi-media fact-files for more than 16,000 endangered species. Baby sharks (called pups) are born with a full set of teeth and are fully ready to take care of themselves. There are a number of reasons other species of cetcea do not eat sharks. Reproduction Gives birth to live young. When it comes to the diet of a fish, they eat a large variety of things; some of them are omnivores that feed on marine animals including smaller fish, worms and crustaceans. For example, hammerhead sharks (Sphyrna spp. Tiger sharks eat songbirds Cosmos. It’s true, they eat just about anything: fish, other sharks, sea turtles, birds etc. If you use shark cartilage or shark liver oil you are wasting your money, endangering your health, and contributing to the wholesale slaughter of helpless animals. Compared to many other sea creatures that would avoid the bait and swim away, Tiger sharks would attempt to eat the bait and subsequently get caught. Tiger sharks are often referred to as the "garbage cans of the ocean" as they are notoriously non-fussy eaters. Actually, Jim just named one after my daughter, Kimberly. " Les Stroud tests this by throwing a series of objects in the water for them to eat. While white sharks have sharpened triangular tusks, the teeth of tiger sharks have jagged edges that facilitate the rupture of hard bodies of crustaceans. They are not very fussy and will eat anything they can, including fish, squid, crabs, dolphins, seals and even other sharks. A maximum of. At this time, the Tiger Fish are preyed upon by Water Eagles. za or join our Facebook group. This is actually a family of sharks which contains migrant, live-bearing species of sharks such as the blue shark, the tiger shark, the bull shark, the milk shark. Pics Of Tiger Sharks, Life Cycle Of A Shark, Tiger Shark Food Chain, Tiger Shark Food Web, What Do Tiger Sharks Eat, How To Draw A Tiger Shark, Tiger Shark Diving, Tiger Sharks Facts For Kids, Where Do Tiger Sharks Live, Tiger Shark Fun Facts,. "We joke that tiger sharks, not being media stars like white. Young great white sharks eat fish, rays, and other sharks. It lives between 6. Tiger sharks are noted for having the widest food spectrum of all sharks. They quickly swim away, even from their mothers who might eat them. Most sharks eat fish, octopi, squid, turtles, and other cold-blooded sea creatures, along with the occasional sea bird caught napping on the water. Whale sharks, at 65 feet and a weight of 75,000 pounds, are the largest of them all. Why do tiger sharks swim up and down the water column? – An up-close view of their vertical movements Andrzejaczek, Sammy, and Karissa Lear. Heard any good jokes lately? Boys’ Life will send you this patch for each joke of yours we publish in the printed magazine. For instance, we had talked about the Australian Shark Cull that was targeted at great whites but ended up causing the death of at least 63 large tiger sharks. Evidence for shark attacks on mantas isn't hard to come by: Numerous studies have shown shark-bite scars and amputations on living rays. It is a predator, but more on a micro level than a macro level like some other species of sharks. Tiger sharks have an enormous appetite and can eat almost anything they find in their path. Young great white sharks eat fish, rays, and other sharks. Sharks Do Get Cancer. Bull sharks especially are known to hunt other sharks. In fact, if a shark accidentally breaks a tooth while chomping down on something, the tooth is almost immediately replaced by another tooth growing in the jaw. More dangerous to the population of tiger sharks are humans, who hunt the shark for its fins, teeth, skin and flesh. When these females are pregnant, the more significant fetuses end up eating, the smaller ones while in their mother's uterus. Your chances of a shark encounter are extremely low. However, they do eat their own eggs, as well as the eggs of other fish, so it's best to set up a separate tank for breeding. They also eat lobsters, crabs, and squid.
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authorAnthony G. Basile <[email protected]>2012-12-26 22:10:58 -0500
committerAnthony G. Basile <[email protected]>2012-12-28 20:28:53 -0500
commit611f2a226bd47ad6cf5c1cf7daa2e52781ddd2b6 (patch)
tree5c9cc465103c1e9ed459b730f788bbce361279e2
parentmisc/alt-revdep-pax: use class LinkMap (diff)
downloadelfix-0.7.x.tar.gz
elfix-0.7.x.tar.bz2
elfix-0.7.x.zip
misc/alt-revdep-pax: cleanup wrt object with no pax flagselfix-0.7.x
-rwxr-xr-xmisc/alt-revdep-pax123
1 files changed, 59 insertions, 64 deletions
diff --git a/misc/alt-revdep-pax b/misc/alt-revdep-pax
index be51bf9..dda9025 100755
--- a/misc/alt-revdep-pax
+++ b/misc/alt-revdep-pax
@@ -41,15 +41,7 @@ def get_input(prompt):
return raw_input(prompt)
-def print_problems(elfs_without_flags, sonames_without_flags, sonames_missing_library):
- elfs_without_flags = set(elfs_without_flags)
- print('\n**** ELF objections without any PAX flags ****')
- for m in elfs_without_flags:
- print('\t%s' % m)
- sonames_without_flags = set(sonames_without_flags)
- print('\n**** SONAMEs with library files without PAX flags ****')
- for m in sonames_without_flags:
- print('\t%s' % m)
+def print_problems(sonames_missing_library):
sonames_missing_library = set(sonames_missing_library)
print('\n**** SONAMES without any library files ****')
for m in sonames_missing_library:
@@ -59,8 +51,6 @@ def print_problems(elfs_without_flags, sonames_without_flags, sonames_missing_li
def run_forward(verbose):
(object_linkings, object_reverse_linkings, library2soname, soname2library) = LinkMap().get_maps()
- elfs_without_flags = []
- sonames_without_flags = []
sonames_missing_library = []
for abi in object_linkings:
@@ -70,22 +60,24 @@ def run_forward(verbose):
sv = '%s :%s ( %s )' % (elf, abi, elf_str_flags)
s = sv
except pax.PaxError:
- elfs_without_flags.append(elf)
+ sv = '%s :%s ( %s )' % (elf, abi, '****')
+ s = sv
continue
count = 0
for soname in object_linkings[abi][elf]:
try:
- library = soname2library[(soname,abi)]
- (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ library = soname2library[(soname, abi)]
+ try:
+ (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ library_str_flags = '****'
sv = '%s\n\t%s\t%s ( %s )' % (sv, soname, library, library_str_flags)
if elf_str_flags != library_str_flags:
s = '%s\n\t%s\t%s ( %s )' % (s, soname, library, library_str_flags)
count = count + 1
except KeyError:
sonames_missing_library.append(soname)
- except pax.PaxError:
- sonames_without_flags.append(soname)
if verbose:
print('%s\n' % sv)
@@ -98,7 +90,7 @@ def run_forward(verbose):
print('%s\n\n' % s)
if verbose:
- print_problems(elfs_without_flags, sonames_without_flags, sonames_missing_library)
+ print_problems(sonames_missing_library)
def run_reverse(verbose, executable_only):
@@ -106,39 +98,38 @@ def run_reverse(verbose, executable_only):
shell_path = path = os.getenv('PATH').split(':')
- elfs_without_flags = []
- sonames_without_flags = []
sonames_missing_library = []
for abi in object_reverse_linkings:
for soname in object_reverse_linkings[abi]:
try:
- library = soname2library[(soname,abi)]
- (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ library = soname2library[(soname, abi)]
+ try:
+ (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ library_str_flags = '****'
sv = '%s\t%s :%s ( %s )' % (soname, library, abi, library_str_flags)
s = sv
except KeyError:
sonames_missing_library.append(soname)
- except pax.PaxError:
- sonames_without_flags.append(soname)
count = 0
for elf in object_reverse_linkings[abi][soname]:
try:
(elf_str_flags, elf_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(elf)
- if executable_only:
- if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
- sv = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (sv, elf, elf_str_flags)
- if library_str_flags != elf_str_flags:
- s = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (s, elf, elf_str_flags)
- count = count + 1
- else:
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ elf_str_flags = '****'
+ if executable_only:
+ if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
sv = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (sv, elf, elf_str_flags)
if library_str_flags != elf_str_flags:
s = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (s, elf, elf_str_flags)
count = count + 1
- except pax.PaxError:
- elfs_without_flags.append(elf)
+ else:
+ sv = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (sv, elf, elf_str_flags)
+ if library_str_flags != elf_str_flags:
+ s = '%s\n\t%s ( %s )' % (s, elf, elf_str_flags)
+ count = count + 1
if verbose:
print('%s\n' % sv)
@@ -151,7 +142,7 @@ def run_reverse(verbose, executable_only):
print('%s\n\n' % s)
if verbose:
- print_problems( elfs_without_flags, sonames_without_flags, sonames_missing_library)
+ print_problems(sonames_missing_library)
def migrate_flags(importer, exporter_str_flags, exporter_bin_flags):
@@ -180,7 +171,12 @@ def migrate_flags(importer, exporter_str_flags, exporter_bin_flags):
'R':1<<14, 'r':1<<15
}
- (importer_str_flags, importer_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(importer)
+ try:
+ (importer_str_flags, importer_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(importer)
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ # The importer has no flags, so just set them
+ pax.setbinflags(importer, exporter_bin_flags)
+ return
# Start with the exporter's flags
result_bin_flags = exporter_bin_flags
@@ -226,21 +222,24 @@ def run_elf(elf, verbose, mark, allyes):
for soname in object_linkings[abi][elf]:
try:
library = soname2library[(soname,abi)]
- (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ try:
+ (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ library_str_flags = '****'
if verbose:
print('\t%s\t%s :%s ( %s )' % (soname, library, abi, library_str_flags))
if elf_str_flags != library_str_flags:
mismatched_libraries.append(library)
if not verbose:
print('\t%s\t%s :%s ( %s )' % (soname, library, abi, library_str_flags))
- except pax.PaxError:
- print('%s :%s: file for soname not found' % (soname,abi))
+ except KeyError:
+ print('%s :%s: file for soname not found' % (soname, abi))
if len(mismatched_libraries) == 0:
if not verbose:
print('\tNo mismatches\n')
else:
- print('\n'),
+ print('')
if mark:
print('\tWill mark libraries with %s\n' % elf_str_flags)
for library in mismatched_libraries:
@@ -249,7 +248,7 @@ def run_elf(elf, verbose, mark, allyes):
if allyes:
ans = 'y'
else:
- ans = get_input('\tSet flags for %s :%s (y/n): ' % (library,abi))
+ ans = get_input('\tSet flags for %s :%s (y/n): ' % (library, abi))
if ans == 'y':
do_marking = True
break
@@ -263,7 +262,7 @@ def run_elf(elf, verbose, mark, allyes):
try:
migrate_flags(library, elf_str_flags, elf_bin_flags)
except pax.PaxError:
- print('\n\tCould not set PAX flags on %s, text maybe busy' % (library,abi))
+ print('\n\tCould not set PAX flags on %s, text maybe busy' % (library, abi))
try:
(library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
@@ -303,46 +302,42 @@ def run_soname(name, verbose, use_soname, mark, allyes, executable_only):
if not soname in object_reverse_linkings[abi]:
continue
- library = soname2library[(soname,abi)]
- (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
- print('%s\t%s :%s (%s)\n' % (soname, library, ", ".join(abi_list), library_str_flags))
+ library = soname2library[(soname, abi)]
+
+ try:
+ (library_str_flags, library_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(library)
+ print('%s\t%s :%s (%s)\n' % (soname, library, abi, library_str_flags))
+ except pax.PaxError:
+ print('%s :%s : No PAX flags found\n' % (library, abi))
+ continue
for elf in object_reverse_linkings[abi][soname]:
try:
(elf_str_flags, elf_bin_flags ) = pax.getflags(elf)
- if verbose:
- if executable_only:
- if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags ))
- else:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % ( elf, elf_str_flags ))
- if library_str_flags != elf_str_flags:
- if executable_only:
- if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
- mismatched_elfs.append(elf)
- if not verbose:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags ))
- else:
- mismatched_elfs.append(elf)
- if not verbose:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags ))
except pax.PaxError:
- # If you can't get the pax flags, then its automatically mismatched
+ elf_str_flags = '****'
+ if verbose:
+ if executable_only:
+ if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
+ print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags))
+ else:
+ print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags))
+ if library_str_flags != elf_str_flags:
if executable_only:
if os.path.dirname(elf) in shell_path:
mismatched_elfs.append(elf)
if not verbose:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, '****' ))
+ print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags))
else:
mismatched_elfs.append(elf)
if not verbose:
- print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, '****' ))
+ print('\t%s ( %s )' % (elf, elf_str_flags))
if len(mismatched_elfs) == 0:
if not verbose:
print('\tNo mismatches\n')
else:
- print('\n'),
+ print('')
if mark:
print('\tWill mark elf with %s\n' % library_str_flags)
for elf in mismatched_elfs:
@@ -370,7 +365,7 @@ def run_soname(name, verbose, use_soname, mark, allyes, executable_only):
print('\n\tCould not set pax flags on %s, file is probably busy' % elf)
print('\tShut down all processes that use it and try again')
(elf_str_flags, elf_bin_flags) = pax.getflags(elf)
- print('\n\t\t%s ( %s )\n' % (elf, elf_str_flags ))
+ print('\n\t\t%s ( %s )\n' % (elf, elf_str_flags))
def run_usage():
|
__label__pos
| 0.996741 |
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Motor glider
A motor glider is actually a sailplane equipped with a ‘means of propulsion’. Depending on the type of the motor, motor gliders can be classified in some categories. Although this ‘unusual’ addition, motor gliders are capable of soaring like any other sailplane, but with a loss in performance. Despite this backdrop, motor gliders have their own advantages like the possibility to fly over longer distances and a better chance in avoiding out-landings which can be dangerous and costly.
Main categories of motor glidersthe grob touring motor glider
1. Touring motor gliders are quite common and are often mistaken as planes. Indeed there is a striking similarity, but the differences consist in mass and soaring performances of the TMGs. They are equipped with a front fixed propeller powered by a motor of 80 to 100 horsepower. Touring motor gliders aren’t equipped with a towing hook and their performances are considered to be ‘moderate’ in comparison with classic gliders. The surplus of drag created by the propeller and the twin landing gear prevents them from participating in competitions. The real gain with touring motor gliders is the overall boost in efficiency compared to other light aircrafts.
2. Retractable propeller gliders are considered to be the modern solution. The fuselage contains bay doors similar to those of the landing gear from which the motor – propeller block rises. In newer models the motor remains in the fuselage in order to reduce noise and mainly to reduce drag. Most retractable propeller gliders have hooks for towing like normal gliders and are equipped with a single retractable main wheel and that`s way they require assistance during ground operations.
3. Sustainer motor gliders have a retractable propeller but they are not capable of self-launching. Their motors are not powerful enough so they must be launched like classic gliders. Once in the air, they can use their motor in order to extend the time of flight by slowly gaining altitude. In general they are not equipped with an alternator or a starter motor like any another powered aircraft and so the engine is started with the help of the wind which turns the propeller. Sustainer motor gliders are lighter and easier to operate than typical motor gliders. Their engines have normally around 15 to 30 hp and do not require a throttle, but instead they use a simple mechanism to allow the engine to start and to stop.
4. Self launching motor gliders dispose of an engine powerful enough in order to take of by their own. While having a tow-hook like normal gliders, the preferred launching method is by starting the motor on the ground. This is possible because of the battery, starter motor and alternator with which the motor glider is equipped. They also benefit from a throttle which enables pilots to better control ground operations. Self-launching motor gliders dispose of a 50 to 60 horsepower engine which is more than enough.
5. Other not so common types of motor gliders include cross-overs between touring motor gliders and retractable propeller motor gliders. A good example is the Stemme S10 which folding into the nose cone propellers powered by an engine located in the rear part of the glider. This motor glider has a double retractable landing gear enabling it to taxi without assistance and to soar without extra drag. Some versions of this motor gliders are equipped with a tubocharged engine and propeller with a variable pitch wich allow the sailplane to reach altitudes of over 30000 feet or 9000 meters. Although most motor gliders have gasoline engines, electric powered self launching sailplanes were developped. Their main advantage is that they are lighter than common motor gliders. Another oddity in sailplane developing is jet engine propulsion. In general, the jet engine is mounted inside the fuselage and behind the wings. Such radical solutions are used in aerobatic shows or in research.
Why Fly a Powered motor glider?
Motor gliders provide opportunities
One of the most interesting things is how people that aren’t powered sailplane pilots have a very limited concept of what a powered sailplane can provide.Everyone understands what “towplane avoidance” is. The ability to self-launch gives you the freedom to launch when you are ready, avoiding the wait for the towplane and the delay caused by all those other people in front of you. This part everybody envies.
Secondly, everyone easily grasps the idea of “retrieve avoidance”, using the motor to avoid landing out. Most people like this idea, though some don’t, believing the chance of landing out iswhat defines the sport of soaring.
Indeed, self-launch and self-retrieve are important, but these abilities don’t really allow a change in the way you soar, but just allow you to do it more conveniently or more often. After all, a weekend flyer at the typical gliderport has little trouble getting a tow, avoiding a landout, or getting a friend or towplane to retrieve them once or twice a year. Opportunityis the key word.
Not so obvious is that a powered sailplane allows you the opportunity to enhance your soaring. This is what is really important. Most glider pilots don’t realize how much their selfimposed constraints limit their soaring. The biggest constraint is probably the desire to soar home. Once you realize you no longer have to soar home, your soaring opportunities increase immensely. Here are some examples:
1) You can stay hours longer in the great soaring in the mountains, while the unpowered gliders scoot for home before the thermals die on the flat lands.
2) You can fly in low cloudbase, marginal, but exhilarating conditions when no one else will bother launching, because the lift is too unpredictable.
3) Sometimes I fly like it’s a record attempt, speed ring way up and ruthlessly rejecting all but the very best thermals. Great practice, and the palms still get sweaty!
4) If the soaring is dying between home and your position, you can keep going towards the still good air knowing you can motor home if needed.
5) If you miss the wave on the first try, instead of dashing back to the airport to get back in the line for tows,you can try another place, and another, until it`s the right one.
6)One can fly to another place on one day, fly back on the next, and never worry about finding a towplane there or a long retrieve. Great for people that still have to work during the week!
7) Safaris (flying holiday) with or without a ground crew: an expansion of (6), just keep going towards the good soaring, day after day, until it’s time to head back home.
Sometimes I do have to use the motor to get home. Most of the time, I discover there is more lift out there than we realize. Because a retrieve or landout is so inconvenient, most glider pilots play it safe by heading back early, or by not going there in the first place. We take pride in getting back, and don’t think of all the soaring we missed. Why else is the first question a motor glider pilot is often asked after the flight is “Did you use the motor?”, instead of “How was the soaring?”.
It astounds me that many glider pilots, even some motor glider pilots, consider it a “failure” if the motor is used after the launch. A record attempt will fail if the motor is used, but not the flight itself. If it was good soaring, it was good soaring, even if the end wasn’t a landing! Most of my post-launch motor use is anticipated hours before it happens: I frequently, consciously, make soaring decisions that will almost surely require the motor to return home. Why? So I can do more and better soaring.
Motor gliders add responsibilities
The motor that gives the self-launching sailplane its opportunities also exacts additional responsibilities. The towpilot is no longer responsible for the safe operation of the launch vehicle: you, the motor glider pilot, are now responsible. Even flying a sustainer-equipped gilder still adds much responsibility.
These extras include the:
• Maintenance of the engine and its systems
• Preflight of the engine and extension mechanism
• Fuel and oil addition and checking
• Ground operation (starting and taxiing)
• Entire launch operation
• Converting back to a glider
• Perhaps restarting the motor in flight
The life of a motor glider is more difficult due to the extra complexity, weight and vibration. The powered glider should not be treated as casually as the unpowered gliders often are. If you are not an experienced airplane pilot, you will have a lot to learn. Don’t rush the learning.
Soaring
Soaring – also called “gliding” by some people – dates from the 1800s. The two terms, however, are quite different. Both are practiced by individuals who either fly for the sheer personal enjoyment of powerless flight (gliding), or who compete as either individuals or members of teams in local, regional, national, and international glider competition (soaring). Many pilots do both.
History
In 1848 Sir George Cayley, an eminent British scientist, is credited with having designed and built the first successful heavier-than-air device, a glider said to have carried a 10-year-old boy several yards after its launching from a hill. From the 1890s onward, research and development of gliders, flying techniques, and similar subjects were being notably pursued in Germany, England, and the United States.
World War I halted glider development, but when the Treaty of Versailles prohibited powered flight in Germany, one result was enormous progress in the development of soaring flight. The first world championships were held at Wasserkuppe, Germany, in 1937. Progress continued,but was slowed again during World War II when military applications of gliding forced sport flying into the background.
From then until now, the sport has flourished, and several countries boast aggressive,healthy soaring programs. At least 5,500 pilots throughout the world have earned diamond badges and over 150 have now flown flights farther than 1,000 kilometers (620 miles).
Rules and Play
Air flows over the wings of a glider in much the same way as it flows over the wings of a powered airplane, which is propelled through the air by the force of its engine. Glider flight can be achieved only by descending the glider, speeding it up, and causing air to flow around its wings and tail surfaces. In gliding flight, therefore, a glider (or sailplane, as it is often called) is always descending, usually at a rate of between 45 and 90 meters (150 and 300 feet) per minute in still air. The acceleration of air over the wings of the glider produces a lifting force that counterbalances the weight of the glider and actually slows down its rate of descent. Were it not for the force of “lift,” gliders would go straight down. Instead, they follow predictable “glide ratios.” Glide ratio is a measure of how far a sailplane will travel forward (horizontal distance) for each foot of altitude it loses (vertical distance).
What makes soaring a sport is the challenge to the pilot of finding and using ascending air currents to keep the glider aloft—to cause it to climb faster than it is descending (which it always is)—and so achieve height, distance, or flight durations impossible in “still air”. Updrafts are the fuel of gliders. Pilots who excel at finding and using the invisible ascending currents are the champions and record holders, and the ones who reap the full enjoyment of solitary soaring flight.
Three classes of gliders are generally recognized in world competition: Open, 15-meter, and Standard. A fourth type of glider, the so-called “World Class” glider, has been internationally classified but it has yet to be built or compete on any widespread basis. Except for motorgliders, which have engines that enable them to take off under their own power,other types of gliders require some outside force to create airflow over the wings. This gets the glider moving at sufficient speed so adequate airflow passes around the wings to overcome the force of gravity and cause it to fly. Many different methods have been used to provide this speed: pushing gliders down the slopes of hills until airflow over the wings is sufficient to produce flight; dropping heavy weights on the ends of ropes to pull them into the air; pulling them with elastic-like ropes and “slingshotting” them to flying speed; pulling them into the air on long cables reeled in by engine-driven mechanical winches; pulling them into the air on ropes behind automobiles; and hooking them behind airplanes that take off and pull the glider to an altitude from which gliding flight can begin.Most gliding in the United States today starts with the glider being towed by a rope attached to a powered airplane. The technique is called “aerotow.”
Types of Gliding
Glider pilots aim to soar, not glide. Soaring involves finding parcels of air going up at a greater rate than the glider is going down. The several methods of remaining aloft all involve pilot skill and knowledge in finding these air currents. They are generally categorized as thermaling, ridge flying, mountain wave flying, and land and sea breeze flying. An additional source of lift can be obtained by flying under or near newly developing cumulus clouds that owe their formation and sustenance to the updrafts found directly underneath them.
Soaring Competition
The International Gliding Commission (IGC) is the sport’s governing body. The first world championship of soaring was conducted in 1937 at Wasserkuppe, Germany. Recently, during every odd calendar year, the FAI sanctions a World Gliding Championship for each of the three classes of gliders (Open, 15-meter, and Standard). The world contest is usually held over a three-week period, with the first week devoted to official practice and the last two weeks to actual competition. Individual phases of soaring competition are called “tasks.” Each day at the world championship competition, pilots fly around a specifically assigned course composed of carefully selected and clearly defined turn points on the ground.These turn points are the ends of airfield runways, prominent road intersections, or other distinctly identifiable geographical landmarks over which competition pilots must precisely fly.Win or lose, soaring pilots still score a victory: the triumph, however temporary, of a nonmechanized craft over the force of gravity.
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Welcome Guest, Not a member yet? Register Sign In
Tutorial − News section error
#1
[eluser]Unknown[/eluser]
I,m going through the News section tutorial and I am getting an error following the instructions. Does anyone know why this is?
Open up the application/models directory and create a new file called news_model.php and add the following code. Make sure you've configured your database properly as described here.
Code:
<?php
class News_model extends CI_Model {
public function __construct()
{
$this->load->database();
}
}
Now that the database and a model have been set up, you'll need a method to get all of our posts from our database. To do this, the database abstraction layer that is included with CodeIgniter — Active Record — is used. This makes it possible to write your 'queries' once and make them work on all supported database systems. Add the following code to your model.
Code:
public function get_news($slug = FALSE)
{
if ($slug === FALSE)
{
$query = $this->db->get('news');
return $query->result_array();
}
$query = $this->db->get_where('news', array('slug' => $slug));
return $query->row_array();
}
Adding the second block of code to news_model.php produces a syntax error on line
Code:
public function get_news($slug = FALSE)
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Take the 2-minute tour ×
Stack Overflow is a question and answer site for professional and enthusiast programmers. It's 100% free, no registration required.
I'm making program at school for drawing a Bezier curve (only for n form <1,9>).
For drawing I am using a brute force algorithm from the definition of a curve (for simplicity). I know that De Casteljau would better. When I count points at according parameter t, which is <0.0,1.0> and I also have to set the step for parameterization (the delta t). I call it just step. I have an optional step from 0.1 to 0.05 - I just choose it in GUI.
My main problem is that when I have a step of 0.1 it works fine, but when I have smaller step the curve doesn't reach the last control point. The Bezier curve should start at the first control point and end at the last control point.
Here is my code how I draw it (in C#): vertices is list of control points.
public void drawBezier(Graphics g, int n, Pen pen)
{
int nuberOfPoints = n + 1; // number of points
double[] B; //Bernstein polynoms
double step = ((double)(stepNumericUpDown.Value)) / 100.0; //stepNumericUpDown.Value
//could be <5,10> to get step <0.05,0.10>
List<Point> pointsT = new List<Point>();
for (double t = 0.0; t <= 1.0; t += step)
{
B = new double[nuberOfPoints];
//count Bernstein polynoms at i position
for (int i = 0; i < B.Length; i++) B[i] = getBernstein(n, i, t);
//count points of curve
Point pointT;
double x = 0.0;
double y = 0.0;
for (int i = 0; i < n + 1; i++)
{
x += (vertices[i].X * B[i]); //vertices is List of control Points
y += (vertices[i].Y * B[i]);
}
int xi = Convert.ToInt32(x);
int yi = Convert.ToInt32(y);
pointT = new Point(xi, yi);
pointsT.Add(pointT); //add to list of points of curve
}
for (int i = 0; i < pointsT.Count; i++)
{
//draw the curve from the points what I've count
if ((i - 1) >= 0) g.DrawLine(pen, pointsT[i - 1], pointsT[i]); //vykreslí čáry
}
}
}
/// <summary>
/// Return bernstein polynom value in n,i,t
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n">n</param>
/// <param name="i">position i</param>
/// <param name="t">step t</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public double getBernstein(int n, int i, double t)
{
double value;
int nCi = getBinomial(n, i);
value = nCi * Math.Pow(t, i) * Math.Pow((1 - t), (n - i));
return value;
}
/// <summary>
/// Count binomial n over k
/// </summary>
/// <param name="n">n</param>
/// <param name="k">k</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public int getBinomial(int n, int k)
{
int fn = Factorial(n);
int fk = Factorial(k);
int fnk = Factorial(n - k);
return fn / (fk * fnk);
}
/// <summary>
/// Count factorial
/// </summary>
/// <param name="factor">argument</param>
/// <returns></returns>
public int Factorial(int factor)
{
if (factor > 1)
{
return factor * Factorial(--factor);
}
return 1;
}
share|improve this question
I'm not sure, because I can't debug your code, but I think the problem lays near rounding your x,y values. I think you can obtain the same x,y for different steps for small step values. The next thing, I'm not sure that using ToInt32 is a good idea. Its description: If value is halfway between two whole numbers, the even number is returned; I think. it is unpredictable behavior. You should make rounding by yourself. – Eugene Petrov Jun 4 '12 at 3:58
After examining your code - I agree with Eugene. Check your rounding carefully, I think that even in step=0.5 you are not getting the last control point but since it's just 1 step to the end it looks complete. – G.Y Jun 4 '12 at 4:36
But how should I round it then? I thought that ToInt32 is method for conversion to int. But as you say it's probably bad idea to use it there, but I have no clue, what to do instead of it.. – user1097772 Jun 4 '12 at 4:48
I solved the problem with rounding by using smaller step. Now I use the step 0.0001 and the curve is nice smooth and ends in start and end points :) And because I have n limited by 9, its also no problem with perfromance... – user1097772 Jun 4 '12 at 18:37
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1 Answer
The answer was solved based on the following comment:
I solved the problem with rounding by using smaller step. Now I use the step 0.0001 and the curve is nice smooth and ends in start and end points :) And because I have n limited by 9, its also no problem with perfromance...
-user1097772
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<![CDATA[Crash using QListWidget]]>Good afternoon,
I am having problems with a widget. The widget and its code is as follows:
Below the "+" and "-" buttons there are 2 QListWidget where custom widgets are inserted, being these QListWidget as follows:
The problem comes that when I try to add a new widget to the QListWidget, it crashes and closes everything. I have managed to find out that when they are going to insert the widget in one of the lists, the memory address of the lists has changed and that's where the crashes come from. But I can't understand the reason. And Image of problem:
The code is the following:
DataTypeListWidget.h
#ifndef DATATYPELISTWIDGET_H
#define DATATYPELISTWIDGET_H
#include <QWidget>
#include <QListWidget>
#include <QListWidgetItem>
#include "ItemDataTypeWidget.h"
class DataTypeListWidget : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
DataTypeListWidget( QWidget* parent = nullptr );
void AddNewWidget( QWidget* newWidget );
public:
QListWidget* _list;
QHBoxLayout* layout;
};
#endif // DATATYPELISTWIDGET_H
DataTypeListWidget.cpp
#include "DataTypeListWidget.h"
#include <QDebug>
DataTypeListWidget::DataTypeListWidget(QWidget *parent)
: QWidget( parent )
, _list( new QListWidget( this ) )
{
layout = new QHBoxLayout( );
layout->addWidget( _list );
}
void DataTypeListWidget::AddNewWidget(QWidget *newWidget )
{
QListWidgetItem* item = new QListWidgetItem( );
_list->insertItem( _list->count(), item );
item->setSizeHint( newWidget->sizeHint() );
_list->setItemWidget( item, newWidget );
layout->setSizeConstraint( QLayout::SetFixedSize );
this->setMinimumSize( layout->sizeHint() );
}
SceneContainerConfigWindow.h
#ifndef SCENECONTAINERCONFIGWINDOW_H
#define SCENECONTAINERCONFIGWINDOW_H
#include <QWidget>
#include <QPushButton>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QHBoxLayout>
#include <QVBoxLayout>
#include <QGridLayout>
#include "DataTypeListWidget.h"
#include "QDebug"
class SceneContainerConfigWindow : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
explicit SceneContainerConfigWindow( QWidget* parent = nullptr );
void BuildWidget();
void BuildLogic();
public slots:
void AddInput();
void AddOutput();
protected:
ItemDataTypeWidget* MakeNewItem( int pos, QStringList options );
protected:
QPushButton* apply;
QPushButton* cancel;
QPushButton* add_input;
QPushButton* add_output;
QPushButton* delete_input;
QPushButton* delete_output;
DataTypeListWidget* inputs_list; int _input_count;
DataTypeListWidget* outputs_list; int _output_count;
QLabel* input_label;
QLabel* output_label;
QHBoxLayout* actionsbuttons_layouts;
QHBoxLayout* inputs_labes_layouts;
QHBoxLayout* listwidgets_layouts;
QHBoxLayout* add_delete_itemsList_layout;
QGridLayout* p_layout;
QVBoxLayout* main_layout;
QStringList _options;
};
#endif // SCENECONTAINERCONFIGWINDOW_H
SceneContainerConfigWindow.cpp
#include "SceneContainerConfigWindow.h"
SceneContainerConfigWindow::SceneContainerConfigWindow(QWidget *parent)
: QWidget( parent )
, _input_count( 0 ), _output_count( 0 )
{
BuildWidget();
BuildLogic();
}
void SceneContainerConfigWindow::BuildWidget()
{
_options << "decimal" << "string";
// First widgets level
input_label = new QLabel( " INPUTS ", this );
output_label = new QLabel( " OUTPUTS ", this );
// Second widgets level
add_input = new QPushButton( this );
delete_input = new QPushButton( this );
add_output = new QPushButton( this );
delete_output = new QPushButton( this );
p_layout = new QGridLayout();
p_layout->addWidget( input_label, 0, 0, 1, 2 );
p_layout->addWidget( output_label, 0, 2, 1, 2 );
p_layout->addWidget( add_input, 1, 0, 1, 1 );
p_layout->addWidget( delete_input, 1, 1, 1, 1 );
p_layout->addWidget( add_output, 1, 2, 1, 1 );
p_layout->addWidget( delete_output, 1, 3, 1, 1 );
// Thirst widgets level
DataTypeListWidget* inputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
DataTypeListWidget* outputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
inputs_list->setMinimumSize( 200, 300 );
inputs_list->setMaximumSize( 5000, 5000 );
inputs_list->setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy::Expanding, QSizePolicy::Expanding);
outputs_list->setMinimumSize( 200, 300 );
outputs_list->setMaximumSize( 5000, 5000 );
outputs_list->setSizePolicy(QSizePolicy::Expanding, QSizePolicy::Expanding);
listwidgets_layouts = new QHBoxLayout();
listwidgets_layouts->addWidget( inputs_list );
listwidgets_layouts->addWidget( outputs_list );
// Four widgets level
apply = new QPushButton( "APPLY", this );
cancel = new QPushButton( "CANCEL", this );
actionsbuttons_layouts = new QHBoxLayout();
actionsbuttons_layouts->addSpacing( 150 );
actionsbuttons_layouts->addWidget( cancel );
actionsbuttons_layouts->addWidget( apply );
// Adding all layout to widget
main_layout = new QVBoxLayout();
main_layout->addLayout( p_layout );
main_layout->addLayout( listwidgets_layouts );
main_layout->addLayout( actionsbuttons_layouts );
this->setLayout( main_layout );
this->setFixedSize( 520, 300 );
qDebug() << "Input_List MEM DIR " << &inputs_list->_list;
qDebug() << "Output_List MEM DIR " << &outputs_list->_list;
}
void SceneContainerConfigWindow::BuildLogic()
{
connect( add_input, &QPushButton::clicked,
this, &SceneContainerConfigWindow::AddOutput );
connect( add_output, &QPushButton::clicked,
this, &SceneContainerConfigWindow::AddOutput );
qDebug() << "Input_List MEM DIR " << &inputs_list->_list;
qDebug() << "Output_List MEM DIR " << &outputs_list->_list;
}
void SceneContainerConfigWindow::AddInput()
{
_input_count++;
ItemDataTypeWidget* item = new ItemDataTypeWidget( );
item->SetInfo( _input_count, _options );
inputs_list->AddNewWidget( item );
}
void SceneContainerConfigWindow::AddOutput()
{
_output_count++;
outputs_list->AddNewWidget( MakeNewItem( _output_count, _options ) );
}
ItemDataTypeWidget*
SceneContainerConfigWindow::MakeNewItem(int pos, QStringList options)
{
ItemDataTypeWidget* item = new ItemDataTypeWidget();
item->SetInfo( pos, options );
return item;
}
ItemDataTypeWidget.h
#ifndef ITEMDATATYPEWIDGET_H
#define ITEMDATATYPEWIDGET_H
#include <QWidget>
#include <QLabel>
#include <QListWidget>
#include <QListWidgetItem>
#include <QComboBox>
#include <QHBoxLayout>
class ItemDataTypeWidget : public QWidget
{
Q_OBJECT
public:
explicit ItemDataTypeWidget( QWidget * parent = nullptr );
void SetInfo( int input_number, QStringList types_list );
protected:
void BuildWidget();
protected:
QLabel* label;
QComboBox* type;
QHBoxLayout* layout;
};
#endif // ITEMDATATYPEWIDGET_H
ItemDataTypeWidget.cpp
#include "ItemDataTypeWidget.h"
ItemDataTypeWidget::ItemDataTypeWidget(QWidget* parent)
: QWidget( parent )
{
BuildWidget();
}
void ItemDataTypeWidget::BuildWidget()
{
label = new QLabel( "Input", this );
type = new QComboBox( this );
layout = new QHBoxLayout();
layout->addWidget( label );
layout->addSpacing( 10 );
layout->addWidget( type );
layout->addStretch();
layout->setSizeConstraint( QLayout::SetFixedSize );
this->setLayout( layout );
}
void ItemDataTypeWidget::SetInfo(int input_number, QStringList types_list)
{
label->setText( "Input " + QString::number(input_number) );
type->addItems( types_list );
layout->setSizeConstraint( QLayout::SetFixedSize );
}
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/topic/123262/crash-using-qlistwidgetRSS for NodeTue, 05 Dec 2023 19:58:02 GMTSat, 30 Jan 2021 17:12:30 GMT60<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 19:18:24 GMT]]>I have already found the bug. In the end it was a silly thing, but as much as I checked the code I didn't see it.
The problem was in the SceneContainerConfigWindow class. In the BuildWidget() method these two lines were wrong:
DataTypeListWidget* inputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
DataTypeListWidget* outputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
Changing them for the following ones fixes it.
inputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
outputs_list = new DataTypeListWidget( this );
The classes were instantiated but not assigned to any pointer, that's why the "inputs_list" address was empty.
Thank you very much for the help and I take the advice to learn about debugger.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641489https://forum.qt.io/post/641489Sun, 31 Jan 2021 19:18:24 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 19:10:57 GMT]]>@Christian-Ehrlicher said in Crash using QListWidget:
Your first image clearly show that the this pointer is a nullptr
Damn, you spot simple things quicker than I do :)
Same point @Jesus-C-Risq though: you need to thinking about the instances of what you're printing out. And here the instance is, well, rubbish :)
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641487https://forum.qt.io/post/641487Sun, 31 Jan 2021 19:10:57 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 18:57:43 GMT]]>Your first image clearly show that the this pointer is a nullptr. So your pointer to DataTypeListWidget in AddNewWidget is a nullptr.
Using a debugger should be a base skill btw - I suggest you to learn such stuff, otherwise debugging and fixing problems will become a pain.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641484https://forum.qt.io/post/641484Sun, 31 Jan 2021 18:57:43 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 18:04:21 GMT]]>@Jesus-C-Risq
How do we/you know which instance of a DataTypeListWidget you are printing the address of _list from? If you're going to be printing addresses I'd include &this in your debug output.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641471https://forum.qt.io/post/641471Sun, 31 Jan 2021 18:04:21 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 17:44:15 GMT]]>Sorry, I didn't realize that the images are not visible. I have re-uploaded the images. I hope they are visible now.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641468https://forum.qt.io/post/641468Sun, 31 Jan 2021 17:44:15 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 16:27:55 GMT]]>We can't see your images and you still don't tell us where exactly it crashes from your code.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641460https://forum.qt.io/post/641460Sun, 31 Jan 2021 16:27:55 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sun, 31 Jan 2021 17:33:59 GMT]]>@Christian-Ehrlicher, Here is an image of the debugger. I don't know if this is exactly what you meant. From what I see in the debugger, it fails to use the QListWidget class. It seems to me that the failure comes because that pointer with the class does not exist.
The crash occurs in the AddNewWidget method of the DataTypeListWidget class.
In the following image,
I print with debug messages the memory address of the QListWidget. The curious thing is that in the third call the memory address is different. I think that there is the failure, it tries to access an invalid memory address. But I don't understand the reason, because the constructor does instantiate the class.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641451https://forum.qt.io/post/641451Sun, 31 Jan 2021 17:33:59 GMT
<![CDATA[Reply to Crash using QListWidget on Sat, 30 Jan 2021 17:39:21 GMT]]>Please show/take a look at the backtrace to see where it really crashes.
]]>
https://forum.qt.io/post/641346https://forum.qt.io/post/641346Sat, 30 Jan 2021 17:39:21 GMT
|
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| 0.566124 |
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go logger
阅读(611) 2019-05-12 17:43:28
简单封装了下go log，四个日志等级，能满足基本业务需求，通过github.com/robfig/cron可以每天生成一个日志文件
package logger
import (
"io"
"log"
"os"
)
const (
LTrace = iota
LInfo
LWarn
LError
)
var (
file *os.File
Trace *log.Logger
Info *log.Logger
Warn *log.Logger
Error *log.Logger
)
func newLevel(file *os.File, level, curLevel int) *log.Logger {
var flag int = (log.Ldate | log.Lmicroseconds | log.Lshortfile)
logNew := func(prefix string, l1, l2 int) *log.Logger {
if l1 <= l2 {
return log.New(io.MultiWriter(file, os.Stdout), prefix, flag)
} else {
return log.New(os.Stdout, prefix, flag)
}
}
switch level {
case LTrace:
return logNew("[TRACE] ", curLevel, LTrace)
case LInfo:
return logNew("[INFO ] ", curLevel, LInfo)
case LWarn:
return logNew("[WARN ] ", curLevel, LWarn)
case LError:
return logNew("[ERROR] ", curLevel, LError)
default:
return logNew("[TRACE] ", curLevel, LTrace)
}
}
func Init(path string, level int) error {
var oldFile = file
file, err := os.OpenFile(path, os.O_CREATE|os.O_WRONLY|os.O_APPEND, 0666)
if err != nil {
return err
}
Trace = newLevel(file, LTrace, level)
Info = newLevel(file, LInfo, level)
Warn = newLevel(file, LWarn, level)
Error = newLevel(file, LError, level)
if oldFile != nil {
oldFile.Close()
}
return nil
}
在cron中初始化，每天凌晨生成一个新的日志文件
package schedule
import (
"fmt"
"ningtogo/app/logger"
"time"
"github.com/robfig/cron"
)
var (
c *cron.Cron
)
func init() {
c = cron.New()
c.AddFunc("0 0 0 * * *", func() {
initLogger()
})
c.Start()
initLogger()
}
func initLogger() {
logPath := fmt.Sprintf("logs/ningtogo_%s.log", time.Now().Format("20060102"))
if err := logger.Init(logPath, logger.LTrace); err != nil {
fmt.Println("init logger failed", err)
} else {
logger.Info.Println("logger init success")
}
}
使用：
package main
import (
"fmt"
"os"
"./logger"
)
func init() {
if err := logger.Init("test.log", logger.LInfo); err != nil {
fmt.Println("init logger failed", err)
os.Exit(1)
}
}
func main() {
logger.Trace.Println("trace message")
logger.Info.Println("info message")
logger.Warn.Println("warn message")
logger.Error.Println("error message")
}
文章评论
Keep it simple,stupid
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最近评论
liangzi : 不错 谢谢分享
tujiaw : registerThreadInactive：如果当前没有激活的线程，就去激活线程，让等待的线程去执行任务。
hgzzx : 佩服佩服。 请教：registerThreadInactive的作用是什么？
xuehaoyun : 很不错，来围观一下
tujiaw : 抱歉csdn code服务关闭了，这个代码我也找不到了
于淞 : 你好，这个文章的源码能分享一下吗，[email protected],谢谢了 上面的写错了
于淞 : 你好，这个文章的源码能分享一下吗，[email protected],谢谢了 上面的链接不能用了
tujiaw : 多谢多谢
essaypinglun college-paper.org : 很好的博客，赞赞
Folly : 这个实现有点奇怪，Qt为什么没有统一的比对方法。
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|
__label__pos
| 0.98052 |
Théorème de Riemann-Roch par désingularisation
Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, Volume 116 (1988) no. 4, p. 385-400
@article{BSMF_1988__116_4_385_0,
author = {Angeniol, B. and El Zein, Fouad},
title = {Th\'eor\`eme de Riemann-Roch par d\'esingularisation},
journal = {Bulletin de la Soci\'et\'e Math\'ematique de France},
publisher = {Soci\'et\'e math\'ematique de France},
volume = {116},
number = {4},
year = {1988},
pages = {385-400},
doi = {10.24033/bsmf.2102},
zbl = {0702.14006},
mrnumber = {91e:14007},
language = {fr},
url = {http://www.numdam.org/item/BSMF_1988__116_4_385_0}
}
Angéniol, B.; El Zein, F. Théorème de Riemann-Roch par désingularisation. Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France, Volume 116 (1988) no. 4, pp. 385-400. doi : 10.24033/bsmf.2102. http://www.numdam.org/item/BSMF_1988__116_4_385_0/
[A-L] Angéniol (B.) et Lejeune (M.). - Calcul différentiel et classes caractéristiques en géométrie algébrique. - A paraître chez Hermann, Paris, France. | Zbl 0749.14008
[B-S] Borel (A.) et Serre (J.-P.). - Le théorème de Riemann-Roch, Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 86, 1958, p. 97-136. | Numdam | MR 22 #6817 | Zbl 0091.33004
[E] El Zein (F.). - Mixed Hodge Structures, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., t. 275, 1983, p. 71-106. | MR 85g:14010 | Zbl 0511.14003
[F] Fulton (W.). - Intersection Theory, Ergebnisse der Math. - Springer Verlag.
[F-G] Fulton (W.) and Gillet (H.). - Riemann-Roch for general algebraic schemes, Bull. Soc. Math. France, t. 111, 1983, p. 287-300. | Numdam | MR 85h:14010 | Zbl 0579.14013
[G] Gillet (H.). - Homological descent for the K-theory of coherent sheaves, Springer Lectures Notes 1046. | MR 86a:14016 | Zbl 0557.14009
[Gr] Grayson (D.). - Products in K-theory and intersecting algebraic cycles, Invent. Math., t. 47, 1978, p. 71-84. | MR 58 #10890 | Zbl 0394.14004
[Q] Quillen (D.). - Higher algebraic K-theory I, Lecture Notes in Math. 341, Springer Verlag. | MR 49 #2895 | Zbl 0292.18004
[EGA II] Dieudonné (J.) et Grothendieck (A.). - Éléments de Géométrie Algébrique, Publ. Math. IHES 8, 1961. | Numdam
[SGA 6] Berthelot (P.), Grothendieck (A.) et Illusie (L.). - Théorie des Intersections et Théorème de Riemann-Roch, 1966-1967, Springer Lecture Notes 225, 1971. | Zbl 0218.14001
|
__label__pos
| 0.839475 |
The Latest Breakthroughs in Dental Technology for Perfect Teeth Alignment!
In recent years, the field of dentistry has witnessed remarkable breakthroughs in technology, particularly in the realm of teeth alignment. These advancements have revolutionized the way orthodontic treatments are approached, offering more effective, efficient, and comfortable solutions for achieving perfect teeth alignment. One of the most notable innovations is the introduction of 3D printing technology in the creation of orthodontic devices. This cutting-edge technology allows for the fabrication of highly customized and precise aligners, ensuring a snug fit for optimal results. The use of 3D printing not only enhances the accuracy of aligners but also accelerates the overall treatment process. Additionally, artificial intelligence AI has made significant strides in the realm of dental technology, particularly in the development of treatment planning software. AI algorithms analyze patient data, including dental scans and records, to create personalized treatment plans. This not only expedites the planning phase but also contributes to more precise and tailored interventions. AI-driven treatment planning is a game-changer for orthodontists, enabling them to provide individualized care that aligns with each patient’s unique dental anatomy.
Furthermore, the integration of augmented reality AR in dental technology has transformed the patient experience. AR allows patients to visualize the anticipated outcomes of their orthodontic treatment before it even begins. This not only helps in managing expectations but also fosters better patient engagement and compliance throughout the treatment process. Patients can actively participate in decision-making, providing feedback on their preferences and expectations, leading to more satisfying outcomes. In terms of orthodontic appliances, the advent of smart braces has gained considerable attention. These braces incorporate sensors and connectivity features, allowing for real-time monitoring of the teeth alignment process and view https://ziondentals.com/lewisville/invisalign/. Orthodontists can remotely track the progress of their patients and make timely adjustments, reducing the need for frequent in-person appointments. This not only enhances the convenience for patients but also streamlines the overall treatment timeline.
Dental
Another breakthrough in dental technology for teeth alignment is the utilization of soft robotics. Soft robotic devices, such as flexible aligners, provide a more comfortable and gentle approach to tooth movement. Unlike traditional braces that can be abrasive and cause discomfort, soft robotics allow for a more pleasant orthodontic experience. These innovative devices adapt to the natural contours of the teeth, minimizing irritation and soreness commonly associated with orthodontic treatments. In conclusion, the latest breakthroughs in dental technology have propelled orthodontics into a new era of precision, efficiency, and patient-centric care. From 3D printing and AI-driven treatment planning to augmented reality and soft robotics, these advancements collectively contribute to the pursuit of perfect teeth alignment with greater comfort and effectiveness. As technology continues to evolve, the future of orthodontics holds even more promise for creating beautiful, healthy smiles.
Author:
|
__label__pos
| 0.970146 |
Raku
Rakudo
Installation
Ubuntu
apt install rakudo
Arch Linux
yay -S rakudo
Examples
Fibonacci Numbers
# Fibonacci Numbers
sub fib ($n)
{
if ($n < 2) {
return $n;
} else {
return fib( $n - 2 ) + fib( $n - 1 );
}
}
my $ARGV = @*ARGS.shift;
print fib($ARGV);
=pod
example
rakudo fib.raku 30
=cut
infinite list
# Fibonacci Numbers
sub fib ($n)
{
if ($n == 0) {
return 0;
} else {
return (0, 1, * + * ...*)[^$n + 1].tail;
}
}
my $ARGV = @*ARGS.shift;
print fib($ARGV);
=pod
example
rakudo fib.raku 39
=cut
|
__label__pos
| 1 |
Ruby でプロトタイプベースのOOPは可能か
オブジェクト指向JavaScriptの原則
オブジェクト指向JavaScriptの原則
JavaScript では以下のように書けます。
var person = {
name : "Matsumoto",
sayName : function () {
console.log(this.name);
}
};
person.sayName(); //=>"Matsumoto"
これは JavaScript では自然ですが、Ruby で同等のことは可能でしょうか。いわゆる「特異メソッド」を使ってみます。
person = Object.new
def person.name
"Matsumoto"
end
def person.sayName
puts self.name
end
person.sayName #=>"Matsumoto"
似たようなことは一応可能ですね。
では次の JavaScript コードはどうでしょう。
function sayNameForAll() {
console.log(this.name)
}
var person1 = {
name : "Matsumoto",
sayName : sayNameForAll
};
var person2 = {
name : "Larry",
sayName : sayNameForAll
};
var name = "van Rossum";
person1.sayName(); //=>"Matsumoto"
person2.sayName(); //=>"Larry"
sayNameForAll(); //=>"van Rossum"
これは Ruby なら
def sayNameForAll
puts self.name
end
person1 = Object.new
def person1.name
"Matsumoto"
end
def person1.sayName
sayNameForAll
end
person2 = person1.clone
def person2.name
"Larry"
end
def person2.sayName
sayNameForAll
end
def self.name
"van Rossum"
end
person1.sayName #=>"Matsumoto"
person2.sayName #=>"Larry"
sayNameForAll #=>"van Rossum"
で、これもだいたい JavaScript と似たようなことが出来ていますね。
しかしこれなら、もうクラスベースで、
class Person
def initialize(name)
@name = name
end
def sayName
puts @name
end
end
person1 = Person.new("Matsumoto")
person2 = Person.new("Larry")
person1.sayName #=>"Matsumoto"
person2.sayName #=>"Larry"
とやりたくなるのですけれど。プロトタイプベースのいいところって何だろう。ああ、そうか、特定のインスタンス
def person1.virtue
"gentleman"
end
puts person1.virtue #=>"gentleman"
こういうことができることか。Ruby では Python みたいにいきなり person1.virtue = "gentleman" という書き方はできないのだけれど、これは意図的なんだろうな。もちろん、さらに
class Person
attr_accessor :virtue
end
person1.virtue = "gentleman"
person2.virtue = "interesting"
puts person1.virtue #=>"gentleman"
puts person2.virtue #=>"interesting"
ということはできる。またさらに
class Person
def putout
puts @virtue
end
end
person1.putout #=>"gentleman"
なので、インスタンス変数を明示的に使う前にアクセサを宣言してもよいのだな。
|
__label__pos
| 0.554337 |
যেকোনো শব্দ খুঁজুন, যেমনঃ thot:
1.
Substances which swell as a result of heat exposure thus increasing in volume and decreasing in density. Intumescents are typically endothermic to varying degrees, as they can contain chemically bound water. Intumescents are used in firestopping, fireproofing and gasketing applications. Some intumescents are susceptible to environmental influences such as humidity, which can reduce or negate their ability to function. DIBt approvals quantify the ability of intumescents to stand the test of time against various environmental exposures. DIBt approved firestops and fireproofing materials are available in Canada and the US. DIBt approvals have a finite validity and one must check the expiry date, which is printed on the front of the approval document.
firestop caulking, fireproofing paint, firestop pillows, plastic pipe devices
লিখেছেন- Achim Hering 12 de অগাস্ট de 2004
Words related to intumescent
intumescence
|
__label__pos
| 0.824744 |
JAVA 通过 Socket 实现 TCP 编程
简介
TCP简介
TCP（Transmission Control Protocol 传输控制协议）是一种面向连接的可靠的基于字节流的传输层通信协议，由IETF的RFC 793定义。在简化的计算机网络OSI模型中，它完成第四层传输层所指定的功能，用户数据报协议（UDP，下一篇博客会实现）是同一层内 另一个重要的传输协议。在因特网协议族（Internet protocol suite）中，TCP层是位于IP层之上，应用层之下的中间层。不同主机的应用层之间经常需要可靠的、像管道一样的连接，但是IP层不提供这样的流机制，而是提供不可靠的包交换。
应用层向TCP层发送用于网间传输的、用8位字节表示的数据流，然后TCP把数据流分区成适当长度的报文段（通常受该计算机连接的网络的数据链路层的最大传输单元（ MTU）的限制）。之后TCP把结果包传给IP层，由它来通过网络将包传送给接收端实体的TCP层。TCP为了保证不发生丢包，就给每个包一个序号，同时序号也保证了传送到接收端实体的包的按序接收。然后接收端实体对已成功收到的包发回一个相应的确认（ACK）；如果发送端实体在合理的往返时延（RTT）内未收到确认，那么对应的数据包就被假设为已丢失将会被进行重传。TCP用一个校验和函数来检验数据是否有错误；在发送和接收时都要计算校验和。
JAVA Socket简介
所谓socket 通常也称作”套接字“，用于描述IP地址和端口，是一个通信链的句柄。应用程序通常通过”套接字”向网络发出请求或者应答网络请求
以J2SDK-1.3为例，Socket和ServerSocket类库位于java.net包中。ServerSocket用于服务器端，Socket是建立网络连接时使用的。在连接成功时，应用程序两端都会产生一个Socket实例，操作这个实例，完成所需的会话。对于一个网络连接来说，套接字是平等的，并没有差别，不因为在服务器端或在客户端而产生不同级别。不管是Socket还是ServerSocket它们的工作都是通过SocketImpl类及其子类完成的。
重要的Socket API：
java.net.Socket继承于java.lang.Object，有八个构造器，其方法并不多，下面介绍使用最频繁的三个方法，其它方法大家可以见JDK-1.3文档。
. Accept方法用于产生”阻塞”，直到接受到一个连接，并且返回一个客户端的Socket对象实例。”阻塞”是一个术语，它使程序运行暂时”停留”在这个地方，直到一个会话产生，然后程序继续；通常”阻塞”是由循环产生的。
. getInputStream方法获得网络连接输入，同时返回一个InputStream对象实例。
. getOutputStream方法连接的另一端将得到输入，同时返回一个OutputStream对象实例。
注意：其中getInputStream和getOutputStream方法均会产生一个IOException，它必须被捕获，因为它们返回的流对象，通常都会被另一个流对象使用。
SocketImpl介绍
既然不管是Socket还是ServerSocket它们的工作都是通**过SocketImpl类及其子类完成的，那么当然要介绍啦。
抽象类 SocketImpl 是实际实现套接字的所有类的通用超类。创建客户端和服务器套接字都可以使用它。
具体JDK见：
http://www.javaweb.cc/help/JavaAPI1.6/index.html?java/nio/ReadOnlyBufferException.html
由于它是超类具体代码实现还是见下面的Socket
TCP 编程
构造ServerSocket
具体API见：http://www.javaweb.cc/help/JavaAPI1.6/index.html?java/nio/ReadOnlyBufferException.html
构造方法：
ServerSocket() ~创建非绑定服务器套接字。
ServerSocket(int port) ~创建绑定到特定端口的服务器套接字。
ServerSocket(int port, int backlog) ~利用指定的 backlog 创建服务器套接字并将其绑定到指定的本地端口号。
ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress bindAddr) ~使用指定的端口、侦听 backlog 和要绑定到的本地 IP 地址创建服务器。
1.1 绑定端口
除了第一个不带参数的构造方法以外, 其他构造方法都会使服务器与特定端口绑定, 该端口有参数 port 指定. 例如, 以下代码创建了一个与 80 端口绑定的服务器:
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(80);
如果运行时无法绑定到 80 端口, 以上代码会抛出 IOException, 更确切地说, 是抛出 BindException, 它是 IOException 的子类. BindException 一般是由以下原因造成的:
1. 端口已经被其他服务器进程占用;
2. 在某些操作系统中, 如果没有以超级用户的身份来运行服务器程序, 那么操作系统不允许服务器绑定到 1-1023 之间的端口.
如果把参数 port 设为 0, 表示由操作系统来为服务器分配一个任意可用的端口. 有操作系统分配的端口也称为匿名端口. 对于多数服务器, 会使用明确的端口, 而不会使用匿名端口, 因为客户程序需要事先知道服务器的端口, 才能方便地访问服务器.
1.2 设定客户连接请求队列的长度
当服务器进程运行时, 可能会同时监听到多个客户的连接请求. 例如, 每当一个客户进程执行以下代码:
Socket socket = new Socket("www.javathinker.org", 80);
就意味着在远程 www.javathinker.org 主机的 80 端口上, 监听到了一个客户的连接请求. 管理客户连接请求的任务是由操作系统来完成的. 操作系统把这些连接请求存储在一个先进先出的队列中. 许多操作系统限定了队列的最大长度, 一般为 50 . 当队列中的连接请求达到了队列的最大容量时, 服务器进程所在的主机会拒绝新的连接请求. 只有当服务器进程通过 ServerSocket 的 accept() 方法从队列中取出连接请求, 使队列腾出空位时, 队列才能继续加入新的连接请求.
对于客户进程, 如果它发出的连接请求被加入到服务器的请求连接队列中, 就意味着客户与服务器的连接建立成功, 客户进程从 Socket 构造方法中正常返回. 如果客户进程发出的连接请求被服务器拒绝, Socket 构造方法就会抛出 ConnectionException.
Tips: 创建绑定端口的服务器进程后, 当客户进程的 Socket构造方法返回成功, 表示客户进程的连接请求被加入到服务器进程的请求连接队列中. 虽然客户端成功返回 Socket对象, 但是还没跟服务器进程形成一条通信线路. 必须在服务器进程通过 ServerSocket 的 accept() 方法从请求连接队列中取出连接请求, 并返回一个Socket 对象后, 服务器进程这个Socket 对象才与客户端的 Socket 对象形成一条通信线路.
ServerSocket 构造方法的 backlog 参数用来显式设置连接请求队列的长度, 它将覆盖操作系统限定的队列的最大长度. 值得注意的是, 在以下几种情况中, 仍然会采用操作系统限定的队列的最大长度:
1. backlog 参数的值大于操作系统限定的队列的最大长度;
2. backlog 参数的值小于或等于0;
3. 在ServerSocket 构造方法中没有设置 backlog 参数.
以下的 Client.java 和 Server.java 用来演示服务器的连接请求队列的特性.
Client.java
import java.net.Socket;
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
final int length = 100;
String host = "localhost";
int port = 1122;
Socket[] socket = new Socket[length];
for(int i = 0;i<length;i++){
socket[i] = new Socket(host,port);
System.out.println("第"+(i+1)+"次连接成功！");
}
Thread.sleep(3000);
for(int i=0;i<length;i++){
socket[i].close();
}
}
}
Server.java
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
public class Server {
private int port = 1122;
private ServerSocket serverSocket;
public Server() throws Exception{
serverSocket = new ServerSocket(port,3);
System.out.println("服务器启动!");
}
public void service(){
while(true){
Socket socket = null;
try {
socket = serverSocket.accept();
System.out.println("New connection accepted "+
socket.getInetAddress()+":"+socket.getPort());
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
if(socket!=null){
try {
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
Server server = new Server();
Thread.sleep(60000*10);
server.service();
}
}
Client 试图与 Server 进行 100 次连接. 在 Server 类中, 把连接请求队列的长度设为 3. 这意味着当队列中有了 3 个连接请求时, 如果Client 再请求连接, 就会被 Server 拒绝. 下面按照以下步骤运行 Server 和 Client 程序.
⑴ 在Server 中只创建一个 ServerSocket 对象, 在构造方法中指定监听的端口为1122 和 连接请求队列的长度为 3 . 构造 Server 对象后, Server 程序睡眠 10 分钟, 并且在 Server 中不执行 serverSocket.accept() 方法. 这意味着队列中的连接请求永远不会被取出. 运行Server 程序和 Client 程序后, Client程序的打印结果如下:
第 1 次连接成功
第 2 次连接成功
第 3 次连接成功
Exception in thread “main” java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
…………….
从以上打印的结果可以看出, Client 与 Server 在成功地建立了3 个连接后, 就无法再创建其余的连接了, 因为服务器的队已经满了.
⑵ 在Server中构造一个跟 ⑴ 相同的 ServerSocket对象, Server程序不睡眠, 在一个 while 循环中不断执行 serverSocket.accept()方法, 该方法从队列中取出连接请求, 使得队列能及时腾出空位, 以容纳新的连接请求. Client 程序的打印结果如下:
第 1 次连接成功
第 2 次连接成功
第 3 次连接成功
………..
第 100 次连接成功
从以上打印结果可以看出, 此时 Client 能顺利与 Server 建立 100 次连接.(每次while的循环要够快才行, 如果太慢, 从队列取连接请求的速度比放连接请求的速度慢的话, 不一定都能成功连接)
1.3 设定绑定的IP 地址
如果主机只有一个IP 地址, 那么默认情况下, 服务器程序就与该IP 地址绑定. ServerSocket 的第 4 个构造方法 ServerSocket(int port, int backlog, InetAddress bingAddr) 有一个 bindAddr 参数, 它显式指定服务器要绑定的IP 地址, 该构造方法适用于具有多个IP 地址的主机. 假定一个主机有两个网卡, 一个网卡用于连接到 Internet, IP为 222.67.5.94, 还有一个网卡用于连接到本地局域网, IP 地址为 192.168.3.4. 如果服务器仅仅被本地局域网中的客户访问, 那么可以按如下方式创建 ServerSocket:
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8000, 10, InetAddress.getByName(“192.168.3.4”));
1.4 默认构造方法的作用
ServerSocket 有一个不带参数的默认构造方法. 通过该方法创建的 ServerSocket 不与任何端口绑定, 接下来还需要通过 bind() 方法与特定端口绑定.
这个默认构造方法的用途是, 允许服务器在绑定到特定端口之前, 先设置ServerSocket 的一些选项. 因为一旦服务器与特定端口绑定, 有些选项就不能再改变了.比如：SO_REUSEADDR 选项
在以下代码中, 先把 ServerSocket 的 SO_REUSEADDR 选项设为 true, 然后再把它与 8000 端口绑定:
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket();
serverSocket.setReuseAddress(true); //设置 ServerSocket 的选项
serverSocket.bind(new InetSocketAddress(8000)); //与8000端口绑定
如果把以上程序代码改为:
ServerSocket serverSocket = new ServerSocket(8000);
serverSocket.setReuseAddress(true);//设置 ServerSocket 的选项
那么 serverSocket.setReuseAddress(true) 方法就不起任何作用了, 因为 SO_REUSEADDR 选项必须在服务器绑定端口之前设置才有效.
多线程示例
客户端：
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
/*
* 客户端
*/
public class Client {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//1.创建客户端Socket，指定服务器地址和端口
Socket socket=new Socket("localhost", 8888);
//2.获取输出流，向服务器端发送信息
OutputStream os=socket.getOutputStream();//字节输出流
PrintWriter pw=new PrintWriter(os);//将输出流包装为打印流
pw.write("用户名：whf;密码：789");
pw.flush();
socket.shutdownOutput();//关闭输出流
//3.获取输入流，并读取服务器端的响应信息
InputStream is=socket.getInputStream();
BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(is));
String info=null;
while((info=br.readLine())!=null){
System.out.println("我是客户端，服务器说："+info);
}
//4.关闭资源
br.close();
is.close();
pw.close();
os.close();
socket.close();
} catch (UnknownHostException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
服务器：
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.net.InetAddress;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
/*
* 基于TCP协议的Socket通信，实现用户登陆
* 服务器端
*/
public class Server {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
//1.创建一个服务器端Socket，即ServerSocket，指定绑定的端口，并监听此端口
ServerSocket serverSocket=new ServerSocket(8888);
Socket socket=null;
//记录客户端的数量
int count=0;
System.out.println("***服务器即将启动，等待客户端的连接***");
//循环监听等待客户端的连接
while(true){
//调用accept()方法开始监听，等待客户端的连接
socket=serverSocket.accept();
//创建一个新的线程
ServerThread serverThread=new ServerThread(socket);
//启动线程
serverThread.start();
count++;//统计客户端的数量
System.out.println("客户端的数量："+count);
InetAddress address=socket.getInetAddress();
System.out.println("当前客户端的IP："+address.getHostAddress());
}
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
服务器处理类：
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.OutputStream;
import java.io.PrintWriter;
import java.net.Socket;
/*
* 服务器线程处理类
*/
public class ServerThread extends Thread {
// 和本线程相关的Socket
Socket socket = null;
public ServerThread(Socket socket) {
this.socket = socket;
}
//线程执行的操作，响应客户端的请求
public void run(){
InputStream is=null;
InputStreamReader isr=null;
BufferedReader br=null;
OutputStream os=null;
PrintWriter pw=null;
try {
//获取输入流，并读取客户端信息
is = socket.getInputStream();
isr = new InputStreamReader(is);
br = new BufferedReader(isr);
String info=null;
while((info=br.readLine())!=null){//循环读取客户端的信息
System.out.println("我是服务器，客户端说："+info);
}
socket.shutdownInput();//关闭输入流
//获取输出流，响应客户端的请求
os = socket.getOutputStream();
pw = new PrintWriter(os);
pw.write("欢迎您！");
pw.flush();//调用flush()方法将缓冲输出
} catch (IOException e) {
// TODO Auto-generated catch block
e.printStackTrace();
}finally{
//关闭资源
try {
if(pw!=null)
pw.close();
if(os!=null)
os.close();
if(br!=null)
br.close();
if(isr!=null)
isr.close();
if(is!=null)
is.close();
if(socket!=null)
socket.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
}
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|
__label__pos
| 0.961442 |
使用多元索引时，您可以在创建时指定索引预排序和在查询时指定排序方式，在获取返回结果时使用Limit和Offset或者使用Token进行翻页。
索引预排序
多元索引默认按照设置的索引预排序（IndexSort）方式进行排序，使用多元索引查询数据时，IndexSort决定了数据的默认返回顺序。
在创建多元索引时，您可以自定义IndexSort，如果未自定义IndexSort，则IndexSort默认为主键排序。
注意 含有Nested类型字段的多元索引不支持索引预排序。
查询时指定排序方式
只有EnableSortAndAgg设置为true的字段才能进行排序。
在每次查询时，可以指定排序方式，多元索引支持如下四种排序方式（Sorter）。您也可以使用多个Sorter，实现先按照某种方式排序，再按照另一种方式排序的需求。
• ScoreSort
按照查询结果的相关性（BM25算法）分数进行排序，适用于有相关性的场景，例如全文检索等。
注意 如果需要按照相关性打分进行排序，必须手动设置ScoreSort，否则会按照索引设置的IndexSort进行排序。
searchQuery := search.NewSearchQuery()
searchQuery.SetSort(&search.Sort{
[]search.Sorter{
&search.ScoreSort{
Order: search.SortOrder_DESC.Enum(), //从得分高到低排序。
},
},
})
• PrimaryKeySort
按照主键进行排序。
searchQuery := search.NewSearchQuery()
searchQuery.SetSort(&search.Sort{
[]search.Sorter{
&search.PrimaryKeySort{
Order: search.SortOrder_ASC.Enum(),
},
},
})
• FieldSort
按照某列的值进行排序。
//设置按照Col_Long列逆序排序。
searchQuery.SetSort(&search.Sort{
[]search.Sorter{
&search.FieldSort{
FieldName: "Col_Long",
Order: search.SortOrder_DESC.Enum(),
},
},
})
先按照某列的值进行排序，再按照另一列的值进行排序。
searchQuery.SetSort(&search.Sort{
[]search.Sorter{
&search.FieldSort{
FieldName: "col1",
Order: search.SortOrder_ASC.Enum(),
},
&search.FieldSort{
FieldName: "col2",
Order: search.SortOrder_DESC.Enum(),
},
},
})
• GeoDistanceSort
根据地理点距离进行排序。
searchQuery.SetSort(&search.Sort{
[]search.Sorter{
&search.GeoDistanceSort{
FieldName: "location", //设置Geo点的字段名。
Points: []string{"40,-70"}, //设置中心点。
},
},
})
翻页方式
在获取返回结果时，可以使用Limit和Offset或者使用Token进行翻页。
• 使用Limit和Offset进行翻页
当需要获取的返回结果行数小于10000行时，可以通过Limit和Offset进行翻页，即Limit+Offset<=10000，其中Limit的最大值为100。
说明 如果需要提高Limit的上限，请参见 如何将多元索引Search接口查询数据的limit提高到1000
如果使用此方式进行翻页时未设置Limit和Offset，则Limit的默认值为10，Offset的默认值为0。
searchQuery := search.NewSearchQuery()
searchQuery.SetLimit(10)
searchQuery.SetOffset(10)
• 使用Token进行翻页
由于使用Token进行翻页时翻页深度无限制，当需要进行深度翻页时，推荐使用Token进行翻页。
当符合查询条件的数据未读取完时，服务端会返回NextToken，此时可以使用NextToken继续读取后面的数据。
使用Token进行翻页时默认只能向后翻页。由于在一次查询的翻页过程中Token长期有效，您可以通过缓存并使用之前的Token实现向前翻页。
使用Token翻页后的排序方式和上一次请求的一致，无论是系统默认使用IndexSort还是自定义排序，因此设置了Token不能再设置Sort。另外使用Token后不能设置Offset，只能依次往后读取，即无法跳页。
注意 由于含有Nested类型字段的多元索引不支持索引预排序，如果使用含有Nested类型字段的多元索引查询数据且需要翻页，则必须在查询条件中指定数据返回的排序方式，否则当符合查询条件的数据未读取完时，服务端不会返回NextToken。
/**
* 使用Token进行翻页读取。
* 如果SearchResponse返回了NextToken，可以使用此Token发起下一次查询，直到NextToken为空(nil)。
* NextToken为空(nil)表示所有符合条件的数据已读完。
*/
func QueryRowsWithToken(client *tablestore.TableStoreClient, tableName string, indexName string) {
querys := []search.Query{
&search.MatchAllQuery{},
&search.TermQuery{
FieldName: "Col_Keyword",
Term: "tablestore",
},
}
for _, query := range querys {
fmt.Printf("Test query: %#v\n", query)
searchRequest := &tablestore.SearchRequest{}
searchRequest.SetTableName(tableName)
searchRequest.SetIndexName(indexName)
searchQuery := search.NewSearchQuery()
searchQuery.SetQuery(query)
searchQuery.SetLimit(10)
searchQuery.SetGetTotalCount(true)
searchRequest.SetSearchQuery(searchQuery)
searchResponse, err := client.Search(searchRequest)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("%#v", err)
return
}
rows := searchResponse.Rows
requestCount := 1
for searchResponse.NextToken != nil {
searchQuery.SetToken(searchResponse.NextToken)
searchResponse, err = client.Search(searchRequest)
if err != nil {
fmt.Printf("%#v", err)
return
}
requestCount++
for _, r := range searchResponse.Rows {
rows = append(rows, r)
}
}
fmt.Println("IsAllSuccess: ", searchResponse.IsAllSuccess)
fmt.Println("TotalCount: ", searchResponse.TotalCount)
fmt.Println("RowsSize: ", len(rows))
fmt.Println("RequestCount: ", requestCount)
}
}
|
__label__pos
| 0.85917 |
主页 > 原创 > 基于litecad的程序画坐标轴及坐标文字
基于litecad的程序画坐标轴及坐标文字
litecad库并没有包含坐标轴的自定义，只有包含很多点的grid，题设：需要实现一个坐标轴方格，并且包含坐标文字，位于cad图层之下，拖动时坐标轴位置不变，坐标文字实时更新。
解决方案：
通过监听litecad的Paint事件（lcOnEventPaint），在之前和之后画图。
1.声明回调函数：
lcOnEventPaint( &CCADView::ProcPaint );
2.函数实现：
void CALLBACK CCADView::ProcPaint( HANDLE hLcWnd, HANDLE hView, int Mode, HDC hDC, int Left, int Top, int Right, int Bottom )
{
int WIDTH = Right-Left;
int HEIGHT = Bottom-Top;
int DELTA = HEIGHT/6;
//获取当前cad坐标
currentLeft = lcPropGetFloat( hView, LC_PROP_VIEW_LEF );
currentTop = lcPropGetFloat( hView, LC_PROP_VIEW_TOP );
currentRight = lcPropGetFloat( hView, LC_PROP_VIEW_RIG );
currentBottom = lcPropGetFloat( hView, LC_PROP_VIEW_BOT );
double scaleX = (currentRight-currentLeft)/((WIDTH)*1.0);
double scaleY = (currentTop-currentBottom)/((HEIGHT)*1.0);
//定义字体格式
HFONT hFont=CreateFont(10,10,0,0,FW_DONTCARE,false,false,false,
CHINESEBIG5_CHARSET,OUT_CHARACTER_PRECIS,
CLIP_CHARACTER_PRECIS,DEFAULT_QUALITY,
FF_MODERN,L"Arial");
SelectObject(hDC, hFont);
SetBkMode(hDC, TRANSPARENT);
SetTextColor(hDC, RGB(50,50,50));
SetTextAlign(hDC, TA_LEFT);
CString text;
//litecad绘制之前，在HDC上绘制坐标轴
if (Mode==0)
{
HPEN pen=CreatePen(NULL,2,RGB(50,50,50));
SelectObject(hDC,pen);
for (int i=1;(Top+DELTA*i)<Bottom;i++)
{
MoveToEx(hDC, Left, Top+DELTA*i, NULL);
LineTo(hDC, Right, Top+DELTA*i);
if (isCadInited)
{
text.Format(L"%.0f", currentTop-scaleY*DELTA*i);
TextOut(hDC, Left+3, Top+DELTA*i+3, text, text.GetLength());
}
}
for (int i=1;(Left+DELTA*i)<Right;i++)
{
MoveToEx(hDC, Left+DELTA*i, Top, NULL);
LineTo(hDC, Left+DELTA*i, Bottom);
if (isCadInited)
{
text.Format(L"%.0f", currentLeft+scaleX*DELTA*(i-1));
TextOut(hDC, Left+DELTA*(i-1)+3, Bottom-15, text, text.GetLength());
}
}
}
//litecad绘制之后
if (Mode==1)
{
//第一次初始化时要在cad画之后绘制坐标文字
if (!isCadInited)
{
for (int i=1;(Top+DELTA*i)<Bottom;i++)
{
text.Format(L"%.0f", currentTop-scaleY*DELTA*i);
TextOut(hDC, Left+3, Top+DELTA*i+3, text, text.GetLength());
}
for (int i=1;(Left+DELTA*i)<Right;i++)
{
text.Format(L"%.0f", currentLeft+scaleX*DELTA*(i-1));
TextOut(hDC, Left+DELTA*(i-1)+3, Bottom-15, text, text.GetLength());
}
isCadInited = true;
}
}
}
效果如如下所示：
cad_axis
Tags: axis cad litecad 坐标轴
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|
__label__pos
| 0.999494 |
Medications for Treating Personality Disorder
We have previously reviewed the nature-nurture debate that arises when considering the relative importance of biology (nature) and human experience (nurture) in determining human behavior. We previously likened this debate to a similar debate: Which came first, the chicken or the egg? We attempted to provide evidence that a nature-nurture debate is as futile as chicken-or-egg. The answer is both nature and nurture combine in some manner to cause behavior. Because we do not yet know the exact relationship between nature and nurture, it comes as no surprise that the use of psychiatric medications to modify behavior has been somewhat controversial.
Prior to the most recent research evidence suggesting a strong link between biology and behavior, many clinicians did not believe that medication was useful, nor appropriate for the treatment of personality disorders. The rationale for these convictions resulted from the way in which personality disorders were understood. How could medication change people's personalities or alter their manner of relating to others? From this perspective, personality disorders occurred when normal personality development became derailed by harmful, traumatic, or otherwise stressful events in someone's life. It was believed that once derailed, deeply-rooted, maladaptive patterns of relating to others were formed. From this perspective, it only made sense that treatment should focus on changing those behavioral patterns. Medications had no place in such treatment.
More recently, many clinicians (if not most) have begun to recognize that human behavior and emotion are at least partially determined by our genetic make-up. This includes the harmful behavioral and emotional patterns inherent in personality disorders. As such, many clinicians now believe that medication can be very beneficial in the treatment of many psychological disorders, including personality disorder.
A moderate position held by many clinicians is that medication can be helpful in some situations. Clinicians usually begin to consider medications when:
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1) Medication is helpful to limit symptoms of co-occurring disorders (for instance, depression and Borderline Disorder).
2) Medication reduces someone's discomfort sufficiently until they can make lasting changes that will more permanently alleviate their discomfiture.
3) Medication promotes a positive and more rapid experience of recovery, which in turn increases motivation for treatment.
4) Medication enables someone to attend therapy that might otherwise be unable to participate in a meaningful way.
5) Medication limits symptoms sufficiently so that symptoms do not interfere with the ability to learn and acquire essential skills needed for recovery.
Consider the example of someone with an Avoidant Personality Disorder. Their extreme anxiety about social situations and relationships may prohibit them from attending therapy, while medication might enable them to do so.
Medications don't necessarily "cure" personality disorders. They can alleviate some symptoms that may interfere with, slow down, or disrupt treatment. This may include symptoms of the personality disorder itself, or symptoms associated with other co-occurring disorders. Symptoms that often interfere with the progression of therapy include anxiety, depression, irritability, substance abuse, or mood swings. In fact, The Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder of the American Psychiatric Association, published in 2001, as well as the American Psychiatric Association's Guideline Watch, published in 2005, recommends psychotherapy for the treatment of the Borderline Personality Disorder and states that adjunctive pharmacology, targeting specific symptoms, can also be helpful.
However, some clinicians and researchers are dissatisfied with a moderate approach to medications. Instead, they conclude that personality traits and temperament are biologically determined. From this perspective, life experiences are only important because certain stressful events have the potential to cause lasting changes to brain chemistry. This is particularly true in the developing brains of children.
In his chapter on somatic treatments in the Handbook for Personality Disorders, Paul Soloff (2005) explains his view that the dichotomy between nature and nurture is artificial and contrived. He asserts that personality traits and temperament are, in fact, biologically determined. To support his view, he references research that demonstrated an association between a history of childhood sexual abuse and changes to brain chemistry (in the brain's serotonergic system) in women with Borderline Personality Disorder (Rinne, Westenberg, denBoer, et.al., 2000). Soloff argues for a pharmacological approach in the treatment of personality disorders because medications are capable of modifying neurotransmitter functions associated with many of the symptoms of personality disorders. Medications that modify neurotransmitter function can improve problems with thinking, emotion, and impulse control. These are the very problems that are typical of personality disorders.
However, the reverse can also be argued. If harmful experiences, such as abuse, cause changes to brain chemistry and functioning, healing experiences have the potential to do the same. New corrective experiences (via psychotherapies) cause new thinking patterns to develop. These new patterns also modify emotional response patterns. As all thoughts and emotions are electro-chemical events in the brain, these new cognitive and emotional patterns form new neural pathways overtime. In other words, changing thoughts and emotions can also modify neurotransmitter functioning.
New research methodologies and technologies have continued to provide us a much better understanding of how the brain works, including the biological and chemical underpinnings of behavior and emotions. Because of these advancements, new treatment options continue to emerge. These advancements provide hope to recovering people, while providing clinicians promising tools that advance recovery efforts.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.542301 |
Are car front seats interchangeable?
On most cars, seats are left and right specific, but some DO happen to be interchangeable. themselves — there’s no reason not to try it. Saturday morning and try reinstalling one on the other side. If it works, finish the job.
Can you swap front car seats?
Thankfully, swapping out old car seats with new ones is a relatively straightforward task – and certainly simpler than a lot of DIY car jobs. Your new set of seats should include all the brackets and allen keys required to do the job.
Can I put a different seat in my car?
The very short and simple answer to this in 99% of cases is no. Each vehicle produced is designed by its manufacturer to work with a specific set or range of seats which they fit in their factory during production. The bolt points, frames and mechanisms will be unique to the vehicle model or its chassis.
How much does it cost to replace front car seats?
On average you can pay between $200-$750 per seat or $500-$2000 for two bucket seats. So as you can see pricing can vary from place to place.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Why does motor current increase with load?
What is the front seats of a car called?
passenger seat
the front seat of a vehicle (such as a car) where a passenger sits. While passengers could also sit in the back seats, if you use the term “passenger seat” it (at least in the US) it always means the front seat that is not the drivers seat.
Is it possible to swap driver and passenger seats?
in the country that do this). On most cars, seats are left and right specific, but some DO happen to be interchangeable. themselves — there’s no reason not to try it.
How do you change car seats in DAYZ?
Look at the driver’s seat, and you should see the prompt to change seats with a left click.
How much does it cost to install leather seats in car?
You can expect to pay somewhere in the vicinity of $2000 for putting leather car seats into your vehicle. However, there are many factors that impact the total cost of this aftermarket upgrade including where you get the leather, and how well it was manufactured.
Are my car seats leather or vinyl?
Just lift up a small section and look at the back side of the material. If you see a “cloth like” material that appears to be glued to the backside of the fabric, then you are looking at a piece of vinyl.
How do I fit a new seat in my car?
Fitting Replacement Aftermarket Car Seats
1. Unbolt the Old Seat. After opening the door to access the driver’s seat, locate the bolts that hold the seat onto the base plate of the car. …
2. Removing the Seat. …
3. Insert the New Seat. …
4. Fix the Seat in Place.
THIS IS IMPORTANT: Will car battery recharge itself without jump?
How much do new seats in a car cost?
Having the car seats professionally reupholstered (not just adding slip covers, but completely replacing the old material with a chosen fabric, adding foam or batting where needed, and repairing springs if needed) typically costs $200-$750 per seat, or about $500-$2,000 for two bucket seats and a back bench seat, …
How much does it cost to recover car seats?
The average cost to reupholster the interior of a sedan with cloth seats is around $2,500. Replacing leather will kick the price up a notch. So its best if you can have them restored/repaired so you can extend the life of your vehicle at a fraction of the price.
|
__label__pos
| 0.999179 |
Resources Contact Us Home
Browse by: INVENTOR PATENT HOLDER PATENT NUMBER DATE
System and method for hard line communication with MWD/LWD
8149132 System and method for hard line communication with MWD/LWD
Patent Drawings:Drawing: 8149132-2 Drawing: 8149132-3
« 1 »
(2 images)
Inventor: Peter
Date Issued: April 3, 2012
Application: 11/759,553
Filed: June 7, 2007
Inventors: Peter; Andreas (Niedersachsen, DE)
Assignee: Baker Hughes Incorporated (Houston, TX)
Primary Examiner: Gay; Jennifer H
Assistant Examiner:
Attorney Or Agent: Cantor Colburn LLP
U.S. Class: 340/855.1; 175/309; 175/314; 340/854.9; 340/855.2
Field Of Search: 340/854.9; 340/855.1; 340/855.2; 175/309; 175/314
International Class: G01V 3/00
U.S Patent Documents:
Foreign Patent Documents: 0526294; 2370590; WO 2008005192
Other References: PCT International Search Report. No. PCT/US2007/014453. Mailed May 16, 2008. 13 pages. cited by other.
Abstract: A MWD/LWD hard line communication system and method includes for the system a cartridge capable of deploying wire in a borehole, a screen attachable to the cartridge and positionally retainable in the borehole, and a communications connector operably associable with the cartridge; and for the method, deploying hardline from a cartridge, attaching the cartridge to a screen, and attaching the cartridge to a communications connector. Another method includes pumping fluid downhole, urging a wire nest into a screen, and compacting the nest into the screen with the fluid until the fluid is pumpable past the nest through an unobstructed portion of the screen.
Claim: The invention claimed is:
1. A MWD/LWD hard communication line system comprising: a detachable spool, capable of deploying a first wire segment in a borehole downhole relative to the detachablespool; a screen positioned uphole relative to the detachable spool in the borehole and including a side wall that surrounds a second wire segment, the second wire segment extending uphole relative to the detachable spool, the side wall having aplurality of openings extending therethrough; and a communications connector operably connected to the detachable spool and the second wire segment.
2. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1, further comprising a shoulder ring surrounding one end of the screen and releasably associated with the screen.
3. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 2 further comprising a drill pipe between the screen and a wall of the borehole, wherein the shoulder ring is dimensioned and configured to be positionally retained in a portion of thedrill pipe.
4. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 3 wherein the portion of the drill pipe is a boreback section of the drill pipe.
5. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 2 wherein the shoulder ring is releasable via a release member.
6. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 5 wherein the release member is a sheer member.
7. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the screen is frustoconical in shape.
8. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the screen includes a hollow portion defined by the side wall having the plurality of openings therein, the plurality of openings having dimensions configured to prevent passagetherethrough of a portion of the second wire that forms a wire nest.
9. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the communications connector is an electrical connector.
10. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the communications connector is a fiber optic connector.
11. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the communications connector is releasable from the detachable spool upon application of a tensile load.
12. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 11 wherein the tensile load is greater than the tensile load occasioned by deployment of wire connected to the communications connector.
13. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 11 wherein the tensile load is less than a tensile limit of the line itself.
14. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the detachable spool includes a position retention arrangement.
15. A method for employing a hard line for a MWD/LWD operation comprising: deploying a first hard line segment from a cartridge positioned downhole relative to a screen; and attaching the cartridge to a communications connector, thecommunications connector connected to a second hard line segment extending uphole relative to the cartridge through the screen, the screen including a sidewall that surrounds the second hard line segment, the sidewall having a plurality of openingsextending therethrough.
16. The method for employing a hard line for a MWD/LWD operation as claimed in claim 15, further comprising releasing the communications connector from the cartridge to reel the second hard line segment uphole relative to the cartridge.
17. The method for employing a hard line for a MWD/LWD operation of claim 15 further comprising attaching the cartridge to the screen.
18. A method for reducing damage and promoting continued operations after a hard line break causes a nest in a MWD/LWD operation comprising: pumping fluid downhole; urging the nest into a screen; and compacting the nest into the screen withthe fluid until the fluid is pumpable past the nest through an unobstructed portion of the screen.
19. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the detachable spool is disposed within a cartridge.
20. The MWD/LWD hard communication line system of claim 1 wherein the screen is attachable to the detachable spool.
Description: BACKGROUND
Measurement while drilling (MWD) and logging while drilling (LWD) using hard lines is often problematic in the wellbore environment. While such lines provide for a much better data rate, than other methods currently employed, they present easytargets for well equipment. When a line is impacted or otherwise strained beyond its tolerance level, it will, of course, break. This presents two problems: the first and obvious problem is that data flow has stopped on at least that line; and thesecond and potentially even more damaging problem, is that broken lines get pumped downhole along with mud in the column. This often results in the line creating somewhat of a "rat nest" or a "wire nest". Wire nests are a problem in that they canimpede fluid flow, potentially forming a plug of sorts. Once the tubing has a plug, pressure of the mud tends to move the plug downhole until it hits something solid doing damage thereto and potentially causing a complete stop of fluid flow. At thispoint, well operations associated with the MWD/LWD process are prevented from occurring. Other well operations may also be affected at this point, but almost certainly will be during the consequently required intervention and fishing operation tocorrect the problem.
Wireless means for communicating MWD/LWD data such as acoustic or mud pulse telemetry exist and do function without the risks associated with a hard line but the data rates are quite slow thereby rendering the methods unsuitable for someapplications.
A system and method for facilitating the use of a hard line communication with its inherently higher data rate while reducing the risks associated therewith would be well received by the art.
SUMMARY
Disclosed herein is a MWD/LWD hard communication line system. The system includes a cartridge capable of deploying wire in a borehole, a screen attachable to the cartridge and positionally retainable in the borehole, and a communicationsconnector operably associable with the cartridge.
Further disclosed herein is a method for employing a hard line for a MWD/LWD operation. The method includes deploying hardline from a cartridge, attaching the cartridge to a screen, and attaching the cartridge to a communications connector.
Yet further disclosed herein is a method for reducing damage and promoting continued operations after a hard line break causes a nest in a MWD/LWD operation. The method includes pumping fluid downhole, urging the nest into a screen, andcompacting the nest into the screen with the fluid until the fluid is pumpable past the nest through an unobstructed portion of the screen.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings wherein like elements are numbered alike in the several figures:
FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a portion of a tubing string containing one operational unit of a hard communication line system for MWD/LWD tools.
FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 1 where an electrical disconnect has been released to retrieve wire uphole.
FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view similar to FIG. 1 where a screen and cartridge of the system is illustrated pulled out of its shoulder ring for retrieval to surface.
FIG. 4 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a wire nest having formed in the screen to illustrate remaining flow path in the system.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Referring to FIG. 1, illustrated is an operable unit 10 of the system for utilizing hard lines with MWD/LWD tools. The unit 10, of which there may be one or more in a particular system, comprises a cartridge 12 at a downhole end thereof, areleasable communications connector 14 in operable communication therewith (when connected as illustrated), and a mud screen 16 that is coaxially disposed about the connector 14 and affixed to cartridge 12 at an uphole end thereof. The cartridge furtherincludes a position retention feature such as, for example, a bow spring 20 as illustrated.
The mud screen includes a plurality of openings, such as holes or slots therein dimensioned to disallow passage of a nested wire therethrough to ensure that a broken wire does not get circulated downhole past the screen where it can do damage orbring an untimely end to wellbore operations. The exact size of the holes will depend upon the cross-sectional dimensions of the wire itself versus a desire to maximize fluid flow therethrough. It is well within the skill of one of ordinary skill inthe art to determine what hole size to use for a particular application. In one embodiment, the screen is frustoconical in shape to enhance the flow area outside an area within the screen to which a wire nest is pumped. The mud screen 16 furtherincludes a releasable shoulder ring 18 and an internal fishing neck 100. Further detail and operational interaction are provided hereunder.
A fact of running suspended hard lines in a wellbore is that the material of construction of the line along with its cross sectional area are mathematically correlatable to a maximum length of suspension before inevitable breakage simply due tothe lines' own weight. Friction between the line and the flowing drilling fluid creates another, even stronger tensile load in the line. For these reasons, several lengths of line are often necessary to reach from a surface or other remote location tothe location of the MWD/LWD tool but communicatively connected by the line to resolve this issue. The terms line, hard line or wire as referred to herein are generically used to refer to copper or other electronically conductive line, optic fiber line,or any other line effective for propagation of a signal of communicative or power transfer reasons.
Cartridge 12, as noted above, includes a position retention feature 20. This feature is useful in both temporarily maintaining position of the cartridge 12 relative to tubing 50, while tubing is being added at surface for continued drillingoperations and assisting in retaining the cartridge 12 relative to the tubing after a lower wire segment 60 has been deployed. As each tube 50 is attached to the one going into the hole before it, the cartridge 12 is drawn uphole in, for example, 30feet increments (length of drill pipe segments) a number of times, until all of the wire stored therein is deployed (about 1000 ft.) After all wire is deployed, the cartridge requires semi-permanent position retention for its trip downhole with the restof the drill string.
Still referring to FIG. 1, bracket 70 identifies components added to an uphole end of cartridge 12 to facilitate both semi-permanent position retention and other benefits of the arrangement disclosed herein. The other benefits are addressedinfra. At an interface 80 a makeable connection profile is provided to attach cartridge 12 to mud screen 16. This may be an annular threaded connection, a series of bolts or pins, a welded connection, etc. The interface should be relatively easily madeup at the rotary table and be stable. This connection is not intended to be releasable. In addition to this physical connection at the interface 80, it is further required to provide for electrical connection between an uphole end of cartridge 12(which of course is already electronically connected to the wire it deployed earlier) and the upper wire section, which will be deployed next. This electrical connection is a part of connector 14. The connection itself should be easy to makeup at arotary table on a rig (not shown) and will provide defeatably permanent electrical interconnection between a more uphole wire that will be deployed from a next adjacent cartridge (not shown) and the illustrated cartridge 12. In one embodiment,electrical connection may be by blade connection, pin connection, etc. The mechanical connection of the connector 14 to the cartridge 12 is to be a releasable one. In one embodiment the connection utilizes one or more shear screws, or shear pins. Alternatively, a collet type mechanism might be substituted. It is important that the connection be strong enough to resist release from the pull of the wire connected thereto as the next upper cartridge is pulled uphole during deployment of the wirespooled thereon. Further, it is important that the mechanical connection be sufficiently releaseable that the electrical connector 14 will disengage from cartridge 12 at a tensile load less than a tensile limit of the wire attached thereto from above. Ensuring the stated properties of connection allows an operator to prepare for pulling of the system without wire becoming an impediment by allowing a pull on the wire to cause a disconnection, which then allows the consequently loose wire to be reeledback to a remote location or the surface.
Finally, with respect to anchoring the cartridge 12 in position, the mud screen 16 includes a shoulder ring 18 at an uphole end thereof that is configured and dimensioned to be receivable in a boreback section 90 of a box thread 92 at an upholeend 94 of a section of drill pipe 50. Shoulder ring 18 nests in boreback section 90 and is retained therein by a leading edge 96 of thread 98 of the next uphole pipe section.
Shoulder ring 18 is releaseably connected to screen 16 so that upon a selected tensile load thereon, the screen 16 will release from shoulder ring 18, leaving the ring in place while the screen 16 and attached cartridge 12 become mobile forretrieval to a remote location, such as a surface location. Both the initial tensile load applied and the impetus to retrieve the screen and cartridge are imposed through an internal fishing neck 100 in screen 16. Releaseablility may be in form ofsheer screws or sheer pins or any other calculatable strength limited connection between the screen and the shoulder ring.
Referring to FIG. 2, a disconnected electrical connector 14 is illustrated still within the screen 16 while being drawn to a remote location, which in the illustration is an uphole location such as a surface location. Referring to FIG. 3, thescreen is illustrated released from the shoulder ring 18 and the screen and cartridge partially withdrawn from their previous positions.
In operation, the cartridge 12 is manipulated to deploy wire to an advancing Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) (not shown) in the manner noted above until a selected amount of the wire is deployed. Coupling of the next adjacent wire segment and screenfollows as noted and a new deployment operation ensues with a new cartridge. This process is repeated until the BHA is at desired depth.
When it is desired to pull the string out of the wellbore, a first pull on the last cartridge will cause release of the electrical connector 14 thereby allowing the wire to be pulled and in one embodiment, spooled at surface. Following removalof the wire, either the drillstring is disassembled including removing the next lower screen and cartridge assembly as they come to surface, which removal itself will create the tensile force necessary to release the next lower connector 14, and so on;or if the drillstring is to remain intact but obstructions must be removed, a fishing tool with appropriate end (not shown) to engage the internal fishing neck 100 is run to pull the screen and next cartridge by releasing the shoulder ring (it is notedthat the shoulder ring need not be separated if the drillstring is being disassembled but only if the drillstring is to remain intact. The screen and cartridge can then be removed from the well while at the same time providing a pull on the next lowerwire to disconnect electrical connector 14 for the next lower assembly. The process repeats until all assemblies are removed from the well leaving the drill string in place for whatever task might be desired of it, or to run other tools through thestring, for example, a free-point indicator tool.
A significant benefit of the herein described arrangement is that a wire break at any time during use of the system does not pose the same risks of a wire nest plug that has been the case with the prior art. When a wire breaks in the systemdescribed herein, it will fall into or be circulated into the next lower screen 16 in the system where it is compressed by circulating fluid until the pressure head above the wire nest 108 is relieved due to the wire being forced far enough into the mudscreen 16 to allow circulation to resume through the screen above the nest. This is illustrated in FIG. 4. Referring to FIG. 4, numeral 110 identifies a bracketed area of the system where mud flowing into screen 16 can flow radially outwardly to anannular region 112 and thence downhole.
Because of the ability of the system to absorb a wire break without loss of the ability to circulate and consequential shut down of the operation, the use of hard wire with it's inherently higher data rate is much more desirable.
While preferred embodiments have been shown and described, modifications and substitutions may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood that the present invention has beendescribed by way of illustrations and not limitation
* * * * *
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| 0.643235 |
I am working on a code that searches a folder gets a specific part of the file name and adds 1 to a file counter. There are some files in tehre that have a special character that indicates that is is only half. I ahve got it to count the full ones but can not figure out a way to get the half ones to count. The special character that is in the names to inficate half is H. If someone could please help me figure this out it would help increase my production time.
def bedCount(pathname, bednumber):
filecount = 0
for file in os.listdir(pathname):
if fnmatch.fnmatch (file, ''+bednumber+''):
filecount = filecount+1
return filecount
countbeds=bedCount(filestart, 'B')
print countbeds
I'am using different imports and python 3
import tkinter.filedialog as tk_FileDialog
from tkinter import*
fileCount = 0
for x in range(0,10) #read as many as you want
f = tk_FileDialog.askopenfile(mode='r') #Or what file your trying to open
fileContents = f.readlines(1) #Or what lines you want to read
if fileContents == 'H':
fileCount += 0.5
elif fileContents == 'h':
fileCount += 0.5
else:
fileCount += 1
print "File count was", fileCount
This is if the first letter of the filename is the indicator otherwise regex required.
import os
def fileCheck(pathname):
countB = 0
countH = 0
for file in os.listdir(pathname):
if file[0] == 'B':
countB += 1
elif file[0] == 'H':
countH += 1
else:
pass
return countB, countH
Maybe more explicit and hence more pythonic? Unsure.
import os
def fileCheck(pathname):
countB = 0
countH = 0
for file in os.listdir(pathname):
if file.startswith('B'):
countB += 1
elif file.startswith('H'):
countH += 1
else:
pass
return countB, countH
|
__label__pos
| 0.876441 |
The first thing that most people think of when 'Vitamin D' is mentioned to them would be an image of babies under the sun. This is perhaps the first encounter any of us will have with large doses of vitamin D, should your parents be knowledgeable enough to actually engage in the practice of putting babies under the sun. The fact is that the sun is jam-packed with vitamin D – its rays radiate with sunlight that keep us warm, provides us with light and allows vitamin D to be absorbed in our body. But of course, this does not mean we should immediately drop everything we are doing to run out in the open and bake under the sun. There are some interesting and important things to know about Vitamin D and the sun.
From Birth
Newborns require heavy amounts of vitamin d once they are welcomed to the world, because having vitamin D in the system will prevent jaundice in children (you know, that condition wherein the skin and the white part of the eyes turn a sickly yellow hue). Newborns ought to get their vitamin D from the sun, which is why there is the practice of going out in the sun in the morning. Now, there are some conditions to this.
First, the best time to bring the baby out to get drenched with the sun's rays would be in the early morning hours. This is the safest time for them to be out. The sun's rays have very low UV rays (which are bad for the skin) and there is less pollution since there are fewer cars in the early hours and less operating factories and offices churning out toxic air. One must avoid exposing the baby to the sun at high noon, where the sun's rays – though it may still carry the same amount of vitamin D – will do damage to the baby's skin and possibly even the eyes. The afternoon sun is also not as good since there is much pollution in the air.
The Growing Years
You have probably seen those women who cover themselves up and wear long sleeves when they know they will be exposed to the sunlight. Their efforts to protect themselves against skin cancer and ageing are commendable; however they also might be preventing themselves from getting vitamin D from the sun. There is actually a statistic which shows that the older you get, the less frequent your body processes vitamin D from the sun - in particular, four times less. This means, you still need to get your vitamin-D laden sunshine even if you are deathly afraid of getting premature wrinkles or skin cancer. It is simply a matter of choosing the right time to go out. The best times to go out and get your vitamin D (interesting to know is that the Danes commonly call it D Vitamin), aside from in the early hours of the morning, would be after lunch until about 2 o' clock pm and then later again around four pm. The hours before and after these produce the harshest sun rays, thereby increasing your chances of getting wrinkly skin and skin cancer. Outside of these, you are okay to bask in the sunlight.
|
__label__pos
| 0.566491 |
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Patents
1. Advanced Patent Search
Publication numberUS4349235 A
Publication typeGrant
Application numberUS 06/178,684
Publication dateSep 14, 1982
Filing dateAug 15, 1980
Priority dateAug 23, 1979
Also published asDE3031440A1, DE3031440C2
Publication number06178684, 178684, US 4349235 A, US 4349235A, US-A-4349235, US4349235 A, US4349235A
InventorsSatoshi Makara
Original AssigneeMurata Manufacturing Co., Ltd.
Export CitationBiBTeX, EndNote, RefMan
External Links: USPTO, USPTO Assignment, Espacenet
Cathode-ray tube socket substrate
US 4349235 A
Abstract
A cathode-ray tube socket substrate for use with a cathode-ray tube of a cathode-ray tube display unit such as a television receiving set comprising a cathode-ray tube socket mounted on an insulation substrate with its pin terminals securely connected to electrodes provided thereon. On the insulation substrate there are provided discharge electrodes in opposition to each other between the terminal electrodes and earth electrode, recesses for discharge gaps being provided between the discharge electrodes respectively, said recesses being covered by a sheathing member, the discharge means being integrally composed with compactness thereby enabling to miniaturize the whole socket substrate, stabilize the discharge action, and reduce the spark noises.
Images(2)
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Claims(5)
What is claimed is:
1. A cathode-ray tube socket substrate comprising an insulation substrate, a plurality of through holes provided in predetermined locations on the insulation substrate, a plurality of terminal electrodes provided at least on one face of the insulation substrate so as to encircle the through holes, a cathode-ray tube socket mounted on the insulation substrate with its terminals extending beyond the reverse side of the socket body being inserted into the respective through holes and securely connected to the respective electrodes around said through holes, cathode-ray tube peripheral circuits composed on the insulation substrate and connected to the required pin terminals of the cathode-ray tube socket respectively, earth electrode mounted on the surface of the insulation substrate where the terminal electrodes are provided, a plurality of discharge electrodes provided so as to oppose the earth electrode and required terminal electrodes among those encircling the through holes, a plurality of recesses provided between the opposed discharge electrodes on the substrate, and a sheathing member mounted on the insulation substrate so as to cover the recesses.
2. A cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to claim 1 wherein the terminal electrodes encircling the through holes, the earth electrode, the discharge electrodes and the recesses are provided on the surface of the insulation substrate, the cathode-ray tube socket serving also as a sheathing member for covering the recesses.
3. A cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to claim 1 wherein the terminal electrodes encircling the through holes, the earth electrode, the discharge electrodes and the recesses are provided on the reverse side of the insulation substrate, the sheathing member for covering the recesses being formed by a dustproof cover mounted on the reverse side of the insulation substrate.
4. A cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to claim 1 wherein a plurality of through holes are circularly disposed about a predetermined axis, the earth electrode, the discharge electrodes and the recesses being provided on the part defined by said through holes.
5. A cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to claim 1 wherein the earth electrode is annularly formed.
Description
The invention relates to a cathode-ray tube socket substrate for use with a cathode-ray tube of a cathode-ray tube display unit such as a television receiving set.
Since a relatively high voltage is impressed on the anode of the cathode-ray tube, spark discharge is prone to be generated between the anode and other electrodes in the cathode-ray tube by impurities which have been permitted to get into the cathode-ray tube during the production thereof. The spark discharge frequently damages the coating of the cathode in the cathode-ray tube or destroy peripheral electronic circuit parts, particularly transistors. Measures are usually taken, therefore, to induce said discharge on the outside of the cathode-ray tube.
Conventionally, various means were taken for this purpose. For example, a discharge element as a discrete part consisting of a pair of lead wires opposed to each other with a predetermined space interposed therebetween was disposed between the socket terminal for receiving the pin terminal of the cathode-ray tube and the earth; a cathode-ray tube socket provided with an internal discharge unit was used; or a through hole for discharge was provided on the insulation substrate on which the cathode-ray tube socket was mounted, discharge electrodes being disposed on both sides of said through hole.
However, when discharge elements are used as discrete parts, 5-7 elements are usually necessitated. This requires a relatively large space making it difficult to reduce the cathode-ray tube socket substrate in size. Moreover, the procedure requires a time-consuming operation.
In addition, a cathode-ray tube socket provided with a discharge unit has a complicated internal construction. Thus the socket is not only priced higher but also larger-sized thereby making it very difficult to miniaturize the substrate on which the socket is to be mounted. Furthermore, when through holes are provided on the cathode-ray tube socket substrate, dust is permitted to adhere about said through holes due to electrostatic suction of the discharge electrodes since said through holes are exposed to the outside, whereby the discharge action is unstabilized and leaking electric current flowing between discharge electrodes are liable to impair the picture.
Moreover, the use of discharge elements as discrete parts and the provision of through holes on the substrate permit an unpleasant spark noise to be generated at each discharge.
The invention relates to a cathode-ray tube socket substrate comprising an insulation substrate provided with terminal electrodes enabling to mount a cathode-ray tube socket in the state of electric connection, the substrate being provided with discharge electrodes disposed so as to be opposed to said terminal electrodes and earth electrode, discharge gaps being formed by providing recesses on the substrate between the discharge electrodes, respectively.
The invention has for a first object to provide a cathode-ray tube socket substrate which can be miniaturized as a whole.
The invention has for a second object to provide a cathode-ray tube socket substrate capable of precluding dust from adhering to discharge gaps and stabilizing the discharge action.
The invention has for a third object to provide a cathode-ray tube socket capable of reducing unpleasant spark noises even when discharge is generated.
These and other objects are accompanied by improvements, combinations and arrangements of the respective parts comprising the invention, preferred embodiments of which are shown by way of examples in the accompanying drawings and herein described in detail.
FIG. 1 is an elevational view, broken away in part, showing a first embodiment of the cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to the invention.
FIG. 2 is a plan view of an insulation substrate prior to connection thereto of the socket of FIG. 1.
FIG. 3 is a bottom view of the insulation substrate.
FIG. 4 is an elevational view, broken away in part, showing a second embodiment of the cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to the invention.
FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the cathode-ray tube socket shown in the second embodiment as seen from the bottom side.
FIG. 6 is an elevation view, broken away in part, showing a third embodiment of the cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to the invention.
FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing a dustproof cover for use with the third embodiment.
In FIGS. 1 to 3 showing the first embodiment of the invention, the numeral 1 designates an insulation substrate consisting of ceramics such as alumina, steatite, forsterite, etc., 2,3,4,5,6,7,8 and 9 designating through holes accurately disposed in predetermined positions on the substrate 1 for receiving pin terminals of the cathode-ray tube socket which will be described in detail hereinafter.
The numerals 10,11,12,13,14,15,16 and 17 designate terminal electrodes provided on the surface of the substrate 1 so as to encircle the aforesaid through holes respecrively, 18,19,20,21,22,23,24 and 25 designating terminal electrodes provided on the reverse side of the substrate 1 so as to encircle said through holes respectively. The through hole 3 is for receiving the earth pin terminal of the cathode-ray tube, the terminal electrode 11 on the surface of the substrate being connected to annular earth electrode 26 provided in the center of the surface of the substrate encircled by through holes 2 to 9. The numerals 27,28,29,30,31,32 and 33 designate slit-shaped recesses forming discharge gaps provided on the substrate between the terminal electrodes thereon, 10,12-17, and the earth electrode 26. As shown in FIG. 2, on both sides of each of the recesses there are provided discharge electrodes extended from the respective electrodes so as to be opposed to each other with said recess interposed therebetween. Though not shown in the drawings, on the insulation substrate 1 there are disposed required cathode-ray tube peripheral circuits, such as color output circuit, etc., in case of a color television receiving set, and image output circuit, etc., in case of a black-and-white television receiving set, comprising transistors, resistors, condensers and the like, required output being connected to the respective electrode of the through hole for receiving the pin terminals of the cathode-ray tube socket.
The numeral 34 designates a cathode-ray tube socket mounted on the surface of the substrate 1, pin terminals 35 extended to the reverse side of the socket body being fitted into predetermined through holes 2-9 of the substrate 1, said pin terminals being securely soldered to the electrodes around the through holes respectively as shown in FIG. 1. The locational relationship between the cathode-ray tube socket 34 mounted on the substrate 1 and the recesses 27-33 thereof is such that part of the cathode-ray tube socket 34 is adapted to be located above the recesses so as to cover said recesses respectively as shown in FIG. 1.
Thus, in case of the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the cathode-ray tube socket 34 serves also as a sheating member for the prevention of the adhesion of dust to the recesses 27-33.
Now the second embodiment shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 will be described in detail.
The second embodiment has for an object to further improve the dustproof effect of the cathode-ray tube socket covering the recesses. The same parts as in the first embodiment are indicated by the same reference numerals, the descriptions related thereto being omitted. According to the second embodiment, the cathode-ray tube socket 34 is provided on its bottom face with two projecting annular walls 36,37 with a predetermined spacing interposed therebetween, said spacing formed between the projecting walls 36, 37 being partitioned into compartments 46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53 by a plurality of projecting walls 38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45 radially provided across said spacing.
In the first embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the recesses provided on the substrate, though covered by the cathode-ray tube socket, are open in the peripheral direction of the lower part of the socket, while in the second embodiment each of the recesses is covered by each compartment formed on the bottom face of the socket. Since the recesses provided on the substrate are not open directly to the outside, adhesion of dust about the recesses is prevented with greater reliability. If the bottom face of each projecting wall is fixed to the substrate by means of an adhesive or if each of the recesses is formed on the substrate so as to coincide with the bottom part of each projecting wall so that the bottom part of the projecting wall fits into the recesses respectively, each compartment is hermetically sealed with greater reliability.
The third embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 will be described in detail hereinunder.
In the third embodiment, each electrode, discharge electrodes and slit-shaped recesses are provided on the reverse side of the insulation substrate, said recess being covered by a dustproof cover. The same parts as in the first embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 to 3 are indicated by the same reference numerals, the descriptions related thereto being omitted. Though the obverse and reverse faces of the insulation substrate are not illustrated, the arrangement of electrodes and the recesses is precisely opposite to that of the first embodiment, the disposition of the terminal electrodes and through holes on the surface being substantially same as that of FIG. 3, while the disposition of the terminal electrodes, earth electrode, recesses and discharge electrodes are substantially same as that of FIG. 2.
The dustproof cover 54 mounted on the reverse side of the insulation substrate 1 is formed so as to cover the recesses 27-33 forming the discharge gaps. As shown in FIG. 7, a hollow 55 is formed in the part corresponding to the discharge electrodes provided at both sides of the recesses 27-33 on the reverse side of the substrate 1. Though not shown, the dustproof cover is mounted on the substrate 1 by appropriate means, for example, by clinching a rivet inserted through said dustproof cover 54 and the cathode-ray tube socket 34 or securing the dustproof cover directly to the substrate by means of an adhesive.
While particular embodiments of the invention have been illustrated and described herein, they are not intended to limit the invention and changes and modifications may be made within the scope of the invention. For example, the terminal electrodes around the through holes 2-9 for receiving the pin terminals of the cathode-ray tube socket, if provided on both faces of the substrate as in the embodiments, enable to form the required circuits on both faces of the substrate thereby enabling to miniaturize the cathode-ray tube socket substrate. However, it is not always necessary that the required circuits be formed on both faces of the substrate, the provision of such terminal electrode on one side of the substrate only sufficing. Furthermore, the location of the earth electrode 26 on the substrate is not necessarily restricted to the part encircled by the through holes 2-9 but can be determined in any other adequate part. Moreover, its configuration is not necessarily limited to an annular shape. Still further, in case where the voltage impressed on the focus electrode of the cathode-ray tube is high such as in a console type television receiving set, the predetermined facial distance is not obtainable simply by forming the discharge gaps by means of the recesses. It may be so arranged, therefore, that the discharge gaps of the low voltage part are formed by recesses, while the conventional discharge means are employed relative to the focus electrode.
When the recesses provided on the substrate are covered by the compartments partitioned by the projecting walls on the bottom face of the socket as in the second embodiment shown in FIG. 4, it is not always necessary that each of the recesses be covered by each of the compartments. The whole of the recesses may be covered by a spacing formed by the annular projecting walls 36,37 only.
Furthermore, compartments substantially same as those formed by each projecting wall of FIG. 5 may be formed by forming recesses on the bottom face of the socket.
The insulation substrate 1 of the first to third embodiments and the dustproof cover 54 of the third embodiment may be provided with a through hole of the same diameter coaxially as is usually provided in the center of the cathode-ray tube socket 34, if necessary. The hollow 55 formed on the dustproof cover 54, though a hollow in the shape of a single slender groove is shown in FIG. 7, may be an independent hollow for each of the discharge electrodes. Still further, the dustproof cover 54 can be formed in a plurality of divisions. As described hereinbefore, the cathode-ray tube socket substrate according to the invention comprises discharge gaps formed by providing recesses on the substrate, the recesses being covered by a sheathing member, thereby enabling the discharge means to be integrally composed with high compactness and accordingly the cathode-ray tube socket substrate to be miniaturized. Moreover, since the discharge gaps are not extended through the substrate, dust is precluded from adhering to the discharge gaps thereby enabling to highly stabilize the discharge action and reduce the unpleasant spark noises due to discharge.
Patent Citations
Cited PatentFiling datePublication dateApplicantTitle
US3716819 *Apr 6, 1970Feb 13, 1973Borth ATube socket voltage limiting apparatus and method of manufacturing the same
US3818278 *Aug 7, 1972Jun 18, 1974Alcon Metal Prod IncTube sockets for use with printed circuit boards
US3867671 *Nov 19, 1973Feb 18, 1975Amp IncSpark gap protective device for cathode ray tubes
US4253717 *Aug 6, 1979Mar 3, 1981True-Line Mold & Engineering CorporationCRT Socket
GB855406A * Title not available
GB905976A * Title not available
Classifications
U.S. Classification439/571
International ClassificationH01T4/08
Cooperative ClassificationH01T4/08
European ClassificationH01T4/08
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| 0.85358 |
Why Compression Garments Matter After Tummy Tuck Surgery
Why Compression Garments Matter After Tummy Tuck Surgery
A tummy tuck, also known as an abdominoplasty, is a surgical procedure designed to eliminate surplus fat and skin in the abdominal region, leading to a more toned and flattened abdomen. In the postoperative phase of this procedure, the adoption of compression garments emerges as a crucial component in the care regimen.
Wearing a compression garment after abdominoplasty surgery offers numerous benefits, including significantly enhancing the recovery process. These specialised garments play a pivotal role in providing crucial support to the abdominal region, effectively reducing post-surgery swelling, and facilitating improved blood circulation in the treated area.
Applying gentle and consistent pressure to the surgical incision site is a key feature of compression garments. This gentle pressure not only alleviates any discomfort but also plays a crucial role in the management of scars, ultimately providing smoother, more aesthetic results.
Benefits of Compression Garments After Abdominoplasty
Reduces Swelling and Fluid Buildup
One of the main benefits of compression garments is that they help minimise swelling and fluid buildup after surgery. Tummy tuck procedures involve the removal of tissue and the repositioning of muscles and skin. This trauma causes inflammation and fluid accumulation as part of the healing process. The gentle pressure exerted by compression garments helps drain this excess fluid out of the tissue and reduce swelling. Keeping swelling to a minimum can mean less bruising and discomfort during recovery.
Supports the Abdomen During Healing
In the procedure, where abdominal muscles are tightened and restored while the skin is carefully repositioned, these garments serve a crucial role. These garments wrap snugly around the abdomen to provide support for the incision area during the healing process. They stabilise the positioning of tissues while minimising pain and discomfort resulting from surgical trauma. Moreover, they also enhance comfort during routine activities such as standing, walking, and bending. Ultimately, these compression garments serve as a protective shield, ensuring that the healing process is as smooth and comfortable as possible after a tummy tuck surgery.
Helps Reshape and Shrink the Waistline
Beyond their therapeutic benefits, compression garments also contribute significantly to achieving the desired contour and silhouette for patients. When skin and muscles are elevated, you want them to heal in the correct position. One goal of compression garments is to encourage tissue to re-adhere to your abdominal wall by closing the space with gentle, constant pressure. Compression may help tissues re-adhere exactly as intended by keeping everything in its proper place.
Protects Incision Sites During Recovery
After a tummy tuck, the incisions run horizontally between the hips, and around the belly button. Compression garments provide padding and protection over the abdominal incision sites. The garments help prevent friction that could irritate or reopen the incisions. They also protect the healing wounds from trauma or injury. Keeping incision sites protected promotes proper, complication-free healing.
Speeds Up Recovery Timeframe
Adhering to the recommended use of compression garments can significantly expedite a patient’s recovery process. These garments offer vital support and compression, leading to a reduction in potential complications such as the accumulation of fluids, swelling, and discomfort. As a result, patients find themselves more at ease while moving around and can return to their daily activities sooner than expected.
Provides Comfort and Reminder of Limitations
Compression garments can provide a sense of comfort and support, especially during the first few weeks of tummy tuck recovery. The snug garments serve as a reminder to patients to move carefully and limit activities that could strain their healing abdomen. The compression also helps manage post-surgical pain and achiness. Patients report feeling more comfortable wearing their compression garments compared to going without support.
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In a Nutshell
Wearing compression garments as directed after this body procedure is absolutely vital. The compression minimises swelling and supports the abdomen to help optimise healing. Compression garments also improve results by shaping the waistline and minimising scars. Follow your surgeon’s instructions to maximise your comfort, recovery, and cosmetic outcomes from your abdominoplasty surgery.
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Record Details
Pinho, Gabriela M.;Gonçalves da Silva, Anders;Hrbek, Tomas;Venticinque, Eduardo M;Farias, Izeni P
Kinship and social behavior of lowland tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) in a central Amazon landscape.
PLoS one
2014
Journal Article
9
We tested the hypothesis that tapirs tolerate individuals from adjacent and overlapping home ranges if they are related. We obtained genetic data from fecal samples collected in the Balbina reservoir landscape, central Amazon. Samples were genotyped at 14 microsatellite loci, of which five produced high quality informative genotypes. Based on an analysis of 32 individuals, we inferred a single panmictic population with high levels of heterozygosity. Kinship analysis identified 10 pairs of full siblings or parent-offspring, 10 pairs of half siblings and 25 unrelated pairs. In 10 cases, the related individuals were situated on opposite margins of the reservoir, suggesting that tapirs are capable of crossing the main river, even after damming. The polygamous model was the most likely mating system for Tapirus terrestris. Moran's I index of allele sharing between pairs of individuals geographically close (<3 km) was similar to that observed between individual pairs at larger distances (>3 km). Confirming this result, the related individuals were not geographically closer than unrelated ones (W?=?188.5; p?=?0.339). Thus, we found no evidence of a preference for being close to relatives and observed a tendency for dispersal. The small importance of relatedness in determining spatial distribution of individuals is unusual in mammals, but not unheard of. Finally, non-invasive sampling allowed efficient access to the genetic data, despite the warm and humid climate of the Amazon, which accelerates DNA degradation.
English
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README.md
Project Butler
forthebadge forthebadge forthebadge
Project Butler is a customizable and modular combination of a GUI and a command-line (GUI-line as I like to call it). It combines the efficiency of a programmers keyboard with the design and accessibility of a GUI. Using the Module API, you can create custom libraries that can be dynamically loaded by Project Butler at runtime. Just set a few Regex commands and you're good to go!
Project Butler Main Window
How do I use it?
As Project Butler is merely a "mediator", it does not have any inherent functionality other than the ability to communicate commands between Modules and your keyboard, phone, or another computer. It's functionality comes from the various Modules written for it.
Currently available modules:-
1. Music Player
2. Youtube Navigator
3. Experimental / Unassorted
To add an external Module, you need to copy the main *.dll file and all its dependancies to a new folder under the Modules directory. If valid, Project Butler will show the name and details of that Module in the Main Window, otherwise you can check for errors using the Logs tab on the top right.
Before use, you need to activate the Module by flipping the red switch next to its name. The supported Regex commands are listed below its name along with the prefix that the Module uses.
How do I connect to it using WiFi?
Press the Start button on the top right of the screen in the Main Window and wait for it to turn green. Once it's green, using a TCP client, connect to the network address of your computer at port 4144
DEVELOPER GUIDE
What are Modules?
Essentially, Modules are WPF (Windows Presentation Foundation) class libraries (.dll) [C# 6.0./.Net 4.6] that are dynamically loaded by Project Butler at runtime. They contain atleast one main class (that has the Application Hook attribute) which acts as the entry point to the Module. Therefore, the hook class acts as a bridge between your application and Project Butler.
Said Application Hook class has a couple of properies: string Name, string SemVer, string Author, Uri Website, string Prefix, and Dictionary<string,Regex> Registered Commands. An example of how commands are declared:-
public override Dictionary<string, Regex> RegisteredCommands {
get {
return new Dictionary<string, Regex>() {
["Settings"] = new Regex(@"settings", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase),
["SongList"] = new Regex(@"all songs?", RegexOptions.IgnoreCase)
};
}
}
In order to invoke the command, you have to input the prefix of the Module followed by an input that matches the regular expression of any defined command. For example:-
music all songs
public override void OnCommandRecieved(Command cmd){
if(cmd.LocalCommand == "SongList"){
DisplaySongList();
}
}
When the regular expression provided by a Module are matched, the OnCommandRecieved function is called. This function provides an object of the Command class which allows you to look at information such as the user input, command name, local IP of the device which gave the command, and also provides a method to reply back to the device who called the command.
How restricted is the API?
The API is there to communicate when your specified commands are received, provide a way to give a response, and that's it. Your custom module is only limited by the language itself (so not much at all).
How do I setup my module?
The setup is fairly straightforward and ideal for development with rapid changes.
1. Create a WPF Class Library that targets .NET 4.6
2. Include a reference to ModuleAPI
3. Change your debug mode to External Application and point it to the executable for Project Butler
Finally, in your post-build events, add the following code:-
mkdir "{{Modules Directory of Project Butler}}\$(ProjectName)"
copy "$(TargetPath)" "{{Modules Directory of Project Butler}}\$(ProjectName)\$(TargetFileName)"
Replace {{Modules Directory of Project Butler}} with well.. the Modules directory of Project Butler.
How do I get started with my code?
First, create a class that inherits from ModuleAPI.Module. Override Name, SemVer, Author, Website, and Prefix propreties. Then override and implement ConfigureSettings, OnShutdown, and OnInitialized functions.
The RegisteredCommands property is a dictionary of type <string, Regex> where the key is an alias for your Regex command. Upon detection of a command, Project Butler will invoke the OnCommandRecieved function with the name (key) of the detected Regex command. Using that, you can get the matched groups of the Regular Expression and use them as parameters for your future functions.
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Impact Factor 3.519
Frontiers journals are at the top of citation and impact metrics
Opinion ARTICLE
Front. Endocrinol., 11 November 2013 | https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2013.00173
Tests for early diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: critical analysis and relevance
• 1Department of Internal Medicine, Discipline of Endocrinology, Diabetes Center, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
• 2Department of Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Science, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
Initial Considerations
Despite its high prevalence in individuals with diabetes mellitus (DM) neuropathies are the most underdiagnosed and undertreated diabetic chronic complication (1). The involvements of somatic and autonomic nerve fibers in DM present complex pathophysiologies (14). The impairment of sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) leads to diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN), a condition that may affect different organ systems such as cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, genitourinary, sudomotor, and visual (4). Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN), within the context of DAN, occurs when there is an impairment of autonomic control of the cardiovascular system after ruling out other causes of dysautonomia (1).
It is known that CAN is an early and frequent complication of DM, affecting from 7 to 15% of newly diagnosed patients to 90% of those in line for a double transplant. In addition, CAN is among one of the most disabling complications of DM in terms of life expectancy and quality.
Clinical manifestations of CAN are pleomorphic and appear in late stages, and in isolation do not present enough sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis requiring the use of objective autonomic tests (3, 4). Thus, detection of CAN in a diabetic patient requires sensitive and specific tests in order to establish differential diagnosis and quantify the severity of dysautonomia (3). Specifically, the presence of symptoms or signs suggestive of autonomic changes – such as erectile dysfunction, dizziness, intermittent visual impairment, postprandial hypotension, resting tachycardia, or exercise intolerance (dyspnea) in persons with DM – should be investigated and confirmed by performing objective diagnostic tests for CAN (3, 4).
Diagnosis of Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy
The recent Toronto Consensus concluded that currently the five most sensitive and specific methods to assess the presence of CAN are (4): (A) Study of heart rate variability (HRV) using the ratio of the RR intervals of the electrocardiogram (ECG); (B) Baroreflex sensitivity (BRS); (C) Muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA); (D) Measurement of plasma levels of catecholamines (PLC); (E) Cardiac sympathetic mapping (CSM).
Heart rate (HR) variability is recognized as a chaotic signal with hidden constituents. HRV can be defined as an oscillation of RR intervals between each heart beat that occurs as a result of ANS sympathetic and parasympathetic activities on the sinus node (6, 7). The hypothesis that reduction of HRV reflects the suppression of vagal modulation and sympathetic dominance, resulting in higher mortality and arrhythmia, has been used as the basis for numerous studies, which have consistently confirmed this relationship (2, 4, 5, 7).
Heart rate variability measurements are obtained with an analysis of spontaneous or experimentally induced fluctuations of RR intervals in the ECG. The methods currently accepted include cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs) (experimentally induced variations of RR) and time and frequency-domain methods (spontaneous variations of RR). Time and frequency-domain tests measure, respectively, the overall magnitude of the fluctuations of RR intervals between each heart beat around the average value and the magnitude of fluctuations in a predetermined range of frequency. Time-domain measurements can be assessed by statistical analysis of RR intervals while frequency-domain measurements by spectral analysis of an array (14, 68).
Spectral analysis uses a mathematical algorithm (autoregression analysis or fast Fourier transform) to turn HRV – a complex biological signal – into its causal components, presenting them according to the frequency in which they alter the RR (1, 2, 6, 7). The result (spectral amplitude) is presented in a graph consisting of Amplitude (Y axis) vs. Frequency (X axis). The spectral amplitude does not only reflect the magnitude of HRV (Y axis), but also the oscillations in different frequencies, i.e., the number of HR fluctuations per second (X axis). It has been demonstrated that the total spectral amplitude (total power or TP) of HRV consists of three key frequency bands:
(1) Very low-frequency component or VLF (from 0.01 to 0.04 Hz): this component is related to the fluctuations in vasomotor tonus associated with thermoregulation and sweating (sympathetic control);
(2) Low-frequency component or LF (from 0.04 to 0.15 Hz): this component is related to the baroreflex (sympathetic control with vagal modulation);
(3) High-frequency component or HF (from 0.15 to 0.5 Hz): this component is related to changes in RR according to the phases of breathing (inhale/exhale), which are under parasympathetic control.
In spite of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) being a reliable tool to assess BP patterns within 24 h, ABPM as well as the QT interval (QTi) are tests that are not sensitive enough for the diagnosis of CAN (3, 4), however, when such tests are altered CARTs should be performed (level B recommendation).
Baroreflex sensitivity is a technique used to assess cardiac baroreflex function by combining information from HR and blood pressure (BP). Theoretically, this technique evaluates the two afferent sections of the cardiovascular ANS: sympathetic (arterial vasoconstriction) and vagal (bradycardia or tachycardia) in response to changes induced in BP. In practice, however, only the cardio-vagal section ends up being analyzed due to technical difficulties in assessing arteriolar sympathetic tone. To date, there is no data on the sensitivity and specificity of this method for diagnosing CAN, and the technique requires continuous monitoring of BP through finapress.
Muscle sympathetic nerve activity is an invasive method (and not feasible in routine clinical practice) to directly assess conduction of the peripheral sympathetic nervous system through microneurography. Routinely, it is not recommended for the diagnosis of CAN.
Evaluating the PLC (adrenaline, noradrenaline, and its metabolites) has not been proven to be useful for the staging or diagnosis of CAN, although PLC has a remarkable role in the differential diagnosis of other endocrine pathologies such as pheochromocytoma and medullary adrenal insufficiency.
Cardiac sympathetic imaging techniques (PET and SPECT) directly assess sympathetic innervation through scintigraphy or CSM using radiolabeled catecholamines actively captured by sympathetic nerve terminals. Due to its high cost, lacks of reference values and of standardized methodology, and also its susceptibility to ischemia interference (because the result depends directly on myocardial perfusion), these techniques are not recommended for routine diagnosis of CAN and currently remain restricted to the research field.
In summary, early diagnosis of CAN is imperative in patients with DM, both type 2 (from diagnosis) and type 1 (5 years after diagnosis). Currently, CARTs are the gold standard for diagnosing CAN in persons with DM (6, 8) and include four tests: (i) deep breathing (E:I), (ii) Valsalva, (iii) orthostatic (30:15), and (iv) orthostatic hypotension (OH). Maneuvers used in the first three tests induce changes in HRV that primarily assess the parasympathetic ANS [level B recommendation by the Italian (3) and Toronto (4) Consensuses]. In contrast, OH or the variation in systolic BP in supine and standing positions evaluates the function of the sympathetic ANS (level B recommendation) (3, 4). A review of the technical aspects of the methodology used by Diabetic Neuropathy Study Group of the Italian Society of Diabetology can be found in reference (3) while the protocol used by the authors at the Federal University of São Paulo (Diabetes Center) can be found in reference (2).
Critical Analysis of HRV
In 1996, a task force directed by the European Society of Cardiology and the American Society of Electrophysiology proposed the standardization of parameters and the clinical use of autonomic tests for the diagnosis of CAN, specifically in DM (6). The proposed guidelines met the objectives, however, they emphasized computational measurement and techniques to the detriment of the physiological interpretations of HRV. Furthermore, consistent values for normal measurements of HRV in different populations and by age bracket and gender were not defined (6, 10).
Technological progress, through high level computerization, has allowed a broad application of methods to study the ANS through HRV analysis. In these methods, the biological signs of the ANS are obtained indirectly and may be affected by factors unrelated to the activity of the ANS, thereby leading to potentially inadequate or confusing results. We emphasize the need for knowledge of physiology and pathophysiology in order to correctly understand, apply, and interpret autonomic tests, as well as the various factors that can alter their results, such as age, gender, body position, time of day, prior physical activity, nutrition, BP, HR, respiratory rate baseline, coffee ingestion, use of cigarettes, mental stress, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia, and insulinemia. Hyperinsulinemia seems to be related to an increase in plasma norepinephrine and a decrease in parasympathetic control of HR caused by insulin itself (11). Furthermore, insulin affects blood vessel tone and can induce vasodilation and hypotension. Besides the above named factors that may influence the outcome of autonomic tests, it is crucial to reinforce that the biological signal (HRV) has to be obtained through the ECG (RR intervals), and that a capable professional must dominate its interpretation because a single unrecognized extrasystole could distort all test results (6, 10).
Recent efforts, through consensus of authorities, recommend the adoption of standardized techniques in the application and interpretation of autonomic tests according to the pathophysiology and confounding factors present in cardiovascular examinations. The Toronto (4) and Italian (3) Consensuses treated CARTs as the gold standard for the diagnosis of CAN in DM.
The Italian Consensus (3) established the lack of an individual and effective test for the diagnosis of CAN. In contrast, the application of various tests (which assess both divisions of the ANS, parasympathetic, and sympathetic) reduces the likelihood of false positives (3, 4, 8). The Italian Consensus (3) omitted the other ways of measuring HRV, however, the international Toronto Consensus (4, 8) advocates the use of a set of HRV measurements beyond the four reflex tests currently considered the gold standard. For example, adding three tests of analysis in the frequency-domain (spectral analysis) to the CARTs (four tests), totaling seven tests (1, 2, 4, 8).
Clinical Relevance
Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy has been recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in diabetic patients since the 1970s. But only in recent years CAN was proven to have a predictive power for primary cardiovascular events (non-fatal myocardial infarction, stroke, and sudden cardiac death) greater than the classical risk factors such as smoking, LDL levels, and family history of coronary artery disease. DIAD-1 (12) and DIAD-3 (13) prospective studies showed unequivocally that the abnormal Valsalva test resulted in a relative risk 3.0 and 4.5 times higher for primary cardiovascular event and silent myocardial ischemia, respectively (5, 12, 13). Further reinforcing such concepts, one of the greatest legacies of the well-known ACCORD study was precisely the role of cardiovascular dysautonomia, which doubled the risk of death in diabetics with CAN and concomitant sensory-motor polyneuropathy (14).
Recently, the Toronto Consensus established four reasons why the diagnosis of CAN is relevant to clinical practice:
(1) For diagnosing and staging the different clinical forms of CAN: initial, definite, and advanced or severe;
(2) For the differential diagnosis of clinical manifestations (e.g., resting tachycardia, OH, and dyspnea upon exercise) and their respective treatment;
(3) For stratifying the degree of cardiovascular risk and the risk of other diabetic complications (nephropathy, retinopathy, and silent myocardial ischemia);
(4) To adapt the goal of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) in each patient: for example, those with severe CAN should have a less aggressive glycemic control due to the risk of asymptomatic hypoglycemia in these patients while patients with initial stages of CAN should have a more intensive glycemic control.
The main clinical indications of the autonomic reflex tests are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1
www.frontiersin.org
Table 1. Indications for the cardiovascular autonomic reflex tests (CARTs)*.
Although it goes beyond the scope of this analysis, it is worth remembering that two lines of research have shown promising results in the treatment of diabetic CAN: (1) A still-experimental line in rats using “chaperones” (heat shock proteins) (15), and (2) A phase three of human therapeutic clinical trial utilizing weekly subcutaneous C-peptide in patients with type 1 DM and polyneuropathy with dysautonomia (16).
Final Considerations
There is an apparent neglect in the diagnosis of CAN in diabetic persons as result of: low interest in an unfamiliar complication, skepticism concerning therapeutic options, lack of understanding diagnostic utility, and the necessity of education and training related to cardiovascular tests, as pointed out by the Italian Consensus (3), in spite of increasingly consistent evidence of its predictive value for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality (14).
Despite the Toronto Consensus (4) having determined HRV analysis to be the most sensitive and specific method, there is no unanimous criteria for the diagnosis of CAN (4, 8). Furthermore, there is controversy regarding the best way to include measurements of the ANS in the daily clinical routine (9). In a recent review, Vinik (7) affirms emphatically the need to promote more aggressive strategies and therapeutic approaches in favor of patients with CAN. A proactive position toward diabetics with burning feet or any suspected dysautonomia requires an objective, safe and accurate investigation of CAN through the use of CARTs.
In conclusion, CARTs as well as time and frequency-domain HRV analysis provide key information regarding the sympathetic and parasympathetic modulation of the cardiovascular system; all of which represent a clinically relevant method for the diagnosis of CAN. However, the correct application of the technique (RR intervals of the ECG) is critical, and the methodology depends, also critically, on the correct understanding of the underlying physiological and pathophysiological mechanisms, the mathematical model used, the bias factors, and possible technical artifacts.
Authors Contribution
Luiz Clemente Rolim and José Sérgio Tomaz de Souza search the literature and write the manuscript. SAD contributed to manuscript preparation. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank Marc M. Abreu, MD for revision and commentaries.
References
1. Vinik AI, Ziegler D. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy. Circulation (2007) 115:387–97. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.634949
CrossRef Full Text
2. Rolim LC, Sá JR, Chacra AR, Dib SA. Diabetic cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: risk factors, clinical impact and early diagnosis. Arq Bras Cardiol (2008) 90:e23–31. doi:10.1590/S0066-782X2008000400014
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
3. Spallone V, Bellarvere F, Scionti L, Maule S, Quadri R, Bax G, et al. Recommendations for the use of cardiovascular tests in diagnosing diabetic autonomic neuropathy. Nutr Metab Cardiovascular Dis (2011) 21:69–78. doi:10.1016/j.numecd.2010.07.005
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
4. Spallone V, Ziegler D, Freeman R, Bernardi L, Frontoni S, Pop-Busui R, et al. Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy in diabetes: clinical impact, assessment, diagnosis, and management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2011) 27:639–53. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1239
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
5. Vinik AI, Maser RE, Ziegler D. Autonomic imbalance: prophet of doom or scope for hope. Diabet Med (2011) 28:643–651. doi:10.1111/j.1464-5491.2010.03184.x
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
6. Eagle KA, Berger PB, Calkins H, Chaitman BR, Ewy GA, Fleischmann KE, et al. Heart rate variability. Standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task force of European society of cardiology and the north American society of pacing and electrophysiology. Eur Heart J (1996) 17:354–381. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014868
CrossRef Full Text
7. Vinik AI. The conductor of the autonomic orchestra. Front Endocrinol (2012) 3:71. doi:10.3389/fendo.2012.00071
CrossRef Full Text
8. Bernardi L, Spallone V, Stevens M, Hilsted J, Frontoni S, Pop-Busui R, et al. Methods of investigation for cardiac autonomic dysfunction in human research studies. Diabetes Metab Res Rev (2011) 27:654–64. doi:10.1002/dmrr.1224
CrossRef Full Text
9. Lauer MS. Autonomic function and prognosis. Cleve Clin J Med (2009) 76:18–22. doi:10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.04
CrossRef Full Text
10. Karemaker JM. Heart rate variability: why do spectral analysis? Heart (1997) 77:99–101.
11. Sima AAF. Does insulin play a role in cardiovascular autonomic regulation? Diabetes Care (2000) 23:724–5. doi:10.2337/diacare.23.6.724
CrossRef Full Text
12. Wackers FJT, Young LH, Inzucchi SE, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, et al. Detection of silent myocardial ischemia in asymptomatic diabetic subjects. The DIAD study. Diabetes Care (2004) 27:1954–61. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.8.1954
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
13. Young LH, Wackers FJT, Chyun DA, Davey JA, Barrett EJ, Taillefer R, et al. Cardiac outcomes after screening for asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. The DIAD study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA (2009) 301:1547–55. doi:10.1001/jama.2009.476
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
14. Pop-Busui R, Evans GW, Gerstein HC, Fonseca V, Fleg JL, Hoogwerf BJ, et al. Effects of cardiac autonomic dysfunction on mortality risk in the action to control cardiovascular risk in diabetes (ACCORD) trial. Diabetes Care (2010) 33:1578–84. doi:10.2337/dc10-0125
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
15. Farmer KL, Li C, Dobrowsky RT. Diabetic peripheral neuropathy: should a chaperone accompany our therapeutic approach? Pharmacol Rev (2012) 64:880–900. doi:10.1124/pr.111.005314
Pubmed Abstract | Pubmed Full Text | CrossRef Full Text
16. Ekberg K, Johansson BL. Effect of C-peptide on diabetic neuropathy in patients with type 1 diabetes. Exp Diabetes Res (2008) 2008:457912. doi:10.1155/2008/457912
CrossRef Full Text
Keywords: diabetic complications, diabetic autonomic neuropathy, early diagnosis, heart rate variability, cardiac function tests
Citation: Rolim LC, de Souza JST and Dib SA (2013) Tests for early diagnosis of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy: critical analysis and relevance. Front. Endocrinol. 4:173. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2013.00173
Received: 08 September 2013; Accepted: 28 October 2013;
Published online: 11 November 2013.
Edited by:
Soroku Yagihashi, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
Reviewed by:
Hideyuki Sasaki, Wakayama Medical University, Japan
Yoshimasa Aso, Dokkyo Medical University, Japan
Copyright: © 2013 Rolim, de Souza and Dib. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.
*Correspondence: [email protected]
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Structural Criticality Assessments
The Challenge - The expenditure of inspection, analysis, and maintenance resources on structural components can be somewhere between a necessity and an undue burden, depending on the role of the component in question and its importance in completing the mission of the structure. Throughout the design, fabrication, service, and retirement phases of life, tools are needed to help allocate these resources appropriately in order to ensure that the structural system is prepared to complete its mission while remaining safe and controlling costs.
Engineered Solution - AP/ES has been instrumental in developing a quantitative and qualitative process*, and applying it to systematically assist engineers in meeting this challenge. This process helps achieve the optimum life cycle cost of components by focusing the resources where needed, and allowing less significant structure to receive attention only when appropriate. Within each type and criticality of significant structure, criticality ratings and planned or actual usage data can be used to tailor actions and achieve the appropriate benefits.
Criticality Flowchart
Behind each of the tests (safety, mission, cost, readiness, and repair) analytical processes, design criteria, and maintenance/service history evaluations result in a qualitative and quantitative ranked assessment for each component. A prioritized list is then generated that optimizes the advantages afforded through improved design, structural health monitoring, inspection, and repair. Categories used for evaluation include operational and design stresses, stress spectra, and margins of safety; residual strength and load redistribution capabilities; safe-life and fail-safe design considerations; susceptibilities to various mechanical and environmental attacks; inspectability; accessibility; and costs thereof. This process can be tailored to any system (air vehicle, power plant, nautical, automotive...) or product where structural integrity is needed, optimization of service capability and costs are of concern, and proactive policies are embraced.
*Brooks, Craig, "An Engineering Procedure to Select and Prioritize Component Evaluation Under USAF Structural Integrity Requirements," USAF Structural Integrity Conference, 1990.
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• Example: Restricting Scope
When JavaScript is loaded into mongosh, top-level functions and variables defined with const, var, and let are added to the global scope.
Consider the following code:
const SNIPPET_VERSION = "4.3.2";
var loadedFlag = true;
let unloaded = false;
function isSnippetLoaded(loadedFlag) {
return ( loadedFlag ? "Snippet is loaded" : "Snippet is not loaded" )
}
The variables, SNIPPET_VERSION, loadedFlag, and unloaded are added to the global scope along with the function, isSnippetLoaded().
To avoid collisions with functions and variables defined in other code, be sure to consider scope as you write scripts. As a best practice, MongoDB recommends wrapping your code to limit scope. This guards against accidental scope collisions with similarly named elements in the global scope.
One way to keep functions and variables out of global scope is to wrap your code like this:
'use strict';
(() => {
...
})()
Tip
use strict; is for use in scripts. If you enter use strict; in the mongosh console directly, mongosh will switch to a database called strict.
Compare the following code samples. They are very similar, but the second one is written in a way that restricts variable scope.
Sample 1: Unrestricted scope.
let averageGrossSales = [ 10000, 15000, 9000, 22000 ];
const Q1_DISCOUNT = .10;
const Q2_DISCOUNT = .15;
const Q3_DISCOUNT = .06;
const Q4_DISCOUNT = .23;
function quarterlySales(grossAmount, discount ) {
return grossAmount * discount ;
}
function yearlySales() {
let annualTotal = 0;
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[0], Q1_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[1], Q2_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[2], Q3_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[3], Q4_DISCOUNT );
return annualTotal ;
}
Sample 2: Restricted scope.
(() => {
let averageGrossSales = [ 10000, 15000, 9000, 22000 ];
const Q1_DISCOUNT = .10;
const Q2_DISCOUNT = .15;
const Q3_DISCOUNT = .06;
const Q4_DISCOUNT = .23;
function quarterlySales(grossAmount, discount ) {
return grossAmount * discount ;
}
globalThis.exposedYearlySales = function yearlySales() {
let annualTotal = 0;
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[0], Q1_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[1], Q2_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[2], Q3_DISCOUNT );
annualTotal += quarterlySales(averageGrossSales[3], Q4_DISCOUNT );
return annualTotal ;
}
} )()
In Sample 2, the following elements are all scoped within an anonymous function and they are all excluded from the global scope:
• The main function, yearlySales()
• The helper function, quarterlySales()
• The variables
The globalThis.exposedYearlySales = function yearlySales() assignment statement adds exposedYearlySales to the global scope.
When you, call exposedYearlySales() it calls the yearlySales() function. The yearlySales() function is not directly accessible.
Back
Differences Between
Next
Script Considerations
|
__label__pos
| 0.905681 |
Taking a Deep Breath Actually Help Connect Parts of the Brain
Taking a Deep Breath Actually Help Connect Parts of the Brain
Posted on: December 12th, 2018 by Neurohealth Associates
Taking a Deep Breath Actually Help Connect Parts of the Brain
Breathing is traditionally thought of as an automatic process driven by the brainstem—the part of the brain controlling such life-sustaining functions as heartbeat and sleeping patterns. But new and unique research, involving recordings made directly from within the brains of humans undergoing neurosurgery, shows that breathing can also change your brain.
Simply put, changes in breathing—for example, breathing at different paces or paying careful attention to the breaths—were shown to engage different parts of the brain.
Humans’ ability to control and regulate their brain is unique: e.g., controlling emotions, deciding to stay awake despite being tired, or suppressing thoughts. These abilities are not trivial, nor do humans share them with many animals. Breathing is similar: animals do not alter their breathing speed volitionally; their breathing normally only changes in response to running, resting, etc. Questions that have baffled scientists in this context are: why are humans capable of volitionally regulating their breathing? And how do we gain access to parts of our brain that are not normally under our conscious control? Additionally, is there any benefit in our ability to access and control parts of our brain that are typically inaccessible? Given that many therapies—Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, trauma therapy, or various types of spiritual exercises—involve focusing and regulating breathing, does controlling inhaling and exhaling have any profound effect on behavior?
This recent study finally answers these questions by showing that volitionally controlling our respirational, even merely focusing on one’s breathing, yield additional access and synchrony between brain areas. This understanding may lead to greater control, focus, calmness, and emotional control.
The study, conducted by post-doctoral researcher, Dr. Jose Herrero, in collaboration with Dr. Ashesh Mehta, a renowned neurosurgeon at NorthShore University Hospital in Long Island, began by observing brain activity when patients were breathing normally. Next, the patients were given a simple task to distract them: clicking a button when circles appeared on the computer screen. This allowed Dr. Herrero to observe what was happening when people breath naturally and do not focus on their breathing. After this, the patients were told to consciously increase the pace of breathing and to count their breaths. When breathing changed with the exercises, the brain changed as well. Essentially, the breathing manipulation activated different parts of the brain, with some overlap in the sites involved in automatic and intentional breathing.
The findings provide neural support for advice individuals have been given for millennia: during times of stress, or when heightened concentration is needed, focusing on one’s breathing or doing breathing exercises can indeed change the brain. This has potential application to individuals in a variety of professions that require extreme focus and agility. Athletes, for example, have long been known to utilize breathing to improve their performance. Now, this research puts science behind that practice.
Beyond studying the ability of humans to control and regulate their neural activity volitionally, the study was also unique in that it utilized a rare method of neural research: directly looking inside the brains of awake and alert humans. Typical neuroscience studies involving humans use imaging techniques (i.e. fMRI or EEG) to infer the neural activity in people’s brain from outside the skull. But studies involving electrodes implanted in humans’ brains are rare. The ability to look inside the humans’ brains allows us to study thinking, deciding and even imagining or dreaming by directly observing the brain. The study subjects in our work were patients who had electrodes implanted in their brain as part of a clinical treatment for epilepsy. These patients were experiencing seizures that could not be controlled by medication and therefore required surgical interventions to detect the seizure focus for future resection.
Given that detection requires the patient to have a spontaneous seizure in order to identify the exact seizure onset location, which can take days, the patients are kept in the hospital with electrodes continuously monitoring their brain activity.
The research findings show that the advice to “take a deep breath” may not just be a cliché. Exercises involving volitional breathing appear to alter the connectivity between parts of the brain and allow access to internal sites that normally are inaccessible to us. Further investigation will now gradually monitor what such access to parts of our psyche that are normally hidden can reveal.
Source: https://www.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/jn.00551.2017
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Neuro Fact
Everyone’s brain starts out as female. The brain of males begins to become masculinized around eight weeks after conception by the male hormone testosterone
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|
__label__pos
| 0.898617 |
AWS SNS and Slack Integration
Slack is an awesome tool. Rich set of integrations with AWS and popular APIs make IFTT use cases a breeze. I had recently integrated our JIRA installation to slack for production release notifications to create a timeline of releases plus prodops tasks.
Looking at AWS Lambda today i thought of integrating our production alerts into our Slack prodops channel. Amazon SNS has an HTTP payload that is not compatible with the Slack Webhooks so i needed a transformer in between.
Here is the node.js and AWS Lambda hello world. Select AWS Lamba function as a subscription in the SNS Topic and you are good to go.
Look Ma, no servers.
console.log('Loading function');
var https = require('https');
var async = require('async');
exports.handler = function(event, context) {
event.Records.forEach(function(record) {
var notification = record.Sns
var postData = "payload=" + JSON.stringify({
"text" : notification.TopicArn + ":" + notification.Subject +":" + notification.Timestamp + notification.Message
});
var options = {
host: 'hooks.slack.com',
path: 'SLACK API PATH',
port: '443',
method: 'POST',
headers: {
'Content-Type': 'application/x-www-form-urlencoded',
'Content-Length': postData.length
}
};
async.waterfall([
function(next) {
var req = https.get(options, function(res) {
next(res);
}).on('error', function(e) {
console.log("Got error: ", e);
next(e);
});
req.write(postData);
req.end();
},
function completed(d) {
console.log(d);
context.succeed(event.MessageId);
}
]);
});
};
|
__label__pos
| 0.965649 |
Cargo Features
kes-summed-ed25519 has no features set by default.
[dependencies]
kes-summed-ed25519 = { version = "0.2.1", features = ["serde_enabled", "sk_clone_enabled"] }
serde_enabled = serde, serde_with
Enables serde of ed25519-dalek
sk_clone_enabled
Features from optional dependencies
In crates that don't use the dep: syntax, optional dependencies automatically become Cargo features. These features may have been created by mistake, and this functionality may be removed in the future.
serde serde_enabled?
serde_with serde_enabled?
Enables serde_with ^2.0
|
__label__pos
| 0.893861 |
trywhy3: fixed Makefile deps, changed examples
parent 1c782a4f
......@@ -304,3 +304,4 @@ pvsbin/
/src/jessie/tests/demo/result/*.log
/trash
trywhy3.tar.gz
......@@ -1489,7 +1489,7 @@ trywhy3_package: trywhy3
trywhy3: src/trywhy3/trywhy3.js src/trywhy3/why3_worker.js src/trywhy3/alt_ergo_worker.js
src/trywhy3/trywhy3.js: src/trywhy3/trywhy3.byte src/trywhy3/why3_worker.js src/trywhy3/alt_ergo_worker.js
src/trywhy3/trywhy3.js: src/trywhy3/trywhy3.byte src/trywhy3/why3_worker.js src/trywhy3/alt_ergo_worker.js src/trywhy3/examples/*.mlw
js_of_ocaml -I src/trywhy3 \
--file=why3_worker.js:/ \
--file=alt_ergo_worker.js:/ \
......
module BinaryMultiplication
use import mach.int.Int
use import ref.Ref
let mult (a b: int)
requires { b >= 0 }
ensures { result = a * b }
= let x = ref a in
let y = ref b in
let z = ref 0 in
while !y <> 0 do
invariant { 0 <= !y }
invariant { !z + !x * !y = a * b }
variant { !y }
if !y % 2 <> 0 then z := !z + !x;
x := 2 * !x;
y := !y / 2
done;
!z
end
module Test1
use BinaryMultiplication as B
let main () = B.mult 6 7
end
module Test2
use BinaryMultiplication as B
let main () = B.mult 4546729 21993833369
end
\ No newline at end of file
theory T
(** Type of all persons *)
type person
(** Predicate saying that some person drinks *)
predicate drinks person
(** Paradox: there exists a person x such that if x drinks,
then everybody drinks *)
goal drinkers_paradox:
exists x:person. drinks x ->
forall y:person. drinks y
end
(* Euclidean division
1. Prove soundness, i.e. (division a b) returns an integer q such that
a = bq+r and 0 <= r < b for some r.
(You have to strengthen the precondition.)
Do you have to require b <> 0? Why?
2. Prove termination.
(You may have to strengthen the precondition even further.)
*)
module Division
use import int.Int
use import ref.Ref
let division (a b: int) : int
requires { true }
ensures { exists r: int. a = b * result + r /\ 0 <= r < b }
=
let q = ref 0 in
let r = ref a in
while !r >= b do
invariant { true }
q := !q + 1;
r := !r - b
done;
!q
let main () =
division 1000 42
end
(* Two programs to compute the factorial.
Note: function "fact" from module int.Fact (already imported)
can be used in specifications.
Questions :
1. In module FactRecursive:
a. Prove soundness of function fact_rec.
b. Prove its termination.
2. In module FactLoop
a. Prove soundness of function fact_loop
b. Prove its termination
c. Change the code to use a for loop instead of a while loop.
*)
module FactRecursive
use import int.Int
use import int.Fact
let rec fact_rec (n: int) : int
requires { true }
ensures { result = fact n }
=
if n = 0 then 1 else n * fact_rec (n - 1)
end
module FactLoop
use import int.Int
use import int.Fact
use import ref.Ref
let fact_loop (n: int) : int
requires { true }
ensures { result = fact n }
= let m = ref 0 in
let r = ref 1 in
while !m < n do
invariant { true }
m := !m + 1;
r := !r * !m
done;
!r
end
(* Ancient Egyptian multiplication
Multiply two integers a and b using only addition, multiplication by 2,
and division by 2. You may assume b to be nonnegative.
Note: library int.ComputerDivision (already imported) provide functions
"div" and "mod".
Questions:
1. Prove soundness of function multiplication.
2. Prove its termination.
*)
module Multiplication
use import int.Int
use import int.ComputerDivision
use import ref.Ref
let multiplication (a b: int) : int
requires { true }
ensures { true }
= let x = ref a in
let y = ref b in
let z = ref 0 in
while !y <> 0 do
invariant { true }
if mod !y 2 = 1 then z := !z + !x;
x := 2 * !x;
y := div !y 2
done;
!z
end
(* Note: this is exactly the same algorithm as exponentiation by squarring
with power/*/1 being replaced by */+/0.
*)
\ No newline at end of file
(* Two Way Sort
The following program sorts an array of Boolean values, with False<True.
Questions:
1. Prove safety i.e. the absence of array access out of bounds.
2. Prove termination.
3. Prove that array a is sorted after execution of function two_way_sort
(using the predicate sorted that is provided).
4. Show that after execution the array contents is a permutation of its
initial contents. Use the library predicate "permut_all" to do so
(the corresponding module ArrayPermut is already imported).
You can refer to the contents of array a at the beginning of the
function with notation (at a 'Init).
*)
module TwoWaySort
use import int.Int
use import bool.Bool
use import ref.Refint
use import array.Array
use import array.ArraySwap
use import array.ArrayPermut
predicate (<<) (x y: bool) = x = False \/ y = True
predicate sorted (a: array bool) =
forall i1 i2: int. 0 <= i1 <= i2 < a.length -> a[i1] << a[i2]
let two_way_sort (a: array bool) : unit
ensures { true }
=
'Init:
let i = ref 0 in
let j = ref (length a - 1) in
while !i < !j do
invariant { true }
if not a[!i] then
incr i
else if a[!j] then
decr j
else begin
swap a !i !j;
incr i;
decr j
end
done
end
(* Dijkstra's "Dutch national flag"
The following program sorts an array whose elements may have three
different values, standing for the three colors of the Dutch
national flag (blue, white, and red).
Questions:
1. Prove safety i.e. the absence of array access out of bounds.
2. Prove termination.
3. Prove that, after execution, the array is sorted as follows:
+--------+---------+---------+
| blue | white | red |
+--------+---------+---------+
(using the predicate "monochrome" that is provided).
4. Show that after execution the array contents is a permutation of its
initial contents. Use the library predicate "permut_all" to do so
(the corresponding module ArrayPermut is already imported).
*)
module Flag
use import int.Int
use import ref.Ref
use import array.Array
use import array.ArraySwap
use import array.ArrayPermut
type color = Blue | White | Red
predicate monochrome (a: array color) (i: int) (j: int) (c: color) =
forall k: int. i <= k < j -> a[k]=c
let dutch_flag (a: array color)
requires { 0 <= length a }
ensures { true }
=
let b = ref 0 in
let i = ref 0 in
let r = ref (length a) in
while !i < !r do
invariant { true }
match a[!i] with
| Blue ->
swap a !b !i;
b := !b + 1;
i := !i + 1
| White ->
i := !i + 1
| Red ->
r := !r - 1;
swap a !r !i
end
done
end
(* Ring buffer (from the 2nd Verified Software Competition 2012)
Implement operations create, clear, push, head, and pop below (that
is, replace "val" with "let", add a body to the function, and prove
it correct).
*)
module RingBuffer
use import int.Int
use import seq.Seq
use import array.Array
type queue 'a = {
mutable first: int;
mutable len : int;
data : array 'a;
ghost capacity: int;
ghost mutable sequence: Seq.seq 'a;
}
invariant {
self.capacity = Array.length self.data /\
0 <= self.first < self.capacity /\
0 <= self.len <= self.capacity /\
self.len = Seq.length self.sequence /\
forall i: int. 0 <= i < self.len ->
Seq.([]) self.sequence i =
self.data[if self.first + i < self.capacity
then self.first + i
else self.first + i - self.capacity]
}
val create (n: int) (dummy: 'a) : queue 'a
requires { n > 0 }
ensures { capacity result = n }
ensures { result.sequence = Seq.empty }
(* = ... *)
let length (q: queue 'a) : int
ensures { result = Seq.length q.sequence }
= q.len
val clear (q: queue 'a) : unit
writes { q.len, q.sequence }
ensures { q.sequence = Seq.empty }
(* = ... *)
val push (q: queue 'a) (x: 'a) : unit
requires { Seq.length q.sequence < q.capacity }
writes { q.data.elts, q.len, q.sequence }
ensures { q.sequence = Seq.snoc (old q.sequence) x }
(* = ... *)
val head (q: queue 'a) : 'a
requires { Seq.length q.sequence > 0 }
ensures { result = Seq.([]) q.sequence 0 }
(* = ... *)
val pop (q: queue 'a) : 'a
requires { Seq.length q.sequence > 0 }
writes { q.first, q.len, q.sequence }
ensures { result = Seq.([]) (old q.sequence) 0 }
ensures { q.sequence = (old q.sequence)[1 ..] }
(* = ... *)
end
(* (Exercise borrowed from Rustan Leino's Dafny tutorial at VSTTE 2012)
Function "fill" below stores the elements of tree "t" in array "a",
according to some inorder traversal, starting at array index "start",
as long as there is room in the array. It returns the array position
immediately right of the last element of "t" stored in "a".
Questions:
1. Prove safety i.e. the absence of array access out of bounds.
(You have to strengthen the precondition.)
2. Show that, after the execution of "fill", the elements in
a[0..start[ have not been modified.
3. Show that, after the execution of "fill", the elements in
a[start..result[ belong to tree "t" (using predicate
"contains" below).
4. Prove termination of function "fill".
*)
module Fill
use import int.Int
use import array.Array
type elt
type tree = Null | Node tree elt tree
predicate contains (t: tree) (x: elt) = match t with
| Null -> false
| Node l y r -> contains l x || x = y || contains r x
end
let rec fill (t: tree) (a: array elt) (start: int) : int
requires { 0 <= length a }
ensures { true }
=
match t with
| Null ->
start
| Node l x r ->
let res = fill l a start in
if res <> length a then begin
a[res] <- x;
fill r a (res + 1)
end else
res
end
end
module FactWhile
use import mach.int.Int
use import int.Fact
use import ref.Ref
(** Factorial with a while loop *)
let fact_imp (x:int) : int
requires { x >= 0 }
ensures { result = fact x }
= let y = ref 0 in
let r = ref 1 in
while !y < x do
invariant { 0 <= !y <= x }
invariant { !r = fact !y }
variant { x - !y }
y := !y + 1;
r := !r * !y
done;
!r
let main () = (fact_imp 7, fact_imp 42)
end
module FactFor
use import mach.int.Int
use import int.Fact
use import ref.Ref
(** Factorial with a for loop *)
let fact_imp (x:int) : int
requires { x >= 0 }
ensures { result = fact x }
= let r = ref 1 in
for y = 1 to x do
invariant { !r = fact (y-1) }
r := !r * y
done;
!r
let main () = (fact_imp 7, fact_imp 42)
end
Ex1 Eucl Div
ex1_eucl_div.mlw
Ex2 Fact
ex2_fact.mlw
Ex3 Multiplication
ex3_multiplication.mlw
Ex4 Two Way
ex4_two_way.mlw
Ex5 Flag
ex5_flag.mlw
Ex6 Buffer
ex6_buffer.mlw
Ex7 Fill
ex7_fill.mlw
module M
use import int.Int
use import ref.Ref
function sqr (x:int) : int = x * x
lemma sqr_sum :
forall x y : int. sqr(x+y) = sqr x + 2*x*y + sqr y
let isqrt (x:int) : int
requires { x >= 0 }
ensures { result >= 0 }
ensures { sqr result <= x < sqr (result + 1) }
= let count = ref 0 in
let sum = ref 1 in
while !sum <= x do
invariant { !count >= 0 }
invariant { x >= sqr !count }
invariant { !sum = sqr (!count+1) }
variant { x - !count }
count := !count + 1;
sum := !sum + 2 * !count + 1
done;
!count
let main () ensures { result = 4 } = isqrt 17
end
theory T
use import int.Int
goal g: exists x:int. x*(x+1) = 42
end
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|
__label__pos
| 0.999803 |
shiva shiva - 1 year ago 127
Android Question
How to get row count in sqlite using Android?
I am creating task manager. I have tasklist and I want when I click on particular tasklist name if it empty then it goes on Add Task activity but if it has 2 or 3 tasks then it shows me those tasks into it in list form.
I am trying to get count in list. my database query is like:
public Cursor getTaskCount(long tasklist_Id) {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getWritableDatabase();
Cursor cursor= db.rawQuery("SELECT COUNT (*) FROM " + TABLE_TODOTASK + " WHERE " + KEY_TASK_TASKLISTID + "=?",
new String[] { String.valueOf(tasklist_Id) });
if(cursor!=null && cursor.getCount()!=0)
cursor.moveToNext();
return cursor;
}
In My activity:
list_tasklistname.setOnItemClickListener(new OnItemClickListener() {
@Override
public void onItemClick(AdapterView<?> arg0,
android.view.View v, int position, long id) {
db = new TodoTask_Database(getApplicationContext());
Cursor c = db.getTaskCount(id);
System.out.println(c.getCount());
if(c.getCount()>0) {
System.out.println(c);
Intent taskListID = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), AddTask_List.class);
task = adapter.getItem(position);
int taskList_id = task.getTaskListId();
taskListID.putExtra("TaskList_ID", taskList_id);
startActivity(taskListID);
}
else {
Intent addTask = new Intent(getApplicationContext(), Add_Task.class);
startActivity(addTask);
}
}
});
db.close();
}
but when i am clicking on tasklist name it is returning 1, bot number of tasks into it. Please suggest. thanks
Answer Source
In Database:
public int getProfilesCount() {
String countQuery = "SELECT * FROM " + TABLE_NAME;
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getReadableDatabase();
Cursor cursor = db.rawQuery(countQuery, null);
int cnt = cursor.getCount();
cursor.close();
return cnt;
}
OR
public long getProfilesCount() {
SQLiteDatabase db = this.getReadableDatabase();
long cnt = DatabaseUtils.queryNumEntries(db, TABLE_NAME);
db.close();
return cnt;
}
In Activity:
int profile_counts = db.getProfilesCount();
db.close();
|
__label__pos
| 0.999656 |
About try ... catch()
When it is created a PDO object with a connection to a database, in case of an error will throw the PDOException. If the error is not catched with try ... catch() PHP will stop the execution of the script.
PDOException is an extension of the PHP Exception class, that can "catch" the errors.
With try ... catch(), besides the fact that the error is taken and the script can continue its execution, it can also personalize the error message which will be displayed.
Syntax:
try {
// ... PHP instructions
}
catch(PDOException $e) {
echo 'Custom Error Message';
// Output the error code and the error message
echo $e->getCode(). '-'. $e->getMessage();
}
- $e - is the object that will store the error detected by PHP.
- getCode() - returns the error code.
- getMessage() returns the error message.
If these methods are not added, it can be displayed only a custom message.
setAttribute
The setAttribute() method can be used to set various attributes to the PDO object that handles the connection to database, including how to report the errors catched with "try ... catch()".
Syntax:
$PDOobject->setAttribute(ATTRIBUTE, OPTION)
- ATTRIBUTE - represents the attribute that will be set.
- OPTION - is the option /constant set for that attribute:
• Here's some examples with setAttribute(). It will be used the same "sites" table, created in the previous lessons.
- The next example sets the PDO::ATTR_CASE attribute with the PDO::CASE_UPPER option.
<?php
// Connection data (server_address, database, name, poassword)
$hostdb = 'localhost';
$namedb = 'tests';
$userdb = 'username';
$passdb = 'password';
try {
// Connect and create the PDO object
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostdb; dbname=$namedb", $userdb, $passdb);
$conn->exec("SET CHARACTER SET utf8"); // Sets encoding UTF-8
// Set the column names to be returned uppercase
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_CASE, PDO::CASE_UPPER);
// Select the first row
$sql = "SELECT * FROM `sites` LIMIT 1";
$result = $conn->query($sql)->fetch(PDO::FETCH_ASSOC); // Execute query and fetch with FETCH_ASSOC
// If the SQL query is succesfully performed ($result not false)
if($result !== false) {
// Traverse the result set and output the column names
foreach($result as $col=>$row) {
echo ' - '. $col;
}
}
$conn = null; // Disconnect
}
catch(PDOException $e) {
echo $e->getMessage();
}
- This script will display the column names in uppercase:
- ID - NAME - CATEGORY - LINK
- The next example uses the setAttribute() to output the errors in the standard mode returned by PHP. It sets the PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE with the PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING option. To demonstrate the result, it is performed an SQL SELECT with a column that not exist in the "sites" table.
<?php
// Connection data (server_address, database, name, poassword)
$hostdb = 'localhost';
$namedb = 'tests';
$userdb = 'username';
$passdb = 'password';
try {
// Connect and create the PDO object
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostdb; dbname=$namedb", $userdb, $passdb);
// Sets to handle the errors in the PHP standard mode (E_WARNING)
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_WARNING);
$conn->exec("SET CHARACTER SET utf8"); // Sets encoding UTF-8
// Select the first row
$sql = "SELECT `nocolumn` FROM `sites` LIMIT 1";
$result = $conn->query($sql); // Executa interogarea
// Traverse the result set and output data in the 'nocolumn'
foreach($result as $row) {
echo $row['nocolumn'];
}
$conn = null; // Disconnect
}
catch(PDOException $e) {
echo $e->getMessage();
}
?>
- Because "nocolumn" not exist, the code above will output this error:
Warning: PDO::query() [pdo.query]: SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'nocolumn' in 'field list' in E:\server\www\test.php on line 19
Warning: Invalid argument supplied for foreach() in E:\server\www\test.php on line 22
- If you replace the ERRMODE_WARNING option with ERRMODE_EXCEPTION, the error message will be:
SQLSTATE[42S22]: Column not found: 1054 Unknown column 'nocolumn' in 'field list'
beginTransaction and commit
The beginTransaction() method allows to write SQL statements without to be sent to MySQL server, it is used together with commit().
beginTransaction() stops the execution of any query to the database until the commit() method is called, in that moment will be executed all the SQL queries added between these two methods.
The advantage of this technique is that it can be written several sets of SQL queries, that are "pending", then, when the commit() method is called, all that SQL queries will be executed.
In the next example it is used beginTransaction(), and three SQL commands: UPDATE (to modify data in the row with id=3), INSERT (to add a new row), and SELECT (using the last inserted "id", auto-created by the INSERT). All these instructions will be executed when the commit() method is called (see also the comments in the code).
<?php
// Connection data (server_address, database, name, poassword)
$hostdb = 'localhost';
$namedb = 'tests';
$userdb = 'username';
$passdb = 'password';
try {
// Connect and create the PDO object
$conn = new PDO("mysql:host=$hostdb; dbname=$namedb", $userdb, $passdb);
$conn->setAttribute(PDO::ATTR_ERRMODE, PDO::ERRMODE_EXCEPTION); // Sets exception mode for errors
$conn->exec("SET CHARACTER SET utf8"); // Sets encoding UTF-8
$conn->beginTransaction(); // Start writting the SQL commands
// 1. Update the columns "name" and "link", in rows with id=3
$conn->exec("UPDATE `sites` SET `name`='Spanish Course', `link`='marplo.net/spaniola' WHERE `id`=3");
// 2. Add a new row
$conn->exec("INSERT INTO `sites` (`name`, `category`, `link`) VALUES ('JavaScript', 'programming', 'coursesweb.net/javascript')");
$last_id = $conn->lastInsertId(); // Get the auto-inserted id
// 3. Selects the rows with id lower than $last_id
$result = $conn->query("SELECT `name`, `link` FROM `sites` WHERE `id`<'$last_id'");
$conn->commit(); // Determine the execution of all SQL queries
// If the SQL select is succesfully performed ($result not false)
if($result !== false) {
echo 'Last inserted id: '. $last_id. '<br />'; // Displays the last inserted id
// Traverse the result set and shows the data from each row
foreach($result as $row) {
echo $row['name']. ' - '. $row['link']. '<br />';
}
}
$conn = null; // Disconnect
}
catch(PDOException $e) {
echo $e->getMessage();
}
?>
- As shown in the example above, this method is useful when you have to execute several different queries to the database in the same script. Besides, improve the execution speed of the script, make it more efficient to work with multiple SQL queries.
Between SQL commands which are "pending", you can add various PHP instructions to influence the next command (such as SELECT here was defined according to the latest "id" created by the previous query).
- The script above will output this result:
Last inserted id: 4
Courses - Tutorials - https://coursesweb.net
PHP-MySQL Course - https://coursesweb.net/php-mysql
Spanish Course - marplo.net/spaniola
If the ATTR_ERRMODE is set to ERRMODE_WARNING (with the setAttribute() method), and an error ocurs to one of the SQL instructions between beginTransaction() and commit(), the next SQL instructions after the query which has generated the error will not be executed.
But if it's not specified the ERRMODE_WARNING mode, the PHP continues the execution of the other queries too.
Daily Test with Code Example
HTML
CSS
JavaScript
PHP-MySQL
Which tag defines the clickable areas inside the image map?
<map> <img> <area>
<img src="image.jpg" usemap="#map1">
<map name="map1">
<area shape="rect" coords="9, 120, 56, 149" href="#">
<area shape="rect" coords="100, 200, 156, 249" href="#">
</map>
Which CSS property defines what is done if the content in a box is too big for its defined space?
display overflow position
#id {
overflow: auto;
}
Click on the event which is triggered when the mouse is positioned over an object.
onclick onmouseover onmouseout
document.getElementById("id").onmouseover = function(){
document.write("Have Good Life");
}
Indicate the PHP variable that contains data added in URL address after the "?" character.
$_SESSION $_GET $_POST
if(isset($_GET["id"])) {
echo $_GET["id"];
}
PHP PDO - setAttribute, beginTransaction and commit
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Socket 370
Definition - What does Socket 370 mean?
Socket 370 is the receptacle (CPU socket) for the 370-pin Intel Pentium III, Intel Celeron and VIA Cyrix III processor. The 370 replaced the more expensive slot 1 Pentium II CPU interface on personal computers. It is designed for ease of manufacture and allows users to easily upgrade microprocessors.
Socket 370 is also known as the PGA370 socket.
Techopedia explains Socket 370
The socket 370 is the same size as the socket 7, but with a different voltage and number of pins. The 370 has a zero insertion force socket, which includes a lever opening and closing to secure the processor.
Mechanical load limits on the socket 370 processor interface with the motherboard are critical during heat sink assembly, shipping conditions or standard use. If loads are exceeded, the processor die may crack, making it unusable. Maximums on the die surface are 200 lbf (pound-force) dynamic and 50 lbf static. The maximums on the die edge are 100 lbf dynamic and 12 lbf static. These are quite small compared to the mechanical load limits on the socket 478 processors.
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Old 11-28-2003, 02:18 PM #1
SerViL
Junior Member
ioFTPD Foundation User
Join Date: Nov 2003
Posts: 9
Unhappy server bandwith sux
Hi guys, got a big problem with the serverspeed. the server has 100mbit, but sometimes if there are racin more than 6guys at the same time, speed goes down. dont know why and dont know how to fix it. i got newest ioftpd (5-3-9r) + iobanana (v19)
[20:11] <x> -x- [BW] + Up: [email protected] - Dn: [email protected] - Total: [email protected]
hope you guys can help me!
thx - SerViL
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Old 11-28-2003, 05:19 PM #2
PaJa
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Join Date: Jul 2003
Posts: 53
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if you are using single IDE disc than dont expect any miracles :P
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Old 11-28-2003, 09:52 PM #3
darkone
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Posts: 2,230
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Quote:
Originally posted by PaJa
if you are using single IDE disc than dont expect any miracles :P
It does 20mb/sec for me with hundreds of clients using ide disk... it's all about cache. I would however monitor server loads, as running external applications (such as iob) rises loads considerably - which in term, might cause odd things to happend, if server doesn't have enough cputime for file/socket io. (Other than that, it could be software firewall etc. that's causing such behaviour)
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Old 12-01-2003, 11:14 AM #4
SerViL
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ioFTPD Foundation User
Join Date: Nov 2003
Posts: 9
Default
i checked the system but everything is ok on a race, cpu does not get more den 50% and others seems ok too.
i got serv-u on the server running too and there is no problem. if more than 3 guys are racin, listening with io sux. im very sad about it
/edit
maybe its configuration problem.. this is my config, hope ya can find something to fix..
Code:
[ioFTPD]
Ftp_Login_Attempts = 3
Hide_Tray = True [*registered version*]
Cache_Max = 100 # Maximum number of cookie files to cache
DirectoryCache_Size = 1000 # Maximum number of directories to cache
TCL_Pool_Size = 10
Double_Click = https://127.0.0.1:10000/
Process_Priority = Normal # (Idle/Normal/High/Realtime)
Worker_Thread_Count = 10 # Amount of worker threads
Io_Thread_Count = 3 # Amount of io threads [*registered version*]
Encryption_Thread_Count = 5 # Amount of dedicated encryption threads
LogIn_TimeOut = 15 #
Idle_TimeOut = 120 #
File_Concurrent_Requests = 5 # Maximum simultanous Read+Write operations per device [*registered version*]
File_PreAllocation = 0 # Amount of kilobytes to pre-allocate for uploads
[Locations]
User_Id_Table = ..\etc\UserIdTable
Group_Id_Table = ..\etc\GroupIdTable
Hosts_Rules = ..\etc\Hosts.Rules
User_Files = ..\users
Group_Files = ..\groups
Log_Files = ..\logs
Cache_Files = ..\cache
Ftp_Messages = ..\text\ftp
Telnet_Messages = ..\text\telnet
Html_Files = ..\text\http
Default_Vfs = ..\etc\default.vfs
Environment = ..\etc\ioftpd.env
##################### DEVICES ########################
##
#
# [Device Name]
# Host = <Host/IP> # External host. Address shown to clients. (0.0.0.0 = any local ip)
# Ports = <Begin-End> # Ports to use for data transfers. May contain comma seperated list of port ranges.
# Random = <True/False> # Use ports in random order
# Bind = <Host/IP> # Internal host. If specified, connections are bound to this address instead of HOST.
#
# Global_Inbound_Bandwidth = <kB/s> # Limit overall inbound speeds
# Global_Outbound_Bandwidth = <kB/s> # Limit overall outbound speeds
# Client_Inbound_Bandwidth = <kB/s> # Limit client inbound speeds
# Client_Outbound_Bandwidth = <kB/s> # Limit client outbound speeds
#
[Any]
Host = 0.0.0.0
Ports = 1024-2048
Random = True
;Global_Inbound_Bandwidth = 1000
;Global_Outbound_Bandwidth = 2000
;Client_Inbound_Bandwidth = 100 [*registered version*]
;Client_Outbound_Bandwidth = 50 [*registered version*]
;Bind =
################## END OF DEVICES ####################
##################### SERVICES #######################
[FTP_Service]
Type = FTP
Device_Name = Any
Port = 56600
Description = My FTP Service
User_Limit = 30
Allowed_Users = *
;Messages = ..\text\ftp
### Encryption ###
#
Require_Encrypted_Auth = !*
Require_Encrypted_Data = !*
Certificate_Name = blub
Explicit_Encryption = True
Encryption_Protocol = SSL3
Min_Cipher_Strength = 1
Max_Cipher_Strength = 40
#Max_Cipher_Strength = 384
### IDNT command handler ###
#
Get_External_Ident = True
### Traffic Balancing ###
#
;Data_Devices =
;Random_Devices = True
[Telnet_Service]
Type = Telnet
Device_Name = Any
Port = 3333
Description = My Telnet Service
User_Limit = 10
Allowed_Users = T !*
;Messages = ..\text\telnet
################## END OF SERVICES ###################
[Network]
Active_Services = FTP_Service Telnet_Service
Nagle = True False # Enable/Disable TCP Nagle algorithm
Ident_Timeout = 5 # Set ident timeout (seconds)
Hostname_Cache_Duration = 1800 # Seconds cached hostname is valid
Ident_Cache_Duration = 120 # Seconds cached ident is valid
Connections_To_Ban = 1000000 #
Ban_Counter_Reset_Interval = 1 #
Temporary_Ban_Duration = 1 # Seconds host remains banned
Internal_Transfer_Buffer = 65536 # Internal transfer buffer size
Scheduler_Update_Speed = NORMAL # Socket scheduler update speed (HIGH/NORMAL/LOW/DISABLED)
[Sections]
## Maximum of 10 different credit sections ##
#
# <alias> = <credit section #> <path>
# <alias> = <credit section #> <stats section #> <path>
#
MAiN = 0 /
GAMES = 0 /GAMES/*
DVDR = 0 /DVDR/*
SVCD = 0 /SVCD/*
XXX = 0 /XXX/*
MP3 = 0 /MP3/*
TV = 0 /TV/*
REQUESTS = 0 /REQUEST/
0DAY = 0 /0DAY/
EBOOKS = 0 /0DAY/EBOOKS/*
DOX = 0 /0DAY/DOX/*
SPEED = 1 /SPEED/*
PRE = 2 /_PRE/*
[VFS]
###
# Default attributes for files & directories
#
# Required Parameters: <filemode> <owner uid>:<owner gid>
#
New_Directory = 777 0:0
New_File = 644 0:0
Default_Directory_Attributes = 777 0:0
Default_File_Attributes = 644 0:0
Old_Directory = 777 0:0
Old_File = 644 0:0
###
# Command specific rules
#
Modify_Stats_On_Delete = False
###
# Detailed permissions for directories
#
# priviledge = <virtual path> <rights>
#
Upload = * *
Resume = * *
Download = * *
MakeDir = * *
RemoveOwnDir = * *
RemoveDir = * 1VM
Rename = * 1VM
RenameOwn = * *
Overwrite = * 1VM
Delete = * 1VM
DeleteOwn = * *
NoStats = * =lSpeed !*
ShowActivity = /_PRE/* 1M !*
ShowActivity = * *
RemoveDir = /_PRE/* !* =GRP1 =GRP2
Rename = /_PRE/* !* =GRP1 =GRP2
Delete = /_PRE/* !* =GRP1 =GRP2
[Reset]
WeeklyReset = Monday
MonthlyReset = 1st
[Scheduler]
###
# Scheduler
#
# Event = <minutes> <hours> <day of week> <day of month> Command
#
# Internal Commands:
#
# &Reset : Resets upload/download counters
# &Service_Update : Reloads devices and Restarts services, if bind ip of service has changed
#
Reset = 0 0 * * &Reset
Service_Update = 10,30,50 * * * &Service_Update
## ioBanana
Rotate_Log = 0 0 * * EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe rotatelog
Day_Stats = 59 23 * * EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe daystats
;Spider = 0 0 * * EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe SPIDER FORCEDELETE
## ioA
Newday = 0 23 * * EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe NEWDATE
Weekly = 0 0 6 * EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe WEEKLYSET
[Events]
## ioBanana
OnUploadComplete = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe upload
OnUploadError = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe uploadfailed
## ioA
OnFtpLogIn = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe logon
[Pre]
## ioBanana
user = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe closed
pass = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe ban
retr = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe limiter
mkd = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dupecheck_dir
mkd = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe checkdenypre
stor = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe pre_stor
[Post]
## ioBanana
pass = %EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe alert %[service($service)(users)] %[$service]
dele = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe zsdel
mkd = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe mkd
rmd = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dirlog
rnfr = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dirlog
rnto = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dirlog
site = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe age uinfo
[HTTP]
Executable = *.exe *.com *.cgi *.php *.php3 *.bat
[Scripts]
## SITE <trigger> <parameters>
#
# trigger = !file # Show file
# trigger = @string # Alias
# trigger = EXEC script.exe # Execute file.exe
# trigger = %EXEC script.exe # Execute file.exe (translate cookies)
# trigger = TCL script.itcl # Execute file.itcl
#
## Examples
# welcome = !..\text\ftp\welcome.msg
# rehash = @config rehash
# exec = EXEC ..\scripts\exec.bat
# myinfo = %TCL ..\scripts\whoami.itcl %[$user]
# cat = TCL ..\scripts\showfile.itcl
#
TCL = TCL ..\scripts\test2.itcl
#stats
aldn = @stats alldn
alup = @stats allup
daydn = @stats daydn
dayup = @stats dayup
monthdn = @stats monthdn
monthup = @stats monthup
wkup = @stats wkup
wkdn = @stats wkdn
## ioBanana
rules = !..\help\rules.msg
free = !..\text\ftp\free.msg
ginfo = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe ginfo
gstats = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe gstats
pretime = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe pretime
new = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe sitenew
cid = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe cid
roulette = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe roulette
dice = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dice
open = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe open
close = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe close
approve = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe approve
listapproved = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe listapproved
version = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe version
rotatelog = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe rotatelog
rescan = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe rescan
totals = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe totals
age = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe age
dupe = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe sitedupe
undupe = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe undupe
nfo = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe nfo
uptime = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe uptime
restart = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe restart
stransfer = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe transfer
rank = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe rank
moverls = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe moverls
pre = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe pre
wipe = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe dirlog
nuke = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe kicknuke NUKE
unnuke = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe kicknuke UNNUKE
resetstats = EXEC ..\scripts\ioBanana.exe resetstats
## ioA
nuke = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe nuke
#nuke = TCL d:\ioftpd\scripts\ionuke.itcl
unnuke = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe unnuke
nukes = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe nukes
unnukes = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe unnukes
request = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe request
reqfilled = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe reqfilled
reqdel = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe reqdel
pre = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe pre
invite = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe invite
newdate = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe newdate
ioaver = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe ioaver
msg = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe msg
wipe = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe wipe
give = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe give
take = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe take
search = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe search
onel = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe onel
sfv = EXEC ..\ioA\ioA.exe sfv
size = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe size
syslog = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe syslog
errlog = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe errlog
cmdlog = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe cmdlog
weekly = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe weekly
transfer = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe transfer
resetuser = EXEC ..\ioA\ioa.exe resetuser
[Modules]
;MessageVariableModule = ..\modules\cookie.dll
;UserModule = ..\modules\networkuser.dll
;GroupModule = ..\modules\networkgroup.dll
;EventModule = ..\modules\eventmodule.dll
[Ftp-Permissions]
[Ftp-SITE-Permissions]
## SITE <cmd> ##
#
# 'M' - MASTER
# 'V' - VFS ADMINISTRATOR
# 'G' - GROUP ADMIN RIGHTS
# 'F' - FXP DENIED (DOWNLOAD)
# 'f' - FXP DENIED (UPLOAD)
# 'L' - SKIP USER LIMIT PER SERVICE
# 'A' - ANONYMOUS
#
adduser = 1GM
deluser = 1GM
renuser = 1M
gadduser = 1GM
grpadd = 1M
grpdel = 1M
grpren = 1M
chgrp = 1M
kick = 1M
addip = 1GM
delip = 1GM
passwd = !A *
stats = !A *
tagline = !A *
who = !A *
chmod = !A *
chown = MV
chattr = MV
config = M
uinfo = 1GM
users = 1GM
## ioBanana
ginfo = 1GM
gstats = 1GM
pretime = *
new = *
roulette = *
dice = *
close = 1M
open = 1M
approve = 1MN
listapproved = *
version = 1M
rotatelog = 1M
rescan = 1M
age = 1M
dupe = 1MN
undupe = 1M
nfo = *
uptime = *
restart = 1M
stransfer = *
exec = M
rank = 1M
moverls = 1M
resetstats = 1M
## ioA
invite = *
ioaver = 1M
sfv = 1M
msg = *
newdate = 1M
nuke = 1MN
nukes = *
unnuke = 1MN
unnukes = *
request = *
reqfilled = *
pre = 1GP
wipe = 1MV
take = 1MV
give = 1MV
search = *
onel = *
size = 1
syslog = 1
errlog = 1
cmdlog = 1
weekly = 1MV
transfer = *
resetuser = 1M
[Change-Permissions]
admingroup = 1M
credits = 1M
flags = 1M
groupdescription = 1M
groupslots = 1M
groupvfsfile = M
homedir = 1GM
logins = 1M
passwd = 1GM
ratio = 1GM
stats = M
tagline = 1GM
showjobs = M
speedlimit = 1GM
vfsfile = M
[Telnet-Permissions]
adduser = 1GM
deluser = 1GM
renuser = 1M
gadduser = 1GM
grpadd = 1M
grpdel = 1M
grpren = 1M
kick = 1M
addip = 1GM
delip = 1GM
passwd = *
stats = *
tagline = *
who = *
chgrp = 1M
config = M
putlog = MT
uinfo = 1GM
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Old 12-01-2003, 05:32 PM #5
darkone
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Posts: 2,230
Default
Wheter it works perfectly on serv-u is irrelevant, as it's based on different API calls. Overlapped IO (usinc completion ports) is much harder to manage on driver level, and improper implementation could result to what you've experienced.
Driver in this case can be;
1) harddrive controller's driver
2) network adapter's driver
3) 3rd party driver hook (virus scanner, firewall, ...)
I'm not sure, if there's any way to debug this... also 50% cpu usage sounds high for such speed (if it's average; on 2ghz p4 it should be closer to 0 than 50 - ofcourse external scripts may have effect on this, as they add overhead)
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Old 12-03-2003, 10:41 AM #6
Mave_2
Member
Join Date: May 2003
Posts: 33
Default he he
Hm i wonder to what causes this
I have the same problem on my site
and i know several other sites running ioFTPD which have same problem lately
Also cpu on some of those sites reaches the top sometimes
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Old 12-03-2003, 11:43 AM #7
SerViL
Junior Member
ioFTPD Foundation User
Join Date: Nov 2003
Posts: 9
Default
yes and i cant fix it :/
currys want glftpd but i already donated for ioftpd.
maybe its configproblem but dont know how to fix it. hope there comes an io update soon, which works good on my site without this damn speedprobs :banana:
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Old 12-03-2003, 01:03 PM #8
darkone
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Scheduler might cause infinite loop (causing cpu to hit ceiling, which in term - affects performance) You could try disabling all scripts,as that's the most likely cause for high loads on slow speeds.
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Old 12-05-2003, 08:19 AM #9
donate
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Posts: 26
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Warez = bad
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As I wrote in some of my last posts I am still quite new to the c# world so it comes that I wrote small benchmark to compare Dictionary, Hashtable, SortedList and SortedDictionary against each other. The test runs with 8000 iterations and from 50 to 100000 elements. I tested adding of new elements, search for elements and looping through some elements all random. The results was as I expected them to be except the result of the SortedDictionary which was much confusing for me... It was just slow in all results. So did I missing sometging about the concept of a sorted dictionary. I already asked google but All that I found out was that others had come to the same test result. Slightly different based on their implementation of the test. Again my question: why is the SortedDicrionary so much slower than all the others?
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marked as duplicate by nawfal, Yuval Itzchakov, Paul Roub, realspirituals, Yan Sklyarenko Jun 12 '14 at 13:48
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up vote 10 down vote accepted
A SortedDictionary is implemented as a binary tree. Therefore, accessing an element is O(lg(n)). A Dictionary is a hash table, and has a complexity of O(1) for access.
A SortedDictionary is quite useful when you need the data to be sorted (a Dictionary has no defined order). Dictionary is appropriate for most cases.
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The answer is simply that you would use the SortedDictionary if you need a dictionary that is sorted.
Remember that eventhough it ended up as slowest in your tests, it's still not slow. If you need exactly what the SortedDictionary does, it's the best solution. To do the same using a Dictionary or a SortedList would be very much slower.
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Again my question: why is the SortedDicrionary so much slower than all the others?
Etienne already gave the technical answer before, but to add a more 'plain' remark: I'd guess that the "Sorted" bit part of a SortedDictionary puts some overhead on inserts and even retrieving items as it seems from Etienne's answer.
However, in a real app a SortedDictionary can probably provide considerable performance or 'perceived performance' increase if you need an "already sorted dictionary" at some time in your app.
Hope that helps.
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U.S. patents available from 1976 to present.
U.S. patent applications available from 2005 to present.
Microscope device and image processing method
Patent 7969652 Issued on June 28, 2011. Estimated Expiration Date: Icon_subject May 14, 2029. Estimated Expiration Date is calculated based on simple USPTO term provisions. It does not account for terminal disclaimers, term adjustments, failure to pay maintenance fees, or other factors which might affect the term of a patent.
Abstract Claims Description Full Text
Patent References
RE38307
Inventors
Assignee
Application
No. 12453554 filed on 05/14/2009
US Classes:
359/370Interference
Examiners
Primary: Allen, Stephone B
Assistant: Chapel, Derek S
Attorney, Agent or Firm
Foreign Patent References
• A-11-242189 JP 09/01/1999
• A-2002-196253 JP 07/01/2002
• A-2007-199397 JP 08/01/2007
• A-2007-199571 JP 08/01/2007
• A-2007-199572 JP 08/01/2007
International Class
G02B 21/00
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a microscope apparatus and an image processing method.
BACKGROUND ART
A technique of spatially modulating illumination light can be cited as an example of a technique of performing super-resolution observation of an observation object such as a biological specimen. For example, the technique of spatiallymodulating illumination light is described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-242189 (Patent Document 1), U.S. Reissued Patent No. 38307 (Patent Document 2), W. Lukosz, "Optical systems with resolving powers exceeding the classical limit. II", Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 37, PP. 932, 1967 (Non-Patent Document 1), and W. Lukosz and M. Marchand, Opt. Acta. 10, 241, 1963 (Non-Patent Document 2).
In these techniques, a spatial frequency of a structure of the observation object is modulated with the spatially modulated illumination light, and information on the high spatial frequency exceeding a resolution limit is caused to contribute toimage formation of a microscope optical system. However, in order to observe a super-resolution image, it is necessary to demodulate a modulated image of the observation object (modulated image). The demodulation method is mainly fallen into opticaldemodulation (see Non-Patent Document 1 and 2) and computing demodulation (see Patent Documents 1 and 2). The optical demodulation is realized by re-modulation of the modulated image with a spatial modulation element such as a diffraction grating.
Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 11-242189
Patent Document 2: U.S. Reissued Patent No. 38307
Non-Patent Document 1: W. Lukosz, "Optical systems with resolving powers exceeding the classical limit. II", Journal of the Optical Society of America, Vol. 37, PP. 932, 1967
Non-Patent Document 2: W. Lukosz and M. Marchand, Opt. Acta. 10, 241, 1963
However, the computing demodulation takes time because of complicated arithmetic processing, and the observation object is hardly observed in real time. On the other hand, the optical demodulation does not take much time because of the use ofthe spatial modulation element such as a diffraction grating. However, because demodulation accuracy depends on shape accuracy and arrangement accuracy of the spatial modulation element, a good super-resolution image is hardly obtained.
For example, in the demodulation method (optical demodulation) described in Non-Patent Document 2, an optical path for the modulation and an optical path for the demodulation are provided in parallel, and different portions of the commondiffraction grating are used in the modulation and the demodulation, thereby improving the problem of the arrangement accuracy. However, unfortunately an observation field is extremely narrowed because a pupil of the optical system relating to themodulation and a pupil of the optical system relating to the demodulation cannot be conjugated.
In view of the foregoing, a problem of the invention is to provide a microscope apparatus which can produce the information on the super-resolution image in short time and an image processing method in which the super-resolution image can beobtained with the microscope apparatus.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
In accordance with a first aspect of the invention, a microscope apparatus includes a spatial modulation element that receives irradiation light of an obliquely incident substantially parallel light flux to symmetrically generate zero-orderlight and first-order light with respect to the optical axis, the irradiation light being of zero-order light; an objective optical system that causes the zero-order light and the first-order light to interfere with each other at a certain position of asample surface to form an interference fringe, the objective optical system forming an image of light from the sample surface on the spatial modulation element surface, the light from the sample surface being modulated by the interference fringe; imagepicking-up means; and a relay optical system that forms an image of light re-modulated by the spatial modulation element surface on an image picking-up surface of the image picking-up means.
In accordance with a second aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the first aspect, an optical axis of an optical system in which the objective optical system and the relay optical system are combined is identical toan optical axis of an illumination optical system from a light source to the sample surface at least in a range from a site located on a light source side of the spatial modulation element to the sample surface, and the microscope apparatus includes anoptical path moving optical system that shift a center axis of illumination light emitted from the light source from the identical optical axis; and an irradiation optical system that converts the illumination light passing through the optical pathmoving optical system into irradiation light having a substantially parallel light flux, the irradiation light being obliquely incident to the spatial modulation element.
In accordance with a third aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the second aspect, the illumination optical system is a part of the relay optical system.
In accordance with a fourth aspect of the invention, the microscope apparatus according to the second or third aspect includes a collector lens that converts divergent illumination light from the light source into a substantially parallel lightflux; a collimator lens that collects the illumination light transmitted through the collector lens to form a secondary light source; and an optical path deflecting member that reflects the illumination light transmitted through the collimator lens tocause a principal ray of the reflected illumination light to travel in a direction of the sample surface on the optical axis of the relay optical system, the optical path deflecting member causing the principal ray to impinge on the optical path movingoptical system, wherein the principal ray of the illumination light is incident to the optical path moving optical system through a center of the collector lens, a center of the collimator lens, and the optical axis of the relay optical system.
At this point, the optical path deflecting member includes a mirror, a prism, a dichroic mirror, or a dichroic prism, which transmits and reflects the light with a predetermined ratio. The principal ray means a ray having the strongestintensity, which exits from the center of the light source.
In accordance with a fifth aspect of the invention, the microscope apparatus according to the second or third aspect includes a collector lens that converts illumination light divergent from the light source into a substantially parallel lightflux; a collimator lens that collects the illumination light transmitted through the collector lens to form a secondary light source; and an optical path deflecting member that reflects the illumination light transmitted through the collimator lens tocause a principal ray of the reflected illumination light to travel in a direction of the sample surface parallel to the optical axis of the relay optical system, the optical path deflecting member causing the principal ray to impinge on the irradiationoptical system, wherein the illumination light emitted from the light source is incident to the collector lens after passing through the optical path moving optical system, and the illumination light is incident to the illumination optical system afterreflected from the optical path deflecting member.
In accordance with a sixth aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the second to fifth aspect, the spatial modulation element can be rotated about the optical axis, the optical path moving optical system can be rotatedabout the optical axis, and a rotation amount of the spatial modulation element can be set equal to a rotation amount of the principal ray that is rotated when the optical path moving optical system is rotated.
In accordance with a seventh aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the second to fifth aspect, the spatial modulation element can be rotated about the optical axis, plural optical elements that move the optical pathare provided in the optical path moving optical system, the plural optical elements respectively move the optical path in different directions perpendicular to the optical axis, and any of the plural optical elements can be selected for use according toa rotation amount of the spatial modulation element.
In accordance with an eighth aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the first aspect, an optical system in which the objective optical system and the relay optical system are combined is identical to an illuminationoptical system from a light source to the sample surface at least in a range from a site located on a light source side of the spatial modulation element to the sample surface, and the microscope apparatus includes a light source that is provided at aposition distant from the optical axis of the illumination optical system; a collector lens that converts illumination light divergent from the light source into a substantially parallel light flux; a collimator lens that collects the illumination lighttransmitted through the collector lens to form a secondary light source; an optical path deflecting member that reflects the illumination light transmitted through the collimator lens to cause a principal ray of the reflected illumination light to travelin a direction of the sample surface parallel to the optical axis of the relay optical system; and an irradiation optical system that converts the illumination light reflected from the optical path deflecting member into irradiation light having asubstantially parallel light flux, the irradiation light being obliquely incident to the spatial modulation element.
In accordance with a ninth aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the eighth aspect, the irradiation light optical system is a part of the relay optical system.
In accordance with a tenth aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the eighth and ninth aspect, the spatial modulation element can be rotated about the optical axis, the light source can be rotated about the opticalaxis of the illumination optical system, and the spatial modulation element and the light source can be set at an identical rotation amount.
In accordance with an eleventh aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to the eighth or ninth aspect, the spatial modulation element can be rotated about the optical axis, plural light sources are provided, the plurallight sources respectively move the optical path in different directions perpendicular to the optical axis, and any of the plural light sources can be selected for use according to a rotation amount of the spatial modulation element.
In accordance with a twelfth aspect of the invention, in the microscope apparatus according to any one of the first to eleventh aspects, a phase of the interference fringe formed on the sample surface by the spatial modulation element and theobjective optical system can be changed, and an imaging time of the image picking-up means is substantially same as an integral multiple of a period for phase changing.
In accordance with a thirteenth aspect of the invention, an image processing method includes picking up plural images of a sample with the microscope apparatus as in any one of the sixth, seventh, tenth, and eleventh aspects while the rotationamount of the spatial modulation element is changed; performing Fourier transform to plural pieces of obtained image data to obtain plural pieces of Fourier transform image data; performing deconvolution processing to the plural pieces of Fouriertransform image data on a two-dimensional plane in consideration of MTF to synthesize the plural pieces of Fourier transform image data; and performing inverse Fourier transform to obtain image data.
Accordingly, the invention can provide the microscope apparatus that can produce the information on the super-resolution image at high speed and the image processing method in which the accurate image can be obtained with the microscopeapparatus.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 2 is a view showing a state in which a diffraction grating is rotated about an optical axis.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 4 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 5 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual view showing an optical system from a light source to a diffraction grating in an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 7 is a conceptual view showing an optical system from a light source to a diffraction grating in an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the invention.
FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing a behavior relating to control of a control and operation device.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a behavior relating to operation of the control and operation device.
FIG. 10 is a view showing image data of a demodulated image.
FIG. 11 is a view showing a state in which pieces of image data demodulated in three directions are synthesized.
EXPLANATIONS OF LETTERS OR NUMERALS
1 light source 2 collector lens 3 collimator lens 4 exciter filter 5 dichroic mirror 6 barrier filter 7 parallel-plate glass 8 lens 9 diffraction grating 10 second objective lens 11 first objective lens 12 specimen (fluorescent sample) 13 lens14 image rotator 22 specimen conjugate plane 23 image 24 magnified image 25 image picking-up device 31 light source image (pupil conjugate plane) 32 pupil plane of first objective lens 40 actuator 41 rotary stage 42 control and operation device 43 imagedisplay device 51 rotary stage 52 motor-driven stage 53 rotary stage 101 light source 102 to 104 mirror 105 optical fiber 105a exit end 106 optical fiber 106a exit end 107 optical fiber 107a exit end 112 and 103 beam splitter 121 rotary diffuser 122 axis123 coupling lens S1 to S3 shutter LS1 illumination optical system LS2 observation optical system LS21 objective optical system LS22 relay optical system D0 zero-order light D1 first-order light
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Exemplary embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. FIG. 1 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a first embodiment of the invention. The microscopeapparatus includes a light source 1, a collector lens 2, a collimator lens 3, an exciter filter 4, a dichroic mirror 5, a barrier filter 6, a parallel-plate glass 7 which is of an optical path moving optical system, a lens 8 which is of an illuminationoptical system, a diffraction grating 9 which is of a spatial modulation element, a second objective lens 10, a first objective lens 11, a lens 13, an image picking-up device (such as a CCD camera) 25, a control and operation device (such as a circuitand a computer) 42, an image display device 43, an actuator 40, and a rotary stage 41. In the microscope apparatus, an image formed by fluorescence generated from a specimen (fluorescent sample) 12 is taken by the image picking-up device 25 forprocessing.
The light source 1, the collector lens 2, the collimator lens 3, the exciter filter 4, the dichroic mirror 5, the parallel-plate glass 7, the lens 8, the diffraction grating 9, the second objective lens 10, and the first objective lens 11constitute an illumination optical system LS1. The first objective lens 11, the second objective lens 10, the diffraction grating 9, the lens 8, the parallel-plate glass 7, the barrier filter 6, the dichroic mirror 5, and the lens 13 constitute anobservation optical system LS2. The first objective lens 11 and the second objective lens 10 constitute an objective optical system LS21, and the lens 8 and the lens 13 constitute a relay optical system LS22. An optical path from the first objectivelens 11 to the dichroic mirror 5 is shared by the illumination optical system LS1 and the observation optical system LS2.
Divergent light from the light source 1 is converted into a parallel ray by the collector lens 2, and a light source image 31 is formed in a pupil conjugate plane by the collimator lens 3. After a wavelength of the light from the light sourceimage 31 is selected by the exciter filter 4, the light is reflected by the dichroic mirror 5, and the light travels toward a specimen surface. In the case where a reflected image of the specimen is observed, a half mirror may be used instead of thedichroic mirror. Sometimes a polarization beam splitter can be used.
When the light passes through the parallel-plate glass 7, a ray on an optical axis (for the sake of convenience, the ray is referred to as "principal ray"), which is emitted from the center of the light source to pass through the centers of thecollector lens 2 and collimator lens 3, is shifted by a predetermined distance d from the optical axis by refraction in both surfaces of the parallel-plate glass 7. Then the lens 8 converts the light into parallel ray inclined by a predetermined anglerelative to the optical axis, and the diffraction grating 9 disposed in a specimen conjugate plane 22 is irradiated with the parallel ray.
In the diffraction grating 9, a grating constant is previously set such that zero-order light directly traveling in a straight line and first-order light are symmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis. The second objective lens 10converts each light flux into the parallel ray parallel to the optical axis, and interference is generated on the specimen surface to form a two-beam interference fringe by the first objective lens 11. Therefore, the specimen 12 is illuminated withspatially modulated illumination light (structured illumination).
The diffraction grating 9 is a phase type or amplitude type diffraction grating having a one-dimensional periodic structure. The phase type diffraction grating has an advantage of a high degree of freedom in setting an intensity ratio of adiffraction order. On the other hand, the amplitude type diffraction grating has an advantage that a white light source can be used as the light source 1 because of a good wavelength characteristic. For the light source 1, a light source having asingle wavelength may be used instead of the white light source, or light from a laser beam source is guided through an optical fiber and a secondary light source formed in an end face of the optical fiber may be used as the light source 1.
Desirably a negative first-order component and excessive diffraction components having orders of at least two, generated in the diffraction grating 9, are removed to form a luminance distribution of the structured illumination (luminancedistribution of an image 23 of the diffraction grating 9) into a sinusoidal wave. At this point, the negative first-order component and the excessive diffraction components are removed at a proper point (for example, a pupil plane 32 of the firstobjective lens 11) that is located at the back of the diffraction grating 9. Alternatively, when the concentration distribution of the diffraction grating 9 is previously formed into the sinusoidal shape, the generation of the diffraction componentshaving orders of at least two can be prevented to suppress light quantity loss.
In the first embodiment, the illumination light is incident to the diffraction grating 9 while inclined by the predetermined angle with respect to the diffraction grating 9 such that, in the lights diffracted by the diffraction grating 9, thezero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 symmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis of the objective optical system (the second objective lens 10 and the first objective lens 11). The principal ray is shifted from the optical axisby the parallel-plate glass 7 disposed in front of the lens 8, whereby realizing the inclination of the illumination light. A shift amount d necessary to incline the illumination light by the predetermined angle can be obtained by computation from awavelength of the light source 1, a focal distance of the lens 8, and a pitch of the diffraction grating 9.
The necessary shift amount d is obtained as follows: d=f8×.lamda./(2×Pg) (1) where .lamda. is the wavelength of the light source 1, f8 is the focal distance of the lens 8, and Pg is the pitch of the diffractiongrating 9.
On the other hand, the shift amount d of the ray formed by the parallel-plate glass is obtained as follows:
×××α×××α×α ##EQU00001## where n is a refractive index of the parallel-plate glass 7, t is a thickness of the parallel-plate glass 7, and α is a tilt angle of the parallel-plateglass 7.
As used herein, the tilt angle α of the parallel-plate glass 7 shall mean an angle that is rotated about a direction of a grating line of the diffraction grating 9.
Accordingly, the configuration of the optical system satisfying the equations (1) and (2) enables the zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 to be symmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis of the objective lens in thelight diffracted by the diffraction grating 9.
The zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 are collected onto the pupil plane 32 of the first objective lens 11. Desirably an effect of super-resolution is enhanced when a collecting point is set at an end (at a position distant fromthe optical axis) of a pupil diameter of the first objective lens 11 as much as possible. At this point, in the diffracted illumination light generated by the diffraction grating 9, the light except for the zero-order light and the first-order light isnot able to be incident within an effective diameter of the first objective lens 11. The zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 that are collected onto the pupil plane 32 of the first objective lens 11 become parallel light fluxes to go outfrom the objective lens, and the parallel light fluxes interfere with each other on the specimen 12 to form the two-beam interference fringe.
Therefore, fluorescence is generated on the specimen 12 while the light of the structured illumination is used as excitation light. At this point, the structure of the specimen 12 is modulated by the structured illumination when viewed from theside of the first objective lens 11. A moire fringe is generated in the modulated structure. The moire fringes is formed by a fine structure possessed by the specimen 12 and a pattern of the structured illumination, the fine structure of the specimen12 is inverted into a spatial frequency band that is lowered by a spatial frequency of the structured illumination. Therefore, even the light of the structure having the high spatial frequency exceeding a resolution limit is caught by the firstobjective lens 11.
The fluorescent light caught by the first objective lens 11 forms a modulated image of the specimen 12 on the specimen conjugate plane 22 by the objective optical system LS21 including the first objective lens 11 and the second objective lens10. The modulated image is re-modulated by the diffraction grating 9 disposed in the specimen conjugate plane 22. The structure of the specimen 12, in which the spatial frequency is changed, is returned to the original spatial frequency in there-modulated image. The re-modulated image includes the demodulated image of the specimen 12.
However, the re-modulated image also includes unnecessary diffraction components for the demodulated image. Examples of the unnecessary diffraction components include positive and negative first-order diffraction components generated by thediffraction grating 9 for the zero-order light of the structured illumination exiting from the specimen 12, a zero-order diffraction component for the negative first-order light by the structured illumination exiting from the specimen 12, and azero-order diffraction component for the positive first-order light by the structured illumination exiting from the specimen 12. In order to remove the unnecessary diffraction components from the re-modulated image, averaging may be achieved by movingthe diffraction grating 9 by one period or N periods (N is a natural number).
After the fluorescent light from the re-modulated image is transmitted by the dichroic mirror 5 through the lens 8, the fluorescent light enters a single optical path of the observation optical system LS2, the fluorescent light is transmitted bythe barrier filter 6, and the fluorescent light forms a magnified image 24 of the re-modulated image through the lens 13. That is, the re-modulated image re-modulated by the diffraction grating 9 is relayed to the magnified image 24 by the relay opticalsystem LS22 including the lens 8 and the lens 13. The image picking-up device 25 takes the magnified image 24 to produce image data of the re-modulated image. In the case where the magnified image 24 is taken by the image picking-up device 25, imagedata of a demodulated image can be obtained, when the averaging is achieved by accumulating the re-modulated image while the diffraction grating 9 is moved by one period or N periods (N is a natural number).
The image data includes information for performing super-resolution observation by the structured illumination of the specimen 12. The control and operation device 42 captures the image data, and the control and operation device 42 performsoperation to supply the image data to the image display device 43.
In the microscope apparatus of the first embodiment, the optical path from the conjugate plane (specimen conjugate plane) 22 of the specimen 12 to the specimen 12 is completely shared by the illumination optical system LS1 and the observationoptical system LS2, and the diffraction grating 9 is disposed in the specimen conjugate plane 22. In the microscope apparatus, the fine structure of the specimen 12 is modulated by the diffraction grating 9. The modulated fine structure of the specimen12 is automatically re-modulated by the diffraction grating 9 disposed in the specimen conjugate plane 22.
The actuator 40 can move the diffraction grating 9 in a direction Db orthogonal to the diffraction line. The movement of the diffraction grating 9 changes the phase of the structured illumination. The control and operation device 42 controlsthe actuator 40 and the image picking-up device 25 such that the phase of the structured illumination is changed by one period or N periods (N is a natural number) while one-frame image data is integrated, whereby the structured illumination pattern andthe unnecessary diffraction components generated in the re-modulation are eliminated from the image data.
Alternatively, a charge accumulation type image picking-up element such as CCD is used as the image picking-up element of the image picking-up device 25, and a time necessary to change the phase of the structured illumination by one period or Nperiods (N is a natural number) is set at an integration time, whereby the structured illumination pattern and the unnecessary diffraction components generated in the re-modulation may be eliminated from the image data.
Alternatively, an image picking-up element such as NMOS and CMOS which is not the charge accumulation type image picking-up element is used as the image picking-up element of the image picking-up device 25, and a lowpass filter or an integratingcircuit is connected to an output of each pixel, whereby the structured illumination pattern and the unnecessary diffraction components generated in the re-modulation may be eliminated from the image data. At this point, at least the time necessary tochange the phase of the structured illumination by one period or N periods (N is a natural number) is set at a time constant of the connected lowpass filter or integrating circuit.
The rotary stage 41 can rotate the diffraction grating 9 with the actuator 40 about the optical axis. The rotation of the diffraction grating 9 changes a structured illumination direction. Information for performing the super-resolutionobservation can be obtained in some orientations, when the control and operation device 42 controls the rotary stage 41 and the image picking-up device 25 to obtain the image data every time the structured illumination direction is changed to someorientations. This enables two-dimensional super-resolution observation of the specimen 12. A program necessary for the above-described behavior is previously installed in the control and operation device 42 through a recording medium such as CD-ROM orthe Internet.
In order to change the structured illumination direction, it is necessary that the oblique incidence direction of the illumination light be rotated according to the rotation of the diffraction grating 9. In rotating the diffraction grating 9,it is necessary to rotate the parallel-plate glass 7 about the optical axis. FIG. 2 is a view showing a state in which the diffraction grating 9 is rotated about the optical axis. For the diffraction grating 9, it is assumed that a right direction of apaper surface of FIG. 1 is a positive direction of an x-axis, a front side perpendicular to the paper surface is a positive direction of a y-axis, and a direction orientated toward the objective lens is a positive direction of a z-axis while the opticalaxis is set at the z-axis. FIG. 2 shows the state in which the diffraction grating 9 is rotated by θ about the z-axis. At this point, it is necessary to similarly rotate the parallel-plate glass 7 by θ about the z-axis. Theparallel-plate glass 7 and the diffraction grating 9 are rotated about the z-axis while fixed onto the same rotary stage, thereby realizing the rotation of the parallel-plate glass 7 by θ about the z-axis. Thus, in the first embodiment, theparallel-plate glass 7 and the diffraction grating 9 are rotated while fixed onto the same rotary stage, so that the orientation of the oblique illumination can accurately be reproduced.
FIG. 3 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a second embodiment of the invention.
The second embodiment of the invention will be described below. In the following drawings, the same component as that shown in the drawings is designated by the same numeral, and sometimes the description is omitted. The second embodimentdiffers from the first embodiment in that the parallel-plate glass 7 is disposed immediately behind the light source 1. In the first embodiment, the parallel-plate glass 7 is disposed behind the dichroic mirror 5 as shown in FIG. 1. Even in theconfiguration of FIG. 3, the on-axis ray can be shifted from the optical axis by the parallel-plate glass 7 such that, in the light diffracted by the diffraction grating 9, the zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 are symmetrically generatedwith respect to the optical axis of the objective lens. The necessary shift amount d can be obtained by computation from the wavelength of the light source 1, a synthesized focal distance of the collector lens 2, collimator lens 3, and lens 8, and thepitch of the diffraction grating 9. Parameters of the parallel plate can also be obtained by computation in order to achieve the necessary shift amount d.
Assuming that .lamda. is the wavelength of the light source 1, f8 is the synthesized focal distance of the collector lens 2, collimator lens 3, and lens 8, and Pg is the pitch of the diffraction grating 9, the necessary shift amount dis obtained by the equation (1). Assuming that n is the refractive index of the parallel-plate glass 7, t is the thickness of the parallel-plate glass 7, and α is the tilt angle of the parallel-plate glass 7, the amount d shifted from the opticalaxis of the on-axis ray by the parallel-plate glass 7 is obtained by the equation (2). Accordingly, the configuration of the optical system satisfying the equations (1) and (2) enables the zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 to besymmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis of the objective lens in the lights diffracted by the diffraction grating 9.
In rotating the diffraction grating 9 to change the structured illumination direction, it is necessary that the light source image 31 be rotated by the same angle to rotate the direction of the oblique illumination. Therefore, it is necessarythat the parallel-plate glass 7 be rotated about the optical axis by the same angle as the rotation angle of the diffraction grating 9. The parallel-plate glass is placed on the rotary stage 51, and the parallel-plate glass is controlled insynchronization with the drive of the rotary stage 41 of the diffraction grating 9 by the control and operation device 42, thereby realizing the rotation of the parallel-plate glass 7. In the second embodiment, because a mechanism for rotating theparallel-plate glass 7 is disposed while separated from the objective optical system, there is an advantage vibration created by the rotation of the parallel-plate glass 7 is hardly transmitted to the objective optical system.
FIG. 4 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a third embodiment of the invention. In the second embodiment, in rotating the diffraction grating 9 of FIG. 3, it is necessary that theparallel-plate glass 7 be rotated about the optical axis by the rotary stage 51. On the other hand, in the third embodiment, a position at which the diffraction grating is stopped is previously determined, parallel-plate glasses 71, 72, and 73 rotatedby the tilt angle α about the direction of the grating line are prepared for each stop angle, and the oblique illumination direction is selected by selecting one of the parallel-plate glass 71, 72, and 73 in accordance with the angle at which therotation of the diffraction grating 9 is stopped.
Actually three directions are enough for the rotation of the diffraction grating 9, and the same function is obtained because of the one-dimensional diffraction grating even if the diffraction grating 9 is rotated by 180°. The threeparallel-plate glasses 71, 72, and 73 are placed on the motor-driven stage 52 such that an angle about the optical axis of the light source image 31 becomes θ1, θ2, and θ3 satisfying an equation (3). θ3-θ2=θ2-θ1=60° (3)
The motor-driven stage 52 is slid such that each of the parallel-plate glasses 71, 72, and 73 enters the optical path when the angle of the diffraction grating becomes θ1, θ2, and θ3. Therefore, the oblique illuminationdirection can be selected by selecting one of the parallel-plate glasses 71, 72, and 73 in accordance with the angle at which the rotation of the diffraction grating 9 is stopped. In the third embodiment, when the angles of the parallel-plate glasses71, 72, and 73 are accurately adjusted at the beginning, advantageously good repeatability is obtained after that.
FIG. 5 is a view showing an outline of an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a fourth embodiment of the invention. The fourth embodiment differs from the second embodiment in that an image rotator 14 is disposed instead ofthe parallel-plate glass 7 of FIG. 3 and the light source 1 is shifted from the optical axis (center axes of the collector lens and collimator lens 3). Therefore, in the lights diffracted by the diffraction grating 9, the on-axis ray can be shifted fromthe optical axis such that the zero-order light D0 and the first-order light D1 are symmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis of the objective lens. At this point, required shift amount d of the light source 1 is expressed by the equation(1).
In rotating the diffraction grating 9, it is necessary that the light source image 31 be rotated by the same angle. Therefore, it is necessary that the image rotator 14 be rotated about the optical axis by a half of the rotation angle of thediffraction grating 9. The image rotator 14 is placed on a rotary stage 53, and the image rotator 14 is controlled in synchronization with the drive of the rotary stage 41 of the diffraction grating 9 by the control and operation device 42, therebyrealizing the rotation of the image rotator 14. In the fourth embodiment, because the rotation angle of the image rotator 14 is a half of the rotation angle of the diffraction grating 9, advantageously the rotation amount of the rotary stage issuppressed. Alternatively, while the image rotator 14 is not used, the light source 1 may be rotated about the optical axis by the same rotation angle as the diffraction grating 9.
FIG. 6 is a conceptual view showing the optical system from the light source 1 to the diffraction grating 9 in an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a fifth embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 6, only the mutual relationshipis shown while the actual arrangement of the components is neglected. The positional relationship among the components is similar to that of FIG. 5 except for the light source portion. However, the exciter filter 4 and the dichroic mirror 5 are omittedin FIG. 6.
As shown in FIG. 6(a), the light emitted from a light source 101 such as a laser diode is folded by one of mirrors 102, 103, and 104 and incident to one of optical fibers 105, 106, and 107. In the light exiting from one of exit ends 105a, 106a,and 107a of the optical fibers 105, 106, and 107, one of exit ends 105a, 106a, and 107a is used as the secondary light source. The diffraction grating 9 is illuminated with the light exiting from one of exit ends 105a, 106a, and 107a through thecollector lens 2, the collimator lens 3, and the lens 8, and the zero-order light and the first-order light are symmetrically generated with respect to the optical axis.
In the case where the light source 101 is formed by the laser diode, the laser beam is not expanded, and it is necessary to reduce a coherent noise. Therefore, a rotary diffuser 121 is inserted in the optical path. The rotary diffuser 121rotates a disc-shape diffuser about an axis 122 at high speed. The light flux that is diffused and expanded by the rotary diffuser 121 is efficiently guided to the optical fibers 105, 106, and 107 using a coupling lens 123, and a diameter of the lightflux on the rotary diffuser 121 can be formed on an incident end face of the optical fiber with proper magnification. Therefore, the laser beam can be expanded to prevent the coherent noise while the light quantity loss is suppressed.
An output light quantity of the light source can be reduced to a light quantity necessary for the optical system by inserting an ND filter or a well-known attenuator between the light source 101 and the rotary diffuser 121.
Actually the three directions are enough for the rotation of the diffraction grating 9 (FIG. 6(d)). Accordingly, as shown in FIG. 6(b), in an exit end surface A of the optical fiber, the three optical fiber ends are fixed to positions that areeccentric by d from the optical axis at the angles θ1, θ2, and θ3 satisfying the equation (3). θ3-θ2=θ2-θ1=60° (3)
Without regard to the right and left of the zero-order light and first-order light, as shown in FIG. 3(c), the exit end 106a can be inverted from the position of FIG. 6(b) to the position of θ2+180° to fix the three optical fiberends with good balance. At this point, any one of the angles θ1, θ2, and θ3 may be rotated by 180 degrees.
The mirrors 102 and 103 are arranged to be removed from the optical path for selective use. The mirror 102 is inserted when the diffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ1, the mirror 102 is removed to insert the mirror 103 when thediffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ2, and the mirrors 102 and 103 are removed when the diffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ3. Therefore, the optical fiber end can be disposed at the corresponding angle and the oblique illuminationdirection can be rotated according to the rotation of the diffraction grating.
In the fifth embodiment, because the movable portion is separated from the microscope main body while the optical fiber interposed therebetween, advantageously the vibration is hardly transmitted.
FIG. 7 is a conceptual view showing the optical system from the light source 1 to the diffraction grating 9 in an optical system of a microscope apparatus according to a sixth embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 7, only the mutual relationshipis shown while the actual arrangement of the components is neglected. The positional relationship among the components is similar to that of FIG. 5 except for the light source portion. However, the exciter filter 4 and the dichroic mirror 5 are omittedin FIG. 7.
The sixth embodiment differs from the fifth embodiment in that beam splitters 112 and 113 are disposed instead of the mirrors 102, 103, and 104 to equally divide the light quantity of the light emitted from the light source into the opticalfibers 105, 106, and 107. Shutters S1, S2, and S3 are disposed in front of the optical fibers, and only the shutter of the corresponding optical path is opened according to the change of the direction of the diffraction grating 9. That is, only theshutter S1 is opened while the shutters S2 and S3 are closed when the diffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ1, only the shutter S2 is opened while the shutters S1 and S3 are closed when the diffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ2, and onlythe shutter S3 is opened while the shutters S1 and S2 are closed when the diffraction grating 9 is at the angle θ3. In the sixth embodiment, because the movable portion is formed only by the shutters, the switching can be performed at high speed.
Although three optical fibers 105, 106, and 107 are separately shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the invention is not limited to the drawings. For example, three optical fibers may be bundled, or an optical fiber in which three cores are disposed in oneclad may be utilized.
In the microscope apparatus of each embodiment, the image picking-up device 25 detects the relayed re-modulated image (magnified image 24). Alternatively, the magnified image 24 may be modified to be observed with the naked eye through aneyepiece.
In the microscope apparatus of each embodiment, the diffraction grating is used as the spatial modulation element. Alternatively, another spatial modulation element that similarly acts for the incident light flux may be used. For example, whena spatial modulation element such as a transmission type liquid crystal device is used instead of the diffraction grating 9, because the phase change and the orientation change of the structured illumination is electrically performed, the microscopeapparatus can be configured with no use of the actuator or the rotary stage, and therefore the information on the super-resolution image can be obtained at higher speed. Although the microscope apparatus of each embodiment is applied to the fluorescentmicroscope, the invention is not limited to the fluorescent microscope. The microscope apparatus of the invention can also be applied to a reflection microscope.
A behavior relating to control of the control and operation device 42 shown in FIGS. 1 to 5 will be described below. FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the behavior relating to the control of the control and operation device 42. As shown in FIG. 8,when obtaining the image data of the re-modulated image, the control and operation device 42 changes the phase of the structured illumination by one period (Step S12) during an interval from the start of exposure of the image picking-up device 25 (StepS11) to the end of exposure (Step S13).
The obtained image data is time integration of the re-modulated image in the phase change of the structured illumination, and the luminance distribution of the structured illumination has the sinusoidal shape. Therefore, the structuredillumination pattern is eliminated from the image data. The unnecessary diffraction components generated in the re-modulation are also eliminated from the image data. Therefore, the image data exhibits the demodulated image. As described above, somemethods can be applied to the elimination of the structured illumination pattern or unnecessary diffraction components.
After the control and operation device 42 changes the direction of the structured illumination (Step S15), the control and operation device 42 performs the pieces of processing in Steps S11 to S13 to obtain image data of another demodulatedimage in which the structured illumination pattern is eliminated.
The pieces of processing in Steps S11 to S13 for obtaining the image data of the demodulated image are repeated until the direction of the structured illumination is set for all the predetermined directions (YES in Step S14), and the image dataof the demodulated image in which the structured illumination pattern is eliminated is obtained for as many as the orientation is set.
For example, the control and operation device 42 repeats the pieces of processing in Steps S11 to S13 until the direction of the structured illumination is set for the three directions 0°, 120°, and 240°, and the control andoperation device 42 obtains pieces of image data I1, I2, and I3 of the three demodulated image in which the structured illumination pattern is eliminated. The pieces of image data I1, I2, and I3 of the three demodulatedimages differ from one another in the direction of the super-resolution by 120°.
FIG. 9 is a flowchart showing a behavior relating to operation of the control and operation device 42. The operation in obtaining the pieces of image data I1, I2, and I3 of the three demodulated images which directions of thesuper-resolution differ from one another by 120° will be described below.
The control and operation device 42 performs Fourier transform to each of the pieces of image data I1, I2, and I3 of the three demodulated images to obtain pieces of image data Ik1, Ik2, and Ik3 of the threedemodulated images expressed in terms of wave number space (Step S21). FIGS. 10(a), 10(b), and 10(c) show the pieces of image data Ik1, Ik2, and Ik3 of the three demodulated images.
In FIGS. 10(a), 10(b), and 10(c), numerals Ik+1 and Ik-1 designate components (positive and negative first-order modulation components) transmitted by the objective optical system LS21 in the modulated state (as positive and negativefirst-order light), the numeral Ik0 designate a component (zero-order modulation component) transmitted by the objective optical system LS21 in the non-modulated state (as zero-order light). Each circle indicates a region where MTF (ModulationTransfer Function) is not zero. The numeral Db designates the direction of the super-resolution (the direction of the structured illumination), and the numeral K designates a spatial frequency of the structured illumination.
As shown in FIG. 11, the control and operation device 42 synthesizes the pieces of image data Ik1, Ik2, and Ik3 of the three demodulated images on the wave number space to obtain one piece of synthesized image data Ik (StepS22). Although the operation can be performed by simple addition, desirably deconvolution processing is performed in consideration of MTF. A technique in which a Wiener filter is utilized can be cited as an example of the deconvolution processing. Atthis point, the synthesized image data Ik is computed as a function of a frequency f:
ƒ×ƒ× ƒ×ƒ ##EQU00002##
Where j is directions (0°, 120°, and 240°) of the diffraction grating 9, and MTFj(f) is effective MTF in each direction of the diffraction grating after the demodulation. MTFj(f) is expressed by the followingequation (5) using NTF(f) of the objective optical system: MTFj(f)=(G0+2G.sub.1)MTF(f)+ {square root over (G0G.sub.1)}MTF(f+fj)+ {square root over (G0G.sub.1)}MTF(f-fj) (5) where G0 and G1 are zero-orderdiffraction efficiency and first-order diffraction efficiency of the diffraction grating and fj is a modulation frequency of the diffraction grating. The notation * of MTF*j(f) indicate that MTF is a complex number.
Ikj(f) is a signal intensity of a j-th image at the spatial frequency f, and C is a constant determined from the power spectrum of a noise.
The processing prevents the contribution of the low-frequency component of the synthesized image data Ik from excessively enlarging, so that the decrease in relative contribution of the high-frequency component can be prevented.
Then the control and operation device 42 performs inverse Fourier transform to the synthesized image data Ik to obtain image data I expressed by a real space. The image data I expresses a super-resolution image of the specimen 12 acrossthe three directions whose angles are changed by 120° (Step S23). The control and operation device 42 supplies the image data I to the image display device 43 to display the super-resolution image.
Thus, in the microscope apparatus of the embodiments, the light from the specimen 12 is re-modulated by the diffraction grating 9, and the diffraction grating 9 is moved to perform the averaging to remove the unnecessary diffraction component,thereby obtaining the demodulated image. Accordingly, because the demodulation operation is not performed, the image data of the demodulated image is obtained faster.
Additionally, because the same region of the same diffraction grating 9 is used for both the modulation and the re-modulation, even if a shape error, an arrangement error, or an error of the rotation angle exists in the diffraction grating 9,the pattern of the modulation can be equalized to the pattern of the re-modulation. Accordingly, the shape error, the arrangement error, or the error of the rotation angle existing in the diffraction grating 9 hardly imparts a noise to the image data ofthe demodulated image. The same holds true for the phase change of the structured illumination and the direction change of the structured illumination. Accordingly, in the microscope apparatus of the invention, the super-resolution image is obtainedwith high accuracy.
In the microscope apparatus of the invention, the deconvolution is performed when the plural pieces of image data are synthesized (Step S22 of FIG. 9), so that the good super-resolution image having small attenuation of the high-frequencycomponent can be obtained.
Other References
• Lukosz et al., “Optischen Abbildung unter Uberschreitung der beugungsbedingten Auflosungsgrenze,” 1963, pp. 241-255.
• Lukosz, “Optical Systems with Resolving Powers Exceeding the Classical Limit. II,” Journal of the Optical Society of America, 1967, vol. 57, No. 7, pp. 932-941.
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__label__pos
| 0.892192 |
[Update 2021] Install Flutter Tanpa Android Studio di Ubuntu
Cara install Flutter tanpa menggunakan Android Studio di Linux Ubuntu menjadi salah satu pilihan di mana kita tidak ingin menggunakan Android Studio sebagai IDE dalam pengembangan aplikasi android. Alasan utamanya karena Android Studio terasa sangat berat. Bahkan saat ini kebanyakan orang lebih memilih Visual Studio Code dibandingkan Android Studio sebagai text editor. Saya sendiri juga lebih memilih Visual Studio Code karena lebih nyaman meskipun komputer saya mampu untuk menjalankan Android Studio.
Pada tutorial ini, akan saya jelaskan tentang bagaimana cara install Flutter tanpa Android Studio dan konfigurasi VS Code untuk coding Flutter.
Persiapan
Untuk install dan menjalankan Flutter, perangkat yang kamu gunakan harus bersistem operasi (Linux 64-bit)
Install Visual Studio Code dan Plugin Pendukung
Silakan install VS Code dan beberapa pluginnya dengan cara masuk ke menu extension, ketik keyword “flutter dart” pada kolom pencarian.
Flutter Dart extension
Flutter Dart extension
Reload ulang VS Code agar plugin tadi bekerja.
Setelah menginstal extension tersebut, kita bisa menggunakan beberapa perintah seperti:
• Membuat Project Baru
• Menjalankan perintah flutter doctor
• Menjalankan Update
• Dan masih banyak lagi
Cara mengakses perintah-perintah ini, tekan CTRL + SHIFT + P lalu ketik flutter.
Menu flutter pada Visual Studio Code
Menu flutter pada Visual Studio Code
Install OpenJDK 8
Saya menggunakan Java 8 karena versi terbaru dari Java ada beberapa masalah dengan Flutter, tapi untuk Java 8 lancar.
Ketikkan command.
Install GIT
Ketikkan command.
Mengatur Folder
Untuk membuat folder di mana lokasi flutter diinstall kamu bisa langsung membuatnya di direktori Home atau menggunakan terminal. Ketik satu-satu perintah di bawah ini.
Install Flutter SDK
Download Flutter pada URL berikut.
https://flutter.dev/docs/get-started/install/linux
Pergi ke folder Downloads dan ekstrak file flutter yang sudah didownload tadi. Kamu juga bisa mengekstraknya dengan mengetikkan command pada terminal.
Sekarang pindahkan folder flutter yang sudah diekstrak ke direktori /home/Android.
Sekarang lokasi flutter berada di:
/home/Android/flutter
Install Android Command Line Tools
Download android command line tools pada URL berikut.
https://developer.android.com/studio#command-tools
Command line tools
Command line tools
Pergi ke folder Downloads dan ekstrak file zip.
rename folder cmdline-tools hasil ekstrak tadi menjadi tools.
pindahkan folder tools ke direktori /home/Android/cmdline-tools.
Sekarang lokasi command line tools berada di:
/home/Android/cmdline-tools/tools
Mengatur Environment Variables
Sekarang kembali ke direktori home dan buka file .bashrc untuk mengatur environment variables.
Copy dan paste baris kode ini ke baris paling akhir file .bashrc.
Simpan file.
Reload Konfigurasi
Setiap mengubah file .bashrc, harus mereloadnya dengan restart terminal atau ketikkan command berikut.
Download Android SDK
Terdapat 2 perbedaan untuk menginstall SDK antara emulator langsung dari komputer atau melalui debugging langsung menggunakan HP. Silakan pilih yang mana akan kamu gunakan.
1. Emulator melalui komputer
Untuk menjalankan Flutter dengan emulator langsung dari komputer, kita harus menginstall system-images, platforms;android, platform-tools, patcher, emulator, build-tools.
Saat tutorial ini dibuat, saya menggunakan android-30 (API level 30) yang merupakan Android 11. Jika kamu ingin versi lawas, kamu dapat dapat menurunkan nomor API level tersebut.
Untuk melihat versi dari system-images, platforms;android, platform-tools, patcher, emulator, build-tools, ketikkan command berikut.
SDK Manager Lists
SDK Manager Lists
Untuk menginstall versi 30, ketikkan command berikut satu per satu.
Setujui lisensi.
Konfigurasi SDK path untuk Flutter
Ketikkan command.
Panggil flutter doctor, Jalankan command.
Perintah di atas akan menampilkan apa saja yang sudah dipasang (ditandai dengan simbol centang ✓), abaikan simbol ! pada Android Studio karena kita tidak menggunakannya.
flutter doctor -v
Hasil yang ditampilkan ketika menjalankan command flutter doctor -v
Kemudian jalankan command berikut untuk menyetujui lisensi.
Membuat Emulator
Ketikkan command di bawah untuk melihat daftar device, pilih satu dan salin ID device.
Beri sebuah nama pada emulator yang akan kamu buat dan paste ID device ke baris kode berikut.
Verifikasi Flutter
Untuk memverifikasi flutter jalankan command.
Semua yang tampil akan tercentang kecuali Android Studio.
Jika tanpa ada masalah, sekarang jalankan emulator. Kamu dapat menjalankan emulator dengan perintah.
Menjalankan Emulator
Kamu juga bisa menjalankan emulator melalui VS Code, install plugin flutter dan buat project baru dengan menekan CTRL + SHIFT + P dan ketik Flutter: New Project.
Untuk menjalankan project flutter, pergi ke menu run (CTRL + SHIFT + D) -> pencet tombol Run and Debug -> pilih nama emulator.
Run Flutter Via Emulator
Langkah-langkah menjalankan Flutter melalui emulator
Tunggu beberapa saat, flutter sedang meng-compile project tersebut menjadi sebuah apk. Jika berhasil, emulator akan menampilkan aplikasi flutter demo seperti ini.
Menjalankan Flutter dengan emulator
Menjalankan Flutter dengan emulator
Sekarang kamu bisa membuat aplikasi dengan Flutter tanpa Android Studio melainkan VS Code.
2. Emulator melalui HP
Untuk menjalankan Flutter dengan emulator HP, kita hanya menginstall system-images, platforms;android, platform-tools, build-tools.
Saya menggunakan android-29 (API level 29) yang merupakan Android 10. Silakan pilih versi yang kompatibel dengan HP yang dipakai. Jika kamu ingin versi lawas, kamu dapat dapat menurunkan nomor API level tersebut.
Untuk melihat versi dari system-images, platforms;android, platform-tools, build-tools, ketikkan command berikut.
SDK Manager Lists
SDK Manager Lists
Untuk menginstall versi 29, ketikkan command berikut satu per satu.
Setujui lisensi.
Konfigurasi SDK path untuk Flutter
Ketikkan command.
Panggil flutter doctor, ketikkan command.
Perintah di atas akan menampilkan apa saja yang sudah dipasang (ditandai dengan simbol centang ✓), abaikan simbol ! pada Android Studio karena kita tidak menggunakannya.
flutter doctor -v
Hasil yang ditampilkan ketika menjalankan command flutter doctor -v
Kemudian jalankan command berikut untuk menyetujui lisensi.
Mengaktifkan USB Debugging pada Android
Untuk menjalankan flutter melalui perangkat fisik, kita harus menyalakan USB Debugging pada HP. Caranya mengaktifkannya mudah, silakan pergi ke Settings, pada kolom pencarian cari dengan keyword “developer” > nyalakan opsi “USB Debugging” dan nyalakan opsi “Install via USB” jika terdapat opsi tersebut, karena beberapa tipe HP berbeda. Pada tutorial ini, saya memakai device Xiaomi Redmi Note 8 Pro.
Mencari pengaturan USB Debugging
Mencari pengaturan USB Debugging
Menyalakan USB Debugging
Menyalakan USB Debugging
Jalankan flutter doctor dengan command.
HP mu akan menampilkan pop-up, klik OK untuk menyetujui.
Allow USB Debugging
Allow USB Debugging
Jika kamu mengalami error seperti ini pada terminal, kamu perlu menginstall SDK tambahan.
Error pada flutter doctor
Error pada flutter doctor -v
Ketikkan command.
Kemudian cabut HP mu dari komputer dan matikan USB Debugging kemudian nyalakan lagi USB Debugging. Sambungkan kembali HP mu ke komputer.
Jalankan flutter doctor lagi dengan command.
Flutter doctor dengan device fisik terpasang
Flutter doctor dengan device fisik terpasang, di sini saya menggunakan HP Redmi Note 8 Pro
Menjalankan Emulator Device HP
Silakan buat project baru dengan menekan CTRL + SHIFT + P dan ketik Flutter: New Project.
Untuk menjalankan project flutter, pergi ke menu run (CTRL + SHIFT + D) -> pencet tombol Run and Debug.
Run Flutter via device
Langkah-langkah menjalankan Flutter via device HP
Tunggu beberapa saat, flutter sedang meng-compile project tersebut menjadi sebuah apk. Jika berhasil, HP yang kamu pakai akan otomatis menginstall dan membuka aplikasi flutter demo.
Run Flutter melalui HP
Hasil menjalankan Flutter melalui device HP
Sekarang kamu bisa membuat aplikasi dengan Flutter tanpa Android Studio melainkan VS Code.
Kesimpulan
Menginstall flutter tanpa Android Studio memang agak rumit dibanding kita menginstall sepaket dengan Android Studio. Namun kita jadi lebih tahu sdkmanager apa yang diperlukan untuk membuat aplikasi android.
Sudah berhasil install Flutter dengan Visual Studio Code? Yuk, kita lanjut belajar membuat program hello world di artikel Membuat Project “Hello World” dengan Flutter.
9 pemikiran pada “[Update 2021] Install Flutter Tanpa Android Studio di Ubuntu”
1. setelah menjalankan program “flutter doctor –android-licenses”
muncul warning spt berikut:
“Warning: File /home/abar/.android/repositories.cfg could not be loaded..
All SDK package licenses accepted.======] 100% Computing updates… ”
solusi nya gimana itu pak?
Balas
• juga, jika device yang dipakai untuk debug masih pakai api 26 atau android 8, apakah harus download sdk nya lagi?
command yang di jalankan apa aja untuk api 26 itu?
makasih sebelumnya.
Balas
• Buat file kosong repositories.cfg pada direktori tersebut.
Iya, satu persatu, seperti yang sudah dijelaskan di atas, yaitu menggunakan perintah:
sdkmanager –list
untuk melihat sdk yang tersedia.
Balas
• Tinggal uninstall package sdkmanagernya, untuk caranya silakan lihat di https://developer.android.com/studio/command-line/sdkmanager
Balas
Tinggalkan komentar
3 + 5 =
|
__label__pos
| 0.728828 |
Teflon has not been found to cause cancer. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), a chemical used in the synthesis of Teflon, has been labeled a "likely carcinogen" by apaneladvising the Environmental Protection Agency. But Teflon pans do not emit PFOA when used properly.
Teflon cookware might emit a small amount of PFOA when heated to extreme temperatures—for example, when a frying pan has been left empty on a heated burner for an extended period. Even then, it has not been established that overheated Teflon produces a dangerous amount of PFOA. Still, it wouldn't be unreasonable to dispose of a Teflon pan that has been left empty on a heated burner.
Approximately 95% of the population has some amount of PFOA in their bloodstream—but most of this PFOA likely comes from stain- and water-repelling treatments used on carpets and fabrics. Grease-resistant food packaging, such as microwave popcorn bags and cardboard fast-food boxes, also might contain small amounts of PFOA.
The fact that PFOA is in our bodies does not mean that we're all going to die from PFOA-related cancers. Individuals who have worked in factories where PFOA is produced, and perhaps some people who live in neighboring areas, seem to have the highest levels of PFOA.
Chemotherapy and Hot Flashes
When breast cancer patients experiencing chemotherapy-induced hot flashes took 900 mg daily of the anticonvulsant gabapentin (Neurontin), they reported a 46% reduction in the frequency and severity of their hot flashes.
Theory: Gabapentin may work directly in the central nervous system, where body temperature is regulated. Gabapentin appears to be as effective as hormone therapy, which is used to treat hot flashes in menopausal women, but without the potentially harmful side effects.
Self-defense: Chemotherapy patients who experience hot flashes should ask their doctors if gabapentin is appropriate for them.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.750094 |
node package manager
Introducing npm Enterprise add-ons. Integrate third-party dev tools into npm…
stream-pipeline
Efficient way of connecting disparate streams
pipeline
Efficient way of connecting disparate streams
When you want to connect several disparate pipes in a configuration driven way use this tool. Disparate here means pipes that at the end should buffer completely.
a => b => c wait for c to end then c => d => e wait for e to end then e => f => g
How to.
Create a config and pass it in to pipline.
var pipeline = new Pipeline(
[
{
pipes: [
through(function(d) {
d.newData = 1;//Math.random();
this.queue(d);
}),
JSONStream.stringify(),
]
},
{
pipes: [
JSONStream.parse(),
JSONStream.stringify()
]
},
{
pipes: [
JSONStream.parse()
]
}
]
);
Pipeline exposes the 'in' stream and 'out' stream through two properties.
process.stdout.pipe(pipeline.out);
pipeline.in.write("hello");
The above will break because pipeline.out in the above example is objects. but add in another JSONStream.stringify and you will have a working pipeline.
Pipelines are executed in the array order they are provided.
Please look at the Test file for examples.
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| 0.509717 |
🐴
PowerShell：よくつかうやつ3選
2021/01/08に公開
1.ディレクトリ内のファイル名を一覧にしてCSVへ出力する
Get-ChildItem "[ファイルパス]" -Recurse -Force | Where-Object {-not $_.PsIsContainer} | Select-Object Directory, Name, Length, LastWriteTime | Export-Csv "出力ファイル名.csv" -encoding Default
2.テキストファイルの内部を参照し、特定タグに挟まれた文字列を正規表現で検索して置換する
#置換したい文字列を変数に格納する
$a= "<record_path>"
$b="¥¥192.168.XXX.XX¥hogehoge¥barusu¥tensai¥"
$c= "`$(YYYY)¥`$(YYYY)_`$(MM)¥`$(YYYY)_`$(MM)_`$(DD)¥`$(ACCOUNTNAME)_`$(CALLERIDNUMBER)_`$(YYYY)-`$(MM)-`$(DD)_`$(HH)：`$(NN)：`$(SS).WAV"
$d= "</record_path>"
<# ↑の補足事項
$は[””]で囲っていても変数として認識されてしまうので、[`]をつけてエスケープする
＜変数をa,b,c,dに分けている理由＞
1.視認性を上げるため
2.変更しやすくするため
3.実際の作業時、分けないとエラーが出たため
いらなければ変数一つに格納でいいです（小声） #>
#変数を結合する
$path= $a+$b+$c+$d
#=====ここから処理開始=====
#処理するディレクトリへ移動
cd $env:appdata\hogehoge
#配下のファイルを読み込む
$data= Get-Content .\foobar.txt
#行番号を指定して置換する文字列を検索
#[.]と[*]は正規表現
$data[5-1]=$data[5-1] -replace "<record_path>.*</record_path>",$path
#処理結果をテキストファイルにして出力する
$data | Out-file .\test.txt -Encoding UTF8
3.PowerShellでGmailを使ってメール送信
# Send Gmail Script
# 宛先は引数で指定 / 件名・本文はテキストを読み込む
# アカウント情報をセット
$AccountName = "[email protected]"
$Password = "hogehoge"
# Gmail認証
$SMTPClient = New-Object Net.Mail.SmtpClient("smtp.gmail.com", 587)
$SMTPClient.EnableSsl = $True
$SMTPClient.Credentials = New-Object System.Net.NetworkCredential("$AccountName","$Password");
# 各情報
$From = "$AccountName"
$To = $Args[0]
$Subject = Get-Content .\Subject.txt
$Body = Get-Content .\body.txt -Raw
# メール組み立て
$Message = New-Object Net.Mail.MailMessage($From, $To, $Subject, $Body)
# メール送信
$SMTPClient.Send($Message)
Discussion
|
__label__pos
| 0.782418 |
blob: 755476eaee658424310a7e5cae030591cfe557db [file] [log] [blame]
plugin_LTLIBRARIES = libgstttmlsubs.la
# sources used to compile this plug-in
libgstttmlsubs_la_SOURCES = \
subtitle.c \
subtitlemeta.c \
gstttmlparse.c \
gstttmlparse.h \
ttmlparse.c \
ttmlparse.h \
gstttmlrender.c \
gstttmlplugin.c
# compiler and linker flags used to compile this plugin, set in configure.ac
libgstttmlsubs_la_CFLAGS = \
$(GST_PLUGINS_BASE_CFLAGS) \
$(GST_BASE_CFLAGS) \
$(GST_CFLAGS) \
$(TTML_CFLAGS)
libgstttmlsubs_la_LIBADD = \
$(GST_PLUGINS_BASE_LIBS) \
-lgstvideo-$(GST_API_VERSION) \
$(GST_BASE_LIBS) \
$(GST_LIBS) \
$(TTML_LIBS) \
$(LIBM)
libgstttmlsubs_la_LDFLAGS = $(GST_PLUGIN_LDFLAGS)
# headers we need but don't want installed
noinst_HEADERS = \
subtitle.h \
subtitlemeta.h \
gstttmlparse.h \
ttmlparse.h \
gstttmlrender.h
|
__label__pos
| 0.513122 |
「java」ClientHttpRequestInterceptorを実装するサンプルコード
Javaコード
public class TokenInterceptor implements ClientHttpRequestInterceptor
{
@Override
public ClientHttpResponse intercept(HttpRequest request, byte[] body, ClientHttpRequestExecution execution) throws IOException
{
String chkTokenUrl = request.getURI().getPath();
int ttTime = (int) (System.currentTimeMillis() / 1000 + 1800);
String methodName = request.getMethod().name();
String requestBody = new String(body);
String token = TokenHelper.generateToken(chkTokenUrl, ttTime, methodName, requestBody);
request.getHeaders().add(“X-Auth-Token”,token);
return execution.execute(request, body);
}
}
「JavaScript」ページを遷移させるサンプルコード
方法1
<script language=”javascript” type=”text/javascript”>
window.location.href=”sample.jsp?backurl=”+window.location.href;
</script>
方法2
<script language=”javascript”>
window.history.back(-1);
</script>
方法3
<script language=”javascript”>
window.navigate(“listtop.jsp”);
</script>
方法4
<script language=”JavaScript”>
self.location=’top.htm’;
</script>
「JavaScript」括弧を含む文字列を削除する方法
JSコード
var str=”welcome(world)”;
var nstr = str.replace(/\([^\)]*\)/g,””);
「Java」文字のスペース、改行、水平タブを削除するコード
javaコード
public static String replaceBlank(String str) {
String dest = “”;
if (str!=null) {
Pattern p = Pattern.compile(“\\s*|\t|\r|\n”);
Matcher m = p.matcher(str);
dest = m.replaceAll(“”);
}
return dest;
}
「java」appendReplacementとappendTailで既存の文字列バッファーに格納する方法
javaコード
public static String chang2Regex(String streg, String value, String state) {
Pattern p = Pattern.compile(streg);
Matcher m = p.matcher(value);
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
while (m.find()) {
m.appendReplacement(sb, state);
}
m.appendTail(sb);
return sb.toString();
}
「java」Arrays.asList()の使い方
Javaコード
package com.changfa;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;
class TestArrays {
public static List asList(T… a) {
List list = new ArrayList();
Collections.addAll(list, a);
return list;
}
}
public class DemoArrlstInfo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
List ctn = Arrays.asList(“大崎”, “田町”, “新宿”);
print(ctn);
List<List> cityLst = Arrays.asList(retrievecityLst());
print(cityLst);
/*
* asList()を実装
*/
List list = TestArrays.asList(“大崎”, “田町”, “新宿”);
list.add(“Hello”);
print(list);
}
private static void print(List list) {
System.out.println(list);
}
private static List retrievecityLst() {
List cityLst = new ArrayList();
cityLst.add(“横浜”);
cityLst.add(“川崎”);
cityLst.add(“東京都”);
cityLst.add(“磐田”);
return cityLst;
}
}
実行結果
[大崎, 田町, 新宿]
[[横浜, 川崎, 東京都, 磐田]]
[大崎, 田町, 新宿, Hello]
「java」 MessageDigest.getInstance(“MD5”)で文字列を暗号するコード
javaコード
package com.startnews;
import java.security.MessageDigest;
public class Md5Demo {
public void toMD5(String plainText) {
try {
MessageDigest md = MessageDigest.getInstance(“MD5”);
md.update(plainText.getBytes());
byte b[] = md.digest();
int i;
StringBuffer buf = new StringBuffer(“”);
for (int offset = 0; offset < b.length; offset++) {
i = b[offset];
if (i < 0)
i += 256;
if (i < 16)
buf.append(“0”);
buf.append(Integer.toHexString(i));
}
System.out.println(“32ビット: ” + buf.toString());
System.out.println(“16ビット: ” + buf.toString().substring(8, 24));
}
catch (Exception e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
new Md5Demo().toMD5(“startnews24com”);
}
}
実行結果
32ビット: bae7f9dcdf1ff9c4e00eee41271d9d57
16ビット: df1ff9c4e00eee41
java.util.IdentityHashMap.containsKey() の使い方
Javaコード
package Permission;
import java.util.IdentityHashMap;
public class IdentityHashMapDemo {
@SuppressWarnings(“unchecked”)
public static void main(String[] args) {
// create identity hash map
@SuppressWarnings(“rawtypes”)
IdentityHashMap cft = new IdentityHashMap();
// populate the map
cft.put(1, “品川区”);
cft.put(2, “大田区”);
cft.put(3, “新宿区”);
// check if key 3 exists
boolean isavailable=cft.containsKey(3);
System.out.println(“Is key ‘3’ exists: ” + isavailable);
}
}
実行結果
Is key ‘3’ exists: true
「java」replaceAll()で文字列を置換するコード
サンプルコード
str1=”abcd”;
str2=”cd”;
str3=str1.replaceAll(str2,””);
//str3=”ab”
「java」改行コードと余計スペースを削除するメモ
Javaコード
package com.changfa;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;
public class sqlspaceDemo {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String sql = “SELECT * FROM \n” +
sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50″;
String s = “SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50″;
String sql2 = Pattern.compile(” {2,}”).matcher(s).replaceAll(” “);
String sql3 = s.replaceAll(” {2,}”,” “);
String sql4 = sql.replace(‘\r’, ‘ ‘).replace(‘\n’, ‘ ‘).replaceAll(” {2,}”,” “);;
String sql5 = sql.replace(‘\r’, ‘ ‘).replace(‘\n’, ‘ ‘).replaceAll(” {2,}?”,” “);;
String sql6 = sql.replace(‘\r’, ‘ ‘).replace(‘\n’, ‘ ‘).replaceAll(” {2,}+”,” “);;
System.out.println(sql2);
System.out.println(sql3);
System.out.println(sql4);
System.out.println(sql5);
System.out.println(sql6);
}
}
実行結果
SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50
SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50
SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50
SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50
SELECT * FROM sampledb.foo LIMIT 0, 50
|
__label__pos
| 0.990698 |
loading
Shenmao Capacitors specialized in aluminum electrolytic capacitors from 1970
Basic knowledge of power capacitors and common operation problems①
by：Shenmao 2021-05-19
Basic knowledge of power capacitors and common operating problems 1. Basic concepts 1.1 Capacitor Capacitor is composed of two parallel plates (aluminum foil) and the insulating material between the plates: Function: a device that stores and releases charge (charging and discharging) Electrical symbol: C circuit symbol: the basic unit of capacitance: Farad (F) Commonly used unit: microfarad (μF) nanofarad (nF) picofarad (PF) 1F u003d10 6 μF u003d10 9 nF u003d10 12 PF1 μF u003d 1000 nF1 nF u003d1000 PF1.2 The capacitance of the capacitor is determined by the following formula: (1) Plate type: where: A-plate area, m 2d-plate spacing, mεr-relative dielectric of the medium between the plates Coefficient (2) When the winding type is adopted, the capacitance value is approximately equal to twice that when the capacitor is unfolded into a plane. Namely: 1.3 Classification of commonly used dielectrics 1.3.1 Gas dielectrics (1) The relative permittivity εr of gas dielectrics is very close to 1; (2) The gas dielectrics commonly used in power capacitors are sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen, air, etc.; Features of SF6: Breakdown strength: 2 to 3 times that of air. Under 0.3MPa, it is equivalent to insulating oil under normal temperature; arc extinguishing capacity: about 100 times that of air; tanδ: at 0.1MPa
Shenmao is the leading manufacturer of electrolytic capacitor and related products.
Shenzhen Shen MaoXin Electronics Co., Ltd.’s goal is to achieve customer satisfaction through excellence in design, supply chain management, manufacturing and repair solutions.
With innovative technology, our professionals can spend more time focused on strategies that will improve electrolytic capacitor’s quality and deliver a more positive customers experience.
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|
__label__pos
| 0.771623 |
KickJava Java API By Example, From Geeks To Geeks.
Java > Open Source Codes > org > apache > commons > vfs > FileContent
1 /*
2 * Copyright 2002-2005 The Apache Software Foundation.
3 *
4 * Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
5 * you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
6 * You may obtain a copy of the License at
7 *
8 * http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
9 *
10 * Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
11 * distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
12 * WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
13 * See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
14 * limitations under the License.
15 */
16 package org.apache.commons.vfs;
17
18 import org.apache.commons.vfs.util.RandomAccessMode;
19
20 import java.io.InputStream JavaDoc;
21 import java.io.OutputStream JavaDoc;
22 import java.security.cert.Certificate JavaDoc;
23 import java.util.Map JavaDoc;
24
25 /**
26 * Represents the data content of a file.
27 * <p/>
28 * <p>To read from a file, use the <code>InputStream</code> returned by
29 * {@link #getInputStream}.
30 * <p/>
31 * <p>To write to a file, use the <code>OutputStream</code> returned by
32 * {@link #getOutputStream} method. This will create the file, and the parent
33 * folder, if necessary.
34 * <p/>
35 * <p>A file may have multiple InputStreams open at the sametime.
36 * <p/>
37 *
38 * @author <a HREF="mailto:[email protected]">Adam Murdoch</a>
39 * @see FileObject#getContent
40 */
41 public interface FileContent
42 {
43 /**
44 * Returns the file which this is the content of.
45 */
46 FileObject getFile();
47
48 /**
49 * Determines the size of the file, in bytes.
50 *
51 * @return The size of the file, in bytes.
52 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or is being written to, or on error
53 * determining the size.
54 */
55 long getSize() throws FileSystemException;
56
57 /**
58 * Determines the last-modified timestamp of the file.
59 *
60 * @return The last-modified timestamp.
61 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or is being written to, or on error
62 * determining the last-modified timestamp.
63 */
64 long getLastModifiedTime() throws FileSystemException;
65
66 /**
67 * Sets the last-modified timestamp of the file. Creates the file if
68 * it does not exist.
69 *
70 * @param modTime The time to set the last-modified timestamp to.
71 * @throws FileSystemException If the file is read-only, or is being written to, or on error
72 * setting the last-modified timestamp.
73 */
74 void setLastModifiedTime(long modTime) throws FileSystemException;
75
76 /**
77 * Returns a read-only map of this file's attributes.
78 *
79 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or does not support attributes.
80 */
81 Map JavaDoc getAttributes() throws FileSystemException;
82
83 /**
84 * Lists the attributes of the file's content.
85 *
86 * @return The names of the attributes. Never returns null;
87 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or does not support attributes.
88 */
89 String JavaDoc[] getAttributeNames() throws FileSystemException;
90
91 /**
92 * Gets the value of an attribute of the file's content.
93 *
94 * @param attrName The name of the attribute. Attribute names are case insensitive.
95 * @return The value of the attribute, or null if the attribute value is
96 * unknown.
97 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or does not support attributes.
98 */
99 Object JavaDoc getAttribute(String JavaDoc attrName) throws FileSystemException;
100
101 /**
102 * Sets the value of an attribute of the file's content. Creates the
103 * file if it does not exist.
104 *
105 * @param attrName The name of the attribute.
106 * @param value The value of the attribute.
107 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or is read-only, or does not support
108 * attributes, or on error setting the attribute.
109 */
110 void setAttribute(String JavaDoc attrName, Object JavaDoc value)
111 throws FileSystemException;
112
113 /**
114 * Retrieves the certificates if any used to sign this file or folder.
115 *
116 * @return The certificates, or an empty array if there are no certificates or
117 * the file does not support signing.
118 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or is being written.
119 */
120 Certificate JavaDoc[] getCertificates() throws FileSystemException;
121
122 /**
123 * Returns an input stream for reading the file's content.
124 * <p/>
125 * <p>There may only be a single input or output stream open for the
126 * file at any time.
127 *
128 * @return An input stream to read the file's content from. The input
129 * stream is buffered, so there is no need to wrap it in a
130 * <code>BufferedInputStream</code>.
131 * @throws FileSystemException If the file does not exist, or is being read, or is being written,
132 * or on error opening the stream.
133 */
134 InputStream JavaDoc getInputStream() throws FileSystemException;
135
136 /**
137 * Returns an output stream for writing the file's content.
138 * <p/>
139 * If the file does not exist, this method creates it, and the parent
140 * folder, if necessary. If the file does exist, it is replaced with
141 * whatever is written to the output stream.
142 * <p/>
143 * <p>There may only be a single input or output stream open for the
144 * file at any time.
145 *
146 * @return An output stream to write the file's content to. The stream is
147 * buffered, so there is no need to wrap it in a
148 * <code>BufferedOutputStream</code>.
149 * @throws FileSystemException If the file is read-only, or is being read, or is being written,
150 * or on error opening the stream.
151 */
152 OutputStream JavaDoc getOutputStream() throws FileSystemException;
153
154 /**
155 * Returns an stream for reading/writing the file's content.
156 * <p/>
157 * If the file does not exist, and you use one of the write* methods,
158 * this method creates it, and the parent folder, if necessary.
159 * If the file does exist, parts of the file are replaced with whatever is written
160 * at a given position.
161 * <p/>
162 * <p>There may only be a single input or output stream open for the
163 * file at any time.
164 *
165 * @throws FileSystemException If the file is read-only, or is being read, or is being written,
166 * or on error opening the stream.
167 */
168 public RandomAccessContent getRandomAccessContent(final RandomAccessMode mode) throws FileSystemException;
169
170 /**
171 * Returns an output stream for writing the file's content.
172 * <p/>
173 * If the file does not exist, this method creates it, and the parent
174 * folder, if necessary. If the file does exist, it is replaced with
175 * whatever is written to the output stream.
176 * <p/>
177 * <p>There may only be a single input or output stream open for the
178 * file at any time.
179 *
180 * @param bAppend true if you would like to append to the file
181 * @return An output stream to write the file's content to. The stream is
182 * buffered, so there is no need to wrap it in a
183 * <code>BufferedOutputStream</code>.
184 * @throws FileSystemException If the file is read-only, or is being read, or is being written,
185 * or on error opening the stream.
186 */
187 OutputStream JavaDoc getOutputStream(boolean bAppend) throws FileSystemException;
188
189 /**
190 * Closes all resources used by the content, including any open stream.
191 * Commits pending changes to the file.
192 * <p/>
193 * <p>This method is a hint to the implementation that it can release
194 * resources. This object can continue to be used after calling this
195 * method.
196 */
197 void close() throws FileSystemException;
198
199 /**
200 * get the content info. e.g. type, encoding, ...
201 */
202 public FileContentInfo getContentInfo() throws FileSystemException;
203
204 /**
205 * check if this file has open streams
206 */
207 public boolean isOpen();
208 }
209
Popular Tags
|
__label__pos
| 0.980031 |
Home » KOP Receptors » Dark brown adipocytes possess developmental links most to skeletal muscle instead of white adipocyte progenitor cells closely
Dark brown adipocytes possess developmental links most to skeletal muscle instead of white adipocyte progenitor cells closely
Dark brown adipocytes possess developmental links most to skeletal muscle instead of white adipocyte progenitor cells closely.16-18 3. biology of adipose cells has received improved international attention because of the weight problems epidemic. Today, > 30% of adults in america are obese (body mass index or BMI > 30) and, predicated on developments in the pediatric human population, these numbers are anticipated to improve in approaching years additional.15 Mature adipocytes within adipose depots have already been organized recently the following: 1. White colored adipocytesenergy storage space depot with adipokine secretory function characterized in vivo by the current presence of huge lipid vacuoles morphologically. 2. Dark brown adipocytes energy storage space depot with non-shivering thermogenic function from the manifestation from the mitochondrial membrane Uncoupling Proteins 1 (UCP1) and morphologically characterized in vivo by the current presence of multiple little lipid vacuoles. Dark brown adipocytes possess developmental links most to skeletal muscle instead of white adipocyte progenitor cells closely.16-18 3. Beige NSC16168 adipocytes (also defined as brite or brownish/white)energy storage space depot using the potential expressing UCP1 but most carefully connected developmentally to white adipocytes.19 Some have recommended that white adipocyte progenitors can trans-differentiate into beige adipocytes. Although adult adipocytes comprise the majority of adipose NSC16168 tissues quantity, there is substantial cellular heterogeneity. The many cell types could be visualized by direct immunohistochemical detection of unfixed or fixed adipose tissue sections. Alternatively, their amounts could be quantified using movement cytometry. Adipose cells acquired NSC16168 as excised medical specimens or as lipoaspirates are digested with bacterially-derived collagenase enzyme in the current presence of calcium release a the average person cell parts (Fig.?1).20,21 Subsequently, differential centrifugation can be used to split up the mature adipocytes, which float, from the rest of the cells, which form a Stromal Vascular Small fraction (SVF) pellet.21 The SVF cell human population includes endothelial cells, fibroblasts, T-lymphocytes and B-, macrophages, myeloid cells, pericytes, pre-adipocytes, soft muscle cells, as well as the culture adherent adipose stromal/stem cells (ASC). After four to six 6 d in tradition with medium including 10% fetal bovine serum, an individual milliliter of human being lipoaspirate shall produce between 0.25 to 0.375 X 106 ASCs with the capacity of differentiating along the adipocyte, chondrocyte and osteoblast lineages in vitro.22,23 Since > 400,000 individuals in america undergo liposuction annually routinely, leading to > 1 L of cells often, it really is feasible to create a huge selection of million ASCs from an individual donor within an individual in vitro cell tradition passage. These produces are sufficient to aid regenerative medical applications in the medical level. As opposed to the SVF cells, ASCs are homogeneous predicated on their manifestation profile of surface area antigens relatively. Lately, the ISCT as well as the International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics and Technology (IFATS) established minimal requirements determining SVF cells and ASC predicated on practical and quantitative requirements, just like but specific from those determining bone tissue marrow MSCs.24 Several companies are suffering from closed system products made to isolate SVF Rabbit Polyclonal to GIT2 cells.25 These computerized devices can handle reproducible outcomes under current Great Production Practice guidelines inside a clinical establishing and so are at various phases of regulatory examine internationally. At the moment, issues NSC16168 associated with the usage of collagenase digestive function remain to become solved before surgeons can regularly employ devices at the idea of care. Open up in another window Shape?1. Isolation of Adipose-Derived Cells. Lipoaspirate cells (1) is cleaned in buffered saline remedy (2) and put through collagenase digestive function with rotation (3) ahead of centrifugation and isolation from the stromal vascular small fraction (SVF) pellet (4). The SVF cells are incubated.
|
__label__pos
| 0.615922 |
What is muscle repair with tummy tuck
Conversely, muscle-repair tummy tucks involve the surgeon suturing the fascia, or connective tissue, of the rectus muscles together and pulling them in close to one another. This is a significant change in the muscle structure of the abdominal area.
What is the benefit of muscle repair with tummy tuck?
A tummy tuck can restore a weakened core, strengthen abdominal muscles, and improve overall flexibility. In addition, stronger abdominal muscles can relieve lower back pain and improve posture
Screenshot of website
Does a tummy tuck include muscle repair?
Not all tummy tucks include a muscle repair because not all bellies that can benefit from a tummy tuck have a diastasis recti. Even when the linea alba is stretched out, it can sometimes return to its normal size on its own
Screenshot of website
What does muscle repair mean?
How is a muscle repair performed? As part of an abdominoplasty procedure, muscle repair involves pulling the separated muscles back together and suturing internally along the connective tissues to hold them in place. Excess skin removal, liposuction and body sculpting will be performed at the same time as required.
Screenshot of website
How long does it take for a tummy tuck muscle repair to heal?
You may not feel fully healed for up to 3 months to as long as 4 or 5 months. Some patients say their healing felt like it took 6 months to up to a year ? remember, every person’s different. But in general, most patients get back to the majority of their normal day to day activities within a period of a few months
Screenshot of website
Is tummy tuck without muscle repair worth it?
As such, muscle repair IS NOT always necessary with a tummy tuck. In fact, many patients contemplating a tummy tuck will benefit greatly from not having muscle repair, as they will pay less for the procedure and have significantly less downtime as they recover from the surgery.
Screenshot of website
How do I know if I need muscle repair with tummy tuck?
If a lax and protruding abdominal wall is part of the problem, some muscle repair is needed for best outcome. If the abdominal wall is solid, and there is no separation of the rectus muscles, you can expect a nice outcome with a skin only abdominoplasty.
Screenshot of website
What I wish I knew before getting a tummy tuck?
A tummy tuck is a major surgical procedure that will require weeks to heal. The technique includes an incision, running from hip to hip. Patients should expect their recovery to take two to three weeks. At the beginning, you will be fatigued, swollen and sore.
Screenshot of website
How long does it take to walk straight after tummy tuck?
Most patients are able to walk up-right within 2 weeks. Some patients may take longer. At my clinic, we do encourage the patients to try to walk upright after about 1 week. Speak to your surgeon regarding post-operative recovery and what you can expect.
Screenshot of website
How many sizes will I go down after a tummy tuck?
Most women lose between 2 and 3 pants sizes after a tuck, but there are patients who lose even more. If you had a lot of loose skin before the procedure, for example, you could go down 4 more pants sizes.
Screenshot of website
Will tummy tuck make my waist smaller?
A traditional tummy tuck doesn’t make your waist smaller. It removes saggy skin on the stomach. However, when combined with liposuction, we can remove fat from your love handles, lower back, or around the waist. With stubborn fat removal techniques, you can achieve a shapely, voluptuous waistline.
Screenshot of website
How long do you keep your drains in after a tummy tuck?
Removing drains too soon may result in fluid buildup, seroma, and the need for fluid aspiration and/or a second surgery. Generally speaking, most patients who require tummy tuck drains are able to have them removed after about 1 ? 3 weeks.
Screenshot of website
How do you poop after a tummy tuck?
To prevent constipation, add high fiber foods to your diet both before and after the surgery to make it easier for the bowels to empty. Individuals who have a history of constipation or have had previous issues with bowel movements post-surgery may want to consider a laxative/stool softener combination.
Screenshot of website
What is the fluid that drains after a tummy tuck?
Plasma is fluid that develops outside of cells and normally transports nutrients around the body, while seroma is clear. Generally, you’ll notice the tummy tuck drains ? thing plastic tubes ? first remove plasma, which is red or pink, followed by yellow or clear seroma.
Screenshot of website
What happens if you don’t drain after tummy tuck?
What if drains after tummy tuck are removed too late? If drains are left in place too long after tummy tuck, this may promote ongoing drainage. It may also increase risk of developing an infection.
Screenshot of website
Videos
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Linked List - Store your data in a chain of nodes
Linked List - Store your data in a chain of nodes
Linked List is a linear data structure where each element is a separate object called node. Each node contains the data and a pointer to the next node.
What is a Linked List?
Linked List
Linked List
Ever imagined having a list that can grow and shrink as per your need? Well, we have the answer for you.
Let's say you have a list of 10 elements, and you put those elements in an array. That's fine for now, but what if you want to add more elements to the list (array)? You will have to create a new array with a new size and copy all the elements from the old array to the new one because the size of the array is fixed and their address in memory is in a continuous block. This is a very costly operation. So, what if you could just add the new elements to the list without having to create a new array? This is the case where Linked List comes into play.
Let me introduce Linked List to you. Linked List does not store the data in a continuous block of memory. Instead, it stores the data in nodes connected to each other like a chain. As the nodes are not in a continuous block of memory, the size of the Linked List can grow and shrink as per the need. Each node contains the data and a pointer (memory address) to the next node.
Structure of a Linked List
A Linked List is a collection of nodes. The entry point or the starting node of a Linked List is called the head. The last node of a Linked List points to NULL. The following image shows the structure of a Linked List.
Types of Linked List
To make things more interesting, there are different types of Linked List. Let's have a look at them.
Singly Linked List
Singly Linked List
Singly Linked List
Singly Linked List is like a 1-way street, where you can move in only one direction. Here in a Singly Linked List, each node contains the data and a pointer to the next node only. The last node points to NULL. That means the end is the true end. The following image shows the structure of a Singly Linked List.
Doubly Linked List
Doubly Linked List
Doubly Linked List
Let's say you want some flexibility in your Linked List. You want to move in both the directions. Well, Doubly Linked List is the answer to your question. In a Doubly Linked List, each node contains the data and two pointers - one to the next node and one to the previous node. The prev pointer of the head points to NULL and the next pointer of the last node points to NULL. The following image shows the structure of a Doubly Linked List.
Besides these two types of Linked List, there is another type of Linked List called Circular Linked List.
Circular Linked List
Circular Linked List
Circular Linked List
In a Circular Linked List, you can move in any direction and also you can move from the last node to the first node, and vice versa if it's a Doubly Circular Linked List. In a Circular Linked List, the last node points to the first node.
Doubly Circular Linked List is the same as Circular Linked List, but the last node points to the first node and the first node points to the last node. The following image shows the structure of a Circular Linked List.
Implementation of Linked List
Let's have a look at the implementation of Linked List in C++. We will be using the Singly Linked List for this. The node of the Linked List is defined as follows.
struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
Node(int data) {
this->data = data;
this->next = NULL;
}
};
The data variable stores the data of the node and the next variable stores the pointer to the next node in the Linked List. The constructor of the Node structure initializes the data variable with the data passed to it and next variable with NULL.
The Linked List class is defined as follows.
class LinkedList {
public:
Node* head;
LinkedList() {
head = NULL;
}
};
Here, the head variable stores the pointer to the first node of the Linked List. The constructor of the LinkedList class initializes the head variable with NULL.
But, you want a working Linked List, right? So, let's create a basic Linked List with some nodes. The following code creates a Linked List with 3 nodes.
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
struct Node {
int data;
Node* next;
Node(int data) {
this->data = data;
this->next = NULL;
}
};
class LinkedList {
public:
Node* head;
LinkedList() {
head = NULL;
}
};
int main() {
LinkedList* list = new LinkedList();
list->head = new Node(1);
list->head->next = new Node(2);
list->head->next->next = new Node(3);
// print the Linked List
Node* temp = list->head;
while (temp != NULL) {
cout << temp->data << " ";
temp = temp->next;
}
return 0;
}
Wait, what's happening here? Let's break it down in steps.
1. In the main function, we created a new Linked List list and initialized the head variable with NULL.
2. Then, we created a new node with data 1 by calling the constructor of the Node structure and assigned it to the head variable of the Linked List.
3. Then, we created a new node with data 2 by calling the constructor of the Node structure and assigned it to the next variable of the first node, list->head->next.
4. Then, we created a new node with data 3 by calling the constructor of the Node structure and assigned it to the next variable of the second node, list->head->next->next.
Now, the Linked List looks like this.
Example Linked List
Example Linked List
Operations on Linked List
Now that you have a basic idea of Linked List, let's have a look at some operations that can be performed on a Linked List.
The operations on Linked List are described in the artcle Linked List - Operations.
References
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